Bound IQ4b HARVARD UNIVERSITY Nels El Ls DR RAY OF TE MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY 1 33X20 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND EDITED BY MALCOLM BURR: D.SC., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, RB.N., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M., D.M., EDS. E-Z:S)) Ras: F.R.E.S., F.R.C.P. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. J. E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A,, H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. FIRES.) EAZ-S> G. T. BETHUNE-BAEER, F.7.8. F.R.E.S., Editor Emeritus, cnd HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. ——— VOL. LV (New Series). JANUARY TO DECEMBER 1943. PRICE 12s 6d. Special Index (with every Reference), 1s 6d. 1BRAR a, f sé oo) on compar, le Zactesy LigRrak®> {3,400 | The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation. SPECIAL INDEX. ye eel UO BAN Ee) erie, lets. et. SS: VOL. LV. (New Series), 1943. By Coleoptera arranged in order of Genera. The other Orders arranged by Species. Genera, Species, etc., new to Britain are marked with an asterisk, those new to Science with two asterisks. COLEOPTERA. PAGE PAGE SMAVESUPI Stay CSD aiid, hose: seat Ab eee ane 109 WACOM CALOMAVIUNG, soc. 1 crvepedeceocedesneh 99 umbratus, Acanthomyops ..........:..... a1 Tenth Wace 2 ea eae epee DOVE SMAIESATIS An MESD Oy, .csz.2 ea tutta we eata ken 169, rae CHU emmmrcal UM HG OREN ES tees. ch, erie nse iciewosie me erases 99 MOOMNUR ORME Maree ace aescetiase saeco ones Lepetene vouiiene 84 SEI GTO 110 0228 On |< Ge Pr a 50 LEPIDOPTERA. Coleoptera of Middlesex, List of 43-4, abjecta, \ MaAMIGStV a 2. io. 2 ads. sas ss voeseo > 8 61-62 | abruptaria, Hemerophila ................. 36 Aime: WaASt Of. foo. s sc. le seereecndecs 73-{ absymthit,, Cucullia ) nile 20. Sie Goccimellidac, TAst) Of ...\..c...ccecee-c.-e+. ie Vt OGeOm” AEM YVAN CLLC USS 2.0.2.0. :.e-a7c-day 25, 40 @omylombidaes; List’ Of <.........2..-2--+0+: 43 | aegeria, Pararge ............... 16, 39, 103, 105 Endormmychidae, List. Of .s....-..4:,----9.0:: 44 | aegon (argus), Plebeius ............... 39, 104 Histeridae, List of ...... en ee itt Sars 4h AS CMMOUS. y ECCWIA Rss ccd, eace abate tone ares = 23 Nnmduldae, List Of ..:...c.c.c in 44 | agestis (medon), AVicia ...... 17 Phalaeridae, East Of 2... [. .c...Keieeoe- 44, | aglaia, Argynmis .............., 10, (1), 16, 120 qacelapiidae.. FASt Ol, ..0..cscsceccsntceae-ses: 43 | albida (tithonus ab.), Maniola ......... 104 Siephylinidae, Lists Of... Be au lom Nee | Clore og ROMP EERUS WP VALUCUIS! coscan.: ue os cenisee-cedeeees 112 PANANLA see eeeeceeeeeee etter teeeceees 47 alceae, Carcharodus, Erinnis ........... 40 DIPTERA. ene Heodes is EA Pattee Peeper ere 38 f beets 3 AP ea alepica (crataegi ab.), Aporia .......... 39 Fee es csititte ae ag." | alinalis (fulisinosalis), Pyzausta 1 ‘ , 87. 88 alpicola (hyperborea), Amathes ADS. 10 CORTES EEIS S NUCTOG OM 0s oc. jos dak Heke eweece (1) aiiaeae. SEEDS. AS cares a Alea Nee MTT IS Se sla ee me seas iaiow seeeeee 86 SO Eee OUI ric ok Pane Wak oe a ed 3) ee festiva, TeDhritis \......ccccccccccsecseseeseese- Be oe ee ee MIA ES eEVOUUGCILA is 2c tess sans con aek eee. 122 eee SSM ER SA Rt se Bet: ih a leucodontis,- Tephritis ............. 86, 87, 88 gous tae oe Es NS ross: ayghuc OTT SHH] PEEEE Le Oe I 36 Poh Whees Saat ge pec er ell Oh rz Anes eae aie er pie 28 rostrata, SEEN Cg chee 2 sts oe a 122 SEMEL OSs sy ene? s, Airing? ae SiylaiaeMUICOPNOra ...- Si i aOmMatias, LMMhUreS | lee (2), 106 CESDNIMIM PREt a MOI = Nceee mee cree Su lEM Peciities hirer el OY (eva te Osan eee AARNE PRRs ne tame 92 chtonolasius, Acanthomyops ............ 63 | AULA A as ana © Sok scce ce oaceee posse ee 38 flavus, ACanthomyops ..........:...0... 13, 51 | aurifera (orichalcia), Plusia 145." 146 US Comme OUI Gale seen eoeee eee 13, 51, 63, 64 AEE UM Tae, MEMEO V CU VASs sea. cccs cease tec oaece Q7 laevinodes, Myrmica ....:..-0-es..... 63 auroradiata (phlaeas), Heodes ......... 17 UCC A CATIUNONNVODS. {scoot tee eee: 13 aAVerSai tain S LOE Mar ane es coke recta tet ecey cee 37 TRUE Wet SHO EA DIOL Wh Re ae Cerne cope ae 5 ok ed ipa 11 balbita (sindura ssp.), Melitaea ...... 98 TOMI Aer] O ys Meee oy Or oe nh pr ae CC 11, 109 barrettii (andalusica), Dianthoecia, ‘ruginodis, Myrmica .......... pile Goan OLerGD LEI TEGTARYGYO HEE VERB SR Bhe tetera 5 25 cer ery ee ae ie g scabrinodis, Myrmica ......:.........).. 51, 65 HaAioOnet SCOMMTAWHLAES) veh dles ee es oe 88 2, SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE [ PAGE bellargus, Polyommatus, Lysandra ll croceus, Colias =47--- 39, 100, 104, 105, 106 (CAV Gna n(aiiee fs CHUICUMELTA oh eran Me, Meee eeoeed 1 BO AAT HEMbecitoOrmMIiss SSpMe Ela ye..c5-2- 22-25-52 28 cydippe (adippe), Argymmnis ... (1), (2), [HYDRA IMGVAGIIEY, . sassetossssodcooeoeaho“sbossesesce 16 i) (CA). “alifs al pe 0.0) [SUIT TBISIKOIN .cooacosscesnononcodssensantoar 37 Gynt lay 2h eede secs oee ates Mee eee 118, 119 bicruris (capsincola), Dianthoecia, Gamers) WWASSUS” sasscceseesFeeee ee eee eee Al 15 RS VIPIUMVOYO Wits Nyse eeaa ne Reco eBor Gareed wonoaaan Seon Cap lice eOMiiay Leese eee ee eee 39 THNCWISTONS,, (CEIPWLEG) Catasacodacoascosscsconpasoocucde 95 **decolorata (dominula ai.), Panaxia 48 bidentata, Gonodontis 37 pilineata, Euphyia, Camptogramma 26 ToniTanveGwMleyiss, JPIVISIEY poseoccsceccssossacsasec6eee 116 innmencia, (Imencamilley). IDE eee), Sesocosdaenceer 90 TOU Ctaletan Osstlvolmt bay eeersasceseceeece oe 110 DISTORT Ase CULO DUS meee eee cence es ere 37 Ipllenn@ bigs, JEOeVAO IME osreb caosscoadodoeenoe 37 TONE VAIB ERAS, (CWICDUUTIEY 22 scoscodaosenbeccceoe Sil, Ste) TOMAICICS),. IBAWISHIE) | Seocgoqnodsdacvesosatonseseocesnos 109 TOHPAGSISIKCEIS,, IBIETEHS, S.nocsdosssocoeoosdec (6) eel Os **britannica (lucipara ssp.), Euplexia 89 lelesaavenieh, (@joytsyel avoyen ce) OLS) | AsaeaRcseoesebeoes 38 **brunnescens (dominula ab.), Pan- LESS Sees wey tinct oe Gaon eh ee Ment SaaMecaaie 46 IBF VOJOMUIEY, 2 oa Sajand ancodesbonesaccdasee losacadsneda be 84 eaeca (tithonus ab.), Maniola ......... 10 eaeruleocephala, Episema, Diloba ia c-album, Polygonia ... (6), 16, 17, 36, 103, 104, 105 callunae (quercus), Lasiocampa ...... 29 calybe (villida ssp.), Cynthia ............ 66 camilla, Limenitis ... (7), 39, 100, 103, 104 eapsophila, Dianthoecia, Harmodia 8 ‘CR OUMTTAYONIAY JPINOUIMNECIES! —coogadsbcsocaecc00s 110 capucina (oxyacanthae ab.), Miselia 37 CATA EAT CULAR Haas casas foe rneaaceoeee cern ccneecsoneet 107 Cardamimes. BuchlOeC iw ss... 15, 103, 106 eRVROY, WREYWMESISE) ‘seticsoncsveade 29. 39, 108, 111 (CRNEIMNICIICRY. -FATORVSINEY SAN se aogoassaccaioodoacses 113 PRVPIOIME Hh, INO UOC OUST ANE-G: coananocecanoosoenac 36 cassiope (epiphron f.), Erebia ............ 23 catina (comma ssp.), Pamphila, Hes- TO CoA alee eet isos eeatiae cote alae Semen a 25 cervantes (tages ssp.), Erynnis, Niso- TALEO VES ReGen a ned nce ere ean ane naa eda 25 chagoensis (villida ssp.), Cynthia ..... 66 CAN CIEECS MUS Vay eee ecccee eee eecne stint toh chenopodiava,, Oxthioliubiia ie. os eeen: 37 CHIGEOSAtAS | UAlbMiiNM arses eccceaeeeeeee ence =e sce. 37 IMIPSIUHIS VIRINDISTIZY Soncosoanaocaqoneonecdesenooods 37 eTbaD ie) TIMNEILURANES GocpooeanencosbanSssepasosacacce 39 GUT C CPAs EYSLULS Ue onee seet a sacrceseasciecibere aceleeiss 39 CUE ACO Or Way eeeseee. seseer ep atece nero eee 37 GUE CSU ATS PACE UIT Ay ee eee eee sea eee cise 36 conjuncta (dominula ab.), Panaxia .. 47 coerulata (impluviata), Hydriomena 97 MO ONDA A Oss Sones cence og wee ese aceaieeewmee site 17 OUMNH G OMA eeseet ee artee eens so eee ieee 25 **conspicua (lucipara ab.), Euplexia 90 “OOO ONG » pHOlTUNAD.S . Wee Aeaneoopoonaanscoacoee 106 coridon, Polyommatus, Lysandra 10, 142 43, (4), (5), (0); (8) 45; 55, 120 CLalaeois, AMORA s . pomeces sens sae cadses ae peeeles 39 ELEDUSCILLATIAL | FOGULO DUS ae eeeeer eee se 36 CHIPLAaTia: .COSGUMMAN Geers. mess mse ractecca 42 CHINANENSIS?, ERVOTACCIAN ee xeec.s+-nassc 2 20 desionaitay SOChiy Gian aaa eee 37 GETASA VA CEE pee sae eee see ee ee 20 DTAMNP AOC = (ELA ENO Mila) lessee seer eeeeee 84 hichyanas AMelibaeam essen. eee enone 39 **diluta (dominula a@b.), Panaxia .... 46 diniensis ‘sinapis vace), Leptidea ...... 39 dipsaceas, PEE OUTS eee eee eee eee 106 dolabraniay ela cogs eee eee 37 dominula, Panaxia, Callimorpha 48, 106, 107 GQOTUMIS-SAATCOMES! Biieesceccs sce sseorte occ oes caee 31 dromedarius, Notodonta ... 2, 11, 12, 37, 96, 102 Cuiplarisw ye ain SCS US meres seser eee nee 37 CLEA ORV SOMA teenies ceaen aaseen eaeeee 39 STOOP ONA A BTS) ONE soeek nee sordasenncebocosaonre 23 GIAO OCONEE. (COMUISTTP ES ooonaodsdescassne: 94 euphrosyne, Brenthis ........... 1 A032 104 excessa ({tithonus «ab.), Maniola, PIN EC PDMCIE LT phere ease ee epee hae ee 10 Exqoolbhiel., Wii woe. (OUMENE) “seccascecocconetocas: 28 falcatakiaes OLED aayue rer aes eee eee 37 ISCNE WEIS). LBIUIC ONE,” scneosodcancebecesoacocces 36, 37 renestrellay GE MGGOSIS Wesco eee ceeesee: ap ee) HOP SALTS 2 BS OV Se ae eee setase echoes ee eraeee 1923) IUMEICOEW EY, ~ ALIAVEIEEY sgsncsenonconcooss RENEE seca eSHC 122 flava (linea): “Adopocay 2... 25, 40 MAACO seas Cita eee ee 357/ **flavoteberdina (rossica ab.), Pan- Sed ee wee Feel mie ert eee 48 **flavomarginata (dominula ab.), PAM aT AR See ee Nae hues os ene 47 fuliginosalis (alpinalis), Pyrausta. puree 38) foliginosa, Phragmatobia see 107 talVvata.. (CUdaAnla + ho) eee ee eee 109 furcifera, Graptolitha ............ 94, 95, 97 HPC Ae NOSEUMA) pee nose meee eee ee 29 fusconebulosa (velleda), Hepialus .... 40 IR OUSKEM OUNCE, ANORCIES) “sScanacndoccoséaunoacece 9 galathea, Satyrus, Melanargia ... 16, 24, 40, 55, 94, 120 galene (galathea ab.), Satyrus ......... Q4 allies, (Ganeekoin 775)).. AATEMCTIA, soascsecdaconscsce 38 xeyoniiae). TEASE, ~osecascconea- (3), 106, 109, 110 ganomella. (lapella), Acedes ............... 9 SOMA VAT ANCE cals eis oe cena Nie 8 GEOMELLIMES | Gece we ock Baceaere sae eee eee 20 ST ViaOk: Clera a eae ress st csaasehee meeeo eee nee 36 @lantcea lan Cixi yeas cco ne eee 37 Gilby ganas, “IB ICUIONEY Loo écccocsecsHsnasnasdobece 357) SPOSSUMAM Atal. AD LANA SUnesess eee nen etes sees 26 hamstediensis, Cynthia 50, 65, 76, 118, 119 lneeiray ((WKS)S Sere one: fa. sesh Aseadeaans 20, 21, 40 helice (croceus), Colias ......... 39, 100. 104 15 ey oy teh 2 Were om eaeaneeadeccee code codosoaqaased 21, 40 FIGSPOrivGaene, roe eee ces ee eore aes 441 SPECIAL PAGE PANG Wesabe ee ocevsavcecener seen scnecenb ens’ 65 Mispidaria. AMOCHEIMNA.