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JANUARY 1939 


pr een 
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ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD 


AND : 
JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


EDITED with the assistance of 


MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. | . BaINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RN, F.L.S., 


E. A. COCKAYNE, AM, D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. 
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Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. 
By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Edftorial Secretary. 


CONTENTS. 


VARIATION IN THE WING MARKINGS OF THE TRYPETID FLY, EURIBIA 
(UROPHORA) STYLATA, F., H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S. (Plate) ................ 1 


NOTES ON PYRAUSTA NUBILALIS, HUBN., S. Wakely oo... ccc ceciecceceeeeeees 
= ANTS IN THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND, L. H. We@theérill ......0000.000.o ee 5) 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING. ILI ——LASIOCAMPA TRIFOLII, ESP. BoD: 
NEC RELOIOCIS OME ks IE Io OMA ar ee eee Fie Ghee Lk alae me dens ew dks bende 7 
COLLECTING NOTES a dees pisi, L., ab. striata, ab. nov., FE. A. Cockayne; 
| The Flight of Forficula auricularia, L., Bernard Embry: A Note from 
: Mid-Wales, P. B. M. Allan; Sugaring in a Bishop’s Stortford Garden, 


a Meme gists © SUUTERA IU) ea IN A rate Bees OES asc Sheng Vesinsk stub uy Ge eMRRaEU AT yous us 8 
GUBMREINT NOTES > 2.05.5. 0a ee SRS ae vray oars TSS ade Re a 10 
bo SUNT DS SSE ie RD fic Sera a ets ee Ae eNO RE Ia ER ea SR PORN ee Ey eke EN Ce 41 
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i Butterfly | Races and Zygaenae of Macedonia,’’ Roger Verity, M.D., 
IE ESI, OS OE SERA SPN AN OREN Mra. 2: Ant Mat CN OR NP A RIO ARS (1'7)-(20) 


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VOL. Ll. PLATE I. 


oe ae ao 


A 2 


Al 


J K 


The Entomologist’s Record. 


VARIATION IN WING MARKINGS OF EURIBIA STYLATA, Fb. 


Che Entomologist s Record 


n Of COM, 


AND ve une 
i, ; fe, “uAN 31 1939 
1S2° Aournal vf Waviatiun Sy Ae 


Wei LI. . JANUARY 15, 1939, No. 3 


VARIATION IN THE WING MARKINGS OF THE TRYPETID FLY, 
EURIBIA (UROPHORA) STYLATA, F. 


By H. W. Anvrews, F.R.E.S. 
Plate I. 


It is well known to Dipterists that certain species of Trypetids show 
considerable variation in their wing-markings.* Euribia stylata, F. is 
one such species, and from specimens in my collection added to a long 
series bred this year (1938) from galled seed-heads of the Spear Thistle 
(Cnicus lanceolatus) I have attempted to work out the main lines of its 
variation, The wing-markings of FE. stylata as given in Wingate (‘‘Durham 
Diptera’’) are: —‘‘Wings with only three bands, the basal band absent: 
the X52 band (my sub-apical) and the tip band united at the fore- 
margin.’ Seguy (‘‘ Muscides acalypteres ’’) says:—‘‘ Three dark trans- 
verse bands: bands reduced: the two apical joined at the edge.’ He 
adds in his detailed description: ‘‘ Wings clear with three brown 
bands: the two apical sometimes separated at the edge in the males.’’ 
Hendel (in ‘‘ Lindner’s Palaearctic Diptera’’) says:—‘‘ Wings with 
only three dark cross-bands, of which the first spreads out at the tip as a 
stripe. The basal band at most is vestigial . . . third and fourth (my 
sub-apical and apical) more or less broadly joined at the costal margin. 
Stigma (Cse) always dark brown.”’ 

1 may mention here that the word ‘‘ band ”’ in descriptions of Try- 
petid wing-markings does not imply that it extends right across the 
wing; in the case of H. stylata only one of the three (my sub-apical) ex- 
tends normally right across. 


The above brief descriptions may be amplified as follows :— 


(1) The Apical Band consists of a darkened area at the wing tip, 
starting at a point on the costal margin above the outer cross-vein (t-p) 
and extending down as a rule to the third longitudinal or radial vein 
(r 4+5), but at the outer margin extending further down to a little be- 
low the fourth longitudinal or median vein (m 1+2). 

Variation.—This band is very constant at the outer margin but it 
varies in depth along the costa, thinning out until in rare cases only a 
costal rim is left (Fig. Kx). 

(2) The Sub-apical Band extends normally right across the wing: 
it merges with the apical band at the costal margin, and this junction 
of the two bands is one of the characters that differentiates E. stylata 
from EH. affinis, Frauenfeld, where the two apical bands are described 
as ‘‘ widely separated.’? 


eVide” Lo mecord. VOl. XXVIL. 1p. ‘ST. “Variation in the Wing-markings of 
Tephritis (Oxyna) flavipennis, Lw. J. E. Collin. (With plate).’’ 


2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


Variation.—The constant feature in this band is its coincidence with 
the outer cross-vein (t-p), it continues upwards in varying degrees of 
thickness to its junction with the apical band, and in extreme cases it 
practically fades out above the outer cross vein (Fig. I). In Group C. 
where the clear spot has extended laterally this band does not quite reach 
the costal margin, nor does it always do so in Form D. (Fig. D1). 


A study of the material in my possession (73 ¢d and 5492 9) as re- 
gards the apical and sub-apical bands shows a wide range of transitional 
forms merging one into another, which can be divided into four main 
groups A-D applicable to both sexes. 

Group A, 65 49%, 22 48%. The typical form with apical and sub- 
apical bands joined at costal margin (Fig. A 1 and 2). 

Group B, 33 17%, 2 22%, varying from Group A by the presence 
of a small or large clear spot at the junction of the apical and sub-apical 
bands (Fig. B 1 and 2). This spot may be only just visible or so large 
that it merges into the next group. This is the form that is figured in 
Loew’s ‘‘ Bohrfleigen.”’ 

Group C, db 21%, 92 11%. The clear spot by enlargement merges 
laterally into the clear area of the wing. (Fig. C 1 and 2). 

Group D, dS 10%, 9 18%. In this form the sub-apical band is 
separated from the apical band, the clear spot expanding vertically up 


to the costal margin and down into the clear area of the wing. (Fig. 
D land 2). 


In all four groups the intensity of colouring in the wing bands varies 
also, from dark black-brown to hght smoke colour. 

(3) The Median Band: starts from the apical end of the stigma and 
coincides with the inner cross-vein (t-a), where as a rule it ends. 


Variation.—This is the most variable of the wing bands, the only 
constant feature being the stigmatic spet and the clouding of the inner 
cross-vein, though in extreme forms even one or other of these may be 
absent (Figs. Gand H). In its most usual form (gd 41% and @ 9? 64% 
of those examined) it consists of two spots, one at the apex of the stigma 
and the other coinciding with the inner cross-vein. These spots may be 
united or separated and vary both in size and intensity of colour (Figs. 
A 1 and 2, © 2.and EH 2). In 167 of the ¢@¢ and 117 of the 9°. the 
band reached below the fourth longitudinal vein (m 142) (Fig. B 1). In 
a few cases there was a faint spot on the lower margin of the wing (Figs. 
E 2 and C 2), and very rarely the band reached right across the wing 
(var. venabulata, Rondani) (Figs. F 1 and 2 and Fig. J). 


(4) No Basal Band. The absence of this band differentiates EH. sty- 
lata from L, solstitialis, L., HE. cuspidata, Mg., and FE. jaceana, Hering. 

Both sexes are equally variable and the transitional forms, as I have 
said, merge gradually one into another and vary among themselyes in 
the shape and density of colouring of their wing bands; but when a long 
series is studied it can usually be divided as above, although occasional 
unsymmetrical specimens occur with the two wings showing markings ot 
different groups. 

EB. stylata is one of our commoner Trypetids and can easily be bred 
from the galled heads of the spear-thistle; it has also been bred by 
Mr Niblett from galled heads of the musk-thistle (Carduus nutans). / 


3 t 
J fa 


NOTES ON PYRAUSTA NUBILALIS, HUBN. 3 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE. 


Figs. A to F: see text. 
Figs. G to K: extreme forms. 
G. Median band reduced to inner cross-vein only. 
H. Median band reduced to stigma only. 
I. General reduction of apical and sub-apical bands. 
J. General intensification of all bands. 
(=var. venabulata, Rondani). 
K. Apical band reduced on costal margin. 
Magnification x 5. 
Right-hand figures, A2-F2, taken from female specimens. 
Left-hand figures, A1l-F1, taken from male specimens. 


IT have to thank Messrs VY. Siviter Smith & Co., Ltd., for the considerable 
trouble they have taken to obtain a satisfactory plate. 


NOTES ON PYRAUSTA NUBILALIS, HUBN, 
By S. WAKELY. 


As far as Britain is concerned Pyrausta nubilalis has always been 
considered to be a casual immigrant. It is, therefore, of interest to 
record the discovery of a small colony of this species established at 
Benfleet, Essex. 

A single specimen of the moth, taken by myself at Benfleet on 10th 
July, was identified by Mr H. C. Huggins (Hntom., Ixxi, p. 241). It 
was a female, and I obtained ova. During the next fortnight Mr Hug- 
gins visited the locality and was lucky enough to take about a dozen 
specimens, mostly rather worn. On 24th July I managed to get down 
to Benfleet again, accompanied by Mr L. T. Ford, and was able to net 
one more specimen—taken a few minutes before having to hurry away 
to catch the train home. This was another female and, as Mr Ford 
had a convenient plant of hop growing in his garden, I passed it on 
to him. He obtained several batches of ova, and I also sent him the 
ova laid by my first capture. Regarding foodplants, Meyrick men- 
tions only hop and hemp. 

Mr Ford wrote to me later and said the ova had hatched and the 
young larvae were thriving on the hop stems, into which they burrowed. 
The stems were changed as required, and as the larvae got larger the 
heaps of frass and material excavated by the larvae were very notice- 
able. 

On 8th October Mr Ford and I again visited Benfleet, and spent a 
day collecting larvae of various species of Lepidoptera in seed-heads 
and stems on the salterns and along the sea-wall. Returning to the 
Station in the late afternoon, we found there was nearly an hour to 
wait for a train, so we decided to visit the locality where the nubilalis 
were taken and look for the larva. Mr Ford was lucky in finding a 
larva almost at once in a stem of Artemisia vulgaris, among clumps of 
which the moths had bcen taken. It was identical with those he had 
at home feeding on hop, so we set to work and found about a dozen 
each in the few minutes at our disposal. A few weeks later we col- 
lected some more. They were not really common, but enough were 
found to show that it was a thriving little colony. A broken stem was 
the best guide to lccating the larvae. The stem frequently snaps at 
the hole made by the larva where it enters the stem. This spot was 


4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


usually well above ground-level, but occasionally a larva had tunnelled 
its way downwards almost to ground level. One larva to an affected 
stem was most usual, but occasionally two larvae were found in a stem, 
and once or twice as many as three larvae in the same stem, but in the 
latter case they were separated by several inches of: stem. 


The larvae of Hucosma foenella, lL., make a noticeable heap of frass 
around their mines, but these are usually almost on the ground-level. 
The larvae of nwhbilalis are greyish in colour with brownish markings 
and darker heads. 


Wishing to know if Artemisia vulgaris was known on the Continent 
as a foodplant of nubilalis, I wrote to Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher asking 
if he had any knowledge of its known foodplants. He very kindly sent 
me half-a-dozen booklets concerning Pyrausta nubilalis. It was news 
to me that this species is a notorious pest on maize, etc., in North 
America and in the Philippines, and some of its history might be of 
interest to entomologists in this country. 

The ‘‘ European Corn Borer ”’ (as it is known in North America) 
was first noticed as a pest in the vicinity of Boston, Mass., in 1917.* 
The probable carrier of the larvae was broomcorn—a species of millet 
used fer manufacturing brooms—imported from Hungary and Italy. It 
is estimated that at the end of 1924 there were nearly 25,000 square 
miles in the U.S.A. where the moth was prevalent, and another 18,000 
square miles in Canada. Indian corn or maize is the plant to which 
most damage is caused, and the larvae are equally at home in the stem 
or feeding on the grain in the cob of the ear. In badly infected areas 
100 per cent. of the plants are attacked by the larvae, with an average 
of eight larvae to a stalk. It was also found that many other plants 
were subject to attack, over 200 different species having been named. 
Among these might be mentioned asters, beet, beans, celery, chrysanthe- 
mums, cotton, dahlias, gladioli, potatoes, rhubarb, tomatoes, and 
zinnias, as well as oats and a number of species of grasses. In one case 
larvae were found in numbers in windfall apples. 

The larvae hibernate when full grown in the autumn, and if the 
foodplant is not suitable for winter shelter the larvae seek any plant of 
woody growth, into which they burrow, or will use crevices in walls, 
buildings, or posts. The severe winters of Canada and the United 
States do not appear to cause any noticeable mortality among the 
larvae. Pupation takes place in late Spring a few weeks before the 
moths emerge. 

In the New England district the species has two broods in a year, 
the first moths flying in May-June, while the next brood emerges in 
August.t The Lake Erie race is, however, single-brooded, the moths 
being on the wing in June-July. It has been suggested that the insects 
introduced to New England came from a section of Europe where the 
moth has two generations, while those in the Lake Erie area were in- 
troduced from a part of Europe where the insect is single-brooded. 


*** A Progress Report on the Investigations of the European Corn Borer.” By D. 
J. Caffrey and L. H. Worthley. United States Department of Agriculture, 
Department Bulletin No. 1476: February 197. 


+‘ Remarks on the Number of Generations of the European Corn Borer in 
America.” By G. W. Barber. Journal of Economic Entomology, Vol. XVIII, 
No. 3: June 1925. 


ANTS IN THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND. 5 


In Belgium and Northern France it is interesting to note that the 
chief host-plant is Artemisia vulgaris—the same plant the larvae were 
found feeding on at Benfleet. Other foodplants noted in Europe and 
Asia are Clematis vitalba, hop, Inula conyza, Phragmites communis, 
stinging nettle, sunflower, teazel, thistle, ete. 

Pyrausta nubilalis is unlikely to become a serious pest in Britain, 
especially as the larvae seem to prefer Artemisia vulgaris in this part 
of the World. In the Isle of Wight, where most of the British ex- 
amples have been captured, maize is grown regularly as a crop to be 
cut green and fed to farm stock in the autumn, and it would be in- 
teresting to know if the larvae can be found on maize growing in our 
southern counties. 


ANTS IN THE NORTH OF SCOTLAND, 
By L. H. WEATHERILL. 


Two years ago, in September 1936, I took a few specimens of Formica 
fusca, L., in Hoy Island, Orkney, and also one Leptothoraz acervorum, 
F., worker. A week or two later I took several Formica fusca workers 
beside Loch Linnhe, in Argyllshire. Unfortunately, these ants were 
killed in ammonia and kept in screws of tissue paper. Three or four 
months ago I sent them to Mr Donisthorpe, who stated that the fusca 
had bristles on the thorax, a thing new to his experience. He thought 
they might be Pormica rufibarbis, F.; but their state was not such as to 
make identification certain. Rather earlier in September that year I 
visited the Mainland Island of Shetland and found there only Myrinica 
ruginodis, Nyl., which alone has been seen in Shetland. M. ruginodis { 
found in Hoy also. 

In September this year I was again in Hoy. In spite of bad weather 
I found many colonies of M. ruginodis, though it appeared to be local 
in its occurrence. Near Rackwick I found two colonies of Formica fusca, 
L., on 19th September, but, despite diligent search that day and also 
on the 20th, could find no more. Neither colony was populous. I was 
able to send some specimens from one of the colonies to Mr Donisthorpe, 
and a female is, I believe, still alive. Nearly all the ants were noticeably 
hairy, especially the females. In some cases the hairs on the thorax 
were reddish in colour. Mr Donisthorpe had no doubt the ants were 
fusca. He has subsequently kindly shown me various specimens of rufi- 
barbis, and J am certain none of the ants I saw in Scotland was of this 
species. Owing to the exceptionaily wet summer in Orkney it is possible 
some of the fusca had already gone down for the winter; but I have little 
doubt they are very uncommon on Hoy. 

On the 20th I discovered six colonies of LZ. acervorum, F., and sent 
some from one nest to Mr Donisthorpe. On the Mainland Island of Ork- 
ney, North of Stromness, I found a number of colonies of ruginodis on 
18th September, but could find none in other localities. I was quite un- 
able to find acervorum or fusca. Previously ruginodis was the only ant 
that had been found in the Orkneys. 

On the 23rd September, at Dunnet Head—the most northerly point 
on the mainland of Britain—TI was surprised to see several thriving 


6 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


! 


colonies of MW. ruginodis, Nyl., in some very wet moss. These were the 
only ants I found in Caithness. 


Afterwards [ spent several days in Strathglass and the valleys run- 
ning out of it. This area is richly forested, and is at the North-west 
of Inverness-shire, almost on the border of Ross-shire. It is roughly 
fifty miles North-west from Aviemore, which is, I believe, the most 
northerly place at which several of the species of ants I found have pre- 
viously been seen. 


On 25th September in Glen Cannich I found Myrmica ruginodis, Nyl., 
M. lobicornis, M. laevinodis (var. ruginodo-laevinodis), M. scabrinodis 
(var. sabuleti, Mein), Acanthomyops niger, L., A. flavus, Leptothorax 
acervorum and Formica fusca. The laevinodis were large and the epino- 
tal spines were notably long, but the space between was smooth and 
shining and the ants were themselves shiny and very sparsely covered 
with hair. The sabuleti had the groove in the antenna very deep. They 
were the first I have found of this variety, Mr Donisthorpe tells me 
some he has had from Norway were unusually well marked, and possibly 
this is a northern characteristic. J noticed that the niger were almost 
invariably in hillocks, whereas the flavus were under stones. Neither 
ant seemed particularly common. I[usca is extremely abundant over 
most of the area. I examined a large number. The degree of hairiness 
varied greatly even in the same colony, but the majority had at least 
some outstanding hairs on the thorax. The females were invariably 
very thickly bristled. I noticed occasional workers in which the gaster 
was reddish-brown in colour, but these were not necessarily in colonies 
where most of the ants were particularly hairy. 


On 26th September, in Glen Strathfarrar, I found M. ruginodis, A. 
niger, I. fusca and F. rufa, L. The latter were not numerous by the 
road, but were probably abundant in the woods at the sides. At no time 
did I stop to examine many ants, with the exception of the fusca. 


In Glen Affric, on 27th September, I found M. ruginodis, L. acer- 
vorum, A, niger, F. fusca and F. rufa. On the 28th there I found also 
A. fluvus and F. sanguinea, Latr. On that day, too, at the Plodda Falls 
on the Upper Glass, I saw what had every appearance of being a Formica 
exsecta, Nvyl., nest. The colony was at the side of a dangerous bridge, 
and the opportunity to examine the ants was not good. Besides this, I 
had not seen the species before. [rom looking at specimens in the 
Museum since, I think it probable that this was exsecta. The whole 
time I looked closely at very few F. rufa, but did not see any which 
seemed to be var. alpina, Sants. It is most likely, though, that both 
this ant and F.. pratensis, Retz., are present in the district. The san- 
guinea colony was the only one I found. In spite of the lateness of the 
season the ants were very active. They were mainly under a stone. 
The apparent absence of slaves attracted my attention; but later I saw 
a few very small specimens of F, rufa which were acting as slaves. There 
were no I’. fusca. It was curious to note that these rufa slaves did not 
raise the gaster when angered, though they were fierce enough. There 
did not appear to be any colonies of fusca near. 

Tt is likely that this district, with its grand natural forests, is one 
of the richest in ants in the country. Unfortunately I was this time 
visiting it primarily to see and photograph the wonderful scenery. 


~y 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING, Il. 
CONTINUOUS BREEDING. Il. 
LASIOCAMPA TRIFOLII, ESP. 

By H. B. D. Kerritewsi1t, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. 


The continuous breeding of LF. trifolit is difficult and in order to get 
good results it is essential to adhere to certain small points. Even with 
these a high mortality rate cannot be avoided but it is one which com- 
pares favourably with Nature’s inevitable 96 to 98 per cent. mortality. 

The eggs are laid in August immediately after pairing. Ninety per 
cent. of total eggs are usually laid in the first few minutes of flight fol- 
lowing copulation. The eggs are laid while the moth is on the wing 
and fall free and loose to the ground beneath. In captivity these eggs 
are best stored in ordinary round cardboard cartons and must be kept 
at normal warm temperatures till winter, because the larva rapidly de- 
velops inside and hibernates within the egg-shell throughout winter. 
About November transfer the boxes to cool cellar temperature [47° F.] 
and leave here till the first week in March. Now bring them up into 
warmth, the object being to precipitate the immediate hatching of all 
eggs together. In Nature they emerge in ones and twos throughout 
March but in large scale breeding this is hopeless. At this time also I 
usually allow the cardboard boxes to be surrounded with damp cotton 
wool with the idea of softening the dry shell of the eggs. I get a larger 
percentage of hatchings by doing this. 

The larvae are immediately transferred to round glass-topped tins, 
about 12 per tin, and blotting paper placed in the bottom. They un- 
doubtedly feed best on a mixture of heather and small sprays of hop- 
headed clover. The former need not be changed for a week, the latter 
every third day. 

I allow mine an hour’s shaded (with white paper) sunlight or pale 
electric light each day, hence the need of blotting paper to absorb the 
water droplets. Feeding is undertaken at its full at this time. 

At the end of the 2nd instar I transter the larvae to biscuit tins 
which have previously been planted with a central plant of dwart 
heather and surrounded with plants of hop-headed clover. The tin is 
placed out of doors in the sun, protected from too much rain by glass 
propped up, and covered with muslin. They remain here till they are 
about ~ of an inch long. I then remove them to specially prepared boxes 
or tea chests. 

These must face South and are again planted out, clover (but not 
the coarser red and white species), heather and thrift and odd pieces of 
grass are not discouraged. [ pour in dry sand to the depth of about 
four inches around these plants. The boxes are covered with muslin. 
It is essential to cover at least one edge with glass with the object of 
keeping the sand dry in one place. They feed up rapidly in here and 
the balance of plants to larvae is about twelve per tea chest. 


The surprising habit of LZ. trifolii at pupation time was first noticed 
by me in 1936. The full grown larva buries itself sometimes to a depth 
of two inches in the dry loose sand and here forms its cocoon. I have 
little doubt that this is the usual procedure in Nature and that it is 
only when no sand or shingle is provided they pupate above ground. It 


8 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


is essential that at least some sand in each box remains dry ; permanently 
undrained wet sand is fatal and they always make for the dry places. 
To make sure of the sand being dry full grown larvae can be removed to 
any meat safes with glass on top and sand inside and hand fed, the food 
now being stood in water in glass jars. This obviously necessitates a 
change of diet as clover is impossible to deal with this way. I find a 
mixture of montbretia and raspberry excellent, the former especially 
so. I mention this as an alternative method giving good results to 
keeping them in their original cages and recommended in extra wet 
seasons. 


In both cases the food plant must occasionally be sprinkled with 
water containing ordinary cooking salt (tablespoon to pint). 


The moths emerge in August, usually the second and third weeks, and 
hatch in the late afternoon, when selected pairings can be chosen. The 
female calls between 8.30 and 9 p.m. and pairing lasts from four to ten 
minutes. As I have already stated that ovipositing immediately follows 
this, it is obviously essential that pairing should take place in a roomy 
and airy cage with the bottom clean to enable the finding of eggs after- 
wards. 


Besides at least two well-known varieties in the species there exists 
the most extreme geographical range of colour, from the pale yellow 
easterly (Dungeness) forms to the dark mahogany brown forms found in 
the west (Cornwall). 

Pairings obtained from these along with other geographical crosses 
have produced a great range of variation. along with two intersexes and 


other interesting results, but there is a great deal more still left to be 
done. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


- Hapena pisi, L., as. striata, as. Nov.—Fore-wings light red-brown 
with the dark markings nearly ohsclete; interneural spaces ochreous 
almost to the termen contrasting with the dark nervures; ochreous sub- 
terminal line and mark at anal angle distinct; hindwings much paler 
than usual with dark nervures, the outer part of the interneural spaces 
pale ochreous forming a border 2 mm. wide. Type, female, from the 
Howard Vaughan and Hanbury collections. 

Tutt (Brit. Noct., p. 90) says he has occasionally noticed a tendency 
for longitudinal ochreous streaks to he developed between the nervures 
in the red forms of pisi between the subterminal and elbowed lines, and 
compares it with Agrotis (Huxoa) nigricans ab. striata. Of this form, 
which is transitional and may be the heterozygote of that described 
above, I have a male bred from about 150 wild larvae collected on Barnes 
Common.—E. A. CockayNE, 16 Westhourne Street, W.2. 


THE FuicHt oF ForFICULA AURICULARIA, L.—There are so few, if any, 
published records of the flight of the Common Earwig that Dr Malcolm 
Burr has asked me to record the following observation. 

It is impossible now to say exactly when it happened; it was cer- 
tainly in pre-war days when I was living at Gloucester, and may well 


COLLECTING NOTES. 9 


have been in 1910, when an Earwig alighted in front of me with its 
wings extended. The wings were immediately folded with great rapidity 
and the elytra closed over them. It was not actually.seen in flight, 
and it is unlikely that the occurrence would have made any impression 
on me had it not been for the fact that, when a small boy, I had been 
told that the Earwig used its forceps for folding its wings after flight. 
I remember most distinctly that this Karwig did not do so; the wings 
were folded entirely under their own power.—BrERNARD Empry, St Bar- 
tholomew’s Vicarage, Dover, Kent. 


A Notre rrom Mrp-Wates.—Last August I found a pupa of Polia 
chi, L. under moss on the trunk of an aspen, five feet from the ground, 
in Central Wales. The moth emerged on 23rd August. Is this an un- 
usual pupation site? Barrett states that the larva forms ‘‘ a tough 
cocoon of silk and earth, under the surface of the soil (W. Buckler),’’ 
and Messrs Newman and Leeds say: ‘‘ pupates just below surface of 
ground.’’ 


Incidentally, 1 found very few pupae by digging, but a fair num- 
her (including C, xerampelina, Hiib., C. glabraria, Hiib., and Munia 
maura, L.) under moss on tree trunks, from three to seven feet from 
the ground. This hint may prove useful to others who go entomologis- 
ing in mid-Wales at a height above 1200 feet. 


The only interesting butterfly T saw (and, having no net, could not 
catch) was an albino Argynnis aglaia, L., which twice flew past my 
legs, then settled on a Centaurea flower almost within touch. These 
hills are barren ground for the Lepidopterist.—P. B. M. Anan. 


SUGARING IN A BisHop’s STORTFORD GARDEN.—Sugaring in 1938 was 
here rather more productive than the average from mid-June onwards. 
September was rather fruitful, but after the first week in October tree 
trunks and patches of bark on posts were poorly attended. On 10th 
October I splashed the remnant in the treacle tin on a Macrocarpa 
hedge and that proved far more attractive. Since that date, though I 


have sugared trees, only the hedge has been really successful. The 
shrubs are close cut, about five feet high, and the length treated about 
ten yards. It is just outside a constantly used sitting-room. These 


are the chief records up to 15th November. 


Very abundant:—Phlogophora meticulosa, Agrotis saucia (usually 
very scarce), A. segetum, Orrhodia ligula, Scopelosoma satellitia, 
Miselia oxyacanthae, Triphaena pronuba. Fairly frequent :—Agrotis 
suffusa, Amathes lychnitis (pistacina), A. litura, Amphipyra pyramidea. 
Others of more interest were:—Xylina semibrunnea (4), X. ornitopus 
(7), Amathes lota, A. macilenta (1, very uncommon here), Catocala 
nupta (1 on 18th October), Polia flavicincta (usually common but scarce 
this year), Plusia gamma, Gonoptera libatrix (one or two), Omplhalo- 
scelis lunosa, Sarrothripus revayana, and a few Orrhodia vaccinii. 
Faded and ancient specimens of species like Noctua c-nigrum and N. 
xanthographa turned up occasionally with one or two common Geo- 
meters.—Cuas. S. Conmman, ‘‘ Meadow Dyke,’’ Maze Green Road, 
Bishop’s Stortford. 


10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


CURRENT NOTES. 


In the Stett. Ent. Zeitg., pt. I, 1938, p. 149, the complicated nomen- 
clature of Procris globulariae is further discussed. 


The Zeits. Oestr. Ent.-Ver. tor June has a plate of Abnormalities of 
Lepidoptera. 


Of the Main Volumes of Seitz Macro-lepidoptera seven further parts 
have recently come to hand, 628-634. Of Vol. VI, American Bombyces 
1 sheet of the conclusion of the Hepialidae and two plates with 111 
figures. Of Vol. VIII, American Geometers, 6 sheets. Of Vol. XI, 
Indo-australian Noctuae, 6 sheets and 6 plates with about 170 figures. 
The genera most likely to be familiar to English lepidopterists are 
Acontia, Catocala, Ephesia, Nyctipao, Speiredonia, Phyllodes. Such 
volumes are, of course, necessary for the use of students in all universi- 
ties where zoology is a feature, and in all important museums they are 
alsa a necessity. 


We have received from our honoured correspondent, Dr Skat Hoff- 
meyer, a copy of a work on the Macro-lepidoptera of Denmark, De 
Danske Storsommerfugle, written by himself and Sigfred Knudsen. It 
is illustrated by 8 plates with many figures and with a few additional 
fivures in the text. As a record of what species of Lepidoptera occur 
in this small and peculiarly situated country, an area influenced on all 
sides by close proximity of ocean and of sea, it 1s most enlightening, 
although for many of us the Danish language is a difficulty. Enthusi- 
astic work has been carried on in amassing the detailed references and 
localities, which all such books, to be of use, should include. An ade- 
quate map of the country is added with well-defined areas. The intro- 
duction contains a list of the available literature on the Danish 
lepidopterous fauna. So far 837 species are enumerated as occurring 
in this limited area. The print is clear and good and the whole volume 
is a credit to all those who have had a hand in ita production. 


The West China Union University, Chengtu, Szechuen, China, is 
trying to maintain its scientific work under the present difficult condi- 
tions, but nearly all their books have been lost. An appeal has been 
made for entomological literature, especially journals (of any sort), and 
pamphlets and reprints, especially such as deal with insects affecting 
rice, tea, sugar-cane, mulberry, cotton, citrus. Anyone who is willing 
to help them in this matter can send books to Mrs K, J. Richardson, 
F.R.E.S., c/o The West China Union University, Chengtu, Szechuen, 
China. 


La Biologie des Orthopteres, par L. Chopard, is a very important 
book recently published in Paris by Lechevalier. The price is 250 francs, 
which is not dear, for it runs to 541 pages, with 453 figures and five 
plates. It is far more than a mere book for orthopterists, for it embraces 
every aspect of their study, not merely as Orthoptera, but as Insects. 
It is a compendium of modern knowledge, with full bibliography of each 
subject. Every biologist will read with profit the chapter of autotomy 
and regeneration, the account of the reflexes, homochromism, heredity, 


SOCIETIES. iy 


and variation. An important work has been done upon these subjects, 
for which some Orthoptera provide convenient material, especially the 


Phasmidae.—M. B. 


The Society for British Entomology has issued five further parts (5-9) 
of their Vol. V. Transactions. Four of these parts deal respectively with 
Coleoptera, Diptera, Hemiptera and Orthoptera, the remaining part is 
a History of the occurrence of the ‘‘ Comma ”’ Butterfly in this island by 
J.J. Walker, M.A., R.N., F.R.E.S. Coleoptera associated with culti- 
vated plants is a useful classified summary of facts by A. M. Massee; 
Description of the puparia of fourteen British species of Borboridae 
(Diptera) with numerous figures is by W. H. Goddard; The British 
Species of Micronecta (Corixidae, Hemipt.) with 5 excellent plates 
chiefly diagrammatic is by G. A. Walton and will be very useful to all 
Hemipterists; a very interesting account is given by L. A. Harvey, 
M.Sc., on the relation between grasshoppers and the recolonisation of 
denuded heath and moorland vegetation. 


We congratulate our contemporary, The Microscope, on the enlarge- 
ment of its sphere, for the New Year starts with a fresh series, to in- 
clude a branch of our own science, under the title The Microscope and 
Entomological Monthly. As it is freely illustrated, it fills a gap in cur- 
rent entomological literature, and for this.reason, and also because it 
leans towards the microscopic side, especially morphology and histology, 
it in no ways clashes with the old-established magazines. The first num- 
ber has an article by our colleague, Dr Burr, on a hitherto undescribed 


structure in the Common Earwig. We wish the new venture the suc- 
cess it deserves. 


Dr Wm. Junk, the publisher of many of the most useful books of 
reference for science workers, has recently issued Part I of the second 
yearly volume, entitled Scientiae Naturalis Bibliographia. It consists 
of 80 quarto pages. The two parts of Vol. I contained about 1200 items. 
The present Part I of Vol. II contains at least 900 titles. The yearly 
subscription is small, 6/9, while the use to really scientific institutions, 
libraries and universities is overwhelmingly incommensurate with this 
small cost. The learned editor asks for prospectuses and lists of all new 
publications relating to all branches of the natural sciences. 


SOCIETIES. 


A meeting of THE ENtoMoLogicaL CLuB was held at 65 Lee Road, 
Blackheath, on 8th October 1938, Dr Richard R. Armstrong in the 
chair. Members present in addition to the chairman—Mr H. St J. K. 
Donisthorpe, Mr H. Willoughby Ellis. Mr James E. Collin, Dr Harry 
Eltringham, Mr W. Rait-Smith. 

The guests were received at 1 o’clock by Dr and Miss Armstrong. 
Tuncheon was served at 1.30. After luncheon the chairman selected a 
number of genera of foreign butterflies for exhibition; notably Delias, 
Dismorphia, Colias and the Callithea-Catagramma group. Owing to 
lack of time the general collection of Pieridae could not be seen. A tour 


12 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1/1939 


of the gardens was shortened by rain, but the chairman’s stud of 
coloured-lace fantails was inspected. The lace-fantail, in common with 
the silky-fowl, has the barbules missing from the feathered strand so 
that the feathers do not ‘‘ web ”’ and the birds cannot fly. The coloured 
varieties were produced by crossing plain-feathered, coloured (yellow) 
birds with the original stock white-lace. Self-coloured blue laces result 
and these, paired to the desired plain-feathered coloured bird, in this 
case yellow, produced vellow laces, etc., in more than half the offspring. 
Lace is feebly dominant to plain feather. The first cross blues are com- 
pletely heterozygous for colour. 


After tea the guests left about 6 o'clock; a very entertaining after- 
noon.—H. WitLovcHBy Exits, Hon. Secretary. 


FoLKESTONE NAturaL History Society.—The Entomological Section 
of this Society opened the winter session with an Exhibition at the Pub- 
lic Library, Folkestone, on 3rd November. The evening was given up 
to a review of the more notable captures during the year and exhibits 
were so numerous that the President of the Section (Mr A. M. Morley) 
decided to limit the review to the Moths only. Reference to the Butter- 
flies was, therefore, deferred until the January meeting. 

Mr Morley mentioned that thirty-eight specimens of Aplasta ononaria 
had been seen this year, so 1t seemed that the species had succeeded in 
re-establishing itself. He remarked that the season of 1938 had been a 
good one for immigrant species and for aberrations and drew attention 
to several exhibits of Sideridis albipuncta, S. vitellina, Laphygma 
exigua, Athetis ambigua, Heliothis peltigera, and his own specimen of 
Sideridis unipuncta, which was an addition to the Folkestone List. 

He then invited members to say a few words about the things they 
had brought for exhibition. It is impossible to give details of all that 


was shown or to repeat the interesting facis given concerning them but 
the following were noteworthy : 


Mr E. D. Bostock: Dilina tiliae bred from Folkestone larvae. 

Mr M. Chalmers-Hunt: Madopa salicalis and an unicolorous dark 
brown specimen of Ematurga atomaria from EK. Kent; Celaena haworthii 
and Nonagria cannae from Norfolk. 

Mr Bernard Embry: Oconistis quadra and Hama furva from Dover, 
and Rhodometra sucraria from Hailsham, Sussex. ° iy 

Mr A. M. Morley: Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri) ab. godarti 
and pupae of Acherontia atropos from EK. Kent; varieties of Abraxas 
grossulariata bred from wild larvae found in Folkestone, and speci- 
mens of all the migrant species mentioned above. 

Mr A. G. Peyton: Notodonta cuculla and Cidaria (Orthonama) 
obstipata from EK. Kent; Hndromis versicolor and Noctua depuncta from 
Aviemore; and Acidalia immorata from Sussex. 

Dr C. G. M. de Worms: Ptilophora plumigera and Noctua stigma- 
tica from E. Kent; Leucania l-album trom Devon; Hydroecia petasitis 
{rom the West of England; and Crymodes exulis, Noctua primulae, f. 
thuiei and Hepialus humult, f. hethlandica from the Shetlands. 

Mr G. H. Youden: Xylophasia scolopacina, Apamea ophiogramma, 
Aporophyla lutulenta and Acronicta ligustri from Dover.—JoHn W. 
Watton, Hon. Secretary, Folkestone N.H.S. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (161) 


ab. arenoflavida, Schaw., Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 425 (1934). 

Fie.—I.c., 3. 

Orig. Drescriep.—‘‘ Wholly light sand-yellow and without marking. 
Only the basal and post-basal black spots and on the costa of the fore- 
wing a few pre-apical minute dots are present. The post-median and 
pre-marginal transverse bands are obsolescent. The transverse row of 
very fine black points standing between the two on the veins is scarcely 
visible. These distinctions separate the moth with reliable certainly 
from the grey very similar glareosa, flying at the same time and locality, 
which does not possess these small points. The reniform is not to be 
seen. The hindwings are pure white without darker margins.’’ Albar- 
racin, Spain. 


Noctua, L. (1758), Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Gn., Barr., Newm., etc. 
[Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Stdgr., Hamp., Meyr., Splr., Culot, 
etc.: Rhyacia, Hb. (1822), Warr.-Stz.: Graphiphora, Steph. (1829), 
Steph., Wood., Meyr.] triangulum, Hutn. (1766). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 109 (1892): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., 1V, 46, plt. 142, 
2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I[Ted., 188 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., TV, 687, 
fig. 76 (1903): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 147, plt. 32, 26 (1905): South, 
heheh 19223) pit, 113, fl (907): Warr.-Stz.,' Pal. Noct., 1X1, 44, 
pir Ov (1909): Culot, NV. et G., 1 (1), 40, plt. 6, f. 11 (1910). 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’ Europe, VII, 30, fig. 427 (1790), give two figs. 
with designs well done, but with much too pale ground colour. Under 
the name sigma. 


Bork., Naturg., IV, 489 (1792), describes it under the name sigma, 
of Schiff., Knoch, and Fab. with triangulum, de Vill. of Berlin Mag., 
Naturf., Goze, Jung., etc., as a synonym. 


Hiib., Samml., 497 (1808-18), figures a dark insect under the name 
of sigma, which is not in any way comparable with the figure, l.c., 122, 
and probably represents a form of triangulum. The figure in my copy 
is certainly dark. Tutt says that ‘‘ this is the palest form of the species.”’ 

Godt., Hist, Nat., V, 174, plt. 60 (1824), gives a dark figure of this 
species under the name sigma, and on plt. 61 gives a very dark figure 
as a variety, but suggests it may be the ditrapezium, Hb., or the tristig- 
ma, Ochs. 

Treit, Schm. Eur., V (1), 240 (1825), distinguishes triangulum and 
ditrapezium. 

Freyer, Beitr., IT, 49, plt. 64 (1829), gives a good figure. 

Wood, Ind. Ent., 38, f. 162 (1834), a poor figure. 

H.-S., Bearb., 11, 357 (1849), savs of Hiibner’s fig. 497, ‘‘ shape quite 
incorrect, forewing too variegated.”’? Tt is the ditrapezium of the Verz. 
and the sigma of Bork. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 347 (1868), gives a very poor indistinct figure. 

Meyr., Hand., 100 (1895), Agrotis. Rev. Hand., 106 (1928), Graphi- 
phora, 

Barrett, l.c., IV, 48 (1897), gives normanniana, Grote, as a variety; 
obtusa, Splr., has also been given, but both these are American species, 
and distinct. 


(162) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1939 


Brown, Dobr. Eur. Noct., 58 (1905), all Brit. examples are inter- 
media, Tutt (sigma, Haw.). 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 147, plt. 32, 26 (1905), gives a very good figure 
of triangulum, well distinctive from ditrapezium. 

South, M. B. Is., I, 223, plt. 113, f. 1 (1907), a good figure for mark- 
ing, but ground not grey enough. 

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 44, plt. 91 (1909), give sigma, Esp., and 
intermedia, Tutt, as type synonyms. They mention no variation. The 
figure is good but somewhat darker than average. 

Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 40, plt. 6, 11 (1910), stresses the great similarity 
between triangulum and ditrapezium. ‘‘ The ground colour varies in 
similar ways but the specific markings are less hable to vary. Trian- 
gulum is generally a little smaller, and its forewings appear to be more 
triangular, less parallel than in ditrapezium. The markings of trian- 
gulum are neater, which thus makes ditrapezium have a smoother ap- 
pearance. The reniform is almost always shaded with violet grey exter- 
nally in ditrapezium, while it is generally of a uniform colour in trian- 
gulum. The costal spots above the stigmata are the more definite in 
triangulum, while the hindwings, as well as the abdomen, are yellower 
and less deep in colour in ditrapezium.” 


Of the variation Barrett says :— 

““ Usually very constant in colour and markings, but there is a little 
variation ip the degree of reddish shading, which sometimes is almost 
absent or replaced by smoky-brown; the dark markings in the discal 
cell also vary from hght chocolate colour to deep black.’’ 

Barrett, l.c., 46, reports a specimen ‘‘in which the first and second 
lines are unusually black and the former rather broad and shaded into 
the central space, which is altogether clouded with blackish.’’ 

Barrett, plt. 142, has two good figures, but hardly the usual tint for 
the ground colour. 

a 

The Names and Forms to be considered :— 

triangulum, Hutn., Berlin Mag., Tif, 306 (1766). 

f. sigma, Hb., Samml. Noct., 497 (1808-18). 

i sigma, Haw. Lep. Brit., 225 (1809). 

f. intermedia, Tutt, Br. Noct., 109 (1892). 

ab. avellanea, Hirschke, Verh. z.-b. Gesell. Wien., LX, 413 (1910). 
ab. obscurior, Salal., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., XVII, 62 (1928). 

Tutt dealt with (1) the typical red-yellow form, rare; (2) grey tinted 
red or purplish = sigma, Haw., i.e. intermedia, Tutt; (3) the pale grey 
with no red, the sigma, Hb. 


ab. avellanea, Hirschke, Verh. z.-b. Gesell. Wien., LX, 413 (1910). 

Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The ground colour of the upper side of the fore- 
wings and of the fringes is like beautifully coloured drapery instead of 
being yellow-brown and purple-reddish mixed, while the marking re- 
mains invariable. The clear marginal marking in the typical form here 
stands out more strongly. But the colour of the upperside of the hind- 
wing as well as of the underside of all the wings is lighter than in the 
typical form.’’ 6 bred from a larva found at Bruck (Austria). 


ab. obscurior, Salzl., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., XVII, 62 (1928). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (163) 


Oric. Descrir.—‘‘ A bred example notable from its chocolate-coloured 
ground; the dark shade and light areas on the costa and hindwings in a 
striking way resemble Agrotis stigmatica, Hb. It is distinguished from 
this by the well known black long streak by which the orbicular and 
reniform stigma are united, and by the outer waved line, which is almost 
obsolete and not so toothed as in stigmatica.’’ Regensburg. 


Noctua, lL. (1758), Ochs. & Treit (1816-25), Barr. and others. [ Agrotis, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Stdgr., Splr., Culot, ete.: Rhyacia, Hb. 
(1822), Warr.-Stz.: Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Meyr. | 
c-nigrum, L. (1758). 


Putt, bret. Noct., TI, 110 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., 1V, 58; pit. 
142, 3 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., IIfed., 189 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 
deeeioue) oplr., Schm.Hur., 1,149, plt. 33 (1905): South, M. B.T., 
eae plo. 110 (1907); Warr:-Stz., Pal. Noet., TIl, 43, plt. 9 (1909): 
Culot, N. ct. G., I (1), 45, plt. VU, 3-4 (1910). 

The name nun-atrum was used in the Verz., Schiff., for the gothica, 
L. Esper pointed out the error of Schiff. in renaming gothica, and he 
then used the name nun-atrwm for another insect, which he took to be a 
form of gothica, but on the plate (Schm. Abbild., TIT, 383, plt. 76, 3) 
called it singularts. This figure is really of a form of c-nigrum. 


Ernst. & Engr., Pap. d’Huwr., VII, 27, f. 424 (1790), give 2 figures; 
one is quite good, but the other is much too variegated. 

Hiibner, Samml., ITT (1800-3), figures a specimen in which the stig- 
mata are yellow-red and not a cream white as usual in specimens. Other 
markings are of the same brown-red colour. The shape and display of 
all marking are that of c-nigrum. 

H.S., Bearb., II, 356 (1847), says of Hiib.’s fig. 111, ‘‘ a very small 
example, the orbicular is always lighter, the reniform darker towards the 
margin. Collar yellow in front, the apex of the sagittate mark often 
distinct and beyond it a blacker longitudinal streak.’’ Esper’s plt. VI, 
3, ‘“v. gothica, useless.”? The nun-atrum, Bork. 

Wood, Ind. Ent., p. 38, f. 166 (1834). A by no means clear figure. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 346 (1868), gives an indistinct, poor figure. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 149, plt. 33 (1905), gives an excellent figure of 
c-nigrum. ' | 

South., M. B. Is., I, plt. 110, fig. 8, gives a good average figure. 

Brown, Dobr. Eur. Noct., 58 (1905), 4 Amur specimens ‘‘ deep pur- 
plish black.” suffusa, Tutt. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 43 (1909), treat nun-atrum, Esp., gothica, 
var. singularis, Esp., as type synonyms and give no variation. It is well 
figured on plate 9g. 

Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 45, plt. 7, 4, 5, gives a good figure of the typical 
form and figures the ab. fritschi, which he has described. 


Barrett says of the variation :— 

‘‘ Trregular in size and expanse of wings; also variable in the colour 
of the forewings, from rich reddish-grey through pale reddish-grey to 
purplish-grey and slate-grey (darker or paler) and with the subcostal 
triangle varying from yellowish to white, or almost to orange.’’ 


(164) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1939 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 


c-nigrum, L., Sys. Nat., Xed., 516 (1758). 

f. nun-atrum, Esp. = ab. singularis, Esp., Schm. Abbld., III, 385, plt. 
Morea CLG): 

ab. degeneratu, Stdgr., Stett. ¢. Zeitg., 26 (1889). 

AD easiest. Muth, seri. INoct.. Vi P10: 

ab. rosea, Tutt, l.c. 

ab. wmbrata, Schultz, Soc. Hnt., XXII, 185 (1908). 

{. fritschi, Obthr.-Culot, N. et. G., I (1), 45, plt. 7, 4 (1909). 

ab. deprivata, Bng.-Hs., Iris, XX VI, 139 (1912). 

ab. nigrescens, Bursch., Trans. Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat., VII, 100 (1915). 

ab. maerens, Dnhl., Ent. Zetts., XX XIX, 123 (1925). 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form with very complete C around the 
orbicular; (2) with Esper’s nun-atrum = singularis with the ordinary 
lines obliterated, a row of interrupted black dots, terminal space very 
black; (3) suffusa of a deep violet-black = var. A. Guenée; (4) rosea, var. 
B,. of Gn. slightly rosy. 


f. degenerata, Stdgr., Stett. ent. Zing., L, 26 (1889). 

Ortc. Descrirp.—‘' The antennae are feathery, extremely short, but 
definitely ciliated, more so than in c-nigrum. The body, particularly 
the abdomen, is in degenerata far more slender, and is in all examples 
pressed together sideways. The genitalia (valves) seem larger than in 
c-nigrum and also to be quite different. Size and wing-shape is as in 
c-nigrum. The forewings are light brown-grey, still lighter in one male, 
sand grey (darker in one female) almost as light ¢-nigrum. The chief 
marking is met with only in the discoidal cell which with the exception 
of the basal portion is filled with dark brown-black, whereby the first 
stigma (orbicular) attached to the subcostal as in c-nigrum and also the 
second, the reniform, are emphasised very distinctly. The latter is also 
somewhat blackish on the outside. Further, one notices a short blackish 
mark in the basal area, and before the apex on the costa a dark streak- 
spot, as well as a darkening before the outer margin itself. Before the 
fringes, which are coloured like the wings and which have an obsolescent 
dark basal portion line, there stands a moderately light (yellowish) lim- 
bal-line, which also is margined with blackish on the inside. The black 
grey underside has a narrow light costa and a more or less wide, white- 
grey powdered outer marginal part (in one ¢ wide white-grey).’’ Cen- 
tral Asia. Described as a species. but treated as a form of c-nigrum by 


Corti-Drdt.-Stz. (1938). 


ab. umbrata, Schultz, Soc. Ent., XXII, 185 (1908). 

Orie. DEscriv.—‘‘ The ground colour of the forewings is in this form 
so strongly darkened that the characteristic costal markings scarcely 
stand out from the more dusky underground. The underside is also 
much darker than in the typical form.’’ Captured in 1907 in Lower 
Silesia. Diagnosis ‘‘ al. ant. ubique nigricantibus.’’ ab. umbrata. 


ab. fritschi, (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (1), p. 45, plt. 7, f. 4 (1909). 


Oric. Descrir.——‘‘ This aberration, remarkable on account of the 
clear space in the middle of the forewings, has been discovered in the 
Doubs by M. René Fritsch.”’ 


‘‘ BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAE OF MACEDONIA.”’ (17) 


Race narenta trans, ad tusca, Frhst.-Vrty., IT gen. postnarenta, 
nom. nov.:—Further specimens, obtained at S. Dionisio, 800 m., on 
7th and 18th August, 1936, have revealed differences between the II 
generation of the Olympus and the emipauper, Vrty., one of Italy, to 
which I had referred it in my previous paper; some specimens of the 
two are alike, but some of the Olympus, apparently, hetray an oriental 
strain, which one never sees in the Italian series; as a matter of fact, 
they recall, more or less strongly, the aspect of telona, Frhst., the very 
characteristic form of Syria and Palestine, which must be grouped with 
ogygia, as a close ally, in that they have much shorter and rounder 
wings than one ever sees in emipauper and paler and duller colours, as 
well, on botn surfaces. I, therefore, think that, to be quite correct, 
this summer form of the Balkans should be designated by a name of its 
own. Some males also quite resemble emvpauper, but have a much 
thicker pattern than is ever scen in Italy, evidently because they belong 
to race narenta. The size of this IT generation is: length of forewing 
20 mm.; expanse 32; that of the I, from the same locality: 23 (but 
rarely as small) to 27 and 39 to 45. I propose calling it postnarenta. 


The phoebe of Macedonia, thus, exhibit a dualism of form, which is 
very marked and constant racially, on contrasting the races of Salonika 
and of the Olympus, but which is detectable, to a lesser degree, also 
individually, in the II generation of the Olympus. 


The first of these forms is characterised by its smaller size, shorter 
and more rounded shape of wings, duller and more yellowish tone of 
fulvous, more even thickness of black pattern, like a net-work, which 
is often very thin and partly even obliterated; to this may be added 
that, as a rule, the premarginal russet spots of the underside of the 
hindwing are very large and fill entirely the black arch, which sur- 
rounds them, whilst the little, flatter, marginal arches are thicker, as 
compared with the rest of the pattern, than in the other form. 


The other form is characterised by its larger size, when the corres- 
ponding generations are compared, by its more elongated wings, especi- 
ally in the male sex, in which they are more falcated, much more irre- 
gular black pattern, much warmer tones of fulvous. 

The difference is so striking that, if it were not for the individuals 
of the second group, mostly, if not exclusively, of the female sex, which 
are very similar to the first, and even a few exceptional Italian females, 
which partially recall them, one might have heen led to suspect a speci- 
fic distinction between them. 

The first form consists, fundamentally, in telona and ogygia, besides 
a few races of Anterior Asia, which stand very close to them. Its most 
western and northern limit, as far as I have been able to make it out, 
is the southern shore of Istria, whence I possess, from Abbazia (15th 
May), an interesting race, exactly similar to ogygia of Greece by all 
the features mentioned above, but different from it and from all the 
races of Asia, I have seen, in that the black pattern is very thick and 
covers the whole wing with a regular net-work; also the one of the 
underside is unusually thick. J name it nigrogygia, nom. nov. Here, 
too, then, as in Macedonia, there is racial dualism, for, on the northern 
side of Istria, on the Carso, above Trieste, there is a race belonging 
entirely to the second form of the species described above and 
very similar to rovia, Frhst. of Tessin, with transitions to tusca, Vrty. 


(18) ENTOMOLOGIS?T’S RECORD. 15/1/1939. 


of Italy and with a II generation agreeing exactly with the one of the 
latter: emipauper, Vrty. In my previous paper on Macedonia (Ent. 
Rec., 1937, p. (20)) I have already given the reasons which seem to me 
to suggest that the Carso race, as well as rovia, are of a synexergic 
nature and that the race of the Olympus is of the same kind, whereas 
ogygia would be the pure Miocene strain of the Central exerge and the 
various very different forms, which inhabit, apparently quite similar, 
dry and hot surroundings in Sicily, Africa, and the Iberic peninsula, 
would be the older Miocene strain of the Southern exerge. There is a 
remarkable similarity between the distribution of these exerges and the 
corresponding ones of Coenonympha pamphilus, L.; marginata, Riihl 
and true lyllus, Esp.; it is particularly noteworthy that, in Italy, 
in both species the Central exerge does not develop fully its most char- 
acteristic features, as emilyllus, Vrty. and latenigrata, Vrty. are only 
lesser degrees of the marginata facies, just as, in phoebe, tusca, and 
emipauper or pauper are only a slight approach to the ogygia aspect 
and very rarely produce the female form, which resembles 14 more, as 
stated above. 

M. athalia, Rott. race limera, Frhst. and race parthenoidemima, 
nom. nov.:—In my paper of 1937, p. (20), I have applied the name of 
mehadiensis, Gerh. to the race of Prionia and the name of suessula, 
Frhst. to the athalia of low altitudes (300 m.) on Mt. Olympus. Since 
then I have, however, made a special study of the races and forms of 
this species, for a Monograph, in which I have endeavoured to clear up 
the confused state of our knowledge, in connection with this difficult 
group of Melitaea, and I have obtained from Querci a further set of 
specimens, of both sexes, from Prionia and from Skala, which are an 
instructive addition to those he had sent me before. ; 


The result is I must cancel completely the two aforesaid names for 
the forms of Mt. Olympus. Taken as a whole, I, now, see that they © 
resemble the peculiar mountain race of the Balkans, which I have re- 
corded, in my Monograph, also from western Bulgaria (Rilo Dagh, Kiri- 
lowa Pol., 1500 m., and Mon. Rilski, 1200 m.) and I name parthenoide- 
mima, nom. nov., because it looks remarkably like a parthenoides Kef. . 
= parthenie, auct. nec Bork., on account of the hard-looking and 
sharp underside pattern of the hindwing, characteristic of the latter 
species and only seen, in athalia, in a few races of eastern Europe, such 
as this one and race lachares, and in anatolica, and on account of the 
nearly total obliteration of the black markings on the underside of the 
forewings and of their even and low premarginal arches, whilst on the 
upper surface of the wings the marginal and the outer premarginal band 
are thick and contrast with the rest of the pattern, which is thinner 
and even partly obliterated. Size usually large and reaching, in some 
individuals, the largest attained anywhere by the species (length of 
forewing, in the male, 22 mm., and expanse 40, hetween the apexes; in 
female 21 and 35, in my largest specimens from both Prionia and Skala). 
All the Prionia specimens I have seen belong, in both sexes, to this 
form, but at Skala, as in Bulgaria, the greater number do not exhibit 
the parthenoidemima facies fully, but are transitional to, or belong en- 
tirely to, limera, Frhst., the most widespread mountain form and race 
of the northern Balkans, of a rich fulvous, with a thick and even black 
pattern over all the wings, on both surfaces. Therefore, I think the 


‘* BUTTERFLY RACES AND ZYGAENAB OF MACEDONIA.”’ (19) 


Prionia race should be named, as a whole, parthenoidemima, and the 
Skala one limera-parthenoidemima, Frhst.-Vrty. 

Argynnis aglaja, l.:—A few more specimens of both sexes from 
Prionia (16th July), obtained’ in 1936, and in very fresh conditions, 
now enable me to confirm that the race is, undoubtedly, emilocuples, 
Vity. 

Aglais wrticae, L. race urticae trans. ad opima, Vrty.:—New 
materials from S. Dionisio show that I was right in saying it was some- 
what surprising the race of the Olympus should be a pure strain of the 
Northern exerge, as one might, rather, have expected it to be turcica, 
Stdgr., or, at least, its preceding degree opima, Vrty. of the Central 
exerge, as in peninsular Italy. It has, now, become clear that the 
opima form exists there and is well characterised in some individuals 
and chiefly in the female sex, so that the race is, presumably, a 
svnexerge, like those of many other species in this locality. 


The following Zygaenae lave been found by Querci on Mt. Olympus 
in June. Part of the specimens are in my possession and the bulk of 
the collection was purchased by the late Lord Rothschild. 


Z. purpuralis, Briinn. race hellena, Beff. = graeca, Tutt (homon.): 
From Skala, 300 m. 
Z. fulvia, F. = achilleae, Esp. race balcanica, Reiss: —The race 


found from Skala to S. Dionisio, at 8N0 m., agrees with this one, de- 
scribed from Istria, Bosnia and Herzegowina, and is, therefore, quite 
different from macedonica, Bgff., described from Lake Dojran. 

Z. carnioolica, Seop. race graeca, Stdgr. (=? paeoniae, Begff.):— 
Burgeff does not compare his paeoniae of Southern Macedonia with 
graeca and JI fail to find any character by which to separate them, so 
that, to my mind, the race of Skala agrees with both. 


Z. filipendulae, LL. race praeochsenheimeri, nom. nov.:—From Skala 
and S. Dionisio. Jt is rather remarkable that, amongst the large num- 
ber of races described, this one should have, hitherto, remained undeter- 
mined, whereas it is decidedly handsome and distinct, so that it is very 
striking. All authors refer the filipendulae of the Balkans, in a gene- 
ral way, to ochsenheimeri, Z., and furnish no further information about 
it, since Staudinger applied that name to the race of Greece in 1871. Now, 
as I have pointed out, in the Hnt. Rec. of 1921, p. 118, that this emni- 
bus name should be restricted to the hot valleys of the Upper Adige (S. 
Tyrol), that the race of S. France should be called maior, Esp. (spelt 
with an 7 in his text and plate) and that the six-spotted races of Penin- 
sular Italy are again different and must be known as campaniae, Stder. 
and microchsenheimeri, Vrty. (the latter also existing in some valleys 
of the Alps), it is time to distinguish also the race of the Balkans, as 
represented by the Olympus series, which does not agree exactly with 
any of these. In size it is equivalent to the largest of them, which is 
maior: the length of the forewing in Esper’s figure is 19 mm. and this 
is a female; the Olympus females nearly all measure 17 to 18 and a 
few reach 19; the males measure 16 and 17 and only exceptionally are 
smaller. The characteristic of this race is the constantly extensive 
red markings in both sexes; the spots of forewing are large, the two 
outer ones, being nearly confluent ; the black marginal band of the hind- 


(20) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1939. 


wing is very thin and even and often extremely so, very much as in 
nominotypical filipendulae, whereas none of the other races, which used 
to be called ochsenheimeri, have this aspect; the red suffusion, on the 
underside of the forewing, also recalls flipendulae and differs from all 
the latter by its distinctly greater extent. On account of this facies, 
intermediate between true filipendulae and ochsenheimeri, I propose 
naming it praeochsenheimert. J abstain from any geographical name, 
because [ see that a race similar to it exists also in Northern Italy, on 
the south side of the Po basin, at the foot of the Apennines, whence I 
have a large series of specimens from Reggio Emilia. It will be in- 
teresting to make out what connections it has, there, with the stoecha- 
dis, which inhabit the mountains, just above it, and why they keep dis- 
tinct when it is an established fact that there is no sterility at all be- 
tween them. 

Z. lonicerae, Schev.:—The race of S. Dionisio and Skala affords a 
certain amount of individual variation, in connection with size, length 
of antennae, extent of red spots, breadth of marginal band on hind- 
wing, and, furthermore, in connection with the shape of the forewing, 
but, on the whole, they are similar to the nominotypical race and to its 
near ally linnei, Reiss, as represented by a series from Scania, I have 
in my collection, in that the wings tend to he elongated and pointed, 
the red colour to be of a rather light tone and the spots to be rather 
smali. They, therefore, have the extreme /onicerae structure and 
aspect, as contrasted to the trifoiii ones, much more markedly than the 
Italian races of the Peninsula, but one of my S. Dionisio males does, 
distinctly, vary in the trifolii direction, like the latter usually do. 

Z.angelhcae, O. race balcani, Bgff.:—The specimens collected at Skala 
agree with Burgeff’s description and would, according to it, be different 
from the more extreme and specialised herzegowinensis, Reiss, which 
the latter author, in his Supplement to Seitz, does not, on the con- 
trary, consider distinct from baleani, so that he sinks this name in 
synonymy. 

Z. ephialtes, L. race medusa, Pall.:—Found at Skala and at S. 
Dionisio. Only 7% of the specimens exhibit a slight trace of the 6th 
white space on the forewing and 20% belong to the yellow, trigonellae, 
Esp., form, so that the race, on the whole, can well be called medusa. 


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LEPIDOPTERA OF A BAGDAD ORCHARD. 13 


Compa,> 
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s Zoology 


LEPIDOPTERA OF A BAGDAD ORCHARD. 
(~ FEB 281939 


By E. P. Witrsuire, &.R.E.S. : 
/ Sb ay 20 1% 


Lignkav’ 


It has already been remarked (4) that the fauna of Iraq can be sub- 
divided into that of several distinct areas :— 


1. The Sea-Coast and mud flats. 

2. The Syrian-Arabian desert’s high ground (this area merges into area 
No. 9 in Upper Iraq). 

Marsh-land. 

Date and fruit gardens. 

Corn lands. 

Rivers. 

Unirrigated alluvial mud desert. 

Towns and buildings. 

Upland desert and foothills. 


SS St ee 


There are, of course, many species of insects common to two or more 
of these divisions, and a few common to all, but in general it can be 
safely said that each is characterised by its own peculiar inhabitants. 
In places there 1s an overlapping or lack of distinction between two 
divisions: for instance, arca No. 4 may fuse with area No, 8, and area 
No. 3 with No. 7, especially in the south of Iraq, but there is an over- 
lapping, more or less, between all faunistic zones or divisions that the 
mind of man may care to make, just as there are often transitional 
forms between the subspecies which entomologists have described with 
such pains in recent years. This confusion, therefore, does not invali- 
date the distinction made. 

The previously published lepidopterous fauna of Iraq (?) fails, in 
the main, te observe these distinctions for the simple reason that the 
authors (Rothschild and Prout) were unacquainted with the country 
and were only able to study a collection of tersely-labelled moths. An 
exception must be made of the Section on Butterflies, by Peile, whose 
energetic and observant field-work gives-a special value to his contri- 
bution (°), in which he pays careful attention to the kind of ground on 
which he observed the various butterflies. For this reason the present 
paper, which deals with the fourth division in the above list of areas, 
omits all mention of Rhopalocera, and also for the reason, noted by 
Peile, of the extreme paucity of butterflies in the district under con- 
sideration. 

Two years’ residence in Iraq has enabled me to add many species 
to the Bombay list and, in bringing them to the notice of the public, 
I shall endeavour at the same time to indicate to which of the above 
divisions each is attached. I choose to do this by treating each division 
separately, except where two may be too closely related to permit such 
treatment. In preparation are two papers, one dealing with divisions 


1P, A. Buxton and R. E. Cheesman, “ Birds of Mesopotamia ”’ (Claude Ticehurst), 
Journ. Bombay N.H.S., December 30, 1920. 

2** Moths of Mesopotamia and N.W. Persia,’ by various authors, Journ. Bombay 
N.H.S., December 30, 1921. 

3‘ Butterflies of Mesopotamia,’ by H. D. Peile, F.E.S. (Journ. Bombay N.H.S.., 
December 30, 1921, and March 25, 1922). 


14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


Nos. 7 and 9, and concentrating on the Agrotidue (sensu lato), entitled 
‘“ The Saharan and other Affinities of the Mesopotamian Desert Fauna,”’ 
and the other, concerned with No. 6, entitled ‘‘ A Biological Study of 
a Tigris Island.’’ Both of these are bigger, and take longer to pre- 
pare, than the present study, which, therefore, appears first. 

In considering the whole fauna of the Kingdom of Iraq, a tenth 
faunal area must be added to the above lst :— 


10. The Kurdish mountains (including the northern section of the 
Zagros range). 


This division forms the subject of my papers on the Rowanduz dis- 
trict (4). 

The Bagdad orchard which I studied is probably the same as that 
described by Hingston, whose fascinating book (*), in the manner of 
Fabre, deals with certain of its Hymenoptera and Arachnida. It hes 
to the south of the city, near Karradah, and is known to Britishers as 
‘ Devonshire,’? on account of the prettiness of the almond, apricot, 
and apple blossom in the spring. Other crops are dates, wheat, mul- 
berry, fig and beans. Among the old fruit trees the low vegetation is 
allowed to run wild. One even sees hawthorn bushes and gets caught 
in bramble and briar as one pushes into the shady greenery. There is 
less vegetation under the palms, but even here grass and many low 
plants grow, protected by the shade of the palms and drinking their 
water. Often orange-trees are planted. Wheat and beans grow in the 
more open spaces between the denser palm-groves. All of these crops 
and vegetation are entirely dependent on water raised from the Tigris 
by oil-driven pumps. Some of the insects to be found in the luxuriant 
depths of these orchards can also be found in less shady places and 
some are even also residents of the unrelieved desert. But others (class 
A, below) are not found outside this limited breeding-ground: either 
in the irrigated cornfields that in places grow on treeless parts of the 
plain, or among the jungle of the river’s banks and islands, and of 
course, not in the absolute desert. These latter insects are like the 
inhabitants of an island; they are cut off from their original centre 
of distribution, and if they wander afield they cannot propagate their 
kind. In the immediate vicinity of Bagdad there is a fairly continuous 
series of similar orchards, either on one side of the Tigris or the other, 
but this fertile strip or ‘‘ oasis’’ is by no means continuous all along 
the river’s length. Between the hills of Kurdistan and Bagdad are 
vast expanses of unrelieved desert where no such wealth of humid vege- 
tation grows and below Bagdad are similar stretches, where unirrigated 
land or treeless cornfields would prevent these species from now extend- 
ing their range to similar gardens further south, or reinforcing brother- 
colonies already established there. Yet, in origin, the majority of 
these species hail from the North. It is unbelievable that they should 
have arrived at these gardens by flying over the inhospitable desert 
where they cannot live. Trans-desert insect-migrations in Iraq are, in 
my experience and opinion, invariably northwards or westwards and 
seem to provide a safety-valve to prolific species which find themselves 


4 Autumnal Lepidoptera in Kurdistan,” Wnt. Ree., 31.VIII.387 and 21.1X.37, and 
‘* More Notes on Kurdish Lepidoptera ’’ (ined.). 
5‘* Nature at the Desert’s Edge,’’ by R. W. G. Hingston, Witherby (London), 1925. 


ad 


LEPIDOPTERA OF A BAGDAD ORCHARD. 15 


overcrowded in early summer on a progressively hotter and drier breed- 
ing-ground. But these species would have to have flown south-east- 
wards, with no such biological urge, to arrive here. One is driven to 
the conclusion, therefore, that they are the isolated survivors of a 
fauna which, in the days of Mesopotamia’s greatest extent of irriga- 
tion (Assyrian-Babylonian-Seleucian-Sasanian-[slamic until the Mongol 
invasion), had drifted southwards from the mountains of Turkey, 
Armenia and Persia along uninterrupted strips of favourable ground 
on either side of the main rivers of the country. 

Only, if it should be proved that Mesopotamian irrigation goes back 
to the last Ice Age, could we suppose that these species are the descen- 
dants of colonists who arrived here without human aid; for with the 
retreat of the Ice Cap from Europe began the desiccation of these 
regions, and any of these species that may have established themselves 
here during the Pluvial Period, which here corresponded to Europe’s Ice 
Age, must have been exterminated by an interval between that period 
and the first appearance of irrigated gardens in Mesopotamia.* If 
such an interval occurred, as seems probable, the species peculiar to 
the ‘‘ Devonshire ’’ orchards are mere cultivation-followers in Iraq, with 
the possible exception of C. polygrammata, which may perhaps have sur- 
vived this interval in the marshes. And their position is precarious, 
for should this cultivation ever become organised in a modern, scientific 
fashion, i.e., if the orchards were thoroughly tidied up and weeded and 
cleaned, most of them would be again exterminated. Their existence 
in Iraq depends on human culture, but it must be rural, primitive 
culture. 

Those species below whose names are followed by (N) are here re- 
corded for the first time from the plains of Iraq. (I include the upland 
plains around Mosul in the expression “ plains of Iraq.’’) 


A. PURELY ORCHARD SPECIKS. 


The following are the species which J have found nowhere else in 
the plains of Iraq than in the shadiest orchards (Division 4):— 

Euxoa temera, Hbn. (N); Rhyacia xanthographa, Schiff. (N); Polia 
oleracea, Li. (N); Cirphis congrua, Hbn. (N); Sideridis ? putrescens, 
Hbn.-G. (N); Cidaria polygrammata, Bkh. (N); Nychiodes ? divergaria, 
Ster. (N); Sterrha textaria, Led. (N); Ethmia pusiella, Roemer. (N); 
Trichophaga abruptella, Walk. (N); Oegoconia quadripuncta, Haw. (N); 
Actenia brunnealis, Tr. (N). 


B. GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED SPECIES. 


The following inhabit both the ‘‘ Devonshire’’ orchards and the 
unrelieved desert:—Agrotis ypsilon, Rott., Agrotis segetis, Hbn., 
Powellinia lasserrei, Ob., Triphaena pronuba, L., Scotogramma trifolii, 
Rott., Prodenia litura, F., Sideridis loreyi, Dup., Laphygma exigua, 
Hbn., Hlaphria clavipalpis, Scop., Plusia gamma, L., Plusia ni, Hbn., 
Syngrapha circumflexa, ., Rhynchodontodes revolutalis, Zell. (=syria- 


*To the possible objection: ‘‘ Why should they not have survived in the shade 
of the Euphrates poplar?’’ My reply is that this tree only grows naturally 
on islands and banks of the Euphrates and Tigris subject to annual flooding 
and that my observations of this sort of ground indicate that these par- 
ticular species cannot survive such conditions. 


16 ENTOMOLOGIST'’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


calis, Stdgr. et auctorum),t Macaria syriacaria, Stgr., Cornifrons ulcera- 
talis, Led., Nomophila noctuella, Schifi., Plutella maculipennis, Curt. 

These species, whose adaptability is shown by their occurrence in 
the two extreme environments of the Mesopotamian plain (humid and 
arid) (not to mention the fact that many of them also occur in much 
colder climates), are naturally also to be found in such intermediate 
environments as 5 and 8. 


C. SPECIES GENERALLY DISTRIBUTED EXCEPT IN THE 
DESERT. 

This class is a very large one and the following lst of names makes 
no attempt to be exhaustive. I omit those species specially attached to 
Euphrates poplar and tamarisk, for these two trees are typical of the 
river, and their fauna will be studied in ‘‘ A Biological Study of a 
Tigris Island,’’ and also because, though doubtless planted along the 
canals of similar gardens, the ‘‘ Devonshire ’’ orchards, where worked 
by me, contained none. 

Species occurring in 4, 5, 6, and 8:—Celuma sp., near squalida, Stgr., 
Ocnerogyia amanda, Stgr., Agrotis spinifera, Hbn., *Haemassia vas- 
silininet, A. B.-H. (N), Earias insulana, Bsd., *Karias chlorophyllana, 
Stgr. (N), Acontia graellsi, Fest., Rivula sericealis, Scop., *Thermesia 
arefacta, Swinh., Acantholipes regularis, Hbn., Sterrha ochroleucata, 
H.S., *Tephrina perviaria, Led. (N), Pachyzanela (Psara) licarsisalis, 
Walk., Ercta ornatalis, Dup., Hypenodes balneorum, Alph. (N). 


D DOUBTEUE: 
Ophiuche masurialis, Guen. (N). 


MORE DETAILED NOTES ON SOME OF THE ABOVE SPECIES. 


O,. amanda. I include this destructive insect in class C and not in 
class A because fig-trees are to be seen in several different types of 
environment in Iraq. 

Rhyacia xanthographa. The genus Rhyacia’s Bagdad representa- 
tion is still, unfortunately, rather a mystery to me, and I print the 
following note in the hope that the next entomologist to reside in that 
city in winter will clear it up. In February 1937 I found the larvae ot 
two different species of Rhyacia feeding at night on grass below the 
palms and fruit-trees of ‘‘ Devonshire.’’ One of these I firmly expected 
to prove to be Rhyacia rafidain, Brsn., of which I took the unique holo- 
type (2) at the lights of the Alwiya Club, Bagdad, on 16.X1.35. The 
larvae, when mature, burrowed down deep into the earth of the tin in 
which J grew their foodplant (some four or five inches’ depth), but there, 
perhaps because of the lack of a drainage hole at the tin’s bottom, they 
all failed to pupate. The only imago representative of the genus that 
I came across in October and November 1937 on their breeding-ground 
was zanthographa. Both larvae were quite different from xanthographa 
larva as I know it in England, but M. Boursin has confirmed the iden- 


+I am indebted to Herr O. Bang-Haas for the loan of the type enabling me to 
publish the synonymy.—E. P. W. 

*These species were not taken in the *‘ Devonshire ’’ orchards, but in the Ramadi 
Road orchards, a drier, less shady locality, but they quite possibly inhabit 
** Devonshire.’’ 


lef 


LEPIDOPTERA OF A BAGDAD ORCHARD. 17 


tity of the imagines caught. The red form predominates, there being 
about two grey in every ten caught. It remains to be seen if there is 
a third species of this genus, as well as rafidain, awaiting discovery. 

P. oleracea. Bred en 20.1V.38 from larvae found at night on 
94.X1.37. A spring and an autumn brood. 

Cirphis congrua (det. Boursin). Bred from a larva found with the 
Rhyacia larvae mentioned above; imago hatched 4.1V.37. 

Sideridis ? puwtrescens. Hatched unnoticed during summer 1937 
from a larva found with the preceding species; so spoilt itself that cer- 
tain identification was impossible. 

Haemassia vassilininei. Also at Ahwaz, 25.1X.38. 

Acontia graellsi is regarded by the Iraqi Ministry of Agriculture as 
a cotton-pest. 

Earias chlorophyllana. One specimen taken on the Ramadi Road, 
Bagdad, shows that this species’ range overlaps with that of trakana. 
Its early stages not being known, one cannot yet be sure to which divi- 
sion of Iraq fauna it pertains, but it is probably only found where there 
is a certain amount of irrigation. 

Thermesia arefacta. The larva feeds at night on Prosopis stephani- 
ana. I think that this is the shrub to which Peile refers as Acacia 
campbelli (loc, cit.). It is the foodplant of quite a number of Jraqian 
Lepidoptera. The imago of arefacta is a day-flier from late August till 
October, and also is attracted to light sometimes. J have found it com- 
monly among the rough dry herbage of the Ramadi Road orchards and 
also in the riverside scrub of the Kerkheh River, Khuzistan, S.W. Iran. 
It is of southern (Sindian) origin, 

A. regularis. I have taken this species in Ahwaz, in the Kurdish or 
' Persian hills (Rowanduz and Hamadan districts) and the ‘‘ Devonshire ”’ 
orchard (one, 22.11.36), but not in unrelieved desert. 

H. balneorum. I have also taken this little moth, previously known 
from Turkestan, at Khanikin and Ahwaz. 

O. (Hypena) masurialis. One specimen of this moth was taken at the 
lights of the Alwiya Club, 15.1V.36. Its ancestors may have reached 
Bagdad by following up the course of the Tigris northwards or perhaps 
by crossing Arabia during the Pluvial age. 

Nychiodes ? divergaria,. Small larvae of this genus were found in 
XI.37 in numbers at night on apricot trees. Unfortunately I was 
obliged to take them with me to Tabriz in December, where the winter 
was longer and severer than Bagdad’s. None hibernated successfully, 
so I cannot be sure of the species’ identity, but expect that it will prove 
to be divergaria which T have found not uncommonly in Kurdistan. 

M. syriacaria. Food plant: Prosopis stephaniana. Many broods. 

Ethmia pusiella. Food plant: Asperugo procumbens, in February 
and March. The imago flies in October and November. I also have an 
example from Ser Amadia (6000 ft.), a mountain in Iraqi Kurdistan 
not far from the Turkish frontier. 


Onrruary.—We regret to record the death of Comm. J. J. Walker, 
R.N., M.A., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., on 12th January. He was 87. 

We also regret to record the death of Dr C. J. Gahan, M.A., late 
Keeper of the Department of Entomology at the British Museum, at the 
age of 77. 


18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA, 
By T. Barnsricce FrietcuHer, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


(Continued from Vol. L, p. 78.) 


6. CHRYSOCLISTA LATHAMELTLA, Fletcher 1936. 

Chrysoclista lathamella, Fletcher, Festschrift Prof. Embrik Strand, I, 
504-505 (x, 1936). 

Tinea bimaculella, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iv], pp. 574-575, No. 50 (1828). 
[nec Tinea bimaculella, Thunberg. Ins. Suec, (7), p. 89 (1794); nec 
Tinea bimaculella, Schrank, Fauna Boica, IT, ii, 116 (1802).] 

Chrysoclista bimaculella, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 655, No. 6 (1928). 


7. SPULERIA FLAVICAPUT, Haworth 1828. 
Porrectaria flavicaput, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iv], p. 536, No. 18 (1828). 
Tinea aurifrontella, Geyer in Hiibner’s Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tin., t. 
70, £..469 (1832). 

Roslertammia [!] aurocapitella, Bruand, Mém. Soc. Emul. Doubs, III 
(5 and 6), p. 44 (1850: ? 1849); id., Cat. Syst. Microlép. Doubs, 
p. 78, No. 1352 (1850). 

Spuleria aurifrontella, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 187, No. 3597 (1901). 

Chrysoclista aurifrontella, Meyr., Rev. Handb., pp. 654-655, No. 4 
(1928). 

Haworth’s name has four years’ precedence over that published by 
Geyer after MHiibner’s death (but ascribed to Hiibner by most 
authors). 

The genus Chrysoclista of the Handbook seems to be heterogeneous 
and the British genera of Cosmopterygidae may be separated thus :— 


14. Fw. unicolorous blue-black with erect tufts of hairs 


(plical and discal stigmata) above middle of dorsum ... Spuleria, Hofmann. 

Both the above characters not present at the same time 2 
2. Antenna black, pure white for about 1/5 of length; Fw. 

Onl ye 4eaveiIns sLLOmMpAGelll etOMLET INEM) s-etees eee ete ee chee eee Chrysoclista, Stt. 


Antenna at most narrowly white-ringed at tip; or, if 
antenna is broadly white at tip, there are 5 veins from 
Cel OmterM CIA Baw ewe shee eos) Meee eee eo eee 
a> Ewe with 3 or 4 veins from: cell to termen:......:.2.0..2.-6-s. 2. 
Fw. with 5 veins from cell to termen 
4. Fw. with 5 veins (excl. 12) to costa 
IBZ, WA) A WSIS, ((axElly 51D 1) GOSID, ccdocconadoooassnadoacoeseasacoosnec 
5. Fw. 2 and 3 separate; antennal segments with outer 
edges angularly projecting, scape with single bristle ... Walshia, Clemens. 
Fw. 2 and 3 connate from lower angle: antennal seg- 
ments with outer edges not projecting, scape with well- 


Bere eee reece tate e eee eeeeeesi ee 


& or -3 & 69 


GEVCIOPEE! BWCCLEI a iiicse. veceanccsen Eee oreo ease ence een Eee eee Blastodacna, Wocke. 
6. Fw. not more than 4 times as long as broad, 2 and 3 

SEW ATA TO th sets ac Ree a LESE OT GN cc AB EK Ss ROROE ed Ss Rt ARR eae we Anybia, Stt. 

Fw. more than 5 times as long as broad, 2 and 3 coin- 

CIGENE AOL COMM ALC) Hes re each. se oaadeecccw ee aee canon zo eect aaa eee ae Batrachedra, H.S. 
AEWA ave LE 16) PROM ICOM asc sss ses ose ce hewmen can coeetaeeee ee Rese meemeeneene 8 

BW VEL IG OUG LOL 7c, See esse ee ee eee ee ens esas Cosmopterix, Hb. 
Syebwardd: from: well benone svOfuGelll. wers-ssceressccsasecteeeeeeeesece ee Limnaecia, Stt. 

Ew; dietromaboutesnOncCell 5.45. cqc-caienacsess eee eeerecee peace Mompha, Hb. 


The species included in these genera are: Cosmopteriz, as in Hand- 
book; Walshia, rhamniella, Zeller; Blastodacna, hellerella, Dup. = 
atra, Meyr. nec Hw., and atra, Hw. = vinolentella, Meyr. nec H.S.; 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 19 


Spuleria, favicaput, Hw.; Chrysoclista, linneella, Cl., and lathamella, 
Fletcher = bimaculella, Hw. nec Thnhge.; Batrachedra, as in Handbook, 
but pinicolella was described by Zeller; Mompha, as in Handbook, but 
locwpletella, Schiff. = schrankella, Hb. nec Villers; Anybia, epilobiella, 
Roemer; Limnaecia, phragmitella, Stt. 


8. PERONEA LATIFASCIANA, Haworth 1811. 

Tortriz latifasciana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iii], p. 414, No. 65 (1811). 

Tortrix comparana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 46, f. 284 
(1823). 

Tortriz labeculana, Freyer, Neu. Beitr., I (3), p. 33, t. 18, f. 3 (1881). 

Peronéa perplexana, Barrett, E.M.M., XVII, 265 (1881). 

Peronea schalleriana [nec Linn.], Meyr., Rev. Handb., pp. 523-524, 
No. 11 (1928). 

Peronea latifasciana, Sheldon, Entom., LXIV, 30-33 (1981) [synon. and 
refs. ]. 


9. ARGYROPLOCE AUROFASCIANA, Haworth 1811. 
Tortrix aurofasciana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iii], p. 468, No. 234 (1811). 
Tortria latifasciana [nec Hw. 1811], Hw., Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., T, 
337 (1812). 

Tortriz venustana, Geyer, Hiibner’s Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 
51, f. 326 (1830). 

Grapholitha dormoyana, Dup., Lep. Fr., IX, 297-298, t. 250, f. 10 
(1835). 

Sericoris latifasciana, Steph., List Brit. Anim. B.M., X, p. 74, No. 9 
(1852). 

Ezartema latifasciana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 109, No. 1965 (1901). 

Ezartema latifasciana ab. vineana, Bankes, E.M.M., XLIII, 104-105 
(1907) [notes that latifasciana, Hw., T.E.S., is identical with 
aurofasciana, Hw., Lep. Brit., but reverses dates of these descrip- 
tions ]. 

Argyroploce latifasciana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 577, No. 38 (1928). 


10. GHLECHIA BETULEA, Haworth 1828. 

Recurvaria betulea, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iv], p. 549 (1828). 

Tinea ericetella, Geyer, Hiibner’s Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tin., t. 70, 
f. 470 (1832). 

Lita gallinella, Treits., Schmett. Eur., IX, ii, 79 (18383). 

Anacampsis lanceolella, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., IV, 211, (1834); 

. Wood, Index Ent., p. 176, t. 39, f. 1210 (1837). 

Anacampsis betulea, Wood, Index Ent., p. 173, t. 39, f. 1192 (1837). 

Acompsia fuscella [nec Eversmann], Dup., Lep. Fr. Suppl., IV, 510, 
t. 89, f. 4 (1844). 

Acompsia subatrella, Dup., Cat. méth. Lép. Eur., p. 341 (1845). 

Gelechia ericetella, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IT, 144, No. 2579 (1901); 
Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 625, No. 15 (1928); Gaede, Lep. Cat., 
Pt. 79, pp. 169-171 (1987). 


Herr Gaede quotes Hiibner’s f. 470 as 1827 and Haworth as 1829, 
which is ingenious but not in accordance with the facts; he has also 
blindly copied Rebel’s misquotation of Wood’s fig. 1192. 


20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 
NOTE ON SUMERIA DIPOTAMICA, Tams, 
With a Description of the Female. 
By E. P. Wirtsuire, F.R.E.S. 


NOTE ON SUMERIA DIPOTAMICA, Tams, with a Description of 
the Female. 

Until the life-history of this recently described Notodontid is known, 
one cannot say to which of the above divisions of the Mesopetamian 
fauna it pertains, though, to judge from its facies and the situations in 
which I have taken it, it may well prove to be a reed-feeder. It seems 
to be most frequent in the delta of the Euphrates and Tigris, but it also 
occurs up to some height in the Zagros range. In 1938 I captured a 
female at Basra (25.V.) and a male at Khorramshahr (Mohammerah) 
(2.X), both to light near the river. I also believe it occurs at Bagdad. 
Since no description of the female was published by Mr Tams, I append 
one hereto: 


Sumeria dipotamica, Tams (Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 1938). 
@ Neallotype; Basra, 25.V.1938, in coll. m. 
Antenna: Much more lightly bipectinated than <¢. 
Expanse: 54 mm., i.e., considerably larger than ¢. 
In other respects, similar to the ¢. 


N.B.—The autumnal brood ¢ taken by me at Khorramshahr was 
only 40 mm. in expanse. 


WEESEN AND PONTRESINA, 
By H. G. Harris, M.D., and E. Scorr, D.M. 


(With Plate). 


Many papers have been contributed to the Entomologist’s Record in 
the past, dealing with the Engadine, so this is only a short account con- 
cerning this district for a period of three weeks in July 1938. 

Amongst the papers consulted is a lengthy account by Mr B. C. S. 
Warren, ‘‘ Six Weeks among the Butterflies of Switzerland,’ Ent. Rec., 
Vol. XXXV, and one by Mr P. Haig Thomas, ‘‘ The More Local Butter- 
flies of Switzerland,’ Ent. Rec., Vol. XXXIX; and we must not omit 
Mr H. J. Turner’s long paper on St Moritz with numerous references 
to Pontresina, Ent. Rec., Vols. XXVII and XXVIII. 

Our party consisted of Dr and Mrs E. Scott and myself, and when 
we reached Pontresina we found Mr and Mrs B. C. S. Warren already 
installed at the Hotel Collina, together with their youthful daughter, 
whose knowledge of entomological terms was wonderful. We were much 
indebted to Mr Warren for his previous experience of the best localities 
and for help in many ways. 

Leaving London on July Ist, we stopped for three nights at Weesen 
on Lake Walensee to obtain specimens of Lycaena euphemus and L. 
arcas. The first two days were hopeless for collecting owing to continu- 
ous rain, but on our last morning the'sun shone brilliantly and we were 
able to obtain a satisfactory number of LZ. ewphemus on the marsh sur- 


VOL. LL. PLATE II. 


Entomologist’s Record. Photo. E. Scott, M.D. 


ROSEG VALLEY. Locality for B. thore and B. maturnda. 
SCHAFBERG. Locality for £. flavofasciata. 


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WEESEN AND PONTRBESINA. 21 


rounding the Lake wherever the food plant Sanguisorba grew. I. arcas 
was also taken but not so common as L. cuphemus. Dr Scott found an 
aberration of Melanargia (Satyrus) galathea with the white ocelli on 
the posterior side of the lower wings devoid of the usual black points. 

Aphantopus (Hipparchia) hyperantus was just emerging but very 
little else. A colony of Vanessa io was found feeding on wild hop. A 
few were taken, which later pupated, and emerged in August. We did 
not find the railway banks as productive for LZ. ewphemus as the marsh 
itself. 

On 4th July we left for Pontresina and stayed there till 22nd July. 
We had excellent weather on the whole, but the temperature was quite 
moderate till the last few days. 


PonTRESINA (5910 feet) differs from most Alpine resorts in being 
open on all sides for walks. The following districts were explored for 
collecting purposes : — 


1. THe Rosec Vatiey.—This was frequently visited, as here were 
to be found Melitaea maturna, var. wolfensbergert, and also Brenthis 
thore, both of which were secured in fair numbers, but a suitable locality 
had to be searched for in each case. 

B. thore was especially fond of settling on the flowers of wild gera- 
nium, which grew near streams. Dr Scott tried to find evidence of its 
food plant but was unsuccessful. Wheeler’s ‘‘ Butterflies of Switzer- 
land ”’ states that the food plant is unknown. Seitz states that it can 
be reared on violet. [See Ent. Record, XV, 301; XVI, 236; XVII, 78; 
XVIII, 69.—Hy. J. T.] 

I was here lucky in finding a nice male specimen of Brenthis pales 
with both upper wings marked heavily with black. 

Pieris napi, f. bryoniae, was just going over and females were diff- 
cult to obtain in good condition. 

The Roseg Valley leads to the Tschierva glacier, where Mr Warren 
in 1922 discovered Erebia flavofasciata. I was unable to make the ex- 
cursion personally, as it is an arduous climb, but he kindly brought me 
back some specimens of this interesting butterfly. They were flying on 
ground above the glacier in good numbers. 


2. THe ScHA¥FBERG (8965 feet). Ascended by zigzag paths or else 
by cable railway from Punt Muraigl, a detour resulting in an hour’s 
walk. This is a well known locality for Hrebia flavofasciata and we had 
hoped to obtain a good series, but our united efforts only succeeded in 
obtaining two specimens after the several excursions we made here for 
this purpose. JI was, however, told by a French collector that it was 
nseless looking for it, as in 1937 a number of Italians had practically 
wiped them all out. 

Hrebia epiphron was not uncommon and so also Coenonympha sat y- 
rion, with the white band on the underside of the lower wings reminding 
one of the similar band in EF. flavofusciata, and one could not help won- 
dering whether in by-gone ages a hybrid had resulted from these two 
insects. 

