i%.% “ae . ——_ — e ad Gdn 1g OAAOL HESS Tee Fr im arte eaten Tue ee errr Sere oe + ta Pat Mee He os . ae torts t 7 be ae ee oot won tes te mee gatas ere oe Oy 1 Re get PA te ber Om em ong ett hye Remate 40 gt Vee Genoa g har ? ae oe an gt Rn era . — * shoe 4* Ohne 6 {heomeel tie Gee te ton Ped. 6.8) treete tele meen eeiey ~ 44 a 2 “etree ie Aer Ange Repeal #06 er peti OARNs Aen Bonet fee a i" ee Nall ae Gok Me enh ort ee atte here lo Hiadionlhy, Po were acor dain a Me gab bebatsmalrasln trots mripell rhwbend’yriitwnrwurbewnbenane - “- . athena pa adie BoA arsb ee vets Seen peteettheenss Be af ret, etm rumor ens tas i wee ens Fetes. Poet Cr Addu pharma > % fo tes meals Goede tn, Seale So 16 Me ety js iden tegen 7 ~ hemeeamee tnd pte Pe ieoeta wn ork es - + oe ode + at - + atl as nh ple gen re ietag tos beta tytes k i. wn ter ~ ot de ry a nab eed ‘ . pd 7 Fig pe res wah eine an ele eer ae —_2) amet ers we iodo dts Cote ghete dato = * t« _— fer Ort Fae on ht On a aes 7 ad 8 ee . ni eheeittire Ace eere™ a oot wt Sake da he eenteeichete: seat A aes aera wee roe” nabs * “ “ ¥ ‘ * ‘ ~~ nie ee A 7 cot pmiqe te dct Paneth y i * oa the i 4 er ty Ee el . ~¢ vaio! i . 2 eet ae grt aa A 10.5 nay / * ge oe opined Powers war Aabsdet rae na aprenaes para te eed oN 8 7 at ee ghee, Teme hart ee Rdeaehs > gabe peeebr aie et AT Tee Epena pares . ete - ee He wtah bn at oie R ean ae brine) ¥ aba vt, bm. eae * “ ow 1s a ree « ° ny the + fat peu pong evradven aly © a nite’ pacer aan tase _- ware nirerst ~asgghohomte ten it aed "yaa tone r miners - ee para shane me svnanate et ert heey a +ois eer re renee Sn a eb r te Laenaystate eeorenee N R cea tee npmsbnabearidies Pajenene P-hareze Bes Ciena: A aed sgt sRrd _ i f rates fre pitnete Mebaibahsnaly ont dmmaen reteset ehe rat bberinsasoh a som CRB RR ree aye els P<. 2 Gx0e ‘ jy cnghatons ra tees To a - wh Cer oe Meee ee catsi ane sgts1a af wintatenshal slaps anecce a ee mes treet tarball P — 7 pars cere eiaruges ate Tethers einen! eel . * Pel ete trie sak aueuita kate isin wea dahasatevadeperampeyba boners *)<: ohe wee igeene rave ten = ot ete? s ——. Sees cet? es Raat nN A tht oh ag Minh oman na haath Satin hat rn apace ee te ’ W998 Be Ts RRP w ware tte "OPO ata ae ciynde dachehe terete hetrergg ima nara tonerere ats nerd crepe Golg (es ~—e har tet ome 5 et tede™ hehe te pe ey 4 ‘ — Nee “ae te alpine MONE >. peemererat. eur inl ata ae ee eee ao Pee nkeravs neandoe. og rurt “¢ ayaders kote ae nehens ars | “ ~s ‘are rhein ma ms ; nh tbe Ae * tetp abe rohan ferret sewerer: Serr re varmer rect) Shor) LeeVeUrreDRvabansnd mene braety Sein! et te et bor hber peel oret ~ mttnrt sm ate . ~s +6 “ we TARE rane nga bn rabetineienn tetera a Sire cox anetedrenpsg penne \sOeye os —_ * “~~ ao Pw ~\ ee : mir geantet < ge barked rear be! 9 tetim melyal ewan 4% esr letest apa ventnt os whe oe ‘a “ may yt ang ets ie —— alte enad> teh O-Smiinmrer Babiriiew tan nase’ + the oan heperan renew gnel %.* a - re eS we toh perenne cy erin Dae yap hard hiteSGiqayitienety seem 7 8N* peer Prt ran LiL a diene oer ie ~oerem - tow tye et pig pt ete tree am a eekata® sete te Rehw hats pedeses he 6 jah - =o eeks Seale Lote aane hvtaree Oana etachafvaboiaaraknde See tkenstarervekpeenenen inet! a 7 i otnte eye ous eo mh Cy ake a Ceneloby fete re ertemete ener e nae Pee iy tame ke railate sees A milan . Gens wey om a0 fovbe. nae ha het eteivinede bata wk i+ je . r = ote! = nbrams ote tetateteatetele'e i eee ee pe ~ ; ~o4 . * see we OT ge ont “ite petennees “ od ; . y ” ee henee a phels homet yet o@ . . et + ghana iajeueternde hoaeeee ae : onan e Merwe coe wee! ee Tet ete ~ ° nm hd ¥ 3 ‘ Acai orel ated p'trye Ad eee Pe AS tele Ge bee Sete ” * -* a0 + age eng eget ne ee Na hem Bebe tetatye ee™ - * Ne . ~~ _t . s a “Ha ene Soe O00 ane yo tein gee tee he « ce be ata Rete te aie Nearte Noss Pae hones +? « . 0 ereQer< haven ie setentaetmeptew se apie eee belyrer . . ee Oe ee ae . * aT tang tae +e Leteate or) ‘ ” . ww re ed wnig here ™ eee cs rer , 7 oie MP Rata tie here doe Pare! ee creer tt bymqeirg re ete 4st Mo OS nate ad oh he ids deeded ad adil ote Belen te ere oe = Per jet 5 os0 oe ~ ’ or?e oa . oe ~ ee a 4 f reig@t 4h 3 ote a w . . ore - mes i eren «oon le tote ° ca cies 7 m ir . = poerete a ip ty e+ o” a os Fy ‘ wT. “ wees eas’ ° « & “ e com rhe a = ne ‘ * 7 ‘ et. . : . a) es vine : - 7 j ‘ . . — < 5 ~. . . : ae _ : Fr ca > "1 ° : ‘ a > ‘ : “ei o — : e :* * . . { ra ~ - - ‘ ? 5 a anc, - ad ™ . ae 4 ’ Ss, x ” - a a ox \, ey = ~ Wig oe vt “™ . > . . of a 5 ae, - : . , . - ~ : : a4 i nh in MH * Cr ee Pa er »% : ~~; * i. ae ere en ee rae et ee eal thd err syoay fet pane eT.) 0 ee ee we ie esBali sieves tbe! ENT 2S Bound IAAL HARVARD UNIVERSITY ic LS) LIBRARY OF RHE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 13320 THE - ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND EDITED BY MALCOLM BURR, D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., F.L.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S. F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, and HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. Editorial Secretary. VOL. LIV (New Series). JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1942, PRICE 12s 6d. Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. SPECIAL INDEX. By: “Hy... Jd: TURNER, F.R.E.S., F. R. H. &3 oF VOL. LIV. (New Series), 1942. : )% sae os Zaciegy “WAR 11 TLi96 : The Entomologist’s Record aad Journal of Variation. Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with two asterisks. COLEOPTERA. PAGE Peeialmnay Oren ata. 6002 LS IA Bee c ee He Adistemia (Cartodere) watsoni ......... NOUS SCN PlLCOMOLUS 2c. 7....c0cb.ce0sese.02 5s 3 Neat STIMU. oii. ..60.s.0dc e002 2- (8) OUT OLA UUs bec osene coeeccc cessed sscuecnoceat (8) PATTER THEA HU ae ee ee eee 4 CUENGEUO MNEs = ae eke ore it RS ne ee (8) AMOMONAtUS 12-StTIAtUS | 2. ..css..000seee eee (9) APATOW A MOWSEPTACA” cc. :1.%.25.sesteewsnee ss 9) FA OMA gaMNOSGCE Lan x. ee cs. .caedeceseceeeesossaes (9) AME A eal ORO US CUNO oc. «Sc decicedenes st see oes 79 Athous haemorrhoidalis ................... 3) WAT UL Sete cso acids tans Saou aeewleseuebonse 5 AMMO ELI SUMCTI acc. ckcuieedi esse conse ce (9) aan Ss OVA GTI — soc. baesds ces hehe (9) Barypeithes pellucidus ..........4......... 36 Bembidion 4-maculatum ................... (9) IESIEGOININS, a=" Saas sea d a Abeanec a Sees aa seateMaeearadaeecee 5 BIRCH GeTUMAGs 6.0.0, ca8tianenes eo sa O32 85.5 Dd SIMI ORANG (US > = cee dass she. oc c-asanala.ccnsere 2 PENIS Wel See Ole Sea cs ease oes Sees ee weae Poe) (LORS OCTOCCOUST pee ae eiiccs ec. aks oe ete 5 3 CEO uP CINCO IE Fcc aise st aces eRouenes scales 3 GO NOVOMCIACTIS = she sees cents eects 2 CAEN AVES = AE WLOTATAUS S500 soci iecke.wste ke eee 17 *carnea (trifolii ab.), Zygaena ...... 35 carnea (lonicerae ab.), Zygaena ...... 35 carpophaga = lepida, Dianthoecia, - Hadena, Harmodia ..................... 78 Caryaevorus:. StUPVINON> -Blastobasis. +... 2):.--<-.---- (Bik ie¥. TNS DISTAL, SOON Mee eS ocaacheaeeconadasoosespsuddec 26 Jnmacodes? Cochlidiom 3.22. 2.6 s-5--5- 108 limax (limacodes ab.), Cochlidion ... 108 TATLTT SMES os. ee so eect Sem seeeseere ene ecaates 102 LIMA tae LU ONL Cl Agree ee ence eee Galle aie jaineartak {Cosy ariniss saeco os ee eee 131 literosa, Oligia, Miana, Procus ... (7), 93, 117, 1386 litoralis, Polychrosis, Leucania (10), DalkawcGslans (ATI EGA HAs SCLOLOUMIS As ease eeese see coe e 131 livida (coridon ad.), Polyommatus, VSAM ORAS eee ante eee eee (27 (3)2.-©) NOMUNCER ACE eZ a Clare acecste see etee nace 35 lotellass MGeucopberas =a... bess eos sete (10). Inbricipeda (menthastri), Spilosoma 34 US EAE ER ONS) = nc sec ndntinecen soscedunoas secur (6) TRIAS W EI ET SON ROM MO\S ease accaceasecescocsenconr 114 luneburgensis (lutulenta 7.), Aporo- AO ayslinie hee esa onan nea eee (12) lutea (lubricipeda in part), Spilosoma j (10), 27 luteolata, Opisthograptis .................. 45 imiwilentians “Ap Orop ley art essere nee (12) MEFVC VOT DAC A a oe escent sae ates teas 17, 18 Iychmitis7 Gu Cuillbtaes -<-essen. 128, 139, 140 MACHA OMe Papi Om re eas eo eesesee cee 82, 100 macularia, Venilia; Pseudopanthera 45 AMACLA A MEO ALA GOu Musas sds aaceen tReet 74 margostriata (selene ab.), Brenthis, AC OSVTINSy eoins tetas Seeag 8s ead cement ace (11) magniplaga (java ab.), Anaphaeis ... (10) malvae, Syrichtus, Pyrgus ......... (2), 26 THOS ONG Und Se) GAS URN eee ee he 6, 24415 142 MAECINAias, MOMAS PMTs are ec. eee cee eas: Q7 maritima, Heliothis ...... Sarde Recs soa ian (7) medio-nigra (dominula ab.), Panaxia (8) 6 SPECIAL INDEX. -PAGE medio-lugens (megera ab.), Pararge 173 megacephala, Acronicta ...............06 #2 MeTAMPPE> NIAWAWS Ligeceseccey-Vacwacresnset 47 megella, Trachypteryx ................... 112 megera, Pararge ............. (8). Bae [7385-84 mehadiensis (athalia ab.), Melitaea .. 59 melaina (paphia ab.), Argynnis (2), (5), (8) WMCTIPAGA Sh co. cescan cate (7), 17, 48, (10), 104 MPMNO, - PA DUMIO Co ivesst nes cees ss qwemeposene (10) mendica, Diaphora, Cycnia ......... 3, 123 menyanthidis, Acronicta .................. (7) maerope, Melitaea 22.05.23... 250. .-.-n04: 29, 30 mersina (semele ab.), Eumenis ......... 74 merularia (leucophaearia ab.), Eran- TRUESS PRELS ) Suey eee See Ra er A ONDE ie Fata (7) metallica (coridon /.), Polyommatus, Ty SAMUS acs s asec tie ste Se 84, 85, 86, 104 meticulosalis,~ Terastia. = 2.2. 2.e.sen tess 112 Mime a INGIMOLOIS. & 62.5.0502 ces steceees 3 minimus (a), Cupido, Lycaenopsis 26, 80 ASC Maes INO ee coe ech bkd seas sn a Seen snes Se (40) molesta, Laspeyresia, Cydia ............ 48 mona (ampelos 7.), Coenonympha ... 47 MIOMACH A —PSUUPA ocr s < stace eeastecswess sees 2 MINOM CA se PLIST an ea ce ecee ciaeeecceeacsessnan sees 143 monoglypha = polyodon, Xylophasia (11) mucronata, Ortholitha ........... (G)e oe ot mama: TACNIOCAMIPA, toscstcc-ceaes soto (12) aM a Ma. = NU GATIOs ee eee eee ecce ses 79 muralis, Bryophila, Metachrostis (6), (7) muscaeformis, Pyropteron ............... 78 AMIS CMLOSa. = OVA 22) ee teak Bune pane (7) MEM. — NCTOMIGED 1... hese testers Seer xes sear (7) mapaeae:.(napi~ f.), Pieris. 2.25.08%.06:3: 6 napi, Pieris (2), (4), (6); (11), 6, 24, 107 navarina (athalia ab.), Melitaea ...... (41) neustria, Malacosoma ................. 27, 140 **niger (dromedarius ab.), Notodonta 33 nigra (consonaria ab.), Ectropis ...... (6) nigra (crepuscularia ab.), Ectropis .. (6) nigra (repandata ab.), Boarmia ...... (6) nigra (urticae ab.), Aglais ... (4), (4), (40) nigra-virgata (corticea ab.), Agrotis 120 nigrata (anguinalis), Pyrausta ......... POS **nigrescens (lubricipeda av.), Spilo- SHOU 1g Rog soe ig ap RP ar ate oy Sat ca eS een 34 -nigricata (repandata ab.), Boarmia .. 7 nigrina (c-album a@b.), Polygonia (4), (5), (8), (10), (42) **nigro-lineata (lichenea ab.), Eu- MIMOUUETS 2620) 5: 2s seu tatuates tence caenses vests 95 nociiela> Nomopnila) 23.5.5. .stens ines see 21 ING CULL AC is eens oea shone Stace abate ats ow dee 32 MoOiWa! ws LEMNOS «.227.22¢-cber. oeencas Seca Pe INGOG OLTIGAEC) ios cestaiedcokaneieeeoes 18, 19, 38 TEL. AVOCA Anes sete cccet eee atsbecetes A iprencl INV ATIN AG: 2 ios. sieagesedsancntucn Tes yreneees 4 OWEN SCAUA, o UNOLA St. i2 0522. s-meeteenetetusasts 131 obscura (corticea ab.), Agrotis ... 120, 121 obscura (defoliaria ab.), Erannis ..... 34 **obscura=literosa ab., Procus, Oli- Mase WMA AM ASS. Otel tejceepen skies sponse anaamras 93 aethalodes (literosa ab.), 93-5 1177-1386 obscura = Procus, Oligia, Miana ... PAGE obscura = sincerii (corticea ab.), A @TOGISZ 6 Ne cocbse 5. ienocee eee eee obsoleta (arion ab.), Lycaena ........... (11) obsoleta (bellargus ab.), Polyomma- tus, Lysandra” 2720 (2), (41), (42) obsoleta (coridon ab.), Polyommatus, TV SANG LA: Becctige,A geese 12, (2), (42) obsoleta (croceus ab.), Colias ............ (6) obsoleta (hyperantus ab.), Aphanto- TOES oo siesta nhc gS he ote DON dae 75 obsoleta (phlaeas ab.), Heodes (11), (12) **ochracea (lichenea ab.), Eumichtis 96 Oecophoridae: {.5.5. cess. ase 32 **olivapicata (bucephala ab.), Pha- lena c= hie ssuedtceewlaesoceue ae aneenees 33 opima, Taeniocampa, Monima ......... 30 orbona=comes, Triphaena .............. 141 oerion=alpium, ~ Moma,’ =! ss = ee (12) otregiata, LampropteryxX. .................. (6) palamedes, “Papilio: <7. neeereeeneete (10) paieacea,. Cosmia. 2°. .i.c.). eee eee (8) pales, Brenthis, Argynnis ................. 16 pallida (croceus ab.), Colias ............. (41) pallido (aegeria abv.), Aphantopus ... 74 **nallido-fasciata (lichenea ab.), Eu- WMIICHUIS: os eck beck See 95 **nallidaria (defoliaria ab.), Erranis 34 palpina, Pterostoma oi. 2..3ecsiin.s-cee nae “A paludata, “Carsia Gents cesiece eee eee 45 pamphilus, Coenonympha ... (4), (5), (6), (7), 25, 100, 1041, 117 panda, Salatwna 4.3 Ae ee (10) paphia, Argynnis ... 4, 16, (2), (3), (5), (8), (9), 24, 25, 28, 38, 45 papilionaria, Geomet@ra ............ccccc0ees 138 Papilionidae® - S25. ee 82 paris; Papilio: 22:42. 26 eee (10) pastinum, Lygephila .........0.......5.... 27 parvipuncta (bellargus ab.), Polyom- matus, Eysandra occ eo eee (412) pavonia, Saturnia .................. 80, 87, 124 peltigera, Heliothis ........0........... (2), 26 perfuscus (dromedarius ab.), WNoto- GOMtAE isk acacan eet eee 33 perla, Bryophila, Metachrostis ......... 31 persicariae, Melanchra, Mamestra ... 17 phasianipennella, Gracillaria ... 125, 126 philippsizs BriOgasters sashes 10 phlaeas, Heodes ... 6, 9, (5), (44), (12), 25, 46, 100, 102, 123, 143 Pieridae? PlePis sii. ¢.t sis aseeeee a eee 82 pint (togata), -Hupithecia so cyscess.esssees 131 Piniaria Buwupalus ‘Acisses.-cccewntoeneeeeuceete 131 piniperda = flammea, Panolis ......... 134 pimpinellata, Eupithecia ..:............... 78 plantaginis, Parasemia (1), 26, 62, 63, 120 plexippus, Danaus (ais) ............... 47, 100 plumaria, Selidosemas-2i.-.v.usesseaaseeetee 3 plumigera.~ PrlOpNOLTa Pes... cce eee 131 plumbescens (coridon ab.), Polyom- mats, GySAaNGTra pase a ee ee. 2 GULECA CY LOD MASI A hele gece se eee 2 rustica (mendica ?.), Spilosoma ...... 3 sapellice: (nNapi 7.) Pieris, 2.0. 6 sagittata (argus ab.), Plebius ............ (2) salmacis (agestis 7.), Aricia ............... (9) sartha (sinapis ab.), Leptidea ............ 15 Slay A Cie ees reas Sliock octet. Seria eee 18 saucia, Agrotis, Peridroma ............... 26 scotica (aglaia f.), Argynnis ......... 4h, 45 scotica (aurinia r.), Euphydryas 29, 142 scrophulariae, Cucullia ...... 124, 139, 140 selene, Brenthis, Argynnis ... (2), (4), (5), (6), (44), 25, 29 semele, Eumenis ................... (BA 95: 74 semi-alba (jurtina ab.), Maniola ...... 125 semi-alba (urticae ab.), Aglais ......... (4) semi-nigra (urticae ab.), Aglais (1), (10). semi-nigra (c-album ab.), Polygonia (10) semi-nigrina (camilla ab.); Limenitis (2), (5), (8) semi-ocellata (io ab.), WNymphalis, IV ACS Seas Se ea hom reg (1) semi-syngrapha (coridon ab.), Pol- yommmatus;,.. Lysamdra. .222...53..05 (14) sibilla=camilla, Limenitis ......... (a FE **signata (fagaria ab.), Dyscia, Cro- CEG Fae eg a A a rg ie NC eg TE 35 SIMULANS st MALO.) pa es eee ees (12) **simulans (lichenea ab.), Eumichtis 96 sinapis, Leptidea 6, 15, (6), (7), 80 sincerii (obscura) (nigra-virgata) (cor- ticea, GD.) -ASTOUUS 122.2. 126, 121 siterata, Chloroclysta .......0....0..... (7), 84 SO CLAS oR er te NE Oe ae ie GW sordida=furcata, Hydriomena ......... 107 **splendidata (lichenea abv.), Eu- ITC TRG Spo eee RS eg ee hh lee tea 97 SHPOnSaSe CalOcalar wie mes ose eee (7), (12) stellatarum, Macroglossum ............... 2 Shi SMMIGICA a UNOC Gana eo age ects (7) stramineola = flava (griseola ab.), Ba HEL OV GTS Fes pee UN ae a a ea Itt 31 strataria, -BIstom 2.04 ee Spite MOS striata (argus ab.), Plebius ......... (2), (8) striata (bellargus ab.), Polyommatus, TSIM M pe on ke a eee AP (5) striata (radiata) (icarus ab,), Pol- SV GOLEM A UU, tence Mei ata (5), (11) striata (coridon ab.), Polyommatus, Byles oo acaba erent Se eee (2), (11) subgrisea (sinapis ab.), Leptidea ...... 15 sublustris, Xylophasia, Peridroma ... 26 SUE A Ga eyo et asp eeoteanne aoe ee (6) suffusa (c-album ab.), Polygonia, VIAMIES Saige ae iaesn ct igecc eae ae eee oe (aye sulphurea (limacodes ab.), Cochlidion 108 8 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE sylvanus (flava), Augiades, Pamphila 26 sylvata (ulmata), Abraxas ........... niprtae syngrapha (coridon ab.), Polyomma- tus, Lysandra .... (7), (41), (12), 85, 86 HACIELA LAs SEP ELIZOUIA, ore) dense yas esetmssenaes (7) AES PEPEAVUIN Se leeenss sade tesehaceos nase = ese 26 **tangens (defoliaria ab.), Erannis ... 34 tantillaria (subumbrata), Eupithecia 131 taras (malvae ab.), Hesperia ............ (2) tarsipennalis, Zanclognatha ......... 65, 66 testudo (limacodes}, Cochiidion ...... 108 tetralunaria, Emmomos ........:...........- 114 tetratypa, Caloptilia ..........c eee eeees 126 THOVETUMO DENSE NG KO) COVERY Lae sueeonudondaoodoacse: (7), 26 TUT CC LAM a ans ace neers osenaesnanefeaeosodeses 101, 109 tigellinus (megera 7.), Pararge ........ 74 ACen WUT Saaeassscscresnctiee osaeaennes We(3)\5 Aok tithonus, Maniola ............... (44), (19), 25 tityus (bombyliformis), Hemaris ...... (41) TODA sD ATAUS Yo sesee eee sneeece eres tearm 4T TL YONTENETOTICGII(O Kes WE ha Se ae Naa i ee een Pay esl transversata (rhamnata), Scotosia ... (11) trepida, Notodonta ...........::eeeeeeee sees a triangulum, Noctua, Amathes ... (7), 27 iridemss AGEOMIGCA 2204. -c20-0-ssnc orem asnece= Q THEE HOUR bse Agate Ves 03 nee esse eParmanAar ere sccorsece 35 imunacwia; WV MONA c...s.--s-seetee ae Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (Vol. ITI in course.) Vol. I, 10/6: Vol. II, 10/6; COTS THO BE Se ae TTS oiee Samana See ase te ckemiaie wah WTA COR tira fcc tu ae a a oe ea £1 BUTTERFLIES OF THE UPPER RHONE VALLEY. By Roger Verity, 1 Et Fg DM Sena a ape mR ns ae Peeaclad hale ket RGA PRINS RR RT Gc CIAY aR be NT arene SN YAIR 3s 6d FOOD PLANTS OF THE LARVAE OF BRITISH TRYPETIDAE (DIPTERA). ' By -M:..Niblett) A. Tew COpLes: OD i caiiceies nas on 6 Speeces fais cae Tel aean eel eae naan 1s 6d HUBNER’S TENTAMEN AND VERZEICHNISS. Collated by the late J. H. NEBR Ge RS re © J DR. Rat ee ial! | yy DESL mh, ORE MBMU UST tees ie AS ERY JR 5.8) SS 3s 0d BRITISH DIPTEROLOGICAL LITERATURE. An annotated list. By H. W. Andrews, FUR-E.S.) with. SUppleMent, +) sis es. scisd peeve. opciones mpetneth 1s 6d BACK VOLUMES OF NEW SERIES from Vol. XXXVII (1925) onwards at 12s 6d per volume. To be obtained post free from H. W. ANDREWS, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, §8.E.9. Mae, f-+ ~ ee, CIRRHOEDIA XERAMPELINA, HB. 13 om of Compar- ? CIRRHOEDIA XERAMPELINA, HB(: Zooloay aa / 2 320 By A. J. Wicutman, F.R.E.S. ("MAR 231942 ] LIBRARY This species damages itself so readily that it is only possible to get a true idea of the colour variation from long bred series; wild taken ex- amples are misleading if at all worn or faded. I refer in these notes to the anterior wings only. The inferior wings vary very little indeed. The colours in xerampelina are basically the same as those in the fairly closely allied Ochria aurago, and the variation in the two species is very similar. The most usual form of xzerampelina in this country is some shade of yellow in ground colour, marked in same shade of red. There is a very ill-developed longitudinal basal line (often a mere dot), a wide central band from inner margin to the strongly marked reniform but not to the costa, and an outer marginal band which does not reach the apex. The costal vein and inner margin are irregularly lined in red, while the cilia on the outer margin are red and concolorous with the outer band. The veins are especially highly coloured where they pass through the bands, and appear as fine red lines in the area between the bands. The variation from above is extreme as regards colour and there are certain modifications and intensifications in the markings apart from the suffusion of the pale ground colour areas, with band colour scales (which produce the most richly coloured aberrations). The outer marginal band and reniform stigmata are rather constant in form, but the central band may be broken up and consist of a few high coloured veins with slight suffusion towards one another and separated by narrow wedges of pale ground colour, or, in some purple- marked examplés, by wedges of pale purplish-grey. This central band may be narrow or nearly twice the width and occupy two-fifths of the whole wing space. All the above forms have the markings sharply defined and occur in two rather different colour groups. One in which the ground colour is some shade of yellow dusted with red scales, giving a slight orange tone, the markings in some shade of red and the cilia red and concolorous with the outer band. The other with the ground colour yellow with the scattered high colour scales, purple or grey rather than red, giving a saffron-yellow tone with the markings in some shade of purple-grey, the cilia red and in striking contrast to outer band. Forms occur in which the central band is complete to costa, with markings still clearly defined, but there is always a slight darkening of ground colour areas in such insects. From these insects with clear- cut markings there occur forms in which the central band not only reaches the costa but in which the outer area of the wing is suffused with band colour scales, both outwards from the central band and in- wards from the outer band, so that the yellow ground colour in the outer area is reduced to a mere yellow transverse streak, but the basal area remains comparatively pale. The true ground colour is invaded in ever increasing volume (in different individuals) by dark band-colour scales, breaking down the 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1942 clear definition of the markings and ending in forms which may fairly be described as unicolorous. Apparently all the more or less even colour forms have been treated as ab. unicolor, Stdgr., but there are widely different unicolorous and nearly unicolorous forms, and the name cannot reasonably be applied to them all, in view of the original description of the form, which is not very comprehensive. ‘‘ Al, ant. fere unicolor, rufescentibus, flavo- bistrigatis ’’ (Catalog., 111, p. 116). South figures (Brit. Moths, ii, plate 4) as unicolor a very pale uni- colorous form with’ central fascia edged with dark lines, the opposite extreme to the form treated by Tutt (Brit. Noc., iii, page 17) as um- color, Stdgr. (described by Guenée and named by Staudinger), and Mr Warrington’s Manx form as described by Birchall which Tutt included under Staudinger’s name. Seitz (Pal. Noct., ii, plt. 28 f) figures as xerampelina a rather high ground colour form, and as wunicolor a brownish not quite unicolorous form. On the same plate Seitz figures a nearly unicolorous form with dark edge to central fascia, as rufa. But it is far too rosy for xerampelina, in which the colour in these high colour abs. is produced by red, yellow and purple-grey scales, and the reds are always terra-cotta or brick, never rosy-red. The following summary, while of course not all-embracing, will in- clude all the more usual forms occurring with us. A. Central band broken up. a. Ground colour pale yellow, markings in purple-grey. b. Ground colour pale orange, tinted yellow, markings in pale dull red. c. Ground colour pale orange-yellow, markings in deep rich red. B. Central band solid to reniform stigmata. d. Ground colour pale primrose, markings in purple-grey. e. Ground colour pale orange, tinted yellow, markings in some shade of red. f. Ground colour pale saffron, markings in purplish-slate. g. Ground colour smoky saffron-yellow, markings in dull purple. ©. Central band reaches costa, only slight suffusion of outer area. h. Ground colour dull pale orange, markings in red-brown. i. Ground colour smoky saffron, markings in purplish-black. j. Ground colour dull buff, markings in dull grey. All above have clear-cut markings. D. Outer area much suffused with band colour scales. Only basal area still pale. k. Ground colour yellow, markings in dull brick-red. , 1. Ground colour pale orange, markings in terra-cotta-red. m. Ground colour smoky yellow, markings in brownish-orange. E. Unicolorous except for fine yellow lines bordering the central fascia, which is slightly deeper in tone than inner and outer areas. n. Dull greyish-buff. 0. Deep reddish-orange. p. Terra-cotta-red. q. Dull purple-red. y. Yellowish-slate. F. Unicolorous except for slate-grey marbling in the area of the bands, due to deep slate colour veins in these areas. s. Deep reddish-orange. t. Terra-cotta-red. The various forms occur wherever the species is found, I believe, but certain localities produce much higher percentage of extreme forms than others. COLLECTING NOTES. 