€ 0.2.0.5. cccccneene 37 hispulla (jurtina race), Maniola ...... 40 Januhanoulii, le iey oyifay lib Gy eeRenpsareRanee 10a Dale ZANE a Al hyperantus, Aphantopus ...... 17, 104, 120 icarus, Polyommatus ... (6), (7), (14), 38, 55, 105 icteritia (fulvago), Cirrhia ............ S778 "inenss, Sie NGO, “Gooseseagasepesasensbbpacsoueeeae 38 *illustris (dominula @b.), Panaxia .. 46 FAME Iat ee A GUCLANT AY IS easendeasescesce onsen. 24 MMA Aan, CUMATLA ~...cacc.osckosecscee sesame 26 impudens, Leucania, ............ 93, 100, 101 MGA MAE Maes AULCU aS 5.0: deaase-adecteen te. 13 infra-conflua (paphia @ab.), Argynnis 104 insignata (venosata), Eupithecia ...... “36 interrogationis, Plusia ............... 109, 110 io, Vanessa, Nymphalis ... 36, 69, 75, 100 TOMES NOS els decoc a faces: sokaneceedeeeneceencencesten 109 iphis (icarus), Polyommatus ............ 38 jacobaeae, Callimorpha, Hypocrita ... (2) **junctasuffusa (dominula ab.), Pan- axia jurtina, Maniola ... (7), (8), (9), 16, 26, HACE HOTCPAMA 0. i.0..-.:eccveessere 37 lapella (ganomella), Acedes, Tinea ... 9 HOW OOMAMAMPINIVSSUA, .css.cccsseasecahocoses eter 42 lepida {carpophaga), Dianthoecia, TEIAVTATIND TIE eres ee ae 8 lepida, Parasa (Limacodid) .............. 103 lepontica (pseudathalia ssp.), Melitaea. 123 leucomelas (galathea ab.), Satyrus ... 24 HeuCupMaecaria. Mratbis— os. c reece... 36 leucostigma (secalis ab.), Helotropha 37 leucotaenia (aethiops ab.), Erebia 23, 24 MID AAI EXe aS COUTOMUCT VEX ae cst oc ee cee dese 1 abe MiGMeMariay SE UMITNCIGIS: 2.2555.0-40.o-c-oceueeee 37 lignosellus, Elasmopalpus ................ 112 MTOM ACO CMMAG 2 sarees ce. fe ceac detainee se! (7), 101 nie ORANG OMOEA! ee as. geees see oeees Uy - ica OS ier AtaAs DOTASIA, 55. .s0eck cei seeeiee ee. 24 lM aae OS CMOVOGNIS A= oss. 2082 sctee see oetees 37 livia (myrtale in error), Hypolycaena 26 LivorniGar "Geller! o)oo.cc..6 hee 76, 77, 106 Homiceraes AyGaenma: =... .ois0 eee. Bi. 1x0) MGA eNO AIMS aioe NO eo on hog 9, 37 MiGCSnSHesEnVOIBAC CIAL s2.osescti a lettan lesen Daly Dail lacertinaria, Drepana ....: 5 OREO aE om coae 37 Mruteniaicasy PMOL XI: oo. 61. cwivevaseesaedeenws 89 TE ANIA SCVCIE: iso. 6ee tan ote esecccecuntunes 36 enema Se SENNA: ss cee ee AY) TUES, ACHE ACO) Caer eee een gee se yank ek 37 PVG ACTING ACI nape Nl ace a gl 61 lychnitis, Cucullia ... 4, 5, 7, 28; 31: Seat, G4 aie, MS, ily TOMEKCMME NOY dine ad Bee) ON NUON Alcs eee ae ae nea 39 IMAvAWARICUS., “PMNASSUS) fests eee. oke. 44 Malvae, Hesperia .................. ie 2550 103 mMalivOldes:,) HIESPETIA, , o6......- hese ecocececs. p43) Margaritata, Campaea ..................0.. 36 TIMER TIME eG! TEMPS ANAS). © ses sn cnecndoscoocecses 36 Himauras: MOEMO" pe ttc ae 39 TR AUGLG OS 0A os sce RY ADD eel UES AN Te 38 INDEX. a PAGE megera, Pararge ...... Wi oO, AO 1217 MelAaMODSISt eA Tia... 5. meee eee ee 101 IMICIITAlG ES By. Serre Bee tae he hte SP ny 97 MMETV UC ae Pi CiyiGMialete Nese eee eeen erence 36 messingiella, Eidophasia-—.................. 92 inetallica (coridon ab.), Polyommatus 10 meniculosa, eMlosophora =e... 19 ION IST, W UI tts Wiz \ey eee at ee ee a a een ai DKON UE EE),, « LENO SIG) Ws at seboaadoncdonebeene ile allay aie) monoglypha (polyodon), Xylophasia 19 37 ave) Ouldey! SUUEN Mbs pee Beh ane Wek a cates Glee | 15, 109 nebulata (obliterata), Euchaeca ....... 97 TONGAN, IEINAGIERYEYENE a a roanseneckenuacece: 20 **nigradonna (dominula ab), Panaxia 45 nigrina (camilla ab.), Limenitis ...... 100 MNO GLUE Ae NOMIOpnilapepe eee 109 INOGUUH GAGE Aiths chai" 2 ©: ate Sree.) ber 19 MUD bast Cabocailaw. ewes ele 105 OveliSCalay ELE es Sle 192 obliterata (nebulata); Euchaeca ....... 97 oblonga (abjecta ab.), Mamestra ...... 8 obscura (viminalis ab.), Cleoceris ... 3 ocellaris, Xanthia 7 **ocellata (dominula ab.), Panaxia .. 47 ochracea (capsophila ab.), Dianthoe- cia, Harmodia Bo Ears enn hath tae stats FE 8 OCHraGea ee OCiiri awe weve eee et eee 91 ochracea (aethiops ab.), Erebia ....... 23 ONONLGISS-PaTeClOpa esses. eee 21 orichalcea (aurifera), Plusia ...... 115, 116 orientalis (dorilis, 72), Hieodes!....=.. 38 GE nAG hiya @yaMiiiniel a cee enone ey Oleg 65 OED OPUS Raya ee ee ae 36 Oxavacanthiae a MiSehiaw -ssee: aes we ee 37 palaemon, Carterocephalus .............. 26 pallida (xerampelina ab.), Atethmia, GieEbiaed 0's. 5 Oe ees oe, een ae 8 paludis, ERAT AC GRAN sc Pte ot og. 20 pamphilus, Coenonympha ... (1), (7), PAMGOPASHALEYNNIS ..cecccceesecchcccee ccc. 39 paphia, Argynnis ... (4), (2), ( (7), (10), 17, 74, 103, 104%, 120 napilionaria, Geometra. 2... 2)... 2, 96 parthenias, Brephos BP ON EB doe iteet HG. WS: DaVOMiaee SalUNremnicn cect.) -e ele See mne ee 106 Del eras Ee OUMIS. asi cee cee ae 77, 106 IEICE), = BME OTOININIG) o- eoekocoaeeccsseccucestd ee. 37 phlaeas; Heodes *.. 16, 17, 22,'38, 103, 105 pilercella, Acedes. “Linea... 9. (11) PEELS Pi Peart 20h Auth Ok See We ren, tee 15 | OU aes Wawel BAT EN Ge ea a Re we De Le 68 Mlagiata, Anaibis i. 4.) oc. ee 37, 105 Dlantaginis, Parasemia ....:00..*..... 107 plexippus = menippe, Danaus ......... iS: ST SUageaes eer tre tet es BET, Wy 109, 115 1AM UBICeTU E> ee 1S eae tae Re UR ee CNS et 13 polychloros, Nymphalis ... 39, 91, 103, 10% 144 POPU. eS Poeciocampta’ 20 ee 38 poLcelluss DerOpeiay owe ae: 37 OTCCRSIE GEN Abs e Fol BY ey ac yk Ve aaame i eek cae Oa 37 procida (galathea f.), Satyrus .......... Q4 *““privata (dominula ab.), Panaxia ... 46 4 SPECIAL INDEX. PAGE PAGE prunata, Lygris sue a an eee a ene Sa ets 3/7"): TemMerata, — ata ets pail esses ere sence 37 PAULI RSET NOM 2980) o aces e se cee Sey ene 41, 15 | templi, Dasypolia ...........0... 69 pseudathalia, Melitaea ................-... 123 | tetradactylus, Pterophorus ............... 110 pseudospretella, Borkhausenia ......... 9) \thapsophaga,, Cuctiitahae cs... .-- 31, 33 SIS SAGCTOIMICHA + fesscectct oud aea.sueereser 37 0|. thersamon, Heodes (2) ieee gee nee 38 pudibunda, Dasychira ....2.2.-:..-43:--- 37 thulensis (humuli ab.), Hepialus ...... 40 pulchellata, Eupithecia NE eae ea 26, 37 | tillae, Dilina sooetsasaczea- pace ye ee (12) PUMelima PIMSIA, 12.1202 Gscs., eee cee 419 | tithonus, Maniola, Epinephele ... 9, TOVSISITE an C10 aie: aM ie ora ee oe ae Sigal aan (7), 16, 100, 104, 111 “ore TIRED tn a a oh ie a0 | PP TIVOUIMNG SM aide od acces oet sce vemmeee bee oee eh eee 14 quadra, Oeonistis, Eilema ................ Nyy Bete iN Peaks hig SR ee a, Gea 20 quadripunctaria (hera), Callimorpha 91 | SODOS MALS ALD ALD YL ai yore oe tae 2 ; : | transal pina. 1 Gv Gacital, ia.5-c. tae oe eee ible quercus, Lasiocampa ............... 22 PE Ie (gt fay A we js quercus, Thecla, Strymon ... 37, 104, 120 | foe a ONE rey teres 17 3 CU Ae PACT AS sees. -0- eee -- 16,103, 105, 113 | Pe se nat SOY 2 aoa ae ee ie mupitinecia 37 | turcica (galathea r.), Satyrus, —— a, i eee Melaniar gia’ 5 eke og ees 24, 40 See. (gemina ab.), P | unicolor (xerampelina ab.). Atethmia, ses gO ap POD SR Se Cn sia caer i ae C5 Gl GEFs Vote eat ane eae RS tA A & eae ecae a Boopa Faas voice ocaeHE a unipuncta, Meucamiates 28.) eee 94 se a ene PAPAS OO Oe Ze urticae, Aglais ... (2), 16, 36, 75, 103, 5 a, ACNODId, FiastOllis.........eeeeeee if se Aeuane eae 104, 105, 120 chapiol, SURE TEE Jac db Deira! as Ate obs | valezina ‘paphia 7.). Ar@ynnis (13), 75, 104 ee caree age ab.), Panaxia ee Weel cohal TRE Gia eae eee ee elses 122 ie a canes PUEIE CETTE) | fete soaaade a velleda (fusconebulosa), Hepialus .... 40 eee Sohne Dea eek ch oolceaceot ges ueedtAen = venata (sylvanus), Adopoea, Ochlodes, ee L SSE a See eee 48 67. (venosa in error) 25 eure ee A rt 105 | venosata (insignata), Eupithecia 36, 37, 68 ae : ta ie ie verbasci, Cucullia ... 4, 5, 7, 14, 31, 32, cle Ca ig ROE a aie ate serene races ses sesseceses Cc 33. 3h. 35. TA. AD. 49 50 79 417 “17, 5 4 ( 4 2 ¢ ” 3 2 : ee 5 : ene ap.), Ateth . versicolor, Procus, Miana, Oligia .. 27, 28 ee ee REC oii dps a ak 2 | verticalis: (Turalis) Ss BOLYS s2.52-25-.ceeee 121 erik (2 ngs oO ed ot St AORN pe tae an eveniicHlaiar, TeNISMal seer Be aia ae Se ss 116 TATNOICR OIE, ANNE) -aohangeeeorececboaoccodoe 36 ys : i ss : Ae MATICAL NE G1 As. ceerreee eect 77 ruralis (verticalis), Botys .................. 121 illid ie ee (3), ue es TMS TCC ENLOMO PSI eee aesce sce seo oeeeea scene 9 WAU ME HSE SS) Nene (OMNES saccharalis, Diatraea .........0.0ccc DE ae ee tonal BU UE Dy Te ee scrophulariae, Cucullia 4, 5. 14, 25, 31, | sen ey BRETT EE ee aaa : 32, 33, 34, 35, 41, 44, 45, 50, 56, 72 | Violacea (aethiops @D.), Erebia ...... 23, 24 2 Z 2 ; z : z "79, 79. 17 | virescens, Hepialus, Charagia .......... Ad ore 5 bari i} MieeHUO NAS SUPA MIKO! 35 ss sccudssosecscerson- 7 scrophulariphaga, Cucullia ......... 32, 00 : 3 : He eo 2 ; : es a SEG AM SHMPAID AIINGA Sas cd acicdecatencaaenosesenss 37 TVS Se CUSED E re Selene ae DECIIUMIST sls-..-c-ctuessceeeeoseee eases 103 semele, Eumenis, Satyrus ............ ALO sequanus (apollo ssp.), Parnassius ... 123 | ODONATA. RUMAH SELMA L A dit Sitee- 2a) nent hee 77, 92 | cyathigerum, Enallagma ................ 26 Says) SMELLS Ar yes hace eae eee ee 39 | danae, SOMO CYSTS ONAN beens as eater ooo 26 Sey eTa Wy ODA AL WC he ane oe oso ae apr 37 UMUURVORER TS CAERI MME cece cibdvacioessebbeaeaccne soe. 26 SY AVANT C BYE © Sas aaacsksnsasdsdensqsecoade ced 19, 838 sphinx, Brachionyebal t2.00.)...6:5.-.» 36, 37 : stellatarum. Macroglossum ...... 106, 109 ORTHOPTERA. stentaenia (camilla ab.), Limenitis .. 100 Wie ge A : REE Sins SEN Un On Lame 36. 37 | cinerea “PMOMAOpPteRa’ she i..525-62 00: see s0 Thal **subcapucina (oxyacanthae av.), | eriseoaptera,, PhHowi@dopieraneees eee. TL Mala 90 haseanls Yi Wey Pa ak O) GLEN Ora 7 20) Se ee re emi cae, SEMA NS ce | 71 **ehitalica (dominula ab.), Panaxia 45 Pa Ab GIEUS i ees ean: Sas st ee ew senna 71 suffusa (andalusica a@b.), Harmodia, PUAMTMNOC Clay eee cece eee ee eat co ame cee 8 sylvanus (venata), Adopoea ......... 25, 40 MISCELLANEOUS. eee Bienes Sec wg: pein 7, | H¥aroptillidae (Caddis) 1.0.0.0... 19 SKaMIMORn HIgh LeXeTAKeZ UNE) pebesccoddasnBooneca.09 68 syringella Xanthospilopteryx ........... 85 AbpevenanVoyernnayepKObeye ino oGaAsenconeanoducsdunon: Beht 2a0 CORRECTION IN INDEX. tages, Nisoniades ../......... AOS Lees, Frank H., for 45 read 115, p. .156 s ; or Vol. 55 (1 943) are now due. Please send promptly. i No. 1 JANUARY 1943 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD t Pee (© Peet ray *' MAR it 1943 - JOURNAL OF VARIA tON EDITED with the assistance of MALCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. 