As regards the almost complete absence of E. flavofasciata, this year 
some observers consider that it is only common in alternate years as FH. 
arete is supposed to bé. 


bo 
bo 


ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


3. Muvorras Murater (8058 feet). Reached, as already stated, from 
Punt Muraig! by cable railway. Here a few Pontia callidice were seen 
flying on the summits, whence there was a wonderful view of Pontresina, 
Moritz, and Sameden, and five lakes glistening in the sun; and here 
on a steep bank Mrs Scott took several male Melitaea cynthia; they how- 
ever eluded my net, but later I picked up a female on the path. 

Erebia gorge typical and form triopes were just emerging on the 
same spot, together with EH. lappona. 


4. Morrteratscu Guacier. The ascent starts from the station on the 
Bernina Railway. On the only occasion on which we visited this locality 
the weather was cloudy and unpropitious for collecting but Dr Scott 
found a single Lycavna alcon and also one Pararge hiera and a few E. 
gorge. 


5. Bernina Hovses (6720 feet) and Bernina Hospice (7400 feet), 
stations on the Bernina Railway. Near the former Mrs Scott took a 
Hesperia andromedae from a flower head, the only one seen, and here 
also were Parnassius delius flying swiftly and Colias phicomone in num- 
bers. Melitaea varia also was in fair quantity. A new path has been 
constructed from the Hospice leading round to Bernina Houses. It is 
very rough and fatiguing and was not attempted by the writer, but 
those who followed it were rewarded with some excellent large speci- 
mens of Erebia glacialis, and these will probably be described later. 


6. Punt Muraier (5708 feet). Here we were lucky in finding 
Polyommatus amanda in good numbers on a railway bank in a very re- 
stricted area. I believe this is the first occasion on which it has been 
recorded for Pontresina. JZ. alcon, L. arion and Heodes dorilis were 
flying with it. Hrebia melampus was common in the adjoining meadows 
with a few Erebia medusa still in good condition.’ I also netted a fresh 
specimen of Melitaea cinria on July 20th, a late date for this insect. 
Walking across the Bernina Railway in the direction of St Moritz an 
excellent locality for Colias palaeno was found; this Colias was fairly 
common and as the marsh on which it was flying was fairly flat there 
was not much difficulty in securing it. Females ab. herrichi and also 
white ones were caught. As we obtained Polyommatus optilete else- 
where, it was surprising that we found none on this marsh where the 
food plant (Vaccinium uliginosum), common to both insects, was grow- 
ing. 

C. phicomone males showed some variation. Some of the males had 
very few striations on the borders of the wings, and one had the lower 
wings very similar in pattern to a female with the colour a primrose 
yellow in place of the usual greenish tint. 


I append a list of the remaining species captured or observed (86 in 
all); very few were in their usual large numbers, but the season was a 
late one and quantity was made up for by the quality. The nomen- 
clature in the list is from Wheeler’s ‘‘ Butterflies of Switzerland,’’ and 
the photographs were taken by Dr Scott. 

No list of butterflies captured at Weesen is given as practically only 
one morning was spent there collecting, and our objective in stopping 
there to obtain ewphemus and arcas was successful. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 23 


Hesperia alveus, Hb., H. cartham, Hhb., H. serratulae, Rmbr., H. 
cacaliae, Rmbr., H. malvoides, Elwes., P. sylvanus, Esp., T. lineola, 
Ochs., C. virgaureae, L., H. (C.) hippothoé, L., C. minima, Fssl., N. 
semiargus, Rott., P. ewmedon, Esp., P. coridon, Poda, P. bellargus, 
Rott., P. icarus, Rott., P,. eros, Ochs., P. orbitulus, Prunner, P. 
astrarche, Brgstr., P. pheretes, Hb., P. argus, L., P. argyrognomon, 
Brgstr., P. machaon, L., P. apollo, L., A. crataegi, L., P. brassicae, L., 
P. rapae, L., L. sinapis, L., C. croceus, Foure. (one only), A. aglaia, 
L., A. cydippe, L., A. niobe, L., and var. eris, Meigen, B. ewphrosyne, 
L., B. selene, Schiff., B. thore, Hb., B. ino, Rott., B. amathusia, Esp., 
I. lathonia, L., M. aurinia, var. merope, Prunner, M. didyma, Ochs., 
var, alpina, Stgr. (K.S.), M. athalia, Rott., var. helvetica, M. dictynna, 
Esp., Ag. urticae, L., V. cardwi, L., M. (£.) tithonus, L., P. hiera, Fab., 
C. arcania, var. darwiniana, Stgr., C. pamphilus, L., E. pharte, Hb., 
var. phartina, Stgr. (E.S.), HE. mnestra, Hb., H. euryale, Esp., LH. 
goante, Esp., HL. tyndarus, Esp. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Norges ON THE LARVAE OF British Morus. (Continued from p. 
69, vol. L).— 
Cerura bicuspis. This species must occur at Camberley, where 


birches abound, though J have taken only a single example of the larva. 
This was beaten from a birch tree in a much frequented street in the 
town. Further search was prevented by the issue from the house of an 
irate occupier, who, not unnaturally, objected to my interference with 
his tree. Unfortunately, the larva had been disturbed during the pro- 
cess of changing its skin, from which it never recovered. However, I 
had been able to establish the occurrence of the species. I have never 
found larvae on alder, though these trees occur in the neighbourhood. 


Cerura bifida. Larvae of the ‘‘ Poplar Kitten ’’ occur, commonly, 
on the wild Aspen. throughout Camberley. Young larvae have been 
observed from the middle of June till early in September. Though 
they habitually rest on the upper surface of the foliage, the eggs (of 
both bifida and furcula) appear to be deposited more commonly on the 
undersurface of the leaves. Moths have emerged in the last week of 
May and early in June. 


Cerura furcula. I have found that larvae of the ‘‘ Sallow Kitten ”’ 
are equally common, chiefly on narrow-leaved sallow. On one occasion 
only I reared this species from Aspen. Very young larvae have been 
taken in the middle of June and others as late as September. I sus- 
pect that both this species and bifida also may, at least partially, be 
double-brooded, though I have no actual proof of this. Fertile ova 
have been obtained as late as 20th August and pupae as early as 9th 
August. Ova of furcula are considerably smaller than those of bifida. 
I reared two moths on the 21st of March, but others did not appear 
until early in May. The latest emergence was on 23rd June. 


Dicranura vinula. T have taken the larvae on several species of 
Populus, on willow and on various kinds of sallow. Young larvae are 


24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


noticeable in early June. They feed up rapidly and have commenced 
to spin up by the first week in August. Moths were emerging in the 
following May and June. 

Stauropus fagt. I have taken full-fed larvae of ‘‘ the Lobster ”’ 
from Oak and Beech, at Camberley, in September, and have received 
several batches of ova from Reading, all of which have been success- 
fully reared. The species must be rather common in the woods about 
Camberley, for I have repeatedly had the males in my moth-trap. They 
have turned up from 25th May to 5th July. 


Drymonia chaonia. The ‘‘ Lunar Marbled Brown ”’ is not abundant 
in this neighbourhood, but I have heaten out the larvae, occasionally, 
from Oaks. I have found it, more commonly, in the New Forest. The 
resulting moths appeared in mid-April. 


Drymonia trimacula. JY have never found this species in Camber- 
ley. My only acquaintance with it was in the days of my youth, in 
Kent, when I used to dig up the pupae under isolated Oak-trees in 
grassland. 


Pheosia tremula. T find the larvae of this species chiefly on small 
Aspens, but occasionally on Populus alba. These caterpillars always 
have the appearance of having been coated with oil or varnish. I 
have taken young and full-fed larvae on the same day (20th Septem- 
ber). I have had moths emerging in May and again in the middle of 
July. 

Pheosia dictaeoides. Though the moths are frequent visitors to my 
moth trap (which is placed in an upper window of this house), I have 
seldom taken the larvae in Camberley. But, on one occasion, beating 
some stunted birch bushes in a hollow below the Chobham Ridges, there 
fell into my tray a surprising number and variety of caterpillars, in- 
cluding several of this species. 

It will be convenient here to mention the catch on this particular 
day (25th September, 1927):—Bunches of bucephala, 5 leporina, 3 
dromedarius, 3 dictaeoides, 3 contigua, 5 falcataria, innumerable 
lacertinaria, many young papilionaria, several betularia, and a_ host 
of undetermined Noctuids and Geometers. I suspect that a prevailing 
wind had blown the moths down the slope to take refuge among the 
group of stunted birches, where they had forthwith lightened themselves 
of their ova. 


Notodonta ziczac. Larvae of the ‘‘ Pebble Prominent ’’ are abun- 
dant around Camberley, on Sallow, Willow, and Aspen. I have found 
full-fed caterpillars in June and again in September. I once found a 
larva, on Aspen, which differed from typical ziczac in being nearly 
cylindrical in form, with the usual dorsal humps almost completely sup- 
pressed and the terminal hump greatly reduced. Jn its general form 
this abnormal larva resembled Buckler’s figure (II, pl. XXXV, fig. 4) of 
Lophopteryx cucullina, but differed in colour, being of a uniform dull 
olivaceous brown, slightly purplish on the dorsum, in front. However, 
the moth emerged (on 12th April) as a typical example of ziczac. 


Notodonta dromedarius, Many larvae of dromedarius have been 
found in various stages of growth. Very young larvae have been ob- 
served on 15th August and again a month later. Full-fed larvae have 
been taken in June and up to the middle of October. I know of few 


COLLECTING NOTES. a5 


caterpillars that are so perfectly adapted, both in form and colour, for 
concealment when feeding on the edge of a birch leaf. Though the 
larvae are so frequent here, the moths are seldom seen at light, but I 
have bred them out from May to July.—E. E. Green. 


A New GenonyM, LopHoseri4, ry TineEtDAE.—In Trans. R. Ent. Soc. 
London, LXXXVITI, 527 (xii, 1938) Mr Meyrick described a new Tineid 
genus from New Guinea under the name of Syncopacma, evidently hav- 
ing overlooked his own use of this name for a Gelechiad genus from the 
Transvaal (Wytsm. Gen. Ins., fasc, 184, p. 72). I therefore re-name 
Syncopacma, Meyr. 1938 (nec Meyr. 1926) as Lophosetia.—T. Bain- 
BRIGGE FLercHEeR, Rodborough, 15th January 1939. 


CATABOMBA PYRASTRI, L., vAR. UNICOLOR, CurT., IN N. Kent.—On 
6th August 1938 I took a specimen of this melanic 2 form of C. pyrastri 
in the Thames Marshes at Stone, near Dartford. I have only once taken 
it before, viz., on 16th July 1920, when I took another single specimen 
on the chalky uplands near Shoreham (Kent). Verrall in Vol. 8 of 
British Flies suggests that this form is seasonable, and gives as dates :— 
One in 1867: in considerable numbers in various parts of England in 
1869; and then one again in 1905: Audcent in ‘‘ British Insect Fauna ”’ 
gives records from Gloucestershire in July 1930, and Somerset in August 
1923. I am not aware of any other recent records.—H. W. ANDREWS. 


Buack AB. OF CoLdAs crocEus.—In The Entomologist’s Record for 
1892 (vol. i, p. 8) a description is given, under the above heading, of 
a specimen caught in Croatia. As some of your readers may not have 
this volume handy for reference, perhaps you will allow me to quote the 
complete description : — 


‘‘ The specimen on the upper surface is black, instead of the orange 
colour of the normal form, with the exception of a small oval yellow 
spot near the base on the upper margin of hind wings. The colour of 
the latter is shot with blue. The broad band, which is black in the 
normal form, is in this brownish, which, as seen on the upper wings 
through a lens, shows rather long yellow scales sprinkled over it. All 
the nervures are black. The middle area of the forewings on the under- 
side is blackish blue, from the base towards the outer margin runs a 
broad grey blotch. he colour of the wings on the costa towards the 
tip is olive green. The black spot normally present is in this specimen 
only perceptible on both sides by a deeper black. The underside of the 
hind wings is olive green, otherwise spotted with the characteristic 
metallic markings of the Colias genus. The body, antennae, palpi, and 
fringes like the ordinary form, only instead of yellow, black is more 
predominant. Size 25 mm. (one forewing ¢). The above variety was 
eaught on September 25th, in a meadow enclosed by a wood, near 
Agram, where other Colias species occur. It appears to have freshly 
emerged, and is perfectly developed.—Atveust ONsEN, Bakacgasse No. 
4, Agram, Croatia.”’ 

Can any of your readers acquainted with Continental literature and 
collections tell me: (a) Whether this specimen is still in existence; if. 
so, where; (b) has an illustration of it ever been published; (c) has any 
other specimen of this aberration been taken; if so, where, when, and 


26 INTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


hy whom? The usual English text books are silent about it, and make 
no mention of melanism in this species.—P. B. M. Antan, No. 4 Wind- 
hill, Bishop’s Stortford, Herts. 

[1 can find no reference to this aberration in Dr Verity’s publica- 
tions, nor in Seitz works, and Herr Lempke (Holland), who has re- 
cently been making a summary of the recorded variation in (. croceus, 
informs me that he has no knowledge of the form. Perhaps some of 
our Continental workers can give us some further recent information 
about this specimen.—Hy. J. T.] 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Having now completed three of the four Supplementary Volumes to 
Seitz Palaearctic Macro-lepidoptera, quicker progress is being made 
on the 4th volume, that of the Geometers. We have just received 8 
sheets and 1 plate of varieties, some 50 figures. Tha text deals with 
additions to the following British species. Cidaria (conclusion), fur- 
cata, 20 new forms; badiata, 1; Pelurga comitata, 2; Venusia cambrica, 
3; Discoloxia blomeri, 2; Eupithecia haworthiata, 2; E. plumbeolata, 7; 
HE. linariata, 2; HE. pulchellata, 2; Gymnoscelis pumilata, 5; Chloro- 
clystis coronata; CU. rectangulata, 5; (. debiliata, 2; Coenocalpe lapi- 
data, 1; Horisme vitalbata, 5; H. tersata, 6. So much research has 
been carried on among European Geometridae during the period this 
Supplement has been in hand, that it has been decided to give an in- 
terim Addendum to the species hitherto considered and in the present 
issue nearly 120 new forms are dealt with and the knowledge of each 
species brought up to date. Not only has the author, Mr Prout, been 
working on this Supplement, but sections of the Indo-Malay and Ameri- 
can Main Volumes of the Geometridae have recently come from his pen. 


In part II of the Stett. Ent. Zeita., vol. 99, just issued, are several 
interesting articles. 1. The conclusion of a long paper on the Acry- 
diinae (Orth.) with 139 figs. No doubt our colleague Dr Burr will take 
note of it. 2. Herr Warnecke of Kiel contributes another of his useful 
articles, this time on Laelia coenosa in Germany, illustrating his re- 
marks with a map of Europe, showing the distribution of the species. 
3. A comprehensive article on Hesperia carthami, its distribution, 
especially in Germany, and its various forms, with a capital plate of 
24 figures by Dr B. Alberti. (4) and (5) Aristide Caradja continues his 
work on the fauna of China, dealing mainly with the Pyralidae. Other 
contributions are of other orders. 


Messrs Gustave Fellar are publishing in parts a work on Listing the 
Literature of Coleoptera. It is proposed to have four volumes: Europe, 
Indo-Malay, Aethiopia, and America. 


The Wanderings of the Y-moth, Plusia gamma, observed by Mrs K. 
Grant (now Mrs Fisher) has been published as a separate from the Jr. 
of Animal Ecology. It is well illustrated by maps and diagrams. 


CURRENT NOTES. OG 


The last part of the Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesell. for 1938 contains a 
discussion on the Systematics of the Polyommatini section of the Lycae- 
nidae. It is illustrated by several plates and text figures. The writer, 
Dr Walter Forster, begins by mentioning that English authors ‘“ in 
the first line ’’ (Chapman, Tutt and Bethune-Baker) had noted the fact 
that Staudinger had united in the genus Lycaena a heterogeneous col- 
lection of species. Other articles deal with (1) Notes on Persian Lycae- 
nidae. (2) The Butterflies of the Southern Tyrolese Inntals. (3) Some 
new species of EK. Asinn Geometers. (4) A very useful Study of the 
three Hveres species, argiades, alcetas, and decolorata, with a plate and 
text figures. (5) Observations on the Genus Procris, etc. 


Another annotated Catalogue must he added to those issued of late. 
Our kind correspondent, Herr B. J. Lempke, of Amsterdam, has sent 
us part III of his ‘‘ Catalogue of Netherland Macro-lepidoptera.’’? His 
notes on the distribution and variation of the various species dealt with 
are just those upon which future workers can base their field work and 
observations. Although the name pyritoides (1766) is absolutely correct 
for derasa (1767) it has never been used except in an obscure list since. 
It seems too extreme a case of priority to push. We are also of opinion 
that all very modern corrections or re-arrangements, re-classifications, 
should be linked up with the more recent usages which all text books 
in common use present. In this Catalogue we have Amatidae and 
Amata, which in the interest of the readers should be Amatidae (Synto- 
midae) and Amata (Syntomis): the educative method, not the dicta- 
torial. 


In the Zeitschrift of the Deutsches entomologische Gesellschaft, Heft 
II, 1938, is published an important and valuable contribution on the 
ecological material which has been collected in South China. Herr R. 
Mell deals at great length with the Family Papilionidae (150 pages), 
illustrating his remarks with 8 plates, 2 of which are coloured. The 
character of the area is well depicted in the 10 views of localities on the 
plates. The 2 coloured plates are devoted to figuring the larvae and 
pupae, chiefly in situ, on their food plants. This is probably one of the 
most important contributions to the Macro-lepidopterous Fauna of 
China which has yet appeared. 


The Zeits, Oestrr. Entom.-Ver. for the past few months has had a 
number of very well illustrated short articles, attractive and useful to 
both the Macro- and Micro-lepidopterist. Nos. 8 and 9 contain descrip- 
tions and coloured figs. of several new species of Micros. No. 10. New 
races of Acronicta species, with a plate of 18 figures and a new Coleo- 
phorid. In No. 11 two new Coleophorids are described, and there is a 
plate of forms of Lythria plumularia, and in No. 12 where continued are 
16 more figures. This periodical, with Lambillionea and L’Amateur de 
Fapillons (now Revue Francaise de Lepidopterologie) form a splendid 
trio of entomological news and modern advance. 


Dr F. Heydemann, of Kiel, has sent us a number of separates of 
articles he has written recently to various magazines, including a very 
useful, interesting, and well-illustrated discussion on the Lepidoptera 


28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


more or less confined to the shores of the North and Baltic Seas, in fact 
any portion of the area of a saline character. The author divides the 
species so listed into three classes: I. Species living under either 
brackish or sweet water conditions. IJ. Species living on salt water 
plants only. III. Species occurring at places along the shore more or 
less salt, but also as xerophytic species in sandy and steppe areas. The 
article was written for an imposing work, Die Tierwelt der Nord und 
Ostsee. 


In the Ent. Runds. for January there is a figure and description of 
a Coleopteron Carabus glabratus with only 4 tarsal segments in place of 
the usual 5 to each leg. - 


For several months’ issue of the Ent. Runds. W. Brandt has con- 
tributed a series of Notes on the Lepidoptera of Iran (Persia). New 
genera, species, and forms of Macro-lepidoptera with about 50 coloured 
figures on two plates, and many other figures, especially of Geometers. 


SOCIETIES. 


A meeting of the Entomological Club was held at the Junior Carlton 
Club on Friday, 25th November, Mr H. Willoughby-Ellis in the chair. 
Members present in addition to the Chairman—Mr H. St J. K. Donis- 
thorpe, Dr Harry Eltringham, Mr W. Rait-Smith, Dr Sheffield Neave, 
Dr Richard Armstrong. Visitors present—Mr H. E. Andrewes, Dr K. 
G. Blair, Mr J. C. F. Fryer, Dr A. D. Imms, Dr Karl Jordan, Sir Guy 
Aci Ke, Marshall) Capt. N- (DiiRiley, Mr W.» Hi.) I. Tams, Dre: Bi 
Williams. The meeting was called for seven o’clock, and the members 
and visitors were received by the Chairman in the ante-room, where 
refreshments were available. This hour, preceding dinner, provided an 
opportunity for general conversation, which was much enjoyed. Dinner 
was served at eight o’clock in the Parliamentary Library on the his- 
toric round table, After the toast of the King, Dr Jordan showed the 
imago, chrysalis and cocoon of a West African moth, Kligma hypsoides, 
Walk., 1869, and explained the interesting stridulating apparatus of 
the chrysalis. Unlike the usual type of stridulation, the rattling sound 
made by the pupa in the cocoon is not produced by the friction of two 
sarts of the body against each other, but by the disturbed chrysalis 
rapidly playing a densely ribbed subapical transverse bar over sharp 
longitudinal regular ridges constructed in fan-shape on the inner sur- 
face of the cocoon; an approach to a primitive string instrument, ex- 
cept that the ridges are firmly attached to the surface of the cocoon.* 
Provision without prevision on the part of the caterpillar? A _ lively 
discussion on the possible origin of this instrument and the bearing of 
natural selection on its perfection ensued and made an enjoyable meet- 
ing also scientifically profitable—H. WroveHsy-E1iis, Hon. Secre- 


tary. 

*(A similar arrangement is found in the Indian Lligma narcissus, Cramer, and 
was described and figured in Pusa Bulletin, No. 89, p. 64, fig. 38 a-d (1919).— 
T.B.F.] 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (165) 


f. deprivata, Bng.-Haas, Iris, XXVI, 139 (1912). 

Orig. Drescrirp.—‘‘ From the neighbourhood of Yarkand we have a 
number of specimens which differ from typical c-nigrum hy the con- 
spicuous dark costa of the central area and the thereby prominent reni- 
form. The colour of the forewing is a dull black, a little vivid but some- 
what of a coppery tint.. The hindwings in both sexes as in typical 
c-nigrum.’?’ 


ab. nigrescens, Buresch., Trans, Soc. Bulg. Sci. Nat., VII, 100 (1915). 

Orica. Descrip.—‘‘ A melanic form with perfectly black forewings. 
Of the usual brown ground colour there is only a spot lying between the 
black but ill-expressed C mark. Also the hindwings along the margin 
strongly black. Taken at light in Sofia among typical examples.’ 


ab. maerens, Dahn., Ent. Zts., XX XIX, 123 (1925). 


Ortc. Drescrip.—‘‘ Extreme examples show a perfectly smooth uni- 
colorous tone; only the markings towards the costa appear bright, and 
towards the outer margin (inner-half of the reniform) they show some- 
what bright; a small black spot at the base of each wing and the small 
costal spots are visible.’’ 


Dr Cockayne records a form from Gorleston (in lit.): ‘‘ Thorax and 
forewings pale grey; usual black markings a slightly darker brownish 
grey; hindwings and abdomen nearly white.’’ This grey form has not 
so far been recorded. It might be called ab. grisea, n. ab. 


Noctua, L. (Ochs. & Treit, 1816-25) H.-S., Gn., Barrett. [Agrotis, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Stdgr., Meyr., Hamps., Spuler, and Culot: 
Rhyacia, Hb. (1821) Warr., Stz.: Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) 
Steph., Meyr.] ditrapezium, Bork. (1792). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., IT, 111 (4892): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., IV, 56, plt. 
143 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., I1Ied., 1389 (901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 
400 (1901): Splr., Schm, Eur., I, 149, plt. 33, 5 (1905): South, M.B.T., 
I, 222, plt. 110, 9 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 44, plt. 91 (1909): 
Culot, N. e¢ G., I (1), 41, plt. 6, f. 12 (1910). 


Gn. gives the distinction from triangulum, which it so closely re- 
sembles, as ‘‘ Forewings narrower, of a dark violet-brown; subterminal 
line obsolescent, reniform with a grey C in the centre, lower wings 
ochreous, with dark lunule and outer border.”’ 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 29, fig. 425 (1790), give 2 figs. 
of ditrapezium, fairly good. 

Borkhausen described the red form, the male, ditrapeziwm (1792). 
Treitschke described the red-brown female, tristigma (1825). Godart 
described the ¢ as sigma (1824) and considered ditrapezium, Bork. as 
the ¢ of his sigma. 

Hiibner, Samml., 113 (1800-3) and 472 (1808-18) gives two figures. 
472 has more black marking than 113, which is of much more uniform 
red ground colour. The red of the former is of a much less intensity. 


(166) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


113 has uniformly black hindwings (deterioration ?). 472 has grey 
hindwings, the inner basal half somewhat lighter, 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 174, plt. 61, 3 (1824), gives a very dark good 
figure, but not smaller than that of triangulum. 

Treit, Schin., V (1), 243 (1825), says of tristigma, smaller than trian- 
gulum. He gives ditrapezium of Bork. and of Hb. as synonyms of 
tristigma. 

Freyer, Beitr., III, 15, plt. 99 (1830), gives an excellent figure of the 
dark tristigma. 

H.-S., Bearb., II, 357 (1849), says of Hiib.’s fig. 118: ‘‘ From the 
dark, similarly coloured hindwing this figure might well be taken for 
a female of triangulum; also the breadth of the forewings is emphasized, 
these are also much too lac-red for tristigma.’’ Of 472: ‘‘ The forewing 
is too wide behind, the waved line too straight. This figure was of a 
large female not worn, and shows that all the distinctions from trian- 
gulum given by Treitschke are insufficient.’’ 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 346 (1868), gives a bad figure of this species. 

Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., plt. 143, gives 2 very good figures. 

Brown, Dobr. Eur. Noct., 58 (1905), records an Amur example ‘‘ pur- 
plish black.’’ 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 149, plt. 33, 5 (1905), gives an excellent figure 
of ditrapezium showing the distinction very clearly. 

South, M.B.Is., I, plt. 110, fig. 9 (1907), gives a good figure typical 
for marking. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 44 (1909), treat tristigma, Treit. and 
sigma, var. Godt. as type synonyms, and on plt. 9i give a very fair 
figure. No variation is recorded. 

Culot, V. et G., I (1), plt. 6, 12 (1910), gives an excellent figure deli- 
cately contrasting with the figure of triangulum. 


Barrett says of the Variation :— 

‘* Rather variable in the ground colour from bright rosy-brown to 
dark purple-brown, but otherwise very constant.’’ 

Barrett, I.c., reports 2 specimens in which ‘‘ the surface of the fore- 
wings is not so glossy as usual, there is a broad darker purplish-brown 
transverse stripe at the base, and another beyond the central space, 
which is itself rather pale, but has the stigmata and spots very con- 
spicuous.”’ 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 
ditrapezium, Bork., 3 (1792), Naturg., IV, 515. 
stigma, Godt., 2 (1824), Hist. Nat., V, 174, plt. GY. 
tristigma, Treit., 2 (1825), Schm. Eur., V (1), 248. 
r. orientalis, Hamp. (1903), Strand. (1915), Lep. Phal., IV, 400: 
Strand., Arch. Nat., LXXXTI, A.11, 145. 
ab. pallida, Hoffm. (1914), Schm. Stiermark, 349. 
Tutt dealt with: (1) ditrapezium, the red male; (2) tristigma, the 
red-grey female; (3) the sigma 9 of Godart. 


Race orientalis, Hamp., Strand., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 401 (1903), 
Arch. Nat., UXXXI, A.11, 145 (1915). 

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Head, thorax, and forewing darker and more pur- 
plish; hindwing without ochreous tinge except on cilia ’’ (1903). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (167) 


ab. pallida, Hoffm., Schm. Stierm., 349 (1914). 

Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ I possess a light example like the ab. roseu, Tutt, 
of C. nigrum. This form has a great similarity with Agrotis triangulum ; 
I have long thought that they were both the same species, but have 
found an infallible distinction; in trianguluwm the inner transverse line 
runs to the costa at right angles to it, while in ditrupezium it is bent 
above the orbicular and here runs almost horizontally inwards towards 
the base.’’ 


Noctua, L. (1758), Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Frr., H.-S., Barr., Sth. 
[Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Stdgr., Splr., Meyr., Hamp., Culot: 
Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Steph., Meyr.: Rhyacia, Hb. (1821) 
Warr. ]| stigmatica, Hb. (1808-13). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 112 (1892): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., 1V, 60, plt. 143, 
2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., Iled., 140 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 149, 
pit. 33, 7 (1903): Hamps., Lep. Phal., 1V, 411 (1903): South, M_B.T., 
ele E02 (1907) = Culot,’ N= et-G., 1-1), 45, plt..7, 5 (1910). 


Ernst & Engram, Pap, d’Ewr., VII, 29, fig. 425 (1790), give 2 figures, 
which have been supposed to represent this species. The figures are well 
executed, but only 425b may represent it, but is too clearly marked and 
also has the pre-costal black spot, which is not present in stigmatica. 

Esper, Abbild., IV, plt. 149 (1790 ?), is an unrecognizable figure as 
rhomboidea and certainly cannot be taken as the typical figure. 

Hiibner, Samml. (1808-13), gives 2 good figures: 470 with one very 
dark quadrate spot between the stigmata, the other with another very 
dark quadrate spot before the orbicular. The latter, 471, is more 
variegated than the former, which is of a bright red-brown colour. 
stigmatica. 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 193, plt. 62, 5 (1824), gives a figure, rhomboidea, 
with markings far too emphasised and much too definite. 

Treit., Schm., V (1), 231 (1825), describes it under the name rhom- 
boidea and gives stigmaticu, Hb., as a synonym. He took the rhom- 
boidea of. Esper as stigmatica, but this is probably triangulum. 

Steph., Zll., II, 132 (1829), considered rhomboidea, Tr., as a separate 
species, as did 

Humphrey and Westwood, Br. M., I, 129 (1845 ?), while 

Bdv., Ind. Meth., 105, considered them as one species. 

Frr., New. Beitr., IV, 33, plt. 309 (1842), gives a very fair figure of 
this difficult species to portray distinctively. He makes a special note 
of its distinction in wanting the pre-apical black spot, which is present 
in all the closely allied and very similarly marked species of the genus. 
He calls it rhomboidea with stigmatica, Hb. as a synonym. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 359 (1850), uses the name rhomboidea and the 
genus name Noctua. 

Werneburg, Beitr., discussed the rhomboidea, Esp., at length and 
considers it to represent triangulum, Hufn. 

Gn., Hist. Nat., V (1852), throws much doubt on the rhomboidea, 
Esp. (1790), which he considers may be a triangulum form. He treats 
stigmatica as a synonym of rhomboidea, Tr., and also of Stephens’ 
tristigma. | 


(168) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., 1V, 58, plt. 143, 2 (1897), used the name rhom- 
boidea, Esp. He gave two figures, of which 2a is a dark 2, uniform in 
coloration, obscure marking except the post-discal transverse line, which 
is conspicuously white, a feature not referred to in the text. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 411 (1903), called it rhomboidea with stig- 
matica, Hb, and tristigma, Steph. as synonyms. He used Agrotis as 
the generic name. 

South, M.B.JI., I, 228, plt. 118, 2 (1907), gives a very good figure 
showing extremely well the indefinite appearance of the diffuse mark- 
ings, but little deeper in tint than the dark ground. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, plt. 10b (1909), use the name rhom- 
boidea, Esp., as the prior, and refer to stigmatica, Hb. and tristigma, 
Steph. as pure synonyms. The figure is not sufficiently distinctive. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 45, plt. 7, 5 (1910), gives an excellent figure ¢. 
He says very like ditrapeziwm from which it differs by the absence of the 
black pre-apical spot. 


Of the Variation Barrett says :— 

‘‘ Rather variable in the ground colour from dark smoky-brown, 
almost smoky-black, to rather light reddish-brown, the darkest speci- 
mens often showing the pale colour along the second line; otherwise 
very constant.”’ 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 
stigmatica, Hb. (1809-13), Samil. Noct., 470-1. 
tristigma, Steph. (nec Tr.), 1829, Zll., II, 132. 
thomboidea, Tr. (1825), Schm., V (1), 231. 
ab. stigmatula, Hrtg. (1924), Ent. Rund., XLI, 45. 
ab. lalle, Schultz (1934), Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419. 
ab. pallida, n. ab. 
Tutt dealt with: (1) stigmatica, the red-brown form; (2) tristigma, 
Steph., dark purple-brown form; (3) rhomboidea, the alternative name 
for the typical form. 


ab. stigmatula, Hrtg., Ent. Rund., XLI, 45 (1924). 


Orig. DEscriv.—‘‘ A small form of stigmatica, Hb., corresponding to 
the bajula of baja, in which the dark area between the orbicular and 
reniform stigmata is absent. For further recognition of this distinct 
form I will bestow the name stigmatula upon it.’ 2 ¢¢ at Terlan, S. 
Tyrol, 32 and 38 mm. 


ab. lalle, Schultz, Int. Ent. Zt., XXVIII, 419 (1934). 


Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour of forewings violet-brown without 
reddish tinge, but the hindwings are darker, giving the insect, compared 
with the typical form, a very much more obscure appearance.’’ Con- 
stance. 


Dr EK. A. Cockayne reports (in lit.) a form with ‘‘ Ground paler than 
normal; square spot between the stigmata obsolete; other markings 
present but pale; thorax and abdomen paler than usual.’’ Reading. 
This may be called ab. pallida, n. ab. 


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VOL. ii. PLATE UL 


Entomologist’s Record. Photo. Dr H. Bytinski-Salz. 
RHYACIA FESTIVA, Schiff. 


KO aie ae 

a Zoolegy “G. 

( MAR 291939 | 

LiBkKans 

ON RHYACIA FESTIVA, SCHIFF., SSP. CONFLUA, AND SSP. 
THULEI, STGR. 


By Hans Bytiysk1-Sauz, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. (Jerusalem). 
Plate III. 


29 


3% 20 RHYACIA FESTIVA, SCHIFF. 


I have always been much interested in what name should be applied 
to the Shetland specimens of Ithyacia festiva, Schiff., but not until re- 
cently have I been able to gather enough material from the Shetland 
Islands, Iceland, Scandinavia, and Great Britain to try to clear up 
this problem. I have now before me some 450 specimens of Rh. festiva, 
and I think I saw some thousands more in the larger collections of Eng- 
land and the Continent. Through the courtesy of Dr A. Schmidt, from 
Budapest, I had the opportunity to examine the original specimens of 
‘* Apamea’”’ conflua from the Treitschke Collection, and during a visit 
at Dresden I saw. also the series of original specimens on which Stau- 
dinger made his description of var. thule. 

Tutt (British Noctuids, Vol. IT, p. 118-123, 1892) already gave a de- 
tailed description of the various forms of this species, adding a number 
of new names to the different variations in colour and design. As he 
also gave translations of the original description I may refer to them 
without citing them again. 

There is still considerable doubt about the aspect of the type form 
of Rhyacia festiva, Schiff. Guenée (Noctuelles, Vol. V, p. 331) thinks 
that Hiibner’s figure (Sammlung europiischer Schmetterlinge, fig. 114) 
has perhaps been drawn after the actua] specimens of Schiffermiiller in 
the collection of the Theresianum Gymnasium at Vienna. Anyhow, as 
Hiibner’s figure is the first one which has been published after the very 
summary description of Schiffermiiller, it can conveniently be used to 
determine the type form of Rt. festiva. Unfortunately, this dark red- 
dish brown form with grey base is extremely rare in the collections, 
as Tutt already stated. Tutt only got one specimen from Perth which 
comes near to the type figure. I never saw any specimen which com- 
pletely agrees with the type form. The nearest specimens I got are 
one ¢ from the Isle of Lewis, one ¢ from Lettonia, and a ¢ and 9° 
from Vienna, but they are all much lighter red and with very little 
greyish shade at the base, the pair from Vienna almost none at all. 

I am thinking, therefore, that Hiibner’s figure is not too good, 
and the colours are too strongly in contrast, the outer area being too 
bright red brown and the inner area too grey. This opinion is also 
confirmed by the figure of Hiibner’s var. congener (fig. 617), which also 
is coloured toc deeply and too bright red. This brownish form with- 
out the black quadrate spots is very common on the Continent, but not 
so common in Great Britain, and is generally classified as festiva, 
Hbn. The darkest forms I got came from Lettonia and the moors of 
Southern Bavaria. My British specimens came from Aberdeen and 
Braemar. 

Var. subrufa, Haw. seems to be a rather rare form. I have only 3 
ood, one ¢ from the environment of Berlin, one very beautiful ¢ with 
dark slate greyish base from Deep, Pomerania, and one ¢ from Aber- 
deen. Tutt mentions this form also from Pitcaple, Perth, and War- 
rington. 


30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TI1/1939 


f. pseudoconflua, By.-S. (nom. noy. pro conflua, H. Sch., nec conflua, 
Tr.). The name of var. conflua, H. Sch. has to be altered as this form 
has nothing whatever to de with the form named by Treitschke. This 
is a very common form in the British Isles but is not so common on the 
Continent and is found in Continental collections generally under the 
name of conflua, Tr. which, however, is a mistake. Tutt compares this 
form with bright specimens of R. ruli, which is right if we compare it 
with English rubi, which in general are lighter than Continental ones. 
My European specimens came from Vienna and Berlin; the British from 
Moneymore, Perth, Pitcaple, Braemar, and Aberdeen. Tutt adds 
Chattenden and Rannoch. 


Var. rufo-virgata, Tutt. This form is almost identical with the 
former one, but has the base of the forewing pale. It is common on 
the Continent and in Great Britain and is mostly included under the 
name conflua, Tr. or H. Sch. My Continental specimens came from 
Berlin; Amata, Lettonia; Dievenow and Deep, Pomerania, and Amsee, 
Bavaria; my British from Newton Abbot, Abbot’s Wood, Epping 
Forest, Hampstead, Perthshire, and Inveran. Tutt adds Liverpool and 
Chattenden. 


Var. mendica, Fabr. Very common. My Continental specimens are 
from Berlin, Chemnitz, Deep, Pomerania, the British from Moneymore, 
Newton Abbot, Isle of Lewis, Perth, Braemar, and Aberdeen. Tutt 
mentions also Hampstead, Farnboro, Chattenden, Shooter’s Hill Wood, 
Carlisle, and Pitcaple. 


The light yellow-ochreous forms without dark spots are almost en- 
tirely British, while the form with black quadrate spot (var. primulae, 
Esp.) seems to be prevalent on the Continent. 

Var. ignicola, H. Sch. I have Continental specimens from Berlin, 
Oderberg, and Dievenow, and Enghsh ones from London, Epping 


Forest, Abbot’s Wood, Folkestone. Tutt adds Hampstead, Chattenden, 
and Aberdeen. 


Var. ochrea-virgata, Tutt. I have only specimens from Great 
Britain: London, Effingham, Abbot’s Wood, and New Forest. Tutt 
adds Farnboro, Chattenden, Hampstead, and Shooter’s Hill. 


Var. primulae, Esp. is primarily a Continental form, where it is 
very common. My specimens are from Berlin; Stettin; Deep and 
Dievenow, Pomerania; Vienna, and the Ortler Mountains. British 
specimens are from Newton Abbot, Folkestone, Aberdeen, Braemar, 
and, according to Tutt, Chattenden, Carlisle, Perth, and Moray. 

The grey and bluish grey forms described by Tutt from Aberdeen 
must be very rare on the Continent. Closs and Hannemann mention 
this form from Berlin, but I never saw a typical specimen from there. 
It is also mentioned for Poland by Romanistyn (Fauna Lep. Poloniae, 
1930). 

Of the var. grisea, Tutt, I have only a transitory specimen from 
Berlin, and of the var. coerulea, Tutt none. A few specimens with 
slate-grey suffusion and dark quadrate marks, but still of a rather 
yellowish colour, inay however be classified as trans. ad var. quadrata, 
Ttt. Tutt quotes these greyish forms from Aberdeenshire, but all my 
Aberdeen specimens are decidedly reddish or yellowish forms, which 
seem there to be the prevalent colours. 


RHYACIA FESTIVA, SCHIFF. 31 


Variations of the wing pattern are not very common. Only one 
aberration has been named :— 

f. fasciata, Hannemann (Int. Hnt. Z., 11, p. 105) is a very rare form, 
described from Lake Werbellin near Berlin, with a sharply defined light 
postdiscal band. Some British specimens from Abbot’s Wood, Money- 
more, and especially the ¢ type of var. orkneyensis (Pl. row D, fig. 7) 
show traces of a light band, but I never came across a specimen which 
showed this band sufficiently clear to be called fasciata, Hannem. 


I think two more forms of festiva are worth naming :— 

ab. transversa, ab. nov. Ground colour reddish or whitish ochreous; 
no dark quadrate marks present. Two very large transversal shades 
across the forewing. One middle shade between orbicular and reni- 
form and another outside of the postmedial line. Hindwings normal. 

Types: dg Cogne, Grajish Alps, VI, 1902; 92 Abbot’s Wood, Eng- 
land, 1899. 

ab. conjuncta, ab. nov. Orbicular and reniform broadly conjoined 
at the base. This form seems to be very rare. I have only one speci- 
men which otherwise belongs to the var. ochrea-virgata, Tutt. 

Type: 1 2 Aberdeen, 1896. 

In the Orkney Islands occurs a peculiar form which, without any 
doubt, belongs also to the ssp. festiva. My five specimens are very con- 
stant in coloration and only one shows variation in designs. The red 
ground colour, even redder than in Rh. brunnea, F., and the very dis- 
tinct ochreous reniform, give to them an aspect very different from all 
other festiva forms. Unhke specimens from the Scottish Mainland, 
which in the average are somewhat smaller than English and Continen- 
tal specimens, the Orkney specimens belong to the largest forms of 
festiva. I, therefore, think that the Orkney festiva is a good local 
variety which I am calling :— 

Var. orkneyensis, var. nov. Span gd 37 mm., 9Q 34-36 mm. 
Ground colour a very rich ‘‘ prussian red ”’ to ‘‘ cameo brown.’’ The 
transverse lines slightly lighter, the submarginal line rather strongly 
contrasted ochreous. Reniform very distinct light ochraceous buff, also 
the orbicular circled with the same colour. Darker spots before and 
behind the orbicular. A small black dot at the end of the claviform. 
Hindwings as in festiva, sometimes a rather distinct light postmedial 
line (trans. ad f. fasciata, Hannem., plate, row D, fig. 7) present. Tip 
of the abdomen in the dd ‘‘ rufous.’’ 

Cotypes: 2 65,2 22 Orkney Islands, July 1895, ex coll. Dadd. 

Var. orkneyensis, By.-S., ab. depicta, ab. nov.: as orkneyensis, but 
transverse lines obsolete, maculae of the ground colour, quadrate spots 
absent. 

Type: oS Orkney Islands, July 1895, ex coll. Dadd. 

Var. conflua, Treitschke. I examined the two type specimens from 
the Treitschke Collection in the Budapest Museum. They bear the 
numbers 1561 (¢) and 1562 (2). Treitschke’s description (Die Schmet- 
terlinge von Europa, Vol. VI, pt. 1, p. 405) is very good. The ¢ 
spans 26 mm., the 2 28.5 mm. The term ‘“ forewing liver-coloured ”’ 
should be applied to the colour of cooked liver and not to raw. After 
Ridgeway’s the colour would be a pale dull ‘‘ clay color,’’ like some 
specimens of English f. pseudoconflua. In the ¢ the markings are 
not very indistinct, the marks before and behind the orbicular some- 


32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1939 


what darker. The 2 type is rather worn and-this makes the markings 
even less distinct. The name ‘ conflua’’ should not be interpreted as 
if there would be any confluency of markings! 


Conflua, Tr. is a very peculiar form, and I never saw any European 
specimens which completely agree with it. Especially its small size is 
striking. Ordinary festiva span from 35-40 mm., while my smallest 


Scotch specimens still span 30 mm. (¢d,). The specimens nearest to 
conflua I saw are from Iceland, which agree well in the general colora- 
tion but are somewhat larger (29-30 mm., dd). Warren’s figure in 


Seitz, Pl. 8 K, is rather good though a little too greyish and probably 
drawn also after an Iceland specimen. I think Staudinger (Uris, IV, 
p. 266) is undoubtedly right in applying tha name conflua, Tr. to the 
Iceland specimens. 

Tutt already gave a comprehensive compilation of what is known of 
the cccurrence of conflua, Tr. in the Silesian Mountains, but the ques- 
tion what kind of a form conflua really is remains still unsettled. H. 
Marschner, who undoubtedly has the largest knowledge of the Lepidop- 
tera of the Riesengebirge of our times, writes in ‘‘ Die Grosschmetter- 
linge des Riesengebirges’”’ (Hnt. Rundschau, Vol. 50, p. 38, 1933) :— 
‘ primulae, Esp. belongs to the rarities of the district,’’ and mentions 
neither conflua nor other festiva forms at all. According to Rossler and 
Standfuss this form does not breed true but always gives festiva-like 
offspring. Perhaps the series which Treitschke received were from 
collected larva and are a second generation raised under unfavourable 
conditions. 

Ssp. borealis, Zett. is the Scandinavian race which comes nearest to 


var. conflua, Tr. It occurs only in northern Sweden, Norway, and 
Finland, while in the south stili typical festiva forms occur.  Ssp. 
borealis, Zett. is somewhat larger than conflua. My specimens came 


from Northern Norway, Lapponia, and Finlandia, and span from 32-34 
mm.; they are darker than conflua and suffused with grey. The typical 
form borealis, Zett., with the black marks before and behind the orbi- 
cular, seems to be rarer than the f. diducta, Zett. I have of this form 
only one ¢ from Bossekopp, Norway, while the form without the marks 
= f. diducta, Zett. is represented in large series from Norway, Swedish 
Lappland, and Finland. Corti and Draudt (Seitz Suppl., Vol. II, p. 
76) describe another form—f. disparata, from Lappland which is dark 
violet with bright reddish-vellow tip to the abdomen. It is unknown 
to me. The var. obsoleta, Tutt (p. 123) belongs to ssp. thulez, Stgr. 

Ssp. thulei, Stgr. The first one who started the confusion was Weir 
in 1884 (Entomologist, 17, p. 2), who called the festiva from the Shet- 
lands var. conflua, Tr. But Staudinger put things right already in 
1891 (Iris, IV, p. 266), calling the Shetland form of festiva a distinct 
local variety under the name of var. thulei, Stgr. and separating 
it from conflua, Tr. English authors, such as Newman and Tutt, 
keep the name conflua for the Shetland specimens. Hampson (Cat. 
Phal., Vol. IV, 491) cites thulet as a separate form, but Warren (Seitz, 
Vol. II, pv. 40) attributing to conflua, Tr. the value of a subspecies, and 
giving the following range of distribution:—Iceland, Shetlands, and 
Lappland, puts var. thulei, Stgr. again into synonymy. Culot (Noe- 
tuelles, Vol. I, p. 49) again separates thulei from conflua, Tr. but gives 
the entirely wrong distribution: ‘‘ Boreal’’ England and Iceland. His 


RHYACIA FESTIVA, SCHIFF. 33 


specimen, pictured on plate 7, fig. 18, undoubtedly came from the Shet- 
lands. 

Tutt (l.c., p. 115) already points out that the var. thulei, Stgr. (his 
conflua, Tr.) occurs in Great Britain only in the Shetland Islands and 
not in England, Treland, Scotland, or the surrounding Islands as, for 
example, the Orkneys. All specimens from Scotland, though some- 
times as small as Shetland specimens, are undoubtedly true festiva 
forms. 

I do not need here to go into a detailed description of the differences 
between thule: and festiva as this has already been done by Staudinger 
(1891) and Tutt (1892). Ssp. thulei is always much smaller—my speci- 
mens span from 29-35 mm. In general it is somewhat larger than var. 
conflua, Tr. and never reaches the size of large festiva specimens (40 
mm.). The shape of the forewing is decidedly narrower than in all 
other festiva forms, with the apex more pointed. 


Ssp. thulei, Stgr. varies as much as festiva, Schiff., but in an en- 
tirely different way. While in festiva the lighter red and ochreous forms 
prevail, these are almost absent in thulet. On the other hand, thulei 
is chiefly represented in dark red-brown, dull brown, or even blackish 
forms which are entirely absent in festiva. For comparative reasons it 
will be necessary to classify the colour forms of thulei in the same man- 
ner as Tutt did for festiva. We will consider the following forms which 
all came from the Shetland Islands (Mainland or Unst) and which were 
collected by McArthur 1907, Newman 1912, and Reid 1895. 


A. Ground colour ochreous-yellow. 
1. Without dark quadrate spots: not represented in my material. 
2. With dark quadrate spots: f. primuloides. 
B. Ground colour bright chestnut-red. 
1. Without dark quadrate spots: f. rufobsoleta. 
2. With dark quadrate spots: f. hethlandica. 
C. Ground colour dull liver-brown. 
1. Without dark quadrate spots: var. obsoleta, Tutt. 
2. With dark quadrate spots but without lighter reniform and transverse 
lines: ssp. thulei, Steger. 
3. As 2, but with light reniform : f. maculata. 
4. As 2, but with light reniform and light transverse lines: f. glabrina. 
D. Ground colour purplish-black. 
1. Without black quadrate spots: not represented in my material. 
2. With black quadrate spots: f. rufonigra. 
E. Ground colour dull blackish-brown. 
1. Without black quadrate spots: f. wnicolor. 
2. With black quadrate spots: f. nigra. 


f. primuloides, f. nov. Ground colour yellow-ochreous, but with a 
duller shade as in primulae. Designs less conspicuous and not so red- 
dish. Spots before and behind the orbicular black. This form may be 
considered a very light f. thulei, Steger. 

Cotypes: 5 5,1 2 from Unst. 

f. rufobsoleta, f. nov. Ground colour bright red chestnut-brown ; base 
middle shade and marginal area sometimes darker. In most specimens 
lighter transverse lines present; reniform of the same colour as the 
ground, rarely somewhat lighter. No black marks present. 

Cotypes: 14 6, 5 @ ‘‘ Shetlands ’’ (Newman). 

f. hethlandica, f. nov. This is the same form but with dark marks 
before and behind the orbicular. The reniform and sometimes also the 
orbicular are often lighter than the ground colour. 


34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ TIT / 1939 


Cotypes: 29 g, 11 @ ‘ Shetlands,’’ Mainland and Unst. 

f. obsoleta, Tutt. Ground colour a dull liver-brown, the transverse 
lines and rarely the reniform somewhat lighter. JI have 17 g, 6 2 from 
‘¢ Shetlands ’’ and Unst. 

f. thulet, Stgr. As above but with the black markings before and 
behind the orbicular. This is the form described by Staudinger (/7ris, 
IV, p. 266) and is also very well represented in the original series of 
Staudinger in Dresden. The transverse lines are in general obliterated 
or only present in the marginal area. This is the most common form 
in my material: 35 3, 17 © from ‘‘ Shetlands,’ Mainland and Unst. 

f. maculata, f. nov. As f. thule: Stgr., but the orbicular surrounded 
with light ochraceous and the reniform entirely ochreous. Submarginal 
line in the ¢ obsolete, in the 9 rather distinct. 

Types: 3, ¢ ‘‘ Shetlands.”’ 


f. glabrina, f. nov. The most beautiful form of all. Ground colour 
as in thulei. Basal line, ante- and postmedial lines light ochreous, very 
distinct. Submarginal line and marginal area ochreous with dark longi- 
tudinal streaks along the veins. Fringes dark. Reniform and orbicular 
light ochreous, the latter with darker centre. End of the claviform 
distinct black. Resembles somewhat Conistra vaccini, f. glabroides, 
Fuchs. 

Cotypes: 8 5,5 @ ‘“ Shetlands.’’ 

f. rufonigra, f. nov. Ground colour a very dark ‘‘ chocolate ;’’ sur- 
roundings of the orbicular, reniform and marginal area slightly lighter. 
Black marks before and behind the orbicular. This is the darkest f. 
hethlandica in which the forewing is entirely suffused with black. 

Type: 1 2 Mainland (Shetlands). 


f. unicolor, f. nov. Ground colour a very dark ‘‘sepia.’’ All lnes 
slightly lighter. Maculae obsolete. Black spots absent. 

Cotypes: 2 3 Unst. 

f. nigra, f. nov. Ground colour an almost black ‘‘ sepia.’? Maculae 
very slightly lighter. Spots before and behind the orbicular and end 
of the claviform black, but not very contrasty. 

Type: 1 9 ‘* Shetlands.’’ 

f. uwnicolor and f. nigra are the extreme dark forms of f. obsoleta, 
Tutt, and f. thulei, Stgr., in which the brown colour is entirely suffused 
with black. 

Variations of the wing pattern are rather rare. Occasionally the 
ab. conjuncta, By.-S., with the orbicular and reniform conjoined at the 
base, is found. Another striking aberration is :— 

ab. nigrostriata, ab. nov. Colour and markings as f. hethlandica 
but with black streaks on the veins. Vein 1 black almost to the base, 
veins 2-4 black to the cell, veins 5-9 only to the submarginal line. 

Type: 1 9 ‘* Shetlands.’’ 

In the following part JI will try to give a statistical account of the 
occurrence of the different forms of Rh. festiva in Great Britain, on the 
Continent, and in the Shetlands. I am leaving out the var. conflua 
from Iceland and ssp. borealis, as these show a too small range of varia- 
tion to be treated statistically. Of course I am aware that the division 
of festiva-forms in British and Continental specimens is rather un- 
satisfactory, as neither Great Britain nor the Continent represent 
uniform populations. It is well known to British collectors how much 


RHYACIA FESTIVA, SCHIFF. 35 


different are the populations of the London District and Aberdeenshire 
in their range of variation and general aspect, though, as Reid (Tutt, 
p. 115) states, all Scotch forms may also occasionally occur in Kent. 
The same is also the case on the Continent, if we compare, for example, 
the populations of Pomerania with those of Berlin or the Alps. But, 
as my material is still too small to give a statistical survey of the 
different populations of one country, I have to confine myself to this 
rather crude division which, however, gives already some interesting 
results. 

Another point which has to be considered in studying the following 
table is that the material tabulated has not been collected at random 
but consists of selected series taken by various collectors. But this means 
only that, while not too much stress should be laid on the actual per- 
centual values, the rarer forms are represented in larger numbers than 
correspond to their actual frequency. But the range of variation of the 
different forms will remain the same in even much larger series collected 
at random. 


site 2 2 oj 
General Coloration. Named Form. ey = = S = 
Ste) oe RE 
Brownish or reddish-black. f. nigra, By.-S. — ~- 1 
f. rufonigra, By.-S. — = 1 
f. wnicolor, By.-S. — — 2 
Dull liver-brown. f. obsoleta, Tutt. — —_ 253: 
f. thulei, Stgr. — — 52 
f. maculata, By.-S. — — 2 
f. glabrina, By.-S. _- —_— 13 
Bright chestnut-brown. f. hethlandica, By.-S. — — 40 
f. rufobsoleta, By.-S. — — 20 
Bright prussian-red. var. orkneyensis, By.-S. 4 — — 
ab. depicta, By.-S. 1 — —_ 
Dull ochraceous reddish-brown f. festiva, Schiff. (1) (3) — 
f. congener, Hubn. 2 31 — 
f. subrufa, Haw. 1 Q —_ 
Reddish-ochraceous. f. rufo-virgata, Tutt. 30 23 —_— 
: f. pseudoconfluens, By.-S. 17 5 — 
f. mendica, Fabr. 16 21 -- 
Pale yellow-ochraceous. f. ochrea-virgata, Tutt. 31 — — 
f. ignicola; H. Sch. 34 4 — 
f. primulae, Esp. 7 23 — 
f. primuloides, By.-S. _— — 6 
Greyish and bluish. f. grisea, Tutt. + (14)+ — 
f. coerulea, Tutt. + + — 

f. quadrata, Tutt. + 


Numbers in brackets indicate transitory specimens: + = known from the country 


but not represented in my collection. 


Tt will be noticed that I applied somewhat different terms for the 
general coloration, as did Tutt. In fact, the colours given by Tutt are 
seen more with the eye of an impressionistic painter than with that of a 
critical scientist. JT am sure that ‘‘ dark purplish or reddish-brown ” 
specimens of festiva do not exist, though they may have sometimes a 
faint hue towards these colours. But a hue is not yet the actual colour 
observed with our eyes. I would call the colour of festiva, congener and 
subrufa a dull ochraceous reddish-brown, or after Ridgeway: tawny to 
mikado-brown. 


36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 / 1939 


From the tabulation above, the following points may be seen. Taking 
the general coloration, the middle shades are the more frequent ones, 
the light and dark shades the rarer ones. In festiva, the most common 
forms are reddish or yellowish-ochraceous, in ssp. thulet, those which 
are liver or chestnut-brown. 

Ssp. thulei is without any doubt a distinct subspecies, as is also 
shown by its range of variation. Only the lightest form: primuloides 
agrees in colour somewhat with the festiva form, primulae, but has de 
cidedly a duller shade. All other colour-forms are not represented in 
ssp. festiva. 

Between the populations of Great Britain and the Continent (chiefly 
Germany incl. Austria) there seem to be some remarkable differences in 
the distribution of the different forms, though I do not think that one 
form is lacking entirely either here or there. The prevalent forms in 
Britain are: rufo-virgata, pseudoconflua, mendica, ochrea-virgata and 
ignicola. On the Continent they are: congener, rufo-virgata, mendica 
and primulae. f. pseudoconflua, ochrea-virgata and ignicola are much 
more common in Britain than on the Continent, while congener and 
primulae, which are common on the Continent, are decidedly rare in 
the British Islands. The greyish and bluish forms seem to be very rare 
both on the Continent and in Great Britain. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Though great care was taken to represent the different shades of 
colour right, the photograph did not come out too well. For subjective 
observation the light forms with reddish tinge are pictured too dark. 
There also seems to be almost no difference between the bright chestnut- 
red forms and the almost black forms. The specimens A. 2-7, B. 8-9, 
C. 1-2, 5-6, and D. 7-9 should be somewhat lighter. 


Rhyacia festiva, Schiff. 


A. 1. Near f. festiva, Schiff. ¢. Isle of Lewis. 
2. Near f. festiva, Schiff. Q. St Amata, Lettonia. 
3. f. primulae, Esp. ¢. Berlin. 
4. f. primulae, Esp. @Q. Berlin. 
5. f. ignicola, Tutt. ¢. Aberdeen. 
6. f. ignicola, Tutt. Q. Epping Forest. 
7. f. pseudoconflua, By.-S. G. Aberdeen. 
8. f. pseudoconflua, By.-S. 9. Vienna. 
B. 1. v. conflua, Tr. G Type. Riesengebirge, Germany. 
2. v. conflua, Tr. QO Type. Riesengebirge, Germany. 
3. v. conflua, Tr. ¢. Iceland. 
4, v. conflua, Tr. ¢. Iceland. 
5. v. conflua, Tr. ¢. Iceland. 
6. ssp. thulei, Stgr. ¢. Shetland Islands. 
7. ssp. thulei, Stgr. ©. Shetland Islands. 
8. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. hethlandica, By.-S. ¢ Cotype, Shetland Islands. 
9. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. hethlandica, By.-S. ©Q Cotype, Shetland Islands. 
C. 1. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. primuloides, By-S. ¢ Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
2. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. primuloides, By-S. Q Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
3. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. glabroides, By-S. @ Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
4. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. glabroides, By-S. 9 Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
5. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. rufobsoleta, By.-S. G Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
6. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. rufobsoleta, By.-S. Q Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
7. ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. unicolor, By.-S. ¢ Cotype. Shetland Islands. 
8, 


ssp. thulei, Stgr., f. unicolor, By.-S. ¢ Cotype. Shotland Islands. 


MICRAMBE AUBROOKI SP. N.—ZELLER’S VERSUCH. 37 


ssp. thulei, f. rufonigra, By.-S. Q Type. Shetland Islands. 

ssp. thulei, f. obsoleta, Tutt. dG. Shetland Islands. 

ssp. thulei, f. obsoleta, Tutt. Q. Shetland Islands. 

ssp. borealis, Zett. ¢. Bossekopp, Norway. 

ssp. borealis, Zett., f. diducta. ¢g. Lampela, Lapponia. 

ssp. borealis, Zett., f. diducta. 92. Lampela, Lapponia. 

var. orkneyensis, By.-S. ¢G Cotype. Orkney Islands. 

var. orkneyensis, By.-S. Q Cotype. Orkney Islands. 

var. orkneyensis, By-S., f. depicta, By-S. g@ Type. Orkney Islands. 


Oo =F Si Cin! $a T= 


MICRAMBE AUBROOKI SP, N. (CRYPTOPHAGIDAE, COL.). 
A BEETLE NEW TO SCLENCE. 


By Horace DonistHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.H.S., Ete. 


Reddish brown, antennae and legs yellow, shining, clothed with 
rather long semi-decumbent light yellow hairs which are more numerous 
on the elytra. /Iead rather strongly and deeply but not closely punc- 
tured. Yhorax transverse, considerably narrower than elytra, the cal- 
losities at anterior angles are shorter, and flatter, than in vini or villosa, 
and are not toothed; puncturation consisting of round, fairly deep, but 
not close, punctures. Hlytra with similar puncturation to thorax, but 
the punctures are not quite so large. Long.—1.6 mm. It is a smaller 
species, more shining, not nearly so closely but more strongly punctured 
than either vin? or villosa. It is also darker in colour and its hairs are 
a little longer, but more sparse, and the thorax is less transverse. It 
appears to be a very distinct little species; it is certainly not a known 
palaearctic one, and | have been unable to find a description to fit it. 


Mr KE. W._Aubrook, of the Hope Department, University Museum, 
Oxford, sent it to me to name. It was taken by Mr C. Jones at a 
Chrysanthemum Show at Manchester in November 1934. The type has 
been placed by Mr Aubrook in the National Collection at S. Kensington. 


Entomological Department, British Museum 
(Nat. Hist.), February 1939. 


ZELLER’S VERSUCH: MARCH 1839. 


By T. BAInBRIGGE FLETCHER. 


Just one hundred years ago, in March 1839, there appeared in Oken’s 
Tsis (Vol. XXXII, Heft 3, pp. 167-220) Zeller’s ‘‘ Versuch einer naturge- 
massen Eintheilung der Schaben’”’ (an attempt at a natural arrange- 
ment of the Tineae), which laid the foundations of our present-day 
classification. Previous efforts, by Fabricius, Latreille, Hiibner, 
Haworth, Treitschke, Stephens and others, to split up the old Linnaean 
concept of ‘‘ Tinea’’ into smaller groups, had all been founded, more 
or less, on colour-characters, and Zeller’s new arrangement represented 
a great advance as being founded more on structure. Unfortunately, 
Zeller’s paper, published in a rather out-of-the-way medium, was little 
known to entomologists of the time and this volume of the Isis has now 
become so scarce as to be found in very few entomological libraries. 


38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ IIT /1939 


In his Schaben (Tineae) Zeller included some Pyralidina (Crambidae, 
Pyraustidae, Phycitidae and Galleriadae), but his 478 species of Tinea- 
ceen (Tineina) were disposed in 42 genera, of which some were divided 
into subgenera. Two of the genera, 1. Coryptilum and 25. Stenoma, 
were founded on exotic species but the others were all European and 
were :—2. Exapate, Hb.; 3. Chimabacche, Hb.; 4. Semtoscopis, Hb. ; 
5. Talaeporia, Hb.; 6. Tinea, Linn., divided into 4 sections, A. Lam- 
pronia, Steph., B. Incurvaria, Hw., C. Tinea, D. Swammerdamia, Hb. ; 
7. Ochsenheimeria, Hb.; 8. Micropteryx, Hb.; 9. Nematopogon, Zell. ; 
10. Adela, Latr., divided into 3 sections, A. Cauchas, Zell., B. Eutyphia, 
Hb., C. Adela, Latr.; 11. Nemotois, Hb., divided into two unnamed sec- 
tions; 12. Euplocamus, Latr., divided into two sections, A. Huplocamus, 
Latr., B. Scardia, Tr.; 13, Plutella, Schr., divided into 3 sections, A. 
Plutella, B. Harpipteryr, Tr., C. Theristis, Hb.; 14. Ateliotum, Zell. ; 
15. Ypsolophus, Fb., divided into 3 sections, A. Sophronia, Hb., B. 
Y psolophus, C. Megacraspedus, Zell.; 16. Holoscolia, Zell.; 17. Anarsia, 
Zell.; 18. Anchinia, Hb., divided into 3 sections, A. Pleurota, Hb., B. 
Topeutis, Hb., C. Anchinia; 19. Harpella, Schr.; 20. Hypercallia, 
Steph.; 21. Oecophora, Latr., divided into 3 sections, A, Dasycera, 
Steph., B. subdivided into a. Oecophora and b. Endrosis, Hb., C. also 
subdivided into a. Scythris, Hb., and b. Prays, Hb.; 22. Yponomeuta, 
Latr.; 23. Psecadia, Hb., divided into A. Psecadia, B. Ethmia, Hb.; 
24. Haemylis, Tr.; 26. Depressaria, Hw., divided into A. Depressaria, 
B. Volucra, Zeller; 27. Carcina, Hb.; 28. Gelechia, Hb., divided into 5 
sections, Aaa. Nothris, Hb., Aab. Gelechia, Hb., Ab. Brachmia, Hb., 
Ba. Chelaria, Hw., Bb. Metzneria, Zell.; 29. Roeslerstammia, Zell., 
divided into 2 sections, A. [Roeslerstammia], B. Chrysitella, Zell.; 30. 
Glyphipteryx, Hb.; 31. Aechmia, Tr., divided into A. [Aechmia], B. 
Tinagma, Zell.; 32. Argyresthia, Hb., divided into A. Argyresthia, B. 
Cedestis, Zell. ; 33. Coleophora, Hb., divided into 4 sections, A. Haplo- 
ptilia, Hb., B. Eupista, Hb., C. Apista, Hb., D. Coleophora; 34. Gracil- 
aria, Hw.; 35. Coriscium, Zell.; 36. Ornix, Tr.; 37. Cosmopteryzx, Hb.; 
38. Elachista, Tr., divided into 5 sections of which only 3 are named, A. 
Chauliodus, Tr., Ba. (unnamed), Bb. Schreckensteinia, Hb., C. Elachista 
with 2 unnamed subsections; 39. Opostega, Zell.; 40. Lyonetia, Hb., 
divided into 2 sections, A. Bucculatriz, Zell., B. Lyonetia; 41. Lithocol- 
letis, Hb.; 42. Tischeria, Zell. (described on p. 214). [In this abstract, 
Zeller’s misspellings of certain names are reproduced. | 


His 42 genera were therefore expanded into 73 named groups (besides 
several unnamed). Some of them contained very diverse elements (€.g., 
his Oecophora, which included Esperia, Hb. (Dasycera, Steph.), Scythris 
and Prays, and his Elachista, which included Epermenia, Hb. (Chau- 
liodus) and some Cosmopterygids) and the order of the group is, of 
course, very different from our ideas; but for its time it was a good 
attempt to classify the Tineina and it is interesting to look back at this 
paper, then the latest contribution to the subject one hundred years ago. 

Besides the generic diagnoses, this paper also included descriptions 
of numerous new species, with notes on those previously described and 
references to Hiibner’s figures. It is unfortunate that it has become so 
scarce that few modern microlepidopterists appear even to have seen it. 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING. 39 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING. III. 
ORRHODIA RUBIGINEA, FAB. 


By H. B. D. Kerttewrit, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. 


CorREcTIONS.—P. 7, line 25 from top, for ‘‘ pale ’’ read ‘* unshaded ; 

) I ; 
ime a4. for ‘not ’’ read “ now.’’, P..8, line 4 frem top, for ‘* any *’ 
heag, airy.’’ 


The breeding of this species is an example of the minimum of work 
producing the maximum result. The original parent is taken at sallow 
in the spring, when it may be safely assumed that the species will have 
paired and be fertile. Eggs are laid freely on muslin, broken twigs, 
or the sides of wooden boxes. 

The female is therefore introduced into a large box, taking care that 
there are no cracks through which young larvae could escape, and hav- 
ing the edges planed down so as to ensure an even surface on top. There 
are six inches of coconut fibre at the bottom and a number of broken 
apple twigs fixed across the box. On the sides I pin up pieces of torn 
muslin. The top is covered with butter muslin and partly secured with 
string and drawing pins. 

This is placed out in the open, sheltered from direct rain by glass, 
but at the same time taking care that it does not dry up. 

A month or so later, as soon as apple leaves are fully out, collect a 
sack of these and pour into the box to depth of four or five inches. The 
box is still left out of doors in the shade but now exposed to rain and 
weather. These leaves will wither and turn brown by the time the ova 
hatch. The larvae of rubiginea thrive on this diet of rotten leaves more 
than any other food plant, and refuse all green food in preference for it. 

A further supply of leaves should be added a month later (in June). 
In July the larvae can be found in groups wallowing in the sodden 
mass and perfectly healthy. 

After June the box need not be opened till early October when the 
moths will be found hatching in numbers. The larvae will have pupated 
in the remains of the dead leaves and fibre. 

These moths can either be transferred to an ordinary meat safe 
(wooden with perforated zine) or left in the same box. . More dead 
leaves should be added for them to hibernate in and sugar should be 
sprinkled occasionally throughout October on the sides of the box or 
cage. They hibernate in groups in curled-up Jeaves. The box is left 
out of doors partly sheltered now from ‘direct rain. 

No further attention need be paid till March or April (according to 
the season). They should then have their occasional meal of sugar or 
birch sap given. 

At this time of the year there occurs a perfect orgy of nuptial rela- 
tions, night after night they pair and repair. It is undoubtedly this 
habit of the species which accounts for the peculiar genetic figures bred 
from a given female, for each may have paired with an unknown num- 
ber of males, each fertilising an unknown number of ova. 

At this time of the season (March) you pin up your muslin strips for 
ovipositing and return those specimens which have been kept in meat 
safes to the wooden box. The males die in May but the females may 
drag on till early June. 


40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1939 


By this means it will be seen one gets an unknown number of mixed 
pairings between offspring from the original female. In practice I have 
so far found it unsatisfactory to keep one male and one female shut up 
together. Secondly, it must be noted that in the F, generation, due to 
each female having paired with more than one male, one stands a greater 
chance of hitting off a certain number of pairings in which both sexes 
were heterozygous to a given variety. In terms of genetics let us as- 
sume that one of the original parents was heterozygous to a variety. 
In the F, generation 50% will be heterozygous and 50% pure strain. 
The chance of two heterozygotes pairing is therefore increased if each 
female pairs with more than one male. In a state of nature when the 
ratio of heterozygotes to pure strain is smaller this chance must be 
considerably more. 

In the F, generation any resulting homozygote should be segregated 
and hibernated separately in the autumn. There are at least four dis- 
tinet varieties of this species occurring in areas over the range of the 
species in this country; none, so far as I know, have been worked out. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Notes ON THE LARVAE OF BritTIsH Motus. (Continued from p. 25.) 


Notodonta trepida. I took a single male in Camberley, at light, in 
May, but have never found any larvae here. My only experience of 
this fine caterpillar is from captures in the New Forest (half grown, 
25th June), at Reading (very young, 1]th June), and near Chichester 
(three-quarter grown, 15th July). A pair of moths found on a tree 
trunk at Arundel (22nd May) produced ova which were successfully 
reared. The moths emerged in April and May. 


Lophopteryx cameiina. Larvae of tie ‘‘ Cockscomb Prominent ’’ are 
abundant in Camberley. I find them chiefly on the foliage of Birch; 
less frequently on Oak and Sallow, and—-once only—on Crataegus. They 
have occurred from August (quarter to half grown), in September (very 
voung to full-fed), and October (some still quite small). Moths have 
appeared in my cages in the following May and June. 


Odontosia carmelita. I have—on several occasions—taken the moth 
at light, in Camberley, early in April, but have never met with the 
larva. 

Ptilophora plumigera. I took two larvae that I recognised as of 
this species, at Horsley, on Sycamore, on 5th June; but both of them 
proved to be ichneumoned. ; 

Pterostoma palpina. Full-fed larvae of this species were taken at 
Camberley about the middle of August. A male came to light on 25th 
May. But the species is not common in this neighbourhood. 


Phalera bucephala. Caterpillars of the ‘‘ Buff Tip ’’? are everywhere 
such common objects that records in my journal are very few. I have 
only noticed its occurrence throughout August and September when it 
strips whole branches of various trees. But it is the moth, in its rest- 
ing position, that excites wonder and admiration by its marvellous 
cryptic resemblance to a decayed piece of Birch branch. If it were not 
so plentiful, the heauty of the moth itself, with its delicate buff and 


COLLECTING NOTES. 41 


silvery tints, would make it a treasured object in any cabinet. Moths 
have appeared in my breeding-cages as early as the 4th of April. Others 
have emerged in June and early July. 


Pygaera curtula. Larvae of this species are found—not uncom- 
monly—around Camberley on various species of Populus (Aspen, White 
and Balsam Poplar). Small larvae (of ? the second brood) occurred in 
the middle of August and full-fed larvae were found in the first week 
of October. Until late in life the caterpillars are concealed within spun- 


up leaves of the plants. The resulting moths emerged in April and 
May. I have not met with larvae of the early summer brood. 
Pygaecra pigra. larvae of the ‘‘ Small Chocolate-tip ’’ are very 


abundant amongst the foliage of the dwarf Salix repens and other 
narrow-leaved Sallows about Camberley, also on small Aspens, from mid- 
June till mid-September. Moths have emerged on 5th May, others ap- 
peared on 21st July (from larvae collected on the 1st of the same month). 


Orgyia gonostigma. On several occasions I have received apterous 
females of the ‘‘ Scarce Vapourer’’ from the Reading district, where 
this species appears to be fairly plentiful. JI have raised many larvae 
from ova produced by these females. Of the resulting moths the males 
are much more variegated than are those of the commoner species. They 
emerged during late July and early September. 


Orgyia antiqua. I will not waste time in saying anything about the 
habits of this so familiar species. 


Dasychira fascelina. I have found well-grown caterpillars of the 
“* Dark Tussock ’? in May, June and July and again in October. It 
would appear, therefore, that there may be occasionally two broods, 
though South states that ‘‘ it hibernates when still quite small.’’ The 
larvae were feeding on Cytisus, Sallow, Birch and Lotus corniculatus. 
The moths have always emerged in mid-July. 


Dasychira pudibunda. The very pretty larva of the so-called ‘‘ Hop 
Dog’ may be found commonly in September on various trees, and I 
have taken it on Hawthorn and Rose also. The moths emerge in May 
and June. 

Nygmia phaeorrhaea. I have received many larvae of the ‘‘ Brown- 
tail’? moth from the Kentish coast where they were feeding on ‘‘ Sea 
Buckthorn’? (Hippophae rhamnoides). The species is said to have a 
fairly wide range of food-plants; but these larvae would not touch any 
of the plants (Prunus, Rosa, Crataegus, etc.) that I offered them. T 
subsequently found mature larvae at Eastbourne (11th June) feeding 
on bramble. The moths were emerging during July and August. 


Leucoma chrysorrhaea. Again, I can have nothing new to say about 
this species. 
Stilpnotia salicis. I have only once seen this larva in Camberley. 
¢ was a single individual, feeding on Poplar, in front of the Camberley 
station. The moth came out on 7th August. In former days I used to 
find the caterpillars quite commonly near Maidstone, feeding on Wil- 
lows. 
Lymantria monacha. I have beaten out these fine larvae from Oaks © 
in the neighbourhood of Wellington College, and also in the Swinley 
Woods, near Bagshot. The resulting moths have emerged in the latter 


half of July.—E. E. Green. 


42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1939 


Notes on A Horipay 1x Norway.—My nephew collected some butter- 
flies for me in August 1936, when he was in Norway (Tellemarken area). 
They were sent me in one of Newman’s relaxing tins and subsequently, 
after being set, were submitted to Rev. G. Wheeler. 

Mr Wheeler writes: ‘‘ I have been through the Erebias with War- 
ren’s Monograph. The Scandinavian is the typical form of H. ligea, or 
rather the typical form is Scandinavian; four specimens are of this 
form, the other is the form dovrensis, and is exactly represented in 
Warren’s illustration. The pale Heodes phlaeas is the true ab. schmidti 
(the white phlaeas is not). The ‘“ blues’’ are Polyommatus icarus and 
Plebeius aegon, but their condition is not such as to show minute pecu- 
liarities. The Brenthis selene is not the f. hela, nor are the B. euphro- 
syne, f. fingal [later these ‘‘ ewphrosyne ” turned out to be B. arsilache, 
a form just like those from other parts of S. Norway, but larger and 
lighter than those from S. Finland]. Salyrus semele, as far as one can 
tell, is ab. pullida; quite unlike Finnish specimens. The Urbicola comma 
are quite typical, but I believe f. catena is generally commoner in Scan- 
dinavia. Aglais urticae though rather dark are not ssp. polaris. There 
is one Argynnis adippe (cydippe) and A. niobe. The Polygonia c-album 
are very handsome. The Vanessa antiopa, mostly in splendid condition, 
are the typical form.’’—G. S. Rosertson, M.D. ; 


Notes FROM STORRINGTON.—Two flies (Dip.), Dryomyza flaveola, 1'ab. 
came to light in December 1938. The winter form is darker than the 
spring and has the varietal name of zawadslevi, Schm. Mr H. W. An- 
drews kindly identified them and tells me he has no specimens so dark 
as these. Hygrochroa(Pericallia) syringaria appears to have been double- 
brooded in 1938, as a specimen was taker at light on 25th September. 
[The season was so erratic that a single specimen might be only a late 
emergence.—T.B.F.j] On 22nd January 1939 a male specimen of Gym- 
noscelis (Hupithecia) pumilata came to light. It is small and in good 
condition; perhaps doubtful whether hibernated, or emerged during 
recent mild weather. South, Moths of British Isles, Series II, page 250, 
states that the spring specimens are usually larger, and that the species 
may be found any time between April and November. My dates, ex- 
tending over periods since 1910, confirm this, but I have never found 
one during the other months.—Gro. 8. Rosnertson, M.D., Storrington, 
West Sussex. 


A Revisep List oF DiprERA CaptuRED at Boston MANOR, NEAR 
Katine, Lonpon, During tHE Last Two orn THREE YEARS. By A. M. 
Low. 


Asilidae.—Dioctria rufipes, common. 

Tabanidae.—Therioplectes bisignatus, Fin., rare; Haematopota 
(Chrysozona) pluvialis, L., rare; H. (C.) crassicornis., Whlb., rare. 

Dolichopodidae.—Argyra argyria, Mg., common; A. leucocephala, 
Mg., fairly common; A. argentina, Mg., rare; A. diaphana, Fab., 
common; Leucostola vestitu, Wd., rare. 

Stratiomyidae.—Pachygaster leachii, Curt., uncommon; Stratiomys 
potamida, Mg., rare; S. furcata, Fab., rare; Odontomyia (Hoplodonta) 
tigrina, Fab., common in 1937; O. viridula, Fab., common, seen for first 
time last year. 


CURRENT NOTES. 43 


Syrphidae.—Xanthogramma ornatum, Mg., rare; Volucella bomby- 
lans, L., uncommon, not seen for the last year or two; Eristalis sepul- 
chralis, Fab., common; FE, intricarius, var. fulvus, uncommon; Helo- 
philus trivittatus, Fab., rare; H. hybridus, Loew., common; H. frute- 
torum, Fab., uncommon; IZ. versicolor, Fab., common in 1933, other- 
wise scarce; H. lineatus, Fab., abundant; ZH, lunulatus, Mg., uncom- 
mon; H. transfugus, L., common; Chrysochlamys cuprea, Scop., rare; 
Chrysotoxum festivum, L., uncommon. 


This interesting little locality consists of a very small patch of ground 
by the side of the Grand Union Canal between the Great West Road 
and Boston Manor tube station. As this locality is not likely to re- 
main intact for very much longer, IT propose to publish a complete list 
of the Diptera captured here but, owing to new material continually 
turning up, I do not intend to do this for another two seasons unless 
the locality becomes built over next year. 

It is interesting to note (having worked this locality since 1931) the 
disappearance and return of severai of the species mentioned in the 
list; also the appearance of species hitherto absent from the spot. In 
1937, for instance, Odontomyia tigrina turned up for the first time in 
large numbers; last season it was as far as T could see entirely absent, 
but Odontomyia viridula made its appearance for the first time and was 
fairly common. 

I can heartily recommend collectors, who are staying in London, to 
visit this spot, which has already given me a fly not previously recorded 
as British, and J would be pleased to show the spot to collectors who 
are really interested. 

In conclusion, I would like to thank Mr H. Oldroyd and Mr R. L. 
Coe for so kindly naming some of the specimens for me. 


6 Manor Gardens, Gunnersbury Park, London, W.3. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


NorrH-gaAst Kent. A Request.—Seme friends and myself are en- 
gaged in the production of a list of Macro-lepidoptera for N.E. Kent ; 
more precisely, for the district which is bounded on the south by the 
main road from Faversham to Canterbury and from Canterbury to 
Sandwich; east of Sandwich town, our southern boundary is the Stour. 
The list is intended to complete the survey of East Kent begun by Mr 
A. M. Morley for Folkestone, and continued by Dr E. Scott for Ashford 
and by Mr B. Embry (shortly to be published) for Dover. We have 
already a great deal of material; but it is hard to keep in touch with 
all those who visit the district, perhaps only for a month’s holiday in 
the summer, and we should be very grateful for any records of Lepi- 
doptera taken in the district during the last twenty years. Records 
should be as full, and localities as precise, as possible. Perhaps it 
should be mentioned that the sand-hill area of Sandwich, where so 
many collectors go, is outside our district, being south of the mouth of 
the Stour.—A. J. L. Bowes, 15 Queen’s Gardens, Herne Bay, Kent. 


The firm Dr O. Staudinger and A. Bang-Haas of Dresden-Blasewitz 
has just published part 8 of their Catalogus Lepidopterorum regionis 


44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111/1939 


pulacarcticae. This Catalogue gives a complete list of species and forms 
of Macro-lepidoptera based upon Seitz works and any more recent sys- 
tematic publications. The present part begins with Churaeas=Cerap- 
teryx and goes to Hydroecia=Apamea. It also answers as a price list 
for the firm. 


In the current part of the Mitt. Miinch. ent. Gesell., XXVIII, pt. 3, 
Dr Alberti discusses the question, ‘‘ What is Procris cognata, Luc. ?”’ 
A few Asiatic species of Zyyaena are considered and illustrated by two 
plates. H. Bollow continues his Monograph of the Dryopidae (Col.) and 
C. Kosh writes concerning a few Palaearctic Paederinae (Col.). 


Opuscula Entomologica, the publication of the Soc. ent, Lund 
(Sweden), Vol. III, pts. 3-4, contains an article on the Coleophoridae 
of Sweden, where 43 species have been recorded as occurring. There are 
also several articles dealing with species of the Geometridae. 


The Annales Ent. Fennici, pt. IV, 1938, discusses the occurrence of a 
second generation in a few species of Lepidoptera: Brenthis selene, 
Plusia chrysitis, Abraras sylvata, and Boarmia roboraria, being the 
most interesting. ; 


In the current issue of the jlem. Soc. ent. Ital., F. Hartig describes 
the area around Campiglio as a locality for Macro-lepidoptera and gives 
notes on all the species which he and others have recorded from the dis- 
trict. There are tour plates. 


The monthly plate in Lamb. for January depicts two examples of the 
duplication of wings in Lepidoptera. (1) Polyommatus icarus with 5 
wings, the R. forewing being reproduced. (2) The Saturniid, Perisomena 
caecigena, with 5 wings, the extra R. hindwing being a fused double one. 
There are diagrams of the venation of both additional wings. 


Dr H. G. Amsel, of the Bremen Museum, has sent us a, number of 
separates, on Lepidoptera mostly, concerning Micro-lepidoptera. One 
separate deals with the Micros of Sardinia and a plate of 39 figures. 
A somewhat larger pamphlet gives notes on the Macro- and Micro- 
Lepidoptera of Palestine. Still another pamphlet describes a large 
number or new species from Palestine, with 10 plates. Most of the 
figures are of Micro-lepidoptera. 


In the Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums, XVIII. 
part II, pp. 299-318, 1938, W. D. Hincks has a preliminary list of the 
Earwigs of Oceania. Thirty-eight species are included, which 1s mani- 
festly too incomplete to offer any basis for theorising. It is to be noted 
that our common F, auricularia, L., seems to have followed the rabbit 
and the sparrow to Australia and also to New Zealand. Cheesman is 
quoted as reporting Hamaxas nigrorufus, Burr, flying in numbers. The 
list includes no less than six species of that queer equatorial sub-family 
the Bruchylabinae, that are so archaic in appearance and seem to have 
a predilection for islands. There are many species with very restricted 
distribution, and it is earnestly to be hoped that collectors in the archi- 
pelagoes will pay more attention to the earwigs and send home some- 
thing more than the usual cosmopolitan species.—M. B. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (169) 


Noctua, L. (1758), Och. & Tr. (1816-25), Gn., Barr., Sth., most 
authors. [Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Stdgr., Hamp., Splr., Meyr., 
Culot: Rhyacia, Och, & Tr. (1816-25), Warr.-Stz., Corti-Drdt.-Stz. : 
Graphiphora, Ochs & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S., Meyr.] dahlii, Hb. (1809-13). 
[punicea, Hb. (1802)]? 


Tutt, Br. Noct., IT, 113 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 103 (1895): Barr., 
Lep. Br. I., IV, 64, plt. 144, 1 (1897); Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 140 (1901): 
Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV, 423 (1903): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 150, plt. 33, 13 
(1905): South, W.B.J., I, 225, plt. 114, 1-2 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. 
Noct., III, 46, plt. 10e (1909): Culot, N. ef G., I (1), 47, plt. 7, f. 9-11 
(1909): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 108 (1928): Corti-Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. 
Supp., U1, 74, plt. lle (1933). . 


Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 32, fig. 428 (1790), give two 
good figures, a very pale straw-coloured form and a dark dove-coloured 
form with darker markings. 


Some authors have considered the species described under the name 
stlene by Bork., Naturg., IV, 741 (1792), is dahlii and not the silene ot 
Schiff., View., Fab. (Mant.) as Bork. says. This, Wern. says, Beitr., II, 
182, is erythrocephala, of Bork., p. 533. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 465-6 (1809-10), gives very good figures of two 
forms, d and 9, the former like the Scotch form, the latter darker. Tr., 
Schm. Eur., V (1), 224 (1825), suggests that fig. 115, Hb. (1802) punicea 
is this species. If so, which seems very probable from comparison of the 
figures, the name punicea should replace dahl. 


Haw., Lep. Brit., 227 (1809), described the mottled typical form un- 
der the name erythrocephala (not to be confused with the Continental 
erythrocephala), 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 189, plt. LXII, 1-2 (1825). The ground colour 
of these two very good figures is too rich in brilhance of colour. Fig. 2 
is a striking aberration in which much of the marking is suppressed, 
so that the outer marginal area is fully marked more on the L. than 
on the R. wing, while the basal and costal areas are almost markingless 
and the discal area on the R. wing is very clear of marking. 

Treit., Schmet., V (1), 222 (1825), notes that a yellow tinge is the 
differentiating character between dahlit and brunnea. 

Wood, Index, p. 38, plt. 9, fig. 160 (1833), figures the candelisequa, 
Steph. There is but little differentiation between the depth of colour 
of the ground and of the marking. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 332 (1852), says that erythrocephala, Haw., 
is this species (and of Stephens). He refers to a pale form with partly 
obliterated markings as var. A. 

The American rubifera, Walk., and phyllophora, Smith, have been 
cited as forms of dahl. But Smith showed, Contrib. Revis. of Gen. 
Agrotis, p. 85 (1890), that structurally they were not dahlit. 

In Moths. of Ind., II, 184 (1894), Hamp. gave a description of the 
Indian descrvpta, which he referred to Brem. (Lep. Ost. Siber.), but in 
his Lep. Phal., IV, 423 (1903), he referred to this description and 
labelled it ‘‘ nec Brem.’’ Bremer himself says that his species is re- 
lated to both dahlii and festiva. 


(170) “ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


Of the Indian forms of descripta, Hampson says, M. of Ind., I, 185, 
‘‘ descripta = subdolens, Btlr. = canescens, Btlr. are reddish forms.’’ 
f. basistrigu, Moore, is yellowish chestnut with distinct markings; 
f. rubicilia, Mre., golden brown with the markings indistinct; f. efflores- 
cens and f. erubescens from the Nilgiris are vinous grey-brown with very 
indistinct markings, the latter with the claviform black. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 144, gives three figures, lb is a rich dark brown 
form with a light submarginal line and still lighter reniform. W. Scot- 
land form. 

Leech, Tr. Ent. Soc. (1900), 40, treats descripta, Hamp., as being 
covered by descripta, Brem., and also that dahliit, Hb., covers descripta, 
Hamp. 

Stdgr., Cat., I[led., 186 and 140 (1901), identifies pachnobides with 
descripta, Brem, (1901). 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 150, plt. 33, 13 (1905). The figure too brown. 

South, M.Br.f., 1, 225, plt. 114, 1,2 G90): 4 ae. 2 aslandaxk) O'5 fies 
1 is ¢ lighter in colour. An Irish form, dark sepia, is called perfusca, 
Kane. The whole plate is poor with all the figures very similar in 
ground colour and with indistinguishable markings. 

Warr-Stz , Pal. Noct., II, 46, plt. 10e (1909), treat descripta, Auct. 
(nec Brem.), erythrocephala, Haw., candelisequa, Steph., and rufa, Tutt, 
as synonyms. <A good figure. Genus Rhyacia. 

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 45, 46, place subdolens, Btlr., as a 
synonym of both brunnea and of dahlii (=ab. canescens, Btlr.): treat 
descripta, Brem., as a distinct species far removed from dahlvi, and put 
pachnobides as a synonym to dahlii. 

Gulot, Ne et GC. 1), 47, pliy NAIR eNO TISi0)) coives two eoud 
figures, a light and a darker (cne from a Doubleday specimen). Fig. 11 
is ab. bicolor, Obthr., with so much yellowish coloration as to be diffi- 
cult to distinguish from N. festiva = primulae, by a written description. 

Corti-Drdt.-Seitz, Supp. Pal. Noct., III, 74 (1933), say that canescens 
is by no means identical with subdolens, which they place with dahlii. 

Corti-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., IJ], 74, plt. lle, submarginal band 
complete, the discal and basal not complete, all diffuse, the latter also 
imperfect in lower half. 

Corti-Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., VII, 74, plt. lle (1933), add four 
forms and give good figures of 3. 

Drdt.-Seitz, |.c., 76, refuse to give a decision, whether pachnobides 
is a true species or a form of descripta, Brem., which they consider a 
separate species. 