15 COLLECTING NOTES. Notes oN VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING Museum (Continued from p. 7).—L. sinapis.—The variation in this species is considerable but almost confined to the underside of the hindwing in the spring brood. In the English specimens this is more or less clouded with grey on a white ground; in one example the whole lower half is covered, giving a pronounced specimen of the swbhgrisea form, to which English speci- mens all tend. In the south of France all the specimens are of the sartha form with a bright yellow ground colour; many Swiss specimens are of the same form, though the yellow is rather lighter. One from Salonica is still lighter, and hardly amounts to being sartha. The Corsican specimens are all swbgrisea; those from Savoy and the Tyrol are very faintly marked, those from Finland even more faintly. The Italian specimens from the Portofino peninsula are very elegant, with a slightly yellow tint and very neat markings. If this form is really lathyri, as Dr Verity seems to suggest, the much more heavily dusted form from Switzerland, which I have always thought to be lathyri, is not so. During the eleven continuous springs when [| hunted in Swit- zerland this form was almost (if not quite) universal in two years, but never appeared in the other nine. On the upperside cs differ very little, though the tips are generally lighter in southern specimens than in more northern ones; on the other hand those from Finland show the lightest grey of all, and less of it. The amount of grey in the tips of the Q2—never much—varies considerably from whatever locality they come. The summer brood varies very little any where; the ground colour of the underside hindwing is always white and very slightly marked if at all; in fact all that are not diniensis (3) and erysimi (9) are very close to these forms. The black at the tip of the upperside forewing of the ¢ varies somewhat in size but is always black and not grey. The average is larger than that of the first brood. The largest specimens come from Reazzino in Ticino. C’. croceus (edusa).—Except for the dimorphic 2s there is no major variation, but the minor variation is considerable. First in size: the early brood in S. France shows very small specimens, the only others are one first brood example from Salonica and one August ¢ from Fiesole. There are examples of three broods from Salonica, the second (May and June) being much larger than the first (March and April); the third (or should it be the fourth?) (August and September) is not quite so large as the second. Others of very large size are a series from the Lido taken at the end of May and a series from Algeria of the same month; others not quite as large are from Cyprus (April and May). August specimens from the Rhone Valley are also large, as well as June ?s from the Tyrol and Aix-les-Bains. English specimens are of average size, inclining rather towards the small side. May specimens from Tuscany are about the same size, while other Italian specimens are large. I have not found any ¢ without yellow veinings in the ‘black tip of the forewings though the lines are very narrow and very rarely reach to the ground colour, and in two of the French specimens they are almost obsolete. The collection shows very little difference in the shade of the orange ground colour, but one small ¢ from Salonica is a good deal paler, and those from Corte in Corsica rather paler than the rest. Variation in the Qs is mostly confined to the spotting in the border. This is very varied in individuals of the same brood and the 16 oe ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /I11/1942 same locality. ,.There is no specimen without any, but there is one from S. Triphon in the Rhone Valley almost without and another from Cyprus with only two small ones. The shade of the pale form varies from pale lemon to almost white; the spotting of the border varies as in the type form, but the tendency to fewer and smaller spots is more pronounced. One from the Pyrenees has a very broad black border with only tiny spots. Specimens of this form are from England, France, Switzerland, Italy, Corsica, Greece and Palestine. The English and Corsican ex- amples are the smallest. C. hyale——There is only one English specimen (we much want more). There is very little variation in the ds, but the colour is occasionally rather paler, especially in one from Aix. That of the 9, though gener- ally nearly white varies from that to pale yellow, but very few of the specimens reach the inversa form. The two best are from the Tyrol and La Grave, and one approaching these from the Rhone Valley and an- other from Fiesole. The breaking up of the black apex by coalition of the yellow spots (ab. apicata) is rather common at Aix-les-Bains, and. there is a very pronounced case, as well as the only @ instance, from Miirren, but it is not rare anywhere. A <¢ from Sarepta has very broad black tips with small spots. .G. rhamni.—There is practically no variation in this species, but the southern specimens are slightly larger than ours; there is a small 2 from Val d’Illiez and a ¢ of unusually bright colouring from Hinter- zarten in the Black Forest. D. paphia.—There is very little difference between English specimens and those from Central Europe even in size, but further south they are slightly larger; the finest here are from Digne, the Leventina and the Val Maggia. There is frequently a pink or mauve tinge in the silver of the underside, but this tends to fade out though traces gener- ally remain. There are specimens of the valesina form of the @ from the New Forest and also from the Rhone Valley, South Switzerland and Digne. They vary in the intensity of the black suffusion and also in the tint of the ground colour; the five specimens from the New Forest show nearly all the differences displayed by the other speci- mens. Both the specimens from the Rhone Valley are small. Those from South of the Alps are large. In the Leventina this is the com- moner form and in the Val Maggia I have never met with any other. The Corsican form, immaculata, are generally quite wihout silver or only show the slightest traces, the pattern is generally traceable as a sort of damask, but is sometimes wholly obscured. Several of these specimens had lost the upper part of the antennae, always of equal length. I have come across the same peculiarity in B. pales on the Dent du Midi. It is a very remarkable fact that while the loss of any part of the antennae in a normal insect seems to cripple it completely, those that are ‘‘ born so’’ do not seem to suffer any inconvenience, and certainly fly about quite actively. Specimens of D. paphia from N. Africa occur without silver but with the whole wing washed with a golden shade; this form (dives, Obth.) is not racial, however, as the usual form also occurs, differing only in its great size. Some of the Corsican immaculata have much the same appearance, but all Corsican specimens are small. JI have seen the valesina colourmg in Corsican immaculata, but there is no example here.—(To be continued.)—Rev. Geo. WuHreteR, M.A., F.R.E.S. Pmt 13 3 2 © RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS on Zoology a). RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VA vies 25 AB? / ABERRATIONS. LiBRAKS Exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological Society. Compiled by S. G. Castie Russet and Hy. J. Turner for publication in the Entomologist’s Record and in the Proceedings of the Society. Mer B. W. Apxin.—Parasemia plantaginis, L. A cabinet drawer showing considerable variation and a novel method of arrangement. Polygonia c-album, ab. dilutus, Fwk., ab. suffusa, Fwk., a var. with blue spots on hindwings and two barred vars. Aglais urticae, L. Three ab. nigra, Tutt, two ab. albu, Cosm., one ab. semi-alba, Fwk., two semi- nigra, Fwk., one with deep black margins figured by Frohawk and an- other. Nymphalis polychloros, L., one pale, one figured by Frohawk, one with spots on hindwings, and one with broad border. Nymphalis to, L., two ab. semi-ocellata, Fwk., one ab. exocellata, Weym., and one with black ocelli. Vanessa atalanta, L., one with narrow band, one with forewings suffused with red, one with brick red bands and one with pale bands. Vanessa cardui, L., one ab. inornata, Brams., one pale, one suffused, and one with five spots on forewings. Mr H. W. Anprews.—A large number of Diptera with wing mark- ings, to illustrate a paper read 11th September 1941. Dr K. C. Buarr.—(1) A living Longicorn beetle a native of Southern Europe, Morimus funereus, Muls., the specimen was previously ex- hibited by Mr T. R. Eagles at the meeting on the 8th May last, and has since fed on twigs of various trees, oak, sallow, ash, hawthorn, etc. It was found in a garden at Enfield shortly before that date. (2) Living specimens of the so-called bee-louse described by Kirby in 1802, recently hatched from the eggs of the oil beetle, Meloé violacens, Marsh. The eggs were obtained in June by Mr Hugh Main, so the little larvae will have to hibernate before the time of their normal appearance on flowers in April and May. From these they get carried by bees into their nests, in which they undergo the rest of their metamorphosis. (3) Carded specimens of the triungulin larvae of M. violacens, Marsh, and M. pro- scarabaeus, L., for comparison, together with the adult beetles. Dr B. M. Bioop.—Hymenoptera parasitica (Chalcididae), a folio of drawings and microscope slides. Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone.—Polygonia c-album, L, a long series bred from Ashtead ova, September 1941; the ground colour of uppersides being pale brown inclining to yellow and quite distinct from either the dark brown of the normal autumn brood and the lighter colour of the summer generation. The markings of the undersides took the usual autumn form, but the colour in the majority of the insects was brown instead of the usual black. The parents from which the ova were ob- tained were of the usual summer form, ab. hutchinsoni, Robs., and over 1000 butterflies emerged, of which only 31 were of the typical autumn form. Argynnis (Brenthis) euwphrosyne, L., from Ashtead, Surrey, 19th June 1941. A female, upperside almost entirely black. A male, upper- side cream colour. A male, underside markings very indistinct. Aricia agestis, Schiff. (astrarche, Bergstr.)., a series from Fetcham, Surrey, May and August 1941, showing variation in the number, size, and ar- (2) ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1942 rangement of spots on the undersides. Apocheima hispidaria, Schiff., taken at Epsom, 18th March 1941, having the forewings yellow in colour and being of an exceptionally large size. A series bred from Wimbledon larvae which varied in colour from typical to deep black. Living larvae and pupae of Colias croceus, Frery., from Fetcham ova. Dr G. V. Buiu.—aA series of Zygaena fililpendulae, L., with three confluent vars. A completely xanthic example of Maniola jurtina, L.; a Pierls napi, L., @ with a very faint blotch on left forewing; two Heliothis peltigera, Schiff., bred from ova laid by a @ taken on Valerian at dusk in his garden, 25th June. The ova hatched 3rd July, and the first imago emerged 7th August. CoLtoneL V. R. BurkHarpt.—Argynnis euphrosyne, L., a yellow male (upperside). A male Argynnis paphia, L., almost entirely black, a similar female and several forms of male and female ab. confluens, Splr., the black male and female are referable to ab. melaina, D’Aldin. Limenitis camilla, L., several forms of semi-nigrina, Fwk., and an underside of nigrina, Weym., Argynnis aglaia, L., a male example of ab. charlotta, Haw., and several undersides with additional silver markings, and two with all silver markings absent. Plebejus argus, L., a lilac-tinted male and one with the greater area tinted lilac; an ab. striata, an intersex, ab. sagittata, and other forms. All the specimens from the New Forest, 1941. Mr S. A. Cuartres.—Aberrations of Polyommatus (Lysandra) cori- don, Poda, including ab. striata, Tutt, ab. radiata, Corv., females, and male forms of ab. iivida and ab. pulla, uppersides and undersides of ab. digitata and ab. obsoleta, Tutt, etc. Polyommatus (Lysandra) bellargus, Rott., a female with, heavily radiated forewings (ab. radiata, Gasch); another example with six stripes on left forewing and one on each hindwing on a pearly white ground; another with elongated spots on all four wings on white ground colour, one with hindwing heavily radiated, one with six radiations on each forewing and one with six radiations only on left forewing. Also a male with six radiations on each forewing, and an ab. obsoleta, Tutt. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., a female with broad white border extending around outer margins and bases of forewings. Satyrus galathea, L., a specimen with forewings nearly suffused with black, lunules on hindwings grey; another with black border of hindwings very deep and the white lunules entirely missing. Argynnis selene, Schiff., an aberration with black spots on forewings joined, forming two heavy blotches, another with radiated markings on all wings, and one with heavily marked borders to all wings. Aglais urticae, L., an example with costal spots united, the white spots being enlarged and with melanic hindwings, another with heavily banded forewings and one with elongated blue lunules. Syrichtus malvae, L., var. taras, Meig., and aberrations of Mamiola jurtina, L. All the above insects were taken in East Sussex and at Royston, Herts., in 1940-41. Mr H. H. Crarke.—Argynnis paphia, L., two male forms of ab. confluens, Spul. A male with black central areas and border spots forming streaks, a female heavily blotched with black and a male also blotched with black. Limenitis camilla, L., a semi-nigrina, Fwk., all from the New Forest, 1941. RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (3) Mr F. D. Cootrr.—Aberrations of Mimas tiliae, L., taken at Car- shalton. Mr W. G. Frynican.—Lantern slides and photographs of various natural history objects. Mason Fremuin.—Aberrations of Aglais urticae, L., bred some 40 years ago, showing the effect of various acids and fumes to which the larvae and pupae had been exposed. Mr F. T. Grant.—Exhibited the following Coleoptera: Ontholestes murinus, L., found on and in garden vegetable refuse, 21st June-22nd September 1941 (plentiful). Ontholestes tessellatus, Geoff., found on and in garden vegetable refuse, 7th July to 22nd September 1941 (14 taken). Dr H. G. Harris.—limenitis camilla, L., ab. nigrina, Weym., ¢ ; Argynnis paphia, l.., f. valezina, Esp., ab. confluens, Splr., and a cabi- net drawer showing specimens of Maniola jurtina, L., arranged to illus- trate the various degrees of aberration, mostly females. Mr C. N. Hawxrns.—Communicated the following notes on his ex- hibit: ‘‘ On the 9th November last year I exhibited two melanic Enno- mos quercinaria, Hufn., and 12 non-melanic specimens (3 females and 9 males) of the same brood bred from ova of a strain initiated by Mr Frank Lees in 1934, and I then said there was a suggestion that the heterozygote of the melanic form was that with very heavily shaded cross lines, since that was the one which had always been selected as the non-melanic parent in different generations of this strain, which otherwise had hadi to depend for its continuation on two very fortunate ‘chance shot’ pairings in two successive years. I also said that I had good batches of eggs from both the melanic females which had been associated with some of the well-shaded males of the same brood (some of the 12 non-melanic males mentioned above) and that I hoped to find out something more definite about the heterozygotes in due course (see our Proceedings for last year (1940), pp. 17/18). The ova proved to be fertile, but many failed to hatch and only 9 larvae (all of one brood) reached maturity and pupated. One pupa and a male died and the remainder produced the specimens shown, i.e. two melanic females, four non-melanic females, and two non-melanic males. It will be noted that one of the non-melanic females is a very pale specimen almost with- out brown irroration, and with no trace of dark shading to the cross- lines while tha others, and the two males, vary in the amount of irrora- tion and shading. They are indistinguishable, in fact, from speci- mens of a non-melanic strain and since these non-melanics must of necessity be heterozygotes for melanism it is clear that this melanic form is a true recessive and that the heterozygotes cannot be distin- guished from normals. In view of this it is a very remarkable coinci- dence that the heavily shaded non-melanics, selected for breeding pur- poses in this strain, have so often proved to be, in fact, heterozygous for melanism. The presence of the two melanic females in the brood now shown serves to emphasize this point.’’ Carr. R. A. Jackson.—Maniola. jurtina, L., a series showing pale forms, one xanthic, a $ and a © with ground colour fawn. They were taken on high ground near Bishop’s Waltham. Aphantopus hyperantus, L., a short series of undersides showing the variation in markings which (4) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1942 has occurred this summer (1941). Pararge aegeria, L., three 2 Q var. egerides, Stdgr., from Forest of Dean of the first brood with large wings and very bright coloration. Coenonympha pamphilus, L., two large females from Dorset where the females appear to be much larger this year. Argynnis (Brenthis) selene, Schiff., an underside male aberration and two second brood specimens taken 3lst August. Argynnis aglaia, L., a pair showing darkening of the basal area. Polygonia c-album, L., one with the C almost missing and the other with it very prominent and forming almost a closed circle. Acosmetia caliginosa, Hbn., a series of wild taken forms from S. Hants, 2nd, 8th, and 15th June. Plusia chryson, Esp., four specimens bred from Test Valley larvae. Monama (Taeniocampa) populi, Fb. (populeti, Hb.), a series from the exhibitor’s garden showing variation in ground colour from pale to dark. Mr F. V. L. Jarvis.—Pieris napi, L., a series illustrating the con- nection between pattern factors and hibernation factors from his own experiments in this direction. (See Proceedings of South London Ento- mological Society, 1941-2.) On behalf of Mr J. Newton of Sunderland, Mr Jarvis exhibited plates and descriptions of a brood of Aglais urticae, L., prepared from details supplied him :—‘‘ On 5th July 1941 fourteen young larvae were collected from a web and reared under normal conditions on nettle. Pupation took place between 20th and 25th July. Emergence began on 14th August. The first seven imagines were dark orange-red with heavy markings. Amongst them was the 9 ab. C, which is referable to polaris, Stdgr., with additional dusky shading between the second and third black costal blotches. Then on 17th August, at 2 p.m., ab. A emerged, followed shortly by ab. B. A heavy thunderstorm was in pro- gress but no significance is attached to this fact. Both specimens were slightly deformed in the hindwings. A and B are extreme modifications of the form ichnusoides, Selys-Lng., and nigra, Tutt, respectively, and in addition to the obvious markings show the following peculiarities : ab. A 2: lunules (on hindwings only) are pale lilac with a correspond- ing dull lilac continuous band on the underside. The under surface is mainly blackish brown with the exception of a pale buff blotch in the centre of the forewings. Ab. B 3: upper surface—The apical spot is pale blue followed by four deeper blue blocks. The heavy black sub- marginal band extends along the hind and inner margin to the base of the wings. Hindwings have a purple sheen. Under surface—Fore- . wings almost normal but hindwings are a fairly uniform dark brown. The remaining five pupae failed to emerge and nothing could be ascer- tained about their possibilities. A suggestion is that these five carried lethal genes especially as the two extreme forms were slightly deformed. Mr Newton, however, does not support this view, but gives a verdict of ‘accidental death’ as he had to remove all the pupae from the cage to take on a vacation. However this brood is of unique interest as it is an authentic record of the relationship between these extreme aberra- tions, the commoner ab. polaris and the normal form. Possibly it is a pairing between one individual carrying a melanie (polaris) factor and another with a ‘ radiata’ factor; the combination of these factors al- lowing the other recessive factor to become apparent.’’ [Note by S8.G.C.R.—The fact of the thunderstorm occurring during emergence is interesting, and I think should be taken into considera- RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (5) tion in view of the known influence of thunderstorms on other species. | Mr H. A. Leeps.—35 specimens of Polyommatus icarus, Rott., Aricia agestis, Schiff., and Plebejus argus, L., coinciding with aberrations de- scribed in pages 139 and 140 of the ZL. coridon ‘‘ Monograph;’’ and 20 Tycaena phlaeas, L., mostly taken prior to 1941. Also 18 Strymon pruni, L., captured in 1941: G uppersides, abs. progressa, Tutt; postsinis- decrescens; major and minor. @ uppersides, abs. excessa, Tutt; aurosa ; postsinis-aurantiaextensa; major and minor. Homoeosis, the second division of right hindwing with a patch of underside bright scaling and white edged black spot reproduced on upperside. d underside, ab. postdex-transformis. © undersides, abs. fulvescens; pallidula-fulves- cens; postsinis-partimflavescens; postsinis-sagittata; postsinis-decres- cens; ¢ and 92 postdex-lutescens. Except where ‘‘ Tutt ’’ is shown the terms are from ‘‘ Monograph of coridon.’’ (Tutt’s sizes for Strymon pruni, of major, above 32 mm., and minor, below 25 mm., are unsuit- able, quite one-third taken wild exceed 32 mm., whilst my smallest are: 3 25 mm., 9 26 mm., and only one of each during 50 years’ collecting in Hunts. Those exhibited were based on: major, ¢ above 34 mm., 2 above 36 mm.; minor, ¢ below 28 mm., 2 below 30 mm. Mr Leeds advocates that these revised limitations be recognized.) Mr H. Main.—Triungulin larvae of Meloé violacens, Marsh. The eggs were deposited last spring and the larvae will have to wait until next spring for their further development. Tue Rev. J. N. Marcon.—Argynnis paphia, L. Seven examples of confluent forms and three melanic specimens referable to ab. melaina, D’Aldin. Limenitis camilla, i. (sibilla, L.), one ab. nigrina, Weym.., and one semi-nigrina, both species from the New Forest, 1941. Brenthis (Argynnis) euphrosyne, l., a confluent form. Brenthis (Argynnis) selene, Schiff., four aberrations: both species from Sussex. Argynnis cydippe, L. (adippe, I.). A heavily banded female from the New Forest, 1940. Huphydryas (Melitaea) aurinia, Rott., a melanic female bred 1940. Aglais wrticae, L., an extreme form with a continuous black wedge extending in a triangle from the first black costal spot in discal cell right round to the inner margin. Maniola jurtina, L., three xanthic . forms, two 2 @ and one 4, Sussex, 1940-41. Coenonympha pamphilus, L., a homoeotic example, Sussex, 1940. Lysandra (Polyommatus) cori- don, Poda. Six examples of ab. fowleri, South; males: one ab. plumbes- cens, Tutt, ¢, one ¢ ab. hvida, Tutt, ¢ and @Q ab. glomerata, Tutt, one ¢ ab. alba, Tutt. Polyommatus icarus, Rott., ab. striata, Tutt, 3 (radiata, Rebel). Lysandra bellargus, Rott., an extreme radiate female ab. striata, Tutt, with white ground. The radiations on the forewings extending from the obsolete border almost to the base of the wing; the radiations on the hindwings are small. Another example has the radiations only half developed. Another female with brown ground colour, had long radiations on the hindwings and short ones on the forewings. All above from Sussex, 1940-1941. Mr A. N. Mortry.