2 ; T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.ES., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. a Safeomershs H. E. PAGE, F.R.ESS J. E. COUN, J.P., F-R.ES. mae ee Sar ss Poti 3S DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S8., F.R.E.S. ; 4- Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, Ea eS. F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. 2a _ CONTENTS. _ SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS, P, B, M. Allan, M.A, F. Ba. Ss ves — — “ AN ARTIST'S NOTE,” * An ‘Old Book- MAKE 2 ———— 2 5 ay ee * _ CUCULLIA oe IN BRITAIN, E. A, Cockayne, D.M., F.R.C.P., eS F.R.E.S, i. nu $s : am NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE, Dow a Bainbrigge Fletcher. F.Z. S.,. F.L.S., F.R.E.S. ne at ee NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE, A. aE Wightman —... ee s Ko sag : ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN, S. Wakely... «. 9 a ‘COLLECTING NOTES : Notes on Variation from the Worthing Museum, Rev. e G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Form metallica of L. coridon, H. A. Leeds; Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon and Ants, Id.; Late Emergence of Noto- ON ir Om CHa PINS: Ja BL LITIR yiee oea Baw eae eas AE Gee ee ee ' GURRENT. NOTES <0 6. ee tag Sek ns bee Ee a ap ; SUPPLEMENT : : : The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner; F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S.. (81)-(84) a SPECIAL INDEX. Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, TEN SHILLINGS, = to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., 5 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. This Number, Price TWO SHILLINGS (net). XSF ch aa a 3 _ i < ‘YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.10. J.J. HILL & SON, “~~ ‘Phone: WILLespan 0308. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. THE ENTOMOLOGY Co., 446 STRAND (Opposite Charing Cross) LONDON, W.C, 2. Phone: Temple Bar 1849. List Free. 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By RICHARD SOUTH, F-.E.S., late Editor of “ The Entomologist.” With 450 accurately coloured examples figuring every species and many varieties of Food Plant, in some instances never before delineated, together with illus- trations in the text. This work includes the new Generic Names prepared by the Committee of Generic Nomenclature of the Royal Enlomalpeis Biz S of London, r Price, 10/6 net. By post, 11/-. . FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 Established 1879. Ee Proprietor, R. L. E. FORD, F.R.ES. WATKINS & BONGASTER | 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). SPECIAL NOTICE. —Owing to, our extensive buying of Second-hand Insect Cabinets and Collections we frequently have many Duplicates. Clients may pick from these at 1d per Specimen under 6d Catalogue Price. Other Discounts can be arranged, but this only applies to clients visiting our Showrooms. Amongst our recent purchases are the Fine Collections formed by the late J. Clarke of Reading (Lepidoptera), and the late G. Machin (World Rhopalocera). Also from H. W. Head, Esq., 7000 Birds’ Eggs, Entomological Apparatus, Cabinets, etc.- EVERYTHING FOR NATU RALISTS. Telephone : Temple Bar ecg ae eT aoa at ee « Che Entonolugists Record AND Journal of Dariativn. VOL. LV. 15th JANUARY 1943. No. 1. Fan OF CO 13, 520 SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. rns e By P. B. M. Axzan, M.A., F.S.A\ : 1945 -ISKAn ae Mr Wiltshire’s supplement to my note on this subject (Ent. Rec., liv, 63) is interesting, though I fear he must have read my first three sen- tences somewhat cursorily. The common element in the scents secreted by congeneric plants might be capable of chemical analysis; but since the scents of congeneric plants may well be isomers, the task of the analyst would be a somewhat laborious one. Not only can the addition of a single carbon atom to the molecule alter a scent so radically that our own imperfect olfactory organs can readily discern the difference (e.g. camphor, cedar, musk and civet), but a different grouping of the atoms in the molecule sometimes has the same effect (e.g. bisaboline (bergamot), zingiberine (ginger), and selinine (celery)). Possibly all biochemists may not agree with Mr Wiltshire when he says that ‘‘ the texture of the leaves of a plant is the merest detail com- pared with something that has its roots in the common associated evolu- tion of plant and insect.’’? Even the differences between the upper and lower parenchymata of the same leaf are of vital importance to many larvae. Look at the structure of an average leaf, e.g. Populus nigra, L., in transverse section. On the upper surface there is first of all an outer single layer of cells, the epidermis. The external wall of each of these cells has become thickened and hardened and forms a cuticle, a protective covering in fact. Beneath this is a layer of palisade cells arranged like a series of bricks on end. These are closely packed to- getner with no spaces between them. Beneath these again is the spongy tissue, a mass of irregularly shaped cells several layers thick, separated from one another by large spaces full of air and water vapour. These Spaces open on the under surface of the leaf by means of valves, the stomata. In the spongy tissue are the veins which carry water and mineral salts in solution from the roots. By osmosis water passes from these veins into the spongy tissue and to the spaces between the cells. To the emergent larva the difference between the upper palisade cells and the lower spongy tissue must be very marked. Unless it is special- ized for the purpose the larva may well find it impossible to penetrate the hard upper cuticle with its jaws. In the case of those species whose larvae, in the first stadium, eat the lower parenchyma of deciduous trees and shrubs it is the maxillae which do most of the work; for the shape of the labrum prevents the mandibles from doing much more than tearing the surface of the leaf sufficiently for the maxillae to chew it. It is only in a later stadium, when the larva begins to eat the edge of the leaf, that the mandibles play the chief role in feeding, the notched labrum serving to hold the edge of the leaf in position so that the man- dibles can brte across the leaf effectively, the maxillae holding the leaf 2 PNTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, 15/1/1943 wher the mandibles are open in addition to SURE with their task of chewing. Thus the hard upper cuticle may present a formidable obstacle to the infant larva. The lower parenchyma, on the other hand, presents no such difficulty, and the spongy tissue is open soft stuff, with lots of that most vital necessity for a larva—water. Larvae of Pheosia tremula, Clerck, confined to the upper side of a Black Poplar leaf will die of starvation; if placed on the upper side and left to their own devices they will crawl to the underside. At least that has been my experience on several occasions. There is another and most important point. The palisade cells con- tain different proteins from those found in the spongy tissue. There- ~ fore, even if the emergent larvae of certain species are able to eat the wrong parenchyma they will, presently, die, because they secrete enzymes which are specialized for the -digestion of the proteins of one particular parenchyma only. This matter of substitute foodplants is not at all a simple matter, and very much more than an ‘‘ ancestral essence ’’ is concerned. Thorpe (1929) concluded from biological, genetic, and morphological evidence that there may be two or more biological races within a single species, each race selecting a particular foodplant. Craighead has shown that when a species has been reared for several generations on one of several alternative host plants, the progeny will tend to select the same host plant on which they were reared. Thus the much larger question of adaptation may here be sometimes involved. It is quite possible that there may be various strains of a particular species in a particular locality, some strains feeding upon one host plant, others upon others. I suspect, from various observations over several years, that this is, sometimes at least, the case with Geometra papilionaria, L. (On the other hand, I have found larvae of Notodonta dromedarius, L., on ad- joining bushes of alder and birch which may or may not dive) derived from the same moth. It is also possible, as Chapman (1931) points out, that in any given species there may be many heterozygous strains with all the possible combinations of host plant preferences. If this is the case, there may be a selective action of the environment in eliminating all the progeny which have a tendency to choose other host plants than those upon which they hatch. This would lead to the progeny which survive choos- ing again the same host plant on which they were reared. In parenthesis, I may point out here that the nutritive value of the different parts of a leaf vary greatly and, what is more, it may vary from one hour of the day to another, depending upon whether the con- tents of the leaf are essentially starchy or higher in proteins. Thus a ‘‘ substitute foodplant ’’ might be a congener of which the leaves have the identical nutritional value at the particular time of day when the larva feeds as have the leaves of the customary foodplant. The ecological side of the matter, which Mr Wiltshire rightly stresses, is also highly involved; for it is the chemical constituents of its cde ate surroundings no less than of its food which constitute the strongest bond between a larva and its environment. Water is of vital import- ance to an animal which contains it to the extent of some 80 per cent. of the total body weight, and the state of the water in any given habitat & u } y 4 a ey es “‘AN ARTIST’S NOTE.”’ 3 depends upon the electrically charged particles (ions) of its molecules that give it acidity or alkalinity. The body of the larva must be attuned to the HP of its environment no less than to that of its foodplant. This may well be one of the reasons why a larva eschews in one habitat a foodplant which it devours in another. Mr Donisthorpe’s note (Ent. Rec., liv, 87) is particularly interesting, since beetles preceded moths—and flowering plants—by some two hun- dred million years. So there can be no question here of ‘‘ something that has its roots in the common associated evolution of plant and insect.”’ ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.” May I, with a lifetime’s experience of book-production and _ book- illustrating, add a few words to Mr Siviter Smith’s interesting article under the above heading? His descriptions of the modern processes, photo-litho and half-tone, are very good; but he omits mention, plainly on the score of expense, of the only two modern processes which are satisfactory from the scientist’s point of view. The half-tone three or more colour process, while satisfying artistic requirements, can never hope to be a success where scientific work is concerned, because its basis, as Mr Siviter Smith so lucidly explains, is photography through a fine metal screen. This results in the colour being deposited on the paper in dots. Therefore lines must always be reproduced by a series of dots. Perhaps the best entomological illustrations recently produced by this process are the plates in Mr Frohawk’s Complete Book of British Butterflies. But look at any of these plates through a lens: you will see that the reproductions are composed of coloured dots and that no structural details appear. The antennae are represented by rows of dots. So these beautiful illustrations serve one purpose only—identifica- tion by the naked eye. To the man of science who wishes to examine the anatomical structure of an insect through a lens they are valueless. Lithographic work can be very good indeed; but, as Mr Siviter Smith points out, the modern photo-litho process has none of the fineness of detail obtained by hand work. Some years ago, when I was touring the Continent, visiting every engraver of repute, I watched that great lithographer Guhl of Frankfort printing from stone in seventeen colours. The result would have been mistaken by many for an original pastel portrait. But the weakness of hand work, so far as entomology is con- cerned, is that the reproduction is of an artist’s drawing, not of an actual insect; consequently, the accuracy of the reproduction depends entirely on the fidelity of the artist’s work, that is to say, on the like- ness of his drawing to the insect drawn. That is why the illustrations in Barrett’s eleven volumes vary so much in quality. The same applies to aquatint, which was the process employed in Humphreys’ and West- wood’s books. The two processes to which I referred at the beginning of this note are colour-gravure and coloured collotype. Up to some fifteen or so years ago (I do not know what the position is to-day) the only firm in this country possessing the (German) colour-gravure machine was the Sun Engraving Company of Watford. This firm once reproduced for 4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943 me a water-colour drawing by David Cox so accurately that it was quite difficult to distinguish the original from the reproduction, even with a lens. So far as | remember, the proofing and preliminary work on the copper, before any printing was done, cost me £64. Perhaps this was because I was very exacting. The size of the engraved surface was about 10 x 7 in. Since no screen is used, and even the finest of lines are etched on the copper, this process is as near perfection, = the scientist’s standpoint, as we can come at present. Colour-collotype, when produced by an artist who is given a free hand and no price stipulated, is also excellent. But it is exceedingly diffeult, and now that Donald Macbeth is dead I do not know of any- body in this country who is capable of doing it really well. The gela- tine film from which the printing is done is affected by every change of weather, and when six or more colours are used (each colour having to be printed in the same atmospheric condition as regards humidity and aridity and temperature) it can be imagined that neither time nor ex- pense must be the essence of the contract. I once produced a crown quarto book for a member of the Royal family in which the illustrations were in seven-colour collotype, and I think the cost worked out at about 2s 6d for each pull of each plate: The subjects were painted silk and fine goldsmiths’ work, and the results were very good indeed. These two processes obviously cannot be considered where cost is a matter of moment; but an entomologist of means who wishes the illus- trations in his book to depict the actual insect with the greatest possible fidelity would do well to consider them. Perhaps I may add in this con- nection that publishers usually go the wrong way about in producing a de luxe book. They tie the printer and engraver down to estimates and consider how they can save a shilling here and a shilling there. The - wise producer of editions de luxe does exactly the opposite: he spends as much as possible on the production; then—and not before—fixes the published price, with strict regard to his market (which he has pre- viously been at some pains to assess and locate). When I was in busi- ness I produced several books at twenty guineas each. One of them, I remember, was over-subscribed months before publication. It cost me about three thousand pounds to make, and the profit exceeded a thou- sand. On another occasion I paid an artist (a Royal Academician) £600 for decorating a book, and got my money back with interest. There is ‘‘ always room at the top,’’ and. a magnificent book will always command a market. The producer of expensive books who counts the cost first of all and keeps every expense down as low as possible is likely to burn his fingers—perhaps very badly. The rich artistic world is a discerning one. As I greatly dislike personal publicity I trust that you will allow me to subscribe myself ‘‘ AN Otp BooK-MAKER.’’ CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE IN BRITAIN. By E. A. Cockxaynz, D.M., F.R.C.P., F.R.E.S. Mr A. J. Wightman in the December issue asks for evidence that (. scrophulariae, Capieux, is a species distinct from C. verbasci, L., and (. lychnitis, Rbr. I think he will be convinced that this is so if he CUCULIIA SCROPHULARIAE IN BRITAIN. 5 reads the excellent article by G. Durand in Lambillionea, 1933, 33, 124, from which the following statements are taken. The young larvae of scrophulariae and verbasci are dusky blue, duller than those of lychnitis, which are yellow. The ground colour of ihe adult larva of scrophulariae is bluish or greyish-blue, that of verbasci bluish, and of lychnitis yel- lowish-green. In verbasci, apart from the main pattern there are numerous little black dots and transverse lines, which are not present in the other two species. The black dorsal transverse marks meet in the middle line in lychnitis, but do not meet in scrophulariae, so that in this species there is an uninterrupted longitudinal line of ground colour clearly visible. Mons. Durand kindly sent me some larvae of scrophulariae from Bourg-sous-La Roche, and in some of them the black dorsal marks did meet, so that this character is not constant. I[ noticed, however, that in all of them there was a dark grey transverse line at the intersegmental junction of the abdominal somites, lying a short distance in front of the black dorsal marks. Unfortunately, it is difficult to see in the living larva, though very obvious in the blown one. It is a very valuable means of differentiating between the larvae of these two species. Durand discusses the biology of the three species. In Vendée the larvae of verbasci and scrophulariae are full grown in June, or even in May, though late ones may be found up to the end of July, whereas those of lychnitis are much later and are found full grown in August and September. He believes that the food-plant of scrophulariae is invariably Scrophularia aquatica or S. nodosa. Berce records Verbas- cum blattaria, but Durand has never been able to find a larva on any species of Verbascum. The larva of lychnitis prefers Verbascum nigrum, but will eat other species, and is not infrequently found on Scrophularia nodosa; that of verbasci eats various species of Verbascum and Scrophul- aria aquatica, and sometimes feeds on S. nodosa. He says that imagines of scrophulariae have a brownish colour, more like that of verbasci than lychnitis, which is grey, and that Culot has rendered it admirably in his Noctuelles. Ali three species-are recognis- able, but only when they are in perfect condition and recently bred. Boursin, who has studied the genus very carefully, also says that he can distinguish the imago of scrophulariae from that of either of the other two. In general appearance it is more like lychnitis than verbasci. The genitalia are too much alike to be of great assistance. It may be true that dealers have often sent continental larvae and imagines of _verbasci and lychnitis as scrophulariae, but this is no proof that the latter does not exist. Many years ago Staudinger and Bang-Haas sent me a blown larva of scrophulariae, which I put aside as lychnitis, but on examining it again after I had received living larvae from Mons. Durand I found the characteristic grey intersegmental line of scrophul- ariae. As in my case, mistakes may have been made by the recipients and not by the dealers. I will now consider the status of scrophulariae as a British species. There seems to me to be no doubt that the four larvae figured by Buck- ler (vol. vi, pl. xcvii, and described on page 68) are genuine scrophu- lariae. They are the right colour and the continuous dorsal longitudinal line of ground colour between the black marks is very distinct, and in 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943 one it is very wide. The faint blackish transverse lines are probably due to the method of reproduction and represent folds of skin and not pigment. They were found on Scrophularia nodosa with a number of others and were full grown in early July 1867. Doubleday sent them to Buckler and presumably the series in his collection, all unlabelled, was bred from the larvae he kept. Tutt had a series of reputed scrophu- lariae, bred from larvae taken by him at Cuxton on S. nodosa. As he had Buckler’s figures to guide him, it is probable that they were cor- rectly identified. The imagines are rather larger than the average lychnitis. The old records from the Breck sand may be correct, but proof is lacking. Mr A. J. Wightman says ‘‘ we have not an iota of proof that C, scrophulariae is a good species.” I hope this will convince him and other sceptics that we have ample proof that it exists and has occurred in Britain. » NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON GUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. By T. Barnsricce Fiercuer, F.Z.S., F.L.S., F.R.E.S. It