Barrett describes the Variation as follows :— 


‘“The male is variable in the depth of brown colouring, and still 
more so in shading of umbreous or bistre-brown, and also in some 
instances takes a tinge of the purple-brown of the female; its markings 
are sometimes distinct, at others altogether obscured. In the female 
the principal variation is in the shade of purple-brown or purple-red. 
But in Ireland these colours are intensified, the female more particu- 
larly being of a very deep dark purple-red, sometimes even purple- 
black, the male following in the same direction and both being of rather 
large size. Similar variations, though hardly so extreme, are found in 
Scotland, some with the yellow stigma conspicuous others in which it is 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (171) 


obscure, while pale ochreous and pale brown forms, some of them with 
all the markings distinct, are obtained in that country.”’ 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 
punicea, Hb. (1802), Samml., 115, 
dahlii, Hb. (1809-13), l.c., 465-6. 
erythrocephala, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 227. 
f. candeliscqua, Steph. (1829), Jllws., TI, 182: Syn. Cat., II, 69 (1829). 
[descripta, Brem. (1864), Lep. Ost. Sib., 51, plt. IV, 11 (1864).], a species. 
ab. canescens, Btlr. (1878), Ill. Het. B. M., IL, 28, plt. 30, 1. 
ab: subdolens, Btlr. (1881), Tr. Ent. Soc. Lond., 181, ¢. 
ssp. pachnobides, Stdgr, (1888), Stett. e. Zeitg., 246. 
f. nana, Stdgr. (1888), Ivis, V, 355. 
apesequorescens, Hamps. (1891), Len. iil. Het. B. M., Vill, 48. 
ab. erubescens, Hamps. (1891), l.c. 
ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 113. 
ssp. descripta, Hamp. (1894, 1903), Moths Brit. Ind., IJ, 184: Lep. 
Phal., IV, 428. 
f. perfusca, Kane (1895), Ent., XXVIII, 217. 
ab. bicolor, Culot-Obthr. (1909), N. et G., I (1), 48. 
ab. fusca, Lenz. (1927), Osth. Schm. Sud.-Bay., II (2), 239. 
f. provincialis, Corti-Drdt.-Stz. (1933), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 74. 
ab. stagnata, Strnd. (1937), Festschr., III, 5634. 
ab. accentifera, Strnd. (1937), l.c. 
ab. griseopulverata, Strnd. (1937), l.c. 
ab. nyx, Strnd. (1937), l.c. 


Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form, chestnut coloured mottled dahlii 
=(erythrocephala, Haw.); (2) rufa, the distinctly reddish-brown with 
distinct stigmata; (38) candelisequa, red-brown irrorated with glau- 
cous: a dusky dot behind the anterior stigma; (4) refers to var. A of 
Guenée from America. 


Sy 


punicea, Hb., Samml., 115 (1802). 


Descrietion.—Ground colour a pale ‘‘ dead’’ sandy brown. Outer 
marginal band lighter with row of brown dots down the middle, separ- 
ated from the richer brown fringe by a fine black line, and preceded by 
an irregular richer brown narrow band. Inside the last is a narrow 
somewhat slatey narrow band, defined on the inner side by the dark 
outer transverse line of the wing. The reniform, defined by a darker 
line, is of a lighter shade and united to the orbicular by a wide black 
band. The orbicular is light like the reniform, but is defined by a 
double line, which fails somewhat above and below. From the bottom 
of the reniform there runs a curved diffused dark brown line to the 
inner margin and expanded to a blob about the middle. The inner line 
is complete as a pale band, finely defined by a black line on the inside 
and, on the outside, by a diffuse thick brown line. An extension of the 
light clouding, which surrounds the orbicular, extends basal and cuts 
across the inner line. The basal transverse line is incomplete, but 
double with a lighter middle, and scarcely traceable. The hindwings 
with a rich brown fringe. There is a dark marginal shade and a 
similar shade across the disc of the wings; thus the h.w. is quite dis- 
tinctive (by Hy. J. T.), 


(172) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1939 


ab. canescens, Btlr., Ann. and Mag. N.H., Ser. 5, Vol. I, p. 165 
(isis), fi Het. BUMS Al 28. 

Fieg.—l.c., plt. XXX, 1 (1878). 

Orig. Drescrip.—Primaries above greyish brown; disc browner ex- 
ternally ; ordinary lines black, with white borders; discoidal spots whit- 
ish; a black interno-median spot below the orbicular; three white costal 
dots near apex; secondaries sordid white, with broad dusky outer border ; 
a marginal white line near anal angle; fringe greyish towards apex; 
body grey. Wings below shining sordid white, costal and external areas 
black speckled; a well defined brown discal stripe; a blackish disco- 
cellular stripe on each wing. Exp. 1 in, 10 lines.’?’ Yokohama. 


Noctua, race subdolens, Btlr., Trans. Ent. Soc., 181 (1881), ¢. 

Fig.—Corti-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 74, plt. lle (three dark dif- 
fuse bands, basal complete, discal, submarginal). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Nearly allied to C. erythrocephala, but larger, 
less sericeous varying in the colour of the primaries and thorax from 
laky brown to pale sandy flesh tint, whereas the European species varies 
from shining chocolate brown and grey to reddish clay-coloured; the 
reniform spot larger and paler, sometimes almost entirely yellowish 
white; there is also invariably a small submedian black dot below the 
orbicular spot; the secondaries are slightly darker along the external 
border, and have a decidedly narrower fringe; on the under surtace the 
external pale border is diffused and decidedly wider at apex, the dark 
discal line is indistinct, the costal border is noticeably redder; the 
secondaries are considerably whiter, with redder costal border; the 
discal line is placed much farther from the outer margin, and the spot 
at the end of the cell is much smaller; the body below is darker and 
redder; expanse of wings, 1 in. 73-9 lines.’’ Tokei, Japan. 


ab. nana, Stdgr., Iris, V, 355 (1888). 


Descrip.—‘* fere dimidio minor.’’ 


ab. nana, Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 423 (1903). 


‘‘ Hardly more than half the size of typical form.’’—Dauria, S.E. 
Siberia, Kentei. 


ssp. pachnobides, Stder., Stett. e. Ztg. (1888), 246. 

Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ It stands near punicea, Hb., so near, that I only 
noted the distinction that it was a somewhat smaller species probably 
on account of its expanse. The forewings appear to be somewhat 
broader; the antennae are distinctly thicker in pachnobides, in the 3 
strongly dentate (almost comblike), but in the 2 only very slightly 
toothed and with short cilia. The palpi are distinctly longer. The 
forewings are gayly variegated mostly with blue-grey spots and such- 
like more or less distinct transverse bands. Between the two stigmata 
and generally also before the first lies a prominent darker brown-black 
spot. All is almost the same otherwise, but since I have undoubted 
punicea from Askold and Suifun, I have little doubt that pachnobides 
is a different species from it.’’ Vladivostock, Askold, Baranowsky, 
Suifun and Ussuri. 


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N ES ON EUXOA CINEREA, SCHIFF. 
13BAO oF , 


NOTES ON EUXOA CINEREA, SCHIFF. 
By A. J. Wicutman, F.R.E.S. 


It is often assumed that all British cinerea are correctly classed as 
belonging to race tephrina, Staudinger. Cat. Lep. Pal., III, 148, 1901. 
‘Minor. al. ant. angustioribus distinctius signatis, al. post. in d 
albidioribus.”’ 

Mr H. J. Turner, Brit. Noct, and Vars. Supp., Vol. II, page 92, 
accepts that British cinerea are in fact a distinct race, on the ground 
of colour and markings, and suggests that the race name is tephrina, 
Stdegr. 

But one of the main characters of this race (tephrina) is small size, 
and while there certainly are British localities in which the species is 
normally very small, there are many others in which the average size 
of the specimens is quite equal to that of typical cinerea on the Con- 
tinent. Which seems to rule out the name tephrina as the name of 
the British race and restrict it to examples of small size from areas 
where small size is normal. 

The variation in cinerea is so great both in colour and markings 
and individual forms of striking appearance are so numerous that I 
feel that the giving of names to even the more extreme forms can serve 
little purpose and so refrain from naming any of those which are de- 
scribed in these notes. But I have no objection to their being named 
if anyone wishes to do so. 

The material, from which the insects described are taken, has been 
collected during the last twenty years in the counties of Kent, Sussex, 
and Hants. 

The higher downs seem to be the favourite breeding grounds, but 
they also occur in shingle beach areas. A flat hill top or shallow valley 
high on the downs is better than a hillside. The males come freely to 
light and less freely to sugar; the females are seldom taken except by 
searching, although they do come to both light and sugar upon occa- 
sion. 

This species, unlike most Noctuae, can be taken in really bred con- 
dition at light. This is due to several facts. The light is taken to 
the breeding ground, the locale is free from high vegetation among 
which the species can get damaged upon its short flight to the lamp. 
It comes to light often on its first flight when wings are hardly dry, 
and can be boxed without being netted (which last is fatal). 

I have found that a sheet placed flat, or as flatly as possible, on 
the turf with the light in the centre is better than a rigged-up perpen- 
dicular sheet. It should be weighted with lead shot at the edges to 
prevent it flopping about in the ever-present cold stiff breeze one en- 
counters in the higher downlands at night. 

The flight of the males is from dusk to near dawn, but usually with- 
in certain definite periods. Some nights they come early, and then 
after an interval again appear about 11.20 p.m., and yet again just 
before 1 a.m., Summer Time. 

After a wet day early comers are mostly wrecks, while just before 
midnight fine specimens appear, from which I surmise that early comers 
are last and previous nights’ emergences, while those coming later on 
are fresh emergences. 


46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1939 


The females emerge the hour before midnight and I think the males, 
at light just before midnight, are on the mating flight, but have failed 
to find mates. Those coming just before 1 p.m. have paired. There 
is no hard and fast rule, of course, and the weather conditions are very 
important—fog is hopeless, moonlight nearly as bad, temperatures 
below 48° F. nearly hopeless, but rain in slight showers after a dry 
day is not at all bad. The ideal conditions are a dark and sultry night, 
following a reasonably dry day, no moon, and thunder desired if with- 
out a downpour. 


When the flight is on, the moths appear from the dark and drop 
straight on the sheet (6 feet square), rest a second, with wings vibrat- 
ing, and then run towards the light. 


These first moments are the chance for boxing, for once the moth 
reaches the shadow of the lamp it will climb on it or fly about it and 
make boxing difficult and quickly suffer damage. Once they come, they 
come often, several at a time, and quick boxing is important. 


It is wise to at once sort moths into two piles of boxes—wanted and 
not wanted—so that those rejected can be released quickly should the 
weather compel a sudden start for home, for if thrown out at once they 
come again and again to be boxed. 


I doubt these moths coming, far to the light, having noted that when 
several lights are worked and placed 200-300 yards apart, all being 
visible at once from the high ground, it is the same lamp, night after 
night, which makes the largest capture. This presumably is because 
it is nearest to the spot in which emergences are taking place. 


Cinerea is very plentiful indeed in its haunts, and although definitely 
local to special pieces of ground, there are endless spots for it. It 
emerges from mid May to mid June and from first to last the nightly 
emergence in a normal locality must be several dozens, and when emer- 
gence is at peak well over 100 may come to a well-placed lamp, mostly 
quite fresh, but only if the weather is ‘“ right.” 

The ground colour of insects for any given locality is usually wide 
in range. But, nevertheless, there are brownish areas, silver grey 
areas, and reddish areas, by which it is not meant that all specimens 
from such an area are of that colour group, but that the bulk are. 
The ground colour varies from almost white, greyish-white, silver grey, 
dove grey, blue grey, lavender grey, purplish grey, pale slate grey, deep 
smoky grey to black, which I call the grey group; and from pinkish 
grey, palest cafe-au-lait, palest yellow brown, pale red brown, rusty 
brown, deep brown, to brown so deep as to appear black in most 
lights. This I call the brown group. Some of these ground colour 
shades are scarce. 


The usual form has uniform ground colour with distinct markings 
in deeper shade of same basic colour. 

These markings consist of basal line, inner line, central shade, outer 
line, sub-marginal line, and a row of dots along the outer margin; the 
reniform is present and sharply defined. 

There are endless minor differences between examples, apart from 
ground colour. 

Markings in general may be little darker than ground colour or very 
much darker. The sub-marginal in some examples is very dark and 


NOTES ON EUXOA CINEREA, SCHIFF, 47 


thick, like a wavy band; while in others it is line-like and sharply 
toothed ; the reniform may be just a dot or a large spot. 

The orbicular is present in a fair percentage of specimens, while 
there may be a dark line along the inner margin or vuter margin. 

The central shade in some cases is lineal and in others wide and 
much suffused. It may be reddish on a grey ground colour, and I have 
examples in which it is confined to the lower half of wing. 

Another point, which is worth recording, is the occasional presence 
of lanceolate marks from the sub-marginal to the outer margin. 

All the foregoing points, while small in themselves, create a very 
large number of forms which appear rather different one from another. 

The more striking forms are usually produced by one or more areas 
of the wing being darker than the rest of the wing. These banded 
forms occur from the palest ground colours to the brown and slate grey 
shades. In these darker shades the contrast is not great. 


(a) Dark band occupies area sub-marginal to outer margin. 
(b) Dark band occupies area outer line to sub-marginal. 

(c) Dark band occupies central shade to outer line. 

(d) Dark band occupies inner line to central shade. 

(e) Dark band occupies central shade to outer margin. 

(f) Dark band occupies whole outer area. 

(g) Dark band occupies whole central area. 


The above have a single, if in some, extensive darkened area. The 
following have two such areas separated by pale ground colour :— 


(h) Dark basal and outer line to sub-marginal areas. 
(i) Dark basal and central shade to outer marginal areas. 
(j) Dark basal and outer areas. 


I have never taken one with dark basal area only, but such must 
occur. 

All these banded forms have many minor varieties apart from ground 
colour. 

The dark areas may be little deeper in colour than the rest of wing 
or may be in very strong contrast to it. 

The dark area may be solid looking and smooth in appearance or 
reticulated and peppered with a rough appearance. 

In the deep ground colour examples deep brown, black brown, slate 
and black, these banded insects do occur but the bands can only be 
seen in certain lights when the insect is viewed obliquely and are not 
apparent in the cabinet. Unicolorous forms occur in these deep shades, 
in which no markings are to be seen, but more often the central shade 
is to be traced (except in the black ones), and in many examples the 
transverse lines have a pale edging, so that the insect appears to be 
lined in pale whitish grey or silver grey and the outer half of basal 
area is also sometimes suffused with whitish grey. 

With all the differences in marking which occur and the multiplica- 
tion of these forms by the wide colour variation, this species must be 
able to run any other British Noctua close for the title of most vari- 
able. 

Tutt was not well supplied with material for his notes. He says 
(Brit. Noc. and Vars., II, 76) British examples lack the orbicular which 
Hiibner mentions as present in his description, but, as I have said, this 


A8 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1V /1939 


is often present. He also says ‘‘ Central shade is ‘ always’ reddish.’’ 
it is, in fact,.=“‘orten’’? so: 

Turner (Brit. Noc. and Vars. Supplement, Vol. II, page 91) says 
‘‘T have not seen an obscura male.’’ But this dark black or black- 
brown nearly unicolorous form occurs in very small numbers in all locali- 
ties I have worked at all well. 


I have pairs, ¢ and 9, of a great many forms, both light and dark, 
and feel quite certain that, while males are usually much paler in 
shade than females, both sexes occur in all forms and shades, pale-grey 
QQ being about as scarce as black-brown do. 


A FEW ORTHOPTERA NEAR WORTHING. 
By Matcotm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 


Worthing enjoys such a reputation for sunshine, to which it lived 
up this year, that I hoped to find a good representative set of Orthop- 
tera in the district on the few occasions that I have had a chance of 
getting into the field. But probably because I was not able to give the 
time to the work, I was rather disappointed. 


I had expected to find Chorthippus albomarginatus all along the 
coast, where there is still a little grass left between the houses, but 
actually came across it only in the flats at the mouth of the Adur at 
Shoreham. These are usually under water, I believe, in winter, or at 
least apt to be flooded. Another species that I expected to find was 
Platycleis grisea, which can survive in a built-up area, such as now 
exists all along the coast, almost withcut a break from Littlehampton 
to Seaford, as I used to see plenty of it on the cliff of the Leas at Folke- 
stone. Neither did I happen to find the little coast cockroach, Ectobius 
panzert., 

On the Downs the usual grasshoppers were in evidence fairly early. 
Omocestus viridulus and Chorthippus bicolor were adult at High Sal- 
vington on 16th July, and on Cissbury Ring, a few days later. Steno- 
bothrus lineatus was tolerably plentifui, with Ch. parallelus and the two 
mentioned. But grasshoppers were not really abundant anywhere. On 
the short turf inside the camp at Cissbury there is a small colony of 
Myrmeleotetticz maculatus and another further towards the north-east, 
near Stubb’s Bottom. It was very dark on some burnt ground. The 
other grasshoppers mentioned are generally distributed on the Downs. 
On 21st August, 2 bright sunny day with a strong sou’-west wind blow- 
ing, S. lineatus was taking short flights. Specimens disturbed by my 
feet would leap into the air and open their wings, always facing up 
wind, but they could not fly against it, and were always carried away 
down wind. That evening, in a sheltered corner, I came across Asilus 
crabroniformis. J watched it for a few minutes and left it apparently 
settled for the night under a big leaf. 

On 24th August I snatched half-an-hour in the river flats by the 
estuary of the Adur, near Shoreham. There were plenty of Ch. bicolor 
in the rough grass and, on the football ground, Ch. albomarginatus, but 
most of the specimens were freshly emerged and still soft. Alongside 


r 


PLATE IV 


VO, hile 


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peysnp 91 Suvt4y [ezUoIZ Jo 


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goo *(3RTq [[Mp) qp 


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(a[vUla yy) “Yosny ‘2a007 (s 


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‘JO[UIOA JUOLINOIL 


qnoygia (q) yQIM (Vy) 


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‘(aTe U9.) 
"YoOsnyT “anqqoquayo sniojphiap 


“‘PLovy 8 pswvojpowoquy 


GADFLIES IN THE SAVOY ALPS, 1938. 49 


the river there is a field with a dense crop of couch grass, and in this 
too was C. albomarginatus, rather to my surprise, as I have not before 
come across it in long thick grass. With it was Conocephalus dorsalis in 
fair numbers on the couch. I was rather surprised to find (. dorsalis 
on couch grass, as I have always considered it dependant upon rushes. 
It requires rushes, as it needs a stem with pith in which to oviposit, 
which grass does not provide. There was a sluggish brook running 
through the field with muddy banks. Here were sea aster, sea blite and 
rushes, but on these, which grow only in the mud near the water’s edge, 
I saw no (. dorsalis. Perhaps there were some on the rushes, but I did 
not see them. No sign of Acrydium, nor was Ch. parallelus there. I 
wonder if Ch. parallelus and Ch. albomarginatus are mutually exclusive. 
There was no reason visible to my eye why the former should not have 
mixed with its congener on the football ground. 


A few days later I swept in the nettle beds in the avenue of ilex at 
Goring Point. Here there were plenty of the Common Earwig, and one 
or two Leptophyes punctatissima and, in the fields around, Ch. paral- 
lelus, but not Ch. albomarginatus. There is one small bed of rough 
grass, with nettles, burdock, bitter sweet, couch grass and knotgrass, 
covering only a few square yards, between the footpath and the beach, 
just above highwater mark. Sweeping in here was difficult, owing to 
the old bricks, logs, chunks of concrete and pieces of wire, but it was 
worth the effort as I found a colony of Forficula lesnei. It was curiously 
restricted, for the moment I left that little patch I found only F. auri- 
cularia. By comparison, F. lesnei is an anaemic, undersized creature, 
and I should think it is being pushed out of existence by the stronger 
species. I noticed, rather to my surprise, that the numerous still im- 
mature specimens were narrower and darker than those of the common 
earwig. It would, I should think, have been a record to have caught a 
rabbit in a sweep-net, and I do not know which was the more startled, 
the bunny or I. But for the central stick, he would have been in the 
net. 


GADFLIES IN THE SAVOY ALPS, 1938. 
Plate IV. 


By P. A. H. MuscHamp. 


The year 1938 has been a superlatively good one from the point of 
view of the student of Tabanidae, and a superlatively bad one from the 
point of view of the cow, the horse, and the mere tourist. To meet 
with several members of the genus Sziladynus so early as May and so 
late as 15th September is almost incredible. Cattle tenders declare 
that all gadflies are completely destroyed by the first storm after 10th 
August and, till this year, I have found this to be true. Alpine flora 
was late and Alpine insects were early. I think this may be explained 
by the phenomenally early spring followed by a cold spell which 
destroyed the early buds and retarded the plants, but did not damage 
the larval life of insects that had been forced on as in a hot-house. 
Curiously enough, although the 2 gadfly was so very abundant, ¢¢ 
were harder to capture than last year, and I found none on the flowers 
that they generally haunt. [ am not going to transcribe my notes on 


50 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TV /1939 


all the Tabanidue taken this year. I shall confine myself to notes on 
variations in the sub-family Tabaninae and a description of several new 
‘forms. To assist me in comparing my Alpine flies with others, I have 
consulted the very clear descriptions of EK. Rivenhall Goffe so far as 
the British list goes. Surcouf has given us a useful monograph, but 
many changes have taken place since 1924. To get nearer to the source 
I have made considerable use of Schiner (1862), Meigen (1804), Meigen 
and others (1820, ete.). I consulted also, but with small profit, my 
Linnaeus (1758 and 1761) and terminated by a prayer to the gods to send 
us a worthy successor of Verrall, who is a well of information, but, like 
other wells, does not cover much ground. Séguy’s work on Diptera is 
up to date, but his Tabanidae section does not pretend to be more than 
a table. J follow Séguy’s order and nomenclature, i.e., Enderlein’s 
genera, even when I quite disagree with them. 


The chalet where I spend the summer months is about an hour from 
Arache, about 4500 feet above sea level. Hard by runs a torrent, a 
favourite haunt of Hilara. Mountains all around me, among others the 
wonderful Platté and its desert. The district is not very rich in 
Lepidoptera, though certain slopes haunted by P. delius often provide 
beautiful dark forms that are really well worth while. Almost all other 
orders are well represented, especially the sawflies. 

Following Séguy, Dasyrhamphis atra, Rossi comes first and is a fly 
which rarely shows itself in my happy hunting ground. Those which I 
captured this year only vary in the coloration of the eye, which, instead 
of being blackish green, 1s sometimes brown and in one case blue. 


The next genus, Glaucops, has not yet been taken in the Savoy. Its 
one species has only been taken at St Moritz, Switzerland, it would 
seem; however, I captured a fly, Sz. harriettae (see below), which 
should possibly be placed here, antenna IIT being ovate. 

Straba is a genus which contains all the British Tabanini except 
T. bovinus, Loew. It is characterised by the upper corneules or facets 
of the ¢ eye being separated sharply from the lower and much smaller 
corneules. 

Straba sudetica, Zeller is, as in England, rather more frequently 
met with than Tabanus bovinus. In 1937 the 3 ¢ were easily captured 
on the flowers of a tall Umbellifer together with ¢¢ of T. apricus. In 
1938 these flowers seem to have lost their attraction. The Alps have 
given me no interesting form of sudetica, but in Leicester, where the 
fly appears to be very rare, I have taken two flies that are minus the 
central triangles on the abdomen. This is perhaps worth noting, as I 
find no mention of a tendency in this direction. The venter is dark and 
there is scarcely a trace of the pale margins on tergites or sternites. 

S. glaucopis, Meigen did not arrive till the last days of July and 
wag still fairly plentiful on 15th September. It varies considerably and 
IT regret that I did not bring home a long series. The following forms 
are worth mentioning :— 


(a) 17 3¢o with 2 recurrent veinlets; abdominal flecks normal 


(b) 13 ” ) Ut 9 99 99 ” by) 
ch Nis aa daly a bi, isolated bone-white flecks 
(d) 6 9) ) 2 bie) bp) be) yellow bin) 


(e) 8 ,, without ,, ? 


39 oe) Tehly ” 


GADFLIES IN THE SAVOY ALPS. 1938. 51 


(f) 15 flies with coal black abdomen and red spots on segments Tf and 
IIT, sometimes a third on IV. Central triangles reduced to a 
few tawny red hairs on segment IT only. Antennae all red. 
Palpi reddish. Venter uniformly covered with gold pubescence. 
A fine fly, rather larger than giaucopis=ab. rubra new ab. 

(g) One of the rubra has, in addition to the recurrent veinlets, an extra 
median vein, i.e., 4 veins spring from the discoidal. 

(h) One fly with uniform brown eyes. 


There is also considerable variation in the frontal calli. (d) is the 
var. cognata, Loew; (a), (b), (c) and (e) are unnamed; the side spots of 
rubra are isolated as in cognata, but smaller. Cognata flies everywhere 
with glaucopis but is less common. I was greatly surprised to find a 
Phalangus running off with a lady glaucopis held under it and still 
alive. The gadfly was quite as large as the Daddy-long-legs, which, 
nevertheless, was moving rapidly when I bottled the two together, most 
unkindly. 

Straba bromius, L. is a notoriously variable fly and I think I may 
say that all the named forms are found in these Alps. The British 
gadfly authority, Goffe, mentions a bromius captured in Somersetshire 
with a recurrent veinlet on one wing and another from Devonshire with 
a recurrent veinlet on both wings. At my alpine home this year I 
took 47 with recurrent veinlets and this means about 5% of those I 
examined. Whenever the vein R4 meets the vein R5, forming a right 
angle (see illustration), we may safely expect a recurrent vein cr at 
least a little blob of black vein. The phenomenon may be thaumato- 
logical, but to me it seems more likely that it is a case of alpine atavism. 
This veinlet is regularly found in the genus Dasystipia and is mentioned 
by authors as the chief characteristic of the genus. Frequently the base 
of R4 looks like a cross vein between R5 and a foreshortened R4. When 
a genus is characterised by a phenomenon that occurs occasionally. in 
other genera, it seems to me that some unnecessary splitting has taken 
place. I think it was a mistake not to have adopted Szilady’s sub-genus 
Ochrops, which included Dasystipia and other yellow-eyed flies. 


The eyes of the high-flying bromius are occasionally covered with 
fine short hairs. The var. nigricans, Szilady is not rare im my 
neighbourhood and is often of a more extreme form and more worthy 
of the name than the described form from Hungary. 

Bromius.is described by all authors as possessing a single and 
regular purple band on: the eye, and this is what we always look for 
first when we examine a fly that looks like bromius. Last year I 
captured near my chalet 33 male bromius and of these 22 had no sign 
of an eye band. Females of this aberration seem to be rare, for in 
several years I have only captured two entirely without a band and 
three with a slight trace of one. These flies with uniform eyes bear a 
very close resemblance to the Q fly described as S. regularis (I can find 
no description of the ¢). I don’t want to suggest that this African 
fly is a var. of bromius, but 1 wish to call attention to the fact that 
the straight purple bar on the eye is not a safe characteristic of the 
alpine bromius ¢. As 66% of the males, together with a few of the 
females that I:examined, were of this form, I think I am justified in 
giving it a name, ab..simplex, new ab. 


52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1939 


To continue: 4 bromius have green eyes. As many as 23 have raised 
apical calli on the frontal stripe, either single or double. Possibly an 
atavic form. One female, on the other hand, has no sign of a middle 
callus. Another has a small detached callus instead of the attached 
linear one. One has femora II yellow. 


S. exclusa, Pandellé. Two or three that I have taken differ slightly 
from those described originally by Pandellé and those taken recently 
by Pierre. 

The next genus, Tabanus, includes those of the hairless eyed 
Tabanini, whose males have eyes in which the corneules present no sharp 
contrast in size, but become progressively smaller. First in the list 
comes T. apricus, Meigen, a handsome fly which in July and August 
is all too common. This year it made its appearance exceptionally early 
—on the 10th of July. Its wonderful golden-green eyes flash so brightly 
that one can recognise them as far as they are visible. The males are 
bolder and tamer than those of any other European gadfly and only once, 
in Canada, have I come across a male Tabanid so easy to capture, It 
shows little variation. A few have less brilliant eyes: —I have taken 
(out of thousands) 4 9 & with bright blue eyes, 1 ¢ and 1 @Q reddish 
brown; 3 dd greenish red; 1 ¢ blue green; 1 d dull brown. The 
abdominal triangles, always wanting in the males, are absent in about 
10% of the females. The black abdominal central band of the male 
varies in breadth and is sometimes reduced to a couple of flecks. In 
size, I have a small ¢ 13 mm. and an outsize 9 20 mm. Although the 
difference between the eye facets is gradual it is marked by a very dis- 
tinct line. A few of these northern (alpine) flies conform with the 
description of T. graecus, Fabricius. T. bovinus 2 Q are just as easy 
as the ¢¢ to distinguish from S. sudetica, if you examine them 
ventrally. It is useless to take the form of the abdominal triangles into 
consideration as they vary almost as much in bovinus as in sudetica. 
Bovinus attacks horses in preference to cows. I do not think that 
either of them ever have much chance of tasting human blood as they 
are slow and settle down so heavily that they are immediately noticed. 
French authors give nearly the same figures for the dimensions of the 
two sexes. J know not what they are elsewhere but in the Alps there 
is a difference of from 2 to 4 mm. 

The genus Sziladynus, Enderlein, is characterised by hairy eyes to- 
gether with an ocelligerous callus on the vertex of the frontal stripe. 
This genus is well represented in my locality. The females of Sz. 
aterrimus, Meigen, Sz. auryplus, Mg. and Sz. lugubris, Zetterstedt, are 
all common, though it is quite impossible to say where one begins and 
the other ends. I have never seen and am inclined to disbelieve in the 
existence of a ¢ auripilus at any altitude, high or low. In my Alps the 
male is always the blackest of black lugubris and this I have taken in 
conjungo with auripilus and aterrimus (so far as I can distinguish these 
females). I am convinced that the thick yellow pubescence is restricted 


to the female. The hypothetical distinction of the frontal stripe is 
... hypothetical. One occasionally finds flies with the yellow pubescence 
replaced by grey or white. Occasionally also they show the recurrent 


veinlets, but infrequently (I took 8 this year). 
Sz. harriettae, Muschamp. Here I must place what is either a 
new species or a very strange aberration. J cannot attach it to any 


GADFLIBS IN THE SAVOY ALPS, 1938. 53 


other fly, unless it be Sz. micans, Meigen. Thorax, abdomen, face, 
frontal stripe and antennae are all black. The eyes have no coloured 
bands. They are covered with whitish hairs of medium length. The 
frontal stripe is 4} times as long as broad at base and widens slightly at 
the vertex ; the stripe is dusted over with white, which is easily lost ; the 
basal and median calli are joined; the ocelligerous callus is rather 
small. Palpi yellowish brown with a brown stripe beneath, rather thinly 
covered with black hair. The third antennal joint is ovate and re- 
sembles that of Glaucops hirsutus, Villers (=Therioplectes haemato- 
poides, Jaennicke). It is rather smaller than aterrimus or micans—13 
mm. Its legs are not black but a uniform dark brown. Around the 
mouth parts are tawny silky hairs and there is a forest of long brown 
hairs on the meta- and pteropleurae. My reason for placing this fly 
here, as a possible form of aterrimus lugubris, is because of its general 
resemblance. The ‘‘ hump ’’ of the antenna of lugubris is very small 
and pointed and it would not be very surprising to find a specimen in 
which the little point was lost, but when this trait is combined with 
brown legs, a unicoloured eye and a slight difference in the palpi I 
cannot confidently pass it by as an aberration of lugubris or micans. 


Sz. micans, Meigen, is found everywhere. In the mountains a 
particularly black form with but little of the tufts of white hair on the 
abdomen and with black, rather than brown palpi is the form generally 
met with. About one in a thousand has yellow palpi and about the same 
proportion is without the ocelligerous callus. I have only taken one 
Sz. rupium, Brauer. 

Sz. montanus, Meigen, and Sz. fulvicornis, Meigen. The great 
authority, Séguy, considers that these are two separate species and one 
can generally follow Séguy blindly, but... The structural difference 
given is that the hump of the antennae is much more pronounced in 
fulvicornis. Moreover, montanus has all black and fulvicornis more 
or less red antennae. In favour of Séguy’s decision I may add 
that fulvicornis appears a full month earlier than montanus in my 
neighbourhood. Both were flying together in the second half of July 
and the first few days of August. Then-montanus alone remained. 
This looks quite convincing but unfortunately there are many 
intermediate flies both in the form and colour of the antennae. They 
are at all events very closely allied, if one be not a var. of the other. 
The same thing may be said of solstitialis, Schiner, distinguendus, 
Verrall and muhlfeldi, Brauer. I took 8 montanus with recurrent veins. 

Sz. montanus var. alpicola (new var.) differs from montanus in 
appearance more than either the Danish muhlfeldi or the Manchurian 
morgani. It lives on a solitary plateau of about 5800 feet altitude, 
where there are no quadrupeds other than marmots or mayhap a 
chamois. I have taken only 25 females and no males, but live in hope 
of increasing my series. It is much smaller than montanus, 12 to 14mm., 
with a single giant of 16mm. (the said giant being much nearer 
montanus in colour as well as size). Eyes covered with short white 
hairs and having 3 purple bands, persistent after death. Frontal 
band 44-5 times as long as broad at base and nearly parallel, dark grey 
(one is black), covered with black hairs; callus I (basal) rectangular, II 
spindle shaped and united both to T and III, III is indistinctly 
triangular with the “ ocelli’’ transparency at apex. Antennae black, 


54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1939 


stained throughout with red (as though the depth of the red showed 
black; 3 out of the’ 25 are quite black. Palpi yellow, 2nd article a 
long ovoid with blunt extremity. Thorax blackish, with 5 grey stripes; 
ante-alar callus reddish. Abdomen resembles the bromius group rather 
than the montanus; lateral patches on segments II and ITI are greyish- 
yellow and the row of tubercles is present on these flecks (I have 
examined about a thousand montanus and not one had these tubercles). 
Venter uniform dark grey (the intermediate larger fly has fulvous-red 
patches'on I and II). Legs as in montanus. None have recurrent 
veinlet. ; ‘ 

Sz. tropicus, Panzer, I: have found only in the var. bisignatus, 
Jaennicke. . . 

The genus Atylotus differs from Sz?/ladynus in that the ocelligerous 
callus is absent; being replaced by a single or double callosity, which 
indeed may ‘sometimes be wanting. | 

A, quatuornotatus, Meigen. I brought’ home a very short series of 
these flies, though I believe they were fairly plentiful. 

A. quatuornotatus, var. cherbottae (new var.). Here is the probable 
cause of my neglect of the last mentioned. Not before I:reached home 
did I notice what an interesting little group of 18 flies had been 
captured. A verbal description is not nearly so convincing as a drawing, 
so, fearing that I myself might exaggerate, I persuaded Miss Nichols 
of Leicester Museum to draw the frontal stripe of this fly to scale. The 
top callus is raised, shining black; studded with tubercles. and 
rudimentary bristles, the sectional (?) lines on the two lower calli are 
slightly exaggerated. The hairs on the eyes are very long and thick. 
Other points of difference are very slight. There is no silver indumentum 
at the base of antennae, and the antennae are blacker than those of 
my 4-notatus. The tarsi are black (not brown) above and red underneath. 

Atylotus lowei or (Sziladynus rupiwm, var. lowei), Muschamp (Dr 
E. E. Lowe-of Leicester Museum), According to the dichotomical 
tables of Surcouf, this fly should belong to the Atylotus erberi group, 
but these all have red abdomens. My private opinion is that it is a 
form of Sz. rupium, Brauer, minus the ocelligerous callosity that 
characterises the genus. The drawing shows you the extreme form. 
having no trace of the upper callus,'a very fine pubescence marking 
the double Atylotus normal callus. In some specimens there is a low bifid 
callus. A short description of these flies will show you that, save for 
the upper callus and the entire absence of any ocellar transparency, 
they might pass for the Swiss rwpiwm, especially as Surcouf says that 
the upper callus of the latter is on the way to regression. Eves hairy, 
either with no purple band or with a short, weakly marked one. Legs 
bicoloured; femora black; tibiae I } brown, IF and IIT brown, tarsi 
black and red. Thorax and abdomen as in rupiwm. Antennae black, 
hump near base and rather accentuated. Palpi plump at base, elbowed, 


white with brown hair. Face black, with white pubescence around 
mouth parts and black hairs on eye margins. Occiput black with white 
indumentum. Frontal stripe and calli as illustrated.. Against my 


rupium hypothesis comes the fact that ruwpiwm has not been taken in 
France and that careful examination with the microscope has not 
revealed a trace of an ocelligerous callus in any of my lowei. Jt would 
be revolutionary to place the variety in a separate genus -from~ the 


COLLECTING NOTES, JANUARY—MID-JUNE, 1938. 55 


species, especially as' I have only 10 specimens (all taken this year). 
Until a long series give confirmation in one direction or the other lowe 
stays with the Afylotus. The more one studies gadflies the more clearly 
one sees that they are in a state of evolution (and regression!). [I am 
sorry that the old genus Tabanus should’ have been split up before the 
early stages of the larvae have beén worked through. There will, 
IT think, be much to correct. - 

Therioplectes albipes, Fab. (Atylotus gigas) is rare in the Alps. 

Dasystipia fulva, Meigen, though common in the Arve valley, near 
our railway station, Cluses, rarely ever ventures up the mountain slopes. 
It takes nearly 3 hours to get down into the valley and a. great deal 
longer to return, so fulva has been neglected. This brings me to the 
end of the list of the Tabaninae that IT have: captured in 1938. I am 
always surprised that no mention is ever made ‘by authors of tne black 
tubercles foun:! on the abdomens of such a large percentage of gadflies. 
The microszope has taught me to believe that- they are of chaetotaxical 
value. 

Last August I took near my chalet a Coenomyita feruginea, Scopoli, 
a new fly for me. Last year, 1937, I took more than my share of 
interesting flies, including Hexodonta dubia, Zetterstedt, of which, so 
Séguy informed me, only one other has been taken in France. Perhaps 
I was too busy in other ways this year to do full justice to the flies. To 
terminate, let me express a hope that some more skilful entomologist 
may be tempted to come and join me next summer. There is much 
interesting work to be done, especially with the Empidae. 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 
IT: JANUARY—MID-JUNE. 


By A. J. L. Bowss. 


The following notes are a record of collecting done during 1938 in 
the intervals of schoolmastering. It-is hoped that they may be of 
interest to those whose holidays fall at similar times of the year, and at 
the end I shall make some remarks about the methods of breeding 
employed for various species which T have had through my hands. 


I did little collecting in ‘the first three: months of the year, but of 
the early species, Theria (Hybernia) rupicapraria was first noted in 
Surrey on 25th January, Theria UI.) marginaria on 31st January, 
Alsophila (Anisopteryx) aescularia on 6th February, Phigalia pedaria 
on 11th February, and Erannis (H.) leucophaearia on 19th February. 
During February and March I cut a good many sallow twigs near 
Ripley, which I hoped contained larvae of Synanthedon (NSesia) 
flaviventris, but though I am convinced that I had several larvae, no 
moths emerged. 

My first real excursion was on 27th March, when I went with Mr 
J.O. T. Howard to be introduced to Bapta distinctata (Aleucis pictaria), 
not far from East Horsley. We arrived on ‘the ground at 7.30; and 
soon found the insect sitting about on the low bushes of sioe. All were 
beautifully fresh,-and few were found on the Jarger bushes. Males and 
females seemed to be equally well out, and we continued, to find them 


56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1939 


steadily up till ten o’clock, when we left. On the coarse grasses we 
picked »p a few worn Calostigia (Malenydris) multistrigaria, and on 
the bushes Earophila (Anticlea) badiata in crowds, with hosts of assorted 
larvae. I heard later that pictartia was worn on Ist April, and as 1938 
was rather an early year, the best time for the species in a normal season 
should be the very last days of March and the first few of April. Two 
other notes which I find in my diary as being on the early side are a 
Lampropteryx suffumata at Ripley on 5th April, and a male Euchloé 
cardamines at Ockham on 3rd April. 


The night of the 10th was cold and clear in the woods at Ashford, 
but insects were quite frequent on the sallows and on sloe blossom, 
chiefly Taeniocampa populeti. This species has become very common in 
these woods in the last few years, and it is easy to find both sexes newly 
emerged on aspen stems; while later in the night most of the females 
will be found with accompanying batches of ova. Brephos notha, which 
is usually out at the same time and can be found, leisurely, in the same 
way, was absent. A month of hot sun may well have brought out the 
species earlier than in other years. T. miniosa is a well-known feature 
of these woods, but only one example was seen. 


In spite of a severe hailstorm, larvae were feeding freely at the 
base of the cliffs near Dover on the night of the 11th. Triphaena comes 
was abundant, with Noctua zanthographa and a good many Epunda 
lichenea. The only moth was a single Phlogophora meticulosa, sitting 
forlorn on the chalk face. My larvae of lichenea fed up well on a 
mixture of valerian and savoys, and produced outsize imagines. A 
chance larva, unfamiliar, but retained in case it might come in useful, 
turned out to be Leucania albipuncta; if it fed at all after being put in 
a cage, it must have eaten cabbage. 

Mr Howard and I started for Scotland by car on the 15th, and were 
on parade at Struan the next afternoon. The fence along the railway 
on which Nyssia lapponaria sits had heen worked over by successive 
waves of entomologists, but after a mile or two we found a row of 
derelict posts running up over the moor, and here we found a few 
females; the males were virtually over, although a few had been taken 
by early birds during the morning. Nothopteryz (Lobophora) carpinata, 
the fine bright Scottish race, were common on the railway fence, and 
we excavated some cocoons of Dicranura vinula. Night work along the 
railway with Mr Edgar Hare and his son produced a few larvae of 
Eurois occulta, three specimens of the pink form of Taeniocampa gracilis 
(of which more later), and Lycia hirtaria. 

The next morning we went on to Aviemore, where we lodged with 
Miss Fraser at Alt-na-Craig. Her house is very convenient for the 
famous birch slopes at the hack of the golf course, and Miss Fraser did 
us very well. Mr and Mrs A. G. Peyton were already installed and 
had taken a few fine Endromis versicolora, which was the insect we most 
wished to see. We were soon out on the hill and during a bitterly cold 
afternoon picked up about a dozen sitting quite conspicuously on the 
smaller birches. Dr C. G. M. de Worms and Mr A. G. B. Russell had 
already been over the ground, as well as our friends the Peytons, and 
we thought ourselves lucky. In the evening we each picked up one or 
two more by lamp light, and found larvae of Aplecta tincta swarming on 
the birch twigs, but it was too cold for anything to come to light. 


COLLECTING NOTES, JANUARY—MID-JUNE, 1938. 57 


Is was not until the 20th that the wind moved from NW to SW; 
immediately there was a remarkable emergence of versicolora, and while 
we had found an odd individual here and there before, they now popped 
out all over the place, and we could watch the uncanny speed with which 
the males would find a newly emerged female. Females are apt to be 
lively if shut in a box, but they would sit quite happily on our coats, 
and we each walked home with three or four pairs festooned about our 
persons. Two crippled females which we kept for eggs laid 275 between 
them on the first night. There was a good deal of minor variation in 
both sexes, and I was pleased to find both a male and female with the 
three white spots on the apex of the fore-wings forming one streak. 
Apart from watching the antics of this splendid insect, there was plenty 
of work to be done in the daytime in trunk-hunting; Lycia hirtaria was 
not uncommon, but needed a great deal of looking for, and Odontosia 
carmelita was just beginning to appear. On the 18th we found one 
female, which laid eggs, on the 20th five males, and on the 21st one 
male. Men said that we were too late for Bruchionycha nubeculosa, and 
we found only one, a female, stone dead but quite soft and fresh, at 
the bottom of a large birch; this was on the 21st, a very late date 
for the species. 

Night work was on the whole a failure. On our first few evenings 
there was little flying beyond an occasional Lampropteryr suffumata ; 
but about midnight on the 21st it clouded over and a light rain made 
things move. Both sexes of EH. versicolora came freely to the sheet, and 
very lovely they looked, while some two dozen males of L. hirtaria 
arrived between midnight and 2 a.m. Other visitors were Pachnobia 
rubricosa, Taeniocampa gothica (very worn), T. incerta, T. stabilis, 
N. (L£.) carpinata, E. (A.) badiata, and Ectropis crepuscularia. 

On the evening of the 19th, Howard and I drove over to Forres, 
our object being larvae of Triphaena comes. We had been told that at 
Forres they fed mainly on heather, but we found few on this plant 
and those with difficulty. We then tried broom, on which they were 
so plentiful that it was merely a matter of decanting them at will into 
tins. From about a hundred larvae which we brought away a fine 
varied series was bred with ease. It was noticeable that the few we 
found on heather were small, while the broom feeders were on their 
last Jap and pupated within a few days. Visitors to our wandering 
lights were Pachnobia rubricosa and Chesias rufata. 

We left Aviemore on the 22nd, and spent another night at Struan 
on our way ome. We were lucky enough to have a mild night with a 
light westerly breeze, and, after putting on some sugar, we struck out 
over the moor to look for newly emerged TJ'a¢niocampa gracilis, which 
were sitting commonly cn grass stems and bog-myrtle. The Struan brand 
of gracilis is very variable, ranging from a deep salmon pink to pure 
white. Howard was lucky enough to find one of the latter, the only 
other two known examples of which are in the Rothschild series. Another 
excitement was the appearance of a few Boarmta cinctaria, which were 
flying near the belt of trees which runs along the south side of Struan 
station. Our five specimens were seen by Dr Cockayne and appear 
to be almost new to Scotland. On the bog-myrtle we found occasional 
small colonies of Hurois occulta larvae, and the birches were full of 
Aplecta tincta, some nearly full fed. Visitors to light were 7. 


58 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1V /1939 


gracilis, UT. gothica, Chesias rufata, and Apocheima (Boarmia) 
hispidaria, but there was nothing at sugar beyond a tew Calocampa 
vetusta. Sallow blossom was nearly done and produced nothing of note, 
beyond a tired Polyploca flavicornis, of which there was just enough 
left to show what a fine insect the Scottish race 1s. 

Once home from Scotland I was busy until 14th May, when I paid 
a call on Leptidea sinapis in the Chiddingfold woods. In spite of 
persistent collecting, this insect continues to make a brave show there, 
although houses are being built and roads driven across its home; 
indeed, the existence of houses and therefore of restrictions on collecting 
may save the insect from extinction in.this spot. One hopes, piously 
but probably vainly, that those who want. this species will. content 
themselves with one female; with care, it is not a particularly hard 
species to breed. 

During the last weeks of May, Mr J. K. Rideout and I made two 
journeys to the Test valley, near Winchester, to look for larvae of 
Plusia chryson on hemp-agrimony. They were not uncommon, but needed 
a deal of finding. I found that.a good method was to look for the little 
piles of frass which collect between the leaves and the stem and that 
once these were found there was always a larva underneath the leaf 
immediately above. They never sit on the top of a leaf. They are 
simple to cater for. If hemp-agrimony is not handy, garden mint will 
do; but when full grown they should be segregated, for they are very 
apt to pupate on top of each other, with disastrous results to the 
underdog. . 

In early June, Hydriomena coerulata (impluviata) was common, but 
very hard to catch, in a boggy alder clump in the Wey valley near 
Godalming. It was a place quite impossible to work at night, and all 
one could do was to jar the trees and hope that one would fly low enough 
to be reached. In the same clump Euchoeca nebulata (obliterata) was 
swarming, and Mysticoptera (Lobophora) sexalata turned up now and 
again. 5 

I note that my earliest larva of Plusia chryson spun up on 7th June 
and produced a moth on 4th July; the last spun on 3rd July, and 
emerged on Ist August. 

| (To be continued). 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING: IV. 
COSCINIA CRIBRUM. 


By HB. D2 ikeerriewe5 LL, .M.A., MB. 2B Carr. 
(Continued from p. 40). 


About ten years ago [ obtained a small batch of ova of this species. 
The young larvae fed up well in glass-topped tins on a mixed diet of 
heather, lettuce and dandelion. They were hibernated in a small zinc 
breeding cage on growing heather, and in the spring half the brood 
was sent to P. Milman of Paignton and half kept by.me. In both 
cases larvae continued to feed slowly throughout the summer, and to 
our surprise proceeded to hibernate a second winter and hatched the 
following June after a two years life cycle. Whether this is a usual 
procedure in nature I'am unable to say. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 59 


In 1930 I obtained some more ova of this species, this time a very 
much greater number. The larvae fed up well in glass-topped tins 
as before. In October, when they were }-inch to }-inch in length, they 
were transferred to special quarters. This consisted of a box, three 
feet by two, with glass on three sides—the fourth was covered with 
fine perforated zinc for ventilation. The whole box was planted out 
with short heather. It was left on a flat roof out of doors, facing 
south, in the middle of London. In due course the 150 larvae 
disappeared in hibernation, and on cold days none were seen, About 
March the larvae reappeared, feeding for short periods only when the 
sun was out. At this time I had an eighty watt electric light bulb 
extension run out to the case. The light was turned on for a couple 
of hours each evening. The bulh was supported on top of the glass 
covering over the case and shining through it. The result was 
immediate. A few. minutes after the hght was turned on each night 
the larvae appeared in their scores and ate ravenously the heather 
nearest the light. By this means [I could control the area eaten. At 
the end of the two hours most of the 150 larvae were up basking and 
feeding around the light. In May they pupated and the moths hatched 
in June, the mortality rate being practically nil. Not one departed 
from the one year life cycle. The moths paired freely in confinement 
and eggs were laid all over the box and the heather. No selected pairing 
was attempted on this occasion. 

The variation in a single brood like this is very considerable, grading 
from those with very dark markings to those with markings greatly 
reduced. One knows that practically all-black and all-white forms exist. 
These are most probably ‘‘ multifactorial ’’ in origin, and could be 
produced by carefully selected pairings in these two directions. 


(To be continued.) 


COLLECTING NOTES, 


GrRASSHOPPERS.—While on outings in this area of North-east Cum- 
berland during the past few seasons I have come across four short-horn 
(Acridiodea) and one long-horn (Locustodea). They were as follows :— 
Stenobothrus (Stauroderus) bicolor, Charp., which seems to be fairly 
common in our, drier fields. Stenobothrus viridulus, L., also common, 
but less so than the last. I got one spotted Myrmeleotettiz maculatus, 
Thunb., on a piece of sandy ground, in August 1936. Acrydiwm vittatus, 
Zett., was fairly common among shrubs in a clearing in a mixed wood 
near Mallsburn, where the wood cutters were at work. This cleared 
piece of woodland promises to be a profitable collecting ground later. 
In August 1936 I went for a car ride, stopping to collect whenever we 
arrived at a suitable looking locality. Shortly after crossing the river 
at Penton I tried one inviting spot at the edge of a wood. Here I came 
across a long-horn, which was named for me afterwards as Metrioptera 
brachyptera, L. I overlooked the fact that I had crossed’the Border 
and that my find was outside of any area, and in Scotland. On con- 
sulting the list of my late friend, Mr G. B. Routledge, in the Carlisle 
Natural History Transactions, Vol. IV, p. 106, I find he gives this 


60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V /1939 


insect xs common in Cumberland, but unrecorded for Scotland. At this 
rate my record must be the first for Scotland, though any self-respecting 
grasshopper could pass from England to Scotland in three hops, where 
I found it.—T. Frep. Marriner, [Congratulations on this find.—M.B.] 


SoME OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE OpouR oF ACANTHOMYOPS (DEN- 
DROLASIUS) FULIGINOSUS, LatR.—It is fairly certain that the seat of the 
peculiar odour of the ‘‘ Jet Ants’”’ is the head, as suggested by Forel, 
for when the head is crushed this odour becomes most strong, though 
how this odour is produced is not exactly certain. Presumably, how- 
ever, these ants possess some glands* which perform this function. It 
was, then, with great astonishment, that I noticed the same smell be- 
come more strong, almost as strong as in the case of fuliginosus itself, 
when I crushed a wounded miztus %, taken from my mixed fuliginosus- 
miztus colony. Thinking that this was in all probability an isolated 
case, or else an olfactory mistake on my part, I crushed other miztus § 3. 
The result was the same. It is known, of course, that fuligimosus nests 
become pervaded with their peculiar odour, but it seems surprising 
that this odour is transferable to ants of another species. I also noticed 
that if fuliginosus 3 9 be placed in a jar, that jar becomes saturated 
with the odour, and it was this that made me try the following rather 
simple, but intriguing experiment. I took some fuliginosus 393 and 
placed them in a jam jar where I left them for about a quarter to the half 
of an hour. I then took them from the jar, and placed some § 9 of 
Acanthomyops (Donisthorpea) niger, L., in the jar, leaving them there 
for a good half hour, in order to attempt to transfer the fulaginosus 
odour to them through the medium of the jar. When the ants, about 
10 3%, were placed in the observation nest containing about 30 fulr- 
ginosus $9 and 25 miztus 3 0, they started to rush around, exciting 
and apparently angering the 5 @ of the other species, causing several 
of their number to be killed. About six niger % 5 remained, apparently 
unharmed, and though during the next day or so two more were killed, 
the rest remained uninjured in the nest for just about a week, one re 
maining much longer. The cause of the death of the niger seemed 
to be their habit of going up to the miztus (the fuliginosus disregarded 
them practically entirely), and jerking their body backwards and for- 
wards,t thus exciting the miztus, who then attacked them. 

A similar experiment was tried with Myrmica ruginodis, Nyl., four 
¢ G being introduced, but in this case the strangers tried to hide, and 


eventually died or were killed, the last one being taken out on the death 
of the others. 


I have also observed solitary 5 3 of Formica fusca, L., walking on 
the tracks of the mixed fuliginosus-miztus nest in the garden. 

I think that these observations seem to suggest that the odour of 
Acanthomyops (Dendrolasius) fuliginosus, Latr., is transferable to other 
ants though no really definite conclusions can be arrived at from the 
above data, excepting possibly in the case of Acanthomyops (Chtono- 
lasius) miztus, Nyl.—B. D. W. Mortey, Bournemouth, 


*Mr Donisthorpe suggests that the odour arises from a yellow secretion con- 
tained in the reservoir of the mandibular glands. 


+t‘ Saluting.’’ See Donisthorpe, Br. Ants (1927), p. 208. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 61 


OsBsERVATIONS KARLY IN THE SEASON.—Our colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher, writes me a list of species of Lepidoptera which he and Mr 
Richardson noted on the evening of 15th February in the Forest of 
Dean. ‘ Orrhodia vaccinii (of course!), Monima pulverulenta (very 
early), Biston strataria (also early, but it was out the week before), 
Phigalis pedaria (plenty), Apocheima hispidaria (a few), Hrannis mar- 
ginaria and FE. leucophaearia (both abundant), and Oxypteron tortricella 
(common). An early Aglais (Vanessa) urticae was also on the wing on 


15.11.’’—Hy. J. T. 


AN IRREGULAR Patring.—On the night of 17th February, at 7.45 
p.m., I was interested to find Hrannis marginaria g in cop. with Phigalia 
pedaria 2. I understand from my friend, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, 
that the former species ¢ insect is rather given that way, there being 
previous records of its pairing with Monima pulverulenta 2 (Ent., xxii, 
166, 1896): with Selenia bilunaria 2 (Ent. Rec., xl, 167, 1929): 
Apocheima hispidaria @ (l.c., iv, 156, 1892). I am keeping the 2, but 
fear that any ova which may result are unlikely to be fertile.-—AwtsTIN 
RicHarpson, Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton, Glos. [Of course, if 
the 2 had paired naturally previously, fertile ova may accrue from that. 
But that brings up another question for discussion.—Hy. J. T.] 


A BLACK CoLiAs crocEvus.—lFor many years I have spent my holiday 
at Hastings during the fortnight of the Annual Bowling Tournament, 
which last year was from 22nd August to 3rd September. As I had not 
been very well I spent most of my time at the White Rock watching the 
various games. Most of the fortnight was bright, warm and sunny, and 
it was a great delight to me to watch the numbers of Colias croceus fly- 
ing across the greens daily. On 25th August in the morning J had the 
surprise of my life, for a most wonderful var. came to within a few feet 
of where J was sitting. It was nearly black. There was just a sus- 
picion of yellow to make identification certain; as it flew further away 
it looked all black. Though I must have seen a few score of C. croceus, 
I did not observe one ab. helice during my stay. One of the features of 
the White Rock is the rock garden which extends in a straight line for 
over 150 yards with a sloping bank. The flowers were very numerous in 
kind and colour. I noticed that the butterflies were attracted in num- 
bers especially to the flowers of the purple Statice clumps. On 2nd Sep- 
tember at about 11 a.m. I counted the following on a small clump :—1 
Pieris brassicae, 1 P. rapae, 2 (. croceus, 2 Aglais urticae, 3 Vanessa 
cardut, and 1 V. atalanta.—A, H. Ham. [It is most interesting to get 
a record such as this from a well-known life-long observer.—Ep. ] 


In the Times of 18th February we note that Mr Eric Parker, an 
erstwhile Editor of The Field, records a ‘‘ red admiral ’?? which appeared 
in his garden in the morning of 15th February, which he and his daugh- 
ter watched for some time on the flowers of Viburnum tinus at Hamble- 
don, near Godalming. He records a specimen in 1935 in his garden on 
23rd March. Surely these had hibernated in this country. [Other re- 
cords in the Times:—Lyndhurst, 18th and 20th February; Epping 
Forest, 16th February. ] 


62 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/1V /1939 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Proposeo NEw Pusrication.—It has been proposed that Mr H. St 
J. Donisthorpe’s ‘‘ Preliminary List of the Coleoptera of Wundsor 
Forest,’? appearing in the Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine from Sep- 
tember 1936 to December 1938, should be published in book form. Be- 
fore proceeding, it is necessary to have an approximate idea of the num- 
ber of subscribers who would be interested in the publication, owing to 
the expense of production. Therefore, will those intending to subscribe 


send a card to the publishers. 


In Staudinger’s Catalog, III ed., p. 410 (1901), under Hepialus 
humuli (No. 1726) occurs an erroncous reference: ‘‘ v. (et ab.) thuleus, 
Crotch, Entom., II, p. 176 (1865).’’ Unfortunately this is being copied 
again and again. I have looked up this on behalf of our contributor, Sigr. 
Bytinski-Salz, late of Padova. (1) Cretch did not describe this form 
but only referred to the description cf Newman in the previous month’s 
issue, where (2) Newman described the variation and suggested the name 
thulensis and not thuleus. (3) This was on p. 162. I may add that Crotch 
used the name thulensis in his reference on p. 176. Hence the reference 
should stand corrected thus:——‘‘ v. (et ab.) thulensis, Newman, Entom., 
II, p. 162 (1865.)” Why in Seitz, Pal. Bombyces, TI, 434, does heth- 
landica, Stdgr. (1871) stand instead of thulensis (1865) which has 6 
years’ priority?—Hy. J. T. 


We have received from Dr Wm. Junk, the great Continental pub- 
lisher of scientific works, a Catulogue of Publications. This is really a 
catalogue de luxe in large quarto of works mostly published by his firm, 
works devoted to Biology and Natural History, Biology, Catalogues, 
Facsimile Editions, Vertebrata, Insecta, Evertebrata, Botany, Crypto- 
gams, etc. In many cases there is a summary of the contents of the 
volume, or short reviews of it and much interesting detail. Facsimiles 
of Linné, Systema Naturae, and Poda, Insecta Musei Graecensis, two 
extremely rare and important works, are in the Catalogue, as well as 
Loew, Die Europaeischen Bohr-fliegen (Trypetidae). 


Our colleague, Dr Malcolm Burr, has been elected a Corresponding 
Member of the American Entomological Society. 


When we were very young in the hobby of collecting, we should have 
welcomed an elementary periodical giving elementary matter, simple 
practical hints on collecting and breeding; instructions for making 
simple apparatus for both setting and storing; the adaptation of various 
containers for the rearing of larvae, and the making of more permanent 
cages for hibernation and pupation; the treatment of ova before hatch- 
ing of the larvae, and of hibernating ova; how to care for the young 
larvae on hatching; hints on what to look for and how to do it, and 
all such. The above is the aim of the bi-monthly Amateur Entomo- 
logist, which has come to our table. Recently we have met with “ fol- 
lowers of the net and pin’’ who have worked alone not caring to join 
associations of collectors who have passed their tyro stage and many of 
whom are more or less eminent in the study. This periodical opens its 
pages for queries on simple matters which, as a rule, only personal inter- 


SOCIETIES. 63 


course can answer, and no doubt from its subscribers the future of both 
our local societies and our more advanced magazines will be assured. 
All honour to the ardent workers who are responsible for this enterprise. 


We have to congratulate Dr F. W. Edwards, F.R.E.S., and Dr V. 
B. Wigglesworth, F.R.E.S., who have both recently been elected to 
the Fellowship of the Royal Society, an honour which is well deserved 
but hard to get. 


SOCIETIES. 


Long ago it was found impossible to print the monthly reports of 
the meetings of Societies owing to want of space, for which more valu- 
able and interesting papers and notes were always awaiting. However, 
we hope during the present year to have extra pages occasionally and 
to be able to give short notices and extracts from reports of Societies, 
which may come to hand, but we cannot publish them in full. 


LANCASHIRE AND CHESHIRE ENToMoLOGICAL Society. 15th November 
1938. Mr G. de C. Frazer, President, in the chair. There were numerous 
interesting exhibits, including:—Mr S. Gordon Smith—A fine series of 
Eumenis semele, L., from Gloucestershire, Dorset, and Prestatyn dis- 
trict. The undersides of the Gloucestershire series were much lighter 
in colour than those taken in the Prestatyn district. Argynnis aglaia, 
L., with heavily marked black spots; Satyrus galathea, L., with black 
markings of large size; Maniola jurtina, L., a whitish form; Cupido 
minimus, Fuessl., with a black streak on underside of right upperwing. 
All these from Gloucestershire. A pale form of Smerinthus ocellatus, 
L., bred from Chester larva. Mr R. C. R. Crewdson—A series of Spilosoma 
lubricipeda (menthastri, Esp.), L., from Ballachulish, Argyll, and Ran- 
noch, Perth, with the ground colour of forewings dark cream, three 
specimens of Crymodes exulis, Lef., var. assimilis, Doubl., taken in the 
Rannoch district; Boarmia repandata, L., ab. conversaria, Hiibn., 
with ground colour nearly white, taken im Ross-shire in 1937, and black 
examples at Rannoch in 1938. Mr Wm. Mansbridge—A specimen of 
Epischnia boisduvaliella, Guen. (farrella, Curt.) taken at Formby, with 
a short series from the East Coast for comparison. This is an addition 
to the Lancashire and Cheshire fauna. A series of Argyroploce pro- 
fundana, Fabr., from Arnside, showing a long range of variation. 


A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at Florence House, 
Heston, on 14th December 1938, Mr H. Donisthorpe in the Chair. The 
following were present:—Members—Mr H. Donisthorpe, Mr H. 
Willoughby Ellis, Mr James E. Collin, Dr Harry Eltringham, Mr R. 
W. Lloyd, Mr W. Rait-Smith. Visitors—Dr K. G. Blair, Dr Malcolm 
Burr, Dr Karl Jordan, Mr W. H. T. Tams. The meeting was called 
for 7 o’clock, and supper was served at 7.30. After supper, the Chair- 
man showed a living female of Formica fusca. L., which was sent with 
ten of her workers by air from the Orkneys in September last. The 
workers had died but the Queen was alive when the consignment ar- 
rived. This is the first record of this ant from the Orkneys. These 
islands, including the Shetlands, had been worked before for ants, the 


64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V/1939 


only record being Myrmica ruginodis, Nyl. The late Rev. F. D. Morice 
had specially worked the Shetlands and Orkneys; the late J. Waterson 
the Shetlands; and Mr J. R. le B. Tomlin the Orkneys without suc- 
cess. Before the above records the most northerly range for F. fusca 
in the British Isles was Sutherland. The Chairman also exhibited a 
living larva of Ctesias serra, F. (Col.); it was taken in Windsor Forest 
in oak bark on 26th June 1936, since which time it has been kept alive. 
It was in good condition and had been well fed, but had shown no 
inclination to pupate up to the date of the exhibit. Mr J. E. Collin 
exhibited specimens of the two Blow-flies, Calliphora germanorum, 
Villen, and C. uralensis, Villen, which are found in this country only 
in the North of Scotland, the former not uncommon north of the Gram- 
pians, and the latter known only from the Island of St Kilda and the 
neighbourhood of Tongue (Sutherland). Both are very little known on 
the Continent, though possibly overlooked owing to their close general 
resemblance to the other two very common species. C. germanorwin 
was described from specimens found in Prussia, and (. wralensis from 
Zlaton&t (E. Russia) and Lapland, but the latter has since been found 
to be the common Blow-fly of W. Greenland and to occur on the Mur- 
mansk Coast of N. Russia and in Iceland, while the specimens exhibited 
were captured by the exhibitor at Loch Hope near Tongue in July of 
last vear. A very pleasant evening was spent and the meeting broke 
up about 11 o’clock, the members and guests wending their way home 
with difficulty in the thickest fog of the year.—H. WinttovcHsy ELLs, 
Hon. Secretary. 


REVIEWS. 


PIERIS BRYONIAE, Ocus. UND P. Nnapi, L., by the late Dr L. Miiller 
and Hans Kautz, xvi + 190 pp., 16 colour pits., 3 text figures. Wien, 
1938.—This is another outstanding work, an intensive, thorough and 
interesting investigation of a species about which there has been much 
ink spilled during recent vears. A foreword is given by the famous and 
learned Dr Rebel, who, in his remarks, calls attention to the new term 
introduced by Dr Miiller, viz., ‘‘ Modification,’’ as being of no genetic 
significance, nor of any systematic category, but only to record a shght 
variation within the significance of a well-recognised and named form 
of the species. The contents pages give a valuable analysis of the whole 
work, which is divided into eight main chapters, besides the Introduc- 
tion by Herr Kautz. The whole of the literature has been examined 
and all possible evidence reviewed. Material from S. Siberia, the 
Amur, N, China, Japan, Alaska, Canada, N. America, N. Africa, West 
and Central Asia was studied and the results of Temperature exper!- 
ment, were all examined, with the contributions of Harrison, Main, 
Merrifield, Standfuss, even as recent as Hale Carpenter and Hobby’s 
‘‘vellow napi forms.’’ The genitalic investigation supports the view 
that there are two subspecies in very close relationship, that is, we 
have two species in the making, in an embryonic form, so to say. The 
plates, which have 242 excellent coloured figures, are a most valuable 
addition to a very brilliant contribution affording a real scientific know- 
ledge of this interesting common species.—Hy. J. T. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (173) 


ab. efflorescens, Hamps., Ili. Het. B, M., VIII, 78 (1891). 

Fig.—-l.¢., pl. 145, 7. 

Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ dg forewings purplish grey suffused with pink; 
numerous very indistinct transverse wavy lines; the most distinct of 
which form a band beyond the cell, and another submarginal one; reni- 
form chestnut with an indistinct dark spot below it; an indistinct dark 
patch on costa near the apex. Hindwing dusky nacreous. Cilia of 
both wings pinkish brown. Underside pale; costa of both wings pink; 
a dark striga from costa three-fourths from base; hindwing with lunule 
at end of cell and postmedial band. Head and collar reddish grey; 
palpi black at sides; thorax and abdomen purple-grey.”? Nilgiris. 

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 423 (1903). ‘‘ Head, thorax, and fore- 
wing much greyer; palpi blackish except at tips.’’ 


ab. erwbescens, Hamps., Ill. Het. B. M., VIII, 78 (1891). 

Wie-—l.ci; pl. 145, £. 14. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ g¢ forewing grey uniformly suffused with pink; 
orbicular grey, outlined with black; a large black spot below it in the 
median interspace; reniform grey, outlined with chestnut. Hindwing 
pale nacreous. Underside whitish, hindwing with distinct lunule at end 
of cell and post-medial band. Head and abdomen ochreous grey; thorax 
rosy grey; palpi black at sides.”’ Nilgiris. 


race descripta, Hamp., Moths. Br. Ind., II, 184 (1894). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Fuscous or purplish grey-brown, pale or dark red- 
brown, or bright red or golden-brown. Palpi black at sides, or pink in 
the golden specimens. Forewings with the sub-basal, ante- and post- 
medial waved lines indistinct, the last much curved; the submarginal 
line pale and angled below the costa; the orbicular and reniform indis- 
tinct, the latter often with the upper part ochreous or reddish, the 
lower part fuscous; the ciaviform small and obsolescent, sometimes filled 
in with black. Hindwings pale or dark fuscous; cilia of both wings 
reddish. Underside with a post-medial line doubly curved on hindwing, 
which has a cell spot.’’ Japan: N.W. Himalayas: Sikkim: Nilgiris. 


f. perfusca, Kane, Hnt., XXVIII, 217 (1895). 

Orntc. Drescrip.—‘‘ A rarer form also occurs of a ‘ unicolorous dark 
sepia brown, the only markings being a very clear whitish reniform 
stigma, preceded by a darker blotch representing a vestige of the median 
band, and in some instances a pale dotted ante-marginal waved line.’ 
Some examples of this melanic variety (rufa, Tutt) are wholly unicolor- 
ous, while others show only a trace ot the pale reniform, and others only 
with its outline represented.’’ Tyrone, Sligo, Roscommon, Clonbrook, 
Treland. 


ab. bicolor (Obthr.) Culot, N. et G., I (1), p. 48 (1910). 

Beet ey tlie £2 1de 

Onig. Descrip.—‘‘ Certain examples of dahlii from England in the 
Oberthur collection, particularly those of yellowish coloration, are so 
near to A. primulae (festiva) that it is almost impossible to indicate 
the fixed characteristics, allowing of their differentiation; since the 
general aspect can alone serve as cuide, I am induced to figure a series 
of the very variable A. primulae. Tt was the only means of recognition, 


(174) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1V / 1939 


for it is in my opinion impossible to arrive at a satisfactory result by 
descriptions of markings, which would only succeed in confusing the 
differences the more, so great is the general similarity.’’ 


ab. Q fusca, Lenz., Ostheld. Schm. Sud-bay, II (2), 239 (1927). 
Orig. Descrie.—‘‘ The deep dark-brown form of the 2 with obsoles- 
cent stigmata.’’ 


f. provincialis, Corti-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 74 (1933). 

Hag: ——/ec- pit. ile: 

Ornic. Drscrip.—‘‘ This is a robustly built rich brown form, well 
marked with bold dark bands in discal and subterminal areas. Especi- 
ally the latter contrasts strongly with the paler marginal areas.’’ 
Cogne. 


ab. nyx, Strand., Festschrift, III, 563-4 (1937). 

Orig. DrEscrre.—‘‘ The forewings have almost completely lost their 
marking. But the hindwings are darker than in normal specimens. °@.’’ 
Brandenburg. 


ab. signata, Strand., Festsch., IJ, 563-4 (1937). 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ This ¢ example has yellow-brown ground colour 
of forewings. The inner margin is somewhat darkened, as much as it 
is in the typical form; thus the yellow-brown ground is here somewhat 
more striking. The character of the new form is the outer third of the 
wing between the outer transverse line and the margin. To the outer 
transverse line there follows next a narrow band of the ground colour. 
This is finished off by a soft waved blackish streak of about 14 mm. wide. 
This goes to the inner margin, but is abruptly cut off before the costa. 
In this streak lie the pale nervures. The area up to the waved line is 
again yellow-brown. The waved line itself is again outwardly very — 
strongly dark shaded so that a deep contrast in marking arises.’’ Bran- 
denburg. 


ab. accentifer, Strand., Festschrift, III, 563-4 (1937). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Only observed in the 2. From the spot-like sag- 
ittate stigma arises a yellowish streak about 2 mm. long, which reaches 
up to the inner transverse line. Jt has the same colour as that which 
often forms the filling of the reniform. While in my similar bred transi- 
tional ferms, in which this character was more or less developed, I ob- 
tained only one example possessing this character strongly.’’ Braden- 
burg. 


ab. griseopulverata, Strand., Festschrift, III, 563-4 (1937). 


Ortc. Drscrip.—‘‘ Only observed in the 9. It is characterised by 
the very grey general suffusion, which occurs on the whole inner half of 
the forewings. Placed against the dark central shade, the deep brown 
colour stands out strongly. Behind the outer transverse line there is a 
narrow band of very gray tone, like the area between the waved line and 
the margin. Here in this form there is developed a strong contrast of 
colour. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (175) 


Noctua, L. (1758) Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Gn., South, Barr. [Agrotis, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Stdgr., Hamp., Splr., Meyr., Culot: Rhyacia, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25) Warr.-Stz., Corti-Drdt.-Stz.: Graphiphora, Ochs. 
& Tr. (1816-25) H.-S., Meyr.] brunnea, Fb. (1788) [lucifera, Esp., 1786] ? 


Putt, Gr. Noct., 11, 112 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 101 (1896): Barr., 
woapeeer. f.. LV, 56, plt. 143 (1897): Stder., Cat., Tiled., 140 (1901): 
amps. Lep. Phal., IV, 413 (1903): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 150, plt. 
meet, 14° (1905): South, Moths Br. fs., 1, 224, plt. XXV (1907): 
Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, plt. 10b (1909): Culot, N. ef G., I (1), 
48, plt. 7, 12 (1910): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 107 (1828): Corti-Drdt.-Stz., 
Supp. Pal. Noct., Ill, 76 (1938). 

Sehiff., Verz., 88 (1775), gives the name brunnea to a Noctua, ‘‘ Alis 
anticis rufo-brunneis, the Stockerbsen-Eule.”’ 

Illiger & Haf., Neu. Ausg. Verz., I, 277 (1801), identify the Bombyx 
flammea, Ksp., with this, after reference to the collection in Vienna. 

Hsp., Abbild., TV (2), 1, 453, plt. 142, 6, lucifera (1786), is a crude 
figure considered by the older authors to be a form of brunnea, called 
by Tutt a ‘‘ beautiful purple variety.’’ 

Bork., Naturges, IV, 462, says ‘‘ I have no hesitation in considering 
the Phalena figured here by Esper for the Noctua brunnea of the Wien 
Verz.” But the fammea, Esp., Abbild., III, 269, plt. LIII, 3, is a good 
recognisable figure of quite another species. Hence brunnea, Schiff., is 
not the prior authority, and fammea, Esper, should be called brunnea, 
Schiff. And! brunnea, Fab., requires a new name!!! In the descrip- 
tion by Fabricius is thé phrase ‘‘ macula media transversa flava;’’ this 
seems to apply to what we are calling brunnea at the present time. 

I place little reliance on the opinion of Borkhausen. He gives as 
references for brunnea: (1) Rosel., Ins. Belust., III, plt. 68, fig. 6; (2) 
Kleeman, I, plt. 17, fig. B, both of which figures are undoubtedly nicti- 
tans. Hufnagel’s brunnea, Berlin Mag. is said by Rottemberg, Naturf., 
TX, 131, to be Kleeman’s fig. of nictitans. There is no similarity between 
nictitans and brunnea. 

Since it is practically certain from the reference in the ‘‘ Anhang ”’ 
on p. 364 of Esper’s Abbild., vol. iv, that the plates at least up to plt. 
159 were issued (published long before the text) in or before 1786, the 
date of the title page of vol. iv, it would seem that the priority name 
may be lucifera, Esp., the purple form, and for the brown form hitherto 
taken as the typical, the name fragariae, View., a brown form like that 
hitherto called brunnea, Fab., must be substituted. 


Gdt., Hist. Nat., V, 183, plt. LXI, 4 (1825), gives a good figure of a 
brown (not red-brown) form. He says that fig. 428, Ernst & Engram., 
is of this species. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 121 (1800-1803), gives a good figure of one of the 
forms, 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., IT, 350 (1851), puts Hb., fig. 121, as “‘ very peor, 
much too pale coloured, especially the hindwing.”’ 

Esp., Abbild., TV (2), plt. 142, 6 (1786). This figure is very crude 
and hard, but carefully looked into there show all the chief features of 
a brunnea scheme of marking. 

Frr., Beitr., I1, 30, plt. 58 (1829), gave a figure rather richly brown 
with a smooth slate coloured wide band. New. Beitr., VI, plt. 531, 4 


¢ 


(176) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TV /1939 


(1848), gave a figure with an unusual sub-apical complicated blotch, a 
large yellow square with a dark + and two yellow dots below. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noc., V, 330 (1852), treats lucifera and fragariae as 
synonyins,. 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 143, 4 figs. 3 and 3a, ¢ and @Q very good figures; 
3b, ght ochreous brown with well marked spots, lines and bands; 3c, 
dark black brown somewhat small, marking not conspicuous. 

Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 150, pit. 33, 14, gives a good general figure but 
hardly red enough for the usual form. 

South, M. Br. I., 1, 224, plt. 1138, 3-4 (1907), gives 2 very fair figures. 
Fig. 3 is a purple brown; 4 is a pale reddish. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, plt. 10b (1909), treated lucifera, Esp., 
arvensis, Gmel., fragariae, Bork., carnea, Thnbg., and subdolens, Bilr., 
as synonyms and recognised no variations. In the genus Rhyacia, a 
good figure. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 48 (1910), evidently doubts the name brunnea 
as he places lucifera in brackets as aiternative to brunnea. He gives a 
good figure, plt. VII, f. 12. 

Corti-Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 76, add two forms from Norway, 
norvigicola, Strnd., and suffusa, Strnd. 


Barrett says of the Variation :—‘‘ Variable in the tone of the ground 


colour of the forewings, from dark purple-brown to light purple-red or 
brownish red; and in the colour of the reniform stigma, which is some- 
times obscured and almost hidden by dark scales. The greyish suffusion 
is also somewhat tinged with violet. Ail the shades of colour in this 
species are so fully connected by every shade of intermediate that no 
distinguishing line of variation can be drawn. Specimens from Ireland 
are often very rich in dark purple or purple-red colouring, and notice- 
able from the rich yellow of the reniform stigma, or its extreme obscura- 
tion.’ . 

Barrett, J.c., plt. 143, gives four good figures including a hght pur- 
plish red form (2b) and a very dark purple-brown almost black (2c). 


The Forms and Names to be considered are :— 

brunnea, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 83, is flammea, Esp. 

lucifera, Ksp. (4786), Schm. Abbild., IV (2), 453, plt. 142, 6 (doubt as 
to date of publication). 

brunnea, Fb. (1787), Mant., IL, 168. 

arvensis, Gmel. (1790), Sys. Nat. Linn,, I (5), 2569. 

fragariae, View, (1790), Tab. Verz., II, 56, plt. IT, 4-5 

f cannen, Thnbs. 792). ssi iN M55 

race subdolens, Btlr. (1881), Tr. Ent. S., 181. 

ab. nigricans, one vee Lampe (1888), Ent. Tid. 

ap. Fuja. Tutt (1892) Brie) Noch bin Lo. 

ssp. norvigicola, Strnd., Arch. f. enieg: (1915); Volesik - Ay Het. 12, “p. 
143 [Hamp., Lep. Phal., TV, 413 (1903)]. 


ab. suffusa, Strnd. (1903), Arch. math. og. Nat., XXV. 


Tutt dealt with (1) the brown form, (2) the purple variety ‘‘generally 
distributed ” in Britain, lucifera, Esp., (3) our purely purplish black 
nigricans, Homeyer, (4) the var. rufa suffused with red generally. 


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He PUPA-DIGGING, AND SOME MORALISING, An Old Moth Hunter, .......c00... 65 

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LIBRAK* 
PUPA-DIGGING, AND SOME MORALISING, 


By An Ox_p Motu Huon ter. 


\ 


PUPA-DIGGING, AND SOME MORALISIN 
aoe ein 


If you ask a number of people to name a play by Shakespeare prob- 
ably a majority will say ‘‘ Hamlet.’’ And if you discuss pupa digging 
it is odds on that someone will mention’ Parson Greene. For the 
Reverend Joseph Greene was undoubtedly the greatest pupa-digger of 
alltime. His little book of instruction, The Insect Hunter's Companion, 
has been reprinted several times; indeed it is unlikely that it will ever 
be superseded; for it contains the experience of a lifetime—a lifetime 
of practising one particular method of obtaining and observing Lepidop- 
tera. No one has ever surpassed Greene’s skill and his knowledge of 
pupa-digging. That he occasionally allowed enthusiasm to urge on his 
pen when writing of his favourite pursuit in no way detracts from his 
greatness: he was a first-rate entomologist, and a successful one to boot. 
The reason for his success is the usual one: he studied his subject care- 
fully and he practised it assiduously. He had the time and the oppor- 
tunity, and he made the most of both. 


Pupa-digging was practised by entomologists, however, long before 
the vicar of Brandeston came on the scene. Benjamin Wilkes, whose 
book, The Hnglish Moths and Butterflies, was published between 1747 
and 1760, recommends us to use ‘‘ such a trowel as bricklayers use ’’ and 
to dig ‘‘ about the roots of such trees as oaks, elms, limes, poplars, wil- 
lows, etc., and also by the sides of walls and pales.’’ And he goes on to 
tell us that ‘‘ the usual time ” to dig is from September to March, which 
indicates that 1t was an established method of obtaining pupae in his 
day. Doubtless Albin and the first members of the old Aurelian Society 
pooled their experiences in the coffee-house and dug at the trees which 
grew in the meadows at Vauxhall, Chelsea, and Marylebone. 


Many entomologists, I know, do not practise pupa-digging. They 
regard it as the perquisite of the collector, and indeed, if one may judge 
by a small book on the methods of obtaining Lepidoptera published a 
few years ago, pupa-digging is chiefly to be recommended because of the 
facility with which it enables the collector to fill his cabinet. In the 
words of this writer, it provides the collector with ‘‘ absolutely perfect 
spechmens with the minimum of trouble ’’—just as previously the same 
writer had advocated the use of the lamp trap for providing ‘‘ a steady 
enrichment of the collection with the minimum of personal effort.’’ One 
gains the impression from these words that the collector’s ideal would 
be to recline in a deck-chair while an attendant drew pupae from the 
earth in abundance with an adapted vacuum-cleaner ! 

But the abuse of a practice is no reason why that practice should be 
abandoned by thoughtful men, and one has only to read Greene’s book 
to see how considerably he advanced our knowledge of one stage of the 
Lepidopteron’s life cycle. Though he certainly was a collector he did 
not turn up the soil solely to obtain specimens: he was interested in dis- 
covering the pupating site of every insect in his cabinets. He examined, 
slowly and carefully, with a keenly observant eye, every nook and cranny 
which might contain a cocoon, noting the cocooning site, the structure 
and texture of the cocoon, its substance and colour, its size and shape. 
“To find this pupa is a work of both time and pain,’’ he writes; and 


66 ENTOMOLOGIST’ § RECORD. 15/V/1939 
again ‘‘ great caution is necessary. It is a good plan to put your hand 
in and gently feel the trunk for any cocoons which may adhere to it.’’ 
...‘* The pupa is black and stout, enclosed in an extremely delicate open 
network of a rusty brown colour: it is very difficult to find: it spins 
on the surface of spreading moss, or barely beneath it, sometimes between 
two leaves ...’’ But I need quote no more: doubtless most entomo- 
logists possess the book and many of them will have found it as valuable 
as I have. 

Pupa-digging, then, should not be despised by the entomologist. By 
breeding Lepidoptera from the egg we can determine every external char- 
acteristic of the pupa and most things about its cocoon. But unless we 
search for pupae out of doors we shall have to rely on the books for our 
knowledge of pupating sites and of the materials woven about the cocoon 
as camouflage in a state of nature. And book-information is a poor 
thing compared with actual experience and personal observation in the 
field. 

Greene recommends that we dig all the year round—a course that 
has its disadvantages. My persenal experience, which, as the Irish 
M.P. remarked, ‘‘ is a mere flea-bite in the ocean ’’ compared with Par- 
son Greene’s, is that old oaks are the most productive trees to dig, 
though oaks are but third in Greene’s list. And if you live in an open 
wooded country, as I do, practically every oak that you prospect with a 
trowel in August will yield a few (sometimes a lot of) C. aprilina, You 
cannot put these pupae back among the roots of the tree and cover them 
with soil, because a pupa without a cocoon in such a situation has no 
chance at all of resulting in a moth. Moulds of all kinds, fungi of vari- 
ous species, birds, mice, voles and moles will see to that. All you can 
do is to take them home with you, place them in the puparium, and 
release the moths when they emerge. Provided your home is in the 
above-mentioned open wooded country no harm is done: the moths will 
find both oaks and mates. But if you live in a town you are in a different 
case: your aprilina will, ten to one, get no further afield than the 
nearest street lamp, and you will have done harm to your local fauna. 


So in this matter of sempiternal digging I do not see eye to eye with 
the great Greene. He does not tell us what he did with his aprilina, 
and that the species was as common with him as it is with me is shown 
by his remark that it occurs ‘‘ in the utmost profusion: I have taken as 
many as twenty at one tree.’’ But that he took them all home is cer- 
tain; for in another passage he informs us that he ‘‘ once had a thou- 
sand pupae of instabilis . . . . some curious and beautiful varieties may 
be obtained.’’ 

In my district aprilina usually appears at sugar in the first week of 
October. But in 1937 bred pupae began to hatch on 2nd September. So 
I prefer to start my digging about 7th October. Trepida and the other 
two oak-feeding Prominents should have pupated by then—though in 
1936, that year when furcula, palpina and ziczac were still in the larval 
stage in mid-October—I dug up a trepida unpupated on 24th October. 

Dr Guard Knaggs was not, it seems, a pupa-digger. He mentions 
digging as ‘‘a method which has been strenuously advocated in this 
country ’’ and goes on to quote Greene, giving no hint as to whether he 
himself had ever put trowel to earth. Richard South could not ‘ say 
much for the practice’? as his own efforts ‘‘ have not been very highly 


VOE SET PLATE V. 


Ent. Rec. and Jr. of Varn. Photo. H. Donisthorpe. 


Comm. J. J. WALKER, R.N., M.A., F.L.S., F.R.ES. 


JAMES JOHN WALKER. 67 


rewarded,’’ and he observes that ‘‘ Not a single species was ever ob- 
tained by digging that I could not have secured more easily in some 
other way.” 

Peuore-casiy” .... 

Dear, dear! I am sadly out of tune with the times. I ought to have 
gone to earth myself years ago; for | thrive on mental and bodily exer- 
tion, and both are anathema to the world to-day. Kverything must be 
done as easily and with as little ‘‘ trouble ’’ as possible if you would be 
abreast of the times. The energies of mankind must be directed towards 
the discovery of ‘‘ labour saving ’’ devices. Work is so irksome, life is 
such a trouble, everything is such a bother. ‘‘ Work is a man’s reward 
and his strength and his glory and his pleasure’’ wrote George Sand; 
but who reads George Sand nowadays? No wonder, say my young 
friends, a person who expressed such outrageous sentiments should be 
as dead as mutton. And as for Carlyle, who asserted that ‘‘ work is the 
mission of man on this planet,’’ what did the old mugwump know about 
the movies and talkies and film stars and soccer and Daily Mazl labour 
saving Exhibitions, and all the things that count to-day? Why, the 
old idiot never saw a picture theatre in his life. A pity he cannot come 
back and see how we have progressed since we discarded that ancient 
fetish, that outworn shibboleth, that hypocrisy called ‘‘ work” . . 

But pupa-digging 

No. On second thoughts I do not recommend it. It is too much 
trouble. 


JAMES JOHN WALKER. 
(With photo.) 


With the death on 12th January 1939 of our old friend, Commander 
Walker, the last of the ‘‘ Old Guard ”’ of British Coleopterists has passed 
away. Walker was born at Sheerness on 16th May 1851, his father being 
James Samuel Walker of the Royal Naval Dockyard there. He was 
apprenticed, at the age of 14, as a student of engineering at the Royal 
Naval Dockyard at Sheerness, where he had a successful career. He 
became a Chief Engineer in April 1888, Staff Engineer in April 1892, 
and Fleet Engineer in April 1896. He was married in July 1885 to 
Angelina Kerry, who died in 1887, and he leaves one daughter, to whom 
our deepest sympathy is tendered. He has left his manuscript diaries 
to the Royal Entomological Society of London, and his collections, books, 
etc., to Oxford University Museum. He went to Oxford to settle down 
in May 1904, and the University conferred on him the degree of M.A., 
honoris causa, on 10th August 1905. He became a Fellow of the Royal 
Entomological Society of London in 1878; of which he was President in 
1919-20 and Secretary in 1899, and 1905-18. He joined the South Lon- 
don Natural History Society in 1880; The Linnean Society in 1889; The 
Linnean Society of New South Wales in 1900; The Ashmolean Natural 
History Society of Oxford in 1904, became President 1913-14; and The 
Society of British Entomologists in 1938. He had been Chief Literary 
Editor of the Kntomologist’s Monthly Magazine for many years until 
the time of his death. It must have been round about the year 1891 
when [ first met Walker, but the first time I appear to have definitely 
been out collecting with him was on 25th October 1893, in the Isle of 


68 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V/ 1939 


Sheppey. J remember we took the beautiful beetle, Helops coeruleus, 
L., in old posts, and a nice series of the rare species, Telmatophilus 
brevicollis, Aub., at the roots of rushes, which we cut through with a 
knife he called ‘‘ Jack-the-Ripper.’’ The last time I was actually out 
collecting with him was on 21st July 1935, when we captured the re- 
cently discovered, but widely spread in England, Philonthus rectangulus, 
Sharp, in a manure-heap near his house in Oxford. The last day’s col- 
lecting we had together, however, was in the New Forest, on 24th June 
1930, when le and his daughter, the late Miss Kirk, and J, took a car- 
riage and drove to Mark Ash. Although he was 79 then, he managed 
the long walk back to Brockenhurst quite comfortably. Walker was an 
all round.naturalist, and a first rate botanist, etc., and his memory, to 
the last, for the names of species, whether in Britain, or elsewhere in 
the world, was phenomenal. 

He had collected much in Australia (where I believe he was known 
as ‘‘ bug Walker ’’) and New Zealand, and many other places; China, 
Gibraltar, etc., etc.; but our memory is chiefly of him as a British 
Coleopterist. The many rare and new beetles he took, or discovered, are 
too numerous to record here, but one may mention a few of them :— 
Baris scolopacea, Germ., was first taken in Britam by Walker, and his, 
then to be brother-in-law, G, C. Champion, at Sheerness in June 1871, 
by sweeping Sea Purslane (Atriplex portulacoides). This beetle has 
never been found elsewhere in Britain, except at Bosham, where it was 
discovered by the writer on the same plant on 17th August 1920. [Ent. 
Mo, Mags, 57, Vo3)@921): Hut: Record, 41, 148 (1932).]- - In 1873 he 
captured three specimens of Anisotoma pallens, Strm. [=Liodes rotun- 
data, Er., Ent. Mo. Mag., 69, 53 (1933)], then new to Britain, by even- 
ing sweeping on the Deal sand-hills. In 1906 he discovered the very 
interesting myrmecophilous beetle, Claviger longicornis, Miller, in nests 
of the ant, 4. (D).) niger, at Bletchingdon, near Oxford. He was the 
last Coleopterist in Britain to take the beautiful little Acupalpus elegans, 
Dej., at Queenborough in 1875. As pointed out by him: ‘‘ The large 
village known as ‘ West Minster’ now ecccupies the locality of this and 
many other choice beetles.’? He visited the New Forest every year for 
many years and took many rare species; some only found there by him. 
He took more specimens of the rare Colydium elongatum, F., than any 
other coleopterist, past or present. One may here quote a few couplets 
of ‘‘ The New Forest National Anthem ”’ by Walker, of which we possess 
a copy in our New Forest note-book. The air is that of ‘‘ Our Tight 
Little Island ’’ :— 


‘“ Oh Aedes detritus, you beggar you bite us, 
Ri-toodle de-oodle de i-do!’’ 