—Aberrations of Lysandra (Polyommatus) cori- don, Poda, taken at Folkestone and near Maidstone, including a melanic male upperside, a melanic male underside and a male ab, biarcuata, Tutt. Boarmia rhomboidaria, Schiff. (gemmaria, Brahm.). Males and females of the form ab. australaria, Curt., and five examples of the (6) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1942 black form ab. rebeli, Aign. Nine examples of Bryophila (Metachrostis) muralts, Forst. (glandifera, Hb.) from Romney Marsh. Mr L. W. Newman.—Colias croceus. Varieties of this species and one ab. helice, Hb., of the obsoleta form. All caught in the lucerne fields, Bexley, in September. Mr G. B. Otiver, on behalf of Mr G. H. Oriver.—A few recent captures. Argynnis (Brenthis) selene, Schiff. An extreme ¢ aberra- tion of the normal forewing spotting, only the second and fourth costal remain, the costa beyond the latter clouded with black lunules elon- gated and spotless. Hindwings: Basal two-thirds black, outer third with large black lined lunules. Underside: Forewings unevenly marked with black blotches, hindwings olive buff with large silver lunettes, the whole area rayed by the dark veinings; Hants. Coenonympha pam- philus, L. A pale creamy buff male, Middlesex. Pieris napi, L. . 10 OCTOBER 1942 ies Jou OF aoc teeten EDITED with the asstsiance of MALCOLM BuRR, D.Sc:, F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., = A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.E.S F.ZS., F.RE.S. -* BRP. : H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. _H, DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G, T’. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. _ SOME REFLECTIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTANCY, E. P. Wiltshire, 2 ERLE.S. 5a 109 NOTES ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA, * Sneud raytor, M. A er OP RS Gee. nt ieee Mae ee ie rede _ GREEN PUPAE, An Old Moth-Hunier 113 ABERRATIONS AND GYNANDROMORPHS OF EPIONE VESPERTARIA, FR., E, A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. ... ae 145 COLLECTING. NOTES: Melanic Procus Rigeees ‘E. 4. Gncninee: Notes on > Variation from the Worthing Museum Collection, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Assembling Scent and Miscoupling in A. villica, ete., E. P. Wilt- shire, F.R.E.S.; Agrotis corticea, Hb., from nigra-virgata, Tutt, A. J. Wightman; C. strophulariae in the British fsles, £. P. Wiltshire; Abund- - ance of Nymphalis io, L., and Pararge megera, L., in the Carlisle Dis- ‘trict, F. H. Day; Acronicta alni in Surbiton, Surrey, J. C. Wainwright; Substitute Foodplants, &. P. Wiltshire; An Unusual Foodplant, P. B. M. Allan; Chrysophanus (Heodes) phiaeas, ab. alba, Tutt, D. P. Murray... 117 ee NE eg 6 a on ak ee a ee. SUPPLEMENT. _ The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (69)-(72) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILEINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E:S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.B.9. This number, Price ONH SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). ve ‘Ar J.J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET ssppinhaoen den tah URERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. 2 cross ‘Phone: Winnspan 0208. re SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. genes UY ca aL. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. “THE ENTOMOLOGY CO., __ 446 STRAND (Opposite Charing Cross), Lone Or: w. fa _ Prone! Temple Bar 1849. SETTING ROLLS, Stout Transparent Paper, various widths trom 4 to 1 in., 50 saa : pecs FLAT SETTING BOARDS, with space under groove; insects can be set well mes an: ee ace, KITE NET, All Metal, folds flat like a stick, 27 ins. long. LARVA PRESERVING OVEN, improved, complete with Bellows. | RELAXING BOX ready for use, renewed with fluid, Aluminium finish, TX5X2.. GLASS BOTTOM BOXES. PIN BOXES with 6 divisions, pins always ready. KILLING FLUID for Lepidoptera and Acetic-ether for Coleoptera, etc. ° LIST FREE. ALL APPARATUS FOR ENTOMOLOGY & BOTANY. oe BOOKS “ZiSLocicat sciENcEs H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W. on | LARGE LENDING LIBRARY SELECTION AVAILABLE Prospectus and list of recent Lists post free on request. . additions on gain 2: ‘Telephone: EUSton 4282 {5 lines.) BEES, WASPS, ANTS, & ALLIED INSECTS _ oy OF mS BRITISH soar y EDWARD STEP, F.L.5. Illustrated with 44 Plates in Colour, showing 470 Figures, and 67 Plates showing ras 170 Photographic Reproductions and Text Illustrations. Also Illustrated Index to Vein Classification of the different Species. Published price, 12/6. By post, 13/-. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2_ Established 1879. Proprietor, R. L. E. FORD, FR. ES. WATKINS & DONCASTER 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). We stock all ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, BOOKS, and SPECIMENS. Send for sample card of new STAINLESS STEEL MICRO PINS. INSECT CABINETS, New and Second-hand. Cabinets bought or taken in part exchange. EVERYTHING FOR NATU RALISTS. Telephone : Sreniple Bar 9451. SOME REFLECTIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL CONSTANCY jy ° Campari hg ” Zo0les? us SOME REFLECTIONS ON GEOGRAPHICAL C NEDANGY S42 13 $20. By E. P. Wietsurre, F.R.E.S. See oo / : Le RAT Much has been written on geographical variation; subspecies and races have been described in detail, and causes have been sought for: this variation. Less, however, has been written on its converse, viz., geographical constancy, although geographically constant species are the exceptions, while geographically variable ones are the rule. Surely, therefore, the former deserve attention! A ‘‘ Journal of Variation ”’ is, paradoxically, an apt medium for the subject, since variability and constancy are, like light and shade, at bottom the same subject. The term ‘“ constant,’ like ‘‘ variable,’ is here used relatively. Constancy and variability are degrees on the same scale. here are two distinct classes of geographically constant species : — Migratory and Non-migratory. (By ‘“‘ migratory ”’ are meant those whose movements from one territory to another are well known. Al- though no doubt the migrations of many species are still to be recorded, it is not to be expected that this will ever be possible in the case of the great majority of species occurring in the Temperate and, doubt- less, in the other Zones, too.) It is easy to see why migratory species should not vary geographic- ally: the constant advent of new immigrants prevents any isolation of stock in one part of the species’ range, which is, therefore, populated by one and the same ‘‘ subspecies ’’ or race. This tends to be so with the greatest migrants, such as Danais plexippus, L. boeticus, N. noctu- ella, but is not the case with the best known migrant of all, Vanessa cardui, of which there is a subspecies, kershawt, peculiar to Australia. Thus migration does not absolutely preclude geographical variation, but, even if it did, migratory species would still vary aberrationally or non-locally. The tendency to geographical variation in migrants, of which I — quoted V. c. kershawi as an example, denotes that the movements of the migrant are not free over the whole range of the species. Marked geographical variation in a species is, of course, a sign of stability of population. As the migratory tendency increases, geographical varia- tion fades. But there are some non-migratory species which do not vary geogra- phically. They present quite a problem. Are they perhaps really migrants after all, of whose movements we are unaware? Or is there _ some fundamental quality in their inherited make-up which causes them not to react to ecological influences in the same way as do most species of Lepidoptera? I rather doubt whether they can be secret migrants in all cases. To answer the second question, however, is less easy, for to seek the cause of geographical constancy is the same quest as to seek the cause of geographical variation. To judge from some writers, geographical variation is simply the reaction of a species to the particular environ- ment it occupies; each district or country has its own race of a geographically variable species because of the different ecological peculiarities of each habitat. But some other authors treat the ques- tion of races as primarily a zoogeographical problem; they seek to ex- plain local forms by postulating prehistoric migrations (presumably 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1942 infiltration-movements and not migrations such as we have discussed | above), an extremely speculative explanation, andi far !ess susceptible of proof than the ecological explanation. Let me not be thought hereby to deny the value of zoogeographical studies; but I choose to distin- . -guish, with Amsel, between (A) comparative and (B) casual zoo- - geography, i.e. between (A) the erection of categories based on the known distribution of species to-day, and (B) the explanation of these cate- gories in terms of the past. The latter activity is speculative enough if carried on in anything more than general terms; how far more hazardous is the attempt to explain intra-specific variation in terms of past migrations, etc.! Yet, in spite of the risks attending the second type of explanation, I feel that it cannot be entirely dispensed with, and that the true cause of both geographical variation and geographical constancy must be sought both in ecological and zoogeographical enquiry. To students with a laboratory and the time and inclination I sug- gest a problem to investigate: find a physical cause or basts for the negative reaction of some and the positive reaction of other species to their environment, as expressed in their facies. If this cause or basis be found, a further research should be: Are the geographically constant migrants constant only because of their migrations, or do they also react negatively to their environment? 1 think the probable answer to the latter question will be that some react negatively, some positively. To sum up my reflections, I suggest that: (a) There is a physical basis in all species for vapies and con- stancy of a non-local or aberrational kind. -(b) There is a physical basis for geographical variation and con- stancy (races); that this basis may be different from that of aberrational variability seems probable from the occurrence of some non-migratory species which show non-local variation with little or no local variation. (c) There is a zoogeographical as well as an ecological cause for geographical variation and constancy in most cases. (d) The migratory tendency is found indifferently both in. variable and constant species. It probably arose in response to ecological diffi- culties; but in special cases there may be a zoogeographical explanation of the Sire inn and extent of migrations. (e) The case of migrants which vary geographically raises the ques- tion whether the migratory habit evolved subsequently to the differentia- tion of a species into races, such cases being perhaps due to the incipi- ence or recency of the habit; this question, largely zoogeographical, may be illuminated by a consideration of the distribution of V. cardut, which is replaced by a similar but distinct species in §.. America, but a sub- species of which occurs in Australia. Geographical variability, finally, occurs thus most obviously in basically variable species lacking the migratory tendency, and the majority of Lepidoptera belong to this class; geographical constancy, on the other hand, occurs most markedly in basically constant species which tend to migrate. Geographical variability in migrants is due to the incomplete extent of the migrations, but aberrational variability in migrants occurs when a species is basically variable but its migra- tion prevents any marked iocal differentiation. Basically constant S NOTES ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. PEE species that do not migrate to any noticeable extent form, a compara- tively small class. A few examples for each class are given in con- clusion :— CLASSES OF GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION AND CONSTANCY. 1. Vartaste Non-Micrants:—Melitaea didyma, Marumba populi, _ Meganephria oxyacanthae, Larentia clavaria, and most Lepidoptera. 2. Constant Non-MicrRants (arranged roughly in order of vari- ability, beginning with the more constant and ending with the aber- rationally variable species):—Hoplitis milhauseri, F.,. Habrosyne derasa, L., Myinodes interpunctaria, Schiff., Aspilates ochrearia, Ross., Acronicta rumicis, L., Hurmodia bicruris = capsincola, Mesotype vir- gata, Hufn., Phragmatoecia castaneae, Hbn., Euxoa temera, Hbn. 3. VARIABLE Migrants:—Vanessa cardui, Celerio lineata. 4. Constant Mierants (arranged roughly in order of variability, beginning with the more constant and ending with the aberrationally variable species) :—Lampides boeticus, Macroglossum stellatarum, Deile- phila neriit, Teracolus fausta, Laphygma exigua, Cidaria obstipata, Sideridis vitellina, Sideridis unipuncta, Colias croceus, Rhodometra sacraria, Nomophila noctuella, Triphaena pronuba. . BIBLIOGRAPHY. Amsel, H. G. 1933. ‘“‘ Die Lepidopteren Palastinas.’” Zoogeographica, Bd.2, Hft.1. — 1936. ‘Hat die Flugfahigkeit Bedeutung fur die Verbreitung der Insek- ten?” Ent. Rundsch., 53, J. No. 20. —— 1939. “‘ Grundsatzliche Bemerkungen zur Frage der Faunenelemente.’’ Zoolog. Jahrbucher. (Systematik), Bd. 72, Hft. 1/2. ‘Seitz. Die Grossschmetterlinge der Erde, Vols. 1, 2, 3, 4. Williams, C. B. 1933. ‘“‘ Further Collected. Records Relating to Insect Migra- tions.” Trans. R. Ent. Soc. London, Vol. 1xxxi, 30, June. —— 1935. ‘ British Immigrant Butterflies and Moths.’ Brit. Mus. Nat. History. —— 1937. ‘‘ Butterfly Migration in the Tropics.’ Brit. Mus. Nat. History. —— 1938. “‘ The Migration of Butterflies in India.” Journ. Bombay N.H.S., Vol. xl, No. 3. f —— 1938. ‘‘ Recent Progress in the study of some N. American Migrant Butter- flies.’ Ann. Ent. Soc. America, Vol. xxxi, No. 2. —— 1939. ‘‘ Some Butterfly Migrations in Europe, Asia, and Australia’’ and “Some Records of Butterfly Migration in America.’ Proc. R. Ent. Soc. London, Vol. 14, Parts 9-12. NOTES ON SOME SOUTH AFRICAN LEPIDOPTERA. By J. Sneyp Taytor, M.A., D.I.C., F.R.E.S. The following notes are a continuation of those published under the same title in volume iii of the Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa (1940). Except where otherwise stated, the material dealt with was obtained at Graaff-Reinet, C.P. The writer is indebted - to Mr G. van Son, of the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, for naming the majority of the species, and to the Division of Botany and Plant Patho- logy for plant determinations. SpuingipaE.—A cherontia atropos, L.. (Death’s Head Moth).—A larva was obtained near Middelburg, C.P., feeding upon the foliage of Sola- num jasminoides (potato vine). 112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1942 Theretra capensis, lu.—The adult is commonly seen at light, and the larva has been found feeding upon the leaves of grape vines. Choerocampa celerio, L.—The larva of this species has- also been found feeding upon grape-vine foliage. LyMANTRIDAE.—Bracharoa dregei, H.-S.—The adult has been taken at light, while the larva has been obtained feeding upon the leaves of geranium in gardens. The cocoon is formed among the leaves of the food-plant. LASIOCAMPIDAE.—Gonometa postica, Walker.—The larva feeds upon the foliage of Acacia sp., and the cocoon is formed on the tree. ArctipaE.—Diacrisia eugraphica, Walker.—The adult is common at light, and the larva has been found feeding upon the leaves of Thunber- gia alata, var. awranticoa (‘‘ Black-eyed Susan ’’), a garden creeper. Nocrumar.—Tathorynchus vinctalis, Walker.—The larva has been obtained feeding upon lucerne, and the cocoon was formed among _ leaves and debris at the base of the food-plant. Diaphone ewmela, Cram.—The larva of this species feeds upon the buds, flowers and fruit, and, failing these, upon the leaves of Urginea altissima, a common veldt plant, popularly known as ‘‘ slangkop.’’ The pupal period may occupy a long period of time, possibly on account of drought conditions. The shortest pupal period obtained was 79 days, while others were eight, fourteen, sixteen and eighteen months (543 days) in duration. Recently (February 1942) several cocoons, formed in the soil in November 1940, were opened, and found to contain living pupae in various stages of development, some being still far from mature. Two species of Tachinidae were reared from the larva. PyYRALIDAE.—Mecyna gilvata, F.—The larva has been found feeding upon the shoots and twigs of a yellow-flowered broom forming a hedge in a garden in Jansenville, C.P. It was present in large numbers, and had almost destroyed the hedge. Cocoons were found under stones, and in wall crevices nearby. Terastia meticulosalis, Guen.—Cocoons found behind shutters on a house in Church Street, Graaff-Reinet, and under the bark of a Eu- calyptus tree at the same place, proved to belong to this species. The original larvae probably came from the tree HErythrina caffer (Kaffir- boom), which, Mr van Son informs me, is the usual food-plant, a speci- men of which grows on the other side of the street. A careful search was made of shutters and other likely places on this, the east, side of the street, but no cocoons were found. The street is a wide and busy one, and it seems curious that the larvae should seek places for pupation so far dfield. [The larva of Terastia meticulosalis isa borer in the young shoots of Erythrina; normally it pupates inside its tunnel in a cocoon spun there, usually below the frass accumulated at the apical end of the attacked shoot, which by that time is in a rotting condition. In the case of the cocoons found behind shutters and under Eucalyptus bark by Mr Sneyd Taylor, it seems likely that the attacked Hrythrina shoots had become detached (as by trimming the tree or by being torn off by passing traffic or by wind) and, under such unnatural conditions, the larvae had pupated as described by him.—T. Bainspriece FLETCHER. | Trachypteryx megella, Zell.—Tough, tubular constructions, about one-and-a-half inches in length, entwined among the thorns of bushes GREEN PUPAE. 13 of Acacia sp., were found to contain larvae which belonged this species. Pupation took place in the tubes. Loxostege frustalis, Zell—In Farming in South Africa, Vol. xv, No. 176, November 1940, under the title of ‘‘ The Karroo Caterpillar, ” ‘the writer gave an account of this species which, from time to time, is so destructive to Karroo-bush (Pentzia incana), the most important fodder-plant of the Karroo. In this account, mention was made of the long larval diapause, and, since its publication, more data as to the duration of the diapause have been accumulated. From larvae which entered the soil in November 1939, adults continued to be obtained until January 1941, and the period in the cocoon of forty-six individuals varied from 314 to 424 days, or, approximately, from 103 to 134 months. The remainder of the cocoons, formed during November 1939, and -from which nothing had emerged, were opened in June 1941, and three of them were found to contain living larvae, some 581 days, or over 19 months; since the construction of their cocoons. The larva of one cocoon, opened 323 days after its formation, made an abortive attempt to construct a fresh cocoon. Another, the cocoon of which was opened after 218 days, pupated 4 to 5 months later, while the adult emerged on the 365th day. Several others, the cocoons of which were opened in June 1940, pupated in the following September and October, the adults emerging towards the end of the latter month. At least one of the larval parasites of Loxostege frustalis, a species of Macrocentrus (Bra- conidae), has apparently adapted itself to the long diapause of its host. Several of the adult parasites were obtained after periods varying from 382 to 399 days since the host larvae had formed their cocoons in ue soil. The material from which the above data were obtained was kept under extremely dry conditions. | Loxostege frustalis, although present, did not occur in serious num- bers in Graaff-Reinet during the summer of 1940-41. The same applies to the summer of 1941-42, up to the time of writing (February). The few flights of moths, which were observed, were small, and were not followed by heavy or widespread infestations. Both summers were dry, on the whole, and there seems little doubt that climatic conditions play an important part in the incidence of this insect, Dry weather is cer- tainly not favourable to it. GREEN PUPAE. By An Otp MotH-HUvUntrvER. On the 27th August, many years ago, I found a green chrysalis. It was suspended in a silken cradle between the leaves of an ash, on a little shoot that rose from the trunk not more than two feet above ground. Having already, at that early age, noted that most chrysalids are green for a few hours after the larval skin has been cast off, I added, in my diary recording the discovery, ‘‘ evidently just pupated.’’ The following day, however, my pupa was still green, a light grassy green, and so it remained until 13th September, when a male ‘‘ Dusky Thorn ”’ emerged from it, 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. : 15/X/1942 Since that far-off day I have bred Ennomos fuscantaria many times, and always his pupa remains green. ‘It distresses me. There is some- _thing immodest about a green pupa. It is not playing the game. Why do these ‘‘ Dusky Thorns ’’ which pupate above ground remain green as pupae? Protective coloration? I doubt it: there are plenty of insects which pupate among growing leaves and their pupae behave ‘decorously. For some reason of which I am ignorant fuscantaria throws discretion to the winds and remains a toothsome morsel for birds, in appearance at least, throughout his pupal career. It seems very stupid of him. But perhaps the cradle deceives birds, who mistake it for a _ spider’s web and the pupa for a poisonous green spider. The ‘‘ Lunar Thorn,’’ who also inhabits ash trees, has not yet made up his mind whether brown or green affords the better protection to a pupa: he pupates, normally, as brown as brown can be; but some- times he decides to go in for an autumn brood, and then his chrysalis remains green until the moth emerges. Luwnaria usually cocoons among moss, and here a green pupa might have a better chance to elude prying eyes, so why not stick to green for the normal brood? Are ash trees inhabited by large green spiders which appear only in the autumn when fuscantaria and delunaria (as the men of science call the autumn brood of lunaria) have pupated? What say the arachnologists? Or can the hemipterists (I am thinking of shield-bugs) help us? Fuscantaria never seems to me to be a very common moth: in fact, I have to work hard to obtain him. His larva is difficult to find: so exactly the colour of an ash leaf that the quickest way to find him is to draw the leaves gently through one’s hand. He reclines along the petiole on the under side, and there he remains by day, in wind and rain. At night he moves very little, eating holes in the leaves round about him and departing to fresh pastures only when he judges that the extent of his meals has endangered his camouflage. I can find no record in my diaries of ever having found the imago otherwise than at a street lamp, which shows what a duffer I am. But I find the larvae every now and then, as well as the pupa. Tetralunaria, the ‘‘ Purple Thorn,’’ is a most lovely thing. One comes across him in the moth state much more readily than as a larva. He does not disdain telegraph poles. He sits on the top of a hedge. I once found him on the trunk of a mighty Tulip Tree, a veritable Lirie- dendron tulipifera, up which he had crawled to expand his wings. A rare tree for a larva to feed on. But then, the ‘‘ Purple Thorn ”’ is a rare moth, at least so far as his beauty is concerned. And on the 22nd — of April I discovered him in an alder bush. We were passing, my wife, daughter and I, a clump of tall leafless alders. I stopped. ‘‘ There,”’ said I, ‘‘ is a ‘ Purple Thorn ’.’’ I pointed to a large male tetralunaria doing his best to imitate a dead leaf, on the far side of the bush, about seven feet from the ground. My wife can give me points and a beating any day at spotting moths at rest: she once showed me—or rather tried to show me; for I could not see it for the life of me and indeed hardly believed her until I had the insect in a box—a socia asleep in a deep crevice of oak bark ten feet from the ground. My daughter has the keen eyes of youth. They peered and peered. In vain. Then I pushed . my way through the branches, secured my ‘‘ Thorn,’’ and exhibited it ABERRATIONS AND GYNANDROMORPHS OF EPIONE VESPERTARIA, FB. 115 in a glass-bottomed box. ‘‘ Don’t you ever dare to complain about your eyes again,’’ said my daughter. ( But it really wasn’t much of a feat. There were no dead leaves on that bush, and the ‘‘ Thorn,’’ though five or six feet from me, was ex- hibiting the unmistakable wing profile of his race. It was quite easy. And now that he is set he measures 42 mm. across his front wings. His larva is, I believe, polyphagous. Says Barrett, he ‘‘ will eat almost all kinds of deciduous trees and shrubs—raspberry, bramble, honeysuckle and cotoneaster.’’ I have found him on none of these plants, but, every now and then, on alder, oak, birch, and once on ash. So he can put up with almost any kind of food. Yet for all that I have never found him a common moth, at least in those parts of the kingdom wherein I have shouldered the pill-box. As a larva he is, of course, quite impossible. The one I found on an ash was such a perfect twig that he put the real twigs to shame. He out-Heroded Herod; he was plus royaliste que le rot. He knew much better than the tree what an ash twig really ought to look like. Indeed, it was a marvel that he did not burst into leaf. So proud was he of his mimicry that he refused to budge and I had to stimulate his back- side with a grass-stem. Protesting-loudly, he at last consented to enter the box. Inside it he lay inert for a moment or two; then, realizing that something had gone wrong, he rushed around looking for a twig to imitate. Finding none, he gripped the petiole of a leaf with his claspers, swayed to and fro, chattering with rage; then sulked all the way home. But he made a most lovely moth, and that was the main thing, wasn’t it? Of lunaria’s larva I say nothing at all: his sole object in life is to outdo tetralunaria, and he usually succeeds. If birds, wasps and other predaceous animals hunted their meat by sight alone the ‘‘Lunar Thorn”’ would be one of our commonest insects. He is sui generis, he is unique, _ he is an abnormity, a lwsus naturae. And he is the forerunner of a very lovely and not too common moth. ABERRATIONS AND GYNANDROMORPHS OF EPIONE VESPERTARIA, FB. By E. A. Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P. Epione vespertaria, Fb., ab. alba, ab. nov. Female. The straw colour of the wings, head, thorax, abdomen, and legs is replaced by white. The absence of straw-coloured scales gives the border a redder tint than usual. Type. Female. York, 1892. Bred by R. Dutton. Crabtree Coll. ‘‘ Pink var.” is written on the label, so possibly it had a pink flush when newly emerged, but no trace of this remains. Paratype. Yorks. Bred. B.S. Harwood Coll. Of ab. fulva, which I described and named (Ent. Record, 1934, 46, 118), I now possess five specimens. (a) The type. Strensall Common, York, 1917. A. Smith. (b) Labelled ‘‘ Purchased at the Prest Sale, 1882.’’ Presumably this is the specimen depicted on a coloured plate (Entomologist, 1878, 11, 170, pl. 2, fig. 8). This was taken at Sandburn, 13th July 1874, by W. 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. -15/X/ 1942 Prest. If I am right in its identification, the red-brown ground colour int the plate is not bright enough and the border is too black. It passed into the S. Webb collection and was figured by Barrett, pl. 298, fig. I got it from the B. S. Harwood collection. (c) Sandburn, York, July 1875? Presented by R.. Anderson, Coney St., December 1897. (d) Sandburn, 1870? Taken by S. Walker. as (e) Sandburn, 29th July 1883. Taken by S. Walker and said by him to be the finest example he or other York collectors have seen. The last three are from the S. Walker collection. No corresponding form appears to be known in the female sex. William Hewett records the capture of a male at Sandburn in July 1889 (Entomologist, 1890, 23, 19), and at the end of his note is an edi- torial comment saying -‘‘ This variety is more commonly bred than captured: some years not unfrequently (sic).’’ On p. 101 of the same volume Samuel Walker says he has never heard of one having been bred and that all the York collectors agree that it is extremely scarce. He goes on to say that in Prest’s note of 1878 ‘‘ mention is made of several others taken in previous seasons near the same spot, pointing to a hereditary form. There is one in the Allis collection in the Yorkshire Philosophical Society’s Museum in this city (York). I believe Mr Anderson and Mr Jackson have both captured it. Mr Prest said all the examples had been taken close to a hillock at Sandburn and I be- lieve Mr Hewett’s specimen was captured within a few yards of where the others were taken.’’ Evidently Mr Anderson gave his specimen to Walker a few years later. At the end of Walker’s remarks the editor disclaims responsibility for saying the aberration is taken not infre- quently and says the comment was written by J.T.C., which are Car- rington’s initials. There is little doubt that Walker is correct in saying that the form is hereditary and it will probably prove to be recessive. I have three gynandromorphs of E. vespertaria, only one of which has been described. (a) York. Bred June 1893. R. Dutton. This is recorded, but not described (Entomologist, 1894, 27, 78, and Ent. Record, 1894, 5, 18). Both antennae are shorter than normal, the right with shorter pec- - tinations on both sides than a male, the left with short pectinations on the proximal two-thirds and with the distal third almost simple. The wings on the right side are shaped like those of a female with female borders and coloration on both surfaces. The wings on the left side are shaped like those of a male with male borders. On the upper sur- face the colour and striae are male, with the exception of a streak -of female colour, on which striae are absent, running from base to border and occupying the whole width of the discoidal cell. The under surface is female. Genitalia: both lobes of the ovipositor are present but malformed, and on the right there appears to be a valve. (b) Bred from larvae swept at Sandburn, 13th July 1901, S. Walker. This is a small specimen. The right antenna has long pectinations in the proximal third and. short ones on the distal two-thirds; the left -antenna has short pectinations throughout. On the upper surface bota wings on the right side appear to be female and on the left side male. On the under surface the right forewing is female with the exception COLLECTING NOTES. 117 of a stripe of male colour with striae lying between the discoidal spot and nervure 1, running from base to termen and so including the dark border. On the right hindwing there is a small stripe of male colour running along 8 from the base to the dark border and another male stripe be-_ tween 5 and 6 running from the discoidal spot to the border. There is a broad piece of male coloration with striae running from the base to the border and filling the space between the median nervure and 1. The rest of the wing is female. The under surface of both wings on the left side appears to be female. Genitalia: both lobes of the ovipositor are present but malformed and apparently fused, and there seems to be a small male valve on the left. (c) The specimen figured in the Entomologist, 1878, 11, 170, pl. 2, fig. 9. Saltburn, captured 22nd July 1877. G. C. Dennis. This speci- men passed into the §. Webb collection and was figured again in colour by Barrett, pl. 298, fig. 2c. Barrett, however, does not mention its origin. I obtained.it at the sale of the B. S. Harwood collection. Both figures show the pectinations of the same length on both antennae, but the text says correctly that those of the right antenna are shorter. Barrett’s description of the upper surface is not quite accurate and he does not describe the under surface. On the upper surface of the left forewing all the area between the costa and the discoidal spot is male, and that between 1 and the inner margin is also male, and there are a few striae between 1 and 2. The shape of the wing and dark border are male. On the right forewing all the area between 1 and the inner margin and most of that between 1 and 2 are male. There are also a few male striae between 2 and 3, and between 3 and 4, and a streak of male coloration running along 5 to the discoidal spot. The remainder of the wing surface comprising the greater part, its shape and dark border are female. Both hindwings are largely male, but there are some small streaks of female coloration. On the under surface the right forewing is male with the exception of a streak of female colour running from the discoidal spot to the border; the left forewing is male with the exception of the costal part, which is of female colora- tion and. devoid of striae. This female part almost reaches 5. Both hindwings are almost entirely male. The abdomen and genitalia are male with normally developed valves. In Schultz’ list of Gynandromorphs of Palaearctic Macrolepidoptera only one is mentioned and that is the specimen bred by R. Dutton in 1893. COLLECTING NOTES. — Metantc Procus LirerosA.—The melanic aberration named ab. obscura by Mr A. J. Wightman in the September number of the Hntomo- logist’s Record, p. 93, appears to be the same as ab. aethalodes, Richard- son, described in the Entomologist, 1940, 73, 136; ab. obscura therefore becomes a synonym of ab. aethalodes.—E. A. COCKAYNE, Merstone, Tring. Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING MusEumM CoLLEction (Con- tinued from p. 76).—C. pamphilus,—There is a considerable number of 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X /1942 this species from England, extending from the Lake District and Wither- slack in the north-west to Sussex in the south-east, and from Durham in the north-east to Bude in the south-west. There are two broods from the Cotswolds in which there is very little difference in the upperside of the ds; in both there is great variability in the breadth and black- ness of the border and in both that of the Qs is light. In the first brood the underside of they ¢ shows a dark base with a very short white band,,. the Qs have a lighter base and a much broader and longer white band. In the second brood the underside of the ds is much like that of the Qs of the lst brood. In the two broods from the N. Downs the Qs of the 1st are large, the border in both sexes varying as in the Cotswolds; while the specimens of the 2nd brood are small with a much darker underside than. those from the Cotswolds, one ¢ is very pale. From the S. Downs both broods are small; in the 1st brood the white band on the underside hindwing barely reaches the centre even in the 9, and in the 2nd generation the band is broader but not longer.. In a pair of the first brood from Chiddingfold (Surrey) the ¢ has a very broad dark border on the upperside, especially on the hindwing. From Wolford (S.W. Warwickshire) only the Spring brood is represented ; these, as might be expected, are very like the Cotswold specimens, but the 2 has scarcely any border on the upperside. From Royston, the New Forest and the Bude district only the 2nd brood is represented. Royston shows a very small race, not otherwise remarkable; those from the New Forest, on the other hand, are very large, the border not very dark, the underside hindwing being very dark in both sexes, the white band in the 9 being very narrow. The Bude specimens are rather large, the os with a very black and broad border, that of the 9s being narrow and light. From the Chilterns there are only 2 cs of the 2nd genera- tion, with a border of moderate size and depth of blackness, the white band on the underside being rather more marked than in most other specimens. With regard to those from the North, those from Wither- slack have their border of a light grey and rather narrow, the white band on the underside being conspicuously small; those from KE. Durham have a broader and darker border, the white band beneath being very short and narrow, strongly contrasted with the ground colour. Those from the Lake District have a broadish and very dark border, the 9s having a very light underside with the white band short and narrow, but without the contrast of the Durham specimens. A few from King- horn in Fife have a light border almost absent in the 9; the ground colour of the underside hindwing is dark with the white band short but broad. In Belgian specimens the border varies both in depth and _ black- ness, but that of the 9 is darker than in any English specimen and the tone of the upperside is deeper, the white band below being very short and narrow. From France come very large 9s from Samoussy, Plouharnel, Aix- les-Bains, Mt. Revard and the Col du Granier, while those of the 2nd brood from Digne are scarcely larger than the ¢s. The underside of Plouharnel Qs have a very broad band of a yellowish colour, while that of'the ds is short and narrow. There is a pair of a 3rd generation from Monterfil (near Rennes), small, with pale borders. The border of os from Aix-les-Bains is very broad. COLLECTING NOTES. 119 Swiss specimens from the Rhone Valley are all larger than English ones, especially the Qs, and are practically without any white on the underside. One 92 has a double eye-spot on the underside forewing. From Altmatt the Qs are smaller, with pale border, and show little white on the underside. From Wesen the specimens have a darker ground colour on the upperside with a much suffused border. A from Fusio has a very broad border on the upperside and scarcely any white on the underside. One ¢ from Norway is about the size of English ones; those from Finland are also like the English ones. but have much less ie on the underside. The 1st brood from Italy are all very large, especially the 9s; those from the Lido have a very dark and sharply defined black border on the upperside; those from Paraggi on the Porto- fino peninsula have no white on the underside, except one which shows traces of it; in ¢s from the Lido there is also no white or only slight traces, are in the Qs the band is either short or narrow and yellowish in colour. Specimens of the 2nd brood are smaller and generally have the border of the upperside suffused on the hindwing, one ¢ from Assisi remarkably so; ds from Orvieto have a very dark border, and Qs from there and slid: from Rome are large, with a pale narrow border on the upperside. September specimens from Perugia and Fiesole are small, the ¢ unicolorous on the underside hindwing, the Q with a broad yel- lowish band. From Corsica the ¢s have a very broad black border, narrower and greyer in the 9s. There are 2 gs and 1 9 from Hinter- zarten in the Black Forest; one of the ds is without any eye-spot on the upperside and the 9° Ae almost without. The ds from Oberbozen in the Tyrol have a very broad black border, narrower and greyer in the @s, one of which is almost without either border or eye-spot. In the Greek specimens the Ist generation shows rather large Qs. The undersides vary both in tone and in the length of the band, which, however, is always short and sometimes absent; a few have a broad border on the upperside, but it is not general. The 2nd and 3rd genera- tions are small and very neat looking, with sharply defined border; one 6 has spots on the upperside hindwing. C. typhon (now called tullia).—There is at present a row of upper- and a row of undersides from Witherslack of the very dark form philoz- enus. The ds on the upperside vary both in the number and the dis- tinctness of the eye-spots of the hindwing. There are generally two or three but they vary from 0 to 5; some are barely visible, but mostly very distinct and conspicuous. On the forewing there is generally one, but rarely two appear. In the 9 uppersides the contrast between the colour of the fore and hindwings varies from being very slight to being very conspicuous, but darker hindwings are always accompanied by rather darker forewings. The spotting varies just as in the ds. On the under- side the spotting is very conspicuous. The forewing generally has one spot but sometimes 3; there is no case of 2 spots in the ¢ and only one in the 2, but the costal spot has sometimes 2 pupils in the g¢. The hindwing has generally 6 spots, but one ¢ has 5. The costal spot on both wings is inclined to be lanceolate. The Scotch specimens (lazdion) are very pale and with very little spotting, often without any in the d ; the @ has always-one at the costa of the forewing, the ¢ rarely. On the underside there is nearly always a costal spot on the forewing, 120 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 /X/1942 rarely any indication of one on the hindwing in the ¢ but rather less rarely in the °. There is a series of Swiss specimens from Altmatt in the bog-land near the lake of Zurich, rather larger than the English, and with ds and Os of the same shade of colour, half-way between that of the English . and Scotch specimens, with no spots on the upperside of the ds and ~ only indications in that of the Qs; there is much more spotting on the underside, but the spots are generally small and inconspicuous. Those from Gimel on the Swiss Jura above the lake of Geneva show rather lighter Qs. The upperside is like those from Altmatt, but the under- side is much less spotted except in one ©. There are also'a few from Wesen on the Walensee, much more spotted on the underside. Speci- mens from Hinterzarten in the Black Forest are large and slightly darker than the Swiss, very rarely with any spots on the upperside, but occasionally there is a costal spot on the forewing and in the 9 slight indications on the hindwing. The underside is more spotted than the Swiss specimens, but the spots are inconspicuous; there are generally 2 on the forewing, in one case bipupilled, and any number up to 6 on the hindwing but they are very small. There is one specimen from Finland, small and spotless on the upperside and almost so on the underside ; I fear I may have passed some over as C. iphis, which is very common there and is of much the same size and colour.—(To be con- tinued.)—Rev. G. Wueetrr, M.A., F.R.E.S. ASSEMBLING SCENT AND MiscouPLine IN A. viILiica, Etc.—Dr Kettle- well’s most instructive remarks in the May number on ‘‘ The Assembling Scent of A. villica and P. plantaginis’’ at once suggest the explanation of miscouplings in other species which are presumably unfertile and of | which there are doubtless many records to be collected. I recall observing an attempted copulation between Phragmatobia fuliginosa and Tyria jacobaeae in a wild state on Fritton Warren, Suf- folk, about twenty years ago. I do not recall which species was the female. I also recall being told that Taeniocampa. au (if my memory fails me not) is liable to such miscouplings. Perhaps more constant English residents than JI can oblige with similar records. I do not know whether the above-mentioned species have been recorded, though Dr Kettlewell in his last sentence implies that there is somewhere a record of such occurrences.—E. P. WILTSHIRE, F.R.E.S. AGROTIS CORTICEA, HB., FORM NIGRA-VIRGATA, TutTt.—On page 64, Vol. ii, lines 4-7, in Brit. Noct. and Vars. Supp. Notes, by Hy. J. Turner, we read: ‘‘ On page 63, Brit. Noc. and Vars., Tutt refers to his nigra-virgata. It seems that he should have written brunnea-virgata as the parallel form in the ‘ black ’ ground forms to that in the reddish- brown ground forms.”’ I do not think this explanation can be accepted, because form brunnea-virgata, Tutt, and form obscura, Frr., are not parallel forms. Tutt refers to his form: nigra-virgata, but has not described such a form, it is true. Years ago I wrote ‘‘ read sincerii, Frr.,’’ against this reference by Tutt to his nigra-virgata in my copy of Noct. and Vars., and I think the explanation is certainly as follows. COLLECTING NOTES. s 121 In his table of corticea forms, Brit. Noc. and Vars., Vol. ii, page 61, Tutt had called A4 nigra-virgata, which would have been an excellent name for the form, indeed the obvious one for a form ‘‘ Basal and outer area pale grey, central area black,’’ and in writing the subsequent notes he noted under obscura, Frr., that it was a parallel form to his nigra- virgata (A4), but in checking up before publication he found that he had been forestalled by Freyer, whose ab. sincerii was just this form. Tutt then deleted his name nigra-virgata and his description of it and wrote in sincerii, Frr., later quoting Freyer’s description ; but, for- getting his reference to this form under obscura, Frr., as his nigra- virgata, failed to make the necessary alteration there. If we read sincerii, Frr., instead of nigra-virgata on pages 63-64 (Brit. Noct. and Vars:, Tutt), the matter will be in order, as sincerit, Frr., is a parallel form to obscura, Frr., differing principally in ground colour as Tutt says.—A. J. WicHTman, ‘‘ Aurago,’’ Pulborough. C. SCROPHULARIAE IN THE BritisH Istes.—I was interested by A. J. Wightman’s remarks about C. scrophulariae on p. 130, Ent. Rec. (Dec,, 1941), though I think that they might better have had the title ‘‘ Occur- rence of C. scrophulariae in England ’’ than ‘‘ Phenological Classifica- tion of Palaearctic Lepidoptera.’’ When including the ‘‘ disputed example ’’? in my article with the latter title (and I might indeed have omitted it without prejudice), I wondered whether it would provoke a discussion of scrophulariae’s English record, and indeed hoped it would. I took care to dissociate myself from the view quoted from South. Scrophulariae has good specific rank and is regularly obtained by entomologists in France and Belgium, chiefly in the distinct larval stage. The male genitalia of this group, on the other hand, do not always show specific differences clearly, and are even in some cases vari- able, I understand. Perhaps Dr Cockayne will sum up the question for us. Alas, one cannot now consult the Paris entomologist, M. Charles Boursin, one of whose earliest specialities this genus was, and with whom I remember discussing the occurrence of scrophulariae in Europe.—E. P. WILTSHIRE. ABUNDANCE OF NyMPHALIS 10, L., AND PARARGE MEGERA, L., IN THE CaruisLeE District.—The steady increase in numbers of the ‘‘ Peacock ”’ butterfly in this district, which has been observable for the past 5 or 6 years, after a long period of almost total absence, seems to have reached its peak in 1942. In June the larvae were present in hundreds in the nettle beds around the city, far outnumbering those of Aglais urticae, L., which was, as is usual here, common enough. Later the butterflies were so numerous that they added much to the floral amenities of gar- dens and the rougher herbage of roadsides and open woods. On the other hand, Vanessa atalanta, L., has been comparatively scarce and V. cardw, L., almost absent. Another butterfly to be remarkably abundant this season is the ‘‘ Wall Brown,”’ especially in the second brood in August and early September. It is invariably a fairly common insect in this district, particularly on the west side of the city and towards the Solway area, but this year it has occurred in much greater numbers than I have previously known, frequenting hedge-banks in lanes, open spaces on 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1942 moors, and fats being noted in the streets of the city on sunny days.— F. H. Day, 26 Currock Road, Carlisle, September 4th, 1942. = .- ACRONICTA ALNI IN SurBITON, SuRREY.—On the evening of the 12th August, I took a larva of A. alni from a pear tree in the remains of an old orehard in our district. It was resting fully exposed on the surface of the leaf, and almost full fed; in fact, it commenced to spin up a day after, but in the meantime had been eating pear with which I had pro- vided it. I supplied it with a short piece of dead wood, but although it commenced to-attack this it apparently changed its mind and spun eventually between two of the leaves. I thought this might be of in- terest as there is a great amount of traffic of all kinds close to where I found it.