seems to be one thing to affirm or deny the occurrence of Cucuilia scrophulariae in Britain, regarding which I state no opinion, and quite another to deny, as Mr Wightman apparently does, the existence of a definite species known as Cucullia scrophulariae. In this Mr Wightman is In opposition to the whole body of students of Lepidoptera outside the insular boundaries of the ‘‘ British List.” In 1775 Schiffermiiller (Schmett. Wien, p. 312, footnote) referred to a ‘* Noctua scrophulariae ”’ but gave no description beyond saying that its larva was distinguishable by its mode of life and ‘‘ some dorsal mark- ings [durch . . . einige Riikkenzeichen],’’ so that his name cannot be accepted as valid. It seems doubtful whether Schiffermiiller had bred or seen the moth of his caterpillar; anyway, Fabricius made no mention of it in redescribing the Wien Verz. species for his Mantissa (1787). In 1801 (Wien Verz., ed. it, I, 219) flliger merely repeated Schiffermiiller’s remarks and apparently did not know any more about any stage of the insect. , The first valid description of Noctua scrophulariae was apparently that by Johann Stephan Capieux in Naturférscher, xxiv, p. 91, No. 1, t. 3, ff. 1-4 (1789). Capieux lived at Leipzig. (Vide Hagen). In 1826 (Schmett. Hur., V, iti, 130-138, No. 19) Treitsclike distin- guished Cucullia scrophulariae from verbasci and stated that Capieux, of Leipzig, was the first to describe the larva more exactly and to figure it in the Naturférscher. Treitschke also quoted Esper’s figure, Noct. 101, f. 4 [Vol. iv, tab. 180 (1793): in my copy this figure is boldly but erudely coloured and hardly determinable except as some species of this group of closely-allied species] and MHiibner’s figure, Samml. Eur. Schmett., Noct., t. 55, f. 267, 3: Staudinger (Cat. Pal. Lep., 1, 214, No. 2222: 1901) quoted Capieux, Esper, Hiibner, Treitschke, as well as Rambur, Duponchel, Freyer, Guenée, and added Tutt and Barrett. NOTE ON MR WIGHTMAN’S ARTICLE ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. eZ, Tutt (Brit. Noct., iii, 114: vi, 1892) gave what (by the use of in- verted commas) purports to be a translation of Treitschke’s remarks, but which is nothing more than a condensed extract—and not too cor- rect at that. Tutt says, for example, that Capieux found the larva “‘ in shady places on Scrophularia. nodosa’’: what Treitschke actually said was that Capieux ‘‘ found it in mid-July in shady places on Scrophularia aquatica. At the same-.season [mid-July] and on the same plant [S. aquatica], but also on Scrophularia nodosa and on Verbascum, it is to be found around Vienna, always rather later than that of C. verbasci.’’ Is Treitschke (at second-hand from Tutt?) the source of Mr Wightman’s statement that ‘‘ the original account of scrophulariae says it occurs near Vienna on Verbascum (Del. Scharst., Vol. vi, pp. 131, 133)’ ? Pos- sibly ‘‘ Del. Scharst., Vol. vi, pp. 131, 133,’ may be some lapsus for Treitschke’s ‘‘ Die Schmett [erlinge von Europa], Vol. v, Part iii, pp. 130-133 ; otherwise I cannot imagine what may be the reference intended, nor can I guess why the name scrophulariae should have been given in ‘‘ the original account ”’ to a species then known only ‘‘ on Verbascum.’’ Barrett’s description (Lep. Brit. Isds., vi, 66-70, t. 238, ff. 2 3, 2a @, 2b I:: ‘'1900’’) contains a deal of verbiage but little definite information and his very rough figures do not agree in size or general appearance with my Continental examples of scrophulariae, Capieux, and I should feel inclined to refer his figures 2 and 2a to lychnitis, Rambur. — Not having seen any English examples determined as ‘‘ scrophul- ariae,’’ I can express no opinion regarding their correct identification or as to the occurrence in England of the true scrophulariae, Capieux 1789, but of the latter I have Continental examples which agree well with the descriptions of Continental authors and which appear to re- present a good species. As for ‘‘ an iota of proof as to scrophulariae being a good species,”’ perhaps Mr Wightman would do well to refer to Culot’s remarks on the differentiating characters of verbasci and scrophulariae (Noct. Hur., 1, - 109, t. 60, ff. 1 verbasci 3, 2 scrophulariae g). Culot’s remarks seem fully borne out on comparing my examples of scrophulariae (Continental) and of verbasci (English and Continental): the different colouration of the hindwing of the male, for example, is a character which at once strikes a distinctive note. Hering (Tierwelt Mitteleuropas, Ergdnzungs- band I, Schmett., p. 462: 1932) differentiates verbasci as having ‘‘ Fw. costa pure brown [rein braun]’’ whilst scrophulariae falls into the group having ‘‘ Fw. costa brown but sprinkled with blue-grey or iron- grey ’’: there is more sprinkling in scrophulariae, but the character ‘pure brown ’’ for verbasci should not be taken too exactly au pied de la lettre. Spuler (Schmett. Eur., i, 268: 16.111.1907), distinguishing the two species, said that verbasci is more broadwinged and coloured more intensively yellow and has cilia more strongly indented than scrophu- larvae; in the former the Fw. costal shading hardly greyer in tone than that on dorsum, in the latter the costal stripe distinctly greyer than on the dorsal area. In France also entomologists recognize the two species as distinct: see Lhomme’s Cat. Lép. France . . . Belgique, i, 204, No. 518, scrophu- lariae [wrongly ascribed to Schiffermiiller 1775], and p. 205, No. 519, verbasct, Linn. 1758, both species heing stated to occur throughout France and almost everywhere in Belgium. => 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943 NOTES ON BRITISH NOCTUAE. By A. J. WIGHTMAN. Atethmia (Cirrhoedia) xerampelina. 1. It has been a dreadful season with me. I bred a few f. unicolor, Stdgr. (Gn.) of xerampelina, not in the least like South’s figure, plt. 4, fig. 9, but more extreme than Barrett’s fig., plt. 229, 3e. Jt was intense unicolorous red, the only pale markings being two fine ochreous white lines bordering the median area. Also J bred one nearly unicolorous deep yellow-red. J think that ab. pallida, Stdgr., is no more than a pale race of cerampelina and [ hope to breed British examples. 2. Your var. rufescens, Brit. Noct. Supp., vol. i11, p. 53, said to be a local race, occurs as a very local form in Sussex. It is the ‘‘Fr.’’ of my list of British forms and quite distinct from unicolor, Stdgr., by reason of the blackish marking of which wnicolor has only a trace. Have the genitalia of pallida, Stdgr., been examined to give Wiltshire the idea it is a good species? [Not to my knowledge.—Hy. J. T.] Dianthoecia (Harmodia) capsophila. 1. As regards cupsophilu, it is so well differentiated as to be a good ssp., but I think it has stations in Wales and some northern English localities. As regards ochracea, it cannot be a subspecies, or even a race, but simply a pale form, especially plentiful in certain areas, but nowhere becoming more than a percentage of the lepidaw occurring, often a small percentage and found in areas where dark and typical lepida are domin- ant, in small numbers. Tutt treated it as a simple ab. (form) and this is Sriainly all it is. Possibly our British lepida has a seen facies, but to cover it we should need a name and description such as Lens paploes 2. Seitz, figure ili, plt. 18, labelled capsophilu 92, is the best figure I have seen of bicruris (capsincola); the shape of the abdomen is per- fect. No capsophila ever approached such a shape. I also think his figure on the same plate labelled suffusa is andalusica (barretti). Draudt’s notes (Seitz., Supp., i1) revising Warren are very neces- sary and justified. My opinion of Draudt, with whom [ have corre- sponded, some time ago, is that he is the brains of the revision and not Corti. Mamestra abjecta, ab. oblonga, Haw. = Apamea gemina, ab. reniissa. 1. In vol. 1, Supp. Notes to Tutt, you say of abjecta that Warr.- Stz. accepts oblonga, Haw., as the type of this species. Draudt follows, but Meyrick did not, and further that you do not think that Haworth’s description of his single example of oblongu = abjecta. T see Barrett under gemina says he examined Haworth’s oblonga, still bearing his label in the collection of Sam. Stevens, where i+ then was, and that it is the remissa form of gemina. This seems to me to clinch the matter and prove that both Hampson and Warren were careless as well as wrong. ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN. 9 ARCEDES (TINEA) PIERCELLA, BENCT., IN BRITAIN. By S. WAKELY. This species is mentioned in The Genitalia of the Tineina, by F. N. Pierce and Rev. J. W. Metcalfe, where a short note to the genus Arcedes states: ‘‘ Recently Count G. A. Bentinct has added a further species, piercella, which has been found feeding in Moles’ and Jackdaws’ nests. This species may occur in Britain. It resembles fuscipunctella, but has a lighter yellowish head.”’ Last winter, when tidying up my garden at Norwood, I decided to cut down a dead ash branch, containing an old woodpecker’s nesting hole. House sparrows had been using this for a nesting site, and I kept _the nesting material and debris hoping to breed out one of the more interesting species to be found in such situations. A daily watch was kept on the glass jar which J used, and in early spring I noticed speci- mens of Borkhausenia pseudospretella, Staint., HEndrosis fenestrella, Staint., and Monopis rusticella, Hb. At the beginning of June another species started to emerge which appeared to be Arcedes fuscipunctella, but on seeing the pale yellowish head I remembered the note previously mentioned, and set them carefully—a score in all—intending to try and get them identified later. Accordingly I submitted specimens to Mr F. N. Pierce in the autumn, and after a careful examination of the geni- talia he said they were undoubtedly A. piercella, and seemed to be a connecting link between A. ganomella, Tr. (lapella, Hb.) and A. fusci- punctella, Hw. In my experience A. fuscipunctella is a house moth, and appears later than A. piercella, i-e., during the second half of June and onwards. The paler head of A. piercella appears to be the most constant char- acter to distinguish it from its congener, but it is also a decidedly paler species, which is particularly noticeable when a series of each species is placed side by side. T should be interested to know if A. fuscipunctella has been bred from birds’ nests, or whether this is a peculiarity of A. piercella. COLLECTING NOTES. Nores oN VARIATION FROM THE WorTHING Museum (Continued from Vol. liv, p. 135).