“Qh curse you oh ‘ Clegg,’ you’re biting my leg, 
Ri-toodle, etc.’’ 

‘Oh Gad-fly, oh Gad-fly, vou’ll drive us all mad fly, 
Ri-toodle, etc.’’ 

‘Oh ‘ Stout,’ oh ‘ Stout’ you beggar, get out, 
Ri-toodle, ete.’’ 

“Oh Chrysops caecutiens here’s (whack!) where our duty ends, 
Ri-toodle, ete.”’ 

“Oh ants, oh ants, you bite through our pants, 
Ri-toodle, etc.”’ 


FOOD-PLANTS OF LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE, 69 


There are a number of other verses. It was a joy to hear him humming 
this song in the Forest, and it illustrates in a small way his cheerful 
and happy disposition, and his contented outlook on life in general. I 
for one, always felt happier when T had been in Walker’s company—he 
made many friends, and, [ am sure, had no enemies at all. Of his very 
numerous notes and papers on Hntomology there is no space to deal with 
here. One may mention that he published a number of very useful and 
interesting local lists: —‘‘ The Coleoptera of the Rochester District ”’ 
(1899); ‘‘ The Coleoptera of the Oxford District ’’ (1819-1929), and 
especially his last on ‘‘ An Annotated List of the Coleoptera of the Isle 
of Sheppey *’ (1932).—H. DonistTHORPE. 

We are much indebted to Miss Walker for kindly lending us this 
snapshot. It was taken by us on 13th September 1907 outside his house, 
‘* Aorangl,’’ Summertown, Oxford.—H. D. 


NOTES ON FOOD-PLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH 
TRYPETIDAE, 


By M. NIsrett. 


The following notes on food-plants of British Trypetidae are compiled 
partly from personal observations, and partly from published records 
mostly of Continental origin. 

The first section deals with insects recorded at some time or other as 
occurring in Britain; the second of species not so recorded, but having 
food-plants indigenous to this country, which provides a possibility of 
their occurring here. JI have not included all the recorded food-plants 
as some are to my mind very doubtful, or the plants are nét found in 
Britain. 

It may be well to note that many of those occurring in flower-heads 
hibernate as larvae, and pupate about May there; gall-causing and stem- 
feeding species have similar habits, none of these leaving their food- 
plants except as an imago, and that all species, whose larvae are leaf- 
miners, pupate in the earth, as also do those infesting fruits. Certain 
species complete their transformations by the end of the summer, the 
flies emerging and hibernating as adults, while a few species are double- 
brooded. 

Srction [. 

Euribia (Urophora) aprica, Fall. Food-plant unknown. 

EK. cardw, L. The larvae are to be found in galls upon the stems of 
Cnicus arvensis, L., from midsummer until early spring. 

FE. cuspidata, Mg. In galls in the flower-heads of Centaurea scabiosa, L. 

Kk. jaceana, Her. In galls in flower-heads of Centaurea nigra, L. Note 
that this species has been recorded in error as Urophora solstiti- 
alis, L., for many years. 

EK. macrura, Lw. Recorded by Wingate is I think very doubtful, as 
larvae are recorded abroad only from the flower-heads of Onopor- 
don illyricum, I., a thistle confined to the Mediterranean regions 
of South Europe, North Africa, and Asia Minor. 

FE. quadrifasciata, Mg. The larvae may be found in the flower-heads of 

’ Centaurea nigra, L., enclosed or partly enclosed in the seeds, from 
July to the following April. 


70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/ 1939 


E. solstitialis, L. The larvae inhabit galls in the flower-heads of Car- 
duus nutans, L. and Cnicus lanceolatus, Scop. 


E. spoliata, Hal. Lives in the flower-heads of Serratula tinctoria, L., 
from July to the following May. 


E. stylata, Fab. In galls in the flower-heads of C. lanceolatus, C. 
nutans, and less frequently in those of C. arvensis, from mid- 
summer to late spring. 

Myopites blotii, Bréb. In a hard gall in flower-heads of Pulicaria dysen- 
terica, L. and Inula crithmoides, L., from August to July. 

M. longirostris, Lw. (frauenfeldi, Sch.). In a hard gall in flower-heads 
of Inula crithmoides and P. dysenterica, from July onwards. 
Platyparea (Poeciloptera) poeciloptera, Schrank. In stems of Asparagus 

officinalis, L., from May to September. 

Platyparella (Platyparea) discoidea, Fab. In stems of Campanula lati- 
folia, L. 

Vidalia cornuta, Scop. (Spilographa abrotani, Mg.). Larvae are to be 
found in mines in leaves of Hupatoriwm cannabinum, L., during 
the summer. 

Rhagoletis (Spilographa) alternata, Fab. The larvae inhabit the fruits 
of various species of Roses, both cultivated and wild, and are best 
searched for at the end of the summer. 

R. cerasi, L. Recorded from fruits of Prunus avium, L., P. cerasus, L., 
Lonicera xylosteum, L. and Berberis vulgaris, L. British occur- 
rence requires confirmation. 

R. meigent, Lw. Recorded from fruits of Berberis vulgaris, L. 

Trypeta (Spilographa) artemisiae, Lw. Recorded from Artemisia vul- 
gariss L., A. absinthiun, L., E. cannabinum, L., Senecio vulgaris, 
L., and Tanacetum vulgare, L.; lives in leaf-mines in summer. 

T. hamifera, Lw. Food-plant unknown. 

T. zoé, Mg. Recorded as mining the leaves of Senecio vulgaris, L., S. 
Jacobaea, L., S. erucifolius, L., Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, 
L., €. maximum, C. indicum, Artemisia vulgaris, L., and 
E. cannabinum; the larvae have usually left the mines by the 
end of June. 

Gonioglossum wiedemanni, Lw. Larvae in the berries of Bryonta dioica, 
Jacq. during July and August. 

Phagocarpus permundus, Har. (Anomoea antica, Weid.). Occurs in 
fruits of Crataegus monogyna, Jacq., C. oxyacantha, L., and 
Berberis spp. in September and October. 

Acidia cognata, Wied. Larvae in mines in the leaves of Tussilago far- 
fara, L., and Petasites ovatus, Hill. I have never found these 
larvae before the beginning of October. 

Philophylla (Acidia) heraclei, lL. Another leaf-miner, the larvae may be 
found in the leaves of Apiwm graveolens, L. (Celery), Heraclewm 
sphondylium, L., Sium latifolium, L., Angelica sylvestris, L., and 
Peucedanum sativum, Benth. & Hook, (Parsnip), in the summer. 

Mytolia caesio, Har. (Acidia lychnidis, Fab.). The larvae occur in mines 
in the leaves of Lychnis diurna, Sibth. 

Cryptaciura (Aciura) rotundiventris, Fal. In ‘‘ Typical Flies,’ E. K. 
Pearce, 1921, there is a note to the effect that this species was 
bred from Burdock by Mr F. C. Adams and Mr King. 


FOOD-PLANTS OF LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE. 71 


Ceriocera ceratocera, Hend. (Trypeta cornuta, Fab.). In the flower- 
heads of Centaurea scabiosa, \.., from July to the following May. 


C. microceras, Her. In stems of C. scabiosa from August to June. 


Chaetorellia (Trypeta) jaceae, R. D. In flower-heads of (. scabiosa and 
CU. nigra from August to May. 

Chaetostomella (Trypeta) onotrophes, Lw. The larva of this species 
seems to occur in the flower-heads of a number of plants from 
July to May. It is recorded from Arctium majus, L., A. minus, 
Bernh., Carduus crispus, L., C. nutans, L., Centaurea cyanus, L., 
C. nigra, l., C. scabiosa, L., Cnicus eriophorus, Roth, UC. lanceo- 
latus, Scop., C. palustris, L., and Serratula tinctoria, L. 

Terellia longicauda, Mg. (Trypeta acuticornis, Lw.). Occurs in the 
flower-heads of Unicus eriophorus, Roth from August to May. 

T. serratulae, L. May be found in flower-heads of C. crispws, C. nutans, 
and C. lanceolatus from August to May. 

Orellia (Trypeta) colon, Mg. The larvae may be found in flower-heads of 
CU. scabiosa every month of the year except perhaps June. 

O. falcata, Scop. The larvae of this species live in the root-stock of 
Tragopogon pratense, L. from July to May. 

O. lappae, Ced. British records still considered doubtful. The larvae 
are recorded from flower-heads of Onopordon acanthium, L. and 
C. crispus. 

0. ruficauda, Fab. (florescentiae, L.). In flower-heads of C. arvensis, C. 
palustris, and C, -pratensis from July to May. 

O. tussilaginis, Fab. Larvae in the seeds of Arctium majus and A. 
minus from July to May. Continental records from the Cen- 
taureas I consider more than doubtful. 

O. winthemi, Mg. In the flower-heads of Carduus crispus from July to 
May. Continental records give (. eriophorus and C. palustris as 
additional host plants. 

O. vectensis, Col. In the flower-heads of Serratula tinctoria from 
August to June. 

Acinia (Tephritis) corniculata, Zett. Food-plant unknown. 

Xyphosia (Tephritis) miliaria, Schr. In flower-heads of C. arvensis, C. 
erilophorus, C. palustris and A. majus from July to May. 

Icterica westermanni, Mg. Larvae in flower-heads of Senecio erucifolius, 
L. and Jacobaea, L. from August to May. 

Campiglossa grandinata, Rond. Larvae live in a gall on the stems of 
Solidago virgawrea, L., which should be searched for during the 
autumn or early winter. 

Parozryna (Tephritis) absinthu, Fab. Larvae recorded from flower-heads 
of Bidens cernua, L., B. tripartita, L. and Filago gallica, L. 

P. argyrocephala Lw. Food-plant unknown. 

P. loewiana, Hend. Larvae in flower-heads of Solidago virgaurea. 

P. parvula, Lw. Food-plant unknown. 

P. plantaginis, Hal. In flower-heads of Aster tripolium, L. from August 
to May. 

P. tessellata, Lw. In flower-heads of Sonchus arvensis, Hypochaeris 
radicata, Crepis capillaris, Taraxacum officinale, Leontodon 
autumnale and L. hispidum. 

Oxyna (Tephritis) flavipennis, Lw. The larvae in fleshy galls on the 
roots of Achillea millefolium, L., autumn and winter. 


72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V/1939 


O. nebulosa, Wied. (proboscidea, Lw.). Larvae in a gall upon the root- 
stock of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, IL. 


O. parietina, L. Larvae in galls upon stems of Artemisia vulgaris, L. 
and A. absinthium, UL. 

Sphenella marginata, Fal. In swollen flower-heads of Senecio aquaticus, 
Hill, Jacobaea, L., silvaticus, L., viscosus, L., vulgaris, L. and 
erucifolius, L. in July and August. 

Ensina sonchi, L. In flower-heads of Hypochaeris radicata, L., Sonchus 
arvensis, L., S. oleraceus, L., Picris hieracioides, L., Leontodon 
hispidum, L., and Tragopogon pratense, L. during July and 
August. Also recorded from Aster tripolium, L., Carduus nutans, 
L., Crepis biennis, l.., Leontodon autumnale, ., Senecio jacobaea, 
L. and S. vulgaris, L. 


Euaresta guttata, Fal. Recorded from flower-heads of Anthemis arven- 
sis, L., C. palustris, Hieracium spp. and C. leucanthemum. 


Tephritis bardanae, Schr. In flower-heads of Arctium majus and A. 
minus during July and August. 

T. (Urellia) cometa, Lw. Recorded from flower-heads of Cnicus arvensis, 
T.. 

T. (Euaresta) conjuncta, Lw. Food-plant unknown. 

T. conura, Lw. Recorded from Cnicus heterophyllus, Willd., C. lanceo- 
latus and C. palustris, the jarvae inhabiting a hard gall in the 
flower-head. 

T. dioscurea, Lw. In flower-heads of Achillea millefolium, L. 

T. formosa, Lw. In slightly swollen flower-heads of S. oleraceus, H. 
radicata and Crepis capillaris, Wallr. 

T. hyoscyami, L. In flower-heads of Carduus crispus and C. nutans in 
July and August. 

T. leontodontis, De Geer. In flower-heads of Leontodon autumnale, L. 
hispidum and C. leucanthemum June and July. 

T. praecorx, Lw. The larvae live in flower-heads of Filago gallica, L., 
a plant that is extremely rare in Britain. 

T. vespertina, Lw. In the flower-heads of Hypochaeris radicata, L. in 
June and July. j 

Trypanea (Urellia) amoena, Frfid. Recorded from flower-heads of Lac- 
tuca virosa, L., LD. serriola, L., L. saligna, L., Picris hieracioides, 
L. and Sonchus oleraceus, LL. during summer. 

T. stellata, Fues. In flower-heads of Anthemis cotula, L., A. arvensis, 
L., Artemisia absinthium, L., Aster tripolium, L., Centaurea spp., 
Crepis paludosa, Moench, Hieracium spp., Matricaria chamo- 
milla, ., M. inodora, L., Senecio jacobaea, L., S. vulgaris, L., 
Serratula tinctoria, L. during summer. 

Acanthiophilus helianthi, Rossi (Urellia eluta, Mg.). Recorded as oc- 
curring in flower-heads of C. nigra and C. lanceolatus in summer. 

Noeéta (Carphotricha) pupillata, Fal. Warvae in flower-heads (which are 
considerably swollen), of Hieraciwm spp., from July to the follow- 
ing April. It is not uncommon to find larvae and pupae in the 
same heads. 

Ditricha (Carphotricha) guttularis, Mg. Larvae in a gall at the stem- 
base of Achillea millefoliwm, L. during autumn and winter. I 
have given no localities; but suggest that students of this family 


OVIPOSITION OF OCHRIA OCHRACEA. 73 


examine the plants in whatever localities they may be at suitable 
times. There are few or unsatisfactory records of many of the 
species mentioned. 


Section IT. 
The following species at present unrecorded for Britain are found 
in plants indigenous to this country and there is a possibility of some 
at least being found if diligently searched for. 


Ewribia eriolepidis, lw. In flower-heads of Cnicus eriophorus, Roth, 
CO. nutans, C. scabiosa and C. cyanus inhabiting a hard gall. 

E. stigma, Lw. Larvae in a hard gall in flower-heads of A. millefolium, 
Anthemis arvensis, A. cotula and C. leucanthemum. 

Myopites exima, Seguy. Larvae in galls in flower-heads of Inula crith- 
moides, L. 

Myiolia lucida, Fall. In fruits of Lonicera cylosteum, L. 

Orellia punctata, Schr. In flower-heads of Tragopogon pratense, L. 

O. wenigerit, Mg. In flower-heads of C. scabiosa from July. 

Xyphosia laticauda, Mg. In flower-heads of C. nigra. 

Campiglossa irrorata, Fal. In flower-heads of Artemisia campestris L., 
a rare plant here. 

Tephritis angustipennis, Lw. In flower-heads of Achillea ptarmica, L. 


SEAS 


crepidis, Hend. In flower-heads of Crepis biennis, L. 
dilacerata, Lw. In swollen flower-heads of Sonchus arvensis, L. 
heiseri, Frfld. In flower-heads of Carduus nutans and C, crispus. 
nesit, Wied. — In flower-heads of Leontodon autumnale and Picris 
_ hieracioides. , 

T. nigricauda, Lw. In flower-heads of Achillea. millefolium, A. Ptarmica 


and Matricaria inodora. 
T. postica, Lw. In flower-heads of Onopordon acanthium, UL. 
T. ptarmicae, Her. In flower-heads of A. ptarmica. 
T. ruralis, Lw. Larvae in swollen flower-heads of Hicracium pilosella, I. 
Noeéta crepidis, Her. In flower-heads of Crepis biennis, L. 


OVIPOSITION OF OCHRIA OCHRACEA, HUB. SYN. FLAVAGO, SCHF. 
By P. B. M. Atuan, M.A., F.S.A. 


If any reader of The Entomologist’s Record has actually found the 
ova of this insect in a state of nature on Marsh Thistle (Cardwus palus- 
tris, L.) he will be conferring a benefit on at least one entomologist if 
he will describe exactly where he found them, for the books either copy 
or contradict each other and a diligent search of this plant by the 
writer of this note has been in vain. 

In The Entomologist for June 1874 (No. 130, Vol. VII, p. 121) Edwin 
Birchall, in a paper headed ‘‘ Gortyna flavago and its Householding,’’ 
states: ‘‘ We look for knowledge, but what we mostly find is our own 
ignorance. Every collector is familiar with the larva of Gortyna flavago; 
in many parts of England it is difficult to cut open a thistle-stem, in 
July or August without finding its traces. The moth emerges from the 
pupa in September, quickly deposits its eggs, and dies; and there, until 
lately, my knowledge ended. None of the published histories of the 


74 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V / 1939 


insect that I have seen carry the matter further or state in what con- 
dition, or where, the insect exists from September to June. 


‘“The egg is said to be laid on the stems of burdock, thistle, etc. 
(British Moths, Newman, p. 280); but as the old thistle-stem dies down 
in the autumn, and a new one does not appear for many months, there 
is an evident want of continuity in the chain of circumstances, and it 
is left open to conjecture whether the female moth hibernates, or if the 
egg is deposited in the autumn, when the larva hatches, and what be- 
comes of it, till thistles and June come round again. I have been able 
this spring to fill the gap in the history of the insect; but a kind friend 
having given me a copy of the works of Christian Sepp, and finding that 
he knew all about it one hundred years ago, I prefer that he should tell 
the story in his own quaint way, and hope that your readers will find 
pleasure in perusing the account of a ‘ Morning’s Collecting in the Last 


2} >) 


Century ’. 

He then gives a translation of Sepp’s account (1762) of this insect’s 
life-history, the part germane to the purpose of the present note being 
as follows. I must first state that Sepp bred, from collected larvae, a 
male and a female moth which paired ‘‘ in a box.” 

‘* The female laid on the 20th of the month (September) one hundred 
and twenty-one little eggs; further, other thirty: they were set here 
and there by heaps, and fastened with a shining humour or glue... . 
At the elapse of eight days they changed colour and became somewhat 
darker .... they remained thus all the winter.’’ 

These ova hatched on 18th April. ‘‘ I gave them at first burr-leaves, 
for there were no burr-stalks grown yet, but they let the leaves he un- 
touched ; on the contrary they made holes in the stems of them, and 
thus made a ready way to the inside.’’ And there they remained until 
the observer could provide them with stalks. 

Now, it will be noticed that although Birchall says he has been able 
to fill a ‘‘ gap in the history of the insect,’’ and infers that Sepp also 
has solved the problem, Sepp in fact makes no suggestion as to where 
the eggs are laid in a state of nature, and this is really the crux of the 
whole matter. Apparently Birchall accepted Newman’s assertion (loc. 
cit.) that ‘‘ the egg is laid on the stems of burdock (Arctiwm Lappa), 
thistles (Carduus) ....’’ etc. But there is a certain passage in New- 
man’s account which suggests that if he did not actually base his own 
account on Sepp’s observations, at least he had Sepp’s observations in 
mind when writing his book :—‘‘ The young caterpillar enters the stems 
through an excessively small opening, no trace of which can be dis- 
covered a few days after it has achieved the passage.’’ Sepp’s words 
are :-—‘‘ It does not follow that you can always see the holes in the burr- 
stalk through which the insect has entered, as the grub may have en- 
tered quite young, and consequently through an almost imperceptible 
hole.”’ 

Tutt, quoting Merrin, states (Practical Hints for the Field Lepidop- 
terist, Part I, page 8) ‘‘ The eggs of Gortyna ochracea, laid in heaps, are 
to be found on marsh-thistles, burdock, etc.’’? Water in the same book 
(Part II, p. 15), quoting V. E. Shaw, he says: ‘‘ In January cut open 
the old dead stems of Arctium lappa. Inside, the eggs of this moth are 
laid, in batches of about 50, in the old burrows made by the larvae. They 
are laid about half an inch down from the opening in that side of the 


OVIPOSITION OF OCHRIA OCHRACEA. 45 


stem from which a moth has previously made his exit. The young larva 
presumably feeds on the old pith, and later descends to the new growth 
of the plant.’’ 

But there is no ‘‘ new growth ’’ of the marsh thistle or burdock from 
which a moth has emerged. Tutt’s quotations and Birchall’s ‘‘ the old 
thistle-stem dies down in the autumn, and a new one does not appear 
for many months ’’ indicate that Tutt, his authorities, and Birchall all 
thought marsh thistle and burdock were perennials. Of course marsh 
thistle and burdock are not: they are biennials. The plant from which 
a moth has emerged dies, stem, leaf and root, in the autumn, and that 
is the end of it. So it would hardly profit a moth to lay its eggs either 
on or inside an old stem which, in a few months, will fall and become a 
sodden pulp. 


The recorded food-plants of O. ochracea are both biennials and peren- 
nials. Jt is my experience that Carduus palustris, L. is far and away 
the commonest food-plant of this insect. In my district burdocks are 
common, but I have not yet found one showing traces of O. ochracea, 
though plants of the marsh thistle close to them often have larvae within. 
In other localities O. ochracea may pass by the marsh thistle and prefer 
one or other of the alternative food-plants listed by Newman and Bar- 
rett. I do not know. At least Newman (loc. cit., p. 280) bears me out 
to a point by his assertion: ‘‘ I have found these caterpillars full-fed 
during the first week in July in the stems of the tall marsh thistles, 
which often abound .. . . at Birch Wood Corner: scarcely one of these 
stately plants escapes... .’’? But whatever the foodplant may be it does 
not affect my argument, The authorities I have quoted, Newman, 
Birchall, Merrin, Shaw and Tutt, all specify biennial plants, and I want 
to know where the egg is laid on these biennial plants. 

In September in my district the first year plants of Carduus palus- 
tris, Iu. are showing only as rosettes of foliage, having no stems at all. 
They lie, in fact, ‘‘ pancaked ’’? on the earth, and in this state they re- 
main till spring. 

Where, then, does O. ochracea deposit its eggs? 

Sepp’s experience of a female moth in a box is, it would seem, the 
fons et origo of the accounts of this moth’s oviposition given by the 
authorities I have listed—save Shaw. I have been unable to trace the 
source of the very circumstantial statement which Tutt attributes to 
that ‘‘ authority,’’ who, for the first time, asserts that the ova are laid 
imside a stem. Making every allowance for the unexpected, which one 
so frequently encounters in studying lepidoptera, it seems frankly in- 
credible that a moth should insert not only its ovipositor but half its 
abdomen into a hole in an ‘ old dead stem ’’ of burdock in order to 
deposit ova in a situation which would ensure the starvation of the 
hatching larvae. There must be a mistake somewhere. We have all of 
us found ova in impossible places—on a tennis-net, a garden roller, a 
verandah-post; but these were abnormalities, not the regular customary 
procedure. 

So I believe all these accounts to be wrong.: I do not even believe 
that the ova are laid, in a state of nature, in batches of ‘‘ about 50.”’ 
The behaviour of a moth in a box is no criterion of its behaviour in the 
wild. J have never found more than two larvae of this moth inhabiting 
one thistle-stem, and I doubt if anybody has ever found a colony of them 


76 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1939 


in the same plant. So, until I am traversed by indisputable fact, 
namely the production of a batch of ova deposited in a state of nature 
inside or on the stem of a decaying plant, I shall assume that this moth 
deposits its ova in the way one would naturally expect. That is to say, 
the female moth flies over the herbage, settling now and again on the 
rosette of a first-year plant to deposit one, two, or at most three ova on 
or in the crown of it. When the ova hatch in spring the plant has 
already begun to make such growth that the nibblings of the young larva, 
eating its way into the rapidly growing stem, have no effect on the 
plant’s well-being. Indeed, the hole by which the larva enters may well 
be, in Sepp’s words, ‘‘ almost imperceptible.”’ 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


A Few Recorps or OrtHopreRA.—The following records extend the 
range of the species of Orthoptera concerned, as given in Dr Malcolm 
Burr’s ‘“‘ British Grasshoppers and Their Alhies.’’ Acrydium subulatum, 
L. taken in Oxfordshire, at Woodeaton in 1934, and at Somerton in 1935. 
Acrydium vittatum, Zett. taken in Hertfordshire, at Haileybury College, 
in 1935, 1937, and 1938; at times found abundantly. Chorthippus bi- 
color, Charp. taken in Somerset, on Haddon Hill, in 1934. Chorthippus 
albomarginatus, De G. taken on Muswell Hill, on the border between 
Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, in 1935 (one specimen). Omocestus 
viridulus, L. taken in Hertfordshire, at Haileybury College, in 1938. 
Metrioptera brachyptera, lL. taken in North Hampshire, near Aldershot, 
in 1936.—E. S. Brown, Hailey Lodge, Hertford Heath, Hertford. 


MiIcROLEPIDOPTERA NEW TO GLOUCESTERSHIRE IN 1938.—Acentropus 
niveus, Oliv. was found at Woodchester on 22.vi1, when a few males 
came to a light placed about 60 feet above a large pond formed by an 
embankment across a valley: it was interesting to note that one male 
was carrying a female, as this may throw some light on the upstream 
distribution of the semiapterous females. A few examples of Argyroploce 
decrepitana, H.-S. 1851 (bifasciana, Hw. 1811, nec Hb. 1787), occurred 
in my garden in July, beaten from Pinus and attracted to light: this 
was only known previously from Durdham Down, Glos., but has not 
been recorded. Cedestis gysseleniella, Zeller, was also beaten from Pinus 
in my garden on 5 and l6.vil. Argyresthia atmoriella, Bankes was taken 
at light at May Hill on 23.vi.—T, Batnsricce FLEtTcHER, Rodborough, 
8.iv.1939. 


PicemeE LArvAt IN May-JunE.—This is the best time of the year for 
collection of Plume larvae. Trichoptilus paludum, on Sundew, but not 
everywhere and difficult to see on the plants; full-fed about end of May. 
Oryptilus pilosellae and O. parvidactylus, in heart of Hieracium pilo- 
sella: I do not know the former and the latter is difficult to find, its 
presence revealed by a shght withering of the central bud; full-fed from 
middle or end of April. O. britanniodactylus, on Teucrium scorodonia, 
its presence indicated by its habit of biting through the midrib of a 
shoot so that this hangs down. Platyptilia rhododactyla, on rose flower- 
buds and shoots; can be beaten but apparently very local and scarce 


CURRENT NOTES. 77 


nowadays. P. punctidactylu and acanthodactyla, mostly on Stachys 
sylvatica top-shoots. LP. calodactyla, in young shoots of Golden-rod, but 
very local. P. gonoductyla, in flower-stems of Tussilago, has pupated 
by second half of May but pupae may be found inside the fluffy seed- 
head, which is spun up so that the,seeds do not drop. P. tsodactyla, in 
stems of Senecio aquaticus about mid-May; larva of this brood some- 
times emerges to pupate in a rolled leaf of the food-plant. P. ochrodac- 
tyla, in stems of Tansy and P. pallidactyla in shoots of Milfoil. Stenop- 
tilia bipunctidactyla, in shoots and flowers of Scabious, but J do not 
know it at first hand. S. pterodactyla, on top-shoots of Speedwell; full- 
fed about end of May or early June. Marasmarcha lunaedactyla, on 
Rest-harrow in June. Oidaematophorus lienigianus, usually on Arte- 
misia. O. carphodactylus, inside young shoots of Inula, in chalky places. 
O. osteodactylus, on seeds of Golden-rod, is full-fed in the autumn and 
hibernates amongst the seeds, pupating about end of May, and 1s better 
collected in the autumn but old seed-heads, if available, might produce 
it. O. tephradactylus has apparently the same habits but J have never 
found its larva. 9. lithodactylus is especially to be collected as a larva, 
as the moth is rarely seen; larva on Inula to end of May or a little later, 
the younger larvae often hidden inside the unexpanded leaves at the top 
of a shoot. O. monodactylus, larva on Convolvulus, but very scattered 
and not easy to find in any number. Adaina microdactyla, larva in 
stems of Hupatorium cannabinum, usually in damp places, but local. 
Pselnophorus brachydactylus, larva on Lactuca muralis, full-fed about 
end of May, its presence indicated by eaten leaves and its habit, when 
nearly full-fed, of biting through the midrib so that the tip of the leaf 
hangs down. Alucita tridactyla (tetradactyla), larva on Thymus, but I 
have never been able to find it or to breed it from moths confined over 
potted plants. A. baliodactyla, on Marjoram, but local. A. pentadac- 
tyla, on Convolvulus, but scattered and not easy to find when wanted ; 
however, in this case the moth is common enough. A. galactodactyla, 
on Burdock leaves in rather shady places, the presence of the larva made 
conspicuous by the large holes bitten in the leaves and the larvae (often 
several on one plant) always found on the underside of the youngest 
leaves; pupae also under the leaves, alongside a rib, easily overlooked ; 
requires to be bred, as the moth is very sluggish and rarely seen. A. 
spilodactyla, on Marrubiwm in the Isle of Wight, but local; feeds on 
upperside of leaves but very difficult to see.—T. BAInBRIGGE FLETCHER, 
Rodborough, Glos., 10.iv.1939. 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Dr Burr informs us that his little work on Orthoptera can only be 
obtained now from Messrs R. B. Janson & Sons, 44 Gt. Russell Street, 
London. 


The Mitteilungen der schweiz. entom. Ges., Vol. XVII, Heft 9 (iii, 
1939), contains (pp. 419-442, 8 figs.) a very interesting paper by Herr J. 
Seiler on the reproductive-biology of some Solenobia species, S. pineti, 
Zeller, S. lichenella, L., and S. triquetrella, F.R., about all of which 


78 ENTOMOLOGIST’ § RECORD. 15/V /1939 


considerable information is given regarding the bisexual and agamo- 
genetic (female only) races. The illustrations are excellent. 


With much regret we hear of the death, which occurred on 23rd 
September 1938, of Count Emilo Turati. He was born in 1858 and 
published much good work on the Lepidoptera of Italy and the Medi- 
terranean Region, especially on the Lepidoptera of Cyrenaica. 


The Heft I of Vol. XXIX Mitt. Miinch. Entom. Gesell. contains (1) a 
‘3rd Contribution to the Knowledge of the Early Stages of Oriental 
Lepidoptera,’’ of which the first two contributions occurred in our own 
magazine in 1935 and 19386 by E, P. Wiltshire, F.R.E.S. There is a 
plate of 10 figures of larvae. (2) Herr Daniel commences a discussion on 
the genus Lithosia, its Variation and Distribution. (8) The Zygaena of 
South-eastern Europe are dealt with by Herr Holik. (4) Dr E. Wehrli 
describes a few new Geometers from Iran and Irak. (5) A very interest- 
ing addition to the Lepidopterous Fauna of Marasch in N. Syria with 
a plate of 28 species, is a joint contribution of Herrn, Osthelder, Pfeiffer, 
Corti, Daniel, Draudt and Wehrli. 


‘‘ And still they come.’’ A new subspecies of Parnassius apollo is 
announced with a plate of 4 figures in the Rev. Franc. Lep. (Am. de 
Pap.) of March. It appears to be well established in the Monts du Forez, 
Central France. 


Volume XLIX of the Ann. Naturhist, Mus. in Wien has recently been 
published. There is contained an extremely valuable contribution to 
our knowledge of fossil insects by the late Anton Handlirsch. This is 
the second and concluding part of which the first portion was published 
in Vol. XLVIII (1987). The present section consists of 240 pages with 
16 plates of wing venation depicting over 300 species of all Orders. In 
this article material from the whole world has been incorporated and 
in particular the results of the study of the venation of insects by Till- 
yard have been extensively used. The volume also contains an obituary 
of Dr Handlirsch with portrait. It is fortunate for science that the 
author was able to conclude such a valuable contribution to science 
before his decease. In the same volume Dr Rebel adds to the seven 
previous a further contribution on the Lepidopterous Fauna of the 
Canary Isles. 


Capt. K. J. Hayward sends us three further contributions on the 
Hesperiidae of the Neotropical Region, including VII and VIII of the 
Argentine Fauna with descriptions of some new Brazilian species, and 
also descriptions of a few abnormalities of insect structure. 


The Society for British Kntomology has just published part 9 of its 
Journal. It contains over 30 small contributions on many details of 
insect economy, with 2 plates (VIII and IX). There are short accounts 
of the 2nd (Cambridge), 3rd (Reading), and 4th (Bournemouth) Con- 
gresses and a leaflet gives details of the coming 5th Congress to be held 
at Manchester, 15th to 17th July, under the Presidency of Prof, W. A. 
F. Balfour-Browne, M.A., F.R.E.S., ete. 


SOCIETIES. 79 


We have had a nice little brochure on ‘‘ Giant Moths of the Jungle,”’ 
how to obtain them and rear them in England. There are several illus- 
trations, details of various species and instructions on breeding, etc. 


Herr Max Cretschmar of Celle sends us his notes on a new hybrid 
between Dicranura erminea ¢ x D. vinula 2. It may be remembered 
that Tutt in Vol. V, Nat. Hist. Brit. Lep., recorded the previous and 
reverse hybrid, D. vinula ¢ x D. erminea 9. Six figures are given. 
It is interesting to know that this has now been accomplished. The 
previous crossing was made over 80 years ago. 


Parts 81, 82, 83 of the Supplement to Seitz Palaearctic Macrolepi- 
doptera have just come to hand. Jt consists of two sheets of text (16 pp.) 
and seven plates on which over 300 figures of new species or newly re- 
cognized forms of older species are portrayed. The text, for which Mr 
L. B. Prout is responsible, deals with Geometers. New forms are de- 
scribed: of virgata 1, griseata 5, plagiata 1, efformata 1, brumata (2 
biological races), alternata 1, prunata 1, testata 1, variata 2, truncata 2, 
munitata 1, fluctuata 1, ferrugata 2, designata 1, obstipata 1, didymata 
1. The author cails attention to the large amount of investigation of 
new material by numerous Continental workers which has compelled him 
to go back on what he has already done, and add an Appendix while the 
earlier genera are still on his mind, although such action will interrupt 
the continuity and sequence of the work for a while. 


Of the main volumes of the Seitz work 5 parts of the Geometridae of 
the Indo-Australian Region have just reached us, consisting of twelve 
sheets and three plates, all by Mr Prout. Since but little attention has 
been given to this family by collectors because the species on the whole 
are not so attractive and but little breeding has been carried on, with 
absence of literature, study in this section is very difficult. | What- 
ever is now done must be subject to considerable modification until ex- 
tensive general field work has been carried out. At any rate Mr Prout’s 
work will, we are assured, furnish a solid basis for further work. The 
text of these parts deals with the genera around Scopula and Sterrha 
going on to the Larentiinae of which Xanthorhoé and Larentia are 
among the more well-known genera. 


SOCIETIES. 


The Verrall Supper Meeting took place at the Holborn Restaurant 
on 17th January 1939. The meeting was as usual called for the early 
hour of 6.30 p.m. to enable the members and their friends to enjoy the 
conversazione in the large room specially reserved for this purpose. The 
attendance at the conversazione was 170 and 168 sat down to supper 
which was served at 7.30, Mr Jas. EK. Collin occupying the chair. In the 
absence of his Chaplain, the Bishop of Edmundsbury and Ipswich said 
erace. After the toast of ‘‘ The King ”’ and the silent toast of ‘‘ Mr 
Verrall,’’ the Chairman gave a short account of the aims and objects of 
the Association, reminding the company of some of the difficulties, finan- 


80 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V/ 1939 


cial and otherwise, which as Hon, Secretary of the Verrall Supper Asso- 
ciation he had to contend. He also emphasized the necessity for the 
co-operation of everyone if the success attained by the Association was 
to be continued and he reminded the younger generation of their obliga- 
tion to make a study of the spirit in which the Founder intended the 
Association should be organized as it was obvious that some day it would 
devolve upon them to carry on the traditions. The high spirits of the 
meeting were well maintained and everybody appeared to be having a 
very happy and pleasant evening. Mr Collin is to be congratulated in 
again providing a most successful function.—H. WiLLoucHBy ELLs, 
Hon. Secretary. 


THe AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SocteTy.—An exhibition of apparatus 
and specimens was held at the Buckingham Gate Central School, Lon- 
don, S.W., on the afternoon of Saturday, 3rd April. It was the first 
exhibition arranged by the Society and was an unqualified success, about 
100 members and visitors being present. The exhibits were of a very 
varied nature, embracing the study of many orders of insects, although 
Lepidoptera predominated, the latter including living specimens in all 
stages. Numerous types of apparatus for collecting and preserving 
were also on view, together with books dealing with many branches of 
Entomology. Specimens of Coleoptera, Diptera and aquatic insects were 
included in the exhibits. The demonstrations of the use of the micro- 
scope, the making of microscope slides and the setting of insects proved 
very attractive —D, H. Stirtinc, Hon. Secretary. 


REVIEWS. 


Some Benericiau Insects, by W. R. Thompson, Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.S., 
26 pp., 2 plts., Bull, 20, Ministry of Agriculture, &c., H.M. Stationery 
Office, 9d net. Tendency for ill-informed and amateur pestologists 1s to 
destroy ruthlessly al! insects found around or on their crops or plants. 
The present pamphlet calls attention to ‘‘ beneficial insects.’’ This is a 
new edition of a pamphlet issued seventeen vears ago, but now rewritten 
and with coloured plates of the chief insects to which reference is made. 
After an interesting Introductory section, the working of Natural Con- 
trol is described, succeeded by general remarks on the Chief Types of 
Beneficial Insects, which are treated in two groups, Predators and 
Parasites. Among the former are Ladybirds (Coccinella), Ground Beetles 
(Carabidae), Flies (Syrphidae), Lace-wings (Newroptera), &c. Among 
the Parasites are certain families of the Hymenoptera (Bees, &c.), Chal- 
cids, Braconids, and Ichneumons, with notes on their life-history and 
methods of action. Then the Dipterous parasites, closely resembling 
House-flies, Green-bottles, and Blue-bottles, (the Tachinidae) come under 
consideration, Then comes a short history of the Utilization of Beneficial 
Insects and the method of attack. This is an admirable pamphlet, 
most attractive to read and no doubt of inestimable use to those whose 
experience forces them to control measures, It e@ives the scientific 
knowledge underlying all these measures of control, and of which a 
knowledge ig necessary for their effective use.—Hy. J. TURNER. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (177) 


arvensis, Gmelin, Linn. Sys. Nat., I (5), 2569 (1790). 

Oric. Descrir.—‘‘ Alis fuscis: macula media transversa flava, mar- 
gine brunneo.’’ 

Noctua brunnea, Fab., Mant., IT, 168. 

This refers to the brunnea of Fab. and of Schiff., Verz., 83, but this 
latter is not brunnea, Fab., but flammea. See Esper and Illiger. 


fragariae, View., Tab. Verz., II, 56 (1790). 
Fie.—Plt. II, f. 4, 5. The imago is a good figure, but somewhat too 
large. 


Orig. Drscrirp.—‘' The thorax and the fore-wings are dark red- 
brown. Beyond the middle of the fore-wings toward the costa there 
stands a pale golden yellow reniform stigma, which is joined to a spot 
of colour darker than the ground of the wing. ‘Then follows also a 
darker but not very visible crossband, the space between the reniform 
stigma and this crossband has also a slight golden yellow streak-edge. 
Outside these markings one also notices two quite small black pale mar- 
ginal dots, of which one is just in the middle oi the fore-wing, the other 
oblique beyond it. The hind-wings are grey with red-brown fringes. 
The apex of the grey abdomen has a similar colour.’’ This is a re- 
description of the species we know as brunnea. 


carnea, Thnbg., Diss., IV, 55 (1792). 


Oric. Derscrip.—‘ Anticis carneis; stigmate flavicante; posticis 
arcu punctoque fusco; tota fusco rubra. 
Rufescentes, ferrugineo fasciatae. Stigma anterius cinereum, pos- 


terius flavescens; fascia cinerea intra marginem. Posticae pallidiores 
supra immaculatae. Subtus puncto arcuque fusco.’’ 


race subdolens, Btlr., Trans. Ent. Soc., 181 (1881)°. 


Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Nearly allied to C. erythrocephala, but larger, 
less sericeous, varying in the colour of the primaries and thorax from 
brown to pale sandy flesh-tint, whereas the European species varies from > 
shining chocolate-brown and grey to reddish clay-coloured, the reniform 
spot larger and paler, sometimes almost entirely yellowish white; there 
is also invariably a small submedian black dot below the orbicular spot; 
the secondaries are slightly darker along the external border, and have 
a decidedly narrower fringe; on the under surface the external pale 
border is diffused and decidedly wider at apex, the dark discal line is 
indistinct, and the costal border is noticeably redder; the secondaries 
are considerably whiter, with redder costal border; the discal line is 
placed much farther from the outer margin, and the spot at the end 
of the cell is much smaller; the body below is darker and redder.’’— 
Tokei, Japan. 


ab. suffusca, Strand., Arch. Math. og Nat., XXV, 10 (1903). 

Oric. Descrip._—‘‘ The forewings are a paler grey-brown and the 
fringes a less brownish colour; the violet suffusion so distinct in typical 
specimens is here only slightly expressed on the costa and on the basal 
half. The stigmata are less emphasised; the stfemata are obsolescent, 


one sees only a slight black ring in their place. The hindwing rather 
pale.’ <A rare aberration. 


(178) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1939 


ssp. norvigicola, Strnd., Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), 81, A, Heft 12, p. 143. 
[Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 413 (1903). ] 

Oric. Descriv.—‘‘ Head, thorax, and forewing fuscous grey tinged 
with olive, and without the rufous and purple tints.’’ Scandinavia, 
Sondmore. 


Noctua, L. (1758), Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Barr., South, and most 
authors. [Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Stdgr., Splr., Meyr., Hamp., 
Culot: Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Meyr.: Rhyacia, Hb. 
(1821), Warr.-Stz., Corti-Drdt.-Stz.] rubi, View. (1790). 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 123 (1892): Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., IV, 89, plt. 
147, 2 (1897): 'Stder., Cat. Lep. Wed., 140 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Phal., 
AW 419" (1903) Splr. scenm: Baur, Ula; pls. 33, 11 (1905): seu 
Moths Br. T., I, 226, plt. 114, 3-4 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, 
plt. 10c (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 47, plt. 7, 8 (1909): Corti-Drdt.- 
Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 111, 78 (1933). 


Bork., Naturg., IV, 605 (1792), describes this species under the name 
bella and this name was used by various subsequent authors. This was 
two years after Vieweg described it as rubi. 

Esper, Abbild. Schm., IV (2), 497, plt. 151, 4 (1796?), gives a figure 
named radica, which has been attributed to bella = rubi (View.) by H.-S. 
but, as Wernb., Beitr., II, 46, points out, the stigmata in this figure are 
much too light and there is a row of submarginal dots not present in 
rubt. Nor does the figure agree with the text. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 115 (1800-3), is of a rather large specimen, under 
the name punicea. It is a good figure and shows the character of the 
submarginal band of what we call rubi. Figure 477, I.c. (1809-13), quad- 
ratum, has the size of our rwbi but the colour is much too dark mahogany 
brown for our British form. The square spot is very plain. 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 228 (1809), describes ‘‘ the small square spot,’’ the 
punicea of Hb. 

Tr., Schm., V (2), 121 (1825), describes this species under the name 
bella, Bork., and give rubi, View. and quadratum, Hb. as synonyms. 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 199, plt. LXIII, 2 (1825), under the name bella, 
Bork., gave a good figure of what we call rubi, with, perhaps, rather too 
great emphasis on the surround of the stigmata, but he gives the rubi, 
View. (prior name) as a synonym. 

Frr., New. Beitr., 11, 7, plt. 100 (1836), gives a good figure with rather 
too much emphasis on the submarginal lighter band, as bella, and gives 
Hb.’s figure and Tr. as synonyms. 

Under the name punicea in his Beitr., I, 46, plt; XV (1828), Frr. had 
given a poor, badly coloured figure, and endeavoured in the text to dis- 
tinguish it from bella, Tr. and quadratum, Hb. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 359 (1851), describes this species under the 
name of bella, Bork., although he gives the prior rubi, View. as a syno- 
nym. i 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 359 (1851), under bella, says Frr. fig, 100—f.w. 
much too pointed, coleur too thick, the dots too heavy. Of quadratum, 
Hb. he says, forewings too short, especially the h.w.; markings poor, 
colour too reddish, the stigmata too yellow. rwbi, View., a synonym. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (179) 


His own figure bella = rubi, 81 (1845), is a large 9 somewhat too sus- 
picious of cchreous ground (purple-reddish brown in text). 

Gn-, Hist. Nat., 1, 384 (1852), names it bella, Bork., and he treats the 
prior rubi, View. as a synonym. As to variation he says there is no 
fixity in its variations to justify the names which have been given it. 

Barrett, l.c. (1897), gives three good figures on plate 147, including a 
figure in which the stigmata and other markings tend to become obsolete, 
the general colour being considerably darkened, with, perhaps, the sub- 
marginal light line being the most prominent feature. 

Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 150, plt. 38, 11, 12 (florida) (1905). A very fair 
figure. 12 is v. florida. 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 150, plt. 33, 11 (1905), figures typical rubi and 
the form florida, a larger, broader winged insect with somewhat lighter 
ground which throws out the marks plainer. 

Souch, MM. Br. J., 1, 226, plt. 114, 3-4 (1907); Fig. 3 1s lst gen., fig. 
4 is 2nd gen. The figures are not good. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., IfI, 45, plt. 10c (1909), treats radica, Esp.., 
bella, Bork., quadrutum, Hb. and posticata, Walk. as synonyms and re- 
cognises only one variation, ab, florida, Schmidt. The figure is a very 
fair one. Genus Rhyacia. 

Culot, V. et G., I (1), 47, plt. 7, 8, gives an excellent figure of the nor- 
mal Continental somewhat darker form. In the text he discusses the 
florida, Schmidt, and determines it as a form of rubt. 

Corti & Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 78 (1933), add 2 new forms, 
quadratum, Hb. and floridoides, Dhnl. 


Of the Variation Barrett says :— 

‘Variation very slight, and mainly in the depth of the ground 
colour; but there is a slight dimorphism, the earlier brood being of a 
brighter purple-brown, the later smaller in size and usually darker in 
colour. There is also a tendency toward darker colouring in the northern 
and western portions of its range, and the spot between the stigmata 
becomes sometimes black.’’ 

The yellow form was first mentioned by Sam. Walker of York in the 
Ent, Rec., IJ, 184 (1890), and has been known as ab. ochracea, but I fail 
to find the original bestower of this name. This insect is now in the 
collection of Dr E. A. Cockayne. 


The Names and Forms to be dealt with are as follows :— 


Ginnie tew. (1790). Tab. Vere-. V1, 57, prt. Lif, 5: 
bella, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 605. 
radica, Esp. (1796?), Abbild., IV (2), 497, plt. 151, 4. 
punicea, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 115. 
ab. quadratum, Hb. (1809-13), l.c., 477. 
race posticata, Walk. (1858), Cat. Lep. Het. B. M., XV, 1695. 
ab. florida, Schmidt (1859), Stett. e. Ztg., 46. 
ab. floridoides, Dnhl. (1925-6), Hnt. Zts., XX XIX, 123. 
ab. borealis, Ling. (1936), Lamb., XXXVI, 239. 
ab. ochracea, Sam. Walk. (1902), Ent. Rec., XIV, 172. 
ab. flaog, sam. Walk. lc. 171. 
Tutt dealt with (1) the ruwht, View., (2) the (ochracea), Sam. Walker, 
without naming it, and (3) the bright red form quadratum, Hb. 


(180) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V /1939 


race posticata, Walk., Cat. Lep. B. M., XV, 1695 (1858). 

Orig. Descrirp.—‘‘ ¢ pale fawn colour, very pilose, whitish beneath. 
Antennae strout, crenulate. Pectus cinereous in front. Abdomen whit- 
ish; apical tuft very large. Forewings testaceous, slightly and irregu- 
larly tinged with pale fawn colour about the borders, and with some 
bands of the same hue, of which the exterior and submarginal are 
straight and parallel to each other, and more distinct than the others; 
orbicular mark nearly round, with a brewn border; reniform with a 
whitish border, excavated on the outer side; marginal lunules brown. 
Hindwings a little paler than the forewings, with a pale brown discal 
mark and pale brown marginal lunules. Length of body, 6 lines; of the 
wings, 12 lines.’’ 


ab. florida, Schmidt, Stett. e. Zeitg., 46 (1859). 

Orig, Drscrre.—‘‘ Head, neck and thorax brown, abdomen above 
more dull coloured, below towards the sides the hairing and the anal tuft 
in the male rose-reddish, feet white ringed, antennae brownish, in the 
male of a pink tinge. 

‘“The ground colour of the forewing of a uniform bright yel- 
low-brown, all the markings on it distinct. The half transverse 
line and the second line on the outer side, the first line on the inner 
side more strongly dark margined than on their respective inner side. 
The area from the less varied curved transverse line to the rosy red 
fringes as well as the costa for one-third darker (reddish) brown, in which 
the veins are visible as fine blackish streaks. The central shade very 
feeble, the usual stigmata paler than the ground, the reniform shining 
brown, an indent on the outer side, the orbicular darker on the lower 
part. The area between these two stigmata dark-brown, the apex of 
the third stigmata coloured blackish like the others. The hindwings in 
both sexes pale earth-brown, darker in the marginal area with blackish 
discal spots and rosy reddish fringes.” 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., 1V, 419 (1903). Deeper and brighter rufous, 
the markings oi forewing more prominent. 


ab. flava, S. Walker, Ent. Record, XIV, 171 (1902). 

Orie. Descrre.—‘‘ Anterior wings rich chrome-vellow; some speci- 
mens with an orange tint on the costa; the stigma and transverse lines 
rather indistinct; the quadrate spot pale rosy, fringes yellow. Thorax 
and body yellow. Posterior wings greyish-yellow.”’ 


ab. ochracea, S. Walker, l.c., 172 (1902). 

Ortc. Descrrp.—‘* Anterior wings dull buff, with stigma clearly out- 
lined; transverse lines distinct; the quadrate spot reddish brown. 
Posterior wings grevish-yellow ; fringes paler. 


ab. floridoides, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XX XIX, 123 (1925-6). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Among the very richly varied specimens are found 
numerous but large light variegated ones such as pass as ab. florida, 
Schmidt. Whether those examples flying especially in the Elsch-moor 
by Terlan are to be considered as a true good species florida or whether 
it is to be dealt with as a regularly appearing common form of rubi, 
especially of the spring generation, is not possible for me up to now 
to clear up. The former not being the case, the rubi-race or -variety 
referred to above requires another name.’’ S. Tyrol. 


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VOL, LI. PLATE VII. 


Ent. Rec. and Jr. of Variation. Photo B. Salz. 


FORMS OF HEPIALUS. 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN FORMS OF HEPIALUS. 81 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN FORMS OF HEPIALUS MOSTLY FROM 
GREAT BRITAIN, 


By Hans Byrinski-Sarz, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., Jerusalem <q of Compa > 
(With Plt. VIL.) GP tootosy 
)3,%20 aii JUN 291939 


LiBKRARS 


In presenting here the description of a number of new and 
ing forms of Hepialus, I wish to express my sincerest thanks to our 
editor, Mr Hy. J. Turner, who very kindly and untiringly furnished me 
with extracts of some of the original descriptions mentioned below. In 
clearing up the different questions in connection with the Shetland forms 
of Hepialus humuli, it is also his merit to have discovered the right 
author of H. thulensis. (See also ‘‘ Ent. Record,’’ LI, p. 62 (1939).) 
Hepialus humuli, L., ab. roseoornata, ab. nov. (Fig. 1). 

All pink markings very distinct, much enlarged and confluent. A 
continuous band along the subcosta. reaching the costa just above the 
apex. The three patches at the base, below the cell and on the inner 
margin confluent. Oblique post-medial band to the apex also large and 
broad. 

Holotype: ¢°, Tavistock, July 1914, leg. A. T. Stiff. 

Pfitzner mentions in Seitz, Vol. II, p. 434, a similar form to which 
he erroneously attributes the authorship to Caradja as he writes: ‘‘ Car- 
adja describes a very beautiful (form) from Azuga in Roumania (54c).” 
As I could not find the original description of this form, I wrote to 
Prince Aristide Caradja, who very kindly replied to me, that he actually 
described this form in Iris, Vol. 8, p. 83-84, 1895, but did not name it. 
He wrote there: ‘‘ I received gigantic specimens from Azuga where this 
species flies from 12th to 16th June; the largest ¢ measures 65 mm., 
the 92 span even up to 73 mm. The latter ones have intense brick-red 
fascia .. . . The hindwings are rather dark in all of them.” 

Count of Caradja sent one of these females to Prof. Seitz who figured 
it on plate 54 and who intended to name this form after Caradja, but 
this seems to have been omitted during publication. From the descrip- 
tion of Caradja, as cited above, it is clear that this form from Azuga 
(near Sinaia, 1100 m. elevation) is at least a distinct local variety; ap- 
parently Pfitzner did not intend to name this form as is clearly indicated 
by his text and by the omission of the original citation, but as the name 
azuga is printed in heavy letters and also reprinted on the margin as it 
is always done with names of taxonomic value, and furthermore, the 
name azuga appears also below the figure on plate 54c, I think that 
the name azuga, therefore, has taxonomical value. Similar cases, where 
a form had to receive a name of taxonomical value which the author 
himself did not intend to apply, have been known before. I remember 
only the mut. domestica, Klimesch of Sterrha eburnata, Wke. Here 
a dark mutation arose in captivity, which the author called for con- 
venience in his genetical studies ‘‘ mutatio domestica,’’ and this name 
has been regarded, later on, as valid by several authors, i.e. Prout and 
Miller. The name Hepialus hwmult var. azuga, Pfitzner has therefore 
to be used for this fine Roumanian local race. 

H. humuli ab. roseoornata differs from var. uzuga in being an in- 
dividual aberration of the English population and no local variety. It 
is much smaller, measuring only 63 mm. The type of confluency of the 


82 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V1I/1939 


markings is entirely different trom that of azuga as can readily be seen 

by comparing the figures 1 on the plate attached, and Seitz, Vol. II, 

pl. 54c. The hindwings are as greyish as in normal humuli 2 2 and not 

darker as in azuga. 

Hepialus humuli, L. ssp. thulensis, Newman, f. uniformis f. nov. and 
f. albida f. nov. 

Considerable confusion has arisen in regard to the question, what 
name should be applied to the geographical race of H. humuli, L., which 
occurs in the Shetland Islands. Generally these specimens went under 
the name of thuleus, Crotch or hethlandica, Stgr. as quoted by Staudin- 
ger in the Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue, 1901. As these names were also 
quoted by Pfitzner in Seitz, Vol. Il, p. 433, they came in general use 
though entirely wrong. 

To clear up this matter I am giving here the original description by 
Edward Newman, published in The Entomologist, Vol. II, p. 162, Feb- 
ruary 1865: 

‘“ Abnormal series of Hepidlus humuli taken in the Shetland Isles. 

I have been led to doubt the accuracy of the conclusion at which Entomo- 
logists have arrived, that all specimens of Hepidlus humuli with white wings 
are males, and all those with fulvous wings females. In some specimens the 
forewings are tinted with vellow, while the hindwings are pure white: in others 
the forewings are pure white, the hindwings dark fuscous. In those specimens 
supposed, from their general appearance, to be females, the tint is paler than 
in our southern specimens and more approaches a dull lemon-yellow than ful- 
vous: the body is uniformJy dark fuscous and the hindwings when tinted at 
all, are of the same dark colour.” 

‘*T would propose for them the name of Hepialus thulensis as a species.” 

In the next number of Tiie HKntomologist, Vol. 11, March 1865, p. 136, 
Crotch only states that this is not a species, but gives no further de- 
scription, and quotes the name in full as ‘‘ Hepialus humuli var. thulen- 
sis}? 

From these quotations three points are evident: 

1. That Newman and not Crotch is the specific author of var. thulensis. 

2. That the correct name is var. thulensis and not ‘‘ thuleus,’’? which is 
a misprint by later authors, e.g. Staudinger and Pfitzner, and 

3. That as the type form of var. thulensis, Newm. male specimens with 
a dull lemon-yellow colour must be chosen. 


As the original description of Newman does not mention whether 
dark markings on the forewing are present or not, 1t was still impos- 
sible to determine the right form to which Newman applied his name, 
until Mr Turner kindly traced the original series in the British Museum 
Collection, from which Newman’s description was made. Mr Turner 
kindly informs me that there is a male specimen labelled ‘‘ thulensis, 
Crotch,’ with yellowish forewings and heavy brown markings as in fig. 3 
of the plate. I am therefore choosing this specimen in the British 
Museum Collection as the type of ssp. thulensis, Newman. 

Staudinger’s diagnosis of the var. hethlandica in the Staudinger- 
Wocke Cat., 1871, and the Staudinger-Rebel Catalogue, 1901, p. 410: 
“¢ sim. in © al. ant. flavidibus fulvo striatis ’’ describes clearly the 
same form and is therefore a synonym to ssp. thulensis, Newman. 

Ssp. thulensis varies considerably in respect to coloration and designs 
of the forewing. Three principal forms of 3 ¢ may be distinguished by 
the following key: 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN FORMS OF HEPIALUS. 83 


1. Forewing yellow, heavily marked with dark designs : 
ssp. thulensis f. thulensis, Newm. (syn. hethlandica, Stgr.) 
2. Forewing yellow, without dark designs: ssp. thulensis f. uniformis 
3. Forewing white, heavily marked with dark designs: 
ssp. thulensis {. albidu 
(4. Forewing white, without dark designs: .................. ssp. humuli, L.) 


Spuler (Schmetterlinge Ewropas, Vol. II, 485) also mentions three 

different § forms from the Shetlands without naming them: 

a. Forewings greyish ochreous white with distinct sepia-grey brown 
markings. 

b. Forewings yellowish white grey with dark ochreous yellow brown 
edged markings. 

ce. Forewing ochreous brownish white with very few remnants of the 
brownish design. 


Of these three forms, forms a and b probably correspond both to the 
f. thulensis, while form c is a transitus ad f. uniformis. 

The descriptions of the two new forms mentioned above are as follows: 
Hemalus humult, L. ssp. thulensis, Newm. f. uniformis f. nov. (Fig. 4). 

Ground colour of the forewing ochreous yellow as in f. thulensis, 
Newm. but entirely without dark designs. Hindwing very dark grey. 

Cotypes: 2 3d, Shetland Isl., leg. 1909. 

Hepialus humuli, L. ssp. thulensis, Newm. f. albida f. nov. (Fig. 2). 

Ground colour of the forewing silky-white as in humuli, L. with dis- 
tinct brown markings as in f. thulensis. The hindwings vary much from 
white to dark grey with a radial white suffusion from the base. 

Cotypes: 7 3d, Unst, leg. A. J. Hodges, July 1899, and Shetlands, 
1909. 

The distribution of the Shetland specimens of ssp. thulensis in regard 
to these three different forms in my collection is as follows: f. thulensis, 
16 6d; f. albida, 7 63; f. wniformis, 2 $3; but as these series were 
not collected at random, f. uwniformis may be considered as a still rarer 
form. 


Hepialus fusconebulosus, de Geer ab. latefasciatus ab. nov. (Fig. 6). 
One female has all the white markings confluent and enlarged. A 
broad white band from the base along the inner margin towards the 
apex, confluent with the spot on the end of the upper cell. A complete 
row of large and confluent subterminal and terminal spots. Hindwing 
uniform pale brown. 
Holotype: 2, Pitcaple, Scotland. 


Hepialus fusconebulosus, de Geer ab. ornatus ab. nov. (Fig. 7). 

One male has all the white markings also much enlarged and almost 
as confluent as in ab. latefasciatus, but has in addition on the hindwing 
two rows of post-medial and marginal white spots between the veins, 
which may be confluent and form radial streaks. 

Holotype: 3, Sligo, Ireland, leg. A. J. Hodges. 

Hepialus fusconebulosus, de Geer, ssp. vallei, Grénblom. (fig. 16). 

K. J. Valle described in the Memoranda Societatis pro Fauna et 
Flora Fennica, vol. 7, pp. 286-287, Helsingfors, 1931-1932, a new 
Hepialus fusconebulosus ssp. hyperboreus, of which he gives the follow- 
ing description : — 


84 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/ V1I/1939 


“The specimens of this species from the environment of Pummanki 
on the Fisher Peninsula (Petsamo district, Finland) differ markedly 


from more southern specimens. In the male the white markings on 
the forewing disappear more or less, the discal marking, especially the 
light discal spot, may remain. The female even more deviates from 


southern specimens, as there all designs become very inconspicuous and 
only traces of the cellular macula may be present. The colour of the 
upper side of the forewing is also somewhat different and more or less 
greyish rust red. . . . I propose for this arctic form the name hyper- 
boréus.”’ 


As the name hyperboreus Valle is preoccupied by Hepialus hyper- 
boreus, Méschler, Gronblom (Act. Soc. L'n, u. Fl. fenn., LVIIT, 1936, 
p. 43) changed this name into ssp. vallei, Grénblom, nom. nov. pro. ssp. 
hyperboreus, Valle. 


Of this interesting arctic fusconebulosus race I received a 9 from 
the Rybatchi Peninsula, Murman Coast, 70° lat., 150 m., 1-15, VII, 
leg. Kotzsch, which agrees well with the description of Valle. The 
forewings are of an uniform dull greyish brown colour. Of the mark- 
ings only an elongated white spot at the end of the upper cell pre- 
sent. On the first aspect this form resembles much more H. carna, 
Esp. (fig. 15) than fusconebulosus, but the shape of the wing and the 
type of designs clearly indicate its relationship to H. fusconebulosus. 


Hepialus lupulinus, L. ab. latemarginatus ab. nov. (fig. 9). 


g. 

Pfitzner already mentions in Seitz, Vol. II, p. 436, that many of the 
English specimens of lupulinus tend to an enlargement of the white 
markings on the forewing. The extreme form with the whole forewing 
white he called ab. senex. L think that also an intermediate form is 
worth naming. Jt has a continuous band from the base along the inner 
margin and is confluent with the oblique postmedial band. This band 
is not separated in spots as in normal lupulinus and is at least twice as 
large as normally. The silvery spot in the cell is also much enlarged. 
In the terminal area a whitish subterminal band and a row of 6 white 
terminal spots. 


Cotypes: 2 ¢G, London District and Wicken, leg. A. J. Hodges. 


Hepialus hecta, L. ab. confluens ab. nov. (fig. 11). 


Of H. hecta, L. I have an interesting series of 11 dg, 2 22 from 
Thundersley, Essex, which differ remarkably from specimens from the 
Continent and other English places. All gd have the silvery spots on 
the margin present in the following proportions:—3 specimens with 3 
spots; 3 with 4; 4 with 5; and 1 with 6. One specimen is very dull brown 
and belongs to the ab. flina, H.-Sch.; 4 specimens have the marginal 
spots radially elongated and therefore belong to the ab. decolorata, Krul. 
In one specimen the series of postmedial spots forms a continuous band 
up to the apex. 


Another specimen has the ante-medial and post-medial bands com- 
plete and conjoined by a transversal streak = ab. confluens. 


Holotype: 3, Thundersley, 6th July 1911, leg. A. T. Stiff. 


VOL, LI. PLATE VI. 


Ent. Ree. and Jr. of Variation. del. T. F. Marriner. 


ABERRATIONS OF COCCINELLIDS. 


COCCINELLID NOTES. TWO NEW ABBERRATIONS, 85 


Hepialus hecta, L. ab, ornata ab. nov. (Fig. 12). 

One male has the post-medial band well developed and 6 spots on the 
margin. On the hindwing there are two rows of interneural silvery 
spots, one post-medial row of 4, and a complete marginal row of 7 spots. 

Hlolotype: 3, Thundersley, 4th July 1911, leg. A. T. Stiff. 

ab. ornata comes nearest to ab. strigosa, Hartig, but this form has 
only one row of radial intervenal spots on the hindwing; strigosa, Hart. 
can be considered as a decorauta, Krul. with the same pattern also on 
the hindwing, while in ab. ornata there are two rows. 

HHepialus hecta, L. ab. inversa ab. noy. (Fig. 14). 

One female has ail the white markings very much enlarged; the whole 
eround of the forewing is grevish white. Of dark markings there are 
present: 4 costal dots, one elongated mark in the upper cell, one large 
claviform mark at the base below the lower cell and a darker band out- 
side of the post-medial line. 

Holotype: 2, St Amata, Lettonia, 16th July, 1933, leg. W. Brandt. 


This forms corresponds to the ab. senex, Pfitz. of H. lupulinus, UL. 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


Hepialus humuli, L. ab. roseoornata, By.-S. 9, Type, Tavistock. 

2. Hepialus humuli, L. ssp. thulensis, Newm. f. albida, By.-S. ¢, Cotype, Shet- 
land Islands. 

3. Hepialus humuli, L. ssp. thulensis Newm. do, Shetland Islands. 

4. Hepialus humuli, L. ssp. thalensis, Newm. f. uniformis, By.-S. ¢, Cotype, 
Shetland Islands. 

5. Hepialus fusconebulosus, De Geer. Q, Pitcaple. 

6. Hepialus fusconebulosus, De Geer ab. latefasciatus, By.-S. ©, Pitcaple. 

7. Hepialus fusconebulosus, De Geer ab. ornatus, By.-S. ¢@, Sligo, Ireland. 

8. Hepialus lupulinus, L. J, Berlin, Germany. 

9. Hepialus lupulinus, L. ab. latemarginatus, By.-S. ¢, London District. 

10. Hepialus hecta, L. ¢, St Amata, Lettonia. 

11. Hepialus hecta, L. ab. confiuens, By.-S. g, Type, Thundersley. 

12. Hepialus hecta, L. ab. ornata, By.-S. ¢, Type, Thundersley. 

Jo) waepiglus hecia, LL. ©”, Berlin, Germany. 

14. Hepialus hecta, L. ab. inversa, By.-S. St Amata, Lettonia. 

15. Hepialus carna, Esp. ©, Triglav, 1800 m., Eastern Alps. 

16. Hepialus fusconebulosus, De Geer ssp. vallei, Grénbl. 9, Rybatchi Penin- 

sula; Murmansk Coast, 70° lat. i 


= 


COCCINELLID NOTES, TWO NEW ABERRATIONS. 
By T. F. Marriner. 


(With Plate VI.) 


Some years ago my friend, the late Mr G. B. Routledge, showed me 
three fine specimens of Adalia bipuwnctata, L., which he had bought in a 
collection in London. J spent much time and search over these as they 
all seemed worthy of names. Lately I submitted drawings of them again 
to Mr H. Donisthorpe and he tells me that two of them appear in Dr 
Mader’s great work.* The third, however, does not appear to have been 
noted and [ would like to name it as Adalia bipunctata, L., ab. routledgei, 
after my late friend. It is shown in the plate (No. 2) alongside the 
normal A. bipunctata (No. 1). It agrees with the Linnean description ~ 


*** Rvidenz der palaarktischen Coccinelliden und ihren Abberationen,”’ 1927-1935. 


86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


of bipunctata except as shown in the sketch, where it will be noticed that 
both the elytral and the thoracic spots are unusual. 

According to a data label attached, when I saw it, the insect had 
come from the collection of a Mrs Taylor, London, and had been taken 
at Hanwell in 1877. Mr Routledge’s collection is now in Tullie House 
Museum, Carlisle. 

When I came to live at Easton in north-east Cumberland, almost six 
years ago, I came to an area which had been unexplored by the natural- 
ist and I am spending my time in exploring its natural history. One 
of my chief disappointments is the fact that it appears almost devoid 
of my favourite family, Coccinellidae, but I hope to show in a later paper 
that even their scarcity has yielded some interest. At present I wish to 
call attention to one of my finds. In four seasons J never came across 
even such a commonly occurring species as Coccinella 10-punctata, L., 
but last August, when collecting along the Netherby Road, I stopped at 
a point some four miles from home to watch some men bringing timber 
out of the wood. I saw some ladybirds on one of the logs and managed 
to tube some half-dozen for the sake of the locality. They were C. 10- 
punctata, L., and when I came to set them I only found a single normal 
specimen among them (8) and one of them had no spots, while two others 
were almost clear. This no-spot variety must surely be rare, for I have 
been interested in the insect for over thirty years and have never either 
seen or heard of it. It is not an immature specimen. A very powerful 
lens shows an exceedingly faint, minute, black speck close to the edge 
of each elytron (4). The insect agrees with the normal description in 
every other respect. I propose the name C. 10-punctata, L., ab. inornata 
for this. 

The spotless forms of Coccinellidae now discovered and named are :— 


Subcoccinella 24-punctata, L., ab. saponaria, Weise has been recorded 
from France, Essex, and Cumberland, Ent. Record, XXXVI, p. 86. 

Hippodamia variegata, Goeze, ab. immaculata, Gmel. taken only in 
Sweden, l.c., XXXIV, p. 24. 

Coccinella 11-punctata, L., ab. pura, Weise, France only so far, l.c., 
XXXII, p. 122. 

Coccinella 7-punctata, L., ab. lucida, Weise, France, Cumberland, l.c., 
XXXVI, p. 87. 

Coccinella 10-punctata, L., ab. Inornata (n. ab.), Cumberland. 


[The following other spotless forms are figured by Mader :— 


Hippodamia 18-punctata, L., ab. signata, Fald. 

Adonia variegata, Gr., ab. immaculata, Gmel. 

Anisosticta 19-punctata, L., ab. egena, Weise (with immaculate thorax), 
and ab. athesis, Weise (pallida, Possi). 

Adalia 10-punctata, L., ab. pellucida, Weise (quite immaculate without 
Marriner’s very small spots on elytra), 

Adalia bipunctata, L., ab. concolor, Meier. 

Coccinella 5-punctata, L., ab. minskwitzi, Hin. 

Coccinella hieroglyphica, L., ab. brunnea, Weise. 

Synharmonia conglobata, L., ab. vandalitiae, Weise.—H. D.] 


NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 87 


NOTES ON ORTHOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE. 


By T. Bainpriccr FLETCHER. 


Labia minor, L., is noted from Gloucestershire on Dr Burr’s map of 
this species, but the only Earwig which I have seen here is Forficula 
auricularia, L., which is abundant from August to October. Ut comes 
t» sugar freely and on 21.ix.1937 a male and female were found in cop. 
alongside a sugar-patch. On 24.ix.1937 I saw a male with large forceps 
backing, with its forceps open, towards a female, which moved away, 
and this action appeared to be an attempted preliminary to copulation. 
Again, on 21.x a male and female were in a crack of the bark near a 
sugar-patch, the male below the female; when the light was turned onto 
them, the male had his forceps erected upwards and forwards and was 
apparently grasping the female by (or near) her forceps, but the male 
disengaged his hold as soon as the light came onto them. 


Blatta orientalis, L., occurs in some of the houses about 400 yards 
away and 200 feet downhill from mine, which is isolated on an open 
Common. It does not inhabit my house but on 3.x.1936 one female was 
found in the house, and during the last week of September 1937 four 
nymphs, about three-quarters grown, also invaded the house. It looks 
as if this species, possibly able to live out-of-doors during the Summer, 
invades new territory at the beginning of the cold weather. Shaw 
(E.M.M., XXV, 365, 1889) states that it is also found out of doors. 

Acrydium vittatum, Zett., is not common here; usually found as odd 
specimens. I have seen adult examples at Rodborough on 17.iv.1935, 
29.v.1936 and 2.vili.1937, and have specimens dated 30.v.1934 and 
2.ix.1937; also from Symond’s Yat on 24.vii.1937 and from Haresfield 
(Stroud District) on 3.ix.1937. This species 1s supposed to be adult or 
in its last nymphal stage in the Autumn, but these dates make it difficult 
to decide when it does become adult. 

Dr Burr notes A. subulatum, L., from Gloucestershire on his map, 
but I have only come across it near Elmore. 

Stenobothrus lineatus, Panzer, is abundant on the hill-tops at Rod- 
borough, Haresfield, and Selsley, and I have one from Nailsworth on 
4.ix.1937. In 1934 it was adult on 10.vii; in 1935 it occurred to 11.x, in 
1936 from 29.vii to 24.x, and in 1937 from 30.vii to 27.x. 

Omocestus viridulus, L., which is not noted from Gloucestershire on 
Dr Burr's map, is common, but by no means abundant, at Rodborough 
and Haresfield. Dates noted are 10.ix.34, 7-21.viii.1936, 30.v1i-9.x.1937. 

Omocestus ventralis, Zett., also not noted from Gloucestershire on 
Dr Burr’s map, has been recorded previously by Shaw from Wotton 
[under-Edge]; it seems to be scarce in Gloucestershire and I have only 
come across it on two occasions, at Oddington on 25.1x.1937 and at Rod- 
borough on 4.x.1937. 

Myrmeleotettixz maculatus, Thunberg, seems to be a hill-top species, 
found at Rodborough, where it is abundant, and at Haresfield and 
Selsley. In 1937 it was adult on 1.vii and occurred as late as 2.xi. 

Chorthippus bicolor, Charp., which, by some oversight, is not noted 
from Gloucestershire on Dr Burr’s map, is abundant and I have it from 
Rodborough, Haresfield, Nailsworth and Selsley (all in the Stroud Dis- 
trict), from the Tortworth District and from Chastleton (near the Ox- 


88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


ford border). In 1935 it occurred to 11.x; in 1936 from 11.vili to 24.x; 
in 1937 from 30.vii to 21.xi. 


Chorthippus parallelus, Zett., is abundant in the valleys and on the 
lower slopes of the hills. I have found it at Rodborough, Haresfield, 
Nailsworth, Selsley, and Cranham (all in the Stroud District), in the 
Tortworth District, at Oddington (towards the Oxford border), and at 
Rollright, which is just over the border in Oxon. In 1937 it occurred 
from 30.vii to 26.x. Dr Burr took at Rodborough a single macropterous 
example, which he will doubtless record in more detail, but prolonged 
search failed to reveal another similar specimen here, although in 1938 
I took one in the Gloucester Brickfields. 


Gomphocerus rufus, L., which is usually regarded as a local and 
uncommon species in S. England, is very abundant on Rodborough Hill 
and on Cranham Common, but I have been unable to find it on other 
similar hills in the Stroud District. In 1934 it occurred to 5.x, in 1935 
to 11.x, in 1936 to 24.x; in 1937 it was adult from 5.viii and went on 
until 11.xi, but on 26.xi I found one nymph still living—an extraordin- 
arily late date. 


Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa has recently (Field, 27.v.39, p. 1244) been 
recorded as found near Nailsworth some thirty years ago, but is other- 
wise not known so far from this county. 


Gryllulus domesticus, L., certainly has a regular habit of coming into 
the house at the beginning of the cold weather, about the end of Sep- 
tember, but seems to breed out-of-doors in the Summer. Occasionally 
a young cricket comes to enjoy a feast at a sugar-patch. One male, 
taken in the garden on 25.v11.1933, has the HW. abbreviated. It is 
common at Rodborough. 


Leptophyes punctatisstma, Bosc., is noted from Gloucestershire on 
Dr Burr’s map but I have only found it near Newent. 


Meconema thalassinum, Fb., does not seem to be very common. I 
have taken single specimens at Rodborough, on 2.x.1934 at sugar, 
30.1x.1935, and 12.ix.1937 at sugar: on Selsley Hill I took a few by 
sweeping (mostly Beech and Hazel) on 30.viii.1937 and there was one 
there on Ivy-bloom on 29.ix.1937. Also near Newent and at Wood- 
chester. 

Pholidoptera griseo-aptera, de Geer, 1773 (cinerea, Gmelin, 1789), 
occurs commonly in several places, on the edge of bushes: Nailsworth, 
8 and 22.viii.1936, 4.1x.1937; Haresfield, 29.vii.1936 (nymph); Selsley, 
9.viii.1937 ; Rodborough, 5.viii.1937. It is not found on the open ground 
on hill-tops. 

Tettigonia viridissima, l., which is also not noted from Gloucester- 
shire on Dr Burr’s map, occurs fairly commonly in one small colony at 
Nailsworth, where I have found it on 25.vii.1935, 8 and 22.viii.1936 and 
4.ix.1937, and there are also other colonies in the Stroud District. 

It will be seen that our County List of Orthoptera is at present a 
small one but no Orthopterist seems to have collected in Gloucestershire 
and systematic search would doubtless add a few species. 

[Blatta orientalis evidently tries to establish itself with us in the 
open, as it has been recorded away from houses at Dorney (Ent. Rec., 
1937, p. 115), and in the New Forest (ibid., p. 136), but fortunately 
there is no hope that it could survive the winter in the open, I have 


CONLINUOUS BREEDING, V.—COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 89 


taken two or three M. thalassinum at light at Stroud in the autumn 
(Hnt. Rec., 1934, p. 110) 

An addition to the list for the county is the mole cricket, Gryllotalpa 
gryllotalpa, L. .A writer in a recent number of The Field (27th May 
1939, p. 1244), Mr M. Leighton Ridgway, records a specimen taken at 
Nailsworth thirty years ago.—M. B. | 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING: V. 
DIANTHOECTA (HARMODTA) NANA, ROTT. (CONSPERSA, ESP.). 
By H. B. D. Kerriewert, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. 


(Continued from p. 59.) 

Larvae of this species <an be collected by the simple means of col- 
lecting the flower heads of its foodplant, species of Silene (Campion), in 
July and August wherever the species occurs. 

The larvae feed at night on the dried seedpods augmented with the 
flowers of pinks and carnations [not local campion for fear of introduc- 
ing local larvae]. They pupate in ordinary dry earth. These pupae 
are dug up a month later and transferred into ordinary round card- 
board boxes. It is essential to keep the pupae dry. The moths emerge 
in May and June—some the first year, some the next, and some even 
the third year after pupation, according to what place they came from. 
The campion will grow away from its normal habitat without much 
difficulty. Three or four plants are planted in a shallow wooden box, 
3 ft. by 2 ft., and allowed to cover the bottom. Three sides of my box 
have glass let in, the fourth having perforated zine for ventilation. 
The top is covered over with muslin. -The selected male and female 
nana (conspersa) are introduced into this. Though I have not yet 
actually observed the pairing or found the eggs the fact remains that 
voung larvae will be found in the flower heads some weeks later. There 
are usually too many larvae for the amount of food, so that pinks must 
cecasionally be added. The pupae are later scratched out from the earth. 

Varieties in this species seem limited to its geographical range, with 
the extreme dark forms occurring along with more normal ones in the 
west and north [Devon and Shetlands]. Intermediates of all grades 
occur in these places; also black ground colour (Sussex), yellow replac- 
ing normal white (Cornwall), etc. 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 
Il: MID-JUNE—AUGUST. 
By A. J. L. Bowes. 


(Continued from p. 58.) 

Mr Rideout and I set off from Godalming on 19th June for a week- 
end in the Fen and Breck country. We left Godalming by car at 
4.0, and were at Warboys, where we stayed at ‘‘ The Pelican,”’ by 9.0 
p-m. Mason, that excellent naturalist, met us at the gate of Wood 
Walton Fen, and made us feel at home. We were not fortunate in 
our weather, which gave us a cool and clear night, not without moon; 


90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1I/1939 


but we had come to see Tupinostola extrema, and though Mason was not 
too sanguine, the first one appeared at 11.30. There is in the middle 
of the Fen a large patch of Calamagrostis, which is kept free of under- 
growth, and newly-emerged extrema can be found sitting high up on 
the stems. A few, very few, will come to light, and a few to sugar; 
and there is a big flight between 1.30 and 2.30 a.m. Of a dusk flight 
we saw nothing, but inferred one from early arrivals on sugar. An 
hour’s hard work in the patch of food-plant gave us eleven immaculate 
specimens. On sugar there was the usual riff-raff; hosts of Apamea 
unanimis, A. gemina, and so on. Now and then Leucania obsoleta 
would turn up to gladden us, or a Chaerocampa elpenor perform miracles 
of levitation on the sugar; but there was not the almost oppressive 
wealth of insects that turn up on a really good night in the fens. Our 
next two nights, the 18th and 19th, were similar; we found a few more 
extrema in the same way, since long and energetic days made us too 
tired to wait up for the dawn flight, and L. obsoleta came again in ones 
and twos. Light was disappointing; on the 19th insects came fairly 
freely in the early hours, but none of the choicer species made any sort 
of a show. The ten is a stimulating place, and its watcher, Mason, a 
most admirable guide to its birds and flowers and insects. 

We spent our days in the Breck country, 30 miles off. Our main 
object was Lithostege griseata, which had eluded us on a previous visit 
a few years before. This time, thanks to a kind friend’s help, we were 
able to find it in plenty near Brandon; both sexes could be readily 
flushed from rough herbage, but a strong wind carried many away out 
of reach. In the same field Emmelia trabealis was swarming, three or 
four getting up at once, and we saw one Heliothis dipsacea. The after- 
noon of the 21st we spent in a vain attempt to remain long enough in a 
promising field to find Silene otites, the food plant of Dianthoecia 
irregularis; but the keepers were in exceptionally good form that after- 
noon, and after = couple of summary ejections we went off to an open 
field near Barton Mills where H. dipsacea was flying freely. Here we 
hoped to catch a few of this local insect, which was in fine condition, 
but the wind-blown grass made them almost impossible to see, and after 
an hour we came away without a single one. 

At about this date the moths were emerging from our Struan larvae 
of Eurois occulta. These had been heavily parasitised by two flies, and 
only a dozen emerged successfully. They were all of the dark form, 
and though I sacrificed two and got a pairing, the male died in copula; 
an amateur operation freed the female and she laid many eggs, but 
all were infertile. And unhappily a union between two of our dark 
Triphaena comes from Forres was not blessed with issue. 

On the night of 30th June I went down to the Lewes district, and 
visited a locality in which I had taken two Nola albula the previous 
year; since then, however, the ground had been burnt, and no more 
were found, although Senta maritima was common enough near by. 
Other insects which flew to ight were Neuria reticulata and Dianthoecia 
lepida (carpophaga). 

I spent an evening near Havant on 2nd July. It was cold, with a 
mist lying over part of my round, but that did not prevent Leucania 
turca from having a meal. He was just emerging, and was as common 
as usual in the rides of the extensive oak-woods, Two other visits 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 91 


were paid to this spot during fturca-time, on the 9th and the 16th; on 
each oceasion DL. turca came well up to scratch, but no extreme varie- 
ties turned up, such as have been bred by Mr Wightman from this dis- 
trict. My main object on these last two nights was Oconestis quadra, 
which is rumoured to occur in these woods; I saw none, but the weather 
was bad, and this species in my experience needs very muggy weather 
hefore it will come freely to light. Besides the common species, a Moma 
alpium (orion), still fresh, came to sugar on the 16th, with quite a crowd 
of Dyschorista suspecta. 

As a second string to Havant, I explored a heath near Godalming, 
to be precise the expanse of open ground at Cutt Mill. An avenue of 
ecak and birch was sugared, and a light pitched in a marshy area ful! 
of coarse grass. The sugar produced Noctua augur, N. festiva, Aplecta 
nebulosa in numbers, Dipterygia scabriuscula, Leucania impudens and 
Rusina tenebrosa. Most of all I was glad to see D. suspecta, which 
came at intervals to sugar on the birches. The marshy ground was 
better fun; soon after dark fresh specimens of Cybosia mesomella were 
common on the grass, and very welcome they were, for I had never be- 
fore been able to find examples that really were worthy of cabinet rank ; 
here wag clearly a breeding ground, and I was able to select a good 
series, including some of the rather scarce vellow form of the male. 
It was good, too, to see Tholomiges turfosalis flying freely at dusk in 
the same area, and Hydrelia wncula was common on the grass stems. 
Leucania impudens swarmed on 11th July, and there was a good flight 
of Acidalia subsericeata between 9.50 and 10.15 p.m. on the 6th. 
Nudaria senex, rather a meagre race, could be found on grass, very 
conspicuous, and species that turned up oddly were Acronicta leporina 
and Dyschorista fissipuncta. 

A second visit was paid to the Chiddingfold woods on 24th July, 
when we found the second brood of Leptidea sinapis not uncommon. 
Hesperia malvae, fresh as paint, was a surprise—presumably an early 
second brood; and we saw one male Aputura iris, sweeping grandly up 
over an oak. This species is usually to be seen here in its own time, 
and once I was foolish enough to run over a male in my ear, as it sat 
on a pile of horse droppings. At the same date, Lithosia griseola was 
locally common in a marshy, sallow-lined field near Compton; f. 
stramineola was present also, apparently in a ratio to the type of about 
one to three. Efforts to find the black variety of Limenitis camilla 
by myself and my friends were fruitless, although the species was fairly 
plentiful, and some had occurred to us at Farnham two vears before. 

During June and July a number of moths came to the ight in my 
room, which looked out over Godalming to Hindhead. Results were 
very thin until late in July, when a row of very warm nights brought 
reports of miraculous draughts of insects all over the south of England. 
On the 21st and 22nd moths swarmed into my room between 1 and 2 
a.m., and I was hard put to it to excavate all those which went to 
ground behind books and cricket tackle and what not. At last, in 
despair, I shut the window tight and went to bed; and in the morn- 
ing the window panes were plastered with insects which had made to 
escape at dawn. Most were common stuff, but the better sort included 
a couple of that shy insect Xylophasia scolopacina, Calymnia pyralina, 
and Laspeyria flexrula, 


92 EN'TOMOLOGISY'S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


On the 27th I drove up to the Broads for a few days. Mr Michael 
Chalmers-Hunt came with me, and we stopped that night at Wicken. 
After a look at the eggs of the Large Copper, which appeared to he 
very plentiful, we used the rest of the daylight in a short journey to 
Barton Mills, where Emmelia trabealis and Acidalia rubiginata were 
still about. A high wind and heavy rain after dark made Wicken an 
unpleasant place; a few Gastropacha quercifolia and Phragmatoecia 
castaneae came to the upright sheet, and we were pleased to see a 
yellow male of Cosmotriche potatoria, but at midnight the rain won, 
and we splashed home. 


The next morning was fine but windy, and we stopped on our way 
to the Broads near Brandon. After my failure in June, it was with 
surprise and delight that I came across a good patch of Silene otites at 
the side of the road, with several larvae of Dianthoecia trregularis 
sitting on the stems. Not wanting to take larvae with us, we left 
them till the return journey, and chased Satyrus semele, which was 
in good order and abundant. At this point my car became dyspeptic, 
but we made shift to reach Barton Turf in the early evening. Innless, 
bathless, yet most hospitable, this village is still fairly quiet except 
in regatta-time, and is an ideal and charming centre for the Broadland 
insects and birds. Mr C, W. V. Gane, equally expert at birds and 
insects and boats, is reputed to have spent some twenty-five consecutive 
summer holidays there without surfeit; T am not surprised. On the 
Broads one is utterly at the mercy of the weather, which at this time 
of year often produces hot days and very cold nights; when I was there 
in 1936 night collecting was hopeless, and for a week we saw neither 
Pelosia muscerda nor Leucania brevilinea. On the other hand, a hot 
day may be followed by a hot night, if there is just enough breeze to 
keep the air moving; and in 1938 we were lucky enough to meet a row 
of four muggy nights. On the first evening Hunt stayed at the staithe, 
while I drove round to a reed-field on the north side of the Broad; we 
found this latter place so good that we made it our base for the future 
evening work. At dusk in this reed-field Celaena haworthit was 
common, buzzing low down in the herbage and almost invisible; but 
later in the night it would fly wildly shoulder high, and was then very 
hard to catch. The first Leucania brevilinea came at 9.30, at the time 
of the lighting of lamps; it seemed to have a regular time of flight, 
from 9.30 until 10.15, and after this one could find couples on the reeds, 
though rarely. While the flight lasted, it was remarkable; brevilinea 
easily outnumbered other species, and it was no rare thing for us to 
have two or three at a time around our lamps as we walked along the 
edge of a newly-cut reed-field. The form sinelinea turned up about 
once in every ten, but we found it hard to get the insect in good con- 
dition, two of every three having to be turned loose. It is, I think, 
an insect that will not travel far to light; it may, for instance, be 
taken by walking with a light through its breeding grounds, or by 
coasting along the edges of reed-fields in a tub, with a light aboard; 
but Hunt at the staithe saw only one at his stationary lamp, and Mr 
Peyton tells me that on a good night when insects are coming freely to 
light at the staithe, he has never seen more than two. Pelosia 
muscerda was fairly common, with the typical and yellow forms 
of Inthosia griseola; it could be taken flying around the sallow bushes— 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 93 


rarely in the open reed-field—or more freely on the sheet late at night. 
The three other nights which we spent at this spot produced the same 
species, with the interesting additions of Melianu famimea and a tired 
Senta maritima. The night of the 3lst was of the sort that comes 
only once or twice a year; after a commonplace start, we moved our 
sheet to a little wood that overlooked the reed-field, and between 1 and 
2 a.m. it was covered so thickly with moths that Mr Howard, who had 
joined us, suggested that we should take the sheet away, shake it, and 
start again. In a few minutes it was as full as before. P. muscerda 
dropped on to it as fast as we could box them, and we took a fine 
varied series; they were still coming when we packed up at 2.30. <An- 
other good species which came in numbers was Calamotrophus -palu- 
dellus. It is the only occasion when | remember counting more than 
200 moths on a sheet at once. 

By day we went on the water. Collecting pupae of Nonagria cannae 
in public is an undignified business, recalling an ostrich, but very good 
fun on a warm day. The moorhens had thought so too, and had ripped 
up most of the stems of Scirpus that contained a pupa. Our rate was 
about one in ten minutes. I suspect that this species, like N. spar- 
gantt, keeps up its numbers by pupating in large colonies on semi-dry 
land; Mr Wightman, who has found such a colony of cannae, tells me 
that the pupae were in considerable numbers, far thicker than one 
ever finds them out on the open water. Out of half-a-dozen pupae which 
I kept to complete my series, I was glad to breed a nice female of a pale 
but bright salmon-pink colour. 