—J. C. Warnwrieut, 9 Priory Road, Hook Road, Surbiton, Surrey. - SuBstTITUTE FooprLiants.—With reference to Messrs Allan’s and . Donisthorpe’s letters, on pp. 63 and 87, Ent. Rec., 1942, under the head- ing ‘‘ Substitute Foodplants,’’ it is surely quite usual to find non-poly- phagous larvae or other insects ready to eat any of a number of closely related genera (but not usually all genera of a large family) of plants. Figworts and mulleins are an excellent example of such alternative pabula; so are privet, lilac, and snowberry; so are birch and alder; so are poplar, willow and sallow. It must be some ancestral essence, capable perhaps of chemical analysis, that makes these alternatives welcome to the palate of one insect; the texture of the leaves of a plant is the merest detail compared with something that has its roots in the common associated evolution of plant and insect. Before leaving the subject of mullein and figwort, and the mullein and figwort sharks (a fascinating group of moths), let me briefly record here my own observations of these ‘‘ substitute foodplants.”’ C. verbasct, L. As a schoolboy I found larvae at Cheltenham on Scrophularia aquatica, which readily ate S. verbascum in captivity and vice versa. é _ C. barthae, Bours. The larvae are only found on S. zanthoglossa in Syria and a similar or identical species in the Elburz; these are food- plants of a dry habit and knotty aspect. In both these districts cer- tain kinds-of figwort with the aspect of aquatica are to be found by streams and rivers; barthae larvae readily eat these in captivity but ~ the egg is never laid on them, to my knowledge. If hungry and offered nothing better they will also eat verbascum in captivity. A new species in this group from the Firuzabad district of Fars (S.W. Iran), which I have bred and hope to describe shortly as C. fauci- cola, is only to be found on a fleshy species of Scrophularia, which only grows on vertical cliffs. At higher and lower altitudes, and in different biotopes in Fars, other species of figwort and mullein are to be found freely but they do not harbour this species, which will, however, eat them in captivity if deprived of the favoured kind. This last example of specialization is doubtless due to ecological causes, the alternatives or ‘‘ substitutes,’’ which are acceptable in cap- tivity, not growing in the conditions to which the species has, by close association with its proper foodplant for thousands of years, become habituated. But I see no ecological reason why barthae should not feed Sa Se : a CURRENT NOTES. 123 on verbascum on dry ground, though it is easier to imagine ecological objections to an aquatic figwort as a wild foodplant for this species, which seems to pertain to steppe mountains. C’. verbasci and C. lych- nitis, which will eat several foodplants in the wild state, range over most of the Palaearctic zone, whereas the species that specialize on one kind of Scrophularia have a restricted range. Relevant are the foodplants of Melitaea trivia, a widely distributed desert and steppe butterfly; in Syria and N. Iran I have seen its larvae on verbascum but in Fars (S.W. Iran) on a dry-growing species of Scrophularia.—K. P. Wittsuire, Basra, Iraq. An Unusvuat Fooppiant.—On 7th July last I found eight young larvae on the underside of the lowest leaf of a large Onopordon acan- thium, L. They were about 3 mm., yellow and translucent, with a few long black setae on each somite, and had started to eat the lower parenchyma. I could find no eggshells. The lens showed them to have Arctiid characters, so I boxed and proceeded to rear them on Onopordon. In the second stadium they ate the upper parenchyma as well. On 22nd July, when they moulted for the second time, they declared them- selves to be Cycnia (Diaphora) mendica, L. Thereafter six of them de- serted Onopordon for Plantago major, L., two continuing with the original foodplant throughout their third stadium. They grew well and moulted for the last time on 2nd August, pupating on 10th-12th August. P. B. M. Avian, Newtown. CHRYSOPHANUS (HBODES) PHLAEAS, AB. ALBA, Tutt.—A good example of the above was taken near Burbage, Leics., on Ist September. The abnormal summer and, for the most part, wet August may account for the appearance of such rare forms.—D. P. Murray, Leicester. CURRENT NOTES. ® In the Hnt. News for June there is a short note on the possibility of the vectors of disease being spread by airplanes. It is reported that a male of one of the carriers of sleeping sickness was found in an air- plane going from Africa to Brazil in November 1941. The same number of Ent. News contains further notes on the Clouds of Butterflies observed assembling on the roads of Mexico. The species _noted include Victorina steneles ssp. biplagiata, Colaenis julia, Achlyodes thraso, Anaea aidea, 3 species of Hurenia, Physiodes and Chlosyne species, Precis lavinia, and others. In nearly every case those cap- tured were males. In the July number a summary of the observations was given. A Srparate.—‘‘ The Biology and Natural Control of the Larch-shoot Moth, Argyresthia laevigatella, H.-S.’’ has been received from Dr B. P. Beirne. Of the 20 pp. 5 are occupied by numerous figures illustrating the life-history, structure and damage caused by the larvae; interesting facts about its natural enemies and the control they afford are dis- cussed. (Hcon. Proc. R. Dublin Socy., Vol. 3, No. 11.) 124 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X/1942 ‘‘ MESOPOTAMIAN DESERT LEPIDOLTERA”’ is the title of a separate from E. P. Wiltshire of Basra, reprinted from the Bombay Nat. Hist. Socy. This interesting account of a very specialized area is divided into sections: 1. The Desert itself, described in a general way, giving the geographical, geological and to a degree the botanical aspects of the area, and explaining the conditions under which the fauna (lepidop- terous) has to live. 2. Descriptions of all localities which have come under the notice of the author mainly by his personal observation. 3. A list of the species recorded with special notes on each as to its variation, abundance, scarcity, etc., mainly of Macro-lepidoptera. A very useful piece of work which ma need doing, not merely as a record of captures but to give an insight into the ecological existence of life in an area very restricted in its availability for the existence of frail natural objects such as the Lepidoptera. CORRECTIONS. p. 93, line 1: for Procrus read Procus. p. 87, Note on S. pavonia: Omit all references to ‘‘ D.S.T.’’? and put the times 2 hours back.—A. F. L. Bacon. SOCIETY. The South London Entomological and Nat. Hist. Society on October 10th held their Annual Exhibition of Aberrations and of Special Cap- tures during the present season as a full record of all worth noting in all Orders. The meeting was again very successful. There were about 50 exhibitors and the meeting was attended by considerably over a hundred members and friends. Visitors came from afar: Cheshire, Devonshire, Oxford, Salisbury, Folkestone, The Fens, Tonbridge, Glou- cester, etc. The sun condescended to shine as last year and all went off quite pleasantly. When the Report is published it will be seen that many fine forms were shown and long varied bred series. Articles, Collecting Notes, and Current Notes are much needed just now. The November number will be less, but will have a plate. 13,326 | ne “NOY 20 194” / THE BRITISH NOOTUAK AND THEIR VARIETIES. (69) LIBRARY ditto, with a black central band; (5) ab. Weiletatehree bright ochre- ous, slightly reddish, with obsolete transverse lines; (6) ab: ochrea, ditto, with distinct transverse lines; (7) ab. obsoleta-rufa, bright red, with obsolete transverse lines; (8) ab. rufa, ditto, with distinct trans- verse lines; (9) ab. grisea, dark grey, with darker transverse lines; (10) ab. nigra, black, with pale transverse lines. He also dealt with ab. badiofasciata, Teich. (1883) (Brit. Noct., _Append., IV, 123). Warr.-Stz. said that the obscura, Auriv. (1887-8), was this form. (ssp. ?) exigua, Btlr., Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., p. 182 (1881). Ontc. Desorrp.—‘‘ Colour of primaries nearly as in M. acetosellae; sandy testaceous, faintly washed with pink, and slightly sericeous; the two lines of the central belt dusky, the inner line oblique, with pale internal border, the outer line transverse from inner margin to upper radial, whence it runs obliquely at an obtuse angle inwards to costa, with pale external border; between these two lines is a somewhat dif- fuse dusky angular stripe, the angle of which runs into the lower part of the reniform spot; both discoidal spots ill-defined, but rather paler than the ground colour, external border greyish, limited internally by a rather pale bracket-shaped line; a marginal series of black dots; fringe dark grey with pink reflections, and with a bright clay-coloured basal line; secondaries greyish-brown, sericeous, with bronzy reflections; ex- ternal border rather broadly grey; fringe ochreous traversed by a grey line; under surface whitish. Wings crossed by a dull grey discal line.’’ Tokei, Japan. Warr.-Seitz, Pal. Noct., III, 231 (1911), said: ‘‘ Forewing greyish- rufous, dusted with darker; lines as in trapezina; hindwing dark fus- cous with a rufous fringe; the costal area in the Q yellower.’’ Amur- Jand, Japan. Apparently a stable form. Treated as a good species by both Hampson and Warren (Seitz). ab. badiofasciata, Teich., Stett. e. Zeit., 173 (1883). Orig. Descrre.—‘‘ This form has the ground colour of the usual trapezina, only the male is paler and the female more reddish-yellow. The marking is often that of the type form, but the disc is dark chestnut- brown, and in addition the black dots are not apparent; also the waved line towards the margin is tolerably strongly dark shaded. The fore- wings below are darker than in the typical form; but the hindwings have instead of the punctured curved streaks, a wide black-grey band, and between the base and the middle spots on the costa is also found the. beginning of a similar band which is very obsolescent.”’ race obscura, Auriv., Nord. Fjar., 161 (1887-8). Ortc. Descrrp.—‘ Forewing dark, reddish; centre of the wing wholly and uniformly black-brown—black without marking.’’ Sweden. var. saturata, Stdgr., Mem. Rom., VI, 504 (1892). Orig. Descrrp.—‘‘ The Amur examples of this very variable_ species, mostly have brown, rarely brown-grey, forewings; the light yellow-grey specimens, so common in Europe, seem never to occur. The hindwings are always dark, such as only seldom occurs in European examples.’’ (70) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1942 ab. conspersa, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 231 (1911). Fig .—l.c., plt. 47 g. Orig. Descrip.—‘* Pale ochreous, yellow-ochreous and, reddish forms with a maximum of dark dusting.’* Transylvania. ab. carnea, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 230 (1911). Fie.—lI.c., le. AG ie | Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Pale with all the shadings, especially ‘the thick median shade, delicate flesh colour.’ Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 189 (1935), said that rubella, Krul.- (1893), was ‘‘a fleshy-red form which is probably identical with the carnea, Warr.-Stz., and will have priority.’’ ab. lutescens, Wrli. Drdt.-Stz., l.c., 189 (1935), said: ‘‘ has glossy yellow, not blackish, hindwings with normal coloration of forewings.’” Hoffm. & Klos., Schm. Stier., ITI, 142 (1915). Orntc. Descrip.—‘‘ A wholly light yellow example from Krieglach.’’ This is probably Tutt’s ab. obsoleta-ochrea. ° Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., TX, 198 (1910), gave five aberrations, gave no name to four of them. He recognized badiofasciata, Teich. (1) ‘‘ Fore- wing with the ground colour bright rufous.’’ This is probably the rufa, Tutt. (2) Forewing pale yellow slightly tinged with rufous, especially on medial area. (8) Forewing ochreous-white, slightly suffused with brown, especially on medial area. (4) Forewing ochreous-white, irro- rated but not suffused with brown. Calymnia, Hb. (1823), Barr., Stdgr., Splr., South, Hamp., Culot, Drdt.-Stz. [Caradrina, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Meyr., Meyr.: Cosmia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), Dup., H.-S., Gn.: Ipimorpha, Hb. (1821), Warr.- Stz.] pyralina, Schiff. (1775). ; Tutt gave pyralina, View. (1789), but recent authorities: have ac- cepted the Verz., Schiff., as the valid prior name. ; Schif., Verz., 88, T. 12, ‘‘ The upper wings red-brown. No. 12. Dark brown, bluish tinged.’’ TIlliger,- Verz. ee ), I, 317, identified the cor(r)usca, Esp., with pyralina, Bork. Tutt, Brit. Noct., IIT, 20 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 117 (1895): Barr., Lep. Brit. Is., V, 319, plt. 224, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., [[led., 205 (1901): Splr., Schm. Hur., 1, 244, plt. 45, f. 22 (1906): South, M.Br.f., tf -2, plt. 2, f. 3 (1908): Hamp., Lep. Phal., IX, 191 (1910): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., U1, 230, plt. 47 e (1911): Culot, N. et G., I (2), 70, pit. 51, 8-9 (1914): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 70 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 189 (1934). Esp., Schm, Abbild. Noct., IV (1), 424, plt. 135, f. 4-5 (1788-?). Tutt, in his description of Esper’s figure of corusca, hardly gave the true impression of the species nor even of the figure. With Esper’s figure before me, and a short series of this beautiful form, I must say that THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (71) the markings in the figure are far too bold and I should not call the transverse lines whitish. These latter are hght purple (rosy whitish in another copy) in the figure, far too much so to represent the lines on the forewings. Tutt stated that the basal transverse line had its inner mar- gin black. The figure has no basal line and the succeeding line has its external margin black, and only the two external lines with black mar- gins internally. There is nothing soft about the two figures, nor have ! seen any specimen with the hindwing having two conspicuous median transverse lines as Esper gives. Iiliger, Verz. (1801), I, 317, T. 12, remarked that Bork. only knew of this species from the descriptions of View. & Lang, because it was rarely captured. [Schiff., Verz., 87 (1775). ] Hb., Samml. Noct., 203 (1800-8), gave a very good figure. Dup., Hist. Nat., VII (1), 122, plt. 108, 6 (1827), gave a good figure. Freyer, New. Beitr., If, 57, plt. 129 (1836), gave an excellent figure of pyralina, but the underside showed the markings, especially the dis- cal wide line, much too emphasized. H.-S., Sys. Bearb. Noct., TI, 224 (1849), said -Hb. 203 was ‘‘ too purple-red.”’ Gn., Hist. Nat. Noct., VI, 10 (1852), included corusca, Esp. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 244, plt. 45, f. 22 (1906), gave a figure some- what too heavy. South, M.B.I., II, 2, plt. 2, 3 (1908), gave a good figure of our British average form. : Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 2380, plt. 47 e (1911), gave two good figures. Typical pyralina and ab. corusca, Esp., a brighter coloured form. Culot, N. et G., I (2), 70, plt. 51, f. 8-9 (1914), gave two good figures : Said, 2: Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 189 (1934), added six more recently described forms, and he added considerably to our knowledge of varia- tion in this species. Ab. obscura, Hofftm. & Klos., is dark blackish- brown, the white stripes obsolete; ab. fuliginosa, Du Bois, is also a dusky form; ab. cuprea, Horm., is a brighter coppery-red; f. arnoi, ’ Schwrd., with pale rose-brown forewings; f. dannehli, Hartig. (=roes- sleri, Dnhl.), is a very large deep red form with closely approximated outer transverse lines and very wide, bold white costal spot (probably these last two forms are one and the same); f. satwrata-brunnea, Strnd. (Hamp.), with browner forewings, is probably identical with corusca, Esp., as illustrated in the main volume of Seitz, plt. 47 e. Barrett described the Variation as follows :— A little variable in size and in depth of ground colour, which is sometimes a rather light purple-brown. The Names and Forms to be considered : — pyralina, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 87, T. 12. pyralina, View. (1789), Tab. Verz,, 87. f. corusca, Esp. (1788-?), Schm. Abb. Noct., IV (1), 424, plt. 135, 4-5. ab. cuprea, Horm. (1894), Ent. Nach., XX, 65. ab. saturata-brunnea, Strnd. (1915), Arch. Natg., LXXXI, A. 17, p. 164. ab. obscura, Hoffm. & Klos. (1915), Schmett. Stierm., IIT, 141. f. arnoi, Schwrd. (1924), Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Gesel., XIV, 100. (72) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1942 f. dannehli, Hrtig. (1924), Ent. Rund., XUI, 46. f. roessleri, Dnhl. (1925-6), Ent. Zeits., XX XIX, 184. f. fuliginosa, Bs.-Ray (1981), Zt. wiss. Ins. Biol., XXVI, 39. ab. traegert, Bs.-Ray (1931), l.c. ‘ ab. nigrobrunnea, Bs.-Ray (1931), l.c. Tutt dealt with: (1) the darker form as described by Vieweg, and (2) with Esper’s corusca, the bright reddish form. ab. cuprea, Horm., Hnt. Nacht., XX, 65 (1894). : Oric. Drscrip.—‘‘ Near Czernowitz. I have taken three speci- (2 g and 1 °Q), just like two specimens from Crasna, belonging to a wholly striking aberration, which may be designated as ab. cuprea.”’ ‘‘ These specimens are uniformly (S and @) very small (not more than 25 mm.) and by their remarkably clear ground. colour and uniform marking differ from the typical form. The colour of the forewings (as well as of the head, collar and thorax) is not as usual dark cherry-brown, but very light coppery red (somewhat like the colour tone of the fore- wings of Hydroecia micacea) with peculiar, feeble metallic gloss. The black (in the typical form very intensive and sharply marked) apical spot is either wholly obsolescent dark brown, or completely wanting, just as there is no trace present of a whitish flush toward the costal margin. The area of the apical spots, especially that portion between these and the outer transverse line, in the fine edging of the transverse line towards the costa, show in the typical specimens a strong chalky- white or bluish-white powdering; but in cuprea it is not in evidence, and these parts up to the costa are filled in by the coppery-red ground eolour. The transverse lines and the central shade are very distinct, uniform black-brown. In typical examples the central area between the two transverse lines is darker, often intensive, red-brown; in ab. cuprea it is not so; at the most there is a projection formed by the outer transverse line on the inner side (towards the discal area) filled in glossy coppery-red, but this colour is peau he from the dark red- brown of the ground of the typical form.’ The hindwings are somewhat paler than in normal forms.”’ (ab. saturata-brunnea) Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., 1X, 191 (1910). Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ Head, thorax and forewing browner.’’ This was subsequently named by Strand. ab. saturata-brunnea, Strand, Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), LXXXI, A. dD oper hea: Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Head, thorax and forewings show a browner tint than the typical form.”’ ab. obscura, Hoffm. & Klos., Schm. Stier., III, 141 (1915). Orig. Descrip.—‘ In Peggau. A very dark specimen of the female, ground black-brown, without white transverse lines.’’ ab. arnoi, Schwrd., Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges., XIV, 100 (1924). Oric. Drscrre.—‘‘ A red-brown ©. ~A fine aberration with clear ees forewing obtained by Arno Wagner in Waidbriick, Dolo- mites.’ f. dannehli, Hartig., Ent. Rund., XLI, 46 (1924). Oa us and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to races J. ‘TURNER, ‘’ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. we ‘must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- banveag IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. i oe ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles. that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the ee AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE cost of the illustrations. To OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes and Current Notes. Please, tale —Eps. EXCHANGES. » “Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of seas: They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. t-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. _ Desideraia—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H.W. ee Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Wonted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacidn Experimental, Casilla Correo, 74, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. - Duplicates—Japanese Lepidoptera (some rare), some Japanese Coleoptera, Lep. x from S. America, S. Africa, ete., all good data. English setting. British albt- ~~ ‘macula, melanic bidentata*; ‘Trans. and Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., 1911-1930. _ Full lists of all sent, including Lepidoptera. Desiderata—For the above, vari- ous books chiefly, or some Continental Lepidoptera; List of both requirements p sent.—P. Siviter Smith, “ Squirrels,” Little Aston Park, Streethy, Staffs. _Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, 2 - with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— Rte John W. Moore, 15{ Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. 3 Wanted for purchase or photographing: (1) Erebiola butlert; (2) Thymeticus 2 (Adopoed) ludoviciae—Dr H. G. Harris, 5 Archer's Road. Southampton. 3 Wanited—Livine larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or E Bho e Ties paige Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- search purposes, Postages, etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or q - from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, segs Road, Clevedon, - Somerset. : y IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. ok MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY. Published Half-Yearly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.LA., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. _ Price List No, 33: s000 Species. Post Free on Application. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. _WAR- TIME ARRANGEMENTS, SEY: THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY . OF JON S.W.7. (Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Glouce er Road ings at 3p ast on ne first ees of the month, December — Zan THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NAT Chapter House Hall, St Thomas Street, S.EA. _ Hon B.S Hatch House, y Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essi Saturdays, ‘November 14, December 12; 2 for 2.30 p.m. THE LONDON NATURAL ‘HISTORY SOCIETY. Indoor Third Saturday in each mouth, 2 pm., at the London Scho ‘Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, | Gower Street, W.CA ie from A. B. Hornblower, 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst H ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, - BIRMINGHAM NA PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon. Sec., G. B. Manley, 7a Heath, Dinette uaie Meetings suspended till pea et: neti oe notice. Acting Vive Precilonk: ‘Tt -Col. Fraser, LM. Cee oe Avenue, Bournemouth. Hon. Treasurer, WwW. Pegi this 8 Bee mercial Road, Parkstone, Dorset. 5 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. — E. Taylor, ‘Dr Maléstne SRS G. T, Hethune Baker: Pp. M. B. : tent, Dr E. A. Cockayne, D. = sod tS ‘i. Audeent, Br. “s Latemar, #95 West orien: Cheam. TURNER, BACK VOLUM ES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S RE JOURNAL. OF ‘VARIATION blots I-XXXVI. > Owing to stocks getting low, it : wo inl = copies of back volumes. . ae Orders for complete volumes only can be accepted. Lib soon be out of Pee Vol. I and Vol. II are now issued at one ‘guinea pack The 12s 6d per Vol. To be obtained only from :— ‘Mr H. E, PAGE, . “ 9 Vanbrugh Hill, ‘Blackheath, London, S.E. ae to whom cheques, etc., should be made payable. Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. No. 11 NOVEMBER 1942 = etieey AND Pee — 1942 < JOURNAL OF VARIATION as EDITED with the assistance of soln BuRR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. . 3 COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. ALFRED SICH, F.R.E.S. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. ~ By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F-R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. Fes CONTENTS. CALOPTILIA (GRACILLARIA) PHASIANIPENNELLA, HB., T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, PORTE g ES RIS EEN "i Bere ARON (ol AA Pip el Epp Pr pa CEL DRE © MGR rE Toe ERECT SPITE CN RET CE 125 BS AN ARTIST’S: NOTE,” P. Siviter SMithr ......ccc cc ecceeeeicscasecensect erp neannenvens 126 ITEM IN MODERN ‘‘ ANCIENT HISTORY” OF OUR LIST OF BRITISH MUCECRETINS Hip. J. PUPNEK 5.555. cposseacs ps cvpetehenesaseanesecorsnsereeprsents ERS ere 129 pres BROOM TRELAN DS DIU Pe ROU 2755. Dieven she testersscegeveskoves disses tatapa vents 131 POLLECTING NOTES: Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum Col- © lection, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.H.S.; Note on Maniola jurtina in the ~ Cotswold Area, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher: Selenia bilunaria and Birch, D. P. Murray; Platychirus tarsalis, Schum. (Dipt. Syrphidae) in Surrey, °L. Parmenter, F.R.E.S.; A Note on Insect Vision, 10. .....s cess 133 EE NODES 5 Ne ites iccpnud coc aummperelicnneeniten 136 rhe <'s Beir SUPPLEMENT. he British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. (73)-(76) Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS, to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, §.E.9. This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). 3 ss ~ geek Se os *y HILL & SON, he ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, — ws ‘ YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. -~. *Phons: Wane 0308. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. ( THE ENTOMOLOGY CO., _ 446 STRAND (Opposite Charing Cross), Lone 0.2 2. > Phone! Temple Bar 1849. SETTING ROLLS, Stout Transparent Paper, various widths from } to 4 en 50 yds FLAT SETTING BOARDS, with space under groove; insects can be set well UB: Loe KITE NET, All Metal, folds flat like a stick, 27 ins. long. LARVA PRESERVING OVEN, improved, complete with Bellows RELAXING BOX ready for use, renewed with fluid, Aluminium finish, 7x5x2.. GLASS BOTTOM BOXES. PIN BOXES with 6 divisions, pins always ready. pee. KILLING FLUID for Lepidoptera and Acetic-ether for Coleoptera, ot sae ye | LIST FREE. ~ Pee, ALL APPARATUS FOR ENTOMOLOGY & BOTANY. = Sas BOOK ON THE oe L. BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES - H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1 4 LARGE LENDING LIBRARY , SELECTION AVAILABLE Prospectus and list of recent Lists post free on request. additions on application. err a Telephone: EUSton 4282 (5 lines.) _- 2 Sh Nha THE DRAGONFLIES OF THE BRITISH a ISLES By aoe LONGFIELD, Dept. of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History). A full description of every Species, with Colour Index to Tdentiscatio uss trated with a Frontispiece in Colour, 24 Half-tone Plates, 12 Plates in Line, ang numerous Text Illustrations. Price, 10/6 net. By post, 11/-. 2 eerie Cwiied ‘a Ree aye ‘ ae ei te es FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 Established 1879. _ 7 Proprietor, R. L. E. FORD, F.R.E.S. WATKINS & DONCASTER | 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). SPECIAL NOTICE.—Owing to our extensive buying of Second-hand Insect Cabinets and Collections we frequently have many Duplicates. Clients may pick from these at 1d per Specimen under 6d Catalogue Price. Other Discounts can be arranged, but this only applies to clients visiting our Showrooms. Amongst our recent purchases is the Fine Collection formed by the late J. Clarke of Reading (Lepidoptera). Also from H. W. Head, Esq., 7000 Birds’ Eggs, Entomo- logical Apparatus, Cabinets, etc. EVERYTHING FOR NATU RALISTS. Telephone: Temple Bar 9451. PLATE VY. , VOL. LIV. S. Brown. E. Y Ge Del. ““ CONES ” OF THE LARVA OF CALOPTILIA PHASIANIPENNELLA, HB. Zea 8 Compae ue ee Zoology "a L\ [3,820 1842, ' CALOPTILIA (GRACILLARIA) Glcoih Gl, DEGSS Aart IBRA CALOPTILIA (GRAGILLARIA) PHASIANIPENNELLA, HB. By T. Barnsricce FietcHer, F.R.H.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S. (Plate V.) The early stages of Caloptiha [=Gracillaria, Hw. = Gracilaria, Zeller] phasianipennella, Htibner, have been known under this specific name since 1806, when Hiibner, under the name Tinea phasianipennella, published [tab. 495] Tin. vi, suite. B. a., figures 1 a-e, in his Geschichte Hurop. Schmett. ea strictly speaking, this reference and date should be quoted as the original description of this insect, since the Geschichte figures [xi-xii 1806] antedated Hiibner’s figure of the adult, Tinea -phasianipennella, published in 1810-1813 in his Sammlung Hurop- Schmett., Tin., t. 47, £. 321. It is true that Réaumur (Hist. Ins., 1, Mem. v, pp. 224-227, tab. 15, ff. 11-14) in 1736 had described the habits of a larva, apparently of this species, found on sorrel; but Réaumur’s description, although very de- tailed, was pre-Linnean and without any nomenclatorial status. In 1847 (linn. Ent., 11, 350-354, No. 16) Zeller dealt with this species and its life-history and redescribed the larva and its habits, giving the food-plant as Polygonum hydropiper and, according to von Tischer, P. persicaria also. The above references are rather inaccessible to the average Micro- lepidopterist, who will, however, find a full account of this moth, its stages, biology and bibliography to that date in Stainton’s Nat. Hist., Tin. viii, 158-179, No. 12, t. 4, ff. 3 (1864). Stainton says :—‘‘ The larva feeds on the leaves of Polygonum hydropiper; also on P. persicaria and Rumex acetosella and obtusifolius; it commences by mining a narrow strip in the interior of the leaf, but at an early age it quits the interior of the leaf and commences feeding on the exterior in the following very peculiar way. All the other larvae of the genus, which form cones on leaves, do so by twisting the leaf without cutting it in any way, but the larva of Gracilaria phasianipennella bites a strip from the leaf, which is left only fastened at one end, and then rolled over and over and fastened together so as to form a sort of blunt conical habitation ; in this cone the larva feeds on the under surface of the leaf, and when it has demolished the greater portion of the interior of its habitation it proceeds to a fresh leaf and constructs another roll. When the larva is full fed it spins a firm whitish cocoon in the interior of its last residence, and in a few weeks the perfect insect makes its appearance. There- appears to be only one brood in the year, the larvae feeding in August and September, and the perfect insects appearing in September and October ; these frequently hibernate, and are sometimes met with at the end of Spring or in early Summer.’’ Stainton’s figure (t. 4, f. 3b) of ‘a sprig of Polygonum hydropiper, with a leaf cut and rolled up into two cases by the larva ’’ does not show this habit as clearly as it might have done and in this respect Mr Brown’s figures seem to be more characteristic. — Stainton, it will be noticed, drew attention to the (then) unique habit of the larva of Bien ennciart in cutting a strip of the leaf along one margin in order to roll this strip into a cone. Precisely the same habit is found in the Indian species, Caloptilia isograpta, Meyrick 1928, which feeds on Polygonum glabrum; its biology is described and figured in my 126 ENTOMOLOGIST!S ‘RECORD. 15 / X1/1942: 3 Life-histories of Indian Microlepidoptera, Second Series (Ind. Agric. Sci. Monogr., No. 4, p. 61, t. 62 (1933): this species seems to be very : closely allied to phasianipennella. The Indian Caloptilia tetratypa, Meyrick 1928, also has a larva which, when it emerges from its small, rounded blotch-mine at the edge of a leaf of Sapium sebiferum, cuts a strip off the leaf-margin and rolls it up to form a cone in which it lives; and this species also seems to be not Gintanely. related to pic er nee (see l.c., p. 63, t. 63). [Mr GE _ 8. Brown, who made the illustration, found ‘‘ the cones ’’ near the river Stour at Kinson, Dorset, in July, and the moths emerged 4th August 1940. They were on Polygonwm hydropiper, L.] ON ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.’’ _ By P. Srviter Smrru. IT am only just having the opportunity of catching up with the Ento- mological Journais. Being a Territorial, I heard war was declared when I was already in khaki; I have been back (pro tem. at least) in civil life for about a year and various upheavals in my life as a result of the war have prevented any interest in Entomology till now. I shall endeavour to catch up, but some of my notes will be about points raised during the last two or three years. One of particular interest to me is ‘‘ An Artist’s Note,’ by D. M. (Ent. Rec., liti, September 1941, p. 90), because my firm—V. Siviter Smith & Co. Tita, Bieuinetan os one of the largest reproductive and photographic hoaces in the country. I can give, therefore, fair views on the admittedly difficult situation outlined by D. M., boone my firm work all colour reproductive processes—‘‘ ordinary *’ or letterpress blocks, litho or photo-litho plates, and colour photography, as well as drawing and ordinary photography—and I am an active entomologist and, there- fore, can see it from that angle too. It is a very big problem that has been raised and I can only touch the fringe of it; much technical information would have to be imparted to make it a full explanation, but I must leave everything but simple essentials out and some of my statements must be accepted without the necessary but long technical reasons. Before D. M. reads further, will he please obtain The Entomologist, _Ixx, 894, November 1937, and refer to Plate VI of Catocala fraxini, That three-colour plate was produced under my supervision—I selected and arranged the specimens in a way that would avoid shadows—and I passed the negatives and each plate of the three (yellow, red and blue) colours as they were made. I believe that plate is the finest colour re- production of Lepidoptera yet produced, although I am not the one who should say it. Every detail, the scaling, hairs, fringes, texture of the bluish band and so on is exceedingly clear and the colour match I can promise is exact. Note the even illumination, the absence of the pin- heads (deleted on the plates), the lack of shadows, the complete detail, the ‘‘ roundness ’’ of thorax, etc. I hope then that D. M. will think that modern methods can succeed. on ‘‘ AN ARTIST’ S' NOTE.”’ 127 All the same, D. M.’s remarks are largely correct. Present entomo- logical reproductions are not good. Very briefly, the reason is this: Present methods are satisfactory but they are badly applied or unsuit- able processes are used when better alternatives could have been used. The perfection of a reproduction of an object depends on the perfection of all the following items in turn:—The original sketch or photograph; the block or litho plate made from it; the paper it is printed on; the ink it is printed with. Any one of those stages, being unsuitable or in- ferior, will ruin the whole result. Reproductions of work such as Horace Knight’s were fine; they were chromo or ‘* hand-drawn ”’ litho plates on stone. Knight’s drawings were copied by a litho artist in the required number of colours to print - a copy of the original, perhaps eight or ten colours. These litho artists were skilled and are now largely replaced by men who work a similar process but by photographic methods—‘‘ photo-litho.’’ This process is quicker and requires less colours to give a similar result, but the fine- ness of the detail is not obtained. But it could be obtained, but the correct type of sketch, method of reproduction and paper must be selected, and it seldom is these days because it is not left to experts to select the best methods. The illustrations in Seitz are by the same chromo-litho process but are not on the whole good as colour reproductions because sufficient funds were not available to allow each plate to be proofed in colour and corrected if required before printing the main issue. largely speak- ing, it is a matter of cost. The fine work can be done but it is expen- sive. Actually, it always was expensive, but in the old days there seemed more entomologists with the money to spend on good reproductions, while _at the moment most people have to watch expense—I mean over the last twenty or thirty years. Colour photographic processes, properly applied, do give better re- sults in most cases, but costs are high. More of that point later. The danger, from a scientific point of view, of chromo-lithography is that the printed sheet is the work of an artist, or perhaps two or three, and its strict accuracy cannot be guaranteed; if a photo-process is used, the degree of accuracy (though not infallible in colour tones) is far higher, as you are physically recording an exact image of the actual original; it is not an artist’s copy. : The new processes of colour photography, though technically good, are very difficult to work, are not yet perfected and are extremely ex- pensive. The war has stopped experiments, but until it started we had gone a long way on the way to success. It will be many years yet, how- ever, before it is a real proposition. Black and white illustrations are quite simple and reasonably cheap to produce. Bad examples are usually due to bad original photographs and cheap paper. Reproductions are made by copper blocks with the image etched in the form of a screen or ‘‘ grid ”’ of cross-lines. On good paper this screen can be as fine as 175 lines to the inch, but cheap rough paper causes us to use screens of 120 lines to the inch and this spoils the sharpness of the picture. If the paper is good, there is no reason why—if the job is started properly—perfect results cannot be obtained. The difficulty is to get people to consult before they start the job; they send us a bad photograph and expect a good block, which is 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. . 15/XI/ 1949 impossible. A little advice would get a good photograph to commence with and the rest can follow and costs no more! And photography, drawing and reproducing entomological specimens has special problems of its own which must be met and which ordinary commercial experience does not meet. Old reproductions were done by firms who understood such work. There are few such now; indeed, I suppose ours is probably the only one with an entomologist in it. But all the fine delicate work can be done, fine colour work can be done, excellent black and white work can be done, but not if it is not planned properly and followed through its processes by someone with the scientific angle on the results required. This work undoubtedly is but rarely seen now and I will try and give the reasons why I think this has happened. ; Firstly, costs of reproduction, even using modern methods, have not fallen. The materials used in making a block are photographic plates, sensitive solutions, copper, special hard oak wood, coated chromo paper —and craftsmen’s skill. It is a ‘‘ hand ”’ process and little machinery can be used. All materials are, therefore, expensive, and wages are high because of the skil! required. There is a five years’ apprenticeship and before tha war no fully-trained man could be employed at less than £4 12s 6d a week, while one of our foremen drew £10 a week irrespective of overtime. No wonder costs are high! The wages to turnover aver- ages 47%—exceedingly high by usual standards. Secondly, there are fewer entomologists than there used to, be; the market is smaller and, therefore, books have a smaller circulation, and that sends costs up. A set of three-colour plates, costing £15 say, will print up to 100,000 impressions. If only 1000 copies are sold, the cost per copy of the book containing such a plate is, pro rata, very much " higher and the full benefit of the plates is not felt, as it would be if it were a commercial catalogue, for instance, where fullest use can be made of a large market. The old chromo-litho work was cheaper because competition was not so fierce. There were plenty of litho artists and the work was not re- quired in a hurry. A man or boy could at leisure work on a plate, dropping it to take on an urgent order and then picking it up later, and, withal, not requiring such high wages. Chromo-litho has almost disappeared, except for pottery decoration, and good artists are now scarce as the young men go in for the photo-processes. Seitz plates were probably produced by half-trained apprentices under supervision, which is most economical and good training for the lads. IT hope I am making my points reasonably clear without being too long about it, but it is difficult to condense! As to how this problem is to be overcome is a more difficult matter, because cost is largely the item involved. The only satisfactory way that I can see is by a large degree of co-operation by Societies in the main, by individuals, and by some firm who is willing to make arrange- ments to meet special needs. If the Journals, Socjeties, and Museums formed some form of central fund ‘by regular contribution, this fund administered by a committee in close consultation with the firm doing the work, I see no reason why economical production should not be achieved. A firm requires steady production. They want some work always on hand that can be slowly but regularly produced and steadily AN ITEM IN MODERN ‘‘ ANCIENT HISTORY.”’ 129 paid for. That enables them to plan for their overheads, it enables them to arrange their labour economically, and gives them a future on which to base calculations. Then extra jobs can easily be sandwiched in without heavy costs caused by slack periods, etc. Some work such as Seitz issued, going through slowly and issued in parts, is ideal, and by carefully planning such a scheme with a firm the cost per figure could, I am certain, be very substantially reduced, with benefit to all. But the difficulty would be to get the degree-of co-operation to ensure funds and then to allocate them. Several blocks made together are vastly cheaper than having them all made independently, and at the moment individuals ordering their own blocks cannot easily combine with others to obtain this advantage. A central ordering bureau could obtain this advantage. I hope I may have done something to enlighten D. M. To answer fully I should have to quote technical explanations at) length, touch on commercial costing problems, expound Trade Union restrictions, and find a way to weld into one the separate orderings of illustrations by all individuals and Societies! Nevertheless, I see no reason why this should not be done; it ought to be done, as much valuable material is being missed because of the present situation. CONCLUSIONS. 1. Modern methods can reproduce perfectly in colour or line if pro- perly applied. 2. Economy can be effected by pooling requirements. 3. Colour photography is out of the question for some years yet. 4. Chromo-lithography is out of the question; no satisfactory artists are now available; its place is taken by photo-lithography. Photo-processes avoid the danger of inaccuracy on account of artists having to copy an object or sketch. 6. Special arrangements to give a firm (or firms) steady production must be made by the ‘‘ order-pooling ’’ authority to enable them to economise. ON AN ITEM IN MODERN “ ANCIENT HISTORY ” OF OUR LIST OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. By Hy. J. T. Recently, under unwelcome compulsion, I have had to move a con- siderable number of items of my large and comprehensive entomological library which had been comfortably stored away as being infrequently, if at all, subjects of consultation. In placing these afresh (an onerous and long task still only partly done) I have been looking into each item, whether small or large, and have recalled to mind many facts which length of time had driven from mind. Among the ‘ olla podrida ”’ of informative matters was a copy of the epoch-making Supplement by Edward Newman to the monthly paper Young England, in 1860, en- titled ‘‘ A Natural History of all the British Butterflies.’”’ This sup- plement was illustrated with beautiful wood engraved figures of all the 64 species recognized as undoubtedly indigenous. Added is a portrait of the author. There are 24 quarto pages and one of the chapters deals 130 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1942 with the reputed British species of Butterflies to the number of 76 and Newman, in no restrained language, deals with those who had been responsible for their introduction; and they were not dealers whom we modern entomologists are so prone to blame. The following is a quota- tion of some of his remarks :— | ‘“ In this wildest and most extravagant romance, there is nothing half so wild, or half so extravagant, as in the histories of our British Butterflies. I do not allude to the fancies of schoolboys, whose inexperi- ence may often lead them into accidental mistakes, and whose anxiety to possess rarities may induce them to over-rate the value of their cap- tures; my observations apply only to the aged and the honoured; to a pious and amiable lady, to learned and respected men. I cannot forget the rapture with which, in 1827, I first opened Letitia Jermyn’s ‘ Butterfly Collectors’ Vade-mecum.’ I was in dreamland for months, and my dreams were of butterflies with strange names, butterflies which T painted in imagination with the gorgeous colours of tropical humming- birds. By degrees I became acquainted with the works of Adrian Hardy Haworth, James Francis Stephens, John Curtis, and John Obadiah Westwood—men whose hoary heads were encircled with scientific laurels, whose names never appeared in print without an appended alphabet of letters indicative of proficiency in knowledge and in wisdom, men whose brows were furrowed with thought, and encircled with a halo of science. Well, the combined efforts of these four gentlemen, and one lady, raised the number of our butterflies to one hundred and thirty-nine, and yet in 1860 I am unable to recognize more than sixty-four, sixty of them really obtainable by industry, and four, alas! to be lamented as things that have been and perhaps hoped for, as things that may be again.’ Newman’s inclination was, when asked what had become of the butter- flies omitted and why he had omitted them, to give the simple and straight- forward answer, ‘‘ Because those reputed British butterflies are words, and not things, and because JT wish you to acquire knowledge of things and not of words.’’ But on second thought he replied, ‘‘ Because five of our most distinguished entomological savants have placed them on record, I think courtesy demands I should not dismiss their lucubrations in quite so summary a manner.’’ After this Newman gives a series of short paragraphs on each of the 76 ‘‘ candidates for naturalization.’’ Here are the names of the ‘‘ rejected candidates ’’ as he calls them. I will give the scientific names and omit the English names he also gives. SwattowTaits.—Papilio feistameli, P. dwponcheli, and P. podalirius. Wuitrs.—Doritis apollo, D. mnemosyne, Pieris chariclea (spring brood of brassicae), P. nelo var. of P. rapae?, P. metra, P. sabellicae (P. rapi, f), and P. monuste. ReEvD-HORNS.—Colias philodice, C. euwropome, C. palaeno, C. chrysotheme, C. helice, and Papilio myrmidone. FRITILLARIES.—Argynnis aphrodite, A. cybele, A. niobe, A. charlotta (A. aglaia 9?), A. dia, Melitaea parthenie, M. maturna, M. tharos, M. eos (var. of M. athalia), M. dietynna, M. tessellata, M. pyronia (M, athalia). ANGLE-Wincs.—Vanessa huntera, Junoria hamstadiensis, Limenitis camilla. Nympus.—Nymphalis populi and Araschnia levana. NOTES FROM IRELAND. 131 Saryrs.—Satyrus maera, S. pilosellae, S. briseis, S. phaedra, S. maturna, S. jurtina.( of janira), S. hermione, Erebia melampus, © E. mnestra, E. ligea, E. alcyone, Chortobius hero, C. arcanius, C. polymeda, C. typhon, C. polydama, and C. iphis (davus). Areus -Burrerriuirs.