—E. tithonus.—The chief sources of variation in this species are the spotting and the colour and relative breadth of the bands on the underside hindwing; there is also some variation in the shade of the ground colour of the upper side. The normal spotting of both sides of the forewing consists of a bipupilled apical spot. English and French specimens generally show no spot on the hindwing, but one towards the lower margin is by no means uncommon. In a row from the North Downs only one 2 shows this clearly and another indistinctly, while another has also a blind spot in the space above the pupilled one; a 2 from Alton Barnes and all three from the Chilterns (two ds 253 a ©) also show this spot as well as a ¢ from Ashurst near Worthing and another from the New Forest. In the matter of spotting, Tavistock 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943 specimens are quite exceptional; apart from specimens of ab. excessa, of which there is a whole row, two ds and all the Qs show this spot, though several ds are without it. All the ab. excessa except one 9 from Alton Barnes are from this locality. The extra spots on both sides of the forewing vary from two in the spaces just below the apical spot, pupilled or unpupilled, to one small one both in ds and Qs, though none of the latter are pupilled; but none of the hindwings show more than two on the upper side except one ¢ which has an extra one at the costa, which all but one show two below the apical spot on the under- side. The hindwings on the underside usually show four white points, two near the costa and two near the lower margin, though the upper costal spot is not unfrequently wanting; one 2 from Ashurst has a 5th spot above the two lower ones, which also occurs in some Tavistock Qs, both normal and ab. excessa. The colour ot the underside hindwings is far lighter in specimens from the N. Downs, and far- darker in those from Tavistock than in others, the dark shade in the latter being also the brightest; those showing the most contrasted colouring come from Ashurst, as the light band is considerably lighter than in those from Tavistock. The ground colour of the upperside is lighter in @s from Alton Barnes and the Chilterns than in others. In Switzerland, north of the Alps, this species is very local, though common in the few places where it occurs. All the Qs.in those north of the Alps, and both sexes in those south of the Alps (where it is com- mon), as also those from Corsica and Italy, have a spot near the lower margin of the hindwing. The spotting of the hindwing on the under- side 1s very inconspicuous in both the latter and also in those from Digne and Grésy-sur-Aix, and sometimes is quite wanting. The contrast in colour on the underside of the hindwing is much less than in Ene- lish specimens, except in those from Corsica and Vernet; the light bands are narrow in Corsican and South Swiss specimens. The andro- conial bar is very inconspicuous, and indeed obsolescent in Italian cs. There is one Q from Digne with two tiny extra spots below the apical one. There is also an ab. caeca 2 from §. Triphon, and a @ from La Granja with very light colouring.—(To be continwed.)—Rev. G. Wuoueeter, M.A., F.R.E.S. ForM METALLICA oF L. corn1ponN.—I am pleased to know that my arti- cle, Vol. liv, pages 84-86, has aroused some interest. Owing to slipping into a ditch and bush in Monk’s Wood, Hunts, in June 1899, both eyes were permanently injured. The left one was blind for very nearly a year. Since then [I have not been able to use a microscope, hence in answer to Mr G. T. Bethune-Baker’s enquiry, ante p. 104, I am unable to say whether the scaling of ab. metallica is abnormal. Some other forms of coridon were previously so examined and where essential I touched on the differentials of scalings, to a slight extent, in the JL. coridon ‘‘ Monograph,’’ Bright and Leeds; but my work, as requested, was mainly confined to the superficial appearance as seen by the eyes. For some years only one eye in my case, and that accident followed an- other in the previous April which left a torn diaphragm and adjacent injury which prevents me from using a bicycle and thus limits my pre- vious activities. The bleached specimens are microscopically very in- teresting, and IT remember that-in a patch on the upperside of A. aglaia COLLECTING NOTES. 11 some long scales were twice arched.—H. A. Leeps, Wood Walton, Hunt- | ingdon. PotyommMatus (LYSANDRA) CORIDON AND Ants.—(1) Regarding the *“ Correction ’? ‘by Mr H. Donisthorpe, Vol. lv, p. 103, there is no doubt that Formica rufa cannot be a general attendant on the larvae of L. coridon. I have taken coridon under a short row of pine trees, where their food-plant, Hippocrepis comosa, was near; and also flying over heather some little distance from their food-plant, but do not know if rwfa occurred there. JI cannot now say from what source the informa- tion was obtained as all my notes, on hundreds of foolscap sheets, re- garding coridon matters have been destroyed, and I shall be greatly obliged if someone can kindly tell me the species of ants which are mostly attendants of coridon larvae. During the last few years I have not visited any coridon locality. (2) Respecting my statement in the article ‘‘ so far as is known, the ants have no natural murderous inclinations against the coridon larvae or pupae.’’ Although Mr Donisthorpe may have considered this ‘‘is of no value,’ his remark is valuable as it conveys a confirmation of my state- ment, and this together with his particulars of the protection afforded to the larvae of the ‘‘ blues,’’ adds to the interests of lepidopterists, who, like myself, have not the expert knowledge of ants. Most of us have a limited time fcr observation, and if those who have knowledge in the associations of coridon could investigate and work together, it might, perhaps, ultimately fathom the reason for the local extinction of coridon. The climax apparently ensues either at the end of the larval period or in the pupal stage, and may occur from disease, or from some other un- known source of destruction. My article was primarily written hoping that further investigation might ensue. (8) I have received a letter which may be of interest and of warn- ing. It is to the effect: That three female Black Hairstreak butterflies, Strymon pruni, were placed in a cage with blackthorn and privet, for the purpose of endeavouring to obtain ova. After a short time it was found that a quantity of ants had entered the cage, apparently at- tracted by the aroma of the privet flowers. Two of the pruni were dead, but one survived and was placed in an ant-proof receptacle, where ova were deposited, but they were infertile. The writer of the letter blames the ants for destroying the two dead ones. Proof as to what actually occurred, preceding the death, is wanting. They may have been exe- cuted, but without actually being attacked the butterflies may have been so disturbed by the ants’ movements that death ensued through ex- haustion or injury following frantic dashing about the cage. Breeding cages have to be well fitted to prevent spiders, etc., from entering and apparently the cage was defective in regard to this. The name of the ants, in this case, is unknown. The occurrence was at St Albans, Herts. —H. A. Leeps, Wood Walton, Huntingdon. ~LateE EMERGENCE OF NOTODONTA DROMEDARIUS.—Among a number of larvae obtained off birch on 23rd June 1941 were two Notodonta drome- darius. As these were practically full fed I placed them, on my return home, in separate chip-boxes so that they might spin up therein, but of course providing them with fresh leaves daily until this should hap- 12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. - 15/1/1943 pen. All went well, according to plan for the next few days, when one formed a cocoon by attaching some of the birch leaves to the side of the box; but during the previous night the other larva surprised me by escaping through a small crack in the lid which, judging from the size of the creature, I did not think possible. Notwithstanding a careful search I could not find it anywhere in the room, so reconciled myself to the fact that it was definitely lost. In due course, to be precise, on 23rd June 1942, and coincidently exactly one year after finding the larvae, a fine dark female emerged from the one that pupated in the chip-box. The escaped larva I had completely forgotten, nor was its existence recalled until 20th December 1942. That evening I was read- ing by the fireside when, suddenly, a shadow was cast across the pages of my book, and on looking up I perceived a stout-bodied moth flying quietly around the electric lights. I immediately imagined a hybernat- ing Scoliopteryx libatrix enjoying a little exercise, but on the insect being netted I was surprised to find a Notodontid which caused some excitement in the family circle. Because of the date, we could not at first believe that it was only a dromedarius, but while discussing the occurrence my youngest son suddenly recollected the disappearance of the larva in June 1941. We then realized that the wanderer had re- turned under a new guise. Where it had pupated in the meantime re- mains a mystery. At any rate, the specimen is a splendid male in per- fect condition, and the date of its emergence is surely quite remarkable. —J..F. Brrp, Redclyffe, Walton Park, Clevedon, Som., 24th December 1942. i CURRENT NOTES. In response to the urgent call for paper salvage one hopes that no one will destroy copies, especially old ones, of our scientific magazines, many of which contain a large amount of valuable technical information. To throw away knowledge and aught that contains it should be looked upon as a sin. Back numbers require room but some one, or some Society, would be only too glad to find space for such. Numerous lib- raries have been destroyed and will want such magazines and books of similar contents to restart their useful work. We have heard of much destruction already and feel we must protest against such even at any time. Some of the smaller scientific periodicals and records of Natural History Societies are most valuable assets to a locality, a county, even it may be to the country. We should be pleased to receive any back num- bers of our own magazine, not for sale, but to replenish libraries such as Birmingham, Southampton, etc. << Al] that mankind has done, thought, gained or been: it is lying as a magic preservation in the pages of books.’’