Larvae of Papilio machaon were abundant in one field near the vil- 
lage, and we saw a few of the second brood imagines hawking over the 
reeds. We just missed Orgyia gonostigma, which had pupated but was 
not yet flying, it seemed, 

On our way home on Ist August we put in another night at Wicken. 
Leaving my.friends at the fen, I went off at dusk to Brandon to pick 
up a few larvae of Dianthoecia irregularis; they were still very small, 
and could be found quite commonly crawling up the stems of the catch- 
fly for their evening meal. While J was doing this, Acidalia rubiginata 
and Hupithecia subfulvata came to my lamp. Later J met Mr P. J. 
Burton, of Lowestoft, collecting near Mildenhall; under his guidance 
I was introduced to T'apinostola hellmanni, which was flying in profusion 
in a limited area with Lithosia complana. Mr Burton also netted an 
Acidaha muricata, which he thought to be new to Suffolk. By 1 a.m. 
I was back at Wicken, to find that insects had been swarming; 
Arsilonche albovenosa and the usual fen insects had come to sugar and 
light in quantities, with two notable exceptions—T. hellmanni and NV. 
dissoluta, It must be admitted that NVylophasia monoglypha was so 
abundant and self-assertive that no delicate insect had a dog’s chance 
on the sugar, but it is odd that not one NV. dissoluta was seen either at 
sugar or at light on five good nights in its home. There was further 
excitement on my arrival, for two Chiasmia clathrata ab. nigricans ap- 
peared at the sheet almost simultaneously. Two yellow males of Cosmo- 
triche potatoria were taken, and the expedition ended in the arrival at 
3 a.m. or so of a male Laphygma exigua; this, and both the clathrata, 
were taken not in the fen but at the village end of the main drove. 


(To be concluded.) 


94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


ORTHOPTERA FROM THE ISLE OF PurBEcK.—During the last few days 
of July 1938 I was collecting Ichneumonidae and Coleoptera in 
the Swanage district of Dorset. A little attention was also paid to 
the Orthoptera, which were extremely abundant almost everywhere. 
Dr Malcolm Burr has been kind enough to examine my material, and 
the following list is based on his identifications. Several searches on 
Ballard Down for Calliptamus italicus proved fruitless though these were 
amply repaid with material in other groups. 


Ectobius panzeri, Steph. Studland, sand dunes, 5 ¢¢, 3 99, 1 juv., 
25.vll. Swanage, 2 jJuv., 24.vii. 

E. lividus, F. Corfe Castle to Blue Pool, 1 9, 1.viil. 

Acrydium vittatum, Zett. Studland Heath, near Little Sea, south side, 
NEGhG 4 2u 25, 29. Val, 

Omocestus viridulus, L. Ballard Down, 1 ¢, 25.vii. 

Chorthippus bicolor, Charp. Corfe Castle to Blue Pool, 2 gd, 19, 
l.viii. Near Corfe Castle, 2 ¢¢,1 9, 31.vii. Studland Heath, 
near Little Sea, south side, 1 2, 25.vli. Swanage, 16 69, 
2A Wil WA Ou, .2OWs Die ee @  26.vi> 4G oy OL 2a var 
Ballard Down, 4 dd, 25.vu; 1 6, 38 2Q, 28.vu; 1 9, 29.vii. 

C. parallelus, Zett. Ballard Down, 2 63,1 9, 25.vii. Swanage, 5 
Gon 4, 2 O24 yi; i Gg Oo, 27; | oS, 29.vi0. 

Myrmeleotettiz maculatus, Thunb. Studland Heath, near Little Sea, 
south side, 6 dd, 9 9Q 25.vii. Ballard Down, 2 6d, 12 9°29, 
28.vil. 

Tettigonia viridissima, L. Swanage, 1 ¢ 9, 24.vil. 

Platycleis grisea, F. Swanage, 2 33, 5 99, 24.vil. 

Leptophyes punctatissima, Bosc. Swanage, 1 @, 1 juv., 29.vii. 


W. D. Hincxs. 
46 Gipton Wood Ave., Leeds, 8. 


The way to find Labidurg riparia, Pall., is given in an interesting 
note on this species by Dr Weidner of Hamburg in a recent paper on 
the Orthoptera of Central Germany (Zeit. f. Nat. Halle, 92 Bd., 1938). 
He points out that the best places to look for it are sand dunes and 
sandy banks, with a preference for sunny spots. The presence of the 
earwig is shown by the mouths of their galleries, small, rather broad 
openings with an arched roof. Sometimes these are shown up by a 
little pile of the excavated sand thrown out, which is noticeable if the 
inner sand is different in colour from the superficial, as is often the 
case. These holes are said by Ramme to go as much as two metres 
deep, and they often have a bolt hole, effected through a sharp bend, 
so that the gallery forms a U. 

The insects are nocturnal or crepuscular, shunning bright light. 
They are very active and difficult to catch. Dr Weidner often found 
the holes empty, but if there be a colony some are sure to be occupied. 
He found them in May and throughout the summer. They are easy 
to keep in confinement. 

All sand dunes, especially along the south coast, should be searched 
for these interesting earwigs. They will probably be found in a good 


CURRENT NOTES. 95 


many suitable localities. On the Continent they are by no means con- 
fined to the coast and are reported from numerous rivers.—M. B. 

[In India, where L. riparia is abundant along sandy river-beds, it 
comes freely to hght at night.—T. B. F.] 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Dr Warnecke of Kiel has sent us a separate of the paper he read 
last year at the Berlin Congress of Entomology. ‘‘ The Taxonomic Im- 
portance of the Genital Armature of Lepidoptera.’ It is well illus- 
trated with plates and text figures; in fact, exceptionally well, many 
of the figures being composite ones. 


We have received, from Dr Skat Hoffmeyer, the well-known Danish 
entomologist, a separate of his notes on his recent collecting experi- 
ences in that country during 1938. In that year he announced 3 species 
of Macro-lepidoptera as new to the country and had established the 
recognition of a form of Chloridea maritima, viz., ssp. septentrionalis. 
In addition, he summarises the discoveries which have been made of 
recent years in exploring the entomological fauna of the various Danish 
islands in the Baltic. He deals specifically with some thirteen species 
all of which are wanderers from the east and south-east, except the ssp. 
septentrionalis from the south-west. There is a series of diagrams show- 
ing the north-west boundary of the area of distribution, of twelve of 
the species. The extract is from the Belgian Lambillionea of January 
last. 


We have received from Dr Heydemann of Kiel a number of separates 
indicating the useful and interesting work he is doing. They deal with 
the genus Crino, the Acronicta group of species, the fauna of N.W. 
Europe, etc. 


The Ann. Rep. of the United States National Museum records the 
total number of insects received during the year 1937 as 101,854, includ- 
ing Chinese material, several private collections of Lepidoptera, ants, 
weevils, reared Coleoptera, etc. 


The Phase Theory in the Biology of the Locust, Locusta migratoria, 
is dealt with in a pamphlet published by the Im. Inst. of Agric. Re- 
search, India, with especial reference to the N.W. India area, The 
text is illustrated by a map and series of tabulated observations accumu- 
lated from many localities. 


In the Ent. News for March the behaviour of various species of 
gregrarious caterpillars is described. Another article describes the 
mating and egg-laying of Malacosoma americana (Lasiocampidae), and 
comparison is made with the behaviour of the British Lasiocampa 
quercus as published by Bacot & Tutt in this country. 


In the Ztsch. Osterr, Ent. Ver. for April the very interesting notes 
of the leaf-mines of the German lands continues and with them are 3 
diagrammatic plates illustrating the individual peculiarities, without 


96 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/V 1/1939 


which the letterpress would necessarily be much less understood. Two 
such plates had been issued with the species discussed in the March 
number. We must not omit to note the very fine coloured plates of 
Colias species issued with the February part of this magazine to illus- 
trate an article on Colias myrmidone and C. balcanica by Dr Schawerda. 


The January number of the Canadian Entomologist is devoted to a 
special resumé of the history of the Canadian Entomological Society 
during the seventy-five years of its existence. It is very interesting 
reading, and the many illustrations included allow us to see the por- 
traits of all the more prominent entomologists who have figured in the 
literature of the colonial entomology of the period. 


The May number of The Microscope and Entomological Monthly has 
an article by Dr Burr on The Elytra of some Grasshoppers, with ten 
photographs illustrating the venation, by Dr Eltringham. They are 
beautiful work and bring out the details remarkably clearly. 


Messrs Gustav Feller of Neubrandenburg have published a facsimile 
edition of the MS. of Fabricius’ Systema Glossatorum, of which a 12 page 
excerpt was published in the Magazin fiir Insektenkunde, Vol. VI (1807), 
including short diagnoses of genera and a few of the species in each 
genus. The MS. has never before been published, but has remained in 
the Stettin Museum. The publishers have sent out a facsimile of the 
4-page announcement of the proposed publication of this MS., which 
was made in the Zeitg. f. Lit. wu. Kunst, Kiel, 11th September 1807. 
The death of the author put an end to the intended publication. 
This has been brought out under the editorship cof Herr F. Bryk, who 
stated at the International Congress of Entomology in Berlin, 1988, 
that there existed three known examples of the original edition, 1807. 
We now have the original descriptions of a number of our common 
butterfly genera, such an Vanessa, Colias, ete., whereas authors have 
only had the more or less incomplete translations into German which 
Illiger gave im vol. vi of his Magazin d. Ent. in 1807. As it is, only 
seven ‘‘ signatures,’ 112 pp. remain. These deal with eleven genera 
and their species content (Vanessa in part). 


SOCIETIES, 


A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at 5 and 6 Albany, 
Piccadilly, London, on February 20th, Mr R. W. Lloyd in the chair. 
Members present—Mr H. Donisthorpe, Mr H. Willoughby Ellis, Mr Jas. 
KE. Collin, Mr R. W. Lloyd, Mr W. Rait-Smith, Dr Sheffield Neave, and 
Dr Richard R. Armstrong. Visitors present—Mr Robert B. Benson, 
Mr Francis Hemming, Dr B. M. Hobby, Dr Karl Jordan, and the 
Rev. C. E. Tottenham. The meeting was called for 7 o’clock, and dinner 
was served at 7.30. After dinner, the Chairman’s works of art and his 
collections of European butterflies and British beetles were on view; 
both of the latter are being greatly extended and reorganised. The 
meeting broke up at a late hour after a most entertaining evening.— 
H. Wittovucnsy Erzis, Hon. Secretary. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (181) 


ab. borealis, Lingo., Lambil., XXXVI, 239 (1936). 

Ornic. Descrre.—‘‘ They are much darker than the typical form, deep 
grey brown without the least shade of reddish. They are a little smaller 
with somewhat slighter wings and with the transverse lines very in- 
distinct.’’ Lapland. 

Nore.—On p. (179), lines 15, 16 and 17 from the bottom, delete the 
words ‘‘ but I fail te find the reference for the original bestower of this 
name.’’ Also delete ‘‘ This insect is now... . of Dr E. A. Cockayne.’’ 


Noctua, L. (1758), Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), most authors. [Agrotis, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Splr., Culot: Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. 
(1816-25), Steph., Meyr.: Rhyacia, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz., Corti-Drdt.- 
Stz.] wnbrosa, Hb. (1809-13) = sexrstrigata, Haw. (1809). 


Esper, Abbild., IV, 453 (1796?), plt. 143, 3 (1788?), gave a figure 
which he named radicea, var. This figure Treit., Schm., V (2), 123 
(1825), considered was the winbrosa, Hb., 456-7. The text of Esper does 
not help to elucidate this rather unrecognisable figure of which Werne- 
burg, Beitr., II, 45 (1864), says ‘‘ looks to him much like a var. of xantho- 
grapha.”’ Bork., Naturges., IV, 572, identifies it with the 7adicea, 
Schiff., Verz., 81 (1775). To me the only suggestion of wmbresa is the 
usually conspicuous transverse subdiscal line on the underside of all 
the wings, but the size is small for wmbrosa. : 


limteesriies Noct., UL, 124. (1892): Barr:,..Lep. Br. Is., IV, 92; pit: 
147, 3 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., Ifled., 140 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV, 
415 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 150, plt. 33, 10 (1905): South, M.B.T., 
I, 227, plt. 114, 6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, plt. 10b (1909) : 
Culot, N. ef G., I (1), 46, plt. 7, 7 (1910). 


Hb.,. Samml. Noct., 456-7 (1809-13), gave two unusually red figures, 


such as I have not seen. 


H.-S., Sys. Bearb., IT, 357 (1851), says of-Hb., 456-7, forewings too 
broad; hindwings too yellow, but good. Also that Esp., plt. 145, 3, is 
useless. In H.-S. copy of Gn. (in my possession) he pencilled in the 
name radicea, Esp., as a synonym. 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 201, pit. LXIIT, 3 (1825), gave an excellent 
figure of this species. . 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 334 (1852), says that the sexrstrigata, Haw., 
is this species. 

Barrett, Lep. Br. Is., IV, 92 (1897), on plt. 147, gave two excellent 
fioures of this species. 

Hamp., Lep. Phal., IV, 415 (1903), accepted sexstrigata, Haw. (1809), 
in place of wmbrosa, Hb. (1809-13). 

Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 150, plt. 33, 10 (1905), a good figure. 

South, M.Br.I., f, 227, plt. 114, 6 (1907). This fig. also partakes too 
much of the general colour of the plate, too orange brown. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 45, plt. 10b (1909), treat sexstrigata, 
Haw., as a synonym, and give no variation. The figure is very fair. 


Genus Rhyacia. 


(182) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


el 


Barrett says of the Variation :— 


‘‘ But very slightly variable—the transverse lines are sometimes less 
distinct, and occasionally the central shade is obsolete.’’ 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 


[radicea, Esp. (1796?), Abbild., IV, 453, plt. 143, 3 (17887). ] 
umbrosa, Hb. (1809-13), Samml. Noct., 456-7. 
sexstrigata, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 228. 


sexstrigata, Haw., Lep. Brit., 228 (1809). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alis griseo-roseis strigis sex fuscis.’’ ‘‘ Praece- 
denti valde affinis, at satis distincta; alae apice rotundiores; striga 
secunda magis undulata: fascia pone stigmata deest, at strigam habet 
fasciae formem a basi stigmatis postici ad marginem tenuiorem. Color 
inter stigmata usque ad costam saturatior est. Striga quarta pone 
stigmata magis arcuata: et striga quinta longe validior, et fere fasciae- 
formis. Sexta striga est tenuissima in ipso margine postico. Alae pos- 
ticae magis cinereae, fimbria saturatore.”’ 

This description is a fairly good one and seems to apply to what we 
know as wmbrosa, Hb. (1809). 

My colleague, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, has called my attention to 
the use of the name wmbresa for another Noctua species on plate 133 of 
Esper’s Abbild. Noct., IV (1788?). Thus wmbrosa, Hb. (1809-13) is a 
genuine homonym and must fall as sexstrigata, Haw. (1809) becomes the 
prior name. 


Noctua, L. (1758), Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), most writers, Gn., Barr., 
Sth.: [Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr. (1), Stdgr., Splr., Culot: 
Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Steph., Meyr. (2): Rhyacia, Hb. 
(1821), Warr.-Stz., Corti-Drdt.-Stz.] festiva, Schiff. (1775). 

Tutt took, as many authors have done, the festiva, Hb., 114 (1800- 
3), aS the prior name. [Hyven before South published his Noctuae 
volume it was considered that the primulae, Esp. (1788-1796?) was 
festiva and was the prior, and was adopted as the original by Corti and 
Draudt in Seitz (19383). 

But the name festiva occurs in the Verz., Schiff. (1775), Appendix 
5314, and Werneburg, Beitr., IT, 44 (1864), determines it as this species. 
The description is very. meagre, viz., ‘‘ Alis anticis, purpureis. The 
dark-red and purple-coloured noctua.”’ 

Werneburg, l.c., went further and determined that mendica, Fab.., 
Syst. Ent. (1775), was festiva. Thus, as the Verz. was until just re- 
cently considered as the last work published in 1775 because a few copies 
had a title-page with that date, mendica became the prior name. 

But owing to the consideration of the Verz. as the last work pub- 
lished in 1775 would cause such a number of changes of name, it was 
found to be better to date it as the first work to be published in 1775. 
Hence festiva still remains as the prior name. 

Tutt had taken mendica as being described first (by Fab.) in the 
Mant., 1787, and treated it as a var. of festiva. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (183) 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., II, 118 (1892): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IV, 74, plt. 145 
(1897): Stdgr., Cat., I[Ied., 140 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV, 491 
(1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 151, plt. 33, 15-16 (1905): South, M.B.Z., 
I, 224, plt. 113, 8-11 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 39, plt. 8 h, i, k. 
(1909): Culot, WV. et G., I (1), 48, plt. 7, f. 13-18 (1909): Corti-Drdt.-Stz., 
Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 76, plt. 11g (1933). 

Ernst & Ener., Pap. d’Ewr., VIII, 20, fig. 541 (1792), gave very 
good figures of varied forms of this species. 

Hiibner, Samml. Noct., 114, 467, 468, 469, and 617 (turbida) (1800- 
1803), (1809-13) and (1814-1817) gives a set of excellent portraits of forms 
of festiva, mostly of the richly variegated forms. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 358 (1851), says that 114 Hb. is not correct, 
omits turbida, Hb., but refers to the other three figures of Hb. as good. 

Treit., Schin., VI (not V as Tutt quotes) (1), 405, describes his con- 
flua from the Riesengebirge of Central Europe and his description agrees 
with specimens, small (cf. sérigilis) dark, liver-coloured, much marbled 
with yellowish or reddish brown, stigmata paler but large, a quadrate 
black spot between the stigmata, a triangular black spot on the basal 
side of the orbicular. All these characters describe a darker less varie- 
gated form of festiva, such as we find on British moorlands, e.g. Aber- 
deen, Perth, Carlisle, and odd ones in suitable Southern localities. 

Duponchel, Hist. Nat., V, 186, plt. LXI, 5-6 (1824), gave two excel- 
lent figures of festiva forms. Godt., J.c., VII, 140, plt. 109, 7 (1827), 
gave a figure of the conflua moorland form of festiva, but not of the 
dark northern form. It came from Hungary. 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 186, plt. LXI, 5-6 (1825), gave good figures of 
two of its innumerable forms. 

Frr., Beitr., I, 185, plt. XLI (1828), gave a very poor incorrect and 
unrecognisable figure. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 331 (1852), gave mendica, Fab., primulae, 
Esp., and sigma, Donovan, as synonyms. Schiff. in the Verz. (1775) 
‘placed this species with delphinii and purpurina, but the fig. of Hiibner 
which is half purple and half pearl-grey explains the difficulty.”” =Hb. 
114, 469. 

His var. A. is subrufa, Haw., with no black places between and be- 
fere the stigmata. This is the dahlii of God. =Hb. 467-8. 

His var. congener, Hb. is Hb. 617 (not 862). 

Mill. (Icon.) Soc. Linn. de Lyon (1864), I, plt. LVIII, 1, gave a fine 
figure of the small somewhat dark conflua of the moorland form. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 348 (1868), gives 3 nice clear figures, and says 
out of hundreds of specimens no two were alike. The conflua of Newman 
‘Cis very like festiva in miniature,’’? and is ‘‘ abundant on heaths and 
mosses ;’’? Darlington, but rare in Scotland. He states that the ‘‘ two 
caterpillars are totally different.’’ 

Buckler, Lar. of Br. Moths, V, Noct., 2, plt. LXXVIT (1893), gives 
5 figures of the larvae festiva and 7 of conflua. In the latter there seems 
to be a backward convergence of most of the dorsal markings on each 
segment such as is not shown in festiva, in which the black elongate 
marks on each segment are generally larger than in conflua. 

Tutt’s note on Hb.’s fig. 617, labelled turbida, is to alter that name 
to congener, Hb. fig. 618, a totally different species more like Leucania 
comma. It appears to be a bad figure of a form of festiva with the 


(184) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1939 


transverse lines or bands apparently in wrong directions. It is ‘* very 
red with almost unicolorous stigmata.’’ A mottled form without the 
quadrate spots. Tutt says turbida is an error for congener. | am un- 
able to trace the basis for this statement, and have treated turbida as an 
aberration. 

Barrett gives, /.c., 20 figures of this species on plates 145 and 146, 
including two of var. cunflua, and seven of borealis (?) from Shetland, 
etc. (146 and 146a = conflua), (146b-146h = borealis (?)). 

Splr., Schm. Ewr., I, 151, plt. 33, 15b, 16 (1905). 15b is a good figure. 
It is a conflua form. 

South, M.Br.1., I, 224, plt. 113, 8, 9, 10, 1f (907). These fieures 
give some of the multifarious forms, but are not good. 10 and 11 are 
called var. thulei, but there seems to be but little difference. The gen- 
eral colour of the plate is not appropriate for all the species figured. 

Pierce, Gent. Brit. Noct, 55 (1909), said that he found no difference 
between festiva and conflua, but, as one does not know which conflua 
was examined nor how many, this is not proven. 

Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 39, plt. 8h, 81, 8k (1909), give 17 figures 
of this very variable species, all quite good, and depicting 8 of the 14 
forms they recognise. They say conflua, H.-S. (nec Tr.) is the rufo- 
virgata, Tutt; the grisea, Tutt is the conflua, Auct. nec Tr.; the con- 
flua, Tr. is the thulei, Stdg. Genus Rhyacia. ; 

Culot, N. ef G., I (1) (1910), 48, plt. 7, figs. 13, 14, 15 = different 
forms of primulae-festivae, 16, 17 = conflua, 18, thule:. The figures do 
not show the great variability referred to by the author in the text. 
He remarks on the impossibility of describing in words the differences 
between some forms of dahlu and primulae (festiva) as well as the simi- 
larity to other species. The insects must be compared ‘‘under one’s eves.”’ 

Corti-Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 76, plt. 11g (1933). Corti’s notes 
recognise primulae, Esp., as the prior name. They add a Lapland form, 
disparata, Corti. The figure of it is good. 


Barrett writes of the Variation :— 


‘* Unusually variable in the colour and markings of the forewings. 
Often the stigmata are obscure, and this occurs more particularly when 
the lines and the transverse shades or stripes are distinct, or the latter 
are obscure or absent, and the yellowish drab wings are only taintly 
shaded with reddish or purplish; or the lines and stigmata are almost 
obliterated, and the stripes distinct; or the ground colour is wholly ful- 
vous, or red-brown, or purple-brown, with the same range of markings; 
or the two large angulated spots in the discal cell are black, and the 
costa spotied with black; or the dark spots are obliterated, and the 
whole surface is unicolorous, or nearly so. Rarely the entire surface is 
yellowish drab, except the two chocolate, angulated spots; occasionally 
the basal half of the wings being normal, the outer half is abruptiy and 
intensely purple-red; or is so from the middle to the subterminal line. 
Every possible intermediate variation occurs, and to enumerate all the 
phases of colour and markings in these southern forms is practically 
hopeless. In the hindwings the colour varies from white to dark grey- 
brown. The thorax usually follows the colour of the forewings.”’ 

‘‘ Tn the hill districts of the N. of England and in most parts of 
Scotland is a local or climatal range of forms, decidedly smaller in size, 


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MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 97 


MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 
With a description of a new race, and comparisons with Luristan and 
Alvand, Iran. anh Compa 
ay By E. P. Wittsurre, F.R.E.S. 9° Zoology ay 


[sS 
2 \ JUL 30 1939 
A previous article (1) dealt with autumnal Lepi LPR A the 


Rowanduz Chai valley, Iraqi Kurdistan. This article deals, in its first 
part, with additions and corrections to the previous article, and, in 
its second and main part, with the spring and summer Lepidoptera of 
the same region. 


PART I. 
ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA TO PREVIOUS ARTICLE, 


Dysauxes hyalina f. autumnalis, Dan. is the right designation of 
the Dysauxes recorded; the nominotypical, first brood, has also been 
taken, at R., 24.vi. 

Ocnogyna loewi, Z. D., 8.xi.36. 

Cirphis alopecuri ssp. syriaca, Osth. (det. Brsn.) is the right desig- 
nation of the Cinphis mentioned. 

Hyphilare lithargyria ssp. grisea, Haw. B.G., xi, a lightly marked 
race. 

For Sideridis putrescens read Sideridis herrichti, H.S. 

Evisa schawerdae, Reiss. ssp. n. (det. Brsn.). One of the two species 
recorded as doubtful Dryobotodes has now been identified as given. 

Eumichtis muscosa, Stgr. can be confirmed. 


The identity of the Cortyta species may have to be reconsidered, and 
must for the moment be queried. 

Rhyacia elutior, Alph. ab. pulverea, Hamps. (det. Brsn.) is the cor- 
rect designation of the series of grey moths recorded as “‘ ? sp, n. near 
palaestinensis.’’ Like xanthographa, a grey and a red form of this 
species fly in the same district, but evidently the grey is the commoner 
here. —— 

Rhyacia xzanthographa, Schiff. The statement that the Kurdish 
race is reddish should not exclude the possibility of a minority of grey 
forms, as at Bagdad. 

Rhyacia palaestinensis. Kalchb. One specimen was taken together 
with the pulverea mentioned above, and differing in size and markings 
therefrom, being smaller. R.G., 7.x. 

Enargia badiofasciata, Drdt. f. busilissa, Brdt. The previous article 
was published before the recognition and publication of this species, 
which certainly is among a series of moths assumed at first to be all 
regina, For the present the question of the occurrence here of genuine 
regina must remain open, for the four, dark-red specimens which seem 
to be this species are all females. 

Oncocnemis sp. near confusa-rufescens, Stgr. (det. Brsn.). R., 
14.ix.35; a damaged specimen, perhaps erythropsis, Brdt., 6000 ft, 

Herminia crinalis, Tr. One worn specimen, B.G., 9.x. 


(1) ‘‘ Autumnal Lepidoptera in Kurdistan,” Ent. Rec., 31.viii.1937, and 21.ix.1937. 


98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.V1I1.1939 


Sterrha palaestinensis, Stern. (det. Stern.). R.G., x. One small, 
pallid example, identified by its genitalia. Earlier broods from else- 
where are more distinctive. 

Cidaria ? ludificata, Stgr. (not salicata). BG. 9%; Also at, 
16.iv. 

Eupithecia brunneata, Stgr. R.G., ix and x. 

Nychiodes divergaria, Stgr. Some of the examples of earlier broods 
are larger than suggested in the previous article. The identity of the 
Bagdad Nychiodes mentioned in ‘‘ Lepidoptera of a Bagdad Orchard ” 
can now be confirmed as this species, since I have now seen the imago 
in material collected in Bagdad for the Field Museum, Chicago. 


I am much indebted to Dr E. Wehrli for the investigation of my 
Gnophos and Gnopharmia material from Iraq and Iran; thanks to him 
the particulars below can now be published. 

Hemerophila engys, Whri. The unique type, a male, taken at B.G., 
Oix: 

Gnopharmia trakensis, Whrli. R.G., 28.vili. Really a midsummer 
insect, that lasts into early autumn. Sh., R., R.G., and Alvand up to 
7500 ft., vii (vide sub.). 

Gnophos chorista, Whrli. R.G., 7.x.386. A single female constitutes 
the typical material of this species. 

Gnophos wiltshiret, Whrli, R.G., 7 and 8.x, a small series to light. 
(Types.) 

Gnophos wanensis, Whrli. (det. Prt.). S.A., ix; R.G., 8.x. 

Gnophos stachypora, Whrli., ssp. A slightly smaller race than that 
at Alvand. R., 27.vii, and R.G., 8.x. (Alvand: ssp. hamadana, Whrli.) 

Gnophos probably variegata, Dup. S.A., ix. A small, battered 
specimen. 

Gnophos onustaria, H.S. (det. Prout). B.G., 9.x. 

Leptarchis psologramma, Meyr. is, teste Amsel, a synonym of Stenia 
intervacatalis, Chr. 


A comparison between some of the above dates and the list of visits 
given in the previous article will show that specimens were received 
from the same locality for about a month in 1936 after I was obliged 
to leave it. For these specimens I am indebted to the kind co-opera- 
tion of Mr Consul Finch and his Assyrian chowkidar, Philippus. The 
material that they collected shows that most of the species taken at 
Diana in early October continue commonly on the wing until the end 
of that month, and some later. 

The autumnal species taken at Ser Amadia in 1935, for most of which 
I am indebted to Capt. Day, will be mentioned in Part II, below. 


PART If. 
SPRING AND SUMMER LEPIDOPTERA. 


In this part I shall not only deal with the localities described in the 
previous article (namely, Rowanduz Gorge, Diana, Berserini Gorge, 
Rayat and the pass above Rayat, which bears the name Hajji Omaran, 
and is 6000 ft. high) but also with the following localities which were 
visited on the dates given :— 


MCRE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 99 


Amadia (A.), 9.vi.35, morning (also v.37, the last week). 
Berwar (B.), 15.viii.35, daytime. 

Mazna (Ma.), 18.v1.35, morning. 

Mergasur (Mr.), 18.vi.35, morning. 


Rowanduz Chai valley (R.C.V.). Several villages that need not be 
mentioned severaliy are included under this general reference; they 
were visited on 22.v and 27.vii.35 by day. 

Ser Amadia (S.A.), 9.vi, afternoon; 14.vi11.35, day and night. From 
the same locality I now have also specimens caught by Capt. Day in v, 
vi and ix.35, and Dr Brodie in viii or ix.37. To these officers of His 
Majesty’s Forces I must express my gratitude, and hkewise to Mr Bel- 
lingham, for the 1937 specimens from Amadia above, and Sheikh, Adi, 
below. 

Shaqlawa (Sh.), 14.vi, noon; 19.vi, evening; 17.vii, evening; 1.vili,35, 
evening, 

Sheikh Adi (Sh.A.), 12.x.86, morning (also 2.vi.37), 

Sulaf (S.), 8-9.vi.35, day and night. 

Suwara Tocka (S.T.), 8.vi.85, morning. 

Zawita (Z.), 8.vi.385, morning. 


The capital letters in brackets are the abbreviations by which these 
localities will be referred to hereinafter. 


The spring and summer dates on which the previously mentioned 
localities were visited were as follows :— 

Diana (D.), 20-24.v, 14-17.vi, 27-28.vi, 12.vii, 16.vil, 29 and 31.vi11.35. 

Rayat (R.), 16.vi, day-time; 24.vi, 13-14.vii, m; 27, 28.vi1.35, day and 
night. If no altitude is given, it may be assumed that the specimen 
in question was taken at about 4500 ft. close to the village of Rayat. 

Rowanduz Gorge (R.G.), 15.vi, evening; 12.vii, noon; 16.vil, even- 
ing; 30.vii.35, evening. 


Of the new localities above A., B., S.A., Sh.A., S., S.T., and Z. 
are in a more northerly province of Iraqi Kurdistan than that described 
in the previous article. They lie between Mosul and the Turkish 
frontier. Here too there are parallel mountain ridges, but they run 
due east and west, not, as in the Zagros, from N.W. to S.E. Together 
with Turkish Kurdistan (the Diarbekr and Malatya districts) they link 
the Zagros faunistically with the Taurus and the Lebanon. The fauna 
here is doutbless very like that of the Hakkiari mountains. The high- 
lands of Armenia, however, like those of Iran, are bleaker, drier and 
less wooded. Since I did not collect so intensively in this province as 
in the Rowanduz-Rayat district, too much significance should not be 
attached to the record of a species from one only of the two regions, 
which, in fact, adjoin one another at Aqra and are separated by no more 
formidable boundary than the Greater Zab. 

Amadia and Sulaf (4000 ft.) lie on the north side of the Supna 
valley, overshadowed by the limestone ridge of Ser Amadia 
(6000 ft.). Between this ridge and the Turkish frontier les the almost 
idyllic valley of Berwar, which can only be visited on a mule or horse. 
South of the Supna valley, on a less elevated ridge, lies Suwara Tooka 
(4000 ft.). The trees of these districts are chiefly Quercus. Zawita is 


100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.V1I.1939 


a picturesque ford (c. 3000 ft. high) on the Mosul-Amadia road, between 
Dohuk and S.T. Between Z. and §S.T. on this road! are pine woods, 
and this is the only part of Kurdistan where I have seen a wild conifer 
growth. The fauna of these trees (P. haleppensis) might repay investi- 
gation. Sheikh Adi lies north-east of Mosul, at a lower elevation than 
the foregoing. Its dense wood is due to the Yezidi tabu against cut- 
ting trees or killing animals near the shrine. The surrounding hills 
are quite bare, being protected by no such ban. The absence of trees 


from many hills in Northern Iraq, therefore, is evidently due to human 
deforestation. 


I now come to the localities south of the Greater Zab, the true 
Zagros localities. Besides those described in the previous article, men- 
tion must be made of Shaqlawa, a fertile village nestling under the 
Safeen Dagh, and situated on the road about half way between Erbil 
and Rowanduz at an elevation of about 3000 ft.; and of Mazna and 
Mergasur, two localities lying north of Diana on the course..of the 
Havdian river (which enters the Rowanduz Gorge close to Diana); their 
respective elevations are approximately 3000 and 3500 ft. 

At Rayat several trips were made to heights above those mentioned 
in the previous article. Mt. Kawdo is the peak which stands just 
behind Rayat, and its slopes were worked up to a height of 8000 or 
9000 ft. 

The Zagros can be said to begin south and east of the Greater Zab, 
and to run thence south-east as far as the Gulf of Oman. The 
Rowanduz area, therefore, is at the northern end of this great moun- 
tain range. The hills above Urumiya (Persian Azerbaijan) are similar 
in fauna to those at Rayat, and constitute the most northerly finger of 
the Zagros, pointing at Ararat. Localities further south along the 
same range from which entomological records have been made are 
Sulaimani, Pai-Tak, Karind, Pusht-i-Kuh, my own records from Luris- 
tan (Khorramabad, Tunel, etc.) and Brandt’s records from Mian Kotal, 
near Shiraz. 

At a certain altitude, along the whole length of the Zagros is a 
zone of oak-forest or oak-scrub, doubtless due to precipitation from 
humid air-currents from the south-west. 

At Rayat these oaks do not grow higher than about 5000 feet above — 
sea-level, but in Luristan I have seen them at least a thousand feet 
higher. Deforestation has forced their lower limit to retreat from where 
it must have been before the tribal occupation of these regions, as has 
been mentioned above apropos of Sheikh Adi; and, further south, de- 
forestation seems to have been far more thorough than in the Iraqi 
provinces here under review. All down this belt a similar fauna occurs, 
an outlier of the fauna of the Taurus and the Lebanon, but possessing 
its own distinctive species, such as Hulocastra schah and Azxiopaena 
maura. In some cases the race inhabiting the southern part of the range 
differs from that inhabiting the less arid northern part; for instance, 
Rhyacia semiramis, Brsn. is mauve-grey in the R.C.V., but in Farsistan 
(leg. Brandt) it is rosy-tinted ; these two colour-schemes accord with the 
prevailing hue of the earth and stones of the respective habitats. 


Since collecting in Kurdistan I have spent two months (in 1938) at 
Hamadan, Central Iran, and there worked the Alvand range; I have 


MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 101 


also spent a few hours of the day at a fairly high altitude in Luristan, 
and several nights at lower altitudes in the same province. Where, 
therefore, it is of interest, comparisons will be made between Kurdistan 
and these two regions, but no attempt will be made here to describe the 
fauna of the two Persian regions, except only so far as it relates to 
Kurdish species taken by myself. In general, it can be said that there 
is a broad similarity in the forms of Lepidoptera taken in all three 
regions; but whereas the Luristan localities were in limestone country 
of true Zagros type, and might justly be considered as intermediate be- 
tween Kurdistan and Farsistan, the Alvand range is an independent 
granite formation, parallel to the Zagros but more easterly. Of my 
Kurdish localities, at Rayat only have we penetrated beyond the lime- 
stone and reached a mountain-backbone of earlier rock; the general 
appearance, indeed, of the peak of Kawdo is not unlike that of various 
peaks on the Alvand range. However, the following differences must 
be made clear. The Alvand range is drier and colder and higher; it has 
no forest trees, and less grass on the lower slopes; it has more snow and 
less rain than Kurdistan. Hamadan, at the foot of Alvand, is 6000 ft. 
high; the highest peak is 12,000 ft. The season therefore is shorter, and 
species common to. Alvand and Kurdistan occur earlier or later than in 
Kurdistan, according to whether they are autumnal or vernal respec- 
tively. 


If a record for Alvand or Luristan is given hereunder together with 
that of the same species from Kurdistan, it may be presumed that the 
forms from the different regions are identical unless the opposite is 
expressly stated. 


IT am indebted to Messrs Evans, Gabriel, and Pfeiffer, for their help 
in naming many of the butterflies, and to Messrs Boursin, Prout, Tams 
and Webrli for assistance in determining certain moths. 


The following list is not meant, with that of the previous article, to 
be exhaustive. But I have tried to clear up most of the doubtful iden- 
tities before publishing this, the second instalment, as it were, of an 
account of Kurdish Lepidoptera, and to put on record all my own 
catches. There are certain obvious gaps; for instance I have taken such 
species as Papilio machaon, Dicranura intermedia, Eusphecia pimplae- 
formis, and Pygaera pigra ssp. ferruginea both at Bagdad and at Hama- 
dan, and it is presumed that they also occur in the Zagros, which lies 
between these two localities, and is a suitable habitat. The Pyrales and 
Micros are omitted in toto, it being hoped that Herr Dr Amsel will 
publish a study of the smaller fry of Iraqi moths. A few difficult species, 
still undetermined, are omitted, and the final word on the Bryophila 
genus has yet to be said. 


A bare name in the following list, without comment or date, implies 
that the species occurs but that I do not think it worth while wasting 
words upon its localities. 


RHOPALOCERA. 
Papilio podalimius, L. A. 
Papilio alexanor, Esp. R., 6000 ft., 24.vi. One example. 


102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.VIT.1939 


Thais cerisyi, God. ssp. deyrollet, Ob. Shahr-i-zur, near Sulaimani, 
is the only Kurdish locality at which I have taken the imago of this 
species, but I have seen its larvae at D. in late v. The Kurdish form 
seems quite similar to the Syrian, though my series is shorter. 

Doritis apollinus ssp. apollinaris, Stgr. Shahr-i-zur is the only Kur- 
dish locality at which I have taken this species, not having been else- 
where in Kurdistan at the right season, but since this race was named 
from Turkish Kurdistan, there can be no doubt of its occurring gener- 
ally. The race occurs in Persia in identical form, except that it is rather 
smaller there, at Kilangan, Silakhur, on the eastern edge of Luristan. 
My two series (8 from Shahr-i-zur, 15 from Silakhur) show that the form 
mardina, Stgr. i. 1. is nothing more than the regular female of the race 
apollinaris in these two districts. 

Parnassius mnemosyne, L. S.A. 

Aporia crataegi, L. ssp. R.C.V., 22.v. (Also Alvand.) 

Pieris brassicae, lL. In Iraq a hill insect, and absent from lower 
altitudes. ; 

Pieris rapae, i. ssp. tranica, Le Cerf. and P. ergane, Hbn. 

Euchloé damone, Boisd. S.A., v.35. 

Colias aurorina, H.S. ssp. libanotica, Led. S.A., v.35. 

Colias croceus, F. Gonepteryz farinosa, Z. 

Melanargia larissa, Hbn. and M. hylata, Men. Dr Verity in the 
Ent. Rec. recently published his view that these are the same species, 
while Herr Pfeiffer regards them as good distinct species. The British 
Museum includes hylata under larissa. 

Herr Pfeiffer regards the second of the undermentioned forms as a 
new subspecies of hylata. It certainly does not agree exactly with the 
description of typical hylata. (1) Underside strongly suffused with yel- 
low, upper side approaching f. tawrica, Roeber at times. (2) Underside 
whiter, with design clearly defined in black. Two large examples of this 
form from S.A. approach itranica, Roeber, having very large white mar- 
ginal dashes, but retain the black terminal line. 

At R. and R.G. these two forms occur together ; form 2 also occurs in 
Luristan, and form 1 only occurs on Alvand. 

I regard them provisionally as (1) larissa and (2) hylata. 

Satyrus hermione, L. ssp. syriaca, Stgr. S.T., 8.vi. 

Satyrus briseis ssp. hyrcana, Stgr., or fergana, Stgr. A female ab. 
pirata, Esp. was taken at S.A. The species is common throughout Kur- 
distan, and occurs in identical form also in Luristan and the Alvand 
range. 

Satyrus anthe, O., including ab. hanifa, Nordm. Identical forms 
from R., Syria and Alvand. 

Satyrus semele, L. S.A., vi. oO, both with the paler bands suf- 
fused with darker, but not more so than in some English examples. 

Satyrus telephassa, Hbn. 

Satyrus pelopea, Klug. Too many names have been wasted on forms 
of this species; at any rate, none of them rightly apply to the Mesopo- 
tamian, Kurdish, or Central Persian races. J have identical forms from 
the Lebanon, Kurdistan and Luristan, persica being the extreme of ¢ 
variation in these countries. The hindwing underside also varies con- 
siderably in every locality in which I have bothered to take more than 
one or two specimens. 


* 
MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 103 


Satyrus fatua, Frr. ssp. ? sichaea; Led. The Kurdish form’s under- 
side is less black than that of the Syrian sichaea (Amik). R.G., R.C.V., 
12.vii, 16.vii.35. 

Satyrus parisatis, Koll. S.A., viii. 

Satyrus pimpla, Feld. (det. Gabriel). Above R., at 8000 ft., 14.vii.35. 

Satyrus favonius, Stgr. (det. Gabriel). Above R., at 6-7000 ft. on 
steep slopes, 14 and 28.vii. 

Pararge aegeria, L. Ma., 18.vi. 

Pararge roxelana, Chr. . 

Pararge climene, Esp. ssp. R., 6-7000 ft., 28.vii, flying low among 
thistles on the steep sides of mountain streams. These examples were 
rather torn, it being probably too late in the season. Luristan, 12.vi.38; 
Hamadan and Alvand, 14 and 16.vi.38. At these two latter places the 
examples were quite fresh, and the species seemed more numerous. 

Pararge megera, L. 

Epinephele telmessia ssp. marenigrans, Verity, or kurdistana, Ruhl. 
Tragi Kurdistan probably holds both these races, and transitional forms. 
They can only be distinguished from one another by the collecting of a 
large number of males; Verity says that his race differs from kurdistana 
by having ten to twenty per cent. of them marked with fulvous on the 
upper forewing. I cannot claim to have caught enough to say that 
kurdistana does not occur. A male from Rayat is quite black, while 
another male from Amadia is fulvous. The rest of my material from A., 
D., and R. are females. (But at Alvand, ssp. palescens, Butl.) 

Epinephele lupinus ssp. centralis, Riley (det. Gabriel). The R. race 
is not quite the same as the Alvand race, the orange suffusion near the 
cell of the © upper forewing being wider at R., but clearer, neater and 
smaller in the Hamadan-Alvand form, and not actually invading the 
cell, as is the case in some Kurdish examples; the underside hindwing 
coloration of the R. form is warmer, the Alvand form being a colder, 
more uniform grey. The Lurish form is close to the Kurdish, to judge 
from my few examples from Luristan. 

Coenonympha saadi, Koll. R.C.V., 22.v, Z., 28.vi.385. Also Luristan 
and Alvand. This race is not referable to mesopotamica, Stegr. 

Coenonympha pamphilus, L. 

Thaleropis ionia, Ev. S., 8.vi.35. 

Limenitis rivularis, Scop. A., R.G., vi. and vii. 

Vanessa urticae, L. R., S.A., not usually below 5000 ft. 

Polygonia polychloros, Ii. S.A., 9.vi.385, at 5000 ft. 

Polygonia c-album, L. B., 15.viii.35. 

Polygonia egea, Cr. R., S.A. 

Melitaea phoebe, Knoch. A., 23.v.37. Two examples of ssp. cauca- 
sica, Stgr. from R., 6000 ft., 16.vi., larger and blacker than the A. 
examples. 

Melitaea didyma-casta, Koll. Z., 8.vi, S.A., R., vi and vii. 

Melitaea trivia ssp. persea, Koll. 

Argynns lathoma, l.., A. pandora, Schiff., and A. niobe, L. ssp. taura, 
Roeb. The two latter also from Alvand. 

Argynnis hecate, Denis. ssp. near caucasica, Stgr. R., 14.vil. 

Argynnis paphia, L. A., 9.vi. 

Libythea celtis, Fuessl. B., viii. 


(To be concluded.) 


104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.VIT.1939 


MOVEMENTS OF COCCINELLIDAE, 
By T. F. Marriner. 


(Plate VITI.) 


Inclement weather and a chill kept me indoors for the early weeks 
of 1939. I spent part of my time in going through some old note books 
and, coming across some unpublished though incomplete notes on move- 
ments of Coccinellidae, I gathered them for the purpose of this short 
article. 

Three terms are applied to such movements: migration, swarming, 
and massing. These terms, I find, are sometimes but loosely made use 
of and in these notes I apply ‘‘ migration ’’ to movements from one 
country to another; ‘‘ swarming ’’ to movements from one area of a 
country to another area of the same country; and ‘‘ massing ”’ to the 
gathering of the insects in an area to some spot in that area. 

Working with these meanings the only member of the British 
Coccinellidae I can discover as migrating is Adalia bipunctata, UL. 
This species, as has long been known, migrates periodically from France, 
There is a record of such a migration in 1869, when the streets of 
London swarmed with the species. There is also a record of a migra- 
tion when the numbers alarmed the citizens of Reading. Another 
migration occurred in 1872 and was noted to the west of Middlesbrough, 
where the crowd took a few days to pass on north. TI have, myself, 
observed two of these migratory crowds, in each case passing east to 
west through the Tyne Gap in the Pennines, and it was in the case 
of the second of these migrations that the accompanying map was com- 
piled. I had gone into the station at Carlisle to take train to Hex- 
ham in June 1925. When the train arrived from Newcastle I was on 
the platform near where the engine stopped and noticed a number of 
A. bipunctata on the engine and first coach. The train fireman noticed 
me looking at them and volunteered the information that they had 
come through crowds of them between Hexham and Carlisle. When 
the train drew up at Heads Nook station I saw my friend the late Mr 
G. B. Routledge on the platform. He came up when I put out my 
head and shouted, ‘‘ Have you seen the two-spots, hundreds of ’em? ”’ 
At Hexham I went to a market garden and found the place over- 
run with them and was told that there were none to be seen there the 
day before. On my return home I went to see Mr Routledge, and be- 
tween us we wrote to some 8() people asking about ladvbirds. We got 
some 50 replies and from these the map was compiled. It shows the 
route but unfortunately we were unable to add the timing from such 
replies as ‘‘ the other day,’ ‘‘ last week,’ ‘‘ last Wednesday or Thurs- 
day,’’ etc. Most of our correspondents were not scientific. From data 
gathered here and elsewhere I noted that A. bipunctata appears always 
to fly low, keeping not far above the ground and passing through gaps 
rather than rising to pass high land. This agrees with the point that 
many are caught by high waves when crossing the Strait of Dover or 
the Channel and are washed up on our south east coast. It will be 
noted on the map that the route avoids the Peak, and that gaps are 
made use of. Hereford was not touched and this is, I believe, usual, 
for [ have an old letter from a friend who states that when he lived 


POE, Ef. PLATE VIII. 


a 
CN 
So? 8 
. 


Z, 
QZ 


Ent. Rec. and Journ. of Variation. det. T. F. Marriner. 
MIGRATION OF ADALIA BIPUNCTATA, 1925. 


Dots show observation points. 


MOVEMENTS OF COCCINELLIDAE. 105 


there it was a custom to import boxes of the insects from France to set 
free in gardens and orchards there. 

It would appear that an early, warm spring in France leading to 
quick maturing and consequent overcrowding may he responsible for 
the migration movement. These migrations are not of regular occur- 
rence and if small seem to be absorbed by our south country, and this 
may probably account for the fact that the insect is at times not a 
common one in the north. As the migrating crowd comes north num- 
bers break away and spread over suitable areas. Two points struck 
me as noteworthy in connection with these migrants. First of all 
of numbers taken from them in each of two cases over 60 per cent. were 
females, and second that all were type or nearly type forms. I never 
saw either 4-maculata or 6-pustulata among them. The first point I 
should like to deal with in a later note. The second point adds con- 
firmation to an old theory of mine, that the dark forms are autumn 
bred and the migrants would be first brood. 


So far as I have been able to gather no other species of our 
Coccinellidae seems to migrate. C. septempunctata, L. swarms, using 
the term as above stated. According to an old MS. in the Hancock 
Museum at Newcastle such a swarm appeared near Newcastle in 1750, 
and in 1826 Mr Albany Hancock says several hundreds were sent to 
him, caught a little south of Newcastle. Whence they came is un- 
known. I witnessed such a swarm on one occasion when on a visit to 
the Gullery, Ravenglass. I was standing looking across the gullery 
when some hundreds of the insects appeared, coming from the south 
and settling on the grass all around me. While A. bipunctata flies low 
down and goes through gaps in hills, septempunctata, a stronger flier, 
flies higher and when meeting high land goes straight on over the top. 
I noted this when one day on the top of the Pennines, a little south of 
Brampton, when a swarm appeared from the east and flew over the 
fell tops towards the west. 

C. 11-punctata, L. also swarms, and this has been observed in our 
own country, on the Continent, and in the Sudan. Mr T. J. Bold, 
in the Natural History Transactions of Northumberland and Durham, 
1873, p. 33, speaks of C. 11-punctata ‘‘ appearing in some years near the 
coast in such profusion that every stone, brick, or clog of wood lying 
on the sandy kent will be reddened by congregated hundreds, but whence 
they have come and why is one of those perplexing questions which it is 
impossible to answer satisfactorily.”’ G. B. Longstaff, M.A., M.D., 
writing in the Proc. Ent. Soc, London, 1909, p. xxxii, and in the Ent. 
Monthly Mag., 1911, p. 195, describes a swarming of C. 11-punetata, L. 
near Khartum, February 16, 1909. There was a gentle breeze from the 
westward and the insects came from the eastward. The flight lasted 
over an hour. 

I have noted more than one such swarming on the Cumberland 
coast, the most noteworthy being in August 1926, when a swarm came 
from the south west against a very gentle north east breeze and settled 
on the north east part of Burgh Marsh on the Solway. A friend holi-. 
daying there sent me word of the swarm and I went there some days 
later with Mrs Merritt Hawkes, M.Sc., who was staying with me at 
the time. We were able to work out here the life-history of the species 
as recorded in Trans. Ent. Soc. London, July 18, 1927. 


106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.VI1T.1939 


It will be noted that in each case the swarming of C. 11-punctata, 
L. was against the wind (a gentle wind). In view of what was discovered 
on Burgh Marsh as recorded above, it seems probable that the scent of 
cattle and fresh dung, carried by the wind, attracted the insects and 
so was responsible for the swarming. Similar swarmings are also re- 
corded from the salt marshes of Lorraine. 

In the case of C. 10apunctata, L. the insects of an area appear to 
mass for the winter months, and, so far as I have been able to discover, 
the sexes do not mass together. [I found one mass of some hundreds 
clustered all head inwards in a deep hollow where a big branch joined 
the main trunk of a lime tree, of which all I examined were females. 
Another mass was in a rotted hole of an old gate post, also all head 
inwards and apparently males. I have also found Mysia oblongogutta, 
L. massed for hybernation under leaves between exposed root branches 
of a pine tree. 

With regard to our other species, my notes do not afford sufficient 
data to make any definite statement, and as I now live in an area where 
apparently Coccinellidae are but rare, IT am afraid I shall have little 
or nothing to add and must leave further study of these movements to 
others. 


CONTINUOUS BREEDING. VI. 
TAENIOCAMPA GRACILIS, F 


By H. B. D. Kerritewett, M.A., M.B., B.Chir. 


(Continued from p. 89.) ; 

The original parent can be taken at sallow in April. Wild larvae 
are found easily when once the technique is learnt. When young they 
spin together three or four leaves of sweet gale edge to edge, the end 
being left open. These can easily be recognised and large numbers 
collected. In districts where sweet gale does not occur meadow sweet 
is a favourite foodplant. When full grown the larva is rarely seen 
as it descends from the plant by day. However, it was observed this 
year by Demuth and others that large numbers of full-grown larvae 
could be found sitting high up on grass stems, etc., an hour or so be- 
fore dawn. Before midnight none was to be found. 

Continuous breeding of this species is easy. A very large wooden 
box has a foot of earth placed in the bottom. Cuttings of willow and 
sallow are stuck into this in the autumn and the majority take root 
and leaf the following, year. Among these in the spring are placed 
numbers of dead heads of knapweed flowers and dead rush. In these 
the © gracilis lay their eggs. 

The selected male and female are introduced into this ba the box 
covered over with muslin. 

Full-grown larvae can be collected from here in June and are hand- 
fed for a few days prior to pupation in coconut fibre. 

The pupae are dug up and placed on top of coconut fibre and covered 
with a considerable thickness of moss. The flower-pot is stood in shallow 
water in the open throughout the winter. During this time the moth 
is fully formed within the pupal shell. 

Variation in this species is extreme and local, half-a-dozen different 
forms occurring in one locality, while in another little variation is 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 107 


noticed. None of these forms have been studied beyond haphazard 
breeding, nor have the various local forms heen crossed. An all-white 
form has been taken in both Scotland and Northamptonshire. 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 
III: AUGUST-SEPTEMBER. 


By A. J. L. Bowes. 


(Concluded.) 


To those of us who live in Kent—as in other counties on the south 
coast—August comes as the month in which we hope for the appearance 
of migrants. In 1938 the key insect was Laphygma exigua, and my 
energies were mainly taken up with the search for it; larvae could not 
be found, even by careful examination of all likely plants, but the moth 
itself appeared in varying numbers all over Kent; five or six was the 
usual reward for an evening’s work at Dungeness, and on the 16th Mr 
Russell James saw as many as fifty. He saw none on the next night, and 
those females which he kept for eggs died one and all within a day; 
this, it is suggested, was an immigration, the members of which died 
from exhaustion soon after reaching land, and there appears no other 
likely theory to account for this sudden abundance and immediate ex- 
tinction. Besides Dungeness, I saw DL. exigua on street lamps in Can- 
terbury, at Herne Bay—kicked up in a lucerne field—and more than 
once at Westwell near Ashford. In early August, larvae of Heliothis 
peltigera were very common on Senecio viscosus along the south coast of 
Kent; I found it profitable to shake the plants, as well as to look at 
them, for the larvae are often hard to see, and in this way I picked up 
fifty or so off plants that had been worked over by at least two other 
parties. As an indication of the profusion of common insects on the 
sugar, one post produced fifty-two insects at once; and I have a note 
that fifty-four species were observed on 6th August at Dungeness. Leu- 
cania albipuncta turned up on the 9th and the 21st, thinly. 

On the 13th and 14th I collected with Dr Scott in his garden at 
Westwell, where we recorded forty-six species on the night of the 13th. 
The gems were a couple of LD. exigua and not a few Noctua stigmatica. 
We were pleased to see one or two Salebria obductella, the occurrence of 
which at Westwell brings its range several miles west from its other 
known haunt near Chilham, where it has occurred every year since 1934. 

No August spent in Kent would be complete without a look in at 
Sandwich—Tutt’s Deal—and I spent an evening there on 8th August. 
Lithosia pallifrons (lutarella) came freely and fresh to light, with some 
of the choice Sandwich micros, but. although there was plenty on sugar, 
no good things came. One expects an abundance of Agrotis tritici on 
these sandhills, and one usually gets it, but last year the species took a 
rest, and its place was usurped by A. sawcia, which threw some odd 
forms—I took one pure black and another of a pale pinkish buff. It 
was surprising that no LZ. exigua were seen at Sandwich until late in 
September, although many parties worked there. For comparison with 
Dungeness and Westwell (chalk), we took forty-three species on the 
sandhills on the 8th of the month. 


108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.VIT.1939 


We usually hope for a few of the immigrant hawks during August, 
and M. atropos and S. convolvuli were brought in to me from the 
country round Herne Bay-—the latter for three miles in a handkerchief. 
As far as I know, none of the livornica group was found in our corner 
of Kent. ; 

From 27th August to 4th September I went west. The Dorset coast 
is a convenient half-way point between Kent and Cornwall, and I 
stopped for the night of the 27th near Lulworth. It was a bad night, 
windy and cool, and the posts had been sugarless since the previous 
autumn, but a few Caradrina ambigua were attracted, with single speci- 
mens of Agrotis obelisca, A. lunigera (brand new), and L. albipuncta. 
A lamp pitched on the sand drew many repulsive hoppers, one Bryophila 
muralis, and, oddly, a female Stilbia anomala. 

The next day my mother and I made our way through thick fog and 
rain to the coast near Bude, where a full-dress gale was blowing. I 
might have saved my sugar, for even earwigs were blown off the posts, 
but one Xylophasia monoglypha was not to be beaten and had half-a- 
pound of good treacle and ale to himself. The gale was just as bad in 
the morning, so I went on to Mullion to try to get some shelter. At 
Mullion I put up with Mrs Bosustow at Belvedere; this is recommended, 
highly; for it is quiet, very convenient for work at the cove, and used 
to the habits of entomologists. 


There were three insects that I wanted to make myself familiar with 
at Mullion, Agrotis obelisca, Dianthoecia andalusica (barrettu), and 
Polia nigrocineta. The first and last of these will come not uncommonly 
to sugar plastered on the iron railing which runs over the moor to the 
south. The difficulty at Mullion, of course, is to find anything to sugar ; 
there are few wooden posts and these in steep places, a tennis net or 
two, and one or two rocks; none of these is continuous, and the ground 
is rough, and TI fell back on the iron railing, which after the first night 
took and held sugar well. I was early for P. nigrocincta and saw only 
nine males in four nights’ work, all but one of these on sugar; A. obelis- 
ca was common on sugar and on bare posts, though I did not find it in 
the abundance noted by Dr Kettlewell two years before. Lithosia caniola 
was still about in quite good order, and not rare; and Stilbia anomala 
came freely to my light each evening at about 11.30 onwards. The only 
other insects of note were a lot of fine Tholera cespitis, and one A. ez- 
clamationis; there is something odd about the second brood of this 
species, for whereas it is the rule in the west of England, and Mathew 
speaks of it as regular in the Dovercourt district, we rarely see it in 
Kent. T was not lucky enough to find any of the pale variety of Neuronia 
popularis discovered at Mullion by Mr Arthur Welti. 


My days I spent with the gulls on the Henscath Rock. The crest of 
this peninsula grows thick with rock spurrey and Silene. The spurrey 
was riddled with larvae of D. barrettii, which were mostly full fed, and 
here and there was an early pupa. There is no need to leave the place 
littered with uprooted plants when hunting for this larva, for the crown 
of a tenanted plant, which the larva kills, always comes away in one’s 
hand at a gentle pull. Barrettii prefers spurrey to Silene when it has a 
choice; at Mullion T found fifteen larvae in spurrey to one in Silene. 

The night of the 2nd of September I spent with Mr Howard near 
Kingsbridge, on the coast. Leucania l-album was scarcely out yet, but 


COLLECTING NOTES, 1938. 109 


‘Howard had found larvae and pupae of this species not uncommonly, 
and he had taken a fresh male on 3lst August. We saw none on the 
night on which I was there, but the numbers of Caradrina ambigua were 
astonishing—six or seven on a post, and of a variable ground colour. 
Here too we raked out a few D. barrettii from the cliff. 

At Bude the next day the wind greeted me again, and I saw only one 
P. nigrocincta in a spot which is reputed to swarm with them on a fair 
night. The Silene growing here was eaten by D. barrettii, but the slaty 
soil made it hard to excavate them; only too often a wee avalanche would 
tumble over the larva and squash it at the critical moment. 


On my way home I stopped at Portland and worked there on the 4th 
with Rev. Guy Ford. It was a Sunday, and young Portland was out on 
_ its Sunday walk, so that my efforts to beat some larvae of Cucullia 
absinthu met with derision; I certainly must have looked rather odd. 
The larvae were fairly common, local, and still small, and were accom- 
panied into my tray by hosts of Eupithecia absinthiata. An hour’s 
work produced two dozen. In the evening we worked below the prison: 
Heliophobus oditis (hispidus) was fresh and common, but very local; it 
came to light freely at the top of the path, but a hundred yards down 
there were none. A large bush of wormwood on the cliff face provided 
two or three more larvae of C. absinthii, half-grown. Sugar was dull, 
except for a few C. ambigua; in view of Ford’s Leucania unipuncta, 
earlier in the year, we were all agog. | 

A visit to Dungeness with Mr A. M. Morley on the 11th was notable 
tor a couple of exquisitely new Leucania vitellina and four Laphygmu 
exigua; Agrotis nigricans was still fresh, and a single Tholera cespitis 
on the sugar was new to this district. 

During the autumn the little collecting that I was able to do was 
confined to the country round Godalming. Sugar was disappointing, 
except for Iithophane semibrunnea and Aporophyla nigra, and a large 
-patch of ivy at Milford, which was examined on several nights at im- 
-minent risk of death from the Portsmouth Road traffic, had little to say 
for itself. The only really exciting nights were those of the 23rd and 
24th September; on the 23rd a Laphygma exigua came to light on the 
top of Frith Hill, and on the 24th Howard and I took two more at the 
same place. Capt. E. S. A. Baynes, who lives two miles away across the 
valley, records ten on the night of the 24th (HKntomologist, LXXI, p. 
262). I suspect that all these were from one clutch of eggs, for on all 
the warm nights of last autumn we saw no more. At the beginning of 
November I made a determined effort to find Ptilophora plumigera, 
which was found at Godalming some years ago by Dr Kettlewell; but in 
spite of warm nights and plenty of maple, I saw none. 


To round off these notes, I shall now give a few jottings on one or 
two out-of-the-way species which I bred last year, which I hope will be 
useful to those who hike myself are compelled to move from one house 
to-another during the summer, and whose breeding arrangements have 
to be rather primitive. 

Plusia chryson.—When hemp-agrimony is not handy, this larva will 
feed happily on garden mint. It is a reasonable. larva and does not try 


110 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, 15.V1II.1939 


to drown itself, and can be kept safely on cut food in water. I find that 
when a larva really wants to drown itself (e.g. Hndromis versicolora) it 
takes more than a wad of wool to stop it. P. chryson larvae become a 
whitish colour when about to pupate; they should then be segregated, 
for they are apt to spin on top of one another. 

Dianthoecia trregularis.—The rarity of its food-plant prevents much 
of it being taken for breeding purposes, but a little is necessary; my 
larvae fed up well on Lychnis dioica, but often wandered off on to the 
Silene otites for a nibble of dry food. One which I fed on neat Lychnis 
secon sweated and died. Even though there is nothing but dry husks, 
leave the 8. otites in the cage. It is not my experience that day-feeding 
larvae of this species are always parasitised, whereas those found at 
night will be sound; for out of ten larvae found on the stalks during the 
day and kept separate, four pupated well. The pupae should be kept dry. 

D. andalusica (barrettii).—Larvae of this insect can be bred well in a 
large biscuit tin. Fill the tin half full with soil from the cliffs, lay a 
good thick layer of spurrey roots on it, sprinkle a handful of soil among 
these, and drop in the larvae. If aired every day or two, nothing fur- 
ther need be done to them until the pupae are decanted at leisure. 
Forty or fifty in a tin will do well. Keep the pupae dry. 

Laphygma exigua.—From eggs laid by a Dungeness female on 14th 
August, the larvae hatched on the 22nd. They were fed until they were 
half grown in glass-topped tins, after that in large biscuit tins, on dock. 
After they were moved to the large tins, the dock leaves were laid flat 
on a-few inches of earth, in which the larvae went to pupate. No arti- 
ficial heat was applied until the pupae were excavated, when half were 
left in their cocoons, half were removed, and the whole kept on damp 
lint at a temperature of 75° Fahr. The naked pupae began emerging 
well on 8th October and produced fine and large insects, only four fail- 
ing; those, however, which I had left in their (flimsy) cocoons did very 
badly, only two out of two dozen emerging properly. All were out with- 
in a week. This experience hardly settles finally the controversy between 
the dry and wet schools of thought, but it shows that good results may 
be obtained by a wet treatment, with none of the malformation often 
seen in forced examples of this insect, provided that the pupae are 
shelled out early in the forcing process. 

Leucania l-album.—Twenty-eight eggs were received from S. Devon 
on 19th September. They were laid on the journey in cracks of a chip 
box, on the night of the 18th-19th. They began to produce larvae on the 
30th, and these were fed on any soft and fresh grass that came to hand, 
the grass being given dry. They were kept in glass-topped tins, in the 
dark, and at 65° Fahr. for a week; as they grew rather slowly, I in- 
creased the temperature to 80-85° Fahr., by means of an electric light 
bulb burning outside the biscuit tin which contained the smaller tins 
with larvae, and I aired them twice a day. With this treatment, and 
daily feeding, they fed very fast, and all pupated by 8th November. 
The pupae were kept at 75° Fahr., dry, and the first moth emerged on 
14th November, a period of about 56 days from moth to moth. The bred 
specimens were larger than wild examples, and were uniformly darker ; 
Twenty-eight were bred, all in good order. 

I must acknowledge my indebtedness to Dr Cockayne, Mr A. M. 
Morley, and Mr A. J. Wightman for advice on the last two species. 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 111 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 
By T. Barnspricce Fiercuer, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 


(Continued from p. 19.) 


11. SPILONOTA OCELLANA, Schiff. 1775. 

Tortriz ocellana, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 1380, No. E.7 (1775) [descr.]. 

Pyralis ocellana, Fb., Mantissa, IT, 228, No. 39 (1787) [redescr. from 
Schiff, Colln.: nec Pyralis ocellana, Fb., 1775, which is the 
Depressaria. 

Pyralis luscana, Fb., Ent. Syst., III, 11, 255, No, 52 (1794) [redescr. 
under new name to replace ocellana, Schiff., Fb. Mantissa, the 
combination Pyralis ocellana having been used by Fab, in 1775 
for the Depressaria]. 

Imetocera ocellana, Fb.: Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., Il, 125, No. 2255 (1901). 

Spilonota ocellana, Fabr.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., pp. 528-529, No. 1 
(1928). 


Fabricius’ Syst. Ent., published at Easter 1775, antedates Schiffer- 
mueller’s Wien. Verz., but, fortunately, Tortrix ocelluna, Schiff. 1775, 
is not a primary homonym of Pyralis ocellana, Fb. 1775, so that: both 
lames are valid, the former for the Spilonota, the latter for the 
Depressaria. 


12. ACROCLITA NAEVANA, Hb. 1814-1817. 
Tortrix naevana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tortr., t. 41, f. 261 
(13.111.1814-31.xii.1817). 
Yortrix unipunctana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iii], p. 454, No. 192 (1811) [nec 
Donovan 1805]. 
Tithographia geminana, Steph., List Brit. Anim. B.M., X, p. 99 (1852). 


Haworth’s name was praeoccupied by Tortriz unipunctana, Donovan, 
Epitome of Nat. Hist. of Ins. of New Holland, t. [40] fig. *, Expl. of 
tab. p. [1] (1.1.1805), which is a Cryptophasid described from New South 
Wales and now known as Maroga unipunctana,-Don,. Donovan’s name, 
which is wrengly entered in the Index Animalium as untpunctata, also 
praeoccupies Tortrix unipunctana, Tengstrom, Bidrag till Finlands 
Fjaril-Fauna, p. 158 (1848), which is standing in Rebel’s Catalogue 
under his number 1578b, but which seems to have no valid name, 


13.. ACROCLITA SUBSEQUANA, H.S. 185]. 


In 1847 (Isis, XL, 733-734, No. 296) Zeller had described a different 
Eucosmid species from Syracuse as Grapholitha consequana (Rebel, Cat. 
No. 2171la). In 1851 Herrich-Schiaffer (Schmett. Eur., IV, 247, No. 337) 
described this Acroclita from Ronda, in Spain, under the name Semasia 
subsequana, noting ‘‘ consequana, Suppl. 423 (Zeller hat 1847 schon 
eine consequana aufgestellt).’’ On his Plate 59, f. 423, published in 
1852, this species is called ‘‘ consequana ’’ only (no generic name, hence 
not binomial, the heading of the Plate being merely ‘‘ Tortricides 
Europ.’’). In the Index, published in 1855, to Vol. TV, Herrich-Schaffer 
quotes this as ‘‘ subsequana (Semasia) H.S. p. 247/H.S. 423 
consequana.” WHerrich-Schiffer himself, therefore, not only did describe 


112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.VII.1939 


it as subsequana in 1851 but intended to use the name subsequana (and 
not consequane, engraved on Plate 59, which was doubtless already pre- 
pared before 1851 but not issued until 1852). Yet Wocke (Cat. Lep. 
Eur., p. 252 [11], No. 1028: 1871) has the name as ‘‘ consequana, H.S. 
423 (non Z.); subsequana, H.S., IV, p. 247 (non Hw.)’’; Rebel (Cat. 
Pal. Lep., No. 1966: 1901) copied Wocke and Meyrick (Rev. Handb., 
p. 5380, No. 2: 1928) also calls it consequana. The name Semasia sub- 
sequana is not a primary homonym of Tortriz subsequana, Hw. 1811, 
nor a secondary homonym of Eucosma subsequana, Hw. The correct 
name of this species is therefore Acroclita subsequana, H.S. 1851 = 
consequana, H.8., f. 423 (1852). 


14. ANCYLIS LAETANA, Fb. 1775. 


Pyralis laetana, Fb., Syst. Ent., p. 649, No. 20 (1775), Ent. Syst., II, 
lu, p. 258, No. 63 (1794). 

Pyralis lactana, Fb., Spec. Ins., II, p. 281, No. 29 (1781), Mantissa, II, 
p: 229, No. 47° (78s). 

Ancylis laetana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 127, No. 2280 (1901); 
Fletcher, Entom., LXIII, 187 (1930). 

Ancylis lactana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 537, No. 14 (1928). 


15. GYPSONOMA SOCIANA, Hw. 1811. 


Tortriz sociana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [ii], p. 434, No. 126 [partim: forma 
alpha] (1811). 

Tortriz incarnana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [111], p. 435, No. 128 (1811). 

?Tortriz paykulliana [nec Fb.], Hw., Lep. Brit. [111], p. 435, No. 129 

| (THSE Hy ane 

Tortrix dealbana, Frolich, Enum. Tortr. Wiirtt., p. 51, No. 107 (1828). 

Penthina minorana, Treits., Schmett. Eur., VIII, 43-44, No. 12 (1830), 
X, 53 (1835). 

Anticlea sociana, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., IV, 115, No. 5 
(30.viil.1834), p. 396 (1835) [Philalcea]: Wood, Index Ent., p. 
144, t. 32, f. 965 (1836): Westw., Brit. Moths,. IT, 133, No. 5, 
t. 85, f. 20 (1844). 

- Anticlea incarnana, Steph., Haust., [V, 115, No. 6 (30.viii.1834), p. 396 
‘1835) [Philalcea]: Wood, Index Ent., p. 144, t. 32, f. 966 (1836). 

Penthina dealbana, F.R., Microlep. (Heft 5), pp. 37-88, t. 22, ff. la-d 
[minorana on tab.] (1836). 

Gypsonoma incarnana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IT, 112, No. 2010 (1901). 

Gypsonoma dealbana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., pp. 538-539 (1928). 


Tortrix sociana, Hw., was described under two forms: as form Beta 
was noted as ‘ forte distincta species,’’ the name sociana is only applic- 
able to form a, which applies to incarnana, Hw. = dealbana, Frdl., as 
exemplified by Stephens’ redescription in 1834 and Wood’s figure 965. 
Stephens himself in 1852 (List Brit. Anim, B.M., X, 31, No. 6) quoted 
sociana, Steph., 1834, and Wood’s fig. 965 as being the same species 
(and form of it) as dealbana, Frél., although he quoted sociana, form a, 
Hw., under aceriana, with which the description does not agree, and 
Stephens’ 1834 description was a translation of Haworth’s description 


of form a. 


A GYNANDROMORPH OF ITHYSIA (NYSSIA) ZONARIA, SCHIFF. 113 


A GYNANDROMORPH OF ITHYSIA (NYSSIA) ZONARIA, SCHIFF. 
By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. 


From a batch of eggs laid by a female Ithysia zonaria ssp. atlantica, 
Harrison, from the Isle of Harris, sent to me by Professor J. W. H. 
Harrison in 1938, I bred several males, about 15 females, and the 
gynandroinorph described below. This appears to be female except for 
the antennae and wings. The antennae are longer than those of a nor- 
mal female: the left one has a double row of very short pectinations 
along the proximal two-thirds, the right one a double row of longer 
pectinations, about half the length of those of a male, extending almost 
to the tin. The forewing on the left side is about 4.5 mm. long, the 
hindwing about 1.5 mm., as in a normal femaie, the forewing on the 
right side is about 6 mm., and the hindwing about 5 mm. long. Both 
forewings are very narrow and hairy, but the right hindwing is rather 
broader and has a well-developed fringe along the inner margin. The 
abdomen was very large and round at first, but as it dried it collapsed 
completely and probably contained few eggs or none at all. 

Gynandromorphs in this species are rare, and only two are recorded 
by Schultz in his lists of Palaearctic Lepidoptera which cover the period 
up to 1912. The first, taken by B. Cooke at New Brighton in 1838, is 
described and figured by W. Wing (Trans. Ent. Soc Lond., 1849, 5, 121, 
Pl. 14, fig. 9). It was female except that the left antenna was pectin- 
ated like that of a male. In the figure, however, the pectinations look 
shorter than those of a male. The second, exhibited by F. Cowham 
(Proc. South Lond. Ent. and N.H,. Soc., 1911-12, 110; Entomologist, 
1910, 48, 229), was mainly female, but had antennae slightly pectinated 
and unusually large wings. The locality is not given. 

I can find no other records in this species, but a similar gynandro- 
morph of Poecilopsis lapponaria. Boisdv. is recorded (Jllustr. 
Wochenschr, f. Ent., 1898, 3, 309). Jt was mainly female with rudi- 
mentary wings, but the left antenna had a double row and the right a 
single row, of pectinations about half the length of those of a male. 
It came from Miinsterberg in Silesia. : ' 

All four are very much alike, and, though I have called them 
gynandromorphs, they may be intersexes. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Nore on THE Houser Cricxer.—Gryllus domesticus, L., or, as it is 
now called, according to Dr Malcolm Burr's new and stimulating book, 
Gryllulus domesticus, L., used, in the old days, to be very common in 
the Easton area, but I have not found it easy to come across. Up to 
the writing of my last note on the Grasshoppers, which appeared in the 
Record for April of this year, I had not been able to find the insect. 
Since then, however, I have found it in plenty and also, I believe, the 
reasons for my former non-success. To begin with, I found that in the 
case of houses, where it did exist but does not now exist, the grates 
and fireplaces had been modernised, or built up with a mortar contain- 
ing cement, and made chinkless and too hard for crickets to work 


114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15.V1T.1939 


through, hence they no longer sang on the hearth at night. Even when 
I did find dwellings where crickets lived it was necessary, I found, to 
be careful. Some of the men folk took me for a ‘‘ sanitary bloke,’’ 
seeking to report on their dwellings, while women would not acknow- 
ledge the presence of crickets lest they were judged to keep dirty houses. 
Another old man I found whose hahit it is to sit reading from the 
Scriptures in the evening, by the light of a low, ancient oil lamp, and 
listening to the ‘‘ cheepers.’’ He would neither permit one of them to 
be taken prisoner nor killed. Some of these folk are astir before dawn, 
and when the women ‘‘ do up’’ the fireside they often catch up 
‘‘ cheepers ’’ with the still warm ashes. The ashes are thrown on a 
rubbish heap, and in summer crickets survive in them, but in winter 
the ashes are spread on the mud of walks and hen-runs, and I am told 
the bodies of ‘‘ cheepers,’’? probably killed by the cold, are sometimes 
seen among them. But [) have managed to get some local specimens. 

At the request of the Secretary I have given the first Scottish taken 
Metrioptera brachyptera, L., mentioned in my note of last month, to 
the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Perhaps I should have men- 
tioned that the Cumberland record of this species was by Mr F. H. 
Day, of Carlisle, at Wan Fell, July 1900.—T. F. Marriner. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


The London Naturalist for 1938 is, as usual, a summary of most in- 
teresting reports, records and notes furnished by the various sections 
(on Archaeology to Ramblers) of which the London Natural History 
Society is composed. Each section appears to have very efficient and 
energetic officials, but of these we can only mention our own interest, 
i.e. Entomology, which takes up about a quarter of the issue, some 25 
pages. Plant Gall Records in 1938, H. J. Burkill; Lepidoptera of a 
London Garden, R. W. Robbins; Hymenoptera of S. Cornwall, K. M. 
Guichard; Invertebrate Fauna of Hyde Park, C. L. Collenette; Parasites 
of Spiders, G. H. Locket; and other notes on The House Spider, Oak 
Galls, Butterflies, Coleoptera, etc., make up the main section on En- 
tomology. There is a short report cf the six evening meetings and of the 
eight excursions arranged by the small but active Entomological Sec- 
tion. We might mention that the Ornithological Section issues a 50 
page London Bird Report separate from the General Report. 


Our Colleague, Mr H. Donisthorpe, has been compiling a List of the 
Coleoptera of Windsor Forest, with notes on each species mostly from 
his own intensive investigation carried on during the past fifteen years. 
During this period he has discovered 37 species new to Britain including 
8 species new to science, the total number recorded being 1819 species. 
The prefacing matter contains very interesting notes on the history of 
the forest, its origin, its trees, its noteworthy inhabitants of other Insect 
Orders and an acknowledgment of the facilities which all the forest offi- 
cials have afforded him. It consists of 126 pages with a portrait group. 
The notes to each species are so concisely full of the conditions under 
which each species is to be found that every coleopterist will find it a 
vade mecum to all his activities in the field. It is admirably produced. 


CURRENT NOTES. Ts 


Volume LVIIL of the Ann. Mus. Civ. Storia Nat. of Genoa recently 
published contains the contributions of the period 1935-38, of which 
nineteen deal with various orders of insects leaving only seven non- 
entomological papers. Many new species, subspecies, etc., are described, 
in Coleoptera 23, in Hymenoptera 10, Lepidoptera 26, Neuroptera 4, 
Hemiptera 11. There are a considerable number of text figures, and 
several plates. 


The Opuscula Entomologia, Lund, Sweden, contains in about 80 
pages, the final section of an article on the ‘‘ Coleophoridae of Sweden.”’ 
It includes notes on all the 100 species of the fauna with 8 plates of struc- 
tures, and a good bibliography. 


The Arbeiten iiber morph. wu. tax. Enl., Berlin Dahlem, VI, No. 2, 
contains a full complement of useful matter largely on Coleoptera, Para- 
sites of grain pests, Diptera, etc., well illustrated with text figures. The 
five excellent plates illustrate the larvae of Lycid Coleoptera described 
in the paper by E. C. Rosenberg, Copenhagen. 


It has only recently become known that R. P. L. Navas, the eminent 
Spanish neuropterist, died last December. 


In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society, Vol. 109, Series A, 
pp. 69-78, 1 fig. (May 1939), G. Fraenkel has a paper on the Function 
of the Halteres of Flies (Diptera): he states that the halteres are to be 
regarded as equilibrium-organs functioning by the gyroscopic action of 
the vibrating haltere on the sense-organs in the base of the haltere.— 
T. B.-F. 


The Ministry of Agriculture has again drawn attention to the in- 
creasing danger of the Colorado Beetle reaching this country. In 1938 
the situation on the Continent was serious, as this beetle now exists 
also in Germany, Switzerland, and Luxemburg and migrating flights 
from France tock place over Belgium and reached Holland, so that the 
direct invasion of England is quite possible. All entomologists can co- 
operate usefully by keeping an eye open for the occurrence of this 
beetle.—T. B.-F. 


Heer A. Diakonoff has published a useful paper on the Genera of 
Indo-Malayan and Papuan Tortricidae (Zool. Meded. Riksmus, Natuur. 
Hist., xxi, 111-240: April 1939) and another in Tids. Ent., |xxxii, 
64-80, on species of the Cosmopterygid genus Blastodacna. In the 
latter he deals with our.two species, atra and hellerella, and shows that 
putripenella, Zeller, is the Continental form of atra, Hw., and gives 
figures of the genitalia of the various forms. Heer Diakonoff has been 
appointed to a post at the Sugar Experiment Station at Pasoeroean, 
Java, where we hope that he will find opportunity for further work on 
Microlepidoptera.—T. B.-F. 


Part IL of Vol. II of the Cat. Lep. de France et Belgique has just 
come to hand. It completes the Pterophoridae and commences the Tor- 
trices. We must congratulate the compiler, M. Leon Lhomme, on the 
enormous amount of information on the distribution he has amassed. 


116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15. V11.1939 


OBITUARY. 


SIR GEORGE HAMILTON KENRICK, KT., F.R.E.S. (1850-1939). 


It is with much regret wo have to record the death, on 28th May, of 
George Hamilton Kenrick, Kt., at the ripe age of eighty-nine. He was 
a keen collector of Lepidoptera all his hfe, in which he was often joined 
by his nephew, Neville Chamberlain, our present Premier. He wrote 
but little, very little, the only papers I can recall were two on ‘‘ New 
and little known Heterocera of Madagascar,’’ 1913 and 1917, and 
one on ‘‘ Some Undescribed Butterflies from Dutch New Guinea,’ 
1911, published in the Transactions of the Royal Entomological 
Society of London. (All with plates, of which some were coloured.) 
At the beginning of the present century he joined the writer in sending 
out the late A. E. Pratt and his two sons to British New Guinea, and 
he sent him out again to collect in the Arfak Mountains of Dutch New 
Guinea. Both of these expeditions proved most successful, with hundreds 
of species new to science. He presented his entire collections to the 
Birmingham Natural History Museum a few years ago. 


Sir George was a keen sportsman with gun and rod, a very good 
Tifie shot when out stalking deer on his ‘‘ shoot’”’ in the far north of 
Scotland. He was also an energetic tennis player till late in life, and I 
believe bicycled up to the age of eighty. A wiry active man, he, on his 

d D> ed oo, >) b) 
eightieth birthday, took a walk of twenty miles ‘‘ just to see that he 
could do it,’’ as he said afterwards. 


He was a son of the late Timothy Kenrick of Edgbaston, and grand- 
son of Archibald Kenrick, the founder of the important firm of hollow- 
ware bearing that name. He was educated at Brighton and at the Col- 
lege of the London University, after which he spent two years in the en- 
gineering works of Nettlefolds, of which his brother-in-law, the late 
Joseph Chamberlain, was then the guiding star. Subsequently he joined 
his father’s firm, of which he was chairman for many years. 


Apart from his active business career, his life work was in the cause 
of elementary and higher education. At the age of thirty he became a 
member of the Birmingham School Board, where the writer joined him 
later on, and when the 1902 Act was passed, placing all schools under 
the Municipality, he joined the City Council and became the new Edu- 
cation Committee’s first chairman, a post he held for eighteen years. 
His gifts for this cause were most munificent, to its various branches he 
gave in one way or another well over eighty thousand pounds, and with 
it all he was a man of a retiring and modest disposition. 


The writer had a cheery letter from him last Christmas, but in 
January his strength suddenly began to fail, and in May bed became 
necessary and he passed peacefully away in his sleep on the twenty-eighth 
of that month. Sir George never married, but there is a large family 
circle and to them we offer our sincere condolences. 

I ought perhaps to say that my friend was Lord Mayor when King 
Edward came to Birmingham in 1909 to open the new University Build- 
ings, and it was then that the King knighted him. 


GTB B 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (185) 


with the forewings a little narrower and more blunt at the apex; 
usually also of more uniform colouring the tendency of the ground colour 
being to reddish brown or fulvous; the markings identical, though 
rarely distinct and haying a range of variation in colour and in mark- 
ings, which, though usually less pronounced, is practically the same as 
that already detailed, but a shading of purple-grey is much more 
general, while the angulated spots in the discal cell are almost always 
purple-brown, very rarely black. In these forms the hindwings have, 
in some instances, a pale shade across the middle, or a dark cloud along 
the hind margin, but usually are as in the larger forms. Both occur 
mixed together where the bases of the hills are wooded, and with them 
all possible intermediates. 


‘‘ Another and very different form has been discovered within the 
last few years, accompanying these already described, in the Shetland 
Isles, having decidedly more pointed and narrower forewings, their 
costal and dorsal margins straighter, and the hind margin even slightly 
concave below the apex. The usual range of colour in this local race is 
from dark red-brown or dark chocolate to tlack-brown, or purple-brown, 
though occasional specimens are of a much paler purplish-brown, or even 
pale greyish-brown; the stigmata and intermediate black spots are in 
these often distinct, the former being usually either tinged with reddish, 
or clouded with grey, the latter black or extremely dark chocolate- 
brown; the purple-brown transverse stripe beyond the second line is 
usually also very distinct; but the usual double transverse Jines are 
usually absent or indicated only by the enclosed paler narrow stripes, 
so that the clouded or mottled tint usual in southern specimens is here 
replaced by more regular deep and sombre colouring and a more uniform 
pattern of markings; nevertheless there is a good deal of variation in 
ground colours and in the presence or absence of the more restricted 
markings, while the aberration in form of the forewings is quite extra- 
ordinary, some of the females measuring in ‘breadth of these wings 
hardly more than one-half of the width of those of a normal southern 
female specimen. Some of these narrow and pointed forms have the 
forewings chestnui-brown, the stigmata very pale and the dark mark- 
ings extremely sharp; others pale purplish, pale grey, and some having 
the transverse lines and stigmata yellow. 


‘“In the Orkneys specimers are found approaching the peculiar 
Shetland varieties, mingled with those of the smaller hill-frequenting 
form, ordinary southern types, and intermediates. To some extent the 
same tendencies seem to be observed in all the Scottish Islands. A small 
hill form has been taken in the New Forest, as a second generation of 
ordinary V. festiva; near Dublin the same has happened, with the re- 
markable addition of an example of the narrow-winged Shetland form. 
The higher moors and hills of Devonshire produce the small form found 
on the northern hills, and this mingles with the ordinary southern forms 
in the woods at their base; the narrow-winged form has been found in 
the East of Scotland.’’ 


Barrett records a specimen ‘‘ Forewings buff mottled with red in a 
not unusual manner, but its hindwings also are reddish buff, with two 
slender, dark grey, curved transverse lines, giving it an appearance 
approximating to that of the forewings.”’ 


(186) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ V11I/1939 


Another ‘‘ of a lovely cream colour with a dark smoky-brown central 
shade, and the spot between the stigmata intensely black, also with 
sharply accentuated markings toward the hind margin.”’ 

Another ‘‘ with a distinct black streak in the place of the usual dot 
representing the claviform stigma.’ Jet black streaks are recorded in 
other specimens in various positions. 

In a further aberration the first and second lines are distinctly 
marked, placed near together. and so altered as to resemble those in 
Cosmia trapezina. 

And one ‘‘ in which the forewings are so broadened in shape that it 
bears a curious resemblance to Noctua baja.’’ 


Names and Forms to be considered :— 


It has been usual to divide this species into two subspecies, festiva 
and conflua, but as shown above these appear to be only one species. 
There was also much confusion and misunderstanding of what the form 
conflua, Tr. was, owing doubtless to the general ignorance of Continentai 
work by British authors. 
festiva, Schiff. (1775), Verz. Anh., 314 [mow considered before 
Fabricius |.* 

mendica, Fab, (1775), Sys. Ent., 611. No references given. 

primulae, Esp. (1788-1796?), Abbild., TV (2), 428 [after Bork., 1792]; 
IV (1), plt. 136, 5-6 (1788). 

mendica, Fb., Ent. Sys., ILI (2), 93 (1794). 

festiva, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., 114. 

ab. subrufa, Haw. (1809), Lep. Br., 227. 

[ab. turbida, Hb.] = congener, Hb. (1814-17), le 
Gr Oars 

ab. ignicola, H.-S. (1850), Sys. Bearb., 11, 455. 


5 GLSi" erro: ay— 


f. conflua, Tr. (1825), Schm., VI (1), 405. 
f. borealis, Zett. (1840), Ins. Lap., 941. 
f. diducta, Zett. (1840), l.c., 946. 

f. conflua, H.-S. (1851), p. 358 = pseudoconflua, B.-Salz. (1939): Ent. 
Rec.. U1, 30 (1939), plt. 3, 7-8. 


ab. rufo-virgata, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., 121. 

ab. ochrea-virgata, Tutt (1892), l.c., 122. 

abagrisea Lunt (e923) he 122: 

ab. caerulea, Tutt (1892), Uc., 122. 

ab. quadrata, Tutt (1892), l.c., 122. 

ab. lamentanda, Alph. (1897), Rom. Mem., IX, 330, plt. 14, 6. 
ab. fasciata, Hannemann (1916), Int. Ent. Zt., XI, 105. 

ab. havana, Sibille (1927), Lamb., XXVIII, 74. 

ab. fibulata, Dahl. (1930), Hnt. Tidskr., LL, 251, plt. I, 2. 
ab. disparata, Cort.-Drdt.-Stz. (1933), Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 76. 
ab. carillei, Brndt. (1934), Ent. Zts., XX XVII, 148. 

ab. transversa, B.-Salz. (1939), Ent. Rec., LI, 31. 

ab. conjuncta, B.-Salz. (1939), U.c., 31. 


*This consideration is to be brought before the Entomological Commission. 
Otherwise many of our common generic (and specific) names will be hope- 
lessly involved. 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (187) 


f. orkneyensis, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 31 
ab. depicta, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 31 


ssp. thule, Stdgr. (1891), Iris, IV, 266. 
ab. obsoleta, Tutt (1892), l.c., 123. 

ab. primuloides, B.-Salz. (1939), Ent. Rec., LI, 33. 
ab. rufo-obsoleta, B.-Salz. (1939), J.c., 33. 
ab. hethlandica, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 33. 
ab. maculata, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34 

ab. glabrina, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34. 

ab. rufonigra, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34. 

ab. unicolor, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34. 

ab. nigra, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34. 

ab. nigrostriata, B.-Salz. (1939), l.c., 34. 


Esper in his description of primulae in vol. IV (2) refers to Bork- 
hausen’s description (1792) and thus it could not have been published 
before that date. It is often put in 1796? with a query. But Ene plate 
was undoubtedly published about 1788 in vol. IV (1). 

He refers to his fig. 6 as ‘‘ Eine Abanderung ’”’ and fig. 5 “‘ ¢.”’ 

His short diagnosis of fig. 6 is ‘‘ Wanting the very variegated mark- 
ings, a specimen such as one rarely sees.’’ 