—Thecla titus, T. spini, T. theis, Polyommatus . virgaureae, P. dispar, P. chryseis, Incaena boetica, L. labienus, L. thestylis, L. culaethis, L. lacon, L. artaxerzes (v. of agestis), L. dorylas, L. icarius, L. eros, L. argus, L. idas, L. hyacinthus, L. aleon, £. salmacis, and L. agrestis. Sxippers.—Syricthus oileus, S. malverum, S. lavaterae, Hesperia sylvius, and Hf. vitellius. NOTES FROM IRELAND. InrropucED IrisH LeprporpTeRA.—There is a number of species of Lepidoptera occurring in Ireland which feed on plants which are not natives in that country. Pine was distributed throughout the British Isles during the early postglacial, but later died out completely in Ire- land, and in Great Britain is now native only in the Highlands of Scot- land and a few scattered localities in southern England. It is apparent, therefore, that such Pine-feeding species as Panolis flammea (pini- perda), Thera firmata, T. obeliscata, Hllopia fasciaria, Semiothisa liturata, Eupithecia pini, H. indigata, and Bupalus pimaria, as well as Evetria buoliana and other Pine-feeding Microlepidoptera, all of which are apparently generally distributed in Ireland, must have been arti- ficially introduced into that country. Many, or possibly all, of them may be natives in Great Britain but certainly owe their present general distribution to artificial means. Larch is not native either in Ireland or Great Britain, and therefore Hupithecia lariciata, Argyresthia laeri- gatella and other Larch-feeding species must have been artificially intro- duced into both countries. The distribution of the Spruce-feeding species, such as Boarmia (Cleora) ribeata (abietaria), Thera variata and Eupithecia tantillaria, would appear to be natural. During the early postglacial there were land-connections between Treland and Great Britain and between Great Britain and the Continent but the British-Irish land-bridge was severed long before the land-bridge between Great Britain and the Continent, with the result that migra- tions of animals and plants into Great Britain continued to take place long after migrations into Ireland ceased. Beech, Lime, Sycamore and Hornbeam are all late postglacial arrivals in Britain and did not reach Treland, so that Irish species which feed solely on these plants, Cosymbia (Euphyia) linearia and Pammene regiana, for example, must have been artificially introduced. R. HE. Dillon recorded Ptilophora plumigera, Tiliacea aurago and Mimas tiliae from Ireland but Donovan (Cat. Macro- lep. Ireland, 1936), quite rightly, doubts these records. The fact that the food-plants of these species are not natives of Ireland further goes to show that the records are probably incorrect.—BryYAn P. BEIRNE. Tur Foon-Piant oF BLASTOBASIS LIGNEA, WALS.—The life-history of this interesting species is described by W. Mansbridge and A. E. Wright in The Entomologist, 1939, p. 27, and the food-plants are stated to be Yew, Cotoneaster and Spruce. I have beaten the moth commonly from 132 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / X1/1942 Yew in the Glen of the Downs and elsewhere in Co. Wicklow and from Spruce at Ballyhooly, Co. Cork. At Tara Hill, Co. Wexford, it occurred commonly amongst Pine, there being no other conifer nearer than at ~ least a quarter of a mile away, so that it would seem likely that Pine is also a food-plant. Several specimens occurred in a plantation. of Larch at Kilruddery, Co. Wicklow, but there was Pine and Spruce with- in a few hundred yards. The above writers bred specimens from leaf- mould on one occasion, but previous and subsequent attempts to do this were a failure; in connection with this the following experience is of interest. During August and September 1941 I collected a large quan- tity of heads of Juncus for the purpose of rearing the rush-feeding species of Hupista (Coleophora) and their parasites. These were placed in a large, perfectly clean, glass vessel with some new blotting paper, and a sheet of glass was placed over the top and sealed with plasticine. It was only opened about four times during the winter, while the blot- ting paper was being dampened, for a few minutes each time. During August of this year (1942), besides a large number of specimens of Eupista and various parasitic Hymenoptera, no less than five adult Blastobasis lignea were found in the vessel. There was virtually no possibility of their having got in during the winter and they therefore must have been in the rush heads or stalks when they were collected during the previous autumn. The rush heads were collected from two localities, from the side of the mountain at the top of the Glencree Valley, Co. Wicklow, and from Calary Bog, behind the Glen of the Downs—in both cases nearly half-a-mile from the nearest conifers, or, for that matter, from the nearest trees of any sort. An examination of the rush heads produced four cocoons, composed of the rush heads and of Hwpista larval cases, and in two cases they were attached to the blotting paper, showing that the lignew must have been introduced into the vessel as larvae. At the time of the year the rush heads were col- lected the larvae must have been very small, probably in the first or second instar, but the rushes had been too much eaten by the Hupista larvae to show whether the lignea larvae had been feeding on them also; there was, however, a quantity of frass which, from its size, probably belonged to the lignea. Mansbridge and Wright state that the pupae can live over two years before emergence takes place but this could not have happened here as the insects must have been in the larval stage when collected. It would be very interesting to see if such very unusual feeding habits will be confirmed by other collectors.—Bryan P. BEIRNE. Tur Larn-History or AGONOPTERIX (DEPRESSARIA) COSTOSA, Haw.— During the past two years I have bred a large number of this species from the larvae. Meyrick (Revised Handbook, 1928, p. 683) describes the larva as being ‘‘ grey; dorsal and subdorsal lines indistinctly darker ; dots black; head and plate of 2 black,’’ and gives the food-plants as Ilex, Cytisus and Genista, Clarke (Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1941, p. 3) gives Laburnum and Quercus (?) in addition. It is possible that Mey- rick’s ‘‘ Ilex’? is a misprint for ‘‘ Ulex’’ as all the specimens I have bred were from larvae on Gorse.* The majority of the larvae were a dark chocolate colour, some being almost quite black and some dark green, answering to the description of the larva of A. ulicetella, Stt. *In Meyrick’s 1895 Handb., p. 621, this was given correctly as Ulex: Ilex in the 1928 edition was evidently a lapsis, as suggested by Dr Beirne.—T, B. F, COLLECTING NOTES. 133 (umbellana, Steph., auct.) or brownish-green. In Ireland, at any rate, it far prefers the Dwarf Gorse, Ulex gali, to the common Ulex euro- paeus. According to Tansley (British Isles and their Vegetation), U. europaeus is by ‘far the commoner of these two plants and is essentially a lowland species, while U. galii, which is abundant in the west of Great Britain and in Ireland on non-limestone soils, typically occupies a higher zone, from 600 to 1300 feet. At places such as the top of the Glen of the Downs, Co. Wicklow (6-700 feet), where the two plants grow together, the preference of A. costosa for gal is particularly noticeable. On this plant the larva feeds firstly on the tip of a shoot, eventually eating into the stem and causing the death of the shoot-tip ; these yellow dead shoot-tips are conspicuous against the green foliage. Later the larva forms a rough silken tunnel amongst the spines of a shoot, or, more usually, spins two adjacent shoots together and forms its tunnel between them. At the Glen of the Downs the clumps of gali were covered with the dead shoot-tips and the larvae were everywhere abun- dant, while on the clumps of europaeus, which are scattered about throughout the galii, only a few larvae could be found and most of these were feeding on the flowers rather than on the shoots. It would seem likely that the moth prefers galii because of its more tender foliage. Higher up on the hills, where galii is dominant, the larvae occurred abundantly, but lower down, where galii gives way to europaeus, the larvae were scarce and had to be searched for to be found. No larvae of A. ulicetella, Stt. (umbellana, Steph., auct.) were found, but this tends to be a loM@ species in Ireland while costosa is common every- where.—Bryan P. BEIRNE. COLLECTING NOTES. NorEs oN VARIATION FROM THE WorRTHING Mustum CoLLection (Con. from p. 120).—Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina.—Common as it is, this is among the most interesting and variable of the Satyrids. There are series of English specimens from the Cotswolds, the N. and S. Downs, Witherslack, E. Durham, the New Forest and Bude. The Cotswold ds show a good deal of orange below the eye-spot, almost as much as the Qs, but not so bright; one of them has a double eye-spot and another an indication of it. The N. Down specimens show great variety; they are mostly rather small, but some Qs are rather large. Of the two upper- side ds one has orange below the eye-spot, the other has not; the former has a double eye-spot but only one pupil. In both Qs the orange blotch of the forewing is suffused towards the base. All the other specimens are set for underside, where the variety is almost startling in the hind- wing. One ¢ has two very light shades and two conspicuous spots and a third hardly visible below the lower one; another ¢ has two very dark shades in which the spots are hardly visible; one @ has two rather light shades and no spots, another has two very dark shades; another with two very contrasted shades of brown, the lighter with a slightly violet tinge; another with two yellow-brown shades with only the lower spot visible; another with two dark brown shades, the lighter with a purple tinge. There are only a few specimens from the S. Downs, but 134 go ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1942 one of them is a beautiful 2 with a very pale blotch, almost white around the eye-spot. The New Forest ¢s show very little orange on the upperside, but one has rather more than the others; one 2 shows more distinct spots than usual in the Qs, and bipupilled eye-spots on the un- derside forewings. Bude ds are rather small and have little orange on the upperside; the 2s are large with orange suffused towards the base. All the undersides are rather dark with well-defined eye-spots on the hindwings; in two cases there are three spots, but differently placed, the third in one being below and in the other above the ordinary lower spot; another 2 has two spots only but the second is above the usual top one, the lower being absent. The Durham specimens are all dark, with scarcely a trace of orange in the ¢s and much less than usual in the Qs; one of the latter has a tinge of purple in the lighter shade of the underside hindwing. There is a fairly long series from Witherslack, all the uppersides dark with very little orange; one 2 has the orange blotch divided in three and with tiny double eye-spots almost separated ; a ¢ underside, with the two usual spots, has unusually little difference between the two shades of the hindwing; the 9s have more varied shades of yellowish-brown, but have no spots; one has a white blotch in place of the orange on the forewing upperside. From Brittany come rather large ds (though one is very small), and large Qs with a good deal of orange suffusion on the forewing; the un- dersides are mostly dark, the ds with little difference between the two shades, the Qs with a great deal; one shows a purplish shade, another a yellowish one; another has a distinct yellow edging t@the dark base and the spotting is curious; one ¢ has a third above the upper one and an- other has indications of the same; another has a third spot below the lower one and indications of another above it and a fifth above the upper spot; one Q has the two usual ones and a third very small one above the upper one. Of two ds from Aix-les-Bains one shows a little dull orange on the upperside forewing, the other none; the @ has the orange suffused towards the base. Of Italian specimens, two ds from Roccarso in the Abruzzi have unicolorous underside hindwings except for two orange-ringed spots, while of two @s from Siena the upperside shows much orange suffusion while the underside shows two much contrasted shades of yellowish- brown on the hindwing, without spots. There’is a long series from the Lido, taken at the end of May. The ds are mostly unicolorous on the upperside, but one shows a conspicuous longish patch of orange below the eye-spot; another has a pale brown ground colour on which the androconial patch stands out very conspicuously. The Qs are large with a good deal of suffusion; on the underside the ds have nearly unicolor- ous hindwings, one absolutely so except for a small white patch on one wing. In one case there are two conspicuous spots with indications of a third; of three underside 9s one has the lighter band mauve, another yellow, and the third mauve with a yellow edging to the dark base, producing a beautiful effect which cccurs again in the Q hispulla from La Granja whether the lighter band is yellowish or mauve. Swiss ¢s from the Rhone Valley barely show any visible suffusion, but the 2s a good deal, varying also in depth of colour, one being quite light; on the underside of the ds there is very little difference in the shade of the two colours of the hindwing, whether both are dark, or COLLECTING NOTES. io both light; all the Qs are of the violacea form; one ¢ is semialba. The light band in Qs from the Jura is yellow in all cases; there is a curious @ from Caux in which this band is cut in two by a bar of the dark colour cutting across it. South of the Alps there is a very small ¢ from Reazzino with lightish hindwings upperside, and another with a very pale underside, the hindwing being nearly unicolorous; the Qs are large, especially one from Mendrisio, the difference between the shades of the underside hindwing not being conspicuous. Belgian specimens are not remarkable except for the nearly unicolorous hindwings on the under- side. There are two tiny ones from Jerusalem with deep orange suf- fusion, the eye-spot.on the underside having a tiny black spot on its lower edge, while two 9s from Haifa are rather large. Specimens from the S. of France, Corsica, Spain, Greece, and Algiers are all of the hispulla form, the 2s often showing a tendency in the _eye-spots of the forewing to be prolonged downwards. A ¢ from Hyéres has an extra spot on the underside hindwing below the lower one; a@ from La Granja has a tiny black spot below the upperside eye-spot, while a ¢ from Corte (Corsica) has a good sized black spot on the under- side forewing below the eye-spot and a 92 has two small ones in the same position. A 2 from Digne has pale yellow on the upperside instead of orange. The race telmessia from Cyprus is really only a smaller form of hispulla, though the larger expanse of the orange on the forewings of the ds gives a slightly different facies. All hispulla Ss have nearly unicolorous underside hindwings.—Rev. G. Wueniter, M.A., F.R.EH.S. Note on MANIOLA JURTINA IN THE CorswoLtp ArrEA.—Mr Wheeler does not state the number of specimens on which he bases this generality, “which certainly does not apply to the Stroud area of the Cotswolds as a racial character. Some Cotswold males have a slight trace (some in my collection ‘‘ a good deal’’) of orange scaling but an equal number show no trace of this, and similar orange scaling is equally.or more developed in some of my males from the South Coast (Eastbourne and Isle of Wight).—T. B. F. SELENIA BILUNARIA AND BrrcH.—The protective resemblance of the majority of insects to their surroundings is common knowledge; either by colour, shape, position or a combination of all three, to their food- plant, etc., they elude detection by their enemies. -A number of well- known examples will at once occur to the mind, which are not necessary . to mention here. All these instances can be called ‘‘ passive ’’’ resemblance, since it is just the colour or outward form, in infinite variety, which protects them. What may be called ‘‘ active’’ resemblance is quite a different thing and places the insect in a higher scale than the more common form. The larva of S. bilunaria seems to be an example of this, which may have been noted before though no record of it seems to have been made. Not only does the larva resemble a hanging twig or catkin of the birch but it has the habit, when disturbed, of swaying gently from side to side, ‘‘ trembling ’’ it could perhaps be described as, in a similar manner to the more delicate part of this particular tree when moved by the wind. The ‘“ active ’’ motion, which is a very striking one, gives a still closer resemblance, making it a living part of the tree itself, ) > 136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1942 so to speak. Has this been noted before and are other examples known ? —D. P. Murray, Leicester. PLATYCHIRUS TARSALIS, ScHuUM. [Dipr. SyRPHIDAE] IN SuRREY.—On llth May 1942 I captured a male of this species visiting the flowers of the Greater Stitchwort, Stellaria holostea, L., in an oak wood at Chels- ham, Surrey. This is the fourth specimen J have taken in the county and in a third locality [vide Ent. Record., li, p. 129, and liii, p. 133). The date is earlier than the British records known to me.—L. PARMEN- TER (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. A Note on Insect Viston.—On 5th July 1942 I was noting the species of Diptera visiting the flowers of the Hogweed, Heracleum spon- dylium, L., near Devizes, Wilts. Among those present on one head of flowers was a female Chrysogaster solstitialis, Fln. A hovering male Syritta pipiens, L., slowly flew towards the flower-head. When but three inches away it made a sudden dart on to the back of the Chryso- _ gaster and almost immediately flew off. The Chrysogaster remained. This appears to me to imply that the Syritta was able to recognise an insect at three inches or so but unable to identify the species at that distance.—L. ParMentTEeR (F.R.E.S.), 94 Fairlands Avenue, Thornton Heath, Surrey. CURRENT NOTES. THe Exhibition of Varieties arranged annually by the Council of the South London Entomological and N.H. Society took place on the after- noon of 10th October, in the Society’s rooms in the Chapter House of Southwark Cathedral. As travelling especially was much restricted and so many members were on more pressing duties, a large attend- ance had not been anticipated, and much more material in norma! times would probably have been brought. Mr 8S. G. Castle-Russell has again kindly offered to prepare the Report of the meeting and would be pleased to receive records not only from members of the Society but from others who were unable to be present on this occasion. It has been felt for some time that particulars of recent captures of interest and records of entomological work taken up during the season should be as complete as possible, and the advent of this annual arrangement affords an opportunity to all active entomologists not only to show others what has been done but to ascertain what others are doing. The report of the 1940 exhibition covered 8 pages in our magazine and that of 1941 took up 12 pages. Wirx regard to the recent article in the Hnt. Record, liv, 9, naming the dark variety of Procus literosa ab. obscura, I wish to point out that this variety was named by me ab. aethalodes and the type specimen was taken by me at York on July 3, 1939 (vide Entomologist, lxxiii, 925, p. 136). Mr Wightman has kindly sent me his specimen for comparison and it is identical, except that mine is a ¢ and very slightly darker and his appears to be a 9. I quite admit that his description is a better one than mine, but feel that my name should stand by priority and he has asked me to write to you as he had overlooked my record.—AvstTIN RicHARDSON, Beaudesert Park, Minchinhampton, Glos. = fa 360 logy | 3, 8A0 ; | "DEC 19 gaz =) THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. _., ~ (73) Orie. Descrip.—‘ Marking and size as in the typical form. Fore- wing upperside light carmine-red to clear coppery-red, often to brick- red. The outer margin and the inner half with strong metallic shim- mer. The light costal streak violet shaded, the white edging of the outer line wanting. The inner-line of the outer marginal band of the forewing not or only scarcely irregular. Hindwing yellow-grey strongly, well suffused with golden-yellow. Cilia wider and brighter than in the typical form.’’ S. Tyrol form. ‘* It differs from f. cuprea, Horm., the local race from Bukowina and Siebenburgen by size (length of forewing of cuprea only 14 mm.) and the whitish apical marking of the forewing.’’ f. roessleri, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 184 (1925-6). Orie. Drescrip.—‘‘ A form very considerably exceeding the clear wine-red typical form in size, and in which the markings, running nearer to one another, rarely appear any darker. All the markings weaker, giv- ing a smoother lightened tone of ground. Hindwing broad bordered, cen- tral band quite apparent a the pale toned ground; a suffused with a stronger golden shimmer.”’ S. Tyrol. ab. fuliginosa, Bs.-Ray, Zts. wiss. Ins. Biol., XXVI, 39 (1931). ‘‘ Praeger caught specimens of C. pyralina, which were quite diver- gent from the recognized form. The ground colour assumed a completely coppery-red, or brown tone. It very much resembled russet-grey. The marking remained. Since this form appears so divergent, I indicate it by the name ab. fuliginosa.’”’ Near Konigsberg, 30.viii.28 and 14.viii.29. ab. traegeri, Bs.-Ray, l.c. 3 Orig. Derscrip.—‘‘ This form is completely markingless, shining light grey. Thorax and body the same. The reniform is white. The typical scaling between the outer margin and the waved line only shows in oblique light.’’ ab.nigro-brunneata, Bs.-Ray, l.c. Ortc. Descrip.—‘“‘ Wholly black-brown with yellow stigmata.’’ Eremobia, Steph. (1829), Barr., South, Warr., Drdt. [Hadena, Schrank (1802), Meyr., Stdgr., Culot, Meyr.: Zlarus (Bdv.), Gn., (1829) (1838), Gn., Dup.] ochroleuca, Schiff. (1775). Tutt did not go back to Schiff. Apparently he did not consult either’ Bork. or Treit., both of which authors refer to the Verz. (Both these works were in his library; they lie on my table now.) Schiff., Verz., 87, T. 4 (1775), described this species, ‘‘ The brownish- yellow, white marked Noctua.’ Ochroleuca.. Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 24 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 134 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., V, 28, plt. 188, 2 (1899): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 172 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 190, plt. 40, 4 (1905): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VII, 409, fig. 67 (1906): South, M.B.I., I, 263, plt. 126, 3-4 (1907): Warr.- Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 175, plt. 41 b (1911): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 152, (74) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ X1/1942 plt. 27, 11 (1912): Meyr., Rev. H., 86 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Sup., III, 259, plt. 26 f (1937). Ernst & Engram., Pap. d@ Eur., VII, 114, f. 488, had this species and the next (irregularis) sent to them as ¢ and Q of the same species, but noted that their characters were so different as to give ‘‘ absolutely ”’ no support to this information. They subsequently obtained Qs of the former 488 a, b and 6 of the latter 488 c, d. Illiger, Verz., 312 (1801), notes that Fab., Ent. Sys., III (2), 85, called this species fammea, since in the Schiff. collection these species were placed close together. ° Hsp., Abbild., IV, Noct., II (1), p. 378, plt. 126, 1 and 4 (1788+ ?), gave two fairly recognizable figures. Tutt’s comment was “ quite un- - recognizable.”’ Hb., Samml. Noct., 92 (1880-3), gave a form unusual in the ar- rangement of forewing marking, and with a very dark marginal band on the hindwing. This he named flammea on the plate, but in the text ochroleuca. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 311, plt. 92, 3 (1886), gave a good average figure (the colour in my copy has deteriorated: a rare occurrence in the Hist. Nat.). Frr., Neu. Beitr., VII, plt. 657 (1851), gave a good figure. Guen, Hist. Nat., VI, 16 (1852), gave citrina, Don., as a synonym, and Ernst & Engram., 488 a, b, as a reference. Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 190, plt. 40, f. 4 (1905), gave a very fair figure ; the markings are too definite and contrast too severely. ~ South, M.B.1., I, 263, plt. 126, 3, 4 (1907), gave two very good figures. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 175 (1911), gave a good figure of a nor- mal form of this very invariable species, plt. 41 b. Culot, N. e¢ G., I (1), 152, plt. 27, f. 11 (1912), gave a very good figure. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., 259, plt. 26f (1937), added and figured one newly described form. Of ihe Variation Barrett said: The colour differs a little in intensity and the female generally larger than the male. The Names and Forms to be considered : ochroleuca, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 87, T. 4. ochroleuca, Esp. (1788-?), Abbild., IV (2), 373, plt. 126, 1 and 4. f. griseoleuca, Dnhl. (1929), Mitt. Miinch., XIX, 108. ssp. asiatica, Drdt. (1926), Hnt. Rund., LITI, 492. - Tutt dealt with the typical form only. ab. griseoleuca, Dnhl., Mitt. Miinch., XIX, 108 (1929). Ornic. Descrip.—‘‘ All the yellow-brown tones are here dull brownish- grey, which also tones down the whitish to grey; the appearance is thus paler softer than in the typical form. The black-brown lines and curves in the discal area are wanting. The darkened portion of the outer- margin of the hindwing becomes grey with yellowish tinge.’’ Mon- tagnana Grande. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (75) ssp. asiatica, Drdt., Ent. Rund., LIII, 492 (1936). Orig. Derscrip.—‘ Essentially smaller than the typical Huropean race. The brown marking stands out sharply on the clear whitish ground, but more reduced, the marginal area being almost pure whitish; the fringes wholly ithout chequers or with only an indication of aaccae echequering. Hindwings purer white with blackish marginal band.”’ 26-28 mm. Sultan Dagh. Genus Harmodia, Hb. (1820). Of this genus name Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., WWI, 102 (1931), comments—‘‘ Whether one should retain the generic name that was civen in 1827 to compta is a matter for individual decision. There would appear to be more justification than to take the name created for filigramma by Hiibner (two pages previously), viz., Polymixis, Hb. For my part I should prefer to retain the almost universally known name Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1834), which seems to me the better name, also from a biological standpoint.’’ (1827 is in error.—Hy. J. T.) This comment is quite good and reasonable in my opinion.—Hv. J. T. Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1834), Gn., Barr., Stdgr., Splr., Sth., Culot [Harmodia, Hb. (1800), Meyr., Meyr.: Hpia, Hb. (1821), Warr.-Stz., Hamp., Drdt.-Stz.] irregularis, Hufn. (1766). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 26 (1892): Barr., Lep. Br. I., IV, 226, plt. 161, a (1897): stdor!, Cat.,.. tiled. 164 G001)> Hamp., Lep: Phal.,. ¥,; 958, #. 89 (1905): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 180, plt. 37, 31 (1805): South, Moths Br. Is., 1, 251, plt. 125, 1 (1907): Warr-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 82, plt. 2la (4909): Culot, N- et G.,-I G1), 120, plt. 21, f. 8 (911): Meyr., Rev. - Handb., 148 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IlI, 111, plt. 18a (1934). Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Eur., VII, 114, fig. 488 c, d (1790), gave two figures which they could not locate, but which undoubtedly represent irregularis (echit). 488 ais much too definite in marking. Bork., Naturg., IV, 166 (1792), redescribed and named this species under the name echii, which he attributed to Brahm, although he acknowledged it to be the irregularis, Huf. Bork., Scriba’s Beitr., III, 204, plt. 13, 5 (1793), contributed the first article describing this species under the name echi, with the accom- panying plate with a figure of the species under the name syngenesiae. There were months of delay after the plate was made and it os after the Naturg. was published, hence the discrepancy. Esper, Abbild., IV (2), 2, p. 79, plt. 198, 5 (1799), described and figured a moth ich he amen brecciaeformis, which Werneb., Beitr., TT, 5 (1864), said was irregularis, Hufn. (echii, Tr.). Hb., Samml. Noct., f. 90 (1800- 3), gave a good figure, but rather too yellow in coloration. Hb., Samml. Noct., 362 (1803-8). Not the irregularis (Dianthoecia). Tr., Schmett., V (2), 343 (1825), redescribed it under the name echii, Bork., but does not recognize it as the irregularis, Hufn., as did Bork. ‘ (76) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. "> Fas He gives syngenesiae, Bork., Scriba’s Beitr., ILI, 204, plt. 13, 5 (1798), and brecciaeformis, Esp.; as synonyms. He recognized figs. 488 c, d, in ~ Pap. @ Eur. as this species. AP Frey., New. Beitr.,. 11, 127, pit. 173208381), cave a good figure. He said that Hb., fig. 90, was good, but that Esper’s fig., plt. 198, was only recégnizable. Dup., Cat. Uist. Nat. Noct.), did not deal with this species. He doubted the existence of it in Europe; Boisduval said that all that he knew came from S. America. ; H.-S., Syst. Bearb., IV, 249 (1849), calied it echit, Bork., said the fig, 90, Hb., was bad, rl gave syngenesiae, Scrib., onal br ecciaeformis, Esp., aS synonyms. He did not mention irregularis, Hutn. Gn., Noct., II, 18 (1852), gave brecciaeformis and syngenesiae as synonyms. Kivers., Bull. Mosc., IV, 105 (1856), describes aberrans as a species and compared it with echat. Oberthir, Hi.,-V, 77, pit. 7, f. 11 G8), deseribed a tormm sous W. China as ada anda. Warr. cae put it as a synonym of aberrans, which he considered a separate species. Tutt recorded the aberrans, Evers., from Stdgr., Cat., Iled. Meyr., Handbk., 78 (1895), used fhe genus name Harmodia. Barrett, l.c., plt. 161, gave two figures, both too dark generally, there being only slight differences in shade. Stdgr., Cat., IIIed., 164 (1901), adopted echii, Bork., as a synonym and took the ab. aberrans, Everman, as a var. with the admiranda, Obthr., as its synonym, which last he redescribed ‘‘ thorace unicolore subalbido, al. ant. basi [margineque exter.] subalbidis, in medio satur- atius-fasciatis.”’ Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 180, plt. 37, 31 (1905), gave a fairly good figure and dealt with one fact ab. aberrans. Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 228, fig. 39 (1905), has a good b. and w. fis. Synonyms echi, syngenesiae, nd brecciaeformis. South, M.B.I., I, 252, plt. 125, 1 (1907), gave a good figure. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 82 (1909), gave a fairly good figure, plt. 21a, and gave no forms. They considered brecciaeformis, Esp., echit, Bork., and syngenesiae, Scriba, as only synonyms of the typical form. They said of aberrans, Ev., ‘‘ apparently a good species.’’ ‘‘ Whiter ground and deeper brown suffusion.”’ | Culot, N. et G., I (1), 120, plt. 21, f. 8 (1911), gave a good figure of a normal form. Meyr., Rev. Hand., 148 (1928). Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 111, plt. 15 a (1931), gave a good figure to replace the unrecognizable typical-figure in the main volume. One new form was reported. Of the Variation Barrett said: Only variable in the intensity of the rich brown markings and cloud- ings. The Forms and Names to be considered are: _irregularis, Hufn. (1766), Berl. Mag., IIT, 394. echi, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 166. (Syn.). syngenesiae, Bork. (1793), Scriba’s Beitr., I1I, 204, plt. 13, 5. (Syn.). Pad: EDITORIAL MATTER Se be sent and all PROOFS returned eh : ‘Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. Spay Boe must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- _ TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. Gat 2 e- _ REPRINTS of articles may: be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if : ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. 2 Articles | that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the opti cg, DEFRAYS THE COST ot the illustrations. ee To OUR. READERS.—Short | Collecting Notes and Current - Notes. Please, ae _Early.—Eps. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Dwuplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell,. Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Wanted—American. Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacién Experimental, Casilla Correo, 74, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. — Duplicates—Japanese Lepidoptera (some rare), some Japanese Coleoptera, Lep. from S. America, S. Africa, etc., all good data. English setting. British albi- macula, melanic bidentata*; Trans. and Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., 1911-1930. Full lists of all sent, including Lepidoptera. ~Desiderata—For the above, vari- ous books chiefly, or some Continental Lepidoptera; List of both requirements sent.—P. Siviter Smith, ‘‘ Squirrels,” Little Aston Park, Streetly, Staffs. Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— . John W. Moore, 454 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. Wanted for purchase or photographing: (1) Erebiola buileri; (2) Thymelicus (Adopoea) ludoviciae.—Dr H. G. Harris, 5 Archer’s Road, Southampton. Wanted—Living larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or Apanteles glomeraius eratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- search purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid —Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. _ Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal—H, Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. ~ Wanted.—Barrett, Lep. Brit. Isles, Vol. iii; Culot, Noctuae and Geometrae.—A. J. Wightman, ‘‘ Aurago,” Pulborough, Sx. IRISH NATU RALISTS’ JOURNAL. A MAGAZINE OF NATURAL HISTORY, ANTIQUITIES AND ETHNOLOGY. Published Half-Yearly. Edited by J. A. S. STENDALL, M.R.LA., Assisted by Sectional Editors. Annual Subscription, 6/-, post free. Single Parts, 3/-. All communications to be addressed to :— THE EDITOR, 42 NORTH PARADE, BELFAST. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. Price List No, 33: s5000 Species. Post Free on Application. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS Aer ‘ y THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON : a ok S.W.7. (Nearest. stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road ings at 3 p.m., on the first Wednesdays of the ; month, . Febru ry-June; October- December cea : _ THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND (NATURAL HI Chapter House Hall, St Thomas Street, S.E.i. Hon. Sec., F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Hatch House,’’ Pilgrims Hatch, ‘Brentwood, Essex. | Saturdays, December 12; January 9, 1948; 2 for 2.30 p.m, THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Indoor ‘Meeting: Third Saturday in each month, 2 pm., at the ‘London School of. Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street; Gower Street, W.C.1. Furthe from A. B. Hornblower, 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. LNA Re pe PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon. Sec., G. B. ‘Manley, 72 Tenbury R Heath, Birmingham. Meetings suspended till further notice. SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.—AIl meetings suspended till further notice. Acting Vice-President, Lt.-Col. Fraser, 1.M.S., ‘‘ Mercara,”’ Glenferness _ Avenue, Bournemouth. Hon. Treasurer, W. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R. s. 43 -Com- -Mercial Road, Parkstone, Dorset. Acting Soaks WwW. Parkinson Cur Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. i coe Communications Promised :—H. A. Leeds, E. P. Wiltshire, Thos. Greer, pe Castle Russeli, A. J. Wightman, P. Siviter Smith (plate), S. G. Brown (plate), Rev. G. Wheeler, Dr Kettlewell, ‘‘ Old Moth Hunter, = Prof. J. We ae ane Age All Gaimiinieadons should i addressed. to. the Acting ” patton, TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’”” 25 West Drive, Cheam. JOURNAL OF ‘VARIATION. (VOLS, 1-XXXVI. a Owing to stocks getting low, copies of back volumes. . oa at Orders for complete volumes pails can be siceptea: AUibbaebns ao others requiring the complete set of Vols. I to XXXVI (both inclusive) — are advised to make early application, as a few of the von will soon be out of print. eet Vol. I and Vol. II are now issued at one guinea aie The rest ab 12s 6d per Vol. ER To be obtained only from s— | 2 ie 9 Vanbrugh Hill, Blackheath, London, S.E.3, to whom cheques, etc., should be made payable. — Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. i Bee : ! A we pe “ : te x 5 atch No, 12 Meal Eiowes why DECEMBER 1942 | AOLOGISTS RECORD Sot Ge Harish view: (St Gar) cies ee 147 ““ Observations on S. pavonia, Some,”’’ Capt: ADF... Baconi eee 87 Oecophoridae of N. America ............ 32 ‘“Opima, M. (T.), in Midland Coun- ties," P. -Siviter (Smith 2 s0.0. 30 “Oxyna parietina and other Trype- tids at Eltham,’ H. W. Andrews 103 ““Penang Island, Butterflies of,” L. Bur Wheeler 2c.) ee eee 39, 53 “ Pieris napi, The fate of pupae in Rhum in 1941,’ Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 3:28.02 oe ee eee 107 ““ Possibility of the male upperside of P. coridon, ab. metallica, being indicative of a fatal disease,’ H. As, Leedss s..c00siics. cess ae 84 “ Procus literosa, ab. opseura, 7 (xs 33. Wightman es aa ee 93 Protective Coloration, 4. eee 4 Andrews 2.32.05 140 ‘““Rhyssa persuasoria,’ F. Marriner 44 ““ Sale, The Bright,’ H. E. Page, 86; “The Crabtree,’ H. FE. Page «-:... 143 ““Sex-ratio of larvae,” P. S. Smith 30 Size, of ab. minor of S. pruni (5); of ADS MNGION: S20. eee =(3) Societies: S. London Entomological and N.H.S., 8, 124, 145; Society for British Entomology, 8, 145; R. Ent. Soc. London, 12, 48; US. National IMiWSeUmi 5.2 tease ae seer AT INDEX. . 151 PAGE PAGE . : “Two different Tachinids bred from *“ South African Lepidoptera, Notes is on some,” J. Sneyd Taylor ......... 111 the same host,’ H. ALE Hic 140 K : ‘““Unusual Food Plant, An,’ E. B. S. pruni and larva beating, P. S. White: cis hoe Se ee eee ee 3 Smith, er eee 44 =. dialanta in winter.” H. W. Head 52 “‘ Stack Refuse, Coleoptera taken in,” “Variation from the Worthing F. ul Grant aaiciniciniaisin oialaistelslatclotainisin(nleinielvinisieleliciale 64 Museum, Notes on,”’ Rev. G. ‘* Strange Story, A,’’ H. Donisthorpe, 79; ditto, Notes on, T. B. Fletcher 79 ‘“* Substitute Foodplants,”’ E. P. Wilt- SIME Marske eerie. se astd cess s 63, 87, 107, 122 “ Tabinus bovinus (Dipt.) in Somer- Sete Er “AIO CEM 2-2. seco. -cccecscaceses 140 “ Tettix cephon (Orth.) in Kent,” R. VPN RECISUA OE 2.5. Sscccc ss cccusecsesseanens 30 *““Trypetidae from the Stroud Dis- trict of Gloucestershire,’ T. B. PEP GING Tei eae eo eas se iae Sedan aeens 76 Wheeler, M.A. 5, 15, 27, 59, 72, 117, 133 * Variation in C. xerampelina,” A. J. Wightman *‘Variation in, #. lichenea,’ P. 8. Smith, 93; larvae of A. urticae in Outer Hebrides, J. W. H. Harri- SOTA Fee Re Pee ea in ea cee 107 ‘* Venilia maculata, L., in the Isle of Raasay,’ Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 45 WickemsHen hung) 2 si see ae 80 <*§ Zygaena filipendulae in Rhum and S. Uist,’ Prof. J. W. H. Harrison 107 LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS. PAGE Allan, P. B. M., F.S.A. 1, 63, 105, 113, 123 IA WOCEMN ES oI SCs Bo ows cisccscceccscsens 69, 140 SATNOGE WISE EL IW... . 2. .ccieeasceeuseues 76, 103, 140 Bethwme- Baker GoTo. oc. ccescecssecgaveess 104 IBEW Sa ocr ec ae an ae 98, 140 NB OWiCS reas De Mise deca as aa vecnandehes sheneusieaues 49 Bacon, Capt. A. F. L., M.A. ......... 46, 87 TEER Ls ST 1 SR Wee Se aise Cine ee ase een IRE Q4 Beirne, Bryan P., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. @ 17, 37, 81;-131, 132 1 STO UY LiTiy iG AONE DSS ere nee eee ee eae 125 Cockayne, Dr E. A., A.M., F.R.E.S. 3 ag tiie ala l7l TD YSN TRUS 8 OP i a Be see: 4, 76, 121 Donisthorpe, H. ... 2,.4, 11, 22, 36,>-57, 79, 87, 88, 104, 105 mlefoners. ha. B.., -h RES... KUL... JNA ba Sia secon 79, 103. 125, 132, 135, 137 Peeing wENOS: = fee i, ee 3 CreenSide.. Rs Mee oo eee ates tens 30 CGoPIU DINGY el Deel eee NR Sea tae eC ee 49 (STEEN 11 Dearest Ba eer ev Di pane eS 63, 64 LEGIT CVETICS < 71 CAEN 6 nies i ee ee a eee ty areca re 87 TE FEB NG be 1 8 La Yee pa eae aa ee are ree 52 Harrison, Prof. J. W. H. 45, 46, 101, 107, 108 PAGE PM OSOm. GeoVG eis. cece eee esc eeeee eee 42 Kettlewell, H. B. D., F.R.E.S., M.A., MEB SB Chins Sai ece eG aon e ee 62 TCCOS EV Aso erate cc oiccn nee ee aea sae eeu sa een 84 qY/ B23 es 0 O25 Gel Dipieanmeny Seen nmr ihe \ranaees RADE Scr 44 VEER ECVic— Dnaiseeeeteens: 65, 31232 1355 137 IND Ne tees ss. ose ck ates oa ae eer e eo 66 PATENTS EN Cee Lert eee eee aoe ee eee ene 136 EN eye] os Ea] BP es ene ne esses se 86, 145 Parsons. Gants C ie On eres eee ees ef RUSSeUe Sa GeCastlems: 7% Aree (1)-(412) Smith, P. Siviter ... 30, 44, 61, 76, 80, 88, 93, 126, 141 Taylor, J. Sneyd, M.A., F.R.E.S. ...... 114 Taylor, E. PUrMer “Hy ade: SAO wAe” (Asta 32, 43, 47, 48, 64, 79, 80, 89, 92, 108, 123, 124, 136, 140, 148 WWauslonmavendi ANS ds \Gisncsece 8, 13, 93, 120, 139 Wiltshire, E. P., F.R.E.S. ... 10, 109, 120, 121, 122 AYAVAL ANH Revers) Zhe] BSA eee earn SN Oe Lad Se pa dE 3 NWiheeler-cReVetG sa... 15s Que Oe i Oaeteledpeciges N VANE OU CHRE dlieatbucgstee: cc sccate a cosmenan aa eee 3)5 Bul NV WETS Ge See Coma ete oct ee eee rae i LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Male Genitalia in Lepidoptera, to face p. 17. II. Aberrations of British Macro-Lepidoptera, to face p. 33. Ili. Zanclognathus tarsipennalis, Tr., to face p. 65. IV. Female Genitalia in Lepidoptera, to face p. 81. Vv. Cones of the Larva of C. phasianipennella, Hb., to face p. 125. VI. First Stage Larvae, to face p. 137. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (77) " brecciaeformis, Esp. (1790?), Schm. Abbild., IV (2), 2, 79, plt. 198, 5. (Syn.). s = ab. aberrans, Evers. (1856), Bull. Mosc., pt. IV, 105. ab. admiranda; Obthr. (1880), Et. d’Ent., V, 77. ab. hellwegeri, Schwrd. (1919), Zts. Ent. Ver. Wien, IV, 31. _ Tutt dealt with the typical form and its syn. echii and with ab. aberrans, Evers. Tutt did not give the original description of ab. aberrans, Evers., but only a short summary from Stdgr., Cat., of 1871. f. aberrans, Evers., Bull: Mosc., IV, 105 (1856). . Oric. Descrre.—‘‘ Alis anticis albo-lutescentibus: spatio medio pos- | tice angustissimo, brunneo, relictis stigmatibus medianis albidis, brunnes- centi-centralis; stigmate claviformi fusco-circumscripto; lineis ordin- ariis dentatis fuscis: posticis grisescentibus.’”’ 1 ¢ worn. Kiachta, Russia. ‘“ Much resembles echii. It chiefly differs in the central area of the forewings, which is so contracted at the hind margin that it is half the width as in echii; it is brown with the median spots light and the claviform distinct, semi-elliptic and encircled by deep brown.’ ssp. admiranda, Obthr., Et. d’Ent., V, 77 (1880). Figure.—l.c., plt.. 8, f. 11. Oric. Drscrre.—‘‘ The ground of the forewing is a brown-fawn colour, becoming lighter to a pale chamois towards the base, the costal margin and the terminal border. The basal half-line is black on the outerside, With a trace of brown. Below the median nervure and very near the base there is a black dot. The two outer basal and the elbowed lines are black and very sinuous. The orbicular brown, encircled with | yellowish white, is surmounted with a yellowish-white spot touching the costa. Between the elbowed line and the subterminal, the space is fawn colour, less blackish than in the space between the outer basal and the elbowed lines, particularly along the latter. Then the terminal space is yellowish-white, traversed from top to bottom by a thick pale brown line. . ‘ — — . eyed oy hp ee 7 as a : . aoe S ctaicditadielaanhd! Kn Pes “ by sia ne5eiats en “ ~ ts = a - ¥, 2 * wg K _ ey - ' ¥ = - 7 x ‘e \ : * - ’ =i - c wt 7 a ry ‘ ~ - = > ~t a as r 7 ane - ~- +! ™ ao Sf =_ i A Fa a oe . ; a ra or = . - Fs sf == ' Nhat . : - mmere - - ~ : i - ” ” a sal a _— ‘ - ae < a \ = ar . 7 ot - _ My em - - ened H * ~ a ue - 7 se ‘ e agris — “ 4 oad . r al . oh 7 _ __ 7 i Sate “s _ —s 2 - oe 2 “7 oa > - mibheee 7” * © i ——, Se lal ae ' > — ~ - - “ es > - - — ” - — a eS ae 4 = - = - va - * if teat 7 6 ~ ~ t - - . =* a . - - “a as es 7 ~ Ane oy a fares Z, ' = a - aan a ™ a “ ’ - -_ ie — ae © ~ ” ~~ - a ~ Nate — - ~ Ty ~-4 . NO , = ~ @ = ema ~ . . ~ Pe soe Ma% -~ ae = oS eae * ¥ “+ ae en ae is J - a — ~ . Sena oye 9 we? as = a ae an - shag —- ee ada a rorn eee eta” sorte ate ot eee .-— ~ - ” 7 Sin nag ® = & Audet epee anal a ' ne - ~ - eters - phe a? teal iter ee - be a ed a in ae 1 go 0 Pte tee ete Porte a =“ = ome : — - wre POP fe Owe * 4 - -~ - - pe Pm Hee a aye oP te id 5 ~ = — et te tage Puree He Cand ; : z Oe abe emis bo yet Oe Rt we - b= > ss wel ve oat eth ed 4 te phen 3 : 7 7 nd ema paler pe plheneeel Breit 6S sieges) ~ eta ee aaetee ls = é iP VO pegs ewer 6 i ane a0 te E berhades f= < — ee = se Pomc atten eg! ee eet nears eens OS Cabiees ba peewee enh FOTO A RG OCI WI SE nara agg psig + al - ~ ew pes” Senet tet is pe OF. o> ae a 2 t Ootone o ow, a ‘ “ é nied _ = prneaal Ges , isons genie eens een Se abkbenlt -” oo gti) it Rt 3 5 i - ya aye ~< ‘9 . entree! aeTae >, fam s~—s-* des at alag a Pen Ae e = = fo — - . aoe FF = 4 7 : 0 eg et tas Rant elt ARTA La Oe thay eetnrn salts “ Fre an. ~% : ~~ _ + 9 aad Meee # rue 7 . ae Pye, SG ORF -- o 7 — r= a apiteal ® i ee o ogi — a - ~ J Wr +e . “ 4 —~ “ —— pete nine, taal actinn, tit ~ ‘ ~ . “ *~ sf ve Be ee a =e — mee eee pam epee ae m % a * ¥ Serer: omega =f - 7 . erp —< < a wing tew ial otal etree > we il it lines in ae .* rar at ee Pe Te - etal a. é a) i ne RE eter? citesn set Rn boat tate Riditeswet ~ ~ 08 = keer - . Fa A Bt eg a0 0k I ORE 7 af a, oes ecm art, mas Bo yO A ELD Se GF Ge yh - me » * or - 4 en ene ere Ge Y=1. oo. mn . + ONY, COA ese eee ‘ i a Dd = va tw © Ltt: A A Hi Poe earth eee et eer Pgh bs = .- * ; - Ms * o os ’ au ye ete eg Ee Ba ve Ceres - - Ry Pa vege? oe hie bd pe? ae ee a ’ : 7 — ; - 7 fa td _ pyre Sint ety tone PAM - rie . heres Mees at ead a ee . a obese - ewe nh ~ 2 ties t= . . repeats aren ate at i~ a ~— to seta ie tha ret PEP BO wings, pees ein eine & * 7 a San ieiigtige 1 ‘ bat b. Peat ae in 7 eee ee te - ee oe ee } poe ate - - he + ? * « = i ad ~ nal 2 ety he er omg tee woven or ie 2g gp tery lg Cm ee - - -* é # & ae oe ‘ ‘ = . ‘ s a" 7 ou. m= ee tee epee oe age eee NYS peat pagel as ange ey hon tre qe ta) tl Sx , as nee - - “2 . ‘ pe ee ay ae ar ee A“ wh oe = on -_ * 2 wre eg ret yee ate peter via SO wryy a james es Oe ens A A wT EL ne Syd See td me - Ainge A bean i ES & 8 reenact eet aah a tal aed oe yeh ieee wheres =a nae atin a? bd #0 Rip Pera BND - . ewer howe sles pees ied re eee ee ee ad + ee tare poe ete th eet Oe ee ee ee ee ‘ i Sean papain ey peo aciphranif .- * 7 oat ¢ a co bee) ee o- a ey eae Bemhog a es me pete - 7 2 an. aaron! es ano ee Haren ya) hewatee . oa . _e &e fegesninn : : beraes db 9 iret a haar ohne ® gouges ern? t omerag )s: onaereneh : cane a Rn meee MONE pig et Ming ee Et mars she et art re penemn GS als o ‘ee rr errant an ene soe eet ok beneath i we Es Meee! SpE HI en hae = yee ONE ene Ee 06 . ) saa’ ot ot : er eypeaneted abs Ns Spe ree Shaner orn age . oe RM TNES | Po ne eer ape, ee 4 - sad (nbd, > Ore o peeneretaget age ome ear sew” Se nt re Oe ee ee . That LEAS LORY HI ETM ae oR trai ote, Sf ene aoe eT 4 oa S Ce ee ee {ae et eben ete corte te PHT ek otng Eytan pret £4 Sp fe te entree: & Sete Iie eh he eee “ é Et ee Se ee ek tiated = meh be hatte een rw 6 pe Ee LO RUT etn ees ¢ Co gE pg Ent te hee Hap ae He ett tee + een nee reeset. Nt eags Le Oreste ag FS Ne oti © ie opiate tt saat war neers Be MOLES eS ethers 4 rege ay wie srt elm Ste PAA OT) tere erty Trees nmore ate te ot ate no te LO Rem sce ae fe Male ATTAIN eg) pi emirs-4 ery fr «te s8 roy mon Recent a aE RET COME! OILERS a ee ed ees oni ere a Sena pegs aatn Prite Sob shy cmanakdaenirt hey tatty cukse cw eh teed It RSEF TNT EAT En rary Rage gt tH een te moe” CRE ARID Ne Pe RARE SIRT eng) gerd CAS PERE TY wrsg oot *