—Carlyle. of COMsz. ™ .& m 7 Par, 5, , Taology é / 3 Ad THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR vanserote, MAR Ad 1943) j LiBRAK* of typical lepida, there is a difference in degree in the markings hetween the sexes as there is in size, the ¢ being the smaller. The fig., Hb. 89, perplexa, has markings similar but more emphasized than in the gd and less than in the Q ; all are luteous in ground colour. In Seitz the hind- wings are almost uniformly dark grey with a luteous tinge, that of the 2 slightly more intense for nearly the half of the hind-marginal area, hut perplexa, Hb., has the hind margin very sensibly dark grey and has a black line running across the disc parallel with the inner boundary ot the darker area. Form ochracea, Haw., plt. 17i, ¢ and Q, are dark well-marked forms of the wholly luteous British race of lepida, the @ having the broad dark outer margin on the hindwing; the male has it hardly differentiated. Three other figures on plt. 17i are of the well- known f. pallida, Tutt, of our southern localities in varying degree of obsolescent marking. On plt. 18d are figures of ¢ and Q ab. brunnea, Tutt, which is the darkest form of ab. ochracea, Haw. Warr.-Stz., l.c., plt. 18d, e, described and figured the ssp. or sp. cap- sophila, Bdvy. The names nisus, H.-S. (nec Germ.), repanda, H.-S., and capsophoba, Ramb., they considered to besynonyms. The very dark, almost black forms of this from Ireland and the Isle of Man were named suffusa, Tutt. On plt. 18d ¢ and Q capsophila, Bdv., were figured, and on plt. 18e S$ and @ of the form suffusa were figured. I fail to see the difference in the figures; in fact the suffwsa figured seems lighter than capsophila on account of the white emphasis of the latter’s marking. They considered capsophila a good species. Oiler. Wo ci Gf (), 119, plt. 20,118: 21; f. 1: 21, f2:G911), gave three excellent figures: carpophaga, capsophila, and ochracea. The two last he considered as local forms = subspecies. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1931), on the sole (?) basis of the genitalia dealt with the two, carpophaga (lepida) and capsophila, to be a single species. They further said of the latter, ‘‘ Ground colour is a deeper sepia-brown, stigmata and transverse lines interfilled with purer white, or have white edges.’’ ‘‘ The type(ical) form [capsophila] occurs in all possible sorts of transitions to lepida, in Germany, Switzer- land, France, Spain, Italy, and in a somewhat sleeker varying form in Sardinia and eastwards to the Ili territory and Thian-shan’’ [sic]. They also refer to a ‘‘better’’ illustration of capsophila, l.c., plt. 13b, from an Abruzzi (Central Italy) specimen (this figure is not on the plate as stated in the text), and described and figured a new form from Sicily, f. sicula. The one factor of genitalia is practically identical in the two species, while all other factors for specific determination are in opposition. The habitats are different. No specimen of lepida (carpophaga) ever has white streaks and dots such as one always finds in capsophila.. The brown of capsophila is a black-brown and never has the luteous coloration always present in lepida (carpophaga). The darkest lepida (carpophaga) always is luteous and never can be confused with capsophila. There- fore one must consider them either as being quite distinct species or that capsophila is a subspecies of lepida (carpophaga) so far removed as to be practically a true species. Examples from the areas whence comes capsophila, Isle of Man, N. Ireland, etc., never by any chance send out an example which can for a moment be taken for lepida (carpophaga). Nor, among thousands of lepida (carpophaga) bred by Mr Wightman (82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1943 from many localities has there been a single example one could take for a moment to be capsophila. It is impossible to give a definite independent judgment on this ques- tion of species, without material from all areas of their distribution, and without support of ample other characters. To base identity on the geni- talic evidence alone without such support does not yet seem justified. That is, so far as the British Isles are concerned, we may consider there are two separate species, separable in every way but by genitalia. Of the Variation Barrett said: One phase of not infrequent variation consists in the obliteration of the usual markings, and in the South and East of England this is met with in varying degrees, until a form is reached in which the forewings are of a smooth, uniform pale ochreous, totally devoid of markings, or in which there is only a faint row of brown dots along the subterminal line; but every possible intermediate seems to exist, in some specimens the edges of the stigmata, in others portions of the lines and central bar, faintly showing themselves, and the extreme—devoid of all mark- ings—being rather rare. In some of these the submarginal cloud of the hindwings becomes quite a dark band. All these seek to be included in a form known on the Continent as var. ochracea. Another development, apparently confined to the chalk districts and coast, Kent and Sussex, has the ground colour white, or creamy white, usually with only the central markings, the hind margin being abso- lutely immaculate, even to the cilia; but more rarely with the chalky- white ground colour, all the markings are present, faintly grey-brown, and the hind-marginal region clouded with the same, all the usual warm yellow-brown tones of colour being absent. . In the South of Scotland a form is found having a tone of colour different from all those hitherto mentioned, the ground colour very pale dull brown with all the darker markings and cloudings deep umbreous, and the cloudings more extended; sometimes, indeed, the markings and centre of the band are almost blackened, and the costa often dotted with black-brown. From this district northward, along the west coast more especially, various intermediate forms are found, having the ground colour some- times ochreous, or yellow-brown, or pale brown, with all possible varia- tions of shade of markings, which, however, are always more or less present, and usually very definite. He reports specimens reared from Pembrokeshire coast, ‘‘ specimens darker in every degree until the warm colouring of the ground colour is lost in a dull pale umbreous or whitish-brown, but the central dark band and the other cloudings and markings are deep rich brown, black- brown, and in one or two individuals nearly black, and so completely pervade the forewings that the paler ground is limited in some speci- mens to the upper stigmata, the subterminal line and the pale patch before the anal angle.’’ Another: ‘‘ the pale patch of the anal angle is continued up and bent inward, so that it unites with the pale stigmata.’’ From the coasts of Ireland and the Isle of Man ‘‘ as a supposed dis- tinct species under the name capsophila.’’ ‘‘ The difference in tone of colour and in sharpness and darkness of markings is so great as to give ¢ (a3 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (83) an impression of a different shape of the wings which, however, does not exist.’’ He describes var. capsophila: ‘‘ In this last range of forms, the ground colour, when visible, is usually white or greyish white, more rarely pale greyish-umbreous or brownish-white; the upper stigmata are ereyish-white; their margins, with the remainder of the central band, black-brown, dark grey or black, often deep black; the clouds on each side of the subterminal line and in the basal area spread, and become dark brown, or black, or cloudy-black, or grey; the pale patch above the anal angle is usually still conspicuous, but often divided by a black line, and the cilia are black or dark grey, prettily looped with pale grey. The thorax, as in all other varieties, follows suit, of course, and the yellow tone and golden gloss of the hindwings have disappeared, being replaced by dark or pale smoky-grey or even smoky-white, with or with- out the darker hind-marginal band.’’ Mr A. J. Wightman, in the Ent. Record and Jowrn. of Variation for 1940, p. 126 et seq., reviewed the lines of variation met with during 20 years breeding with Sussex material only. He has never found the deep ochreous-brown forms normal in some parts of Britain, but still the variation is great and ‘‘can only be dealt with in a general way,” p. 126. He divided his results into five groups, from ‘‘a dark ochreous mottled with darker to an extreme form with scarcely a trace of marking,”’ and of the latter group he had selected no less than seven distinctive sub- forms. He gave an analysis of Newman’s figures, Brit. Moths, 385; of South’s figs., M.B.I., I, plt. 124, oe of Seitz’s figures, Pal. Nock: IIT, plt. 17. The Names and Forms to be considered : anceps, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 82 (no description). contigua,- Schiff. (1775), l.c. (no description). perplexa, Schiff. (1775), Verz. Nachtrage, 313, N. 21, 22 (no description). lepida, Esp. (1790), Abbild. Noct., IV (2), 72, plt. 152, 2. ssp. f. carpophaga, Bork. (1792), Naturg.1V.. 422. perplexa, Hb. (1802), Samml. Noct:, 89. ab. ochracea, Haw. (1809), Lep. Bek, 199. repanda, Frr. (1838), New. Beitr., I, 63, plt. 34 (8), 2. ssp. capsophila, Bdv. (1840), Ind. Meth., 125. f. nisus, H.-S. (1850), Sys. Bearb., II, 249, f. 461. ab. capsophoba, Ramb. (1866), pt. ii, plts., Cat. And., plt. 9, 2 (no de- scription). ab. pallida, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., IJ, 30. ab. brannea,’ Tutt, t.c., 30. ab. ochrea-pallida, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. fusca-pallida, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. virgata-ochrocea, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. virgata-brunnea, Tutt, l.c., 30. ab. suffusa, Tutt, Brit. .Noct., TIT, 32. ‘ab. Drgate pallida: Whtmn., Ent. feG <2 122 (1928): ssp. sicula, Drdt. (1931), Pal. Noct. Sep. FEES £02.plts 13h: ssp. syriaca, Osthr. (1933), Mitt. Miinch.., XXIII, 47. Tutt dealt with (1) ab. pallida, white, markings nearly obsolete; (2) ab. ochrea-pallida, white, with ochreous mottling; (3) ab. fusca-pallida, (84) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1/1948 white, with fuscous mottling; (4) ab. ochracea, pale yellowish-ochreous, markings nearly obsolete; (5) ab. virgata-ochracea, ditto, central band darker; (6) ab. lepida, ditto; mottled with darker ochreous; (7) ab. brunnea, dark ochreous (almost brown), markings nearly obsolete; (8) ab. virgata-brunnea, dark ochreous, with central band darker; (9) ab. carpophaga, dark ochreous, mottled with darker; (10) ssp. capsophila, darker tint, clear transverse lines, much more white than yellow; (11) . ab. capsophoba, white sub-costal nervure, edging of all lines and stig- mata whitish; (12) ab. suffusa (only an ab. of capsophila), always darker and almost black, with lines very white, and finer. perplexa, Hb., Samml: Noct. (no text) (1802). Fie .