Tutt dealt with: I. Dark purplish or reddish brown (1) without 
quadrate spots, with pale base = festiva; (2) mottled, without quadrate 
spots = congener (turbida, Hb. in error); (3) with quadrate spots = sub- 
rufa. If. Bright reddish ochreous (1) without quadrate spots, 
pale base, banded = rufo-virgata; (2) mottled form, without quadrate 
spots = conflua, H.-S. = pseudo-conflua, B.-Salz.; (3) with quad- 
rate spots = mendica. III. Pale yellow or whitish ochreous (1) without 
quadrate spots, pale base = ochrea-virgata; (2) without quadrate spots, 
mottled = ignicola, H.-S.; (3) with quadrate spots = primulae. Also 
(1) grisea, almost unicolorous dark grey with slight reddish tint; (2) 
caerulea, a clear slaty or lilac colour; (8) quadrata, the last with quad- 
rate spots; (4) borealis, a greyish brown form of conflua (?), Lapland; 
(5) obsoleta, a pale borealis; (6) diducta, Lapland, comparable with C. 
rubiginea. 


Tutt refers mendica, Fb. to the Alantissa, but it was first described 
by Fab. in the Syst. Ent. of 1775 as follows :— 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ Pallida incarnalis: macula media fusca: stigma- 
tibus flavis.’’ ‘‘ Thorax fuscus, margine antico albicante. Alae anticae 
subincarnatae, strigis plurimis undatis, fuscis. In media alae macula 
magna fusca, et in hac stigmata ordinaria flavissima, anteriore orbicu- 
lata, posteriore reniformi, subtus flavescentes striga fusca.’’ No refer- 
ences. 

The Mantissa has only the first period of the above; with no refer- 
ences, nor does he (Fb.) give any references in the Ent. Sys. (1794). 


var. thulei, Stdgr., Iris, 1V, 266 (1891). 

Orie. Descrir.—‘‘ With this name I denote the striking local form 
of festiva from the Shetland Isles, which is far darker than festiva and 
_ also than the alpine and northern var. conflua. The forewings are dark 
chestnut-brown to black-brown, the lighter transverse markings only 


(188) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1929 


becoming dull and obsolescent in the outer part; the two upper stigmata 
are, for the most part, somewhat lhghter and sometimes separated by a 
deep black spot; a second, smaller spot stands before the orbicular stig- 
ma. The hindwings are also far darker grey-black than in festiva and 
conflua. The specimens are smaller than typical festiva and larger than 
most conflua, which occur in all transitions to festiva. The conflua before 
me, caught in large numbers from the Islands later, are all smaller and 
also almost all much lighter than these Shetland var. thulei, only single 
females are darker. Mr Jenner Weir in the Entomologist, 1884, p. 2, 
has noticed shortly this Shetland form and there are a few specimens 
of it tolerably well figured as figs. 8, 9, 10.”’ 


race lamentanda, Alph., Rom. Mem., 1X, 330 (1897). 

Fig.—Plt. 14, f. 6. 

Orie. Drscrrp.—‘‘ Minor pallidior, grisescens signis omnibus minus 
conspicuis, spatio inter maculas cellulae anticorum viso obscurato.” 
6, 28-30. ¢, 26-28. 

‘¢The ground colour of the forewing is grey-brown with less sharply 
emphasised marking, although the latter sufficiently clearly and fully 
indicated the figure of the typical form. The part between the stigmata 
and the middle cell is no darker than the ground and only in rare cases 
somewhat brown. Yet at the first glance the specimens from Kamichatka 
give a very different impression from that of typical examples and I 
thought at the time they must be considered as a variety of A. dahlia. 
However on account of the greater breadth especially of the forewings 
and the more pointed apex, as well as a neatness in expression of all the 
markings, and especially the identity of the underside markings in- 
fluenced me in placing the Kamtchatka form to festiva and not to 
dahl.” 

Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., TV, 491 (1908), ‘‘ Paler and more uniformly 
ochreous.’’—Kamtchatka. 


ab. fasciata, Hanne., Int. Ent. Zts., XI, 105 (1916). 
Ortc. Drescrirp.—‘‘ The hindwing with a sharply defined light post- 
diseal band.’’ Werbellin Lake, near Berlin. 


ab. havana, Sibille, Lamb., XX VII, 74 (1927). 
Orta. Dsescrip.—‘‘ De couleur havana avec une bande submarginale © 
plus foncée.’’ Belgium. 


ab. fibulata, Dahl., Ent. Tidskr., LI, 251 (1930). 

Ficg.—Plt. 1, fig. 2 (a poor figure b. and w. of an insect in poor con- 
dition). 

Ortc. Descrirp.—‘‘ This separates itself from the described forms in 
that the dark outer border is absent. From the base of the forewing 
there proceeds an obscure red streak towards the lower portion: of the 
area near the inner (anal) angle of the wing.’’ Tima [imedsforsen, 


Sweden. 
f. disparata, Corti-Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., U1, 7b (1933). 
Fie.—li¢g. 


Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Looks almost like a brunnea by its dark violet 
brown colour with still darker patch between the stigmata and its bright 
yellow-red anal tuft.’? Lapland. 


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VOL. LI. PLATE IX. 


Photo. Bytinshi-Salz. 


Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation. 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN ASIATIC PHALAENOIDFA. V7 


= 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN ASIATIC PHALAENOIDEA,—_ 
Oompa 
By H. Byrinsxt1-Sauz, Ph.D., E.R.E.S.e,, Parayy. 


Zoology 
(Plate IX.) 


P50 ‘OCT 3 1939 ° 
' LiIBKAKY 


I am giving here the descriptions of a number of forms of Agaristids 
from China, Japan, Formosa, and Hainan, which seem to be new to 
science, or so little known that a few additional notes seem of interest. 

On the Chinese Agaristids, Mell recently published an exhaustive 
paper in the Stettiner Kntomologische Zeitung, Vol. 97, 1936, which 
was of great help in determining the Chinese species and subspecies. 
As far.as my material came from the same localities (chiefly from the 
collections of Dr Hoene) my determinations agree fully with his point 
of view. To determine the range of variation of several species I found 
it, however, desirable to describe a few extreme forms as new aberra- 
tions. The remainder of the material I received through indigenous 
collectors of Messrs Staudinger and Bang Haas and Mr G. L. Gressitt, 
who collected during several summers in Formosa, Hainan, and S. 
China. 

I am very much indebted, to Mr W. H. T. Tams, from the British 
Museum, who kindly copied for me the original description of Chelono- 
morpha formosana, Miyake and let me have an extract of the unpub- 
lished manuscript list of the Wileman Collection of Formosan Lepidop- 
tera now in the British Museum. 


Eusemia nipalensis, Btl. ab. semiclara, ab. nov. 


Forewing yellow, basal spot present. Spots of the discal row yellow, 
well separated. Spots of the postmedial band also well separated, white, 
the lower one small, occupying only the interspace between vein 4 and 
5. Submarginal row of spots white. Hindwings yellow and black as in 
nipalensis, Btlr. 

Holotype. 1 3, expanse 80 mm. Naga Hills, Assam. 

Differs from typical nipalensis, Btlr., in having the spots of the 
postmedial bard white instead of yellow. Whereas specimens of the f. 
westwoodi, Kirby, with all spots of the forewing white (=ab. clara, Jord.) 
are fairly common among examples from Assam, I have not yet seen a 
specimen with yellow hindwings and the spots of the forewing com- 
pletely white, which form seems to be very rare. 


Kusemia nipalensis, f. hainani, f. (ssp.?) nov. 

Forewing yellow, basal spot present. Spots of the discal row yellow, 
very large, connected at the lower border of the cell. Postmedial spots 
yellow, smaller than in f. westwoodi, Kirby. Submarginal spots white 
and rather small. Hindwing more intensive red than in f. westwoodi, 
the anal margin only with a faint ridge of orange. No orange border 
on the costal part. Black spot at the upper angle of the cell elliptical, 
not triangular as in f. westwoodi. Other black and white spots as in 
tf. westwoodt. 

Holotype: 1 9, expanse 65 mm. Ta Hian, Hainan, 14.V1.35, leg. 
Gressitt. 

E. f. hainani belongs to the ‘‘ westwoodi-group ’’ of nipalensis, but 
differs from this form as stated above. It differs also from ssp- °xrpensa, 


118 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15 /1TX /1939 


Jord. in having the spots of the postmedial row much smaller than those 
of the discal row and not larger as in this form from Tonkin. Its size 
with 65 mm. is much smaller than my nipalensis 2 2, which vary from 
78-83 mm. As I have only this one specimen, I am treating hainani 
as a form, but I think it is a valid subspecies, as its general aspect 
differs very much from f. westwoodi. . 


Eusemia distincta, Btlr., ssp. tatsienlouica, ssp. nov. 


Shape of the forewing very narrow, with sharp anal angle, outer 
margin less rounded. The median spots of the forewing very large, 
forming a complete yellow band across the wing.  Postmedial spots 
much reduced, forming only two little specks; the lowest near the anal 
angle absent. Submarginal row also much reduced, spot 6 absent, 7 
obsolete. Hindwing red orange, much darker than in distincta, base 
broad black. The medial row of spots and the submarginal black band 
completely fused, forming a broad black hand over the outer two-thirds 
of the wing, in which are present: a large white costal spot followed by 
2 tiny specks and 2 small spots; also two separate orange spots at the 
anal angle. Black discal spot connected by a bar with the outer black 
area and the black costa. ! 

Cotypes: 2 $d, expanse 59 and 63 mm. Tatsienlou, VIII, 1930. 

Differs from distincta, Btlr. by the larger median spots and the re- 
duced postmedial spots, which are yellow and not white. Further by 
the lack of the marginal streaks and the large extension of the black on 
the hindwing. Very similar to ssp. macrosema, Jord. but differs by the 
much narrower shape of the forewing in comparison with the figure of 
the type in Hampson’s Catalogue Suppl., Vol. Il, pl. 70, fig. 1 Gf this 
is really a ¢ as indicated!). Further, by the presence of the upper 
yellow spot of the postmedian row and the absence of the lowest one 
of the same row. Hindwings much brighter red-orange as in macro- 
sema, Jord.; the black of the medial row enlarged and completely con- 
fluent with the submarginal black. White spots in the tornus larger. 

Mell (p. 37) mentions E. distincta, ssp. macrosema, Jord. also from 
Yiinnan. As his description agrees also well with ssp. tatsienlouica, it 
is possible that the specimens of the mountain range of Yiinnan belong 
also to the latter subspecies. 


Eusemia lectriz ssp. sauteri, Mell. 

The lectriz-form from Formosa has the brightest and richest yellow 

hindwings of all other lectrix forms. It is almost identical in colour 
and designs with E. beatriz, Jord. and differs very much from the typi- 
cal Canton-specimens of lectrix, but its black tip of the abdomen indi- 
cates its specific relationship with lectriz. 
Matsumura (Thousand Insects Jap. Suppl., 2, 1914) describes a 
beatriz ssp. formosana ”’? from Formosa. I never got any beatriz 
specimens from there and it is also not mentioned by Strand, who de- 
scribed the Agaristids of the Sauter Collection. 

Mell (p. 36) and Wileman (unpublished catalogue notes) cite only 
the quotation of Matsumura’s beatriz ssp. formosana. T am thinking, 
therefore, that it is not impossible that Matsumura’s formosana is really 
a form of lectriz instead of beatriz. In this case the name E. lectriz 
ssp. formosana Mats. should be applied to the Formosan subspecies. 


ce 


NEW AND LITTLE KNOWN ASIATIC PHALAENOIDEA. 119 


Eusemia lectriz, L. ab. reducta, ab. noy. 


Under a series of typical lectrix from Canton is a male which has 
all black markings much extended. Antemedial spot absent. Medial 
spots reduced, well separated, measuring only 2 x 2 and 2 x 3 mm. 
Postmedial row also reduced, the upper spot measuring 1 mm., the 
lower two are very tiny. Spots of the submarginal row of normal size. 
Hindwing black; the three submarginal spots of normal size. A large 
anal orange spot divided by vein 1. A narrow antemedial orange band 
and an orange spot outside of the discal vein. 

Holotype: 1 3, 64 mm, expanse. Canton, Eastern China. 

In this specimen it seems worth mentioning that while the yellow 
and vrange markings are reduced in size the white markings of the 
submarginal row are not, showing in this way that the pattern of this 
Eusemia consists of several different systems of markings which may 
vary independently from each other. . 


Eusemia adulatriz, Koll. ab. postnigra, ab. nov. 


Forewing as in normal adulatrir, the spot of the medial row well 
separated (=ab. sectinotis, Btlr.). Hindwing without any orange mark- 
ings, completely black from the base up to the submarginal row of very 
reduced white spots. 

Holotype: 1 g. Assam. 


Chelonomorpha japona, Motsch. ssp. kansuana, ssp. nov. 


Forewing with the yellowish spots somewhat reduced in size. The 
two spots of the postmedian line always well separated. Hindwing with 
the black base less extended than in Japanese specimens. Spots beyond 
the cell conjoined; the anal one connected by a narrow stripe with the 
submarginal band. A long tooth of the submarginal band on vein 1 
reaches the spot below the cell. 

Cotypes: 1 ¢, expanse 48 mm.; 3 °°, 54-59 mm. Min, Min-shan, 
3000 m., July, S.E. Kansu. 

Ch. ssp. kansuana resembles somewhat Ch. austeni, Moore from S. 
China by the fusion of the two black spots on the hindwing, but belongs 
specifically to Ch. japona, Motsch. as it lacks the yellow costal streak 
on the underside of austeni and has also the valvae of the male black at 
their base. 


Chelonomorpha formosana, Miyake (Annot. Zool. Jap., VI, p. 79, 1907). 

Original description: Allied to C. iapona, Motsch. especially in the 
markings of the hindwing. Forewing with the silvery blue spots much 
broader and more conspicuous; antemedial oblique line from costa to 
inher margin; some streaks on vein 1 and on median nervure; the quad- 
rate patches much smaller and pure white instead of yellow. Apical 
patch of the hindwing also pure white. Exp. 65 mm. Taikokan, 
10th August. I have a ¢ of this species from Taiheizan, Formosa, 10th 
May 1932, leg. Gressitt, which agrees perfectly with the description, 
but it measures only 58 mm. Besides the differences given by Miyake, 
I may add that the size of basal spot is 1.1 mm., and of the postmedial 
spots are 2.5/2.2 mm. in comparison with 3 mm. and 4.5/5 mm. as in 
japona. Underside with 8 marginal spots (in japona only 3 apical ones 
and one large anal one). On the hindwing only 4, the upper one being 


120 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1939 


absent. Black costal stripe larger than in japona and not connected 
with the round discal spot. 

About the existence of this form seems to have reigned considerable 
doubt. Jordan (Seitz, Vol. VIII, p. 6), who does not know this form, 
places it among C. gapona. Hampson (Cat. Suppl., Vol, II, p. 592) 
even puts formosana, Miyake among the ‘‘ unrecognized  species.”’ 
Strand (Arch. f. Naturgesch., 1915, A.8, p. 34) does not mention it at 
all. Wileman seems not to have got it during his stay at Formosa, as 
in his manuscript catalogue he writes behind the name (=J/imeusemia 
vilemani?). Mell (p. 43) seems also not to have seen Formosan speci- 
mens and doubts somewhat the time of appearance in August. Retain- 
ing that formosana, Miyake is a local variety of japona, Mell (p. 41) 
uses this name also for the japona-specimens from Hunan and Kwang- 
tung, but I am somewhat in doubt whether this is right. He does not 
give measurements of the sizo of the white spots of its Chinese ‘‘ for- 
mosana,’’ but from the sizes given for the transitional specimens between 
japona and formosana (p. 40) it is clear that these are so much larger 
than those in Formosan formosana, Miyake. Also the discal spot in 
the hindwinz is not connected with the black costal area, 

There can be no doubt that C. formosana, Miyake is a valid species 
and distinct from, (. japona, Motsch. and its ssp. kansuana, By.-S., but 
here too I am not yet convinced that the true formosana, Miyake occurs 
outside of Formosa. 


Seudyra subflava, Moore ssp. japonica ssp. noy. 

The type of Seudyra subflava, Moore came from Kiukiang (Central 
China). I have Chinese specimens from Chi-feng-hsien (Prov. Tschil1) 
and Lin-si-hien (Chingan Mount.) which agree well with Moore’s 
description and the picture of Alpheraki’s ‘‘ Zalissa jankowskw’”’ in 
Romanoff, Vol. LX, pl. IX, fig. 2, from Sidemi and Korea. 

Specimens from Japan differ in several respects from the type form. 
Dark dorsal crests and middle spots of the abdomen much broader and 
on all segments well developed, not only in the basal 3 or 4 segments 
as in Chinese specimens. The yellow suffusion of the forewing 1s much 
less accentuated. Only the veins, the surroundings of the orbicular 
and reniform and the double postmedian line are narrowly bordered with 
yellow, giving the whole forewing a distinct uniform and dull aspect. 
Discal spot of the hindwing much larger, brown outer margin of the 
hindwing much broader, so that the orange anal patch lies completely 
inside the marginal band and does not touch the vellow central area. 
Also on the underside the marginal band is much broader than in 
Chinese specimens. 

Cotypes: 1 3, 2 99. Hakone near Fuji, Japan Main, 1916, leg. 
Hoene. 

T think Zalissa jankowskii, Alph., which had been until now sunk 
under synonymy with Seudyra subflava, Moore, may be also considered 
as a valid subspecies. The upperside is rather variable, ranging from 
the typical aspect of subflava to the dark japonica (one specimen 
labelled ‘‘ Ussuri’’ in my collection). On the underside of the hind- 
wing is a decided tendency for obliteration of the submarginal band, as_ 
described by Alpheraki (Romanoff, Vol. TX, p. 152) and pictured there 
(pl. XI, fig. 2), where this band is wanting completely. Also in my 


COLEOPTERA OF BASTON. IAL 


Ussuri ¢ the anal half of the band is completely wanting and the costal 
half very pale. 


Syufania dubernardi, Obth. 

Of this species Oberthur (Ht. Hntom., XIX, p. 21, pl. VII, fig. 70, 
1894) described only the 9, which has the light spots on the forewing 
yellow and the hindwing ‘‘ mikado orange.” O. Bang Haas (Ent. 
Zeitschr., XLVII, p. 99, 1933) received some 3d from Kansu, which 
show that there is a remarkable sexual dimorphism in this species, the 
S$ having all light spots and the hindwing light bluish white. Re- 
cently Meil (Stett. Ent. Z., 97, p. 185, 1936), probably unaware of the 
aforesaid description of Bang Haas, gives a detailed description of a 
new subspecies, ‘‘ taipeishanis’’ Mell, from S. Shensi, which agrees in 
every detail with my 2 ¢¢ Neocotypes from Kansu, ex coll. Bang 
Haas. Also the somewhat summary description of the 2: ‘ Forewing 
all spots large, light yellow, hindwing chrome-yellow, the black mark- 
ings much reduced,’ agrees very well with the 2 of dubernardi, Obth. 

IT retain, therefore, that ssp. taipeishanis, Mell is synonymous with S. 
dubernardi, Obth. 


Cruriopsis funebris, Moore. 

I have a ¢ from Hori Formosa, May 1934, leg. Gressitt, which does 
not agree with the ssp. cognata, Jordan from Horisha Formosa. It has 
not more white on the hindwing and the postdiscal spots on the fore- 
wing are not larger and whiter. On the other hand, the specimen agrees 
perfectly with the type of ssp. vithorioides, Leech in the British Museum 
and my specimens from Kansu. (Jerusalem. ) 


EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 


1. Eusemia nipalensis, f. hainani f. nov. Type Q, Ta Hian, Hainan. 
2. Eusemia lectriz, ssp. sauteri, Mell. Q. Hori, Formosa. 
3. Eusemia distincta, ssp. tatsienlouica ssp. nov. Cotype ¢, Tatsienlou, W. 


China. 
4. Eusemia nipalensis, ab. semiclara ab. nov. Type ¢, Naga Hills, Assam. 
5. Eusemia adulatrix, ab. postnigra ab. nov. Type d, Assam. 
6. Eusemia lectrix, ab. reducta ab. nov. Type @, Canton, E. China. 
7. Chelonomorpha japona, ssp. kansuana. Cotype ¢, Min, Min-Shan, Kansu 
8. Chelonomorpha japona, ssp. kansuana. Cotype Q, Min, Min-Shan, Kansu 
9. Chelonomorpha formosana, Miyake. <, Taiheizan, Formosa. 
10. Seudyra subflava, Moore. <¢ upperside, Lin-si-hien, China. 
11. Seudyra subflava, Moore. Q underside, Lin-si-hien, China. 
12. Seudyra subflava, ssp. japona ssp. nov. Cotype, Q upperside, Hakone, Japan. 
13. Seudyra subflava, ssp. japona ssp. nov. Cotype, 9 underside, Hakone, Japan 
14. Seudyra subflava, ssp. jankowskii, Alph. CG underside, Ussuri. 


COLEOPTERA OF EASTON. 
By T. F. Marriner. 


Easton ig an area in north-east Cumberland. The centre of this 
area is along the 400 ft. contour line. The western part slopes from 
this to the Solway, and the eastern part rises gradually to the border 
of Northumberland along the top of the Pennine Range. The area 
is well watered, with patches of woodland studded about, and has a 


122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X /1939 
varied flora. It has never been worked hy the entomologist except for 
an occasional visit, and a lifetime of work would be required to even 
partly exhaust its possibilities, so that my list can only be a tentative 
one, embodying some five years’ work, 

Cychrus rostratus, L. was one of the first beetles I took here. I 
was sitting on a seat not far from Longtown when I noticed it crossing 
the road towards me. 


Of genus Carabus we have four, though I hope to find two more, (. 
catenulatus, Scop. and C. nemoralis, Miill. appear to be the usual species 
of the lower western part of the area. C. violaceus, LL. I have found 
most plentifui in the middle area, and (. granulatus, L. is fairly fre- 
quent in the higher east area. 

The only Notia@philus I have got so far is N. biguttatus, F., which 
is quite common. 

Leistus rufescens, F. occurs sparingly. 

Nebria brevicollis, F. is very common, as is also Loricera_ pili- 
corns, IF. 

Badister bipustulatus, F. I have only come across once. 

I got one or two Bradycellus placidus, Gyll. when trimming my 
hedges. 

Harpalus aeneus, F. is quite common. 

Pterostichus cupreus, L. only occasionally seen. P. versicolor, 
Sturm. was very common on the roads in 1935 but I have not seen it 
very often since, possibly because the roads have heen tar-macadamed 
and widened. P. madidus, F. common, as are also P. niger, Schall. 
and P. vulgaris, L., while P. strenuus, Panz. is perhaps the commonest 
of alll 

Of Amara I have found four species. The commonest is A. trivialis, 
Gyll. A. fulva, De G. is rare. A. apricaria, Payk, is not very common, 
and A. tibialis, Payk. 1 have oniy once come across. 

Calathus melanocephalus, L. and Anchomenus dorsalis, Mill. are 
common, while A. albspes, F. is somewhat rare. 

Bembidion rufescens, Guer. is common by the Lyne side.  B. 
obtusum, Sturm, occurs in moss at Easton. B. guttuia, F. is taken freely 
in grass on the damp road verge opposite my house. B. mannerheimi, 
Sahl. is plentiful. B. biguttatum, Gyll. on wet surround of field pond, 
and B. doris, Panz. sparingly around the same pond. B. shiippeli, Dej. 
Lyne bank and along the Rae Burn. 8B. lampros, Herbst. common. 
B. nigricorne, Gyll., two on a moorland road near Mallsburn. B. tibiale, 
Duft., on both Liddel and Lyne banks. B. atrocaeruleum, Steph., 
common along Lyneside. B. decorwm, Panz., taken sparingly on shingle 
by the Lyne; one specimen taken was a freak with six legs on one side. 
B. nitidulum, Marsh, two taken on some marshy ground near Yadhill 
Wood; Mr Day took this on Liddel side in the area in 1926. B. monti- 
cola, Sturm. on sand bank by the Esk. B. bruxellense, Wesm. Mr 
Day took this on the Black Lyne here and I have got it on Lyne side. 
B. saxatile, Gyll., found in numbers in one place by the Liddel. B. 
littorale, Ol., common on most of the stream sides. B. bipunctata, L. 
Mr T. C. Heysham took this by the Esk (Steph. Illus.). I have taken 
it by the Liddel not far away, but sparingly. 

Trechus minutus, F. fairly common throughout the area. 


COLEOPTERA OF EASTON. 123 


Dromius linearis, Ol., have taken one. Dromius quadrinotatus, 
Panz. and D. quadrimaculatus, L. both occur in Yadhill Wood. 

Metabletus foveola, Gyll. occurs but uncommonly, 

Tam afraid T have neglected the water beetles and Staphs up to the 
present, and hope to deal with them later. I have only taken one or 
two as they came my way when after other game. 

Anacaena globulus, Payk. common in some of the ditches here, 

Cercyon inelanocephalus, L. common. 

Gryophaena affinis, Mann, is frequent in fungi. 

Creophilus maxillosus, not uncommon, 

Lesteva longelytrata, Goeze., taken twice on a pool margin. 

Dianous coerulescens, Gyll., got one by the Rae burn. 

Geodromicus nigrita, Miill. was taken by Mr Day on the Black Lyne, 
on a visit to the area. 

The burying and carrion beetles seem much commoner here than I 
found them in other parts of Cumberland where I have collected. They 
also strike me as being larger in size and more robust. The reason 1s, 
I think, that the animal and bird life have not yet got used to the 
recently introduced and much quicker moving road traffic and their 
mortality is great. Some of the roads can he seen quite strewn with 
corpses, especially in the evening and in the early morning. These 
corpses are either left lying or are simply thrown into the hedges, and 
provide food for crows, gulls, rats, and the beetles, which are thus never 
short of food. 

TInodes humeralis, Kug. got from fungi, rare here. 

Necrophorus hwmator, G., N. mortworwm, F. and the bow-legged N. 
vespillo, L. are ali quite common. 

Silpha tristis, Ill. is not common, and I got a single specimen of S. 
quadripunctata, L. on the edge of a nearby wood. WS. thoracica, L. is 
fairly common and S. atrata, L. is perhaps the oftenest met with. Its 
var. brunnea, Hbst. is also quite common. 

Choleva tristis, Pz. is often come across, while Catops sericeus, Pz. 
is not uncommon. 

I have met with Scydmaenus collaris, Miill. once or twice, and got 
Bythinus puncticollis, Den. fairly commonly. 

This has not, so far, proved a good area for my favourite 
Coccinellidae. The only species I have come across at all freely is 
Adalha obliterata, L. The type form of Adalia bipunctata, L. I have 
never seen here, though both vars. 4-maculata and 6-pustulata have 
occurred in my garden on two occasions. 

Coccinella 10-punctata, L. I only once came across some four miles 
from home where timber was being cut and brought out of the Netherby 
Wood. (©. biabilis has not occurred as yet, probably because C. bDipunc- 
tata and C. 10-punctata have not as yet come together.* Among the 
specimens of C. 10-punctata I gathered was one without spots (var. 
inornata). I came across a small colony of C. hieroglyphica, LL. when 
watching some workers draining a small moss on a fell farm. There 
are some mosses further away which T have not yet had an opportunity 
of visiting. 


*Since writing the above, I took a single specimen of C. biabilis when sweeping 
on 19.v.39. This, so early in the year, had evidently come from winter 
quarters here, 


124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1TX/1939 


Coccinella 7-punctata, LL. L have only seen twice here. 

Coccinella (Thea) 22-punctata, I.. Just under a mile from my house 
the Netherby road descends a short, steep hill with high banks and 
hedges on each side. At the foot of this hill three roads meet. On 
the right is the Lamb’s Hill road up a long, big hill with a pine wood 
on one side. To the left one enters by a right angle turn the down hill 
road to Netherby and Longtown. Just at this corner was a patch of 
undergrowth with a nettle bed, and there I] came upon a nice colony of 
22-punctata. At the other side of the nettles was a nest of the Lesser 
Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca) not by any means a common Cumberland 
bird. I got quite a nice series of 22-punctata, and it was well I made 
good use of my opportunity for by the following year this productive 
corner had been altered. The road was widened, the hedge had been 
replaced ty metal railings and the herbage all cleared away, making the 
corner more acceptable to the motorist but useless for bird and insect life. 


Mysia oblongoguttata, LL. and Anatis ocellata, L. I have taken at 
Brackenhill, and I have one Scymnus, the species of which I am at 
present doubtful. 

Chilocorus bipustulatus, L. has occurred sparingly. 

I have taken two species of Hister. HH. carbonarius, Ill. and H. bi- 
maculatus, I.., both seem rare. 

Epuraea aestiva, L. has occurred commonly on the flowers in my 
garden, and of Meligethes I have got M. aeneus, F. and M. picipes, 
Sturm. commonly, while 1/. viridescens, F. is rare. 

Rhizophagus bipustulatus, F. in Yadhill and other woods. 

LTathridius lardarius, De G. has turned up among rubbish by the Rae 
burn. 

Melanophthalma gibbosa, Hbst. and Byturus tomentosus, F. are 
taken fairly freely in the garden. 

Cryptophagus dentatus, Hbst. and C. affinis, Sturm. have both oc- 
curred, the latter commonly. 

Paramecosoma melanocephalum, Hbst. was got from grasses hanging 
on the bushes by the Rae burn. 

Atomaria fuscata, Sch. and A. analis, Er. are both fairly common. 

I have taken a single Aphodius fossor, L. A. foetens, F. I have found 
rather scarce, while A. fimetarius, L. and A. punctato-sulcatus, Sturm. 
are common. 

Our species of Geotrupes seem like those of Carabus to be peculiar to 
the three areas. G. stercorarius, L. is most often found in the lower 
west of the district. G. spiniger, Marsh. is the most frequent of the 
middle area, and G. sylvaticus, Pz. is most often met with in the higher 
eastern area. I had a specimen brought to me from a farm near Bew-- 
castle, which J took to be a female G. vernalis, L., but Mr Day of 
Carlisle, who saw it lately, judges it to be an undersized G. spinager, 
Marsh. 

Serica brunnea, L. is quite common, as also is Cryptohypnus 
riparius, F. 

Hypnoides dermestoides, Hb. somewhat scarce. 

Elater balteatus, L. is commonly met with in some of the woods, 
while Melanotus rufipes, Hbst. I have rarely seen. 

Athous haemorrhoidalis, F. is common, and Agriotes obscurus, L, and 
A. pallidulus, Il. are both quite common. 


Ol 


COLEOPTERA OF EASTON. 12: 


Corymbites cupreus, F. I have but seldom met with. 

Cyphon coarctatus, Pk. has occasionally occurred in the sweep net. 

Cantharis pellucida, F. is not uncommon. C. bicolor, Hb. common 
along a woodside. (. figurata, Mn. and (, flavilabris, Fn. both common, 
the first in the drier fields. 

I took a specimen of C. darwinianus, Sh. on the wing near Long- 
town. This was doubtless wind driven or a stray from the Solway 
marshes near, where it is commonly found. 

Rhagonycha fulva, Scop. is common on thistle, and R. pallida, F. 
frequent in the hedgerows. 

Malachius bipustulatus, L. occurs sparingly in Yadhill Wood. 

Cis boleti, Scop. is frequent in bole fungi. 

There are a number of woods in the area which I have not yet had 
an opportunity of working, but IT picked up Saperda populnea, i., Clytus 
arietus, L., Liopus nebulosus, L., and Tetrops praeusta, L. at a timber 
camp where a wood was being cut down; and Tetropium gabrieli, Wei. 
on a wood edge at Natherby in 1936. 

Judging by the local flora this looked like a good area for Chrysome- 
lidae, but I have not found it so very good up to the present. 

Lema lichenis, Voet. is fairly general, and Cryptocephalus awreolus, 
Suf. I got in one or two stations not far from the old Cumberland 
locality, Bolton Fell. (. labiatus, LL. on young birch near here but not 
freely. Chrysomela polita, L. is not uncommon, though C. staphylea, L. 
seems decidedly scarce. The broom is common here but Phytodecta oli- 
vacea, Forst. does not occur on every plant. 

Gastroidea polygoni, lL. common when sweeping. 

Phaedon tumidulus, Germ. common. P. cochleariae, F. got by the 
Rae burn. 

Phyllodecta vulgatissima, L. common on sallow. P. vitellinae oc- 
curs on my hen run. (A piece of waste land where a wood was cut down 
in wartime.) 

Hydrothassa aucta, F. and. H. marginella, LL. are common. 

Luperus rufipes, Scop. not uncommon. 

Lochmea crataegi, Forst. common on hawthorn. 

Galerucella tenella, L. fairly common. 

Sermyla halensis, L. often got in sweeping road verges. 

Longitarsus luridus, Scop. common, LF. pusillus, Gyll. have not got 
cemmonly, L. jacobaeae, Wat. common. 

Phyllotreta undulata, Kuts. common, and P. exclamationis, Thunb. 
fairly common. 

Sphaeroderma testacea, F., and S. cardui, Gyll. are both fairly 
common. 

Crepidodera transversa, Marsh., C. ferruginea, Scop. and C. smarag- 
dina, Foud. are all quite plentiful. 

Plectrocelis concinna, Marsh. is not uncommon. 

Psylliodes chrysocephala, L. common in the garden in 1936. 

P. napi, Koch swept in moist fields. 

Cassida viridis, LL. is the only one of the species got so far and it is 
common. 

The Curculionidae is by far the most numerous and widely distri- 
buted family of the area. 

Rhinomacer attelaboides, F, Got one specimen in Yadhill Wood. 


126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX /1939 


Attelabus curculionides, L. I took this on a visit to a local timber 
camp. 

Rhynchites aeneovirens, Marsh. a rare item here. 

R. minutus, Hbst. only taken twice. R. nanus, Pk. plentiful. 

R. uncinatus, Th. Two of my captures sent to be named were re- 
turned to me as this, but Mr F. H. Day, who has since seen them, refers 
them to the previous species. 

Deporis betulae, L. not rare, 

Apion wlicis, Forst. common. A. miniatum, Germ. This pretty 
weevil is one of my best captures here. A. haematodes, Kirb. not un- 
common. A. viciae, Pk. rather scarce though vetch and trefoil are com- 
mon. A. apricans, Hbst., A. dichroum, Bed., A. nigritarse, Kirb. and 
A. carduorum, Kirb. are quite common. A. virens, Hbst. and A. aethi- 
ops, Hbst. are often swept. A. striatum, Kirb. is common on broom. 
A. immune, Kirb. scarce. A. ononis, Kirb., A. spencet, Kirb. and A. 
ervi, Kirb. are common. A. seniculuim, Kirb. I have got in one locality 
only. A. gyllenhali, Kirb. and A. loti, Kirb. not common. A. tenue, 
Kirb. found plentiful in two localities, but not seen elsewhere. A. mar- 
chicum, Hbst., A. affine, Kirb. and A. hwmile, Germ. have occurred 
freely. A. violacewm, Kirb. not uncommon. A. hydrolapathi, Kirb. 
taken once only. 

Of genus Otiorhynchus three species are pretty common, O. picipes, 
HO. sulcatus, Wand O- ovatus, li: 

Strophosomus coryli, F. and S. lateralis, Pk. are common, while S. 
retusus, Marsh. has only been seen rarely. 

Phyllobius provides P. oblongus, L., P. urticae,, De G., P. pyri, L., 
P. argentatus, L., P. maculicornis, Germ., P. pomonae, Ol., P. viri- 
diaeris, Laich. all fairly common, and P. viridicollis, F. but rarely. 

Barynotus obscurus, F. has occurred occasionally. 

The area has, so far, produced six species of Sitones, all quite freely: 
S. regensteinensis, Hbst., 8. tibialis, Hbst., S. hispidulus, F., S. flaves- 
cens, Marsh., 8. sulcifrons, Thunb., S. lineatus, L. Hypera rwmicis, Mh. 
is frequently met with, and H. polygoni, L. is not quite so common. 

Tiosoma ovatulum, Clair. appears to be the commonest weevil of the 
area. 

Curculio abietis, L. occurs in such woods as I have so far tried. 

Orchestes fagi, L. is fairly common, and O. rusci, Hbst. and O. sali- 
cis, L. are both common on my hen run. 

Erirhinus acridulus, Ll. is often met with. 

Dorytomus pectoralis, Gyll. is the only species of this genus I have 
taken here. 

Anoplus plantaris, Naez. is common. 

Anthonomus ulmi, De G. Occurred to me on one occasion near Pen- 
ton. A. pedicularius, L. is not uncommon. 

Cionus scrophulariae, F. I have only once got here. 

Orobitis cyaneus, I. rare. 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi, lu. One specimen got from an old willow 
stump. 

Coeliodes rubicundus, Hbst. and C. quercus, F. are both fairly com- 
mon, and ©. quadrimaculatus, L. abounds on nettles. 

Poophagus sisymbri, F. on watercress by Rae burn. 

Ceuthorhynchideus troglodytes, i’. fairly common. 


NAMES OF MICROLEPPIDOPTERA. 197 


Rhinoncus pericarpius, . and R. castor, F. are both common. 

Balaninus salicivorus, Pk. common. 

Calandra granaria, L. taken in a barn on a nearby farm. 

Up to the present IT have only taken two Scolytidae, Hylastes ater, 
Pk. and Myelophilus piniperda, L. 

I have thanked by letter those who have helped in the naming and 
verification of the above. I have some further items which I hope tio 
deal with later. 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 
By T. Batnsriccre FiercHer, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
(Continued from p. 112.) 


16. NOTOCELIA ROSAECOLANA, Dbl. 1850. 
Spilonota rosaecolana, Doubleday, Zoologist, VIII, Appendix, p. evi 


(1350). 
Aspidia cynosbana, Dup., Lep. Fr., IX, 178-180, No. 1580, t. 245, f. 1] 
(1835). 


Notocelia rosaecolana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 115, No. 2061 (1901); 
Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 541, No. 2 (1928). 


The original coloured drawing (now in the British Museum, Nat. 
History) of Duponchel’s t, 245, f. 1 leaves no doubt that this is his 
species. Joannis did not mention cynosbana, Dup., in his Revision in 
Ann, S.H. Fr., UXXXTV (1915), probably because he did not consider 
it to be a new species, but Duponchel’s name was prior to Doubleday’s 
-but was praeoccupied within the genus Notocelia by cynosbana, Fb. 
1787 (nec Fb. 1775), a synonym of [aquana, Hb. =] roborana, Schiff. 
(non-descr.). 

Rebel (Cat., No. 2061) quotes ‘‘ Dbld. Zool., 1849, 2364,’’ as the 
original reference, but this 1s incorrect; the reference, Zool., 1849, p. 
2364, is a note by Douglas, ‘‘ From rose leaves I reared Spilonota 
aquana, S. - n.s.’’? This latter, his unnamed ‘‘ new species,’ was 
described by Doubleday in 1850 as rosaecolana (see reference above). 

Rebel (Cat., No. 2060) places cynosbana, Dup., as a synonym of 
what he calls suffusana, Zeller 1846 (actually described by Duponchel in 
1843), but the larva of suffusana, Dup., feeds on Crataegus, whilst 
Duponchel states that his cynosbana feeds on Rosa canina. 


17. NOTOCELIA SUFFUSANA, Duponchel 1843. 

Aspidia suffusana, Dup., Lep. Fr., Suppl. IV, 416-417, t. 83, f. 10 
(1843); Joannis, Ann. S.E. Fr., LXXXIV, 133 (1915). 

Tortriz trimaculana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iii], p. 442 (1811) [nec Tortriz 
trimaculana, Don., Nat. Hist. Brit. Ins., XI, 25, t. 369, f. 1 
(1806) ]. 

Notocelia suffusana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 115, No. 2060 (1901). 

Notocelia trimaculana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 541, No. 3 (1928). 

Haworth’s name was a primary homonym of Donovan’s and hence 
invalid. Rebel misquotes Haworth’s description as p. ‘‘ 412,’’ ascribes 
the name suffusana to Zeller 1846, and wrongly includes the name 
eynosbana, Dup., in the synonymy. 


(To be continued.) 


128 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. ; 15 / TX /1939 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


HeEpPIALUS HUMULI.—I read with much interest the article of Dr 
Bytinski-Salz on Hepialus in the June number, p. 81, ete. It would 
perhaps not he out of place to draw attention to a form described by an 
Englishman after an English example. I refer to H. humuli ab. 2 
subrosea, Ckll., Hntomologist, xxii, 2 (1889) [Reference: H.M.M., xviii, 
111, 1881-82] with the apical third of the forewing tinged with pink. 
No text book mentions this name. Ab. albida, By.-Salz is near, but 
not identical with, ab. diversa, Th. Mieg., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, liv, 
386 (1910), after Milliere, Zcones, plt. 94, fig. 5, white forewings with 
vellowish designs. I myself have named a Dutch ¢@ form (white with 
red designs as in the 9) ab. rufomaculata (Tydschr v. Ent., Ixxx, 308, 
1938). This form is the cause that thulensis is erroneously mentioned 
from Holland.—B, J. Lempxr, Oude Yselstraat 12III, Amsterdam, Z. 


A Note FRoM GRAAFF REINET.—We have had a fairly dry summer, 
and not nearly enough water to fill the dams, or anything like it. The 
big one here is very low at present. The larvae of Loxostege frustalis 
(Pyrale) did tremendous damage to the so-called Karroo-bush (Pentzia 
incana). At times after rains the moths are about in millions, and at 
night the windows are covered with them. The larvae eat out vast 
areas of veldt, which looks black and drought-stricken after attack. 
Many of the plants die. To find some method of control seems to be an 
almost impossible matter. It might be possible to save grazing worth 
a shilling at the expenditure of a guinea. This plant is a valuable 
grazing one and has made the karroo famous for wool and mutton.— 


J. SNEYD Taytorn [M.A., F.R.ES.], 30.v.39. 


DietExA FROM NortH Kent.—Whilst 1939 has so far proved a dis- 
appointing season in many respects, especially as regards Syrphids, 
Stratiomyids, and Muscids, I have taken some species of other fami- 
hes I think worth recording as a help to the still too little known dis- 
tribution of British Diptera. Early in June in the Thames Marshes 
at Abbey Wood I took a single ¢ of *Helophilus versicolor, F., the only 
species of the smaller-sized group of this genus I have seen in North 
Kent, with the exception of H. vittatus, Mg., which I took in the same 
locality many years ago, and have not seen since. At the same time I[ 
found the Trypetid Orellia falcata, Scop. and the Empid EF. decora, 
Meg. fairly common in the restricted area where I had taken both 
specles on previous occasions. On the 10th June, again in the Abbey 
Wood Marshes, I found the Dolichopid Orthochile nigrocoerulea, Ltr. 
on the flowers of the ox-eye daisy in abundance as to 9 9, the ¢¢ being 
much scarcer; previously I had only taken one or two isolated speci- 
mens of this species. On Ist July I went to All Hallows-on-Sea at the 
extremity of North Kent, between the mouths of the Thames and the 
Medway. Here, amidst a number of common species, T found that local 
Dolichopid *Thinophilus flavipalpis, Ztt., and took a small series with 
some difficulty, as it frequented the narrow muddy margin of one of 
the numerous dykes intersecting the marshes and was difficult to get 
without soaking one’s net. On the 9th July, in the course of an un- 


CURRENT NOTES. 129 


successful hunt for the Asilid Hutolmus rufibarbis, Mg. in its Farning- 
ham locality, I took a small series of the Empid *Oedalia stigmatella, 
Ztt. hovering in the rides of the wood in company with Hilara aéronetha, 
Mik., Chalarus spurius, Fall., and Chorisops tibialis, Mg. <As so often 
happens with ‘‘ hovering ”’ species, all I took were dd. On a further 
visit to All Hallows on the 15th July I took the Trypetid *Myopites 
frauenfeldi, Schin. swept from its food plant Inula crithmoides, L.; the 
Dolichopid Poecilobothrus principalis, Lw.; and found after I got home 
that T had taken two ¢¢ and 1 Q of the rare Dolichopid *Porphyrops 
antennata, Carl.—H. W. ANDREWS. 


*New to my N. Kent list. 


PLATYCHIRUS TARSALIS, ScHuM. [D1pr.] In SurReEyY.—During routine 
collecting of Diptera as part of an ecological survey of Limpsfield Coim- 
mon, Surrey, I caught a male of the rarely taken Platychirus tarsalis, 
Schum. on 4th June. At the time T was sweeping close to the floor of 
the small oakwood in the south-east corner of the Common (Area T, 
see ‘‘ Survey of Limpsfield Common ’’ in Lond. Nat., 1936), and it may 
have been on low vegetation within six inches of the ground. 


The species is easily recognised by its fore tarsi and hind tibiae 
from Verrall’s description in Brit, Flies, viii, pp. 268-270. Owing to 
its superficial resemblance to Platychirus peltatus, Mg., being of the 
same size and having a shining thorax, it may be overlooked by col- 
lectors. The coloration of the abdomen, however, is noticeably dif- 
ferent. Whereas in peltatus the black central line is of the same width: 
as the black cross bars, in tarsalis the black central line is at its nar- 
rowest on the fourth segment, slightly wider on the third, whilst on the 
second broadens from where it joins the black cross bar until it almost 
reaches the side in the top corner, where it becomes dark brown. The 
cross bars are broad and slope upwards slightly to meet the central line. 


In the British Diptera collection at the British Museum (Natural 
History) there are specimens from Painswick, Glos., a ¢ taken by R. 
C. Bradley, 14.5.96, from Weston-Super-Mare; Som., ¢ @ taken by 
Col. Jermyn, 13.5.21, and from Wood Ditton Wood, Cambs., a ¢ taken 
by Mr J. E. Collin on 22.5:°26 and ¢ Q taken on 23.5.26 at the same 
locality (v. Ent. Mo. Mag., 1926, p. 288).—L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S., 
94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


The following note from Brussels appeared recently in the Times :— 
‘* Proceedings have been begun against a Brussels street vendor on the 
ground of cruelty to insects. The hawker, a woman, sold bottles of 
powder for the destruction of parasites. As part of her stock-in-trade 
she exhibited to the crowd of potential customers a bottle containing 
insects fluttering about in a dying condition. <A passer-by, however, 
declared that it was horrible to make insects suffer in that way, and 
fetched a police officer, who conducted all concerned to the nearest police 


130 ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD. 15/1X/1939 


station. There the officer on duty could do no other than make out the 
charge-sheet on the allegations presented to him.’’—M. B. 


Mr A. E. Tonge, F.R.E.S., after a long period of suffering, passed 
away at the beginning of August. He was well-known to many as the 
Treasurer of the South London Entomological Society for many years, 
and to others as a keen student of the eggs of Lepidoptera which he 
photographed with much skill. He was in his 69th year. 


The world-wide known entomologist, and especial student of the 
Coleopterous Family Cicindelidae, Walther Horn, Hon. F.R.E.S., passed 
away on July 10th. He had been in failing health for some time. 


The Cactus-feeding Phycitinae. This is the first of a series of papers 
to be issued by the United States National Museum dealing with the 
family Phycitidae; that group of the Lepidoptera to which the well- 
known Cactoblastis cactorum, so extensively made use of in S. Africa to 
control the ‘‘ prickly-pear,’’ belongs. The author, Carl Heinrich, 
stresses the importance of the study of this family since (1) so many of 
the species it contains are of ‘‘ prime economic importance;’’ (2) the 
present ‘‘ hopeless muddle ’’ in its classification owing largely to the 
‘* fluid ’? nature of the structural characters used for determina- 
tion. He refers to the serious defects of the only noteworthy at- 
tempt to classify this family by Ragonot in the monumental work 
‘Monographie des Phycitinae and Galleriinae,’’ 1893 (concluded by 
~Hampson, 1901). This work was based mainly on male characters, vena- 
tion, palpi, vestiture, and secondary male features, all characters vary- 
ing greatly between the sexes, so that many females since discovered 
have been placed by guess work. The author finds in this study that the 
genitalia seem to be more constant, but must be used with caution. He 
treats of some 46 species and in illustration there are 29 plates with 139 
excellent double-figures of structures, genitalia, antennae, palpi, vena- 
tion, head profile, etc. 


Parts 1, 2, 3 of Vol. VI of the Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. have been re- 
ceived. Part 1, ‘‘ A Check-List and Host-List of Ectoparasites recorded 
from British Mammals (excluding Bats),’’ by G. B. Thompson. Part 2, 
‘(The Taxonomic Value of Wing-Venation in the larger Dytiscidae 
(Col.),’? by F. D. Goodliffe, with four excellent diagrammatic plates. 
Part 3, ‘‘ Aspects of Ecology of Aquatic Insects,’’ by H. P. Moon, with 
one plate. All three are typical examples of the excellent work which is 
being carried on by the members of this Society and of the efficient work 
of the editor in the presentation of this work. We note too that the 
editor, Mr F. J. Killington, D.Sc., has the rare recognition of his own 
work in the letters A.L.S. bestowed by the Linnean Society. 


One of the most energetic of our Society Natural History workers, 
Capt. T. Dannreuther, has compiled a local list of the Dragonflies of his 
own area for the use of future observers, with a hint that ‘‘ no one has — 
made a study of the breeding places of the dragonflies of EK. Sussex, and 
there are no records of the nymph stage.’’ Many records are added as 
well as a List of Text and Reference books. It is well done. 


SOCIETIES. py 


Tue Late Farner Navas, 8.J.—It is with great regret that I have 
read the news of my old friend, Father Navas. It was in 1905 that I 
first met him, when he was paying a visit to the British Museum. | 
invited him to my flat, and gave him a good boxful of earwigs for his 
collection. He spent several hours with me, but declined all refresh- 
ment, even a glass of water. I was amused to read afterwards in his 
account of his journey his comment that this proved the falsity of the 
old saying that you can never get anything out of an Englishman. We 
corresponded occasionally in the old days, and I was glad to meet him 
in Madrid during the Congress when, somewhat to my surprise, he re- 
cognised me. When my friends asked him to guess who I was, lie an- 
swered at once in his deep Spanish voice, ‘‘ I know, it is Burrrrrrr-o.” 
(Of course, a Spaniard has to put an O at the end of a word, and it does 
not matter that ‘‘ burro ’’ means donkey.) He was 70 then, and it is 
sad to think how his old age ended in misery.—M. B. 


SOCIETIES. 


A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at the Burford Bridge 
Hotel, Box Hill, Surrey, on 19th May 1939, Mr W. Rait-Smith in the 
chair. Members present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr H. Donis- 
thorpe, Mr H. Wilioughby-Ellis, Mr James EK. Collin, Dr Sheffield 
Neave, Dr Richard R. Armstrong. Visitors present:—Mr EK. C. Bed- 
well, Mr H. M. Edelsten, Mr F. W. Frohawk, Dr Karl Jordan, Mr W. 
J. Kaye, Rev. J. Meicalfe, Capt. N. D. Riley, Mr W. H. T. Tams. The 
members and guests arrived from 12.30 onwards and luncheon was 
served at 1.15 in the large restaurant. After luncheon in fine weather 
a walk over the Box Hill district was very pleasant and the well-known 
views were thoroughly enjoyed. This district, rich in memories of Stain- 
ton, is perhaps one of the most interesting entomological districts near 
London, and almost every entomologist has recollections of interesting 
captures from time to time. The party returned to the hotel about 
o'clock, when tea was provided, and then broke up between 6 and 
o’clock in the evening after an interesting day.—H. Wititovucusy-ELLis, 
Hon. Secretary. 


A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at Mill Green Park, 
Ingatestone, on the 24th June 1939, Dr Sheffield A. Neave in the chair. 
Members present in addition to the Chairman:—Mr Jas. E. Collin, Dr 
Harry Eltringham, Mr W. Rait-Smith, Dr R. R. Armstrong. Visitors 
present :-—Mr H. E. Andrews, Mr H. W. Bedford, Mr H. 8. Bushell, 
Mr E. C. Bedwell, Dr A. D. Imms, Dr Karl Jordan, Sir Guy A. K. 
Marshall, Mr A. M. S. Neave, Mr W. H. T. Tams. The party arrived 
in time for luncheon, after which Mr Jas. HE. Collin exhibited a speci- 
men of the Tachinid, Subclytia rotundiventris, Fln.—the first authentic 
British specimen, for though Dr R. H. Meade recorded the species in 
1892 as ‘‘ Rare—in Mr Dale’s collection,’’ the specimens standing under 
that name in the Dale Collection are specimens of Myiobia according to 
Mr C. J. Wainwright. S. rotundiventris is widely distributed on the 
Continent, including France and Denmark. It has been bred from the 


Or 


= 
i 


oe ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1X/1939 


Pentatomid Bug, Hlasmostethus ariseus, by Nielsen in Denmark, who 
states that there are two broods in the year. The specimen exhibited 
was taken at Farley Downs near King’s Somborne, Hants, on 5rd June 
of this year. He further exhibited two pairs of the Syrphid, Chryso- 
toxum octomaculatum, Curt., one pair killed by weak sulphur fumes, the 
other in an ordinary cyanide killing bottle, in order to show how very 
much better the natural colours are retained in these yellow and black 
insects by making use of the former method. During the afternoon the 
weather was cold and dull and though there was little rain it was just 
enough to curtail the walk around the farm, the general object being to 
see the Aberdeen-Angus cattle. After tea at 4.30 the party broke up 
about 6 o’clock.—H. Wittoucusy-Eiis, Hon. Secretary. 


REVIEW. 


Vol. 1 of the report of the VIIth International Congress of Entomo- 
logy has come out with commendable promptitude. It is a massive tome 
and rich in interesting articles. Characteristic of the modern trend is 
the space taken by articles on Geographical Distribution in the widest 
sense, in time as well as space. 

Herr Benick maintains that a species of Silphid beetle, Choleva hol- 
sutica, found in swarms in a cave in Holstein, has differentiated itself 
from the parent species in post-glacial times ; that is to say that the species 
has been formed in a space of not more than 20,000 years. Eller analyses 
in detail the distributicn of the races of the Papilio machaon group: 
Dr Franz gives an account of steppe relicts in south-east central Europe: 
Dr Heberdey discusses the significance of the distribution of certain 
beetles and Dr Lindroth approaches the subject from the Scandinavian 
point of view, while K. Mandl approaches from the distribution and 
races of European Cicindelidae, and J. Meixner from the Alpine and 
Balkan genus Trechus. These papers should be studied by all who are 
interested in the history of the European, including British, fauna dur- 
ing and since the glaciation. 


E. Voss, using the distribution of certain weevils as his material, 
discusses the world-wide problem of Continental drift. 


Fewer papers deal with systematics and biological problems. One 
has wandered outside pure Kntomology to treat of Spiders and a baker’s 
dozen deal with nomenclature and bibliography.—M. B. 


The Report of the VIIth Intern. Congress (pp. 1348-1361) has an 
interesting article by Herr Weidner of Hamburg on an aspect of Ento- 
mology that has not received enough attention, the fauna of cities. He 
finds four biotopes, namely, the woodwork of buildings, which affords a 
home to one fauna and home and food to another; the walls and piping 
systems, floors, insulating layers, including carpets; cellars, and finally, 
flowers in pots, conservatories and gardens and parks. The develop- 
ment of central heating maintains a steady climate that, being warm 
and moist, is extremely suitable for many insects. This accounts for the 
discovery in Paris of the plague flea and in Hamburg of the termite, 
Reticulitermes flavipes.—M. B. 


/s& Zoology 
(S ocT 3 1939 


1 
I3 $20 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIBSL! BRA® 


ab, cariller, Brandt, Ent, Zeit., XXXVII, 148 (1934), 


Fic.—b. & w. text fig. The figure is not very enlightening. 

Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Colour as in the type form, but the brown scaling 
is wanting, and thus the whole ground is lighter. The post-median runs 
out strongly to the costa towards the base, and cuts through the reni- 
form stigma, the subterminal line is dark shaded on the inner side and 
this dark scaling is broken through by pale radial streaks of the ground 
colour, whereby a quite different appearance is given. On the fold be- 
tween the stigmata there are black streaks.’? Amata, Livland. 


ab. transversa, B.-Salz., Hnt: Rec., li, 31 (1989). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour reddish or whitish ochreous, no 
dark quadrate marks present. Two very large transverse shades across 
the forewing. One middle shade between orbicular and reniform and 


another outside the post-medial line. Hindwings normal.’’ Cogne. 
Graian Alps. Abbot’s Wood. 


ab. conjuncta, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 31 (1989). 

Orie. Drescrivp.—‘‘ Orbicular and reniform broadly conjoined at the 
base.’’ ‘‘ The form seems to be very rare. I have only one specimen 
which otherwise belongs to ab. ochrea-virgata, Tutt.’’ Aberdeen. 


f. orkneyensis, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 31 (1939). 

Fie.—l.c., plt. III, fig. D. 7. 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ 6d 37 mm. © 34-36 mm. Ground colour a 
very rich ‘ prussian red’ to ‘ cameo-brown.’ The transverse lines 
slightly lighter, the-submarginal line rather strongly contrasted ochre- 
ous. Reniform very distinct light ochraceous buff, also the orbicular 
circled with the same colour. Darker spots before and behind the orbi- 
cular. A small black dot at the end of the claviform. Hindwings as in 
festiva, sometimes a rather distinct light postmedial line present. Tip 
of the abdomen in the ¢¢ rufous.’’ Orkney Islands. 


ab. depicta, B.-Salz., ditto, ‘“‘ with transverse lines obsolete, macu- 
lae of the ground colour, quadrate spots absent.”’ 


f. primuloides, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 33 (1939). 

Orie. DEscrip.—‘‘ Ground colour yellow-ochreous but with a dullish 
shade as in primulae. Designs less conspicuous and not so reddish. 
Spots before and behind the orbicular black. This form may be con- 
sidered a very light f. thulei, Stdgr.’’ Unst. 


f. rufobsoleta, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., Li, 33 (1939). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Ground colour bright red chestnut-brown; base, 
middle shade and marginal area sometimes darker. In most specimens 
lighter transverse lines present; reniform of the same colour as the 
ground, rarely somewhat lighter. No black marks present.’’ Shetlands. 


f. hethlandica, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 33 (1989). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ This is the same form but with dark marks before 
and behind the orbicular. The reniform and sometimes also the orbicu- 
lar are often lighter than the ground colour.’’ Mainland and Unst, 
Shetland. 


(190) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /1X/1939 


f. maculata, B.-Salz., Hnt. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 

Orta. Descrip.— As f. thulet, Stdgr., but the orbicular surrounded 
with light ochraceous and the reniform entirely ochreous. Submarginal 
line in the male obsolete, in the female rather distinct.’’ Shetlands. 


f. glabrina, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ The most beautiful form of all. Ground colour as 
in thulet. Basal line, ante- and post-medial lines light ochreous very 
distinct. Submarginal line and marginal area ochreous with dark 
longitudinal streaks along the veins. Fringes dark. Reniform and 
orbicular light ochreous, the latter with darker centre, end of the clavi- 
form distinct black. Resembles somewhat Conistra vaccinn, f. glab- 
roides, Fuchs.’? Shetlands. 


f. rufonigra, B.-Salz., Wnt. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 

Ornte. Drescrip.—‘‘ Ground colour a very dark ‘ chocolate,’ surround- 
ings of the orbicular, reniform and marginal area slightly lighter. 
Black marks before and behind the orbicular. This is the darkest form 
except hethlandica in which the forewing is entirely suffused with black.” 
Mainland (Shetland). 


f. unicolor, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 
Oric. Drescrip.—‘‘ Ground colour a very dark ‘ sepia.’ All lines 
slightly lighter. Maculae obsolete. Black spots absent.’’ Unst. 


f. nigra, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 

Ortc. Descrie.—‘‘ Ground colour an almost black ‘ sepia.’ Maculae 
very slightly lighter. Spots before and behind the crbicular and end of 
the claviform black, but not in much contrast.’’ Shetlands. 


ab. nigrostriata, B.-Salz., Ent. Rec., LI, 34 (1939). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Colour and markings as in f. hethlandica but with 
black streaks on the veins. Vein 1 black almost to the base, veins 2-4 
black to the cell, veins 5-9 only to the submarginal line.’’ Shetlands. 


Dr Cockayne reports (in lit.): ‘‘ I have an ochreous one from Ran- 
noch with a very distinct blackish band between the basal and ante- 
median lines; the usual submarginal shade is present, but not stronger 
than usual. I have seen another like it. The blackening extends inward 
from both lines and runs along the costa, but fades off towards the inner 
margin.”’ 

‘“T have also one with a dark grey band, in which the submarginal 
line and outline of the orbicular are over emphasized.”’ 


Homogrosts.—A fine example of homoeosis is recorded and figured 
in Trans, Ent. Soc. Lond, (1930), plt. 11, fig. 4, in which much dark 
coloration similar to that on the forewing is developed on the left hind- 
wing, Dr EK. A. Cockayne. 


Noctua, L. (1758) Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Gn., Newm., Barr., Sth. 
[Agrotis, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr., Hamp., Stdgr., Splr., Culot: 
Rhyacia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Warr., Corti: Graphiphora, Ochs. & Tr. 
(1816-25), H.-S., Meyr.], xanthographa, Fb. (1787). 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (191) 


Tutt gave Fabricius, Mantissa, II, 171 (1787), as the authority for 
zanthographa; but this name occurs first in the Verz. of Schiff. (1775), 
p. 83. Illig. & Haf., N. Ausg. Verz., I, 279 (1801), stated, on the evi- 
dence (1) of Schrank, Fuess. N. Mag., II, 217, and (2) the comparison of 
the description and the insect in the Wien collection, that the zantho- 
grapha, Schiff., is oculea = nictitans. Thus to put zanthographa, 
Schiff., for the present species as many authors do (Seitz, etc.) is an 
error. 

Curiously Fabricius in the Hnt. Sys., III (2), 100 (1793), is a riddle, 
through a big blunder in the text, caused by omission and transposition. 
(1) convergens 298 should be alchymista 299. (2) leucomelas 297 should 
be convergens 298. (8) xanthographa 296 should be leucomelas 297. (4) 
The description from the Mantissa, II, 171, should be inserted after line 
4, zanthographa 296: Cristata alis deflexis testaceis maculis ordinariis 
flavis. N. xanthographa, Wien, Verz., 83, 20. 

Esp., Abbild, plt. CLI, f. 4 (1788?), pictures a small reddish brown 
insect with a square reniform stigma, both stigmata are clearly outlined 
in whitish; three perfect cloudy bands, the basal the widest, the hind- 
wing with a narrow submarginal band not reaching the costa and a dis- 
cal band of black points inside the band. To this figure is attached the 
name radica. This is undoubtedly xanthographa, teste Werneberg, 
Beitr., If, 46. Thus radica should be the or a prior name, if the date on 
the title page of vol. IV (1), 1786, was correct. But as plt. 151 was 
probably published in 1788, or later, this leaves the name zanthographa 
as the prior. 

H.-S., l.c., says that radica, Esp., is bella, Tr., but Werne., l.c., says 
that bella has not the light stigmata and has no row of black points on 
the hindwings, according to its description. 

Esp., l.c., plt. CXLIII, fig. 1-2, had used the name radicea for insects 
which are considered to be simulans, Hufn. (pyrophila, Tr.) and fig. 3 
he named ‘‘ var. of radicea.’? This can be ruled out although Wern. 
thought it might represent a xzanthographa, l.c., II, 45 (1864). 

These quotations, and numerous statements of early authorities, are 
so conflicting and the spelling of the name as zantographa without the 
‘‘h,? that it has been considered better to retain the authority as Tutt 
gave, with the correct spelling. 

Thus the authority for zanthographa remains Fab., Mantissa has 
been retained. 


Mitta brit. Noct.. I, 124-1V, Tle (te92): Barr, ep: Br Ts: We 
97, plt. 148, 1 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 140 (1901): Hamp., Lep. 
Phal., IV, 419 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 149, plt. XXXITT, 8 (1905): 
South, Moths Br. Is., I, 228, plt. CXIV, 9-12 (1907): Warr.-Seitz, Pal. 
Noct., III, 46, plt. 10d (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 45, plt. VII, 6 
(1910): Corti-Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 80, plt. XITb (1933). 


Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Fur., VII, fig. 429 (1790), gave a figure, which 
is considered to be zanthographa by Wern., etc.. It is much too highly 
coloured and the colours far too differentiated. 

Hb., Samml. Noct., 138 (1800-1803), gave a very red figure. 

Haw., Lep. Brit., 206 (1809), compared 2 examples of the red form 
figured by Hb., 138, but: remarked that the form is very rare. It is 


(192) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1939 


very similar te the tetragona he described on p. 205, and differs only in 
the stigmata being smaller and the more obsolete striga of the fore- 
wings owing to increase of the fuscous suffusion. ‘‘ Alae posticae albi- 
cantes.”’ 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 107, plt. LX XX, 2 (1826), gave a good figure of 
this species except that the stigmata are too strongly emphasised in 
white. 

Frr., Neu. Beitr., III, 80, plt. 250 (1839), gave 2 good figures of 
forms of this species. (1) A very dark blackish-brown with stigmata 
clearly defined; (2) a rich chestnut-brown, with the submarginal line 
strongly edged on the outside with white. On plt. 232, budensis is 
figured: described on page 56. 

H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 341 (1851), f. 130, gave a varietal form, which 
he characterised by the ‘‘ olive-brownish ground colour and with the 
waved line having a darker ground beyond it,’’ this darkening is scarcely 
apparent in the figure which otherwise is a good one, the square spot 
between the stigmata is very distinct. He said that Frr., Neu. Beitr., 
250, figured 2 examples very different in colour. 

Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., V, 247 (1852), placed cohaesa, H.-S., next to 
Caradrina ambigua, and said that from the description it appeared to 
resemble zanthographa, but from the figure it resembled C. alsines. 

On p. 337, he attributed xanthographa to Schiff. and recognised the 
tetragona, Haw., as the same species. He noted the extreme variation 
of the ground colour. 

Newman, Brit. Moths, 354 (1868), gave a good b. and w, figure of an 
average example. 

Stdgr., Cat. (1901), 140, accepted Fb. (Mant.) as the authority for 
zanthographa, and cohaesa, H.-S., as of the same species, as well as 
elutior, Alph. 

Hamps., Lep. Phal., 1V, 419 (1903), recognised a form ‘‘ suffused with 
fuscous.’’ Scotland, Forres. This is no doubt Tutt’s nigra. 

Splr., Schin. Eur., I, 149, plt. 33, 8 (1905), gave a good figure. 

South, M.B.I., I, 228, plt. 114, 9, 10, 11, 12 (1907). These four 
figures stand out darker than others on the plate, but the suppressed 
orange brown is too strong. 

Culot, N. et G., I (1), 45, plt. VII, fig. 6 (1910), gave an excellent 
figure of a dull red-brown form. 

Warr stz., Pal. Noct., 110,46. pit. me (1909), treated tetragona, 
Haw., cohaesa, H.-S., as synonyms, gave 7 forms, and five very fair 
Ronees. but she serail dark square spot nts tlie stigmata is font 
clear enough. Genus Rhyacia. 

Corti-Drdt., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 80, plt. 12b (1933), gave a better 
illustration of budensis, Frr., and added eight new forms, of which almo- 
hada, Wenr., from Tunis is figured. 


Of the Variation Barrett says, l.c.:— 

‘¢ Always and everywhere variable, the commoner forms in the south 
being some shade of red-brown, pale brown, or drab; in some north- 
western districts, particularly the north of Ireland, deep dark brown, 
and in the Scottish Isles bright red-brown. In some specimens in all 
shades of colour the stigmata are both bright and distinct, in very 
many the reniform is so, but in other cases, even in the palest specimens, 


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MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 133 


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With a description of a new race, and comparisons with 
Alvand, [ran. a tt 
S 


of een : 


1392 b By E. P. Wiursnire, F.R.E.S. Nov 15 1939 
{ 


‘ 7 \ ‘* aa 
(Concluded from page 103.) NL g RAY 


Zephyrus quercus, Dal. ssp. longicaudu, Riley. R.G., 12.vu. I be- 
lieve this species only to occur in places where the oaks are allowed to 
grow to maturity. 

 Thecla ilicis ssp. caudatuia, Z. D., 21.v. This species occurs eyen 
where the oaks are cut down to the ground every few years. 

Thecia marcidus, Riley and T. abdominalis, Gerh. f. gerhardti, Stgr. 

Apharitis maxima, Ruhl (det. Gabriel). Z., 8.vi. (Also Hamadan.) 

Apharitis cilissa, Led. (det. Gabriel). R., 24.vi, c. 5000 ft., frequent 
by the roadside on the pass to Urmiah. 

(A. epargyros ssp. marginalis, Riley was not taken but probably oc- 
curs in the district.) 

Lycaena thetis ssp. caudutus, Stgr. R., 28.vii, 25.vin1; S.A., 14.vil. 

Lycaena alciphron, Rott. R., 16vi. Numerous at 6000 ft. in a 
stream-bed, near Haji Omaran, especially at water-mint flowers. 

Lycaena ochimus, H.S. R., 28.vii; S.A., ix 


I am indebted to Herr Ernst Pfeiffer for the determination of the 
following blues, except for eurypilus and argiolus. For this reason J 
use the generic name Lycaena, both for the above coppers (according to 
the nomenclatorial usage in England) and for the blues (according to 
that on the Continent). 

Tarucus balkanicus, Frr. ssp. R.G. and D., 16.vii. Common around 
bushes of Paliurus spina-christi. 

Lycaena eurypilus, Frr. ssp. The Kurdish race inclines to be larger 
than the Alvand, which, sec. Pfeiffer, is ssp. iranica. S.A. and R., 24.vi 
and 14.vii. 

Lycaena sephyrus, Friv. ssp. S.T., 8.vi; R., 14 and 28.vii (5-8000 
ft.); S.A. All females, in bad condition. A male from Alvand seems 
to differ somewhat from sanoga, Evans and schwingenschussi, Pfir., to 
which, doubtless, the Kurdish and Alvand forms, not necessarily iden- 
tical, come closest. From Luristan (12.vi.38), one or two females sim1- 
lar to the Kurdish. 

Lycaena loewii, Z. ssp. near germaniciae, Pfir. §.T., S.A., and R. 
(5000 ft.), vi. 

Lycaena alcedo, Christ. ssp. R., 28.vii. Only females, so it is 1m- 
possible to say if this is the same form as occurs on Alvand. 

Lycaena panagaea, H.S. R., 14.vii (ce. 8000 ft.). 

Lycaena vicrama, Moore ssp. clara, Christ. R., 28.vii, Mr., on 
flowers of Vitex agnus f. castus, 18.v1. 

Lycaena astrarche, Bgstr. ssp. A race characterised by the clear 
white distal rims to the hindwing lunules, and, in some examples, the 
white outline of the® forewing cell-spot. These characters are less 
marked in the higher localities. 

Lycaena anteros, Frr. ssp. R., 14 and 28.vii. Somewhat similar to 
the Armenian race, as noted by Herr Pfeiffer in the ‘‘ Mitteilungen ”’ of 


the Muench. Ent. Ges., 1938. 


134. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X /1939 


Lycaenu icarus ssp. persicu, Bien. This occurs everywhere, but the 
only remarkable specimens taken were 4 large examples caught on 16.vi 
at 9000 ft. on Mt. Kawdo, above R., in which the @Q have the fore- 
wing vividly coloured with deep iridescent blue, except near the costal 
and outer margins, and the ¢ coloration is reminiscent rather of actis 
than a usual icarus. 

Lycaena meleager ssp. ignorata, Stgr. The only place where I found 
this species was a damp orchard at Barbakarawa, just below R. (4000 
ieee Orval) 

Lycaena bellargus, Rott. ssp. R., 14.vu. 

Lycaena ripartii, Frr. ssp. BR. and S.A. Nervures standing out 
against a paler ground, and a less bold forewing cell-point, distinguish 
this race from the Syrian. 

Lycaena mithridates, Stgr. ssp. near saetosus. Sh.,; 17.vii. 

Lycaena iphigenia, H.S. ssp. zeituna. Common at about 7000 ft. 
along mountain stream-beds, and also flying less commonly on the dry 
mountain-side. R. 

Lycaena damone ssp. damonides, Stgr. Flying with the foregoing 
species, but less numerous. 14 and 28.vu, R. 

Lycaena damone ssp. damalis, Riley. R., 14.vii. Flying with zei- 
tuna, but less numerous. 

LTycaena actis, H.S. R., 14.vu. 

Cyaniris argiolus, L. 

Hesperia sp. near proto, Msp. R., 25.vii (three) and $.A., 1x.35. 

Hesperia tessellum, Hbn. R., 16.vi, two examples rather smaller 
than typical ones. 

Adopaea actaeon, Rott. and thaumas, Hufn. 

Ochlodes venatus, Brem.-G. R., 16.vi. 

Erynnis comma, L. ssp. pallida, Stgr. R., 25.vini, 7000-9000 ft., com- 
monest at 8000. The Alvand race is somewhat less pale. 

Erynnis tages f. wnicolor, Frr. R., 28.vii. 


HETEROCERA. 


N.B.—Species mentioned in the previous article and also occurring 
in summer are here omitted. 

Syntomis ? wiltshiret, B. Salz (ined.). Dr Salz regards this as a 
species distinct from persica, Koll., of which he regards the species oc- 
curring near Shiraz, which agrees with the figured type of persica, as a 
true representative. 

The present insect varies greatly in size, and somewhat in markings. 
It flies (im vi) in great numbers in the sunlight on the slopes of the 
mountains above R., 5-7000 ft. It is probably to be found along the 
whole of this frontier range, for there is a specimen in the British 
Museum labelled ‘‘ Urmiah,’’ which lies under the eastern slopes of the 
same chain a bit further north; this specimen was previously determined 
as persica. Neither it nor any of mine agree with the Seitz figure of 
persica. I saw no trace of this species on Alvand. 

Zyguena.—Two species have been taken, but not yet determined. 

Procris pruni, Schiff. A., 29.v.37. 

Lithosia sp. ? B.G., 9.x.36. One male. 

Lithosia muscula, Stgr. Sh., 14.vi and 29.viu. 

Celama chlamitulalis, Hbn. Sh.A., 2.v1.37. 


MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. 135 


Roeselia togatulalis, Hiibn. A., 28.v.37. 

Lymantria dispar, L. D., 27 and 28.vi. At Alvand this species is a 
poplar-feeder, while in the Lebanon oak is the usual food plant. I| 
have not observed its larvae in Kurdistan yet. 

Ocnerogyia amanda, Ster. 

Leucoma wiltshirei, Collen. The two examples of this rather small 
semi-transparent white moth, attracted to light at R.G., 30.vii, and D., 
3dl.vul, are, as far as [ know, still the only known specimens of this 
species, which should, however, be found elsewhere in the Zagros. 

Porthesia melania, Stgr. R.G., 15.vi. 

Ocneria terebynthina, Ster. 3 ¢édd,1 9,8. and R.G., vi. 

Ocnogyna bang-huast (det. Daniel). A long and variable series of 
males, to light, D., iv.386. I have also taken it at Suleimani, S. Kur- 
distan. 

Lacydes spectabilis, Tausch. S.A., ix.35. 

Callimorpha quadripunctaria, Poda, ssp. splendidior, Tams. This 
lovely green-shot form occurs in shady stream-beds, in vii, at R.G., 
Sh.A., and elsewhere in Kurdistan. Since the title of the article where- 
by the author introduced this race mentioned Armenia, as being one of 
its homes, it should here be stated that Suwarra, from which one of the 
types came, and which was in the original description said to be in Ar- 
menia, is none other than Suwara Tooka (vide supra), and is a decid- 
edly Kurdish, not an Armenian locality. It still remains to be seen 
therefore if this race can be called Armenian. 

Kriogaster, sp. n.? <A., ix. Daniel considers this a new species, but 
more material is needed before it could be named. 

Saturnia pyri, Schiff. 

Berytana kotschyi, Koll. Sh., l.viii. 

Macroglossum stellatarum, 4. 

Spatalia argentina, Schiff. A., 21.v.37. 

Dyspessa bipunctata, Stgr. ssp. n. marginepunctata, Wilts. This 
race is distinguished by the constant presence of 12 black dots on the 
termen, marking the nervures. MHolo-type: ¢, 20.iv.38, Ahwaz, Iran, 
in coll. m. Allo-type: 2, 23.v.35, Diana, Iraqi Kurdistan, in coll. m. 
Para-types: 21, 22 and 23.v.35, Diana; 27.vii.385, Rayat; 19 and 22.iv.38, 
Ahwaz, etc., in coll. m., and in coll. Daniel. 

Dyspessa ulula ssp. pallidata, Stgr. R., vi, vii and ix; Sh.A., 2.vi. 
The two examples from the latter locality were determined by Herr 
Daniel for me. 

Zeuzera pyrina, L. 

Cossus fereidum, Gr. Gsh. ssp. osthelderi, Dan. (det. Daniel). D.. 
23.v; R., very common to light near willows, vi and vii. (Also Alvand. 
vi and vil.) 

Dipsosphecia palariformis, Led. (det. Le Cerf.). D., 21.v. 

Bryomima carducha, Stgr. (det. Brsn.). R.G., 15.vi. 

Simyra dentinosa, Frr. Larvae from D. hatched in Bagdad on 22 
and 28.111.36. 

Agrotis flavina, H.-S. D., 24.v. (Also Hamadan.) 

Agrotis stigmatula, Kozh. (det. Brsn.). R., 24.vi. 

Dichagyris fimbriola ssp. zernyt, Cti. (det. Brsn.). §., 8.vi. 


136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1939 


Oyygia wiltshirei, Brsn. The two types were kicked out of astraga- 
lus bushes at about 8000 ft. above R., 14.vii. A female of the saine 
species came to light at Alvand, 28.v1.38. 

Dichagyris squalidior, Stgr. (det. Brsn.). §., 8.v1. 

Dichagyris melanura, Koll. R., 27.vui, 6000 ft., to light. 

Rhyacia forficula, Ev. (det. Brsn.) = renigera auctorum. The form 
occurring here and on Alvand inclines to black. R., 13.vu1; D., 23.v. 

Rhyacia lucipeta, Schiff. D., 19.v.86. A slate-grey specimen. 

Triphaena ianthina, Esp. 

Actinotia hyperict, Schiff. 

Miselia dysodea, Schiff. Bred from larvae found at D. on Luctuca 
scarioloides, 14.vii.35, evidently a second brood. The species also occurs 
at Bagdad, in the form innocens, Stgr. (det Brsn.). 

Harmodia bicruris = capsincola. Larvae found at 6000 ft. above 
R. on white lychnis (the same food plant as in England) on 16.v1.35, 
emerged some on 6 and 7.v1i.385 and some on 23.11.36 in Bagdad. They 
differed in no way from British examples. The species seems to exhibit 
no geographical variation, and I have taken it in identical form at 
Tehran, in vil.38. 

Cucullia lychnitis, Rbr. 1 have taken parasitised larvae of this species 
ann “As Beal eer. 

Leucania l-album, L. 

Parastichtis monoglypha, Hutn. syriaca, Osth. 

Dyschorista fissipuncta, Haw. 

Megalodes eximia, Frr. OD., a long series to light in iv.36. The 
larva which burrows in hellyhock flowers in early summer is probably 
this species. 

Margelana versicolor, Stgr. S.A., 1x.35. Three examples, to light. 

Sarrothripa revayana, Scop. Sh., 17.vu. 

Earias irakana, Wilts. R., to light near willows, 24.vi. In the 
plains, from Mosul to Bagdad, and doubtless further south, Populus 
euphratica is the usual food plant. J have not seen this tree on the up- 
per courses of Kurdish rivers, though I was wrong in my original de- 
scription to imply that it did not grow at Mosul. 

Porphyrinia ostrina, Hbn. 

Porphyrinia albida, Dup. R., 24.vi. 

Porphyrinia polygruinma, Dup. R., 13.vii; S., 8.v1. 

Porphyrinia suppuncta, Ster. D., 23.v.; B., 13.vi1. 

Metaegle pallida, Steger. (det. Brsn.). D., 23.v, 19.vi. Flies together 
with the following, which differs from it not only in its dark hindwing 
but in the structure of the frons. 

Aegle rebeli, Schaw. D., 22.v. Occurs also in the desert plains of 
Upper Iraq together with the foregoing species. 

Evastria trabealis, Scop. 

Xantholeuca staudingeri, Standfss. S., 8.vi, two to lght. 

Thalerastria diaphora, Stgr. R., 28.vii, to light at 6000 ft. 

Tarache luctuosa, Esp. D., 23.v. 

Chloridea dipsacea, L. D., 28.v. 

Phragmitiphila typhae, Thnbg. Meadows of Alana Su, above its 
entry into R.G. The pupae are much preyed on by water fowl. 

Archanara geminipuncta, Haw. (det. Brsn.), probably ssp. orientalis, 
Wenr. D., 17.vi. A dark 9, flying among reeds in a small stream-bed. 


MORE NOTES ON KURDISH LEPIDOPTERA. Lay 


Catocala neonympha, Esp. Extremely common throughout the dis- 
trict in mid vi, both to light, and flying by day under shady trees by 
streams. In the desert it flies earlier in vi, while at Hamadan (6000 {t.) 
I have not seen it before 22.vii. 

Catocala abacta, Stgr. ssp. irana, Brdt. One example, taken at Sh. 
by day in a shady stream-bed together with the more numerous neonyii- 
pha, on 14.vi.385, must obviously, by reason of its strikingly bleached 
median area, be referred to the above race described by Brandt from 
near Shiraz in 1988, though rather smaller than the figures accompany- 
ing Brandt’s description. 

Ophiussa algira, L. R.G., 16.vil. 

Grammodes stolida, Fr. D., 12.vil. 

Acantholipes regularis, Hbn. D., 28.vi and 29.vii. 

Eulocastra schah, B.-Salz & Brdt. R.G., 30.vii, etc. Also from 
Luristan, 11.viu.38. 

Hypena obsitalis, Hbn. Two, 15.vi, R.G. 

Chlorissa pulmentaria, Guen. Larvae common at D. in hollyhock 
flowers in early summer; imago to light, Sh., 17.vii; R.G., 30.vii. (Also 
Hamadan.) 

Aplastis ononaria, Fuessl. D. and Sh., late viii. 

Scopula beckeraria, Led. and S. ochroleucata, H.S. 

Scopula ornata, Scop. R., 28.vii, a single hghtly marked specimen. 
(From Alvand several more heavily marked examples.) 

Scopula flaccidaria, Z. One specimen, smaller than Syrian, Sh., 
7 will, 

Glossotrophia asellaria, H.S. ssp. Second brood common at D. and 
R.G. in x. J have taken the first brood in the desert near Mosul in vi 
and also at Maidan-i-Naftun in v. 

Sterrha marginepunctata, Goeze. 

Sterrha submutata, Tr. ssp. Lebanese examples of ssp. taurilibano- 
tica, Whli. come between those from Alvand and those from Kurdistan 
in size, though all three races are similar in colour and design. The 
Kurdish form, whether first or second brood (R.G., 30.vii, and 8.x) is 
char Weer istically small. 

Sterrha ? ruficostata, Z. R., 5-6000 ft., vii. To light, fairly com- 
ron. 

Sterrha textaria, Led. Sh., 1.viti and 29.viii. 

Sterrha filicata, Hbn. A., 21.v.; R., 8.x. 

Sterrha rufaria, Hbn. (det. Prt.). R., vi and vii, by day, 5-6000 ft. 
Rather pale examples, approaching the colour of consanguinaria. 

Sterrha politata, Hbn. f. abmarginata, Bhtsch. D. and Sh., vi and 
vii. One specimen from §. (vi) has the submarginal area clouded with 
grey, but not as dark as the nominotypical (Mediterranean) form of 
Hiibner. 

Cosymbia ruficiharia, H.S. <A larva beaten from oak at S.T. pro- 
duced an imago on 16.v1. 

Rhodometra sacraria, L. 

Rhodostrophia tabidaria, Z. <A., 23.v. Similar to Syrian examples. 

Rhodostrophia sieversi, Christ. (det. Prt.). R., 24.vi, one damaged 
example. 

Rhodostrophia badiaria, S.A. and R., 16.vi, at 6000 ft. 


138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X /1939 


(?) Lythria purpuraria, L. Ma., 18.vi; R., vii, 7-8000 ft., in moist 
and grassy places. 

Anaitis obsitaria f. evaneseens, Whlhi. S.A. and R., vi, 5-6000 ft. 

Anaitis plagiata I. 

Cidaria bilineata, L. and C. obstipata, F. 

Cidaria (Entephria) frustata, Tr. (det. Prt.). S.A., 1x.35. 

Eupithecia irritaria, Stgr. R., 27.vii, 6000 ft., to light. 

Kupithecia ? novata, Dietze. R., vii, kicked from astragalus bushes 
at 8000 ft., also to hght at 6000 ft. 

Eilicrinia cordiaria, Hbn. R., 27.vii, and Sh., l.viii, to light near 
willows; also fying by day in shady stream-beds ; the vellow second brood. 
(Also at Hamadan, the Ist brood in vi, the 2nd in vii-viii.) 

Dasycorsa modesta, Stgr. D., 15 and 23.i1v, 6S @, to light. The 
Kurdish race, if these three are representative, is more suffused with 
lilac than the pale Lurish race (Khorramabad, 3.iv.38, ¢ 4), but lacks 
the rich reddish purple of the Lebanese males. Since the species was 
described from Turkey, and Kurdish and Lurish examples differ less 
from Turkish than do Lebanese, it is perhaps best not to give any names 
to these two forms. The females are always paler than the males, the 
latter sex showing the richest coloration. 

Dyscia conspersaria, Schiff. OM ri One slightly brownish 
example. 

Gnophos stevenarius, Boisd. Sh., vii and vin; S., 9.vi. 


A GYNANDROMORPH OF BUPALUS PINIARIA, 1; 
By Dr E. A. Cockayne, A.M., F.R.E.S. 


On 18th March 1939 I bred a gynandromorph of Bupalus piniaria 
from a larva beaten at Oxshott. The right side is male and the left side 
female, the female side being the smaller. 

Schultz in his lists of Gynandromorphs of Palaearctic Lepidoptera 
gives references to 24 examples in this species, of which 8 are British. 
One of these (g) is not a gynandromorph, but is a female with coloration 
approximating to that of a male (Dunning. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 
1864-5, 2, 109), and two (x, y) refer to the same specimen as (w). There 
are therefore 5 British examples in the lists, of which 3 are halved. Of 
the Continental ones 10 are halved. 

The British records are :— 

(1) B. Chittenden. 13.vi1.1900. No locality given. Wings on right 
female, antennae, abdomen, and wings on left male. A later record sug- 
gests that it was from Kent (Hntomologist, 1900, XXXTII, 266; 1901, 
XXXIV, 61). 

(2) W. P. Blackburn-Maze. 18938. Newbury. R., male; L., female 
(Hint. Record,'1893,; AV, 270. | Barrett! Pl. 282, fie. 2-4). 

(3) J. Warren of Waltham Cross. No locality given. One side male, 
the other female (Hnt. Record, 1891, TT, 198). 

(4) T. Willson of Richmond. No locality given. Right side male, 
left forewing female, left hindwing mixed male and female, right an- 
tenna pectinated, left simple (Hnt. Record, 1892, TII, 178). This cor- 
responds with an unlabelled specimen in my collection. 


SOME EASTON LEPIDOPTERA. 139 


(5) H. B. Williams. 6.vi.1908. Oxshott (Entomologist, 1908, XLI, 
182. Ibid., 1909, XLII, 76; Ent. Record, 1909, XXI, 52). 

The following specimens do not appear in Schultz’s lists :— 

(6) Mosley. Illustrations of Varieties of British Lepidoptera. 
Fidonia. Pl. 3, fig. 3. Clare Park, Farnham. Rev. Arnold Lilly’s coll. 
Right side male, the anterior half of the left forewing chiefly female, 
the posterior chiefly male, left hindwing with male and female parts 
about equal; left antenna simple, right pectinated, abdomen male. 

(7) Mosley in text referring to this plate mentions a similar speci- 
men taken in Devonshire and now in Wellman’s collection. 

I have four more apparently unrecorded :— 

(8) Left side predominantly male with a few streaks of female color- 
ation in both wings, right forewing male with a few streaks of female 
colour, right hindwing female; left antenna male, right antenna and 
abdomen female. Suffolk. 

(9) Right side male, left side female. West Wickham. 13.vi.1900. 

(10) Right side male, left side female. Very large. Sir Vauncey 
Harpur Crewe. Warslow, Staffordshire. 1890. 

(11) <A female with pectinated antennae and a male frenulum on the 
right side. Baron Bouck. Kent. vi.1927. This resembles the speci- 
men recorded by Keferstein (Stett. Hnt. Zeitung., 1869, 229). 


SOME EASTON LEPIDOPTERA, 
By T. Frep. Marriner. 


I have not made and kept a collection of Easton Lepidoptera, con- 
tenting myself with observing and noting all I came across, and only 
keeping and mounting anything new, rare, varied, or doubtful. The 
following is a list of such species as J have seen or kept during the last 
six years and, though it may contain nothing new, or very rare, yet it 
will add a new locality for most of the species mentioned as the area 
has not before been collected over. There is a lot of ground still un- 
explored and IT have done but lttle with light or sugaring. My home, 
Yadhill, stands high, and as one keen lepidopterist told me, ‘‘ a light in 
one of my windows should bring anything attractable in north Cumber- 
land and Dumfriesshire ’’ as the view from it ranges from Lake Moun- 
tains, across the Solway area, to the hills in the north of Dumfries 
county. 

Except where otherwise stated, the following have occurred within a 
small radius around my home, situated at the centre of the Easton area. 


Two well-known collecting areas occur on the outskirts of the dis- 
trict, Bolton Fell on the south-east and Longtown on the south-west. 
Two collectors, J. E. Thwaytes and F. H. Day, have many records from 
these two grounds in Mr G. B. Routledge’s County List of Lepidoptera 
in the Transactions of Carlisle Nat. Hist. Society. For the sake of 
brevity I refer to their records as B.F. and L. My nomenclature and 
arrangement may be somewhat out of date as I have gone by Kirby’s 
‘‘ Butterflies and Moths,’’* the only Moth work of any standing in my 
small library. 


*The current nomenclature has been inserted.—EDs. 


140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X /1939 


RHOPALOCERA. 


Pieris brassicae, l.—The appearance of this here is very variable. 
There were few in 1935. It occurred in greater numbers in 1936. In 
1937 and 1938 I only made a single record, and this year, 1939, has 
proved the best for it since I came to the area. 

Pieris rapae, l4.—Fairly plentiful in the area each year. 

Pieris napi, L.—Very common and in some variety. 

Euchloé cardamines, ¥..—Only occurs sparingly though never alto- 
gether absent. 

Brenthis selene, Schiff.—This I have only met with once. It occurred 
in some numbers along Netherby roadside in 1936. 

Aglais (Vanessa) urticae, T..—This and P. napi are the commonest 
butterflies of the area. A freak specimen occurred in my garden this 
year (1939) in which the ground parts were dirty white. This insect 
hybernates in the house here each winter. 

Vanessa atalanta, l.—Variable in appearance here. In 1935 and 
1936 it was common. I never saw it in 1937, and only once in 1938. 

Vanessa cardui, L.—I got a worn specimen sunning on a thistle top 
in September 1936. 

Pararge megera, L.—Fairly common in August in most years. 

Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina, L. (janira, L.).—Common. 

Aphantopus hyperantus, L.—Common. Very few are of type form, 
the commonest form found is asymmetrical, and in many the spots are 
almost indistinguishable. 

Coenonympha tullia (tiphon, Rott.).—Not uncommon. Mostly of 
type form, though to the south-east near Bolton Fell, specimens all ap- 
proximate to var. laidion, as has been noted by Mr F. H. Day in the 
County List (Trans. Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc., Vol. 1). 

Coenonympha pamphilus, I4.—Not uncommonly met with. 

Heodes (Rumicia) phlaeas, l..—This has not been by any means com- 
mon here of late years. 

Polyommatus icarus, Rott.—Common in most years. 

Erynnis (Nisoniades) tages, l1.—Not uncommon in Netherby and Car- 
winley areas. 

Augiades sylvanus, Esp. (venata, Br. & G.).—Only once found on the 
roadside near Brackenhill. 


HETEROCERA. 


Sphine pinastri, L.—The rarest items of my local collection are a 
stunted newly emerged specimen of this moth and the pupa case from 
which it emerged. The chrysalis was brought to me by a farm hand who 
had found it on 18th September 1938. JI put it in a glass jar in my 
greenhouse and forgot about it until T happened to look at it when 
cleaning up, to find a pine hawk had emerged some time in early June 
1939. TI do not know the date. IT mounted the moth and its dark brown 
pupa case. This moth has only once before been recorded for Cumber- 
land (Entomologist, J, p. 231). Suffolk is its main British habitat, 
though Kirby also gives the south of Scotland. 

Manduca (Acherontia) atropos, LL.—A fine chrysalis of this was 
brought to me from a neighbouring potato field in September 1938. I 
put it in suitable quarters but nothing has come from it so far. 

Hepialus humuli, L.—Common, and especially so in June 1939. 


SOME EASTON LEPIDOPTERA. 141 


Hepialus fusco-nebulosa, De G. (velleda, Hb.).—Not uncommon. 

Orgyia antiqua, L..—One taken near Longtown, 1936, but T have seen 
none in the old known locality at Bolton Fell. 

Dasychira fascelina, L.—Not uncommon throughout the area. 

Parasemia plantaginis, 14.—In numbers about Netherby in 1936. I 
have one from Carwinley. It is given for B.F. and L. in the County 
List. 

Arctia caja, L.—The larva is common on the roads, but I have never 
come across an imago. I have bred many from road larvae. 

Spilosoma lubricipeda (menthastri, Esp.).—Several bred from larvae 
found on the roads in September 1936. 

Diacrisia (Spilosoma) lutea (lubricipeda, Esp.).—A rarity here. 

Lasiocampa quercus, L.—The form var. callunae, Palmer, is the usual 
form here and is fairly common at Bolton Fell and around Carwinley. 

Saturnia pavonia, L.—J. E. Thwaytes used to find this at Bolton 
Fell. I have not seen it there but got a couple on Netherby Road. 

Drepana falcataria, L.—Not uncommon in 1936. 

Phalera bucephala, L.—Fairly frequent. 

Pygaera pigra, Hufn.—This is given for B.F. and L. in County List. 


NOCTUIDAE. 


Acronicta rumicis, L.—Common. 

Acronicta psi, LL.—Fairly common here in August of 1935 and 1936. 

Acronicta menyanthidis, View.—I have not seen this yet though it 
is recorded from B.F. and L. by Thwaytes (Hntom., XXX, p. 250). 

Leucania comma, I..—I!s found only sparingly in the area. 

Oaradrina morpheus, Hufn.—Given for B.F. and L. in the County 
List. 

Caradrina taraxact, Hub. and 

Caradrina cubicularis, Bork.—Both given for B.F. and LL. in the 
County List, and I got the latter at Carwinley, 1936. 

Taeniocampa gothica, lL.—Common on sallow. 

Taeniocampa stabilis, Schiff.—Fairly common on sallow. 

Pachnobia rubricosa, Schiff.—On sallow in spring. 

Triphaena pronuba, L.—Common. 

Agrotis segetum, Schiff.—This was common here in 1936, and in its 
old locality, Bolton Fell. 

Agrotis exclamationis, L.—Common. 

Agrotis nigricans, L.-—Was in numbers on ragwort here in 1935, but 
apparently absent since. 

Agrotis strigula, Thnbg. (porphyrea, Hb.).—This is given by 
Thwaytes at B.F. and L. in Entom., XXX, p. 250. It is still found at 
Bolton Fell but I cannot find it around Longtown. 

Noctua (Agrotis) plecta, L.—Still occurs as of old at Bolton Fell. 

Noctua (Agrotis) dahliit, Hb.—This is listed for B.F. and L. and also 
occurs sparingly near Carwinley. 

Noctua (Agrotis) wmbrosa, Hb.—Not uncommon. 

Xylophasia (Hadena) rurea, Fab.—Not uncommon at Netherby and 
listed at B.F. and L. 

Xylophasia (Hadena) monoglypha (polyodon, I..).—The type and dark 
(black) forms are fairly common in about equal numbers. 

Hadena adusta, Esp.—Sparingly in the area. 


142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X /1939 


Apamea (Hadena) gemina, Hb. and 

Apamea (Hadena) basilinea, Schiff.—Both recorded from B.F. and h. 
IT have not seen either as yet. 

Apamea (Hadena) secalis, L.—Common. 

Celaena (Hadena) haworthii, Curt.—Bolton Fell by Thwaytes in 
County List. 

Miana (Hadenu) strigilis, LL.—One of the first to come to sugar, and 
the commonest got there. 

Miana (Hadena) fasciuncula, Haw.—Not uncommon at sugar. 

Polia chi, L.—Common. 

Mamestra pisi, I,4.—Not uncommon. 

Mamestra brassicae, l.—Common. 

Mamestra glauca, Hb.—B.F. and J. in the County List. 

Mamestra nana, Hufn. (dentina, Esp.).—B.F. and L., and still found 
there. 

Mamestra oleracea, L.—Common. 

Phlogophora (Brotolomia) meticulosa, L.—Common in 1936, but 
rather scarce since. 

Plusia pulchrina, Haw.—Fairly common. 

Plusia gamma, l.—Fairly common in autumn. 

Plusia interrogationis, lu.—Not uncommon at Bolton Fell in 1936. 

Anarta myrtilli, .—Fairly common near Netherby and Carwinley. 
B.F. and L. in the County List. One in my garden in 1939. 

Euclidia mi, L.—Somewhat scarce here. 

Euclidia glyphica, L.—Not uncommon. 

Hypena proboscidalis, 1..—Frequent on nettles. 


GEOMETRIDAE. 


Opisthograptis luteclata, L.—Common. 

Gonodontis (Odontopera) bidentata, Clerck.—Not common. 

Boarmia repandata, I..—Scarce, Longtown, 1935; Nicolforest, 1936. 

Pseudloterpna pruinata, aken on furze, 1938. 

Sterrha (Acidalia) dimidiata, Hufn.—Uncommon. 

Sterrha (Acidalia) biselata, Hufn.—Plentiful, July 1939. 

Acidalia ternata, Schrnk. (fwmata, St.).—Rare, Bolton Fell, Nicol- 
forest. 

Cabera pusaria, L.—Common. 

Cabera exanthemata, Scop.—Common. 

Macaria liturata, Clerck.—Bolton Fell, near Penton, scarce. 

Itame (Fidonia) wauaria, L.—Bred from larvae got in garden, 1936. 

Dyscia (Scodiona) fagaria, Bois.—Bolton Fell (F. H. Day). 

Perconia (Aspitates) strigillaria, Hiibner.—Plentiful on small moss, 
Nicolforest, 1935; Bolton Fell, 1936. 

Abrazas grossulariata, L.—Common. Some nice varieties bred from 
wild larvae. 

Operophtera (Cheimatobia) brumata, L.—Not so common here as I 
found it around Carlisle. 

Calostygia (Larentia) didymata, 1L.— Common. 

Calostygia (Larentia) pectinitaria, Knoch (viridaria, Fab.).—Fairly 
common. 

Epirrhoé (Larentia) tristata, 1.—Hethersgill (Dawson in County — 
List). 


COLLECTING NOTES. 143 


Epirrhoé (Larentia) alternata, Mull. (sociata, Bork).—Plentiful. 

Xanthorhoé (Larentia) fluctuata, L.—Fairly common. 

Euphyia (Camptogramima) bilineata, L.—Common. 

Larentia chenopodiata, L. (limitata, Scop.).—Not uncommon. 

_ Eupitiecia palustraria, Dbldy. (pygmeata, Hb.).—Bolton Fell (F. H. 

Day). 
Eupithecia nanata, Hb.—Beweastle, Bolton Fell, rare. 
Hydriomena furcata, Thnbg. (sordidata, Fab.).—Fairly common. 


PYRALIDAE. 
Botys fuscalis, Schiff.—Not uncommon. 
Pionea forficalis, L.— Common in July 1936. Rare since. 
Scopula lutealis, Hub.—Fairly frequent. . 
Scopula olivalis, Schiff.—Not uncommon. 
Nomophila noctuella, Schiff.—Common. 


There seems to be a good field here for the student of Micro-lepidop- 
tera, but, for the present, I have left these alone. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Some New County ReEcorps For OrTHOPTERA.—Acrydium vittatum, 
Zett. Found in a disused quarry about 5 miles east of Shepton Mallet 
(Somerset). 

Omocestus viridulus, L. Taken from two localities in Oxfordshire— 
Somerton and Lower Heyford. All these records were taken in 1939.— 
EK. S. Brown. 


AN INTERSEX OF MALACOSOMA CASTRENSIS.—On Ist July I collected a 
number of Mf. castrensis larvae on one of the salt marshes near South- 
end. One of the resultant imagines which emerged on 5th August is 
an interesting specimen. It is an apparently normal © in every respect, 
with the exception of the left antenna, which is a well-developed ¢ 
organ. The body has remained stout on drying, with little or no shrink- 


age, and would therefore appear to be full-of eggs.—J. O. T. Howarp. 


OrTHOPTERA NOTE FROM CUMBERLAND.—On 26th July 1939 there oc- 
curred here, in a bunch of bananas from Jamaica, one of those casual 
visitors which add interest if not importance to our collecting. It was 
brought to me alive by our local] itinerant storekeeper. I sent it to Dr 
Malcolm Burr, who returned it as Periplaneta australasiae, F., a tropi- 
eal cockroach, not before appearing in Cumberland. The insect, accord- 


ing to Dr Burr, was just short of maturity. JI have also been 
fortunate enough to add another grasshopper to our County 
List. In August 1939, when near Carwinley, I. stopped to look 


over a high hedgebank into a sunk meadow bounded by a 
mound on one side and fairly high hedges on the others. Cnurlews 
were feeding about the centre of the meadow and as J watched through 
field glasses they appeared to be catching grasshoppers. I did not know 
they ate grasshoppers, but determined to investigate. I got permission 
at the nearest cottage and went into the meadow. The curlews, of 
course, rose when I appeared, but just about where they had been pick- 


144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X /1939 


ing I got two grasshoppers, afterwards named for me as Meconema 
thalassinum, De Geer. On consulting Mr G. B. Routledge’s ‘‘ County 
List,’’ Trans. of Carlisle Nat. Hist. Society, Vol. IV, I find he says this 
insect was recorded from Scotland in 1809 and 18138, and has been taken 
in Yorkshire. He further gives it as a species which might occur in 
Cumberland. Strangely enough, Dr Burr, in a letter I had from him 
about a year ago, said I ought to come across this and one or two other 
species he named, in sheltered parts of my area, so both were correct in 
their prognostication. 


This has been a good season for grasshoppers here. I have seen quite 
a number of the species mentioned in a former note, notably C. bicolor, 
Charp., which has been very common, but the only one new to my former 
list is Omocestus viridulus, Iu., which I got not far from my house, and 
which is common in the county.—T. F. Marriner. 


ACANTHOMYOPS (DENDROLASIUS) FULIGINOSUS, FaBrR., aT Heston.—On 
September 6th last I found a deadlated female, A. (D.) fuliginosus under 
a mat in the dining room in my house, the French windows of which 
epen out into the garden. When discovered she was very active, and 
ran very fast. I placed her in an observation nest with some honey to 
see 1f she would lay eggs; but she unfortunately got drowned in the 
honey. It was a rather surprising find as I have never seen a trace of 
fuliginosus anyway near here in all my walks abroad. With their habit 
of walking in files they would at once be noticed; moreover, though it 
is not essential, there are very few old trees left, as they have all been 
cut down to make room for building operations. As fuliginosus is un- 
able to found colonies unaided, the young females either return to their 
own nests, or seek out a miztus, or umbratus, colony for the purpose 
after the marriage flight. It is therefore very difficult to account for 
the presence of this particular female in my house. Hampstead, an 
old record, appears to be the only locality I have noted for this species 
in Middlesex.—Horacrt DoNnIsTHORPE. 


Tue GHost Moth (HEPIALUS HUMULI) aT HeEston.—I am recording 
this capture more on account of the curious coincidence than for its 
presence at Heston, as I do not know if it is common in Middlesex or 
not. Late in July last I found a female ‘‘ Ghost Moth ’’ on a window- 
sill in my house, but the curious fact about it is this: I am writing a 
history of my life, chiefly as an entomologist, and the evening before I 
took the moth in question I had been describing my father’s county 
house, ‘‘ The Mansion,’’ at Earl Shilton in Leicestershire. J had men- 
tioned that the ‘‘ Ghost Moth ’’ was common in the orchard there, and 
to the best of my knowledge, I have never seen a ‘‘ Ghost Moth ”’ since 
(some 50 years ago) until this occasion! Both this insect and the ant 
mentioned above are now in the collections of the British Museum 
(Natural History).—Horack DoNISTHORPE. 


Tue Wuitr Apmrirat at Heston.—On 14th July, 1939, I saw a speci- 
men of the ‘6 White Admiral ”’ butterfly (Limenitis camilla) in a lane 
at Heston, Middlesex. It flew close by me twice, and then flitted over 
a hedge. It occurs in several localities in Windsor Forest, and Mr 
Perkins tells me it has spread considerably of late years. He has taken 


CURRENT NOTES. 145 


it himself this side of Slough, but I was wondering if Heston were not 
the nearest record to London. I am told it has been recorded from 
Wimbledon Common, but would it have bred there? It is nice to know 
that such a beautiful butterfly is extending its range in spite of build- 
ing operations everywhere.—Horacr DoNntIsTHORPE. 


An EmicratTIon oF Formica rnuFA L. By B. D. W. Morley, I.R.E.S., 
I .R.H.S.—On 17th September, while walking on Meyrick Park Golt 
Links, Bournemouth, I observed a Jong line of workers of Formica rufa, 
L. stretching up the hill beside a railway cutting from a tree near the 
fairway ; the majority of the workers were travelling down the hill to the 
tree, where I found a newly tormed nest, and were carrying other 
workers and pupae. I traced the other end of the trail to the railway 
cutting over the edge of whicn the ants disappeared. I could not, how- 
ever, see the nest from which the ants were coming, but it must have 
been of a fair size since on 27th September the small new colony was 
firmly established, and an ordinary rufa track was connecting it with the 
parent nest. Polyealic colonies of rufa are common, and indeed I know 
of one at Limpley Stoke, near Bath, which must cover some 300 square 
yards of woodland and comprising 6 or 7 nests, some well over a hun- 
dred yards apart, though joined to the enormous parent colony by well 
peopled tracks. It would seem that such polycalic colonies start by Just 
such an emigration as that recorded here, though I can find no record 
of an emigration to an apparently new nest, as this one appears to have 
been; in both the two cases of emigrations of rufa recorded by Donis- 
thorpe in British Ants the secondary nest appears to have already been 
well established at the time of emigration. 


CURRENT NOTES, 


SPECIAL NOTICE. 


Will subscribers who have not yet paid for the current volume kindly 
do so at their earliest convenience and accept this notice in lieu of the 
customary circular letter sent out by the Hon. Treasurer. 


After discussing the Variation in Noctua xanthographa, the ‘‘Noctua 
Supplement ’’ will deal with the species NV. plecta, Panolis piniperda, 
Pachnobia leucographa, and P. rubricosa, and then go on to the Taento- 
campa species, all of which show excessive variation. If any reader can 
help with notes on the variation and aberration of any of the above 
species, the author would be very grateful. 


Will readers please look up their collecting notes and send on aught 
that may be of general interest or unusual. There are many areas from 
which records have never been received. Recently one of our contri- 
butors has sent us records in different orders from an extreme corner of 
England from which no records have hitherto been made. Of course, 
many species are possibly common, but it is the common species which 
may vary, split into local races or even into subspecies. Surely a good 
many collectors in their experiences must have met with specimens more 
or less gynandromorphous. All such should be recorded. 


146 ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD. 15/X/1939 


‘¢ An inch-long caterpillar yesterday sounded an air-raid siren, and 
sent people in several towns scurrying into shelter. The caterpillar was 
found across the terminals of the control switch at Swinton sewage farm. 
Its body had acted as a conductor until it had been scorched to death.”’ 


—Daily Paper, 14.1X.39. 


The second volume, containing a detailed account of some of the 
most remarkable economic activities carried on in the Laboratory of 
Agricultural Entomology at Portici in S. Italy, near Naples, has re- 
cently been published. It cousists of more than 400 pages with 216 
composite figures in the text. Vol. I, published in 1937, contained the 
Morphology, Anatomy and Histology of one of the most troublesome 
pests of the olive, the Scolytid (Col.), Phlaetribus scarabaeoides. Vol. 
II is a continuation of the investigation dealing with the biography of 
the species, the damage done, life-histories of the various enemy insects, 
and the results of experiments to mitigate the attack. The main portion 
of the work is giving closely detailed life-histories of the many insect 
enemies of the Scolytids, descripticns of the adult male and female, and 
the geographical distribution of each predator. Acari, Coleoptera, 
Hymenoptera (Formicidae, Chalcididae, Braconidae, etc.), are among 
the natural controls as well as Micro-fungi. This research is excellently 
described by Sign. Giuseppe Russo, and adequately illustrated by the 
publishers. 


Earlier in this year three turther parts of that wonderful mass of 
references, the Lepidopterorum Catalogus, published by the well-known 
firm, Dr Wm. Junk of the Hague, were issued. Part 89 is the first por- 
tion of the sub-family Puraustinae, 224 pages dealing with about 90 
genera, by A. Klima. Part 90 is the second portion of the sub-family 
Hespertinue, 80 pages dealing with about 44 genera, including Cartero- 
cephalus, by H. H. Shepard. Part 91 is the first portion of the sub- 
family Charaxidinae, 168 pages dealing with the genus Charazes, by 
H. Stichel. The European Charuxes jasius has about twelve pages of 
references; a typical example of the completeness of the research carried 
out for this most essential basis of future lepidopterological work. Dr 
Junk is to be congratulated upon this huge undertaking which he has 
consistently carried on since 1911. 


The popular S. London Entomological and Nat. Hist. Society has 
had to give up the very convenient and capacious quarters it has enjoyed 
for so many years owing to the Provision Exchange, by whom the build- 
ing was owned, having removed to fresh premises. Although it had 
been expected for some time, the terminaticn of the tenancy was very 
sudden and the Society had to remove and store its much consulted lib- 
rary and collections until new quarters could be obtained. Fortunately 
the Royal Entomological Society offered to house the collections tem- 
porarily and to afford the Society facility to hold its meetings. Con- 
venient accommodaticn had been found close to London Bridge station, 
and it was hoped to begin meetings there in September, but under the 
present circumstances it has been decided that ‘‘ all meetings of the 
Society are suspended until further notice.’’ 


REVIEW. 147 


The Society for British Entomology has just published Part 4 of 
Vol. VI of its Transactions. This contains a very important paper on 
“The Biology of the British Pompilidae (Hym.)’’? by O. W. Richards 
and A. H. Hamm, many of the new records being contributed by the 
latter. We quote from the Introduction that ‘‘ The family is a very 
large one, of world-wide distribution; the British fauna (39 species) is 
but a sample of the Kuropean members of the group which, like so many 
other Hymenopterous families, is best developed in warmer climates. 
Nevertheless, we have representatives of nearly all the chief sub-families, 
so that a survey of the British species gives a good idea of the diversity 
of habits within the family.’’ Practically the whole of these solitary 
wasps prey upon spiders. Such articles as this are of incalculable value 
in the spread of the knowledge of various groups, and a great impetus 
to further faunal work. There are 64 pages of matter with 4} pages of 
references. 


The July-August number of Lambillionea of Belgium contains 2 
plates. Plate VIII, aberrant examples of Belgian Lycaenidae, and 
Plate [X, 15 forms of Cabera pusaria, the latter to illustrate the article 
by M. B.-J. Lempke of Amsterdam, in which is summarised the varia- 
tion shown in the species. 


REVIEW. 


Tue INskeort Legion. By Malcolm Burr, D.Sc., F.R.E.S., etc. James 
Nisbet & Co., Ltd., London. 336 pp., 27 figures. 8vo., 12/6 net.— 
In this book the insect world is described in quite an original way by 
an author thoroughly well acquainted with the subjects of the treatise 
in many lands, and whose versatile acquirements and experiences, added 
to his literary skill, have produced a work of a most attractive nature. 
No tedious descriptions, no technicalities, no long stories, and yet a con- 
tinuous unfolding of an interesting series of natural facts and pheno- 
mena, interspersed throughout with the comments and personal con- 
tacts of the author. 


In the Prologue the author gives a very short autobiography of his 
career as an entomologist, his ‘‘ recreation in prosperity and consola- 
tion in adversity ’’ during a long and busy professional life. 


Part 1: The Insects Themselves. Here it is shown how Insects ‘‘ con- 
tend with Man for the Mastery of the Earth;’’ ‘‘ The Significance ot 
the Insignificant ;’’ ‘‘ Calpables de Tout,’ such as larvae living on 
strychnine, larvae living 30 years or more, living a series of generations 
in a stoppered bottle for at least a dozen years, the incredible reproduc- 
tion of a pair of flies in one season if all survive (5,598,720,000,000). etc. 
Then follow two chapters entitled ‘‘ Queer ’’ and ‘‘ Still Queerer.’’ The 
former tells of the extraordinary feats of jumping, fiying, speed, sounds 
and their production, life in water, with a short notice of distribution 
and mass movement, the latter dealing with the production and control 
of light by insects, the prodigious swarms of midges, locusts, ants, etc.., 
general and special coloration (protective, warning, and bluff), with 


148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1939 


many striking examples from the author’s own personal observations. 
The ‘‘ Senses ’’ are considered in the next chapter; their mechanism, 
facts and theories, with abundant illustration from the experiments and 
observations of eminent specialists; the interdependence of hearing and 
feeling on vibration and the chemico-dependence of smell and taste are 
both discussed. The initial remark of the next chapter, ‘‘ Private Lives 
of Insects,’’ is worth repeating, *‘ The more that insects are studied, 
the more surprising is it to come across any point, either of structure 
or function, which they have in common with the rest of the animal 
kingdom and least of ail with human beings.’’ The striking and wonder- 
ful results of Dr Wigglesworth’s experiments with the substance known 
as ‘‘ hormones ”’ secreted in the back of the head of blood-sucking bugs 
are summarised: two insects grafted together producing a monstrous 
twin, mosaic insects made by grafting, etc. The strange procedure of 
the male in presenting a sealed packet to his bride to occupy her atten- 
tion that she may not make a meal of him before the actual wedding is 
considered. The chapter, ‘* A Flea Has Smaller Fleas... .’’ deals with 
the remarkable associations of Parasitism in Insects. Many of the more 
spectacular associations are collected here, including the marvellous 
adventures of the larva of the ‘‘ Large Blue,’ Lycaena arion, in its 
association with ants. ‘‘ Behaviour of Insects ’’ is the subject of the 
next Chapter: the current opinion that all insects are more or less 
mechanistic in their behaviour, and are guided mainly by reflexes, 
tropisms, and instinct, possessing no mind, no reason, with no conscious 
purpose and without all emotion, is freely discussed with numerous con- 
flicting and inexplicable records of behaviour and reactions under 
stimuli. 

Part Il: Insects and Mun. The chapter on ‘‘ The Destroyers ’’ can 

be illustrated by a quotation used by the author regarding the pestilent 
distributor, the mosquito. ‘‘ The male mosquito is a gentleman, who 
sips daintily of nectar, and minds his own business, while madame, his 
spouse, is a whining, peevish, venomous virago, that goes about seeking 
whose nerves she may unstring, and whose blood she may devour. 
The female mosquito is not only a blood-sucker but an incorrigible wine- 
bibber as well. It will get hopelessly fuddled on any sweet wine, such 
as port, or on sugared spirits, while of gin it is inordinately fond. Such 
disreputable habits, the querulous singing, the poisoned sting, the thirst 
for blood, and the practice of getting dead drunk at every opportunity 
are enough of themselves to make the mosquito a thing accursed.’’ The 
Chapters ‘‘ Plague and Pestilence;’’ ‘‘ Our Persecutors ’’ (flies, tsetse, 
etc.); ‘‘ The Economic Front,’ have a wealth of information and in- 
terest, and are succeeded by a chapter, ‘‘ But some are Useful,” and 
one entitled ‘‘ Food and Medicine.” 

Part IIL: Insects and Life, contains one chapter, ‘‘ A Sense of Pro- 
portion,’’ and is mainly geological. 

Part IV: The History of Entomology, is divided into two chapters. 
1, ‘‘ Ancient,’? commences with a crude sketch found in a cave in Valen- 
cia showing a man climbing a cliff by a rope in the act of robbing the 
honey of a bee, with the angry bees around him. The last chapter. 
‘¢ Modern,”’ begins with Wootton, 1492, and the subsequent publication 
of Moufet’s work, and continues with mention of the chief items in the 
history of Entomology since.—H. J. T. 


{sw Looesy ‘e 
“NOV 15 1939 
THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES 4 (193) 
13% 20 plans 
these are obscured or even imperceptible. When they are present the 
intermediate spot varies from red-brown to black, and where this is dark 
there is often a blackish cloud outside the reniform stigma, and a black- 
ish-brown costal triangle before the apex. | have one specimen from the 
north of Ireland of a pale drab with very little trace of either stigma, 
but having the first and second lines and the attendant dots very prettily 
distinct. Others from the same district are of a light brick-red, and of 
the usual dark brown forms of that country many are almost devoid of 
marking of any kind, and are not always easy to recognise. Some exam- 
ples from Durham are almost black; trom Yorkshire they range from 
rich red to black-brown; some from Shetland are of very coarse texture 
of scales and of a deep black-brown with a gloss of reddish and distinctly 
yellow stigmata. Others from the East of Scotland uniform smooth 
black-brown, almost black but scarcely showing the stigmata. Some of 
the red forms are totally devoid of the transverse lines, while in others 
they are very conspicuous; and every variety seems to be connected with 
the rest by all possible gradations.”’ 

He reports a specimen ‘‘ from Shoeburyness, outside the mouth of 
the Thames, of a pale greyish-drab, almost greyish-white and with the 
hindwings pure white.”’ 

Another ‘‘ in which the orbicular stigma is elongated into a long 
wedge-shaped spot.’’ 

‘©The hindwings in the male vary from pure clear white to forms 
having a strong grey-brown hind marginal band.’’ 

Another specimen ‘‘ From the N. of Ireland of a pale drab with very 
little trace of either stigmata, but having the first and second lines and 
the attendant dots very prettily distinct.”’ 

He gives figures of 5 forms on plt. 148. 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 


[xanthographa, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 83.] 

xanthographa, Fb. (1787), Mant., IL, 170. 

radicea, Esp. (1788?), Abbild., IV, plt. 143, f. 3 (1788?), Text, p. 453 
(1792-). 

radica, Esp. (1788?), Abbild., IV, plt. 154,4;-FV (2), Text, p. 497 (1792-). 

tetragona, Haw. (1809), Lep. Brit., 205. 

f. budensis, Frr. (1839), New. Beitr., III, 56, plt., 232, 1 9. 

f. cohaesa, H.-S. (1851), Sys. Beurb., II, 209, figs. 95-97. 

race elutior, Alph. (1887), Stett. e. Zt., 168. 

ab. rufescens, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., II, 126. 

ab. rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

ab. obscura, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

ab. nigra, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

ab. obsoleta-rufa, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

ab. obsoleta-nigra, Tutt (1892), l.c. 

race palaestinensis, Kalchb. (1897), Iris, X, 168. 

ab. funerea, Gauckler (1901), Ent. Jahrb. Kranch., 153, fig. 

race meridionalis, Splr. (1905), Schm. Eur., I, 149, plt. 33, 8. 

ssp. almohada, Wagnr. (1918), Zt. Oest. Ent. Ver., III, 48. 

f. eanthostaxis, Dnhl. (1925), Ent. Zt., Dnhl., XXXIX, 123. 

ab. astiris, Dnhl. (1925), é.c. 

ab. margine-ornata, Dnhl. (1933), Ent. Zt., XLVI, 246. 


(194) ENTOMOLOGIST 8 RECORD. 15 /X/1939 


Tutt dealt with (1) the pale greyish cohaesa, (2) the dark greyish- 
fuscous zanthographa; (8) the pale reddish or pale reddish-grey rufes- 
cens; (4) the bright red, rufa; (5) obsoleta-rufu, unicolorous; (6) dark 
reddish-black, obscura; (7) obsoleta-obscwru, marking obsolete; (8) nigra, 
intensely black, no red tinge. 


ab. tetragona, Haw., Lep. Brit., 205 (1809). 

Orte. Descrip..—‘‘ Alis subfuscis macula quadrata inter stigmata, 
strigisque obsoletis tribus fuscis, unaque postica pallescente.”’ 

‘‘ Pallide fusca ani barba lutescente. Alae anticae pallide fuscae, 
strigis duabus undatis sive fractis fuscis ante medium: tune stigmata 
ordinaria lutescentia: pone haec striga arcuata pectinata, vel punc- 
torum nigrorum: denique marginem posticum versus striga alia vix con- 
spicua paulo undulata pallescens, ciliis fuscis. Posticae alae albicantes 
fimbria paulo saturatiore, cillis lutescentibus.”’ 

‘‘ Strigae omnes subinde pius minus obliteratae sunt.’’ 

This he called ‘‘ The square-spot Rustic.”’ 

Haw. then went on to describe two other forms of tetragona. 

B (the rusty Square-spot Rustic) ‘‘ Thorace alisque griseis, sive sor- 
dide subferrugineis; posticis albo-lutescentibus striga obsoleta pone 
medium punctorum subfuscorum aliaque cinerascente ad marginem pos- 
ticum ; caeteris ut in a.”’ 

y (the bordered Square-spot Rustic) ‘‘ Pesticis alis fimbria lata fusca, 
caeteris ut in B.’’ 


race budensis, Freyer, New. Beitr., LI, 56 (1839). 

Fieg.—-plt. 232, 1. 

Oric. Descrip.-—‘‘ It has the size of baia. The thorax and forewings 
are black-grey, the latter somewhat darker in the middle. The usual 
bands are obsolescent. Each vein bears, as in neglecta, a distinct streak, 
which streaks taken together form a distinct band. Between this and 
the fringe appears a paler washed out band, which forms an obtuse angle 
not far from the costa, of its whole width. The orbicular stigma is dis- 
tinctly recognisable and pale margined, the reniform stigma is dark and 
doubtfully seen. The hindwings like the abdomen are brown-grey. The 
antennae filiform. The underside is brown-grey or the costa with a 
rusty-brown margin.”’ 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., 1V, 420 .(1903), ‘‘ Greyish.”’ 


race elutior, Alph., Stett. e. Z., 168 (1887). 

Oric. Drescrir.—‘‘ Varietas major, alis latioribus, anticis (cum thor- 
ace) pallide-cinnamoneis, macula reniformi albido-circumscripta; pos- 
ticae cum ciliis albidae ad marginem sordide-grisescentes; subtus alae 
omnes pallidiores.’’—Taschkent. 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., 1V, 420 (1903), ‘‘ Cinnamon or greyish ochre- 
ous.”’ 


race palaestinensis, Kalchb., Iris, X, 168 (1897). 

Ortc. Descrip.—‘‘ While up to the present I have obtained only 1 ¢ 
of the type ferm, 12 specimens have been sent me of which the males 
are coloured lighter grey on the fore-wings than in the Sicilian meridion- 
alis, but on the other hand there were very sharp transverse lines and an 
inner shading to the waved line strongly emphasised, far more striking 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (195) 


than in the ab. cohaesa, H.-S. The reniform stigma stands out promin- 
ently on account of its dark filling-in. The females have, in opposition 
to the males, quite darker, unicolorous forewings than the typical zantho- 
grapha, also the basal portion of the hindwing is wholly dark.’’? Haifa, 
Syria. 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., 1V, 420 (1903), ‘‘ Pale grey, with the mark- 
ings distinct.’’ 


ab. funerea, Gauckler, Krancher’s Ent. Jahrb. (1901), p. 153. 

Fic.—l.c., fig. 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ A very dark aberration, which occurs constantly 
and characteristically with the typical form, and which I venture to 
designate funerea. The ground colour of the f.w. is a dark, almost 
black-brown, with a suggestion of violet. All marking is sharply de- 
fined; between the orbicular and reniform the space is filled in clearly 
with blackish; the pale waved line near the marginal area is, for the 
most part, only slightly in evidence. The reniform, as a rule, is only 
filled in yellow in the middle, or wholly dark and only yellow-margined. 
The orbicular remains dark suffused; fine yellow-margin. The lower 
wings are coloured as in normal examples. Im rare cases this pretty 
form varies in this way, the black-brown upper-wing at the base, as also 
in the marginal area, is crossed by a paler curved band and the nervures 
in the central and marginal areas are blackish powdered and stand out.”’ 


race meridionalis, Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 150 (1905).* 
Orte. Drscrip.—‘‘ Forms from Portugal which are light with the 
outer dark transverse line broken up into spots.’’ 


ssp. almohada, Wenr., Zt. Oestr. Ent. Ver., III, 43 (1918). 
Hie ——¢ and ©, b. and w., poor. 


Orie. Drscrirp.—Wagner recognised the form he obtained at light 
and sugar from Tunisia as that which C. Ribbe had described, but not 
named, in his ‘‘ Fauna Andalusiens,’’ Iris, XXIII, 234 (1910), as fol- 
lows :— 

‘‘The Andalusian examples give quite the impression of a distinct 
species. The specimens are very small, the upper-side of the forewing 
is reddish, but of a different tone to that found in the usual German 
examples; the marking is obsolescent. The hindwings are nearly quite 
white and on the outer margin there appears no visible band of streaks.’’ 


f. xanthostaxis, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XX XIX, 123 (1925). 

Orig. Drscrip.—‘‘ There are in all shades of colour specimens in 
which, besides the strongly emphasised clear yellow submarginal trans- 
verse band, the two stigmata are completely filled in, appearing as clear 
yellow drops, forms which thus appear the more noticeable, especially 
when specimens so marked are of a unicolorous ground colour, and parti- 
cularly those that are naturally dark varieties like ab. obscura and ab. 
nigra. I note extreme examples of stch appearance, which are certainly 
very rare, with the name zanthostawis.’’ §S. Tyrol. 


*This form is referred to by Kalschb. in i897 and hence must have been earlier 
than 1905. 


(196) ENTOMOLOGIST 8 RECORD. 15 /X /1939 


ab. astizis, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XX XIX, 123 (1925). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘Among the just described cases (xanthostaxis) there 
appear those in which the marginal area of the stigmata is obsolescent ; 
the boundary of the stigmata is not perceptibly darker and the stigmata 
are in no way in contrast with the uniform ground colour, so that a 
typically otherwise unicolorous form remains.’’ §S. Tyrol. 


ab. margine-ornata, Dnhl., Ent. Zeit., XLVI, 246 (1933). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ In this example the antemarginal light band 
stretches out appreciably into the yellow colour of the stigma. This 
pretty aberration can occur in all forms of this variable species, but is 
naturally found commonest in specimens with strongly developed stig- 
mata, such as zanthostaxis, Dnhl.’’? S. Tyrol, Bozen. 


Noctua, L. (1758), Barr., Smith, many authors. [Agrotis, Ochs. & 
Tr. (1816-25), Btlr., Meyr., Hamp., Splr., Stdgr., Culot: Graphiphora, 
Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Meyr.: Rhyacia, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz.: Ochro- 
pleura, Hb. (1821)] plecta, L., 1761. 


Two European species, which bear a very close resemblance to plecta, 
were early much confused with that species. Hiibner definitely figured 
musiva as a species, Samml. Noct., 118 (1800-3), 4 larger than plecta; 
Freyer, Neu. Beitr., I, 38, plt. 21 (1883), described and figured an insect 
from Vienna as leucogaster. 

Hb., Samml., 118 (1800-3), on the same plate figured under the name 
musiva an insect, almost an enlarged copy of f. 117 plecta, a resem- 
blance quite emphasised by the figures on plt. 8 f. of Warr.-Seitz. The 
textual difference appears to be ¢ antennae of the former with “ sessile 
fascicles of cilia,’’ and of the latter, g¢ antennae “ ciliated,’’? with in- 
creased size, and a deeper shade in the basal ground colour. It occurs 
with plecta in the more elevated parts of Central Europe. 

In 1833, Freyer, Neu. Beitr., I, 38, plt. 21, described and figured an 
insect with remarkable resemblance to plecta and easily confused with 
that species. This he named leucogaster, because of ‘‘ the pure white 
abdomen and hindwings on the upperside. The black streak from the 
thorax enclosed the stigmata and was extended in a very fine clear point 
beyond the reniform towards the hind margin, a feature not present 
in plecta. There is also no trace of a waved transverse line beyond the 
reniform. The head, patagia, and a broad streak on the costa of the 
forewing (up to the black streak, but not reaching the apex) are pale 
reddish grey. A somewhat larger insect than plecta.’’ 

Kleeman, Beitr. (Rosel., V = I), plt. XXIII, 1-7 (1761-) gave a very 
large figure of plecta from a bred example which might be taken for 
musiva, were it not that the larva, also figured, is not that of musiva 
fof Splr., Schm. Eur., plt. XLVIII, 22 (1910)], and much more like the 
green form figured by Buckler, Larvae, V, 5c (1893). 

Treit., Schm., V (1), 248 (1825), in referring to Kleeman’s figure 
suggests that he might have had a larva of musiva from which he bred 
either a small or a crippled specimen easily confused with plecta. 

The remarks of Werneburg, Beitrage, I, 298 (1864), confirm the 
opinion that this figure must be plecta and add the further confirmation 
of Wiew., Tab. Verz. (1790), in the description of the larva given there. 


Pe SO AE ENF 


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Duplicates.—Very fine Kent Argus (Aegon), race now extinct. Desiderata.—Many 
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VOL, LI. PLATE X. 


Ent. Ree. and Jr. of Variation. Photo. H. Bytinski-Salz. 
NEW AMATIDAE. 


NEW AMATIDAB FROM ASIA. 149 


NEW AMATIDAE FROM ASIA. 
By H. Byrtiysxi-Sauz, Ph.D., F.R.E.S., Jerusalem, — ar 


er) of Conp, 
(Plate X.) LS" Zoology “%\ 
1390 < wr wf 
a DEC 12 1939 
Callitomis dimorpha sp. nov. WN LIBRARY 
¢6: Antennae simple and pubescent. fFrons, thorax and abdomen 


Lod 


orange yellow, segments 5 to 7 of the latter black at the base. Wings 
broad, semihyaline, dull black. Spots orange yellow, very variable as 
in C. syntomoides, Btlr. In the forewing the male type lacks the 
basal spot; lower medial spot small, occupying only half of the space 
between vein 1 and 2. Discal spot obsolete; two submarginal spots be- 
tween veins 4/5 and 5/6.  Hindwing with the subbasal spot orange 
yellow, much larger than in CU. syntomoides. Submarginal spot large. 

2: Frons, thorax and abdomen black. Segments 1 and 5 cf the 
abdomen with yellow bands, the latter closed below. Wings broad, 
semihyaline, dull black with orange yellow spots. In the type the sub- 
basal spot absent, the lower medial spot small as in the male. Discal 
spot very large, rectangular, elongated in the direction of the cell. 
Of the two submarginal spots the upper one smaller than the lower. 
In the 2 paratype the lower medial spot dotlike, the discal spot also 
small and from the two submarginal spots only the lower present. Sub- 
marginal spots small, very inconspicuous. 

Holotype: ¢G, 25 mm. span, Armenia, Agri Dagh, 2500-3000 m., 
VIT.1935, leg. Kotzsch. 

Allotype: 92, 25 mm. span, Armenia, Agri Dagh, 2500-3000 m., 
VII.1935, leg. Kotzsch. 

Paratype: 2,19 mm. span, Armenia, Aktash, 2800 m., 10-20.VI.1935, 
leg. Kotzsch. 


Callitomis dimorpha, By.-S., f. nigerrima f. nov. 

One male has no markings whatever on both wings. They are en- 
tirely semihyaline, dull black. 

Holotype: 3S, 19 mm. span, Armenia, Agri Dagh, 2500-3000 m., 
V1I.1935, leg. Kotzsch. ; 

This new species is the western representative of a genus which has its 
distribution mainly in india and the Malayan region. The nearest species 
known, C. syntomoides, Btlr. flies in the Sind Valley, Kashmir, and 
the N.W. Himalayas. C. dimorpha is of special interest for its sexual 
dimorphism, the ¢¢ having orange yellow body, the 2° a black one 
with two yellow stripes on the abdomen. Furthermore, the ¢¢ have 
a large subbasal spot on the hindwing which the 92 2 lack. C. dimorpha 
differs from the nearest C. syntomoides by the yellow abdomen and 
the larger subbasal spot in the hindwing of the ¢ and the large discal 
spot in the @. Perhaps this new species is also near the ‘‘ Amata ’’ 
zanthograpta, Hmps. (Cat. Lepid. Phalaena Suppl., Vol. I, p. 32, Plate 
III, fig. 6) from Kashmir, which according to its broad shape of the wings 
seems to me to belong also to Callitomis. C. dimorpha differs from this 
species by its smaller size (19-25 mm. instead of 28 mm.), by the abdomen 
which is designed in the zanthograpta ¢ as in the dimorpha Q, Le., 
black with two yellow bands, but perhaps Hampson’s type was a Q? 
Assuming this, the dimorpha Q differs from Hampson’s figure 6 by the 


150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/ 1939 


lack of the subbasal spots and by the lower medial and the submarginal 
spots, which are much smaller. It may be worth mentioning that U. 
dimorpha has two pairs of spurs on the hind tibiae, whereas Hampson 
in The Fauna of British India, Moths, Vol. I, p. 209, gives as distinc- 
- tive character between Syntomis and Callitomis the presence of 2 pairs 
of spurs in the former and in the latter one pair of spurs on the hind 
tibiae. I have not examined any other species of Callitomis, but judg- 
ing from f. 139 on p. 224 oi the same work, which shows distinctly 2 pairs 
of spurs, it seems to me that C. syntomoides has also 2 pairs lke C. 
dimorpha. 


Amata susa sp. nov. 


@: Tips of the antennae black, not grey as in A. bactriana, Ersch. 
All hyaline blotches enlarged and increased. Spot 1 drawn out to a 
point against the base, outer margin oblique and not straight as in 
bactriana. Spot 3 rectangular, straight on the inner and outer side, 
not oval as in bactriana. Above and below two accessory spots. The 
lower one can be drawn out towards the base. Spot 4 also with two 
accessory spots below and above, considerably larger than in bactriana. 
Spot 5 divided by vein 4, the upper one elongated towards the cell. 
Between spot 4 and 5 only a narrow bridge of black. Hind wing with 
a very large white spot almost reaching the hind margin and extend- 
ing above vein 3, that is much more dorsally than in bactriana. 

Holotype 9, 42 mm. span, Kasakstan, Targaisk, Kan-dyk-tan, 1400 
m., July. 


Paratype: 9°, 37 mm. span, Kasakstan, Targaisk, Kan-dyk-tan, 1400 
m., July. 


A. susa comes nearest to the f. repicta, Trti. of A. bactriana, Ersch. 
It differs from this species by the dark tips of the antennae, the shape 
of spots 1 and 3, and especially by the enormous size of these, which 
let the dark interspace between the spots 2, 3, 4, and 5 appear as a 
dark blotch on light background, especially in the holotype. 


Amata wiltshirei sp. nov. 


Head and thorax black, tegulae, pectus and legs yellow, tarsi black. 
Abdomen with yellow patches on the 1st and 2nd segment, yellow rings 
on the 8rd, 4th, and 5th, but only the last one closed on the ventral 
side. Dorsal yellow patch on the 7th segment. Wings cream yellow 
with reduced black markings. Costa, termen, inner margin up to vein 
1 and all veins of the forewing black. Cell yellow, a black transverse 
streak from below the middle of the cell to the hind margin, sometimes 
interrupted (fig. 4). A black mark along the discal vein extending into 
a triangular spot along vein 3. A black bar from the cell into the inter- 
space of veins 5 and 6 never reaching the blank termen. Termen with 
a black tooth along vein 2 and sometimes also along vein 3, nearly 
confluent with the elongated spot below the disc (fig. 4). Hindwing 
with the veins hyaline and the termen on the outer margin black. A 
large black tooth along vein 2, and 2 little teeth along veins 3 and 5. 


Cotypes: A series of 3 ¢ (span from 30-36 mm.) from Rayat Kur- 
distan, Iraq, 24.VI-14.VII.1935, taken by E. P. Wiltshire in coll. Wilt- 
shire, Daniel, and coll. mea. 


NEW AMSTIDAE FROM ASIA. 151 


It is not possible to place this striking new Amatid in Hampson’s 
system (Vol. I, p. 78) as it has 5 or (with the mark on the 7th segment) 
6 abdominal bands and head and thorax black. It may conveniently 
be placed near A, persica, Kell. but its general aspect is quite different. 
A. persica is a black species with 5 hyaline spots, while A. wiltshirei is 
a hyaline species with a few black bars. I saw a fresh specimen of A. 
persica taken by Mr Fred Brandt near Shiraz which absolutely agrees 
with the type figured in Hampson's Catalogue, Vol. I, Pl. IV, No. 5. 
There can be no doubt that persica is a good species which varies little. 
Also wiltshirei varies little and the two specimens figured on the plate 
are about the extremes of variation. They concern the extension of the 
termen along vein 2 and 3 and the rupture of the cross bar below the 
cell. 


Amata sinana sp. nov. 


Antennae ciliated, black with white tips; head black; frons, base of 
the collar, and thorax yellow; tegulae black, yellowish at their base. 
Pro- and metathorax with lateral yellow spots. Abdomen with 6 yellow 
bands, the last 5 ones completely closed below. Tip of the abdomen 
black ; first joint of the hind tarsi whitish. 


Forewing blackish brown with a small orange yellow spot at the base. 
Hyaline spots very large, slightly yellow; the first quadrangular, the 
second large, truncate, filling almost the entire cell. The subcellular 
rhomboid touching veins 1, 2 and the cell. Subterminal blotches very 
large, the lower heart-shaped between veins 3 and 5 and divided by the 
black vein 4, the apical one between veins 6 and 8 triangular. MHind- 
wing with the hyaline blotch very large, from vein 1 to 4, its outer edge 
incised on vein 2. 


Holotype: 3, span 35 mm., Szechuan, Ginfu Shan, 4.VIII.1930, leg. 
Friedrichs. 


Allotype: @Q, span 38 mm., Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-3000 
m., June-August. 

Paratype: 3, span 38 mm., Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-3000 
m., June-August. 


A. sinana comes nearest to A. berinda, Moore but differs by having 
all hyaline spots much larger, by having the discal spot elongated and 
not quadrate, and by the huge hyaline patch in the hindwing which fills 
out more than the dorsal 2/3 of the wing. A. stnana seems to resemble 
much A. jankowskii, Rothsch. from Southern and Central China, but 
has the frons yellow and not black, the tegulae not entirely yellow and 
the 5th abdominal ring closed below, while in jankowskii.segments 4 and 
5 reach only the ventral side. 


Amata sperbius, F. ssp. septentrionalis ssp. nov. 


The type form of A. sperbius, F. has been described from ‘‘ East 
Indies,’’ the type of A. atkinsont, Moore, from Moulmein, Tenasserim.* 
I have a series of sperbius from Kwantung, S. China, which agree equally 


*In P.Z.S. (1878), 845, Moore recorded Syntomis atkinsoni from ‘‘ Above Ahsown: 
Naththoung to Paboga,’’ in Upper Tenasserim, but S. atkinsoni was origin- 
ally described by Moore (P.Z.S. (1871), 245-346, plt. 18, f. 2) from Yunnan.— 
Tbe kh. 


152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1939 


well with the description given by Hampson (Catalogue Phal., Vol. I, 
p. 106), which is based on the examination of Fabricius’ type made by 
Aurivillius, and the figure of Moore’s A. atkinsoni. 

Specimens from Western China and Tibet differ remarkably from the 
type form by the absence of the hyaline spot above vein 7. Hyaline 
patch on the hindwing very large with a large spot above vein 2 reach- 
ing even into the cell. Below vein 1 a large stout tooth from the black 
margin into the hyaline area. Base and inner margin only narrow and 
slightly yellowish. 

Holotype: 3, 25 mm. span, S.E. Szechuan, Ginfu Shan, 5.VII1.1930, 
leg. Friedrichs. 


Allotype: 9°, 22 mm. span, Szechuan, Mountains near Ning yen fu. 


Paratype: 1 3, Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-300 m., June- 
August. 


Amata sperbius, F. ssp. gressitti ssp. nov. 

Forewing as in A. sperbius, F., with the spot above vein 7 always 
present. Hindwing with the hyaline patch much reduced, occupying 
less than the inner half of the wing; outer border straight. The anal 
two-thirds of the patch richly coloured with bright yellow. 


This form has already been noted as different by Seitz in Indoaus- 
tralische Spinner und Schwdrmer, p. 68, but not named. It represents 
undoubtedly a valid subspecies. 

Cotypes: 2 5,1 2, 2428 mm. span, Hainan, Nodoa, 30.V.1935, leg. 
L. Gressitt. 


Amata compta, Wlkr. f. szechuana f. nov. 


Differs from the description and figure given by Hampson (Cat., Vol. 
I, p. 99, pl. V, fig. 1) from Assam, Khasi Hills, by its more yellowish 
ground colour. All black marks more pronounced, especially on the 
veins; apex and bar between veins 5 and 6 broader black. On both 
wings an extremely large black tooth along vein 2, which in Hampson’s 
figure is feebly indicated on the forewing. 


Holotype: 1 9, 40 mm. span, Szechuan, Ginfu Shan, 1800 m., 
20.V.1930, leg. Friedrichs. 


Amata menia sp. nov. 


Nearest to A. compta. Tips of the antennae white; frons, collar, 
tegulae, ventral side of the thorax and tarsi orange. Black designs 
similar to A. compta but less broad on the apex. Cross vein above vein 
6 broader black. Black margin narrow, very little enlarged on vein 2. 
Inner margin entirely black up to vein 1, whereas in compta only the 
basal half is black. Fringes below the apex white. Hindwing with a 
narrow black termen. 


Holotype: 3, 37 mm. span, Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-300 m. 
June-August. 

Allotype: ¢, 37 mm. span, Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-300 m. 
June-August. 


Paratype: 1 3, 37 mm. span, Tibet, Menia, Hotshu-River, 2500-300 
m. June-August. 


LIST OF TRYPETIDAF (DIPTERA) TAKEN IN N. KENT. 153 


EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. 


1. Amata susa, sp. nov. Q Holotype. 

2. Amata susa, sp. nov. Q Paratype. 

3. Amata wiltshirei, sp. nov. ¢ Cotype. 

4. Amata wiltshirei, sp. nov. G Cotype. 

5. Amata sperbius, ssp. gressitli, ssp. nov. og Cotype. 

6. Amata sperbius, ssp. gressitli, ssp. nov. Q Cotype. 

7. Amata sperbius, ssp. septentrionalis, ssp. nov. GJ Holotype. 
8. Amata sperbius, ssp. septentrionalis, ssp. nov. © Allotype. 
9. Amata sinana, sp. nov. ¢ Holotype. 

10. Amata compta, f. szechuana, f. nov. Q Holotype. 

11. Amata menia, sp. nov. ¢ Holotype. 

12. Amata menia, sp. nov. 9 Allotype. 

13. Callitomis dimorpha, sp. nov. ¢ Holotype. 

14. Callitomis dimorpha, sp. nov. © Allotype. 

15. Callitomis dimorpha, f. nigerrima, f. nov. Holotype. 


LIST OF TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA) TAKEN IN NORTH KENT. 
By H. W. Anprews, F.R.E.S. 


This hst makes no pretence of being complete and consists solely of 
such species as I have captured or bred in the course of collecting in my 
home district. This district is bounded on the North by the R. Thames; 
on the West by the county boundary between Kent and Surrey; and on 
the South by the lne of chalk downs to Wrotham, then eastwards to 
Rochester and the R. Medway. It includes marshlands, woodlands, and 
chalk downs. 


In view of the attractive appearance of Trypetids and the fact that 
the majority of species can be collected in their early stages and bred, 
it is a pity that there is no up-to-date work in English on the family. 
As regards the early stages, however. there is a recent paper by Mr 
Niblett, of outstanding value, giving the food plants, where known, of 
all our recorded British species, and also those of a number of species, 
hitherto unrecorded as British, but whose food plants occur in this 
country. Local Lists of Trypetidae have been published by Mr Audcent 
(Bristol District); Mr Hamm (Oxford District); Mr Saunt (Warwick- 
shire); and Mr Thornley (Cornwall); and I have put the initials A., H., 
S., and T. against such N. Kent species as are also recorded in their 
Lists. In a brief bibliography at the end of this paper IJ give details of 
these Lists and of some other works dealing with Trypetids. 


The following diagnosis of the family is quoted from ‘‘ Bristol Dip- 
tera ’’? by kind permission of Mr Audcent :—‘‘ Medium to small flies, 
mostly with banded or latticed wings. Costa with two breaks, one at 
apex of humeral cross vein, the other further from base about where 
subcostal should end: second longitudinal vein (Rr) often turned up 
suddenly at apex. Two basal cells, the lower one often prolonged to a 
point alone the anal vein: a row of fronto-orbital bristles close to the 
eye; no preapical bristle on tibiae. Female ovipositor long (as a rule). 
Larvae live in plants, some forming galls in stems and flowerheads, 
others mining stems and leaves.”’ 


The nomenclature and arrangement of this List follows that of Mr 
Niblett’s paper. 


154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1939 


Euribia (Urophora) cardui, LL. Generally common in larval galls. Per- 
fect insect rarely taken. Bred from various localities. (A., H., 
Siow) 

E. jaceana, Hering. Common and generally distributed. Bred and 
captured. This species (formerly recorded under U. solstitialis) 
is one of those with variable wing pattern. (A., H., S., T.) 


E. quadrifasciata, Mg. Generally distributed but not common. Bred 
and captured. (H., S.) 


E. stylata, Fab. Generally distributed and very common. Bred and 
captured. One of the most variable species as regards wing pat- 


tern eA. HES...) 
Myopites longirostris, Lw. (frauenfeldi, Sch.). Swept from its food 
plant, Inula crithmoides, lL. Near All Hallows-on-Sea, 15.vi1.39. 
Rhagoletis (Spilographa) alternata, Fab. A few bred (1935) from wild 
rose hips taken at Darenth, 1934; not seen since in larval or 
imaginal stages, though often looked for. (A., 8.) 


Trypeta zoé, Mg. Bred and captured. Widely distributed but not too 
common, usually taken in single specimens. (A., H., S., T.) 
Phagocarpus permundus, Harr. (Anomoea antica, Wied.). A small series 
bred from pupae from hawthorn berries near Wrotham, given to 
me. This species was formerly considered rare but seems to have ex- 
tended its range in recent years, and has occurred in many locali- 

ties, including Norwood, S.E. 

Acidia cognata, Wied. Only captured once, Thames Marshes, Septem- 
ber 1934. Several attempts to rear it from mined leaves of colts- 
foot have failed. (H., S., T.) 

Philophylla (Acidia) heraclei, LL. Generally distributed. Bred and cap- 
tured. Varies in body colour. Both the light form, onopordinis, 
Fab., and the dark form, centawreae, Fab., occur. (A., H., S., T.) 

Ceriocera ceratocera, Hendel (Trypeta cornuta, Fab.). Bred and cap- 
tured. Eynsford, where its food plant, C. scabiosa, L., 1s com- 
PaVORMS "| (Ge\ge) 1a Loe 4M) 

Chaetostomella (Trypeta) onotrophes, Lw. (syn. Orellia cylindrica, R.-D.). 
Generally distributed and common. Bred and captured. Wing 
pattern somewhat variable. (A., H., S., T.) 

Terellia serratulae, L. Bred and captured. Not common but widely 
distnibmbted: Ace, bi. SIs) 

Orellia (Trypeta) colon, Mg. Bred and captured. Eynsford, on C. 
scabiosa. Extremely variable in colour ranging from forms with 
antennae and legs mainly black, and black-tipped palpi, through 
intermediate forms, tc specimens with antennae, palpi, and legs 
mainly pale. The intensity of the wing markings also very vari- 
able but not in correlation with antennae, legs, etc. (H., T.) 

Orellia falcata, Scop. Confined so far as I know to one small locality in 
the Thames Marshes near Abbey Wood. Wing pattern somewhat 
variable. 

O. ruficauda, Fab. (florescentiae, L..). Common and widely distributed. 
Wing pattern somewhat variable in intensity. (A., H., S., T.) 

O. tussilaginis, Fab. Generally distributed and not uncommon. Bred 
and captured. (A., H., S., T.) 

O. winthemi, Mg. Bred and captured, from chalk districts only. 


LIST Ol) TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA) TAKEN IN N. KENT. 155 


Xyphosia (Tephritis) miliaria, Schr. Very common and generally distri- 
huted... ¢A.,, H:,.S.,. T.) 

Paroxzyna misella, Lw. Thames Marshes near Dartford, swept from 
wormwood (A. absinthiwm, L.). 

P. loewiana, Hendel. Once only, at Farningham. 

P. plantaginis, Hal. Bred and captured in one locality in the Thames 
Marshes near Dartford, where its food plant, Aster tripolium, L., 
occurs plentifully. 


P. parvula, Lw. = absinthii, of the British List. One or two odd speci- 
mens swept in same locality as P. plantaginis above. 

Sphenella marginata, Fin. Common and generally distributed. (A. 
Hs, TE.) 


Ensina sonchi, lL. Common and generally distributed. Bred and cap- 
hured. ~ (A. H.}'T:) 

Tephritis bardanae, Schr. Bred from heads of burdock from Halsted. 
Given tome. (A., H., S., T.) 

T. hyoscyamt, 11. Hybernated specimens swept spar:ngly from heather 
in March and April. Not taken otherwise. (H., T.) 

T. leontodontis, De G. Hybernated specimens swept commonly as above. 
Occasionally taken in summer months. (A.) 


7. vespertina, Lw. Hybernated specimens swept commonly as above. 
Taken also in summer months. (A., H., S., T.) 
Trypanea (Urellia) stellata, Fues. Odd specimens swept in Thames 


Marshes; once found in abundance at Farningham by sweeping 
camomile, Anthemis arvensis, L. (T.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

*Wingate: Durham Diptera (1906) has Analytical Tables of British 
Trypetids. Very useful as far as they go. 

Hendel: Jn Lindner’s ‘‘ Die Fliegen der Palearktischen Region,’’ Parts 
16-19 (1927). 

Seguy: In ‘‘ Faune de France, Dipteres Acalypterates ’’ (1934); both 
this and Hendel’s work have excellent plates of the wings of the 
various species. 

tNiblett, M.: Ent. Record, Vol. 51, pp. 69-73 (May 1939). ‘‘ The Food- 
plants of the Larvae of British Trypetidae.’’ 

Audcent, H.: ‘‘ Bristol Insect Fauna,’’? Part VI, pp. 4386-7. Proc. Bris- 
tol Nat. Soc. and S., Vol. VII (1933). 

Hamm, A. H.: ‘“ Trypetidae from the Oxford District.’’ Entomolog- 
ist’s Monthly Magazine, 3rd Series, Vol. IV, pp. 87-91 (April 1918). 

Saunt, J. W.: ‘‘ Trypetidae in Warwickshire.’’ Proc. Coventry Nat. 
Hist. Soc. (1931-2), pp. 48-51. 

Thornley, A.: ‘‘ A Provisional List of Cornish Insects, Part III, Dip- 
tera (Acalyptratae).’? Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., Vol. 3, pp. 163-4 
(1936). 

In addition: There are occasional papers dealing with Trypetids scat- 
tered through the Entomological magazines, e.g., H.M.M.:— 
Bradley, 1901; Collin, 1910; HZ. Record :—Collin, 1915, 1937; Nih- 
lett, 1934, 1936; Andrews, 1939. 


*Out of print for some years. 


tA limited number of reprints of this paper are on sale. See ‘‘ Ent. Record 
Publications ” inside front cover. 


156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1939 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 
By T. Batnsrigcre FuietcHer, R.N., F.L.S., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. 
(Continued from \p. 127.) 


18. NOTOCELIA AQUANA, Hb. 1796-1799. 

Tortric aquana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tortr. t. 4, f. 17 (1796— 
24.xi1.1799). 

Tortriz roborana, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 151, No. E. 34 (1775) [nomen 
nudum: only noted as a nondescript larva on Quercus robur]. 

Pyralis cynosbana [nec Fb. 1775], Fb., Mantissa, HT, 238, No. 127 (1787) 

[‘* roborana Wien. Vergz. 131-34’’]; Fb., Ent. Syst., III, 11, 283, 
No. 167 (1794) [partim: ‘‘ roborana, Wien. Verz. 181-34,’’ but 
excluding other refs. to Linn. and de Geer]. 

Hedya cynosbatana, Hb., Verz., p. 380, No. 3661 (1826) [‘‘ Aquana 
iba, or it? ip 

Penthina roborana, Treits., Schmett. Fur., VIII, 30-31, No. 5 (1830) 
[ Descr., but doubtful; a mixture of spp. under synonymy: Tr. 
says larva Rosa canina]. 

Notocelia roborana (S.V.) Tr.: Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IT, 115, No. 2062 
(1901) ti Aguanail sli. i: 

Notocelia roborana, Treits.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 541, No. 4 (1928). 


Schiffermiiller’s name has no validity and Htibner’s name aquana 
seems applicable to this species. 


19. HEUCOSMA MERCURIANA, Frolich 1828. 

Tortrix mercuriana, Frol., Enum. Tortr. Wirtt., pp. 73-74, No. 170 
(1828); Geyer in Hiibner’s Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tortr., t. 51, 
f. 322 GQx—31.x11.1830). 

Sericoris subsequana, Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., IV, 186 (1834); 
Wood, f. 1021. 

Coccyx monticolana, Dup., Lep. Fr. Suppl., IV, 408-409, t. 83, f. 3 
(18.v111.1843). 

Pamplusia alticolana, Steph., List Brit. Anim. B.M., X, pp. 52, 100 
(1852). 

Steganoptycha mercuriana, Hb.: Rebel, Cat, Pal. Lep., I, 112, No. 
2001 (1901). 

Eucosma mercuriana, Hb.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 546, No. 2 (1928). 


This species must be ascribed to Froélich, not to Hutbner. 


20. HUCOSMA RUBIGINOSANA, H.S. 1851. 
Steganoptycha rubiginosana, H.S., Schmett. Eur., IV, 282, No. 449 
(1851), t. 26, f. 185 [‘‘ rubiginosana’’ only] (1848). 
Poecilochroma bouchardana, Stainton, Manual, IT, 238 (1.1.1859); Wilk., 
Brit. Tortr., p. 186, No. 8 (1.v.1859). 
Steganoptycha rubiginosana, Rebel, Cat, Pal. Lep., If, 112, No. 2000 
(1901). 
Eucosma rubiginosana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., pp. 546-547, No. 5 (1928). 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 157 


The synonym bouchardana was validated by Stainton. It appears in 
Doubleday’s Synonymic List (ed. ii: 1859), p. 22, col. 3, as Mixodia 
bouchardana, Dbl., without any reference to synonymy, but was ap- 
parently never described by Doubleday, 


21. HEUCOSMA GRISHANA, Hb. 1796-1799. 


Tortrix griseana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 21, f. 135 (1796- 
24 .xii.1799). 

POrthotaenia lepidana, Westw., Brit. Moths, IT, 172, No, 7, t. 99, f. 1] 
(1844). 

Sphaleroptera diniana, Guenée, Ann. S.E. Fr., (2) III, 167 (x.1845), 
Kur. Microlep. Index, p. 33 (v.1846). 

Poecilochroma occultana, Douglas, Zool., 1V, 1267-1268, f. 2 (111.1846) : 
Steph., List Brit. Anim. B.M., X, 48, No. 5 (1852): -Westw., 
Wood’s Index Ent. (ed. 11), p. 270, t. 58, f., 1793 [very bad fig. ] 
(1854): Barrett, Lep. Brit. Is., X, 353-354, t. 467, ff. 1 gd, la 9 
(1905). 

Grapholita pinicolana, Zeller, Isis, XX XIX, 242-243 (iv.1846). 

PScraphila abieticolana, Bruand, Mém. Soc. Emul. Doubs, IIT (5 and 6), 
p. 8, No. 1012 (1850: P1849): td., Cat. Microlép. Doubs, p. 42, 
No. 1012 (1850). 

PSciaphila nigrofasciana, Bruand, Mém. Soc. Emul. Doubs, III (5 and 
6), p. 8, No. 1013 (1850: P1849): atc Cat. Microlép. Doubs, p. 42, 
No. 1013 (1850). 

Cydia pseudotsugana, Kearfott, Cui Ent., XXXVI, 110 (1904). 

Semasia diniana var. Hee aan Kennel, Pal. oPoPer, py. A&8, +. 19, f. 28, 
2 (1916). 

Steganoptycha diniana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IT, 110, No. 1977 (1901). 

Zeiraphera dintana, Heinrich, U.S. Nat. Mus., Bull. 123, pp. 171-172, 
ING ou. 45, toecoin (W925) gs eenib |: 

Kucosma diniana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 547, No. 7 (1928). 


This is standing in the B.M. Collection as griseana, Hb., and Hiib- 
ner’s figure agrees with some specimens of this variable species. Prob- 
ably Bruand’s two names also apply here, as this may easily be mistaken 
for a Cnephasia (Sciaphila). 


22. HUCOSMA MY RTILLANA, Westwood 1844. 


Sericoris myrtillana, Westw., Brit. Moths, IT, 146, No. 14, t. 89, f. 15 
(1844). 

Grapholitha vacciniana, Zeller, Isis, XX XIX, 248-249 (1846). 

Steganoptycha vacciniana, Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., II, 111, No. 1987 
(1901). 

Kucosma vacciniana, Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 548, No. 9 (1928). 


Westwood’'s British Moths is quoted as ‘‘1851’’ in Staudinger’s 
Catalogue (p. xxvi). Volume IT was published in parts in 1844-1845 (all 
the Tortricina apparently in 1844), and Continental authors have been 
misled by quoting later editions of Westwood. Rebel correctly quoted 
myrtillana as being the same species as vacciniana, but apparently did 
not realize that Westwood’s name, which was not praeoccupied, has two 
years’ precedence over Zeller’s. 


158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1939 


23. HUCOSMA RATZEBURGIANA, Saxesen 1840. 


Coccyx ratzeburgiana, Saxesen in Ratzeburg’s Forst. Ins., II, 227-228, 
t. 12; f. 3 (1840). 


This species was described by Saxesen. Cataloguers have contracted 
the reference to ‘‘ Ratz. Forst. Jns.,’’ and copiers have therefore attri- 
buted the description to Ratzeburg. On p. 215 of Ratzeburg’s book it 
is plainly stated, ‘‘ Die Beschreibung der Fichtenwickler riihrt von Hrn. 
Saxesen her.’’ 


24. ARGYROPLOCE CORTICANA, Schiff. 1775. 


Tortriz corticana, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 131, No. E.29 (1775). 

Tortrix corticana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 3, f. 13 (1796- 
24.x11.1799). 

Apotomis turbidana, Hb., Verz., p. 380, No. 3664 (1826) [‘‘ Corticana, 
Ebulons orsa oles eae 

Tortriz picana, Frélich, Enum. Tort. Wiirtt., p. 49, No. 101 (1828) [‘‘ T. 
corticana, Eabiic. Lortab. o,.1. Ver Opts a 

Olethreutis corticana, Hb.: Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IJ, 103, No. 1865 
(1901). 

Argyroploce corticana, Hb.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 570, No. 5 (1928). 


Both Rebel and Meyrick list two species as ‘‘ corticana, Hb.,”’ 
althcugh obviously the double employment of the combination 
Tortrix corticana by Htibner was not allowable; Hiibner him- 
self was apparently aware of this, as he renamed both these 
species in his Verzeichniss, and Frélich also renamed this species for the 
same reason, but in any case the combination Tortriz corticana was 
praeoccupied by Schiffermiiller in 1775, so that neither of Hiibner’s 
names (corticana) can stand. The question is, what was corticana, 
Schiff.? This was not among the species redescribed from the Schiffer- 
miller collection by Fabricius in 1787, and in 1801 Illiger (Wien. Verz. 
(ed. 11), II, 66) marked it “‘ t’’? [=not then present in the collection] 
but quoted ‘ 7. corticana, Hiibn., Wickl., t. 3, f. 13,’’ against corticana, 
Schiff., without any query. In 1821 Charpentier and Zincken (Zinsler, 
etc., pp. 85-86 and footnote 105) commented on a specimen [apparently 
of an Hvetria sp.] which was then placed under No. E.29 in the Vienna 
Collection ; but, as this was evidently not Schiffermiiller’s original speci- 
men, which was not there when the collection was gone over by Fabricius 
and Jlliger, their remarks on it have little value in this connection. 
Werneburg (Beitr. Schmett. Kunde, I, 462-463, and p. 554, Note 294) 
in 1864 thought that corticana, Schiff., was probably the same as corti- 
cana, Treits. [1.e., Hucosma], but this was merely a guess. It seems 
best to accept Illiger’s definite citation of Hb., t. 3, f. 13, as exemplify- 
ing corticana, Schiff., Illiger’s statement to this effect probably being 
founded on a local tradition as to what corticana, Schiff., really was, 
and to use corticana, Schiff., for this Argyroploce, thus merely changing 
the author and not the specific name. 


25. HUCOSMA ISERTANA, Fb. 1794. 


Pyralis isertana, Fb., Ent. Syst., II], 11, 281-282, No. 163 (1794). 
Tortriz communana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [iii], p. 448, No. 157 (1811). 


NAMES OF MICROLEPIDOPTERA. 159 


Tortrix corticana, Hb., Samm]. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 33, f. 209 (1811- 
20.vi.1813) and t. 43, f. 270 (1.1.1818-21.1.1819). 

Tortriz adustana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tortr., t. 34, f. 218 (1811- 
20.vi.1818). 

Epinotia kuhlweiniana, Hb., Verz., p. 377, No. 3624 (1826) [‘‘ Corticana, 
Hin: Tor, 209°]. 

PPyralis communana, Fb., Ent. Syst., IIT, ii, 259, No. 69 (1794) [Italy]. 

PPyralis cuviana, Fb., Ent. Syst. Suppl., p. 478, No. 94/95 (1798) [Kiel]. 

Steganoptycha corticana, Hb.: Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IT, 110-111, No. 
1978 (1901). 

Eucosma corticana, Hb.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 548, No. 11 (1928). 


The name “ corticana, Hb.’”’ cannot stand for this species. bein 
>] ) 


twice praeoccupied (see under No. 24). It is rather doubtful what is the 
first valid name which is applicable to this common and variable species, 
but the first description known to me, which seems to fit it, is that of 
isertana, described by Fabricius from woods in Denmark. This greenish- 
fuscous form is relatively scarce but one does find specimens of this Hucos- 
ma, which agree with this description, and these generally occur in 
wooded districts. Rebel quotes isertana with a query, but it seems 
reasonably certain that isertana, Fb. = corticana, Hb., f. 209, this 
figure being coloured green and fuscous. Jn 1811 Haworth described 
this species as Tortrix communana under ten different forms, remarking 
‘‘ maxime variat,’’ and quoted it as ‘‘ Pyralis communana, Fab., Ent. 
Syst., 3, 259, 69 ?.’? Haworth noted his form epsilon as ‘‘ P. cuiviana, 
Fb. ?” [really cuviana, named after Cuvier] and his form zeta as 
? marmorana, Fb. [which is apparently a synonym of Ancylis achatana]. 
The name, Pyralis communana, Fb., 1794, may apply to this species 
(and, if so, has precedence over isertana) but the deseription is not suff- 
ciently exact to be certain of it. There is no doubt about this species 
being Haworth’s Tortrix communana (not a primary homonym of Pyralis 
communana, Fb., should these be different species): it was redescribed 
as communana by Stephens in Poecilochroma (Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., 
IV, 139-140, 1834), and figured by Wood (Index Ent., t. 34, f. 1029, 
1836). Those who do not like to use isertana, Fb., for this species can 
use communana, Haw., or adustana, Hb., but certainly not corticana, 
Hb. 
26. HUCOSMA HOHENWARTIANA, Schiff. 1775. 
Tortriz hohenwartiana, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 129, No. D 15 (1775). 
Tortriz pupillana, Hb., Samml. Eur. Schmett., Tort., t. 4, f. 20 (1796— 
24.x11.1799) [nec pupillana, Clerck 1759, which is also an 
Eucosma]. 
Tortriz scopoliana, Hw., Lep. Brit. [111], p. 456, No. 198 (1811) [nec 
Tortriz scopoliana, Schiff., Wien. Verz., p. 129 (1775), which is 
a synonym of Eucosma foenella, Linn. ]. 
EKpiblema hohenwartiana, Schiff.: Hb. Verz., p. 375, No. 3598 (1828) 
eeopillane. Abn. Tor 20) 2. 
Epiblema scopoliana, Hw.: Rebel, Cat. Pal. Lep., IJ, 116, No. 2085 
(GEST): 
Eucosma scopoliana, Hw.: Meyr., Rev. Handb., p. 554, No. 31 (1928). 


The ccrrect name for this species seems to be hohenwartiana, Schiff., 
the name (sometimes hohenwarthiana} which was applied to it by 


160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1939 


Hiibner, Guenée, Herrich-Schaffer, Doubleday, and Wilkinson. Illiger 
(Wien. Verz. (ed. 11), II, 58: 1801) definitely quoted against hohen- 
wartiana, Schiff., Hiibner’s figure 20 (pupillana) and also strigana, Fb. ; 
but, as Charpentier explained (Zinsier, etc., pp. 65-66: 1821) the 
Schiffermiiller Collection contained three specimens, the first two being 
pupillana, Hb., f. 20, the other being [strigana, Fb. 1775=] hypericana, 
Hb., f. 23, Schiffermiiller having considered the latter (of which he says 
‘‘man findet ihn auch goldgelb’’) as a variety of the former ‘‘ Grau- 
brauner Wickler mit silberfarbigten Untenrandhackchen ”’ (=pupillana, 
Hb.). In view of Tlliger’s definite statement in 1801 (corroborated by 
Charpentier in 1821 and by Hiibner himself in 1826), after examination 
of Schiffermiiller’s specimens, that hohenwartiana, Schiff., was the same 
species as pupillana, Hb., f. 20, I do not see how we can refuse to accept 
their identification. 


SOME HEMIPTERA OF EASTON, 


By T. Frep. MARRINER. 


Easton is an area of North-east Cumberland hitherto neglected by 
the naturalist except at one or two points of its outskirts, because of 
its inaccessibility. JI am endeavouring to learn something of its natural 
history. Unless otherwise stated, all the following have been got within 
a small radius of my house ‘‘ Yadhill,’’ Easton, and there is much of the 
area further afield still te be collected over. 


HETEROPTERA. 


Picromerus bidens, L.—Two mature specimens at Fallend, 29.viii.36. 

Acanthosoma interstinctum, I.—Not uncommon in 1936 and 1937. 

Elasmostethus griseus, li.—I came across a cluster in September 1935 
but only managed to secure a couple. 

Neides tipularius, LL.—A single specimen turned up in my garden on 
18th April 19389. <A strong westerly wind was blowing, and had 
done for a few days, and the insect had probably come with it, as 
it is only known on the coast here. I had a similar experience 
with the Coleopteron, Cantharis darwinianus, Sh., which I took 
on the wing near Longtown, probably blown from the Solway 
marshes, a known habitat. 

Orthostira (Acalypta) parvula, Fall.—Taken on several occasions in the 
sweep net. 

Dictyonota strichnocera, Kieb.—I got two specimens of this beautiful 
insect from whin in August 1935. These whins have since been 
cleared and burnt and I have not found the insect elsewhere. 

Monanthia cardui, L...—Beds of thistle are all too common here and yield 
this insect fairly plentifully. 

Gerris lacustris, L.—Is common. 

Nabis limbatus, Dahl.—A common insect here. 

Salda scotica, Curt.—Not uncommon by some of the streams. It was 
taken years ago at Bewcastle, by the late G. B. Routledge. 
Salda saltatoria, Curt.—Not uncommon on Lyneside and by Raeburn 

in August 1936. 


SOME HEMIPTERA OF EASTON. 161 


Miris calcaratus, Fall.—Occurs often in the sweep net. 

Miris holsatus, Fab.—Swept fairly frequently off grass. 

Phytocoris longipennis, Flor.—lairly common. 

Phytocoris ulmi, l.—Common on bramble and nettle, less frequently on 
hawthorn. 

Calocoris bipunctatus, F.—Swept commonly. 

Calocoris sexguttatus, F.—Fairly common on nettle in middle and lower 
areas, scarce in the higher eastern area. 

Plesivcoris rugicollis, Fall.—Got two specimens on currant bushes in 
garden, 1936. 

Lygus pratensis, L.—Common. 

Zygimus (Camptozygum) pinastri, Fall.—Sparingly on fir. 

Liocoris tripustulatus, F.—Commonly taken among nettles and in hedge- 
row sweeping. 

Anthocoris confusus, Reut.—Common. 

Fhylus melanocephali:s, l.—Got sparingly from oak in July 1936. 

Psallus ambiguus, Fall.—Fairly common on alder in lower and middle 
areas. 

Plagiognathus chrysanthemi, Wolff.—Swept fairly commonly. 

Poeciloscytus (Charagochilus) gyllenhalu, Fall.—Scarce on nettle. 

Cryptostemma alienum, H.S.._-Mr F. H. Day of Carlisle found this 
common by the Liddell at Penton in May 1926 (Trans. of Carlisle 
Nat. Hist. Society, iv, p. 118). 

Aetorhinus angulatus, F.—Not infrequent on alder. 

Piezodorus lituratus, F.—Was fairly common on whin here in 1936. 


HOMOPTERA. 


Philaenus spumarius, L.—Very common and in variety. Sometimes 
appears for a few days in big numbers. 

Megophthalmus scanicus, Fall. Fairly commonly swept. 

Evacanthus interruptus, L.—Got freely in one place, 7.vi1.35. 

Bathoscopus (Oncopsis) alnt, Schr.—A friend took this when sweeping 
with me. 

Bathoscopus (Oncopsis) rufusculus, Fieb.—Rather scarce. 

Bathoscopus (Oncopsis) flavicollis, L.—Net uncommon. 

Macropsis lanto, L.—Rather rare. 

Idiocerus confusus, Flor.—Got two specimens, 6.v1.36. 

Agallia puncticeps, Germ.—Swept sparingly on road verge. 

Acocephalus nervosus, Schr.—Has only occurred to me once. 

Athysanus grisescens, Zett.—Swept by a friend near my house. 

Thamnotettiz prasinus, Zett.—Not uncommon. 

Empoasca smaragdula, Fali.-—Fairly common. 

Cixius nervosus, L.—Apparently rare here. 

Conomelus limbatus, Fali.—Once got, 21.iv.36. 

Dicranotropis hamata, Boh.—Scarce here. 

Iavia guncorum, Latr.—Not uncommon. 

Psylla férstert, Flor.—Taken freely in August 1936, but have not seen 
since. 

Psylla melanoneura, Forst.—Not uncommon. 

Arytaena genistae, Lat.—Not found plentiful but odd specimens have 
turned up at times. 

Trioza urticae, L.—Common. 


162 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ X1/ 1939 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


Autumn Nores.—This autumn has been remarkable for the abundance 
in our garden here (Chelmsford) of Vanessa atalanta and V. c-albwm. On 
10th September, no less than 15 ataulanta were flying and feeding upon 
fallen plums, and a very pretty sight it was. All were in fine condition 
and had probably, most of them, recently emerged. Then a week later, 
on 17th September, ten fine fresh c-album made their appearance, all 
feeding upon fallen plums, and flying about the garden. Wasps, bees, 
flies and butterflies, jostled each other in trying to get their share of 
the fruit. Even to-day, 2nd October, there are six ‘‘ Commas ”” still 
flying in this garden, and I have seen to-day only one or two atalanta. 
There are also several large dragonflies flying about the same part of 
the garden, and on 25th September I picked up a forewing of a fine 
atalanta and wondered whether the dragonflies had caught the butterfly ! 
Yesterday afternoon, Ist October, about 3.30, I was watching the 
‘“Commas,’’ and noticed one of them flying right away towards some 
weeds. I followed it, and saw it alight upon a sow-thistle. When I got 
there, I saw the ‘‘ Comma ”’ settled head downwards upon a dead leaf 
of the thistle; the plant was half-dead and some of the leaves were quite 
brown and dead, and so much like the butterfly’s underside that it was 
most difficult to see the insect at all, if one did not know it was thete. 
The sun was still shining brightly, and shining upon the ‘‘ Comma,” 
but the butterfly had evidently settled for the night. At first the an- 
tennae were showing, but after about a quarter of an hour, and although 
the sun was still shining on it, it folded its antennae between its wings, 
and was motionless. It did not change its position, for I visited it from 
time to time during the evening, and it was still there this morning 
until eleven o’clock, although it was a bright sunny morning. It had 
flown, however, by twelve o’clock. I was also watching another 
‘“ Comma ’’ yesterday afternoon, sunning itself upon a currant bush. I 
left it there at 4.30 in the afternoon, and at 6.30 went again to have 
a look round and to my astonishment, saw the same butterfly with 
wings and antennae folded and quite settled for the night! It was sit- 
ting right across the middle of the upper part of a currant leaf, and 
quite exposed to the weather. This morning it was in the same position 
until 10.20 a.m., when it flew off, no doubt feeling the warmth of the 
sun on it. Last night was cold, the wind being easterly. Until 1934 I 
had not seen c-albwm in this district.—M. E. Mitier, ‘‘ The Croft,” 
Rainsford Lane, Chelmsford. 


Notes ON BREEDING PyRAUSTA NUBILALIS, Htpn.—As recorded in the 
January number of the Entomologist’s Record, I collected a number of 
stems of Artemisia vulgaris tenanted by larvae of the above species at 
Benfleet, Essex, in October 1938. At that time the majority appeared, 
by their size, to be nearly full fed. They were kept outdoors and sup- 
plied with stems of Artemisia cut to convenient lengths. The larvae 
were very active and industrious, excavating tunnels in the stems with 
great energy, the excavated material forming little heaps where it fell. 
During the cold weather the larvae remained inactive in the hollowed 
stems. It was noticed that in April and onwards the larvae became 
active again, and some more dead stems of Artemisia were introduced, 


CURRENT NOTES. 163 


into which some of the larvae immediately burrowed. Others appeared 
to be satisfied with their shelters, and by the end of June a number of 
the larvae had pupated. The first of my moths emerged on 7th July, 
but I was informed they were already flying by this date at Benfleet, 
where no doubt they had been subject to more direct sunlight than had 
my batch. Some of the larvae were still active the first week in August, 
and the Jatest date of emergence was 23rd August. The males of this 
species are quite dark (fuscous) in colour, and contrast with the pale 
straw-coloured females.—S. Wakely, 4 Auckland Road, Upper Norwood, 
London, §.E.19 (19.x.39). 


CURRENT NOTES, 


Our long-time friend and correspondent, Kenneth J. Hayward, 
IV.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.G.S., continues his work on the Lepidopterous 
fauna of the Argentine. Recently he has sent us another half-a-dozen 
separates, of which three deal with the Hesperioidea. Parts III and IX 
of the ‘‘ Hesperiids of the Argentine ’’ contain descriptions of species 
newly recognised as being found in the country and newly found or 
differentiated species, in which he has received much help from the 
authorities of the British Museum. The third pamphlet treats of the 
genus Butleria, Kirby, with seven species. The fourth separate is an 
annotated list of ‘‘ Rhopalocera taken in the Yungas de Bolivia ”’ in 
1931, March and April, some 250 species. The Hesperiidae await fur- 
ther study. The fifth separate is an account of the ‘ Riodinidae 
(Erycinidae) of the Argentine ’’ with new species and forms; this is con- 
densed into about 60 pp. The sixth is the Description and Biology of a 
Noctuid, of which he kindly sent us examples when he first met with the 
species. It is Speocrupia smilacis, Hayw., belonging to the Acronyctinae. 
This work is the more commendable being carried on in the country by 
one in touch with all the Lepidopterists and collections in the State. 


The Royal Entomological Society will continue the normal services 
of the Society to its Fellows with certain changes of date and time of 
meeting of which notice will be sent to each member. 


The Society for British Entomology, whose headquarters are in 
Southampton, has been compelled to suspend all meetings owing to the 
dispersal of so many officers and members on various duties, and no 
election of new officers will take place until the Council consider it prac- 
ticable, but the publications will be carried on so long as suitable matter 
comes to hand. 


The intensive work on the biology of Ants and on the Distribution of 
Coleoptera in Britain by our colleague, Mr H. Donisthorpe, gets recog- 
nition and appreciation from specialists in other lands. We cull from 
two letters. Mr M. R. Smith, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, 
writes: ‘‘ Several days ago we received a letter requesting considerable 
information on the Biology of the Ant, Formica fusca, L. The desired 
information was obtained from British Ants, a copy of which I keep on 
my desk for reference at all times.’? - From §. Africa, a well-known 


164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI1/ 1939 
coleopterist, Mr Omer Cooper, comments on the ‘‘ charming work on 
Windsor Forest, a real monument of industry and marvellous skill in 
collecting.’’ 


The South London Entomological Society have been unable to hold 
their Annual Exhibition of Varieties this October owing to the pro- 
prietors of the Exchange Buildings having removed suddenly in June 
last, and the Society has been homeless. Mr S. G. Castle Russell, who 
has so long interested himself in varieties of Lepidoptera, has suggested 
that in order to get ail records of such, which may have been met with 
this season, and would in all probability have been shown, he would be 
willing to do all he could to obtain such information, with the view of 
publishing it in the ‘‘ Entomologist’s Record ’”’ if willing to accept it. 
This we should be willing to accept, and we could also say that the re- 
ports would not have to be cut as might possibly be necessary on account 
of expense in the ‘‘ Proceedings ’’ of the Society. Arrangements might 
be possible by which the Society could have reprints and add additional 
and correctional notes, with plates if needed, in their ‘‘ Proceedings.”’ 
I trust all prospective exhibitors will communicate with S. G. Castle 
Russell, Esq., ‘‘ Cotswold,’’? Forest Gardens, Lyndhurst, Hants. 


SOCIETY. 


On Saturday, 4th November, the S. London Entomological and 
Nat. Hist. Society held its first meeting in its new quarters, the Chapter 
House of St Saviour’s Cathedral, in St Thomas Street, Southwark, 
situated only about 200 yards from the building which had for so many 
years housed its collections and Library. In spite of the incidental 
difficulty in crossing London on that particular afternoon, about fifty 
members assembled. A considerable discussion took place as to limited 
arrangement and the Council were given instructions to make all ar- 
rangements for future meetings, etc. General satisfaction was expressed 
as to the position of the rooms, as to convenience of access, and as to the 
amenities for the carrying on of all the usual activities of the Society, 
Meetings, Consultation of Library and Collections, Use of the Lantern, 
and in a future year, if circumstances permitted, a special hall was 
available for the Annual Exhibition. 


SprecIAL NottceE.—May we again remind those readers who have not 
yet paid their subscription to the current volume that the Treasurer 
would be pleased to hear from them.—6 Footscray Road, Eltham, Lon- 
don, S.E.9. 


Owing to temporary difficulties in distribution the magazine has been 
unusually late in October and November. 


Correction.—P. 147, line 10 from the bottom, read ‘‘ Capables ’’ not 
‘* Calpables.’’ 


“0” =Zootogy 7% 


13 14 10 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VDEC" Fz 1939 @ \ (197) 


Splr., Schm. Hur. 52, 1905, Femaxked ofa. wniurdould, Stdgr. 
(Spain), ‘‘ Probably ae species.’ 

H.-S., Bearb., If, 340 (1851), grouped the three European species 
together and figured lewcogaster on plt. I, 1 (1843). His main differ- 
ences between plecta and musiva are size 4 larger, the whitish costal 
area in the former goes beyond the reniform, in the latter it ends at the 
reniform, the marginal line is devoid of dots, and the light collar 
is heavily black margined behind, while in the former it is black mar- 
gined in front. 

Gn., Noct., I (V), 326 (1852), placed plecta, leuwcogaster, [ochrogaster 
(N. America)], and musiva grouped together. He refers to the ‘ ex- 
treme resemblance of leuwcogaster to plectu.”’ 


Hufn., Berl. Mag., TII, 300 (1766), described an insect under the 
name ignobilis, which was believed to be this species, but Rott., Naturf., 
IX, 120 (1776), says that the evidence is not sufficient to recognise plecta. 

Tutt, Brit. Noct.; If, 126 (1892). Smith, Cat. Noct. N.-Am., 74 
(1893): Barr., Lep. Br. I., IV, 40, plt. 141, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., Illed., 

142 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Pihal., IV, 405 (1903): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 
152, plt. 33, 27 (1905): South, Moths Br. Is., 1, 228, plt. 110, 7 (1907): 
Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 44, plt. 9k (1909): oetee N. et Ge f. (), 3a 
plt..8,. 138. 


Most authors have given satisfactory figures of this generally distri- 
buted species. 

Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 20, f. 419 (1790), mixed the two 
species together (plecta and sine) and gave figures of the two pre- 
viously figured larvae, but couid give no decision as to specific status. 

Esper, Abbild., IV (1), plt. 148, 4-5 (1788°), gave two crude, but re- 
cognisable, figures. Text, IV (2, Ist), p. 455. 

Godt., Hist. Nat., V, 166, plt. 60, f. 3 (1824), gave an excellent figure. 

Freyer, Neu. Beitr., VII, plt. 678 (1851), gave very good figures of 
both plecta and musiva. 

Barrett, (.c., [V, 40, plt. 141, 2 ae gave two good normal figures. 

Holland, Moth Book., p. 184, “2 22, 6 C9OL), =ane a good figure of an 
American Bohibls Ol thisee: spoummnales species.’’ 

Splr., l.c., T, 358 and addend., notes that ab. rubricosta, Fuchs, has 
a red costal streak, which is ‘‘ separated trom the ground colour by some- 
what be set il 

Splr., U.c., I, plt. 33, 27, gave a figure in which the stigmata were 
quite i eR or represented by a smudge. 

Culot, N.-et G., I (1), 55, plt. 8, 18, (14), (15) (1910), gave excellent 
figures of plecta, leucogaster and musivu, so that one can readily see the 
characteristics of the three species. 

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 44, plt. 9k and 10a (1909), gave 5 
quite good: plecta, wnimacula, glaucimacula, ignota, ¢.and ©. The 
figures hardly emphasise the differences sufficiently if at all. 

Warr.-Seitz, l.c., plt. 10a (1909), figure the lewcogaster, Frr., ¢ and 
2, practically only minutely separable from plecta. The only difference 
apparent, beyond a slightly different shade in the costal streak, is a 
slight whitish streak below the reniform towards the outer margin. The 
base of the inner margin is also whitish as in the f. ignota of plecta. 
Most authors treat lewcoguster as a species (H.-S., Warr.-Seitz, Hamps., 


(198) ENTOMOLOGIST § RECORD. 15/XI/ 1939 


Corti, Draudt). It occurs in the same areas as glecta in the S. of 
Europe. 


Of the Variation Barrett says:—‘‘Not very variable, beyond the 
presence or absence of the outer transverse lines, but occasionally the 
collar is of the pale tint of the costal stripe of the forewings, which thus 
becomes continuous. Specimens from the North of England—Durham 
particularly—trequently have the costal stripe reddish and the stigmata 
obscured.”’ 

Barrett records a specimen which ‘‘ has the forewings and thorax of 
a brilliant deep purple, except the costal stripe which is contracted and 
shaded with purple;’’ and another which ‘‘ hardly shows a trace of the 
two stigmata.’’ 

Barrett, l.c., plt. 141, has a good typical figure and 2a is one with 
reddish collar and costal streak. 


plecta, L. (1761), Fn. Suec., 321. 

ssp. vicaria, Wikr. (1856), Lep. Het., X, 409. 

ab. unimacula, Ramb., Cat. And., plt. 11, f. 3 (1858), no text. Stdgr. 
(1859), Stett. e. Ztg., 213. 

ssp.- costalis, Mr. (1867), P.Z.S., 56. 

r. anderssoni, Lamp. (1885), Ent. Tidskr., 54. 

r. glaucimacula, Graes. (1888), Berl. e. Zts., 321. 

r. ignota, Swinh. (1889), P.Z.S., 411. 

ab. rubricosta, Fuchs (1900), Jahrb. Nassau, LIII, 216. 

ab. fuscicosta, Hirschke (1910), Verh. z. b., LX (413). 

ab. strigata, Hirschke (1910), l.c. 

f. plectella, (Hamp.) Strnd. (1915) [Lep. Phal., IV, 405 (1903)], Strnd., 
Arch. Naturg., UXXXI, A, 12, 145. 

f. fasciolata, Heinz (1916), Deut. e. Zt., 512, plt. 4, 9 

r. mucidata, Dnhl. (1925), Ent. Zis., XX XIX, 128. 

Tutt dealt with (1) plecta, typical; (2) r. anderssoni, violet brown; 
and (8) ah. untmacula, Ramb. (Stdgr.). 


ssp. vicaria, Wlkr., Cat. Lep. Het., X, 409 (1856). 

Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Foem. Rufescens, vertice, thoracis fascia abdo- 
mineque albido-testaceis; alae anticae costa albido-testacea, striga basali 
sub-interrupta nigra orbicularem parvam subrotundam includente, reni- 
forma distincta, lineis transversis indistinctis, guttis marginalibus 
nigris; posticae albae.’’ 

‘“ Female. Reddish. Vertex whitish testaceous. Thorax with a band 
of the same hue, and with some brown hairs in front. Abdomen whitish 
testaceous. Forewings whitish testaceous along three-fourths of the 
length of the costa, with a black slightly interrupted basal stripe, which 
includes the orbicular spot, and extends as far as the reniform; orbicu- 
lar nearly round, rather small; reniform of the usual shape; transverse 
lines indistinct; a row of black marginal dots. Hindwings white. South 
Atrica.’ 


ssp. costalis, Moore, P.Z.S. (1867), p. 56. 

Orica. Drscrie.—‘‘ Pale pinkish testaceous; forewing with a broad 
testaceous-white costal streak bordered below by a parallel black streak, 
interrupted by well-defined small pale-centred orbicular and reniform 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (199) 


marks; exterior margin with a row of black dots; hindwings white. 
Head and front of thorax pale pinkish testaceous, divided by a black 
line, two small black spots between the base of the antennae; hind part 
of thorax dark pinkish testaceous. Abdomen pale testaceous.’’ 1% in. 
Darjeeling. Atkinson. 


race glaucimacula, Gras., Berl. ent. Zeit., 321 (1888). 

Onic. Descrip.—‘‘ I bred about 80 examples which on the average are 
somewhat smaller than average A. plecta. They varied so considerably 
in their appearance from the Kuropean specimens that I think it is only 
right to give this constant local form a separate name. The ground 
colour of the forewing is a much darker chocolate brown in glaucimacula ; 
that of the hindwings is not white, but clay yellow, on the forewings 
well powdered dark-grey, on the outer margin and the fringes suffused 
for the most part reddish. It is particularly distinguished from the type- 
form by the wholly unicolorous grey-blue not curved stigmata, which 
are not distinctly pale as in plecta. The underside of all the wings is 
here much darker than in the latter; the hindwing always with more 
distinct transverse line and round blackish discal spot.”’ 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Pi., IV, 405 (1903). ‘“Forewings with the stigmata 
entirely grey, the ground colour of purplish-fuscous; the hindwings yel- 
lowish, often with more or less developed postmedial line and terminal 
band.’?’ Amur; Japan. 


r. ignota, Swinh., P.Z.S., 411 (1889). 

Oric. Drescrre.—‘‘ Palpi, antennae, thorax and forewings chocolate 
brown; palpi grey in front and at the tips; top of head grey; collar dull 
ochreous, abdomen dull ochreous grey; forewings with the colour paling 
slightly towards the outer margin, with a broad grey stripe on the costa 
from the base along two-thirds of its length, touching the upper portions 
of the orbicular and reniform marks, which are formed of prominent grey 
ringlets; the orbicular round the reniform oblong, excavated on the out- 
side, almost ear-shaped ; the rest of the costal border to the apex marked 
with five or six yellow points; a discal outwardly curved slightly sinuous 
line, of the same colour as the wing, but slightly darker; fringe pale 
reddish chocolate, interlined. Hind-wings white tinged with flesh col- 
our, with a fesh-coloured marginal line and an interline in the fringe. 
Nearly allied to O. costalis, but darker coloured forewing.’’ Ceylon. 

Hamps., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 405 (1903), ‘‘ Forewing with the black in 
cell absent.’’ 


ab. rubricosta, Fuchs, Jahrb. Nass. Ver., LITT, 216 (1900). 


Oric. Drscrir.—‘‘ The costa of the forewing widely purple-red (in- 
stead of whitish yellow), the colour of the rest of the wing normal.’’ 
Bornich, at ight with many normal examples. 


ab. fuscicosta, Hirschke, Verh. z. b. Gesell. Wien, LX, 413 (1910). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ This aberration wants the characteristic broad 
whitish costa streak, of which in this specimen only a short whitish basal 
trace remains. The other marking is as in the typical form.’? At light 
in Hochschwabgebiet, Austria. 


(200) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1I/1939 


ab. strigata, Hirschke, Verh. z. b. Gessell. Wien, LX, 413 (1910). 

Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ This aberration forms a counterpart to ab. fusci- 
costa in as much as it is strongly bright coloured and as a consequence 
has produced a new element of marking; for a distinct transverse line 
margins the central area on the outer side on the upper surface of the 
forewing, which slight bowed extends from the costa to the inner margin. 
In the marginal area there lies clearly a triangular dark spot, just as the 
marginal dot on the limbal-line. The dark basal streak is very distinct, 
extending up to the transverse line, in which lie the orbicular and reni- 
form spot. On the upperside of the hindwing the costa is somewhat 
darker than in the typical form.’’ Austria. 


ab. plectella, [Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., IV, 405 (1903)], Strnd., 
Arch. Naturg., UXXXI, A, 12, 145 (1915). 

Orig. Descrir.—‘‘ Forewing with the costal area purple, leaving 
white streaks on subcostal and median nervures.”’ 


ab. fasctolata, Heinz, Deut. e. Zt., 512, plt. 4, 9 (1916). 

Orig. Descriv.-—‘‘ For a distance of about 3 mm. from the margin 
the veins on the hindwings above are powdered with black for a distance 
of 2 or 3 mm., reaching from the costa not quite up to the anal-angle, 
with the uninterrupted band running parallel with the margin of the 
wing.’”’ 


r. mucidata, Dann., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 128 (1925). & 

Orig. Drscrtp.—‘‘ Examples of the size of the fine (schonen) lewco- 
gaster, FKrr., are not uncommon and from the great tendency of the 
species it readily varies, since it often occurs with white hindwings and 
very prominent white costal streak. Jixamples with obsolescent stigmata 
(which themselves vary in size and colour, fall partly under the form 
anderssoni, Lampa, partly under wnimacula, Stdgr. There also occur 
specimens in which the stigmata are completely wanting, the costal mar- 
ginal streak broadened to cover the location of the stigmata, and at the 
same time extended very pale to the outer margin, and thus appears 
covered with dull yellow. Hindwings are yellow-grey with a more ap- 
parent row of dots across the discal area. This variety from Bozen, 
Terlan and Upper Bavarian moorland I name mucidata. 

Both leucogaster, Frr. and musiva, Hb. occur with plecta in Bozen 
and Terlan respectively. 


Noctua, L., fiammatra, (Fb.) Schiff., Verz., 80 (1775). 

Tutt gave a few lines on this central and southern European species. 
Years ago 3 specimens were taken in this country at different times. 
The evidence of their occurrence appears to be exceedingly well authen- 
ticated. It will be of little service to the British lepidopterist to give 
details of its variation, so we pass on to the next species. 


f Brads 


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Urgently Wanted for Experimental Purposes.—Pupae of hirtaria and lapponaria. 
I can offer duplicates of very many species in return.—Harold B. Williams, 
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Duplicates.—Very fine Kent Argus (Aegon), race now extinct. Desiderata.—Many 
and various British Butterflies in perfect condition with date.—/. Antony 
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Duplicates.—Erebia manto ssp. constans f. gnathené. Mostly 366, Mont Dore, 
Central France. Desiderata.——Erebia manto, Austrian. Erebia lefebrei, L. 
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BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record and 
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CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most tmportant only mentioned.) 


GENUS Acronycta and its allies—Variation of Smerinthus tiliae, 8 coloured — 
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No. 12 


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| (“UAN 12 ) 
A ONG 


JOURNAL OF VARIATION 


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a CONTENTS. 

* NEW SPECIES AND FORMS OF PALAEARCTIC BOMBYCINE MOTHS, Hd. 
Bytinski-Salz, Ph.D., F.R.E.S. ve : eh . 165 

‘ -CICINDELA CAMPESTRIS, LINN., AB. CONJUNCTA, D. TORRE. AND. V. 
By -CONNATA, HEER, Raymond Rk..U. Kaufmann. _ ... i . 167 

AUGIADES SYLVANUS, ESP. (1777) AND ITS “NICKNAME y ‘OCHLODES 
VENATA, BREM. & GRAY (1852), Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Ve AGS 

EPAGOGE GROTIANS, FB., IN GLOS.: AND ITS LARVAL HABITS, Rein 
brigge Fletcher, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S.... it a. se tty sve 169 


COLLECTING NOTES :—Parthenogenesis in Lasiocampa (Bombyx) querecus ?, 
Richard W: Attwood: Diptera Bred from a Wasps’ Nest, H. W. Andrews: 
Notes on Forcing, C. Q. Parsons; Variation in Zygaena lonicerae, Esp.. 
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Apterygida albipennis, in Mid-Kent, R. M. Greensladeé ............e ces 171. 
PER ERR MMTAUTS PPUHE Rata ee sph Ts cd Varese Uy ARR UI LN tc Cat De hada dah't bog spay am ange eCsaergen: Sueh 175 
ASOT Le Nd SR BS AE DR Ral IRS ALO DT god ES TAPP RAE Nee ON ROD ROT TR) BER ORO PEE 2 Fy RR 176 
SCE) Do: a Ree Bile fF CUR OA BREN Ss SORE WL St At aloo Maa Pep ae ER DRTEIEN Gp Aaa. See Beh 477 


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PALAEARCTIC BOMBYCINE MOTHS. 165 


NEW SPECIES AND FORMS OF PALAEFEARCTIC BOMB 
MOTHS. 


1D, 8 A0 By H. Bytinski-Sanz, Ph.D., F:R.E.S. 


o& : 
»? Zoology 


LIBRAKY 
Arctornis l-nigrum, Miiller ssp. ussurica ssp. nov. 

Specimens of A. [-nigrum from Ussuri and Corea differ from Euro- 
pean specimens by the black discocellular mark, which is much larger 
and has the upper branch of the black ‘‘ L ’’ of almost the same length 
as the ventral one, forming a broad V-shaped figure. The angle of the 
V is very sharp and not curved as in most European specimens. 

Cotypes: 39, Narva, S. Ussuri, 15-25.VII.1921, leg. Kardakoff; 9, 
Seishin-Olto, N. Corea. Collenette (Proc. Rt. Ent. Soc., vol. 7, p. 211, 
1938) mentions another form from China (Chekiang and N. Yunnan) in 
which the upper branch of the black ‘‘ L ’’ is entirely obsolete. Simi- 
lar specimens are also sometimes found in Europe (¢ °, Usedom, Pom- 
merania; Q, Altenburg, Thuringia, in col. mea). 


Kuproctis karghalica, Moore ab, nigrofasciata ab. nov. 

Moore’s description (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 5.1, p. 231, 1878) and 
figure (es. Sec. Yarkund Mission, p. 7, pl. 1, fig. 18, 1879) of E. 
karghalica show a form with very pale yellowish markings; the dis- 
cocellular circle with a large white centre, the submarginal row of spots 
broadly interrupted. I have similar specimens from Samarkand, Ili, 
and Karghalik. 

One © has the discal spot reddish brown, completely filled with 
brown, and the submarginal row of spots complete, somewhat confluent 
and of a blackish brown colour. 

Type: 2, Samarkand, leg. Herz, 1892. 


Euproctis karghalica, Moore ab. depuncta ab. nov. 

Diseal spot brown; row of submarginal spots absent, only a tiny 
speck at the apex and a somewhat larger at the anal angle. 

Type: @, Samarkand. 


Lasiocampa quercus, L. ab. defascia ab.-nov. 

Forewing as in normal L. quercus, U. Marginal area of the hind- 
wing only slightly lighter yellow, the postmedial band completely absent. 
Marginal area on the underside broad dull yellowish, 

Type: 3S, Offenbach, Germany. 

Similar to f. semimarginata, Wagn., which however belongs to the 
ssp. alpina, Frey., and has no yellow marginal area on the underside 
of the hindwing. 


Lasiocampa quercus, L. ab. bifasciata ab. nov. 

One © belongs to the f. ochracea, Tutt, but has the postmedial band 
of the forewing very broad and divided by a band of the ground colour. 
It gives the impression as if there are two parallel postmedial lines 
present. 

Type: @, Thuringia, Germany, 1912, ex coll. Thurau. 


Drepana falcataria, L. var. scotica var. nov. 
Ground colour very light yellowish, less suffused with brown; all 


marks very dark and distinct. 


al’ Ps 


% \ 


> 
vAN 121940 °) 


166 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/ XI1/1939 


Cotypes: 8 6d,8 2¢, Rannoch, Scotland, 1909, leg. Newman. 

This Scotch form differs from D. falcutaria from Middle Europe and 
Seandinavia by the much lighter ground colour, the lack of the brownish 
suffusion and the very dark and distinct marks. This form is not iden- 
tical with f. pallida, Steph. as all marks are very distinct. It seems to 
be very constant at Rannoch, but is not the prevalent form in Great 
Britain; specimens from New Forest f. i. belong to the v. infernalis, 
Hoffm. I have also a 2 from Beuscha, Germany, which agrees with 
v. scotica, but this is the only one among my 40 odd specimens of 
falcataria. Dr Cockayne reports it from Inverness and Aberdeenshire 
(in lit.). 


Drepana curvatula, Bkh. f. gaedei f. noy. 

Gaede mentions in the Seitz Suppl., Vol. II, a very dark suffused 
curvatula-form from Berlin, which he compares with the figure of D. 
muscularia, Wkr. in Seitz, Vol. II, pl. 30 f. J have similar specimens 
which are dark -‘‘ warm sepia’’ brown with a purplish hue. All lines 
obsolete, only the postmedial line somewhat darker. f. gaedei is a rare 
form also at Berlin, where typical curvatula specimens are prevalent. 

Types: 3, Kiewice, Wolhynia, 7.V11.37, leg. Prosnin; @, Environ- 
ment of Berlin, Germany. 


+0) 


Pseudomicronia tibetana sp. nov. 


2: Head, thorax and abdomen white. Forewing white, with 3 basal 
lines, 2 + 38 confluent at the hind margin. 4 submedial lines: 1 + 2 
confluent at the hind margin. Then a short streak from the costa to 
the subcosta. 4 medial lines: 1 + 2 and 3 + 4 confluent at the hind 
margin. 8 postmedial lines: 1 + 2 united by an oblique line or con- 
fluent; 3/4, 5/6 and 7/8 fused from the middle of the wing. 5/6 + 7/3 
touching each other at the hind margin. 2 marginal lines, united by 
numerous oblique lines. 2 subterminal lines; terminal line with thick- 
enings on the veins. Hindwing white with 2 pale greyish streaks along 
vein 1, an oblique streak along vein 2 across the cell up to the costal 
margin. Oblique band outside of the cell from the anal angle to the 
costal margin very broad in its lower half, then constricted. 2 dark 
terminal and marginal lines, both double. Termen with 3 large black 
spots on veins 2, 3 and 4, and 3 smaller ones on veins 5, 6 and 7 united 
by a faint black terminal line. 

Underside white, hindwing with 3 small black spots on veins 2, 3 
and 4, 

Type: 2, Tibet, Tschang-Tang, Dsagar Mts., 4500 m., July. 

P. tibetuna comes nearest to P. coelata, Moore but differs in having 
on the forewing the number of stripes enlarged, and the lines much 
darker and narrower. Hindwing with an anal spot instead of a band 
and instead of the dark terminal band from vein 3 to the upper angle 
only 3 small venal dots. The forewing resembles superficially Strophidia 


fasciata, Cram., while the hindwing comes nearest to P. trimaculata, 
Warr. 


As I have only a 2 specimen, I am not sure whether tibetana belongs 
generically to Pseudomicronia or Micronia, but its designs agree much 
better with other species of the first genus. 


CICINDELA CAMPESTRIS, LINN. 167 


Methystria nigromacularia, Leech ab. nigrofasciaria ab. nov. 

Forewing normal. Hindwing with the subterminal and terminal 
rows of black spots united and confluent into a single black band; the 
third inner row of spots separate from the black band. Fringes whitish. 

Type: 2, Tibet, Tschang Tang, Dsagar Mts., 4500 m., July. 


Heaereta ulmi, Schiff. var. istriaca var. nov. 

dod span 44-45 mm. Size much larger than all other KH. ulmi speci- 
mens, which measure from 35-38 mm. in the ¢¢. Ground colour lighter 
than specimens from Vienna, hindwing less suffused with brown on the 
upper angle. 

Cotypes: GG, Rovigno d’Istria, Italy, 24-25.1V.1932-33, leg. 
Bytinski-Salz. 


OUdontosia sieversi, Mén. ssp. ussurica ssp. nov. 

3d span 43-44 mm., ° 2 47-48 mm.; somewhat larger than European 
steverst Mén., which span from 36-41 mm. in the ¢¢ and 36-44 in the 
¢ 2. Ground colour lighter than in steverst; in the Ussurian ¢ das in 
Furopean ¢ 9 of typical sieversi, in the Ussurian 29 as in the light 
form grotet, Stich., but more greyish instead of brownish. 

Cotypes: 2 Sd, 8 @9, Sedanka, Wladiwostok, S. Ussuri, 
20-24.1V.1921-27, lez. Kardakoff. 

I do not agree with the opinion of Gaede in Seitz Suppl., Vol. II, 
who considers patricia, Stich. to be a form of steversi, Mén.; patricia 
is a valid species which differs much from the Ussurian form of OQ. 
steverst. It has e.g. the antennae shortly branched as in carmelita, 
Esp. Both species are flving at the same jocality but O. patricia flies 
a month later than QO. sieversi ssp. ussurica; my specimens of patricia 
taken also by Kardakoff were caught from 12th-22nd May. 

ab. arnoldiana, Kard. (Hntoim. Mitt., Vol. 17, p. 418) is not a syno- 
nym to patricia, Stich. as Gaede states, but belongs as a dark form of 
ussurica to steversi, In colour, 1t corresponds, roughly speaking, to the 
type form of sieversi, Mén., while the more common ssp. ussurica would 
correspond to the European sieversi f. grotet, Stich. 


CICINDELA CAMPESTRIS, LINN., AB, CONJUNCTA, D. TORRE 
AND V, CONNATA, HEER. 


AN ABERRATION, AND A VARIETY NEW TO GREAT BRITAIN. 


By Raymonp R. U. KAvuFMANN. 


An aberration and a variety of Cicindela campestris, Linn. are oc- 
casionally found with the type. In all probability examples, which are 
readily distinguished from campestris, will be found mixed with it in 
British collections. They are the ab. conjuncta, Dalla Torre and the 
v. connata, Heer. Many Continental vars. and abs. have already been 
described and figured, and there is no good reason why some of them, 
at any rate, should not occur in this country. 

Dalla Torre’s original description is to be found in the Linz Year 
Book for 1877, and the v. connata (=confluens, Dietr.) was described by 
Heer from Swiss sources. Past British and Continental authors have 


168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XII / 1939 


observed that the elytral maculations vary considerably, and their re- 
marks in toto refer to such variations in the shape of confluencies either 
at the elytral apex or on its disc. 


Characters :— 


1. With the two apical spots confluent at the margin 

and the black discoidal spot absent, in the d 

GUA ish eee: dee ndeee ce ho teeeeee «eee ee ab. conjuncta D. Torre. 
2. With the discoidal spot joined to the central mar- 

ginal spot by a thin wavy band and the black 

discoidal maculation sometimes absent, in both 

SERCSHEY FE TA Pes cued tds. . .gtatewed. ela. dasbemteep bes os v. connata, Heer. 


Examples in coll. med :-— 

ab. conjuncta, Dalla Torre.—Fairly rare. From moorlands, flying over 
heather or running on sandy paths. Brimham Rocks, 30/6/33 (A. 
Kk. Charlton). Recorded by West: see Proc. I. of W. Nat. Hist. 
Soc., 2, Pt. vi, p. 476 (19385). Goathland, 7/5/39 (R. S. Johnson), 
9/5/39. 

v. connata, Heer.—A single specimen from under a stone near a stream 
edge at Darnholm, near Goathland, 17/5/39 (C. M. Rich). 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 


Gemminger, Dr, and de Harold, B.: Catalogus Coleopterorum, I, 1868. 

Kkuhnt, P.: Lllustrierte Bestimmungstabellen der Kaefer Deutschlands, 
19138. 

Reitter, E.: Fauna Germanica, die Kaefer des Deutschen Reiches. I. 
1908. 

Reitter, E., Heyden, Dr L. von, and Weise, J.: Catalogus Coleop- 
terorum Europae, Ist Ed., 1891; 2nd Ed., 1906. 

Horn, W.: Junk’s Coleopterorum Catalogus. Carabidae; Cicindelinae, 
1926. 


AUGIADES SYLVANUS, ESP. (1777) AND ITS ‘‘ NICKNAME ” 
OCHLODES VENATA, BREM. & GRAY (1852). 


By Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. 


In a criticism of the New List some years ago (Ent. Record, 1935, 
p. 48) I wrote that I had for some time had the opinion that these two 
were one and the same species. On the substitution of the name venata 
for sylvanus I wrote ‘‘ the misapplication of the homonym rule cuts out 
sylvanus although there has been no chance of confusion for more than 
120 years at least,’’ but I then investigated the question no further. 
I have now looked up the literature and find that two species of Lepi- 
doptera were named sylvanus, the one in 1773 by Drury in ‘ Illustra- 
tions,’’ Vol. II, plt. 3, the other by Esper in 1777, in ‘“‘ Abbild.,’’ IT (1), 
p. 343, plt. 386. The point is how, at the time, did the ancients classify 
these two, in order to distinguish them in their lterature, etc., both 
being species of the great ‘‘ Papilio’”’ section of Linnaeus’ scheme of 
the Lepidoptera? I found that no difficulty whatever was likely to 
arise. Drury placed his species in the section ‘‘ Pleb. Rur.,’’ i.e., Papilio 


EPAGOGE GROTIANA, FB., IN GLOS.: AND ITS LARVAL HABITS. 169 


Plebeius Rurales. (I note that Drury used the word ‘‘ genus’? for this 
section.) Hsper placed his species in the section ‘‘ Pleb. Urb.,’’ that is 
Papilio Plebeius Urbicolae. Thus the old entomologists could find no 
difficulty to distinguish or refer to the two species named sylvanus. 
There was no confusion. The then classification amply distinguished 
them, the Urbicolid sylvanus and the Ruralid sylvanus. There is no 
reason whatever to bring in the homonym rule. It was unnecessary and 
therefore stupid. 


ce ) 


Hence sylvanus, Esp. is a perfectly valid name for the ‘‘ skipper 
to which it has been attached for at ieast 150 years. The name venata 
Brem. & Gray, must, as before, be treated as that of a subsp. of sylvanus. 


The genus Augiades, Hb. (1819), Verz., 112, was erected for the 
species crinisus, arcalaus, comma, sylvanus, helirius, and euribates. 


Stephens, Cat. Brit. Lep. (1850), used Augiades for sylvanus, comma 
and vitellius, only two of which were in the original genus, the others 
having been eliminated and vitellius is a new importation. [Here is 
where the ‘‘ Generic Names of Hel. Butt ’’ goes wrong by omitting this 
reference. | 

Kirby, ‘‘ List of Brit. Rhop.,’’~1858, used it for vitellius only, a 
quite invalid action as the typical form of the genus must be one of the 
two criginal species which remained, 1.e., either sylvanus or comma. 

Butler, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1870, also overlooked Stephens’ restriction 
to these two valid names and choose crinisus the type of Augiades, a 
quite invalid action. 

Scudder, Sys. Revis., 58, 79 (1872), selected as the type of Augiades 
the species sylvanus. 

[It was overlooked also that comma. had been selected as the typical 
representative of the genus Urbicola by Barbut in 1781, Gen. Ins. Iann., 
pls: 

[It was also overlooked that Schrank in Faun. Boica, I (1801), 
erected the genus Hrynnis for alceae (malvae), malvae (fritillum), tages, 
comma, thawmas (linea), and morpheus (speculum). Before 1832 all 
these had been eliminated except comma which thus became the only 
original representative left as typical of the genus. | 

In 1872 Scudder erected the genus Ochlodes, Sys. Rev., 57, for the 
species nemorum, agricola, and sonora, all N. American species to which 
others have been added from the same area (see Seitz). 

For what reason sylvanus is placed in Ochlodes is nowhere apparent. 
All we are told is ‘‘ The correct (sic) generic name for the latter species 
is Ochlodes, Scud. (1872).’? Generic Names, 160. An unsupported dic- 
tatorial statement. 


EPAGOGE GROTIANA, FB., IN GLOS.: AND ITS LARVAL HABITS. 
By T. BaInspRIGGE FiercHer, R.N., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. 


In our List of Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire (Proc. Cotsw. 
Field Club, XXVI, 302: 1939) Epagoge grotiana could only be noted as 
‘¢ included in Perkins’ List without locality or remark.’’ Recently Mr 
Clutterbuck sent me some MS. notes on Davis’ collection, now in the 


170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XI1T/19389 


Bristol Museum, and one of these referred to H. grotiana as having 
been taken by Davis at Pope’s Wood, Longhope, on 11.vii.1912, and at 
Grange Court on 15.vii.1912. I also took a rather worn example at May 
Hill on 12.vii.1939. 'This species can therefore be included definitely in 
our County List. 


The early stages of H. grotiana seem to be very little known in Eng- 
land. In his Revised Handbool:, p. 501, No. 2, Meyrick gave no descrip- 
tion of this larva but indicated its food plants as Quercus, Crataegus, 
Rubus, etc. Barrett (Lep. Brit. Is., X, 213: 1905) stated that the larva 
was ‘‘ apparently unknown. It is, indeed, a well-known puzzle, and no 
one seems as yet to have any satisfactory clue to its habits,’’? and goes on 
to state that the moth seems to be attached in some districts to horn- 
beam or maple, in others to hawthorn or oak. Kennel in 1910 (Pal. 
Tortr., p. 110) stated that the larva, still undescribed, feeds on 
Crataegus, Quercus, Ulmus, Rubus, Vaccinium, and as far back as 1805 
Bechstein and Scharfenberg had given Crataegus as the food plant. The 
only reference to its biology in the English magazines seems to be a note 
by Huggins, in Hntom., LVIIT, 98 (1925), who stated ‘‘ the food plant 
is at present unknown but I should think . . . that it is certainly oak,”’ 
to which Sheldon added a note, giving the food plants stated by Kennel 
and considered ash also to be a food plant of the larva, which is probably 
a general feeder. Yet in 1897 Chrétien had described the life history 
at length in Le Naturaliste, XIX, 258-260 (No. 257, 15.xi.1897). 

This paper is too long to reproduce in extenso but may be sum- 
marized as follows. The egg, laid in small groups of two or three, is 
shaped like a spherical skull-cup, but very flat and relatively broad: 
surface shagreened, colour bright white with the rounded parts dull; 
the eggs touch one another but overlap very little. Oviposition is 
usually in July and the egg hatches after ten days. The young larva is 
very active, rather elongate, slightly attenuated posteriorly, slightly 
reddish-grey, head pale yellowish-brown, thoracic shield darker, warts 
indistinct, alimentary canal reddish, distinct on segments 7-9. The 
young larva spins a tube of white silk and feeds on the ground on fallen 
leaves, by preference on discoloured and even dry ones. It grows very 
slowly, and towards the end of October, when still only about half-grown, 
it ceases to feed and commences to hibernate in a leaf-fold lined with 
silk. In March it recommences to feed on vegetable rubbish, dead leaves, 
dead insects, as well as on fresh leaves of low plants. After moulting 
about the beginning of April, it pupates about the end of April in a 
small cocoon formed under or amongst leaves on the ground. The full- 
erown larva is about 14 x 2 mm., slightly attenuated at extremities, 
with well-marked segments: colour a livid brownish-grey, darker 
dorsally, each segment with two darker transverse dorsal bands, the 
anterior one broader, paler on sides, beneath and on incisions ; warts 
very indistinct, of the ground-colour, small, and (at least the trape- 
zoidals) with a minute blackish dot emitting a pale hair; head rather 
flattened anteriorly, rounded on vertex, of a bright honey-yellow, suf- 
fused yvellowish-brown towards epistome, ocelli blackish; a dark rusty- 
brown wedge-shaped lateral nuchal marking; prothoracic plate anteriorly 
concolorous with head, posteriorly and_ laterally blackish-brown ; 
anal plate brown. Pupa rather elongate, cork-coloured, each segment 
dorsally with fine transverse serrulations, each with a short stiff spinule. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 171 


The beak-shaped cremaster is broad, flattened at either extremity, trun- 
cated almost transversely, ferruginous-brown, with small stiff hooks on 
its sides and tip. The pupal period is about three weeks. Apparently 
there is only one brood. The reason why this larva has been overlooked 
is that it does not live on trees but on the ground, feeding on low plants 
and on dead and rotten leaves and also on fallen fruits (e.g., of apple). 
Thus said Chrétien, but unfortunately his papers in Le Naturaliste are 
neither well-known nor very accessible to most entomologists, 

I may note that this species was first described by Fabricius in 1781— 
not in 1787, as stated by Wocke (1871) and restated by numerous later 
authors of Catalogues (Rebel 1961, Kennel 1910, Meyrick 1912, 1913, 
Lhomme 1939). Rebel (Cat., No. 1494) and subsequent authors also omit 
the synonym ochreana, Stephens 1834. 


Rodborough, Glos., 9.x1.1989. 


COLLECTING NOTES. 


PARTHENOGENESIS IN LAstocAMPpA (BomByx) QUERCUS ?—On the 16th 
July 1938 Mr R. EK. Warrier, of the South London Entomological 
Society, gave me twenty ova of Bombyx quercus, the result of a crossing 
hetween a North Cornish male and a Dorset female. The resulting 
larvae were very healthy and strong and three female and eleven male 
imagines were bred, 


The females were lighter in colour than the Kent and Essex forms 
that I have, but the males were darker with a more sinuate outer mar- 
gin to the bands. The nervures crossing the band were darker and 
more distinct, giving a somewhat raved effect. The males closely re- 
semble the variety ‘‘ callunae ” shown in ‘‘ South.”’ 


On the 18th July 1939 a female emerged and, as I was desirous of 
using her for assembling purposes, she was isolated in a separate hox, 
which I kept in my bedroom. She remained quiescent until the night 
of the 20th July, when I was awakened by the noise of the moth flying 
and hitting herself against the sides of the box. On turning on the light 
I noticed she had laid a number of ova, which were scattered on the 
sand at the bottom of the box. T left her until daylight, when she again 
started flving, and as I saw she had damaged herself and might spoil as 
a specimen I placed her in the cyanide bottle. 


As the female had not paired TI did not trouble about the ova, but 
on examining the box on the 22nd August 1939 I found two larvae on 
the leno gauze covering the box and on the 23rd August there were 
about sixty more. In ail seventy-three larvae were hatched. 

To the best of my belief no male had paired with this female. Ger- 
tainly none of the males that I bred. There is, however, a possibility 
that while I was away during the day a male Bombyx quercus may have 
flown through the cpen window and paired through the leno gauze cover- 
ing the box, but this IT think very unlikely. JI have never seen Bombyz 
quercus in Sydenham nor do [ think there is any suitable locality within 
a reasonable distance of Sydenham from which a male could be at- 
tracted. It seems to me to be a case of parthenogenesis. 


y2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1939 


The second female from this brood emerged on the 22nd July 1939 
and was taken to South Benfleet, Essex, on the occasion of the Field 
Meeting of the South London Entomological Society. This female at- 
tracted ten males. 


The third female emerged while T was travelling, and, owing to the 
smallness of the tin in which the cocoon was confined, was badly 
crippled. This female lived for four days and I tried her for 
assemblinz purposes in various localities near Ashendon, Buckingham- 
shire. The weather was not very propitious for assembling, being dull 
and cloudy for the most part with strong cold winds. This female was 
very comatose, and, thinking that the cold winds were possibly the cause, 
I repeated an experiment which J had previously tried on a female 
Orgyta gonostigma and which was successful in obtaining a pairing. I 
focussed the sun through a lens on the body of the insect and passed 
the lens slowly over and along the body of the moth, taking care not to 
focus the heat too intensely. In a short while she began expanding 
and contracting her body, fluttering her crippled wings, crawled to 
the top of the grass stem and seemed to be going through the process 
of calling. This experiment was tried on succeeding days and each time 
the focussing of the warmth of the sun on the body appeared to stimu- 
late the calling process. Unfortunately, however, no males were at- 
tracted so it was not possible to discover whether the warmth, apart 
from stimulating activity, also stimulated the calling process.—RicHARD 
W. AtTTrwoop. 


DirereRA Brep FROM A Wasps’ Nest.—In May this year my friend 
Mr S. Wakely sent me the remains of ‘‘ a wasps’ nest taken from a 
hollow willow trunk ’’? at Norwood, 8.E., from which ‘‘ numbers of flies 
were emerging.’’ I put these into a cardboard box in my room and 
during May and June the following Diptera emerged in some num- 
bers:—Scatopse fuscipes, Mg. (Bibionidae); Tephrochlamys tarsalis, Ztt. 
(Helomyzidae) ; Fannia lineata, Stein, (Anthomyidae) ; also single speci- 
mens of two other Anthomyids:—Hydrotaea dentipes, F. and Acanthip- 
tera (Sphecolyma) inans, Fin. 

Of these Diptera only the last—A. inanis—is definitely known to 
breed in wasps’ nests. The other species are probably saprophagous in 
the larval stage, living as scavengers on the detritus of the nest or on 
the rotting willow wood. The larva of H. dentipes is predacious, feed- 
ing on other dipterous larvae. Mr Collin informs me that he has bred 
tarsalis from birds’ nests, and lineata from wood debris. 


Two or three specimens of the micro-lepidopteron Endrosis lactella, 
Schiff. also emerged from the nest. Of this species Mr Wakely says: 
‘“ Very common in birds’ nests, and a common house moth; also fre- 
quently found in bee honey-combs.’’—H. W. ANDREWS. 


e 
Nores on Forcrnc.—In August 1938 I obtained a batch of ova of 


Hadena suasa, the larvae pupating early in October. At the end of 
that month I kept the pupae at a temperature of 70° for a period of 
five weeks with no results, when I gave up the experiment and left them 
in the temperature of a room without a fire until the following February. 
I then repeated the experiment; this time they responded and hatched 
early in March. The previous forcing had no fatal effect upon them, 


COLLECTING NOTES. 173 


though it was distinctly disappointing. I thought, if a partial second 
generation in the year, why not under favourable conditions a third. 

In September 1988 [ got some ova of Aporephyla lutulenta. The 
larvae eat grass in my possession and invariably die in the second or 
third instar at the latest. This mortality generally coincides with a 
period of cold weather carly in December. On this occasion T tried 
keeping them at a temperature from 65° to 70°, which hastened their 
progress, but in the third instar, in spite of warm surroundings, they 
obviously got tired of grass. A few just died, some prolonged their 
existence by eating the legs of their neighbours in preference to ground- 
sel and deck which they refused, and soon died also without any sign 
of diarrhoea, cramp or other ailment. Perhaps they wanted budding 
whitethorn, but there was none available. 

My third application of heat in the case of Noctua brunnea has been 
more successful. A female, which came to light on 17th July, obliged 
with a large batch of ova. The larvae T kept indoors in a fairly cool 
room. wo of the larvae fed up rapidly on dock and burrowed early 
in September. The others were then kept at a temperature of 60° to 
65° and progressed at varying rates, the last being now in the final 
instar on the 28th October. The first moth appeared on the 21st Octo- 
ber and another a day later, followed by a third on the 27th. The 
cocoons which I have unearthed contain pupae in various stages of 
advancement.—C, Q. Parsons, Torquay. 


VARIATION IN ZYGAENA LONICERAE, Esp.—In a marshy meadow here 
in early July 1939 I met with a large number of blotched forms of this 
usually unvariable species; these were resting and feeding on the Marsh 
Thistle, Onicus palustris. The commonest blotched form has the lower 
basal spot 2 (see Tutt’s British Zygaenidae) joined to the lower median 
spot 4, forming a streak along the inner margin of forewings; another 
less common form has spot 3 connected to the outer spot 5; in a third 
form the two central spots 3 and 4 are united; the most extreme form 
has the outer spots 3, 4, 5 confluent, and connected to the basal spot 2 
by a long red streak. Plusia bractea was also fairly common at these 
same thistles at dusk.—THomAs GREER, The Bungalow, Dungannon, Co. 
Tyrone; 7.x1.39. 


ConocastIA CORYLI LARVA ON APPLE.—The larva of C. coryli is common 
enough hereabouts and usually found on Beech or Hazel. On 28.ix 
I found a nearly full-grown larva feeding on leaves of Apple, which is 
not noted as a food-plant in the text-books.—T. BatNBricGE FLETCHER, 
Rodborough, Glos. ; 29.x.39. 


Late Dare ror Mona GorHica.—On 22.v.39 a fairly fresh female 
Monima gothica came to light here. I have found this before during 
the first week of May but this seems an unusually late date.—T. Barn- 
BRIGGE FietcHER, Rodborough, Glos.; 29.x.39. 


METRIOPTERA BRACHYPTERA, LINN., IN GLtos.—On 22.vii.39 I took one 
specimen, not quite mature, of this long-horned Grasshopper at Wood- 
chester, near Stroud. This is apparently the first record for the county. 
—T. BatnBriccr FLETcHER, Rodborough, Glos. ; 29.x.39. 


174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XII / 1939 


ACRONICTA ACERIS.—Is this species sometimes double-brooded? Dr 
F. J. Buckell recorded (Hnt. Rec., T, 130) that he took a specimen on 
25th May 1890, and this year (1939) IT found one, as fresh as paint, on 
5th August. In The Entomologist for 1890 (xxiii, 344) there is a record 
of the moth at sugar on 17th September. Barrett gives June and July 
as the time of emergence, Stainton June, Newman and Leeds June and 
the first half of July, and Newman ‘ &th to 23rd June.’’? Dr Chap- 
man, in his monograph on the Genus Acronicta, makes no mention of 
the time of emergence, but remarks (Hint. Rec., I, 99) that ‘ it is not 
unusual fer this species to pass a second year in the pupa state.’ ITs 
it possibly the second-year pupae which give rise to the early summer 
emergences?—P. B. M. Arian, No. 4 Windhill, Bishop’s Stortford. 


OccURRENCE OF THE HARWIG APTERYGIDA ALBIPENNIS IN M1p-Kent.— 
It may be of interest to record the occurrence of the earwig Apterygida 
albipennis, Megerle, at Mast Malling, near Maidstone. This is some 
fifteen miles west of the Charing district, where the species was taken 
by Chitty, and about the same distance south-east of Eynsford, where 
it was taken in 1933 at a field meeting of the South London Entomolo- 
gical and Natural History Society. I found this earwig on 13th Octo- 
ber by beating apple-trees and by sweeping a narrow strip of herbage 
bordering the orchard, but it was restricted to two small areas each 
of about 100 vards by 20 vards. Within thesa areas it was common, 
occurring in the proportion of one to every three or four Forficula 
auriculartia, bat elsewhere it could not be found, though F. auricularia 
was equally common all over the orchard. At first hoth sexes were pre- 
sent, the females being the more numerous, but by the 18th October 
after heavy rain no males could be found and but few females. <A fur- 
ther spell of cold wet weather with a few frosty nights sent them all 
into hiding, since when only a few females have been found in broken 
stems of Umbelliferae and under some paper bands, which had been 
tied round the trunks of apple-trees. 


The very local type of distribution could easily lead to A. albipennis 
being overlooked and it is probably much more common than the pub- 
lished records seem to indicate. It may have been more numerous this 
autumn than usual, as I have worked the orchard in question at all 
seasons for the past seven years, during which time I have also been 
on the lookout for A. albipennis in this district. Furthermore, the 
orchard belongs to the East Malling Research Station and at least a 
dozen entomologists have been interested in the insects occurring on the 
apple-trees since they were planted twenty years ago. It therefore 
seems unlikely that a species which is so distinct on the beating-tray 
should have been overlooked in this well-worked locality had it always 
been as numerous as [ found it to be this year. 


As A. albipennis is supposed to be associated with hop gardens, I 
should add that one of the small areas mentioned was about a quarter 
of a mile from an existing garden and about two hundred yards from 
a former one. The other area was about three hundred yards further 
from both.—R. M. GREENSLADE. 


~ 
nN 


CURRENT NOTES. ] 


CURRENT NOTES. 


Correcrion.—On p. 155, line 4, ‘f wormwood ” should be “ 


wort” and ‘* (A. absinthiwin, J..) ’’? should, be ‘ (A. vulgaris, I..). 


mug- 


9) 


Our colleague, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, in conjunction with C. G. 
Clutterbuck, the well-known lepidopterist of Gloucestershire, in June 
last contributed to the Proceed, Cotteswold Club 20 pages continuation 
of an annotated ‘‘ List of the Micro-lepidoptera of Gloucestershire. This 
list will no doubt be very useful, and with Mr Fletcher’s keen know- 
ledge is more correct than are many local lists of Micro-lepidoptera. 


There has recently been founded a Society, ‘‘ The Freshwater Bio- 
logical Association of the British Empire.’’? Their first publication is 
a Key to the British species of the water Hemiptera, the Corizidae. In 
its 28 pages the pamphlet contains, besides the necessary letterpress, 
a large number of detail diagrams. There is a series of ecological notes 
on each species, and a Bibliography of 25 items. This appears to be a 
very good practical work and should prove useful. 


A couple of interesting pamphlets have reached us from Haslemere, 
Surrey. The first is an account of the ‘‘ Rise and Development of the 
Haslemere Natural History Society,’’? giving an account of 50 years 
steady progress in the spread of scientific knowledge in an area of rich 
and interesting surroundings; and the second ‘‘The Educational Museum 
at Haslemere,’’ which, founded by the great surgeon, Sir Jonathan 
Hutchinson, is a valuable adjunct to the work of the Society. These 
are written by E. W. Swanton who, for more than 20 years, has been 
the permanent official in all the activities of the Society ‘and of the 
Museum. Many eminent men have helped in the undertakings, includ- 
ing Tyndall, Geikie, and Rendle. Entomologists remember also that the 
late C. G. Barrett resided in and worked the Lepidoptera of the district 
for years. 


Dr Emilio Berio appears to be carrying on the investigation of the 
Lepidopterous Fauna of the North African possessions of Italy, in con- 
tinuation of the long series of such memoirs published by our valued 
correspondent the Jate Conte Turati. In the recently issued Memorie 
Soc. Ent. It., XVII, fas. 1, the Doctor has contributed an annotated 
Tuist of the species collected in Eritrea during 1934-7 by Sigr. Vaccuro, 
with numerous descriptions of new species and forms. There will be 2 
plates of 25 figures of these to appear in the next section of the Memorie. 
In the same part Conte I. Hartig and Dr H. G. Amsel have contri- 
buted a long article on new forms of Lepidoptera obtained in the Island 
of Sardinia; the descriptions are almost all of the micro-lepidoptera. 
Various diagrammatic illustrations are added. 


Grometrip Names.—The Supplement, by Mr Prout, to the Geometrid 
Section cf Seitz’s Macrolepidoptera of the Palaearctic Fauna contains 
some alterations of names, which should be noted by British collectors. 
Hemistola immaculata, Thunberg = chrysoprasaria, Esper = vernaria, 
Hiibner: Meyrick 212/3; South II, t. 40, ff. 2,3. Eupithecia intricata, 
Zett. 1839 = helveticaria, Boisduval 1840: Meyrick 231/36; South IT, 


176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1939 


t. 96, ff. 8, 4: the North British race is millieraria, Wnukowsky = angli- 
cata, Mill. nec H.S. The generic name Collix, Guenée, cannot be used 
for sparsata, Treits. = sparsaria, Hb. (praeocc.), and Mr Prout has 
constituted (Suppl. IV, 212) a new genus, Anticollix, for this species: 
Meyiicke2so)/ lou ibet: 102 sete ao, aia 


Part II of the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, Vol. 
109, Series B (August), contains (pp. 131-152, 3 figs., 4 maps) a paper 
by S. Maulik on the Distribution of the European Hispine Beetles, and 
in Parts IT and IIT of Vol. 109, Series A (July), Professor W. EK. Agar 
describes (pp. 139-140, tab. 1) a gynandromorphic Long-horned Grass- 
hopper from Australia.—T. B. F. 


In Novitates Zoologicae, Vol. XLI, No. 3 (August), Dr K. Jordan 
has a paper (pp. 212-216) in German on the Nomenclature of the two 
German Procris species with sharp-pointed antennae, in which he applies 
the name ftenuicornis, Zeller 1847, to the English species referred to as 
globulariae [nec Hiibner] by most British authors. Jn another paper 
(pp. 251-291, figs.) on the constancy and variability of the differences 
between the Old-World species of Utetheitsu, Dr Jordan points out the 
characters of 17. pulchella and other superficially similar species, some 
of which have been mixed with pulchella.—T. B. F. 


Volume I of the Journal of the Entom. Society of South Africa con- 
tains a paper (pp. 78-130, tt. 4-6) by Prof. A. J. T. Janse on the South 
African Cuculliae. This is apparently the first part of a Journal issued 
by a newly-founded Society in South Africa.—T. B. F. 


Another Entomological Society, in India, was founded in 1938 and 
Vol. IT, parts 1 and 2 (under one cover), of its new publication, The 
Indian Journal of Entomology, has recently came to hand.—T. B. F. 


SOCIETIES, 


A meeting of The Entomological Club was held at ‘‘ Woodhouse,’’ 
Stroud, on 26th July 1939, Dr Harry Eltringham in the chair. Mem- 
bers present in addition to the Chairman—Mr H. Willoughby-Ellis, Mr 
James E. Collin, Mr W. Rait-Smith. Visitors present—Mr Austin 
Richardson, Mr T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Mr H. W. Holloway, Mr Col- 
bran J. Wainwright. The party arrived during the morning and not- 
withstanding the extremely bad weather that had recently been experi- 
enced the flower gardens presented a wealth of colour and a walk 
around the greenhouses afforded much interest. Luncheon was served 
at 1 o’clock after which an inspection of Dr Eltringham’s well equipped 
laboratory as usual gave pleasure to the guests. During the afternoon 
a car drive along the crest of the hills overlooking the Severn valley 
presented what is probably one of the most beautiful views in this 
country, and was much enjoyed. On return tea was served about 5 
o’clock, after which those who could not stay the night returned to 
their destination after an interesting and happy day.—H. WILLougHpy- 
ERutis, Hon. Secretary. 


13,320 


PAGE 
Aberrations (unnamed): £. adlomaria, 
1950, Stulata (Dip.), 2; To gracts 
lis (pure white), 57; Z. cunnae 
(pale salmon pink), 89; C. pola- 
foria (yellow males), 93; P. icarus 
(xanthie), 140; <A. hyperantus 
(asym.), 140; B. piniaria (gynan- 


CLAOEIMO TATMBS) Metairie cbs ations «slinivs sSgueent tr 138 
Abundance at sugar, 9; at light, 93; 

OM am LIUOUG RIO. FS. c oc cbaebiasedaws dees meen es 108 
POOMLGMM A NALES "<2. 5 chose. qdosc-seuupensacanncs ts 10 


Additions to the British Fauna ... 8, 
30. 31, 33, 34, 37 (Col.), 81, 82, 83, 
84, 8, 85 and 86 (Col.), 165, 167 
(Col.). 
‘* Amateur Entomologist,’’ Content of 62 
“Ants in the North of Scotland,’ L. 


FIRE UG METINT % wie socdeccccddceses sce. see 5 
Argentine HIe@Sperlidace .....:............0.68 163 
‘* Asiatic Phalaenoidea, New and Lit- 

tle-known Amatidae,’’ Dr Bytin- 

BIRTSS SIVA, « AoanceseecBeasnec ea seaceeHeeer ena enea er 117 
Assembly, Mass, of Coccinellids ....... 106 


“A. sylvanus and its ‘ Nickname,’ 
Ochlodes venata,’ Hy. J. Turner 168 
“Autumn Notes” (V. atalanta and 

V. c-album), Miss E. Miller 
Beneficial Insects 
Bibliography of the Trypetidae (Dip.) 155 
Biology of, Orthoptera. Review, 10: 

P. chryson, 109; D. irregularis, D. 

andalusica, L. exigua and L. c- 


(HO CHLD:. . , cok BERR COEEE PREECE SECC ORE oOo OREERE 110 
** Black C. edusa (?),’ P. B. M. Allan, 

G52 INS IER lele ened eeseepeeeoee sages oaducaok c 61 
‘ Blowflies, 2 rare,” J. E. Collin ...... 64 
Breeding, L. trifolii, H. B. D. Kettle- 

Wwellk-72 10... nubigined,. id.v 392.6. 

cribrum, id., 58; D. nana (con- 

spersa), id., 89; T. gracilis, id., 

106: Pyrausta nubilalis, 162: L. 

O WICTAGUIS. Is PERE aR Re Rene ECOG OER ECGS: 171 
Brood, Double, H. syringaria, 42: A. 

GUC OTNU SW ena Pn. Bio Bene ABE one Lik Wesbnaae* saenben 174 
Cactus-feeding Phycitimae ................ 130 


Catalogue, of Publications, Junk, 61: 
of Lepidoptera, Staudinger, 61: 
Catalogus Lepidopterorum, Junk 146 

Chinese Entomology 

Classification of the Tineae of Linné 37 

* Coccinellid Notes,’ T. F. Marriner, 

85; of Easton 

* Coleoptera of Easton,’ T. F. Mar- 
TPIIMVE 12 antec on noneBbsparnaccianoscecocos asceoas cooser 

Collecting Notes ... 8, 23, 40, 55, 59, 76, 

89, 94, 107, 113, 128, 143, 162, 

‘Collecting Notes, 1938,” A. J. L. 

JBY0)\\) Clee AdopbapacrpeRions aagaunecreece 59, 893°: 


CONTENTS OF VOL. LI. 


By Hy. J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., V.R.H.S. 


a —~ of Compa;. > 


3” Zoology 


COLOTACOMIB COLIC: ...5.s75sc0scdeocs>coevereee are 


Congress of Entomology, Report of 
the WITtte= rev. "MBP ee nce 


Continuous Breeding,’ H. B. D. 
Kettlewell 7, 00; Jo. ou, 
“ Cornborer,’’ The European ............ 
Corrections, Corrigenda ... 39, 97, 164, 
“County Records for Orthoptera, 
NCW ee LOW Mee. saaeaee 
Current Notes’... 10: 26, 43.62. eda, 
114, 129, 145, 163, 
by Skat Hoff- 


Danish Lepidoptera 
MMOVCT can caiaeste Adon asre panancna nee seameee 
Description of, the wing markings of 
K. styltata (Dip:), 1; “ H. pisi, ab. 
striata,’ Dr E. A. Cockayne, 8; 
Iraq localities, 13; the Kurdish 


Mts., 14; Rosegg Valley and 
Schafberg, 21; Muottas Muraigi, 
22: M: aubrooki. (Col.), 37; the 


locality Boston Manor, 42; Down- 
lands of Sussex, Kent, and Hants, 
45: new aberrations of Tabanidae 
(gadflies), 54: new  Hepialus 
forms, 81; Coccinellid ~ Aberra- 
tions, 85: Kurdish localities, 99: 
Easton locality, 1389; New Amati- 
dae, 149; N. Kent area, 159; New 
Bombycine Moths and Forms, 165: 
abs. of C. campestris (Col.) 
DESELUESDECIES SUM AGhy 6.7. ease eee eae 
Diagnosis of the Family Trypetidae 
(Dip.) 
‘* Diptera, captured at Boston Manor, 
Ealing,’ A. M. Low, 42; ‘* bred 
frem a wasp’s nest,’ H. W. An- 


eeeteee 


Distributed species in Bagdad, Gen- 
(NEETU Pe pecmeBrane sotcanecoetteee: ee ee 
DISTRIDUETONRO eRe weSLUDG, .2-..2s0-seccaeeee 
“Double-brooded, Is A. aceris some- 
times ?”? P. B. M. Allan 
Duplicabion,.0f 7a, OLE WINS ss. -<- scone 
Dutch Lepidoptera, Catalogue of 
“Early Observations,”’ 
Bainbrigge Fletcher 
RiiGhared SOM meses ke nceee cea 
Earwigs of Malay States 
* Earwig, Apt. 


Messrs. T. 
and Austin 


albipennis in Mid 
Kent, Occurrence, of,” KR. . M. 
(EMC CHISTAG C pgectect coaches saa hss tase 

*“ERMMOLAhOn Of, fF. .TUuid.., 1B. Ww. 
NOT CY ig ssc ied sienataee oaks eee ee 

Entomological Club (See Societies). 

* Epagoge grotiana in Glos. and its 
larval habits,’ T. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher 


wee ett ewww eee wee te teeta nee ee wees 


“yb 
e 


177 


10 


PAGE 


Fabricius “‘ Systema Glossatorum ”’ .. 


Fauna of Denmark 
“Flight of F. «auricularia 

B. Embry 
* Foodplants of the Larvae of British 


(Orth.),’’ 


Trypetidae, Notes on,’ M. Nib- 
NPSL? Ske Se A SA ARO A rae ae eY eee ak Ae 
“ Forcing, Notes on,’’ Capt. C. Q. 
B-GitS ONS Wists: Bete Beene eke cabo wens galas 
Forms ci, &. telmessia, 103; L. sephy- 
PLES AS 3 tae UC OMUUS aaa: nel see decease scene 
INOSSUIS Patt eaen eae menace eam ceanmemen aerate ma 
* Gadflies of the Savoy Alps,” P. A 
VIN S CMAN ec eee aenenence ae seece te ys 
“ Genonym, A new,” T. Bainbrigge 
1 REA UEN (GU AN(Eh Orcs oh ae a Rar ott eterna 


“ Ghost ’? Moth (A. humutli) at Heston 
“ Grasshoppers,’ T. F. Marriner 
“ Gynandromorphs of J. zonaria,’” Dr 
kb. A. Cockayne, 113: P. lappon- 
Onrm, MBs “Olt JH, joomoonrntl.; IDE 
E. A. Cockayne. 138: Grasshopper 
Bole Ob, Ie, COAUISOM lEeAyele, 28 
** Labidura riparia,’ M. Burr, 94: 
L. brevilinea, 92: E. grotiana 
““ Hemiptera of Easton, Some,’ T. F. 
Marriner 
Hibernation records 
** House, Note on the, Cricket,” T. F. 
Marriner, 
Hybrid, D. erminia ¢ xD. vinula Q 
‘Insect Legion, The,’ Malcolm Burr 


(Geen) een’) Beals, ol Bee oo aaa ednceaeaasemenen dees 
‘Intersex of M. castrensis,’ J. O. T. 
LO Wale ee eercer easacatisn iene seese ssc 
“Larvae, Notes on the, of British 
Moths,’ E. E. Green, 23, 40; of 
Trypetidae, 69; of C. coryli on 
NTIDC eae ke RM Tabs 1. onthe an 5. beh matey 
‘* Lepidoptera of a Bagdad Orchard,” 
ee Pee NVGUUSTNIEGE toncsesccetecnasctece nemo 


Life-history of, P. nubilalis, 4; L. tri- 
[olin Ge Olen lo1ned. 39.06. Chloe 
rum, 58: D. nana (conspersa), 89: 
T. gracilis, 106: P. nubilalis, 162: 
IBS CHAQUIGHIUL | SsapdoadhescosusareocenaceseIs680d 

Light 

‘List of Trypetidae (Dip.) token in 
N. Kent,’? H. W. Andrews 

List of, Aberrations in wing mark- 
ings of E. stylata, 2; Captures at 
sugar in a Bishops Stortford Gar- 
den, 9: exhibits at the Folkestone 
Exhibition, 12: species recorded 
near Bagdad, 15: species in the 
Pontresina, etc., area, 24: larvae 
beaten in September 1927, 25; 
species (Brit.) in recent parts of 
Seitz Supp. with new varieties, 
26, 79: more prevalent forms of 
R. festiva, 36: Zeller’s genera of 
Hiibner’s Tineae, 38; captures in 
Norway, 42; Diptera captured at 
Boston Manor, Ealing, 42; Early 


96 
95 


EN'TOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 


15/X1T/1939 


PAGE 


captures in Surrey, etc., 55: Brit- 
ish Trypetidae, 69: Spotless forms 
of Coccinellidae, 86: Kurdish 
localities, 99: Kurdish Rhopalo- 
cera, 101, 133: Coleoptera of East- 
on (Cumb.), 122: Kurdish Hetero- 
cera, 1384: Gynandromorphs of B. 
piniaria, 138: Trypetidae (Dip.) 
taken wan JNee Ceti! ae oe eee 
* Literature of Science,’’ rev. 
Localities :—Aviemore, 56: Bishops 
Stortford, 9, 65: Bagdad, 13: Ber- 
nina Houses, 22: Boston Manor, 
Ealing, 42: Brandon, 90, 93: Bude, 
108: Camberley, 23, 40; Chidding- 
fold, 91; China, 117; Denmark, 95: 
Dungeness, 107, 109: Deal, 107: 
Easton (Cumberland), 104, 122, 139, 
143, 160: Folkestone, 12: Forres, 
ov: Fens, 90; Formosa, 117; Glou- 
cestershire, 87: Godalming, 109: 
Hoy Is., 5: Havant, 91: Heston, 
144; Iraq, 13, 97; Japan, 117: Kur- 
dish Mts., 14, 97, 133; Kent, 107; 
Kent, North, 153; Lewes, 90: Mor- 


teratsch Glacier, 22: Muottas 
Muraigi, 22; Malay States, 44; 
Mullion, 108; Norway, 42; Ork- 
neys, 5: Pontresina, ) 20-3 eum 
Muraigi, 22; Purbeck, I. of, 95; 
Portland, 109: Palaearctic Region, 
165: Scotch Glens, 6: Shetland 
Islands, 29, 33, 81: Storrington, 
Sussex, 42: Sussex Downs, 45: 
Saviowy |) AllpSi 149: SUG Nene 


Struan, 56: Sandwich, 107; Wales, 
Mid, 9: Weesen, 20: Worthing, 48: 


Wood Walton Fen, 89: Windsor 
ID OLES Ties cua eect ccn cles et ae aa ane 
Mass-Movement, F. rufa (ant), 145: 
COCCIMEIUGSH eis eee 
Melanic, *“‘C. pyrastri (Dip.) in N. 
Kenta) Tae Wi. eAmdnrewsa 25re Ge 
COLUSGER” a5 oe ERE At Sse eee ean 


‘“ Micrambe aubrooki, a beetle new 
to science,’’ H. Donisthorpe 
“ Microlepidoptera, Names of,’ T. 
Bainbrigge Fletcher, 18, 111, 127, 
156: “new to Gloucestershire in 
US BT eriAd Ad Gate ee RRR ORT GR BA CP Var So auing 
Mosquito Pest, The 
* Movements of Coccinellidae ’ (with 
Taalayo))a= Obs JR IWIRITATONITMNETE ooh eereponesndscos 
New, ab. striata (i. pisi), 8: Geno- 
Ny 253 LOrmse Oke iestude sol, 
etc.: species of Micrambe (Col.). 
87: aberrations of gadflies (Taha- 
nidae), 514: forms of Hepialus, 81- 
85: forms of Coccinellids, §&5: 
forms of Asiatic Phalaenoidea, 
117; Amatidae from Asia, 149: 
IBXOVNNTH BAY CIC IBC) RA Oa nee poe toting asacaucaeds 
“New and little known forms of 
Hepialus,’’ Dr H. Bytinski-Salz ... 


153 
11 


165 


81 


“New and little known Asiatic 
Phalaenoidea,’ Dr H. Bytinski- 
PICT UME. Wine Mate h Neal avavcn vcwardncd eee’ watioets 


“New Amatidae from Asia,’ Dr H. 
NBA HIMIS MES ALZ: « .asasiaccssnenceevigdheeousedence 


“New Species and Forms of Palae- 
arctic Bombycine Moths,’ Dr H. 
SAUMUR AULT, Ce yectsssccecececescesssscaceceee 


Nomenclature ... 10, 18, 111, 127, 156, 


“Notes, on Pyrausta nubilalis,”’ S. 
Wakely, 3; “‘ from Mid Wales,’’ 
P. B. M. Allan, 9; on S. dipota- 
mica, 20: on larvae of British 
Moths, 28, 40; on chief species 
near Bagdad, 16; ‘‘on a holiday 
in Norway,’’ Dr G. S. Robertson, 
42: “‘from Storrington, Sussex,”’ 
Dr G. S. Robertson, 42; ‘“ Euxoa 
cinerea,” A. J. Wightman, 45; 
“ More, on Kurdish Lepidoptera,’’ 
Hoe eaawiltishire, 97, 1338; °* the 
breeding of P. nubilalis,’ S. 
Wakely, 162; Forcing, Capt. C. Q. 
PS PSOTIS » SSG AAs Se ore 

Obituary : Comm. J. J. Walker, R.N.., 
F.R.E.S., F.L.S. (H. Donisthorpe), 
Weo De Ond, Gahan. McA... 17; 
Conte Turati, 78; R. P. L. Nevas, 
115, 131 (M.B.): Sir G. Kenrick, 
PURER (GEIS) ste YN ee 
Tonge, F.E.S., 130; Walther Horn, 
JE(OIM. OLESEN TERS a nose eeec eee ooeee nae Oee 

‘Odour of A. fuliginosus,’ B. D. W. 
INTO ISN Og eee teeta rc ee nS GREAT nals. ats 

Orchard Lepidoptera in Bagdad ...... 

Oriental Lepidoptera, Early Stages 
(THON AD) ee Lo OF ae er Ae A tees 

“ Orthoptera, near Worthing, A 
Few,’ Dr M. Burr, 48; “A Few 
Records of,’ E. S. Brown, 76; “ in 
Gloucestershire,’ T. Bainbrigge 
Fletcher, 87: From the I. of Pur- 
beck,’? W. D. Hincks, 94; New 
county records for, 143; from 


GUNN eTIANIG. sshcetinc decdesdecebehaccaae i 


“ Oviposition of O. ochracea ( flav- 
GO) to eee li ATTAIN. cacscscccser senses 
Pang Oe MT COU Ae yea d. ses selec euscb ose sees 
Papuionidae OL *Se\ Chima) csc. c..csdsee 
Parthenogenesis in L. quercus ? ...... 
Pests of the Olive tree in S. Italy ...... 
‘Plume larvae in May-June,” T. 
Baibriomen ale i CMe tis. ssecescaceesseee. 
Pterophoridae of France, rev. ......... 
Pupa digging in Mid Wales ............ 
*Pupa digging and some moralis- 
Me ed a 1B AUN [NEN Oe osepoqadennnoscode 
Rare and local species noted :—A. 
ononaria, S. albipuncta, S. vitel- 
lina, L. exigua, H. peltigera, A. 
ambigua, S. unipuncta, M. sali- 
GUist Lee LEQUOULTU. 1C.5 CLUS) eLL- 
humuli, {. hethlandica, R. sac- 


INDEX. 


PAGE | 


PAGE 


raria, 12; L. arcas, L. ewphemus, 
21; KH. flavafasciata, 21: P. calli- 
dice, 22; B. cinctaria (in Scot- 
Jand), 57: C. germanorum and C, 
wuralensis (2 Blowflies), 64: A. 
niveus, 76; A decrepitana, 76: C. 
ygysseleniella, 76; L. riparia 
(Orth.), 94: D. apollinus, M. laris- 
sd, and S. pelopea, 102; P. clit- 
mene, #&. tetmessia, and £. lu- 
pinus, 103: L. erigua, 107, 109: H. 
odilis, 109; D. barrettii, 109: Sub- 
clytia rotundicentris, 181; S. pin- 
astvi (Cumberland), 140; M. atro- 
pos (Cumberland), 140: Neides 
lipularius (Hem.), 160: E. groti- 
and, 169; EFarwig, A. albipenpis ... 
‘Request, S:E, Kent,” A. J. L."Bowes 
Reviews : “P. bryoniae and P. napi,”’ 
Muller & Krautz, Hy. J.-T., 64; 

‘* Some Beneficial Insects,’ W. R. 
Thompson, Hy. J. T., 80: Fabri- 
cius “‘Systema Glossatorum,”’ Hy. 

J. T., 96; “‘ Report of the VIIth 
International Congress of Entom- 
ology,” MER. 132. hig | insect 
Legion,’ Mey Buri. Ela serene asaaeee 
Reviews and Short Notices ... 10, 26, 
AS; 02,0 (8, 95. tie. ta0edooe dade. 
163, 

“RKhyacia festiva and its subspecies,’ 
DES ULIMSKI= SAlz; 25 Sones eee ae 
Race of C. quadripunctaria, A new ... 
second generations 


‘Seitz, recent issues ............... 10, 26, 


Societies: British Entomology, 11, 
78, 130, 147, 163; Entomological 
Club, 11, 28, 63, 79 (Verrall Sup- 
per), 96, 181,176: Folkestone Nat. 
Hist., 12: Lancashire and Che- 
shire Entomological, 63: Ama- 
teur Ent. Soc., 80: S. London En- 
toimelegical and N.H.S., 146, 164: 
Royal Eniomological Society, 163: 
Haslemere Nat. Hist. Soc. 

Staudinger’s New Catalogue ............ 

“ Stridulation in a W. African 
NOM DIE Ie hones era ee 

“ Sugaring in a Bishops Stortford 
Garden,’ C. S. Colman, 9: in the 
LYS OLS Lat ae Seen ee pet eae ee fe 

Swarming of Coccinellids .................. 

Table of, contrasted forms of R. fes- 
fiva in Shetland, Gt. Britain and 
the Continent, Statistical, 35: 
dark shaded forms of E. cinerea, 
47: forms of v. thulensis (of H. 
FUUTIUU UD) spp rire ire8 it PE Sec Ss. ete 5 

Teratological specimen, of a Cara- 
DUS B28= Of a SavuEniid’s. 2 

Type form, of R. festiva, 29: of H. 
hema vat: .ERULCWSIS 2005s occccccx 

“Variation in the Wing-markings of 
the Trypetid Fly, E. stylata,” H. 
WE SALOME WS iis saves coset etna 


179 


wo > 


= =~) 


180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XII / 1939 

PAGE PAGE 

Variation in, R. festiva, 30; Shetland “ Wasps nest, Diptera bred from a,”’ 
hk. festiva, 33; the gadflies of the ENV CAM ONC WS** cheeses eee eeneee.. 172 
Savoy Alps, 50; C. pusaria, 147; What. is Procris: COGMALG® ., .:1eseseseeee ss 4h 

Orellia colon (Dip. Tryp.), 154; “White Admiral’ at Heston, H. 
ae OMUGENOEs 4 MNOS: n(GleeCr shee. 3 DOnisthorpe®...i2.64 Soke eee 144 

‘* Zeller’s Versuch: March 1839,” T. 
Venanony in) ia SCULAtG. wees eee eee 2 Bainbriooe, Wleteher pies-creees seer seeee 37 

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. 

PAGE PAGE 
INIMOURE WRG, LBlae Wh Bsostedue iL Beis, alpash, dR aro Kettlewell, H. B. D. ...... 7, 39, 50, 89, +106 
PAI UTE HOE 2 aed Bsr ahY iene a ary a Sy Oy (tse, 7, ee TANT TNT SR sees eee ee an eee 167 
ATE WOOGE UB INV ics Sane senassee screens emcee ace meee 171 MG OW aA MS oe.cck sat enbs ee caskepinns one aee eee eames 42 
J B31 2 COWRA Lal Ror een 10, 44, 48, 94, 129, 132 Lempke Bs Sis sccicc stan eee one eee eee 128 
Bytinski-Salz, Dr H. apes silseialey Wes Muschamipaee Av Hs c:os....na sete eeeeer 49 
LBYGRAER Was aie IL “Gaoodsdopacnoosoaacecese 59, 89, 107 Morley. Bs DW is vce seas ceeesees eee 60, 145 
BYRON AMI, SS -edaedeoase coed coceoosuaEceEaocdDD 76, 143 Marriner, T. F. ... 85, 104, 121, 139, 143, 160 
SVeUUMOIVSAIBIEW KEIO. (Gia AUG) Sonceudecadcansonse800e 116 Miller. SMuSS (Mi. Bis ccnsccese- ween ssconsanetereines 164 
COVE AWINNE, IDI 1S ARYANS Meopscedocosnacedsobsene 8, 138 INIDTGtS SM eecescccat Seca eseae ese Greco aaerer 69 
(Gro lramerinws (Ce VIS WassaddbcowaeetocdowcodSeanadonees 9 Parmenter, Wb aisneasedesse te sesceeeee eee 129 
Goldline ire tesa scectes sc cse seas ace eees espeeei 64 PALSONS! ;CaptiCin Oss sae-saeesestccs sree meen 172 
IDXOVMIGIOVONE OO, IBIS Sopesosnsdaose 37, 67, 114, 144 RIGWATUSORS CNUs UMN cee eeeee ee eee 61 
ISWTON OEY 1B%6, "Gar RogundesdossNsdandossdndodad boob boSouec 9 RODETUSOMS MDGs Ne jiecercees cco ce eeeseeeess 42 
Ellis, H. Willoughby ... 11, 28, 63, 80, SCObt BDV Se erase cee esses nee see eeiaeeeele 20 
96, 131, 176 SteRNS) Dy HEI soto ecaee ceceenoes mates ae eases 80 


Fletcher, T. Bainbrigge ... 18, 25, 37, 
WGreis, cide Ai. die dbo ao. 1G 


AvibueneTe, JERS da san 10, San, 4a ily (Oe, 7s 
80, 95, 114, 129, 145, 147, 163, 168, 175 


(GURGEINZ: 1D TBS. sesteveseaasd0cdaaneoedcoodon0b00- 23, AY TAVIOR. Wes SCY Carer eeestecss nanan es Acero 128 
Gmeensla denn Via ie eeencecereseeeeeee cesses cee. 74 Wialkelivi oss <iibscecs asnoctedscsoceestoeaeceeene At, l(a. 
GROCERS CDNOSS occ ccccseneeceee casteeseeeee reaeee= 173 Walton fais Wie. eitheocc. ceecceeeeeeeee seers 113 
[eleyereiS. IDI Jel, (Gis soscccconacacoetonsenepcososeese 20 Wieattherill. “Ia: Wy -isc5.csaeee ses seeereerees 7a) 
IBIS HAMTIM, “ANG 1816" codescdspcu as doqasoseboondedosenoebcar 61 Wallistaimel (Bis sescee-ce eae aie 13, 20; 97, 1383 
ELM CKS VE We DD eee pn encane cat emiccesssceeesiees 94 Wale MnO MAN ING dla- GunccaandsndaacccocdanboonSc0D0e 43 
JEKOA WTAE a fa OMS spanbenogonooscausuodosocneenole 143 
SUPPLEMENTS. 


‘The British Noctuae and their Varieties,’ Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., 


II, (161)-(204). (2 new forms.) 


‘Butterfly Races and Zygaenae of Macedonia,” Dr Roger Verity, F.R.E.S., 


(17)-(20) end. (5 new forms.) 


PLATES. 


T. Variation in Wing Markings of F. stylata, to face p. 1. 

II. Rosegg Valley: Schafberg: to face p. 20. 
Ill. Rhyacia festiva. Schiff., to face p. 29. 
IV. Variation in Savoy Gadflies, to face p. 49. 

V. Com. J. J. Walker, R.N., M.A., F.R.E.S., F.L.8., to face p. 67. 
VI. Aberrations of Coccinellids, to face p. 85. 


Forms of Hepialus, to face p. 81. 


Migration of A. bipunctata (Col.), 1925, to face p. 104. 


IX. New and little-known Asiatic Phalaenoidea, to face p. 117. 


x. New Amatidae, to face p. 149. 


“JAN 121940 ) 


8, ¥ a0 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (201) 


Panolis, Hb. (1821), most authors. [Achatia, Hb. (1809) Steph. : 
Trachea, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-26): Achutea, Curt. (1826)] piniperda, Panza. 
(1786) [ =griseo-variegata, Goze (1781)] = flammea, Schiff. (1775). 

Tutt did not trace the flam(m)ea, Hb. to flammea, Schiff. 

In his Text Hiib. corrected the spelling to fammea. 

Schiff., Verz., 87 (1775), described a ‘‘ pale gold coloured red suf- 
fused ’’ Noctua under the name fammea. But, as pointed out by Treit., 
Schmet., V (2), 77 (1825), this description was so indefinite that Fabr., 
Mant., II, 124 (1787), described the species under the name Bombyxr 
spreta, and l.c. 164 redescribed it from the Schiff. collection as Noctua 
flamma., Esper (1788?) and Borkhausen (1792) were the first 
authors to suitably describe the species, under the name piniperda. It 
was Hiibner who discovered the earlier name flam(m)ea, Samml. Noct., 
91, 92. But another species had already been named flammea (empyrea) 
(1785) so that he, Treit., was still using the name piniperda. 

This early confusion was emphasised by an apparent error of Fab., 
Ent. Sys., III (2), 85 (1794), who redescribed flammea:—‘* Minor N. oo. 
Alae anticae ferrugineo flavoque variegatae, apice albido striatae, etc.”’ 
and omitted all reference to ochroleuca. Of this Illiger, in 1801, said 
‘<The whole description of Fab. evidently shows that under fammea he 
included this species [ochroleuca]. Probably this is an error in over- 
looking the above name, which might be easily done, since both species 
stood next to one another in the Schiff. collection.”’ 

Error seems to follow this species; for Hiibner’s fig. 91, obviously our 
piniperda, is labelled ochroleuca, obviously also from the confusion 
eaused by the above error of Fab. in the Hnt. Sys., and fig. 92, 
obviously ochroleuca, is labelled famea, Tn his Text Noct., 185-6, Hb. 
corrected both the legends and the spelling to fiammea, and noted that 
his fiz, 476 appeared to show an extremely rare aberration of this species. 


Mieke.) Brit.) Noct), ls 4428 - (1892) :,-Basr-5,dep. Br, Ts: V5 Teh; pits 
200, 2 (1899): Stder., Cat., ITTed., 202 (1901): Hamp., Lep. Ph., V, 461 
(1905): Splr., Schm. Ewr., I, 242, plt. 45, f. 11 (1905): South, M.B.I., 
I, 324, plt. 155, 1-3 (1907). Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ILL, 2538, plt. 50d 
(1911): Culot, NV. et G., I (2), 68, plt. 50-f-16-17 (1914). 


Ernst & Ener., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 115, fig. 489 (1790), gave 5 good 
figures. two of which c. and d. were of the griseo-variegata form. 

Loschge., Naturf., X XI, 27, plt. 2 (3?) (1785), contributed a very full 
and detailed account of this pine feeder, covering about 30 pages, but 
did not mention its scientific name. His figures were quite good, especi- 
ally of the larva as it appeared on a pine twig. 

Esper., Schm. Abbild., IV, 343, plt. 125, 1-6 (1787?), gave good 
ficures of imago (2), larvae (2) in situ; and pupae (2), as piniperda, 
Panz. He stated that neither Linn. nor Fab. (Sp. Ins.) gave this species 
and that the species in the Verz. of Schiff., which a few considered to be 
this, was that known as porphyrea [flammea] of a different genus, but 
he noted that Fab., Mant., II (1787), had named it spreta. 

Hiibner’s figure, /.c., 91, is an excellent one, f. 476 is a very rare and 
very extreme aberration. 

Hb., Verz., 214 (1821), used the name flammea, Schiff. 

Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 4386, plt. 100, 2-3 (1826), gave two average 
figures. 


(202) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/ 1939 


Meyr., Hand., 76 (1895), used piniperda, Panz. in both editions, and 
the genus Panolis, Hb. i 

Splr.. Schm. Eur., 1, 242, plt. 45, 11 (1905), gave an intermediate 
figure, dull red, but not grey under the name griseo-variegata, Goze. 
Tt is certainly not typical, nor the grisea, Tutt. 


South, Voths Br. Is., 1, 324, plt. 155, 1-3 (1907), used griseo-variegata 
=piniperda. He gave 2, ¢ and 2, moderately red figures, average 
British, and one very grey example. 

Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., IIT, 253 (1911), treated piniperda, Loschge., 
telifera, Payk., spreta, Fb., pini, de Vill., and ochroleuca, Hb. as syno- 
nyms and said that the grisea, Tutt (1892) was the griseo-variegata, 
Géze (1781). They gave no further form. The species they recognised 
as flammea, Sehiff. (1775). 

Warr.-Seitz, l.c., plt. 50 d (1911), gave a large 2 with considerable 
amount of white, a very red ¢ with only the orbicular whitish and a 
large griseo-variegata. 

They, l.c., gave the genus name Panolis, Hb., and placed it in the 
Heliothidinae next to the genus Anarta. 


Culot, NV. et G., II, 68 (1914), used the name griseo-variegata, Goze, 
and gave two nice figures, I.c., plt. 50, 16, a grey one, and fig. 17, a 
typical red one. In the text he referred to the type flammea, Schiff., as 
represented by his figure 17, although he did not use this priority name. 


Barrett says of the Variation :— 

‘(The Variation in the male is usually in the depth of the orange- 
red ground colour of the forewings and in the degree of pale clouding 
upon them; often the orange stripe along the hind-margin is pale and 
throws off broad similar dashes into the cilia, or the white dashes on the 
nervures toward the hind-margin are more conspicuous. Greater un- 
certainty in colour is found in the female, which, in addition, is often 
tinged from the base with greenish-grey or purplish-grey to the ex- 
clusion of the orange colouring, or its restriction toward the hinder 
area. In Scotland the variation is from brick-red to purple-grey and 
grey-green.”’ 

He records a specimen which has the ground colour of the fore- 
wings pale grey-green to the second line, which is dark chestnut, and is 
followed by a rich dark chestnut transverse stripe, much toothed out- 
wardly, beyond which is again pale grey-green; the two stigmata very 
large, silvery white; hindwings nearly black. 


The Names and Forms to be considered are :— 


flammea, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 87. 

f. ab. griseo-variegata, GGze (1781), Beitr., IIT (3), 250 1781). 
piniperda, Panz. (1786), Mon. Kob., 51, plt. 1, 1-12 (1786). 

f. telifera, Pavk. (1786), Vet. Acad. Stockh., XLVIIT, 60 (1786). 
spreta, Fab. (1787), Mant., II, 124. 

fliamma.. Fab: (A778: 1.6. ,.lG4: 

pin, Vill. (1789), Linn. SON:, Tig Qs. 

flam(m)ea, Hh. (1800-3), Saml. Noct., 91, 476. Text 186. 

ab. grisca, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., If, 128. 

ab. purpureo-fusea, Preiss. (1922), Verh. zoo.-bot. Wien, LXXII (93)- 


THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (203) 


race insulata, Brund (1925), Ent. Tidskr., XLVI, 36. 
race sutschana, Drdt.-Stz. (1935), Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 199, plt. 22 h. 
ssp. japonica, Drdt.-Stz. (1935), /.c. 


Tutt dealt with (1) the piniperda, of Panzer; (2) the flam(m)ea, Hb., 
an extreme red form; (3) ab. grisea, Tutt, = [(4) f. griseo-variegata, 
Goze]; (5) the spreta, Fab., a typical form. 


f. ab. griseo-variegauta, Goze, Ent. Beitr., U1 (3), 250 (1781). De Geer, 
is... If (1), p. 410. 

Fig.—l.c. (De Geer), plt. 6, f. 23 (1761). 

Oric. Descrip.—‘‘A grey variegated Phalaena with two white spots.’’ 
‘‘ Filiform antennae, orange-vellow wings variegated with grey with two 
large white spots on each.”’ 


f. telifera, Payk., Vet. Acad. Stockh., XLVIII, 60 (1786). 

Fie.—plt. 2, 2-3. 

Oric. Derscrip.—‘‘ Phal. Noct. Spirilinguis, cristata, alis deflexis 
superioribus rubro, flavo brunneoque variegatis, telo longitudinaliter 
fisso, albo.’’? ‘‘Larva, 16 poda, laevis, nuda viridia ; lineis tribus dorsalibus 
niveis, unaque laterali concolor, margine inferiore fulva. Subtus lineis 
duabis obsoletioribus flavescentibus. Capite pedibusque anterioribus 
subferrugineis.”’ 


pim, d. Villers, Zinn. Ent., II, 278 (1789). 

Oric. Descrrp.—‘* Alis rubro, albo fuscoque variegatis, puncto albo.’’ 
*¢ Alae superiores rubellae, sed albo fuscoque colore variegantur. Thorax 
alis superioribus concolor. Macula reniformis rubra, rotunda alba. Sub- 
tus omnes fuscae.’’ 


ab. purpureo-fusca, Preiss., Verh. zoo.-bot. Wien, LUXXIT (93) (1922). 

Ortc. Descrip.—tl.c., LXV (201) (1915), ‘‘ A strongly darkened 2 
example bred from the Rottalmoos, Litschau, Austria. Forewing up to 
the pale grey area behind the yellow waved line and which in normal 
specimens have pale markings are blackish red-brown with black and 
white fringes. Hindwings nearly black with white fringes, body and 
underside darker than in typical examples.”’ 


ab. msulata, Brund, Ant. Tidskr., XLVI, 36 (1925). 
Fie.—l.c., fig. 1 (b. and w.). 


Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ En ¢, tagen vid Vaxjo 3.v.18, avviker darigenom 
att ringflachen ar inat utdragen i en spets samt forenad med njurflacken 
bade framtill och baktill.”’ 


The area usually occupied by the stigmata is a clear markingless 
ground, formed by the extension and union of the white stigmata, ex- 
cept for a small black blotch in the centre, the clear space extended to a 
point near the base and to a broad space near the outer marginal area 
pointing obliquely to the apex. The outer marginal area is marked by 
radiated darkish streaks much more pronounced on the left forewing 
than on the right. There is a submarginal darkening on the left hind- 
wing but no trace of it on the right. The hindwings are somewhat 
lighter than the forewings. (Description of the figure cited.) 


(204) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XIT/1939 


f. sutschana, Draudt-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Sup., U1, 199 (1935). 

Fie.—1.¢., pit. 22 ny 

Orie. Descrip.—-‘‘ Has somewhat narrower and more pointed wing 
contour with more oblique margin. Ground colour is more heavily ad- 
mixed with olive green especially in anal area, the transverse lines are 
almost obsolete especially the posterior line, which is only indicated by 
a few whitish scales. The subterminal line is quite absent, in place of 
same there are long white rays in marginal area, as a prolongation of the 
white checks of fringes. These are situate on each side of the black 
streaks on veins and extend to post-median. Hindwings paler grey- 
brown.’’ Sutshanski Rudnik. 


f. japonica, Drdt., J.c. (1935). 

iG. —lc 22 

Ornic. Drscrir.—‘‘ Somewhat resembles the previous form by the 
white marginal rays and the absence of the subterminal line. The 
ground colour is a bold red, all markings standing out boldly from the 
carmine red ground by a heavy appression of chalky white scales.” 
Kobe, Japan. 


ab. albojuncta, ab. nov. ‘‘ I have cne from the New Forest with a 
clear white stripe joining the stigmata, <A beautiful and distinct form. 
The markings are red.’’—E. A. C. 


Pachnobia, Gn. (1852), Stdgr., South, Culot, ete. [Triphaena, Ochs. 
& Tr. (1816-25), Meyr. (1) and (2): Mythimna, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), 
Hamp.: Orthosia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Bdv., H.-S.: Cerastis, Ochs. 
& Tr. (1816-25), Warr.-Stz.: Taentocampa, Gn. (1852), Gn.: Sora, 
Heinemann (1859), Splr.]: lewcographa, Schiff. (1775). 


The genus Pachnobia was established (1852) by Gn. for the species 
carnea, hyperborea, carnica (tecta) all species, which on account of their 
spined front tibia, etc., belonged to the genus Agrotis and to which they 
were removed by Aurivillius. Gn. had placed both leucographa and 
rubricosa in the genus Taenivcampa (1852). Heinemann placed leuco- 
grapha in Pachnobia, but established the genus Sora for rubricosa 
(1859). Splr. said that the genus name Pachnobia could not be used, 
when all the original species had been removed and adopted the genus 
name Sora, Heine. for the two species leuwcographa and rubricosa (1905). 

Tutt took the figure of Hib., 411, as the type, whereas Schiff. Verz., 
was the author of the name for a ‘ purple-brown whitish marked Noc- 
ial Lap: colin: 


Tutt, Brit. Noct., 11.122 (1802): Barr. ep Bis. V2. qlee lee 
1 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., [Ifed., 153 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., IV, 604, 
f. 105 (1903): Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 165, plt.. 45, f. 12, (1905): Sonth;, 
Moths Br. I., I, 325, plt. 155, f. 4 (1907): Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., ITI, 
60, plt. 14 b (1909): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 94, plt. 15, f. 18 (1911). 


Esper, Abbild., IV (1), plt. 150, 5 (1788-9); ITV (2), p. 491 (1791 ?), 
gave a figure which may be anything. Werneburg even suggested oler- 
acea, L. (suasa, Tr.), Beitr., IT, 46. The text of Esper is no help. 


te 


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BACK VOLUMES OF 


The Entomologist’s Record and 
Journal of Variation 


(Vols. I-XXXVI.) 


CONTENTS OF VOL I. (Most tmportant only mentioned.) 


GENUS Acronycta and its allfes—Variation of Smerinthus ltiliae, $3 coloured 
plates—Differentiation of Melitaea athalta, parthente, and aurelia—The Double 
day collection—Parthenogenesis—Paper on Taeniocampidae—Phylloxera—Prac- 
tical Hints (many)—Parallei Variation in Coleoptera—Origin of Argynnis paphta 
var. talesina—Work for the Winter—Temperature and Variation—Synonymic 
notes—Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1890—Life-histories of Agrolis pyrophila, 
Epunda lichenea, Heliophobus hispidus—Captures at light—Aberdeenshire notes, 
étc., etc., 860 pp. 


CONTENTS OF VOL. II. 


MELANISM AND MELANOCHROISM—Bibliography—Notes on Culleettiia-“actietas on . 
VARIATION (Many)—How to breed Agrotis lunigera, Sesia sphegiformis, Taento- 4 
campa opima—Collecting on the Norfolk Broads—Wing development—Hybridis- — 
ing Amphidasys prodromaria and A. betularia—Melanism and Temperature— 
Differentiation of Dianthoecias—Disuse of wings—Fauna of Dulwich, Sidmouth, 
S. London—Generic nomenclature and the Acronyctidae—A fortnight at Ran- 
noch—Heredity in Lepidoptera—Notes on Genus Zygaena (Anthrocera)—Hybrids 
—Hymenoptera—Life-history of GOnophora derasa, etc., etc., 312 pp. 


To be obtained from :— 


R* Mr H. E. PAGE, 9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.8, 
og? whom Cheques and Postal OTACES should be made payable. 


Printed by T. Buncle & Co. Ltd., Arbroath. 


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