—t.c., 89. Derscrip.—Size of average carpophaga (British). Ground colour a dark rich brown with lighter brown-ochreous marking, not the black- brown with white transverse lines as in capsophila (trish). The two stigmata have a thin white line around them. The transverse lines are lighter brown lined strongly with black, the submarginal and discal lines on the inner side, the inner transverse line on the outside, the basal line on the upper half black on the inner side, the lower half on the outside. There is a light whitish smudge on the inner margin be- tween the ends of the submarginal and discal lines. (From the figure, iy. J.P.) repanda, Frr., New. Beitr., 1, 63 (1833). Fie.—l.c., plt. 34, 2 (nec 3). Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ In size and shape repanda comes close to lucipara. Thorax and forewings are reddish-brown. The markings are very dis- tinetly impressed. The first transverse line is half developed, the second before the orbicular is very distinct and sharply defined on the outer side. The orbicular and reniform stigmata are very well defined by their pale reddish colour, and their white centres. The claviform is placed well under the orbicular and is well developed. After the reniform comes the very distinct third transverse line, then a wide paler area in the middle darker coloured, which is margined by the fourth trans- verse line. This line is toothed and has in the middle two fine black wedges. The fringes are very wide and toothed. The abdomen and the hindwings are brown-grey. The fringes pale whitish yellow. Below all the wings are brown-grey, the costa dark wax-red suffused. The hind- wings have a darker diffused line towards the outer margin with a dark discoidal.’’ Russia. misus, H.-S., Bearb., II, 249 (1850). Fie.—l.c., 461. Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Fusca fulvo-alboque mixta, area 3 pone lineam undulatam albo mixta, ciliis fulvis.’’ *‘ Distinctly larger than carpophaga, with longer, more produced apex of forewing and longer, more oblique margin. Markings the same, colour darker, only in a few places golden-yellow appearance, strongest outer end of the claviform, in the middle of the reniform, and in all five beyond the outer transverse line. The fringes are golden-yellow with browner divisions, the basal half of the forewing darker, the terminal half of the hindwings whitish. The white appearance is brighter and ae Ms. end ehiroHias aaa should he seat and all PROOFS returned to He. J. TURNER, *' Latemar,’”’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly. request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- f ; TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. _ REPRINTS: of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles” ‘that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition: that the Seat hath DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. i | ‘TO OUR READERS.—short Collecting Notes & Current Notes. Please, Early.—EDs. EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘*Latemar,” West Drive, Cheam. Destuerateatich: dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata: Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, - exigua, ertbrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, ete. —Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Trypetidae (Diptera) trowi Scotch, Welsh, and Irish ABEOLESN ES, H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. - Wanted—American ‘Hesperiidae, especially from Giste Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, ‘Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. ‘Write K. J. Hayward, Estactén Experimental, Casilla Correo, 74, Tucuman, _ Republica. Argentina. v : Duplicates—Japanese Lepidoptera aime: rare), some Japanese Coleoptera, Lep. ‘ from S. America, S. Africa, etc., all good data. English setting. British albi- macula, melanic bidentata*; Trans. and Proc. Roy. Ent. Soc., 1911-1930. Full lists of all sent, including ‘Lepidoptera. Desiderata—For the above, vari- ous. books. chiefly, or some Continental Lepidoptera; List of both requirements sent. —P, Siviier Smith, as Squirrels,” Litile Aston Park, Streetly, Staffs. ~ Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, ~perfect condition, a with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— John W. Moore, 454 Middleton Hall Road, ‘King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. Wahied tivine larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or Apanteles glomeraius gratefully received. -Large numbers required for Re- search purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial Institute of Eniomology at Cluneveg. House, Drimnadrochit, Inverness. " Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal—H. Audcent, perepes House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. Wanted Barrett, Lep. Brit. Isles, Vol: iii: Culot, Noctuae and Babmewrae. —A. J, Wightman, “ Aurago, ve Pulborough, Sa: E - Wanted—H. phlaeas (with data) from Palaearctic regions, particulasiy N. ae rica, extreme North (Norway, etc.), China, Algeria, Ethiopia, N. Africa, Madeira, Balkans; also from other regions and British Isles. Also other Chrysophanids from ‘similar areas. Also” Continental (only) P. fulminea (lewcophaeda), lichenea. Duplicates—Lepidoptera (some rare) mostly from '. Japan, but also. from S. Africa; S. America, India, East Indies, ete. —P. Siviter Smith, Little Aston Park, Streétly, near. cB iis “EXOTIC. LEPIDOPTERA. ‘Price List No. 333° 5000 Species. : Post Free on “Pipa ir gee : _W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 1 WHITCHURCH Pe EDGWARE, ‘M’ddx. 5 ee MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON: 41 Queen’s Gate, S.W.7. (Nearest stations; S, Kensington and Gloucester Road.) General Meet- ings at 3 p. m., on the BE Wednesdays of the month, February-June; October- December THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Chapter House Halli, St Thomas Street, S.E.1. Hon. Sec., F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S., ‘*‘ Hatch House, ” Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essex. Session, 1942-3. Saturdays, January 23, Annual Meeting; February 13; 2 for 2.30 p.m. THE LONDON NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Indoor Meetings Resumed— . Third Saturday in each mouth, 2 pm., at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, W.C.i. Further particulars from A. B. Hornblower, 91 Queen’s Road, Buckhurst Hill, Essex. ENTOMOLOGICAL SECTION, BIRMINGHAM NATURAL HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon. Sec., G. B. Manley, 72 Tenbury Road, King’s Heath, Birmingham. Meetings suspended till further notice. SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY —All meetings suspended fill Acther notice. Acting Vice-President, Lt.-Col. Fraser, 1.M.S., ‘‘ Mercara,” Glenferness Avenue, Bournemouth. Hon. Treasurer, W. Fassnidge, M.A., F.R.E.S., 13 Com- mercial Road, Parkstone, Dorset. Acting Secretary, W. Parkinson Curtis, 17 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. Communications Promised :—H. A. Leeds, E. P. Wiltshire, Thos. Greer, Ss. G. Castle Russeli, A. J. Wightman, P. Siviter Smith (plate), S. G. Brown (plate), Rev. G. Wheeler, Dr Kettlewell (plates), P. M. B. Allan, Dr E. A. Cockayne, 4 ol i Bainbrigge Fletcher, etc. All Communications should be addressed to the - te Editor, Hy. 4. TURNER, “‘ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. SALE BY AUCTION. To be held on THURSDAY, 11th February 1943, at Messrs GLENDINING & CO. LTD., 7 Argyll Street, London, W., at 12.30 p.m.; part of the collection formed by the late PHIL STIFF to be sold by order of the Public Trustee. This portion contains many Fine Varieties and Rare Forms of BRITISH BUTTERFLIES, a many in Single Lots. Also Fifty Lots of Named Varieties, many of them ex- - ~ treme, from the collections of’ Messrs LEEDS; and, lastly, a portion of the col- lection of the late E. C. JOY, of: Folkestone, contained in Two Cabinets; also. © pear APPARATUS, BOOKS, and MISCELLANEOUS iors of STORE BOXES and i INSECTS. ON VIEW at the AUCTION ROOMS on the 9th and 10th ‘February Sed the 4 Morning of the Sale, and, previous to this, by appointment only at the Offices of L. W & L. HUGH NEWMAN, “The Butterfly Farm,” Bexley, Kent. (Tele = phone ; ee oat! s 286. Ae s BACK VOLUMES. OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD ie AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. (I-XXXVI. Complete Volumes Only.) | : Volumes 1 and il at One Guinea each. Others, 12/6 per volume. To be obtained only from Mr H. E. PAGE, 4 Vanbrugh ‘Hill, ps Blackheath, London, S.E.3, to whom cheques, etc., should be made payable. - printed by T. Buncle & Co., Lid, Arbroath, POSE TALS VEIT, Ar epee * PE: Todt is dé Pe. Pres > ae ORT Tapeh Sp he a No. 2 FEBRUARY 1943 TOMOLOGISTS RECORD AND Sie e EDITED with the assistance of Ppaeoun Burr, D. Sc. FR.ES. = T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R. N., E.L.S., CELA. COCKAYNE, A.M. DM., FALE.S). & F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. le ey aia H. E. PAGE, F.R.ES ie. COLLIN, J.P., FRES. PUR racy erst, Wyte ede 8 ed i. DONISTHORPE, FLZS., E.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. . _ Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R. E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. : | a Cnas 15 1943 CONTENTS. \_, ‘COLLECTING NOTES: Plutella incarnatella, Steud., in Britain, G. B. S. - Brown; Polyommatus (Lysandra) coridon and Ants, Horace Donisthorpe: . Note on. the Correspondence concerning Cucullia scrophulariae, Frank ee MOUT-BOW IG nl ee a es Sane SA a ee 13 “CURRENT NOTES Ca eee ee a” See eee a aS 2 | SUPPLEMENTS : | _ Records and Full Descriptions of Varieties and Aberrations .. .. -. (1}+(44) ~ _ The British. Noctuae and their Varieties, HY. J. Turner, F. R.E. S., F.R.H.S. (85)-(88) Aes Subscription for Complete Volume, post free, seo : TEN SHILLINGS, ‘ = - (Back Volumes (Second Series), XXXVII (1925) to LIV (1942), 12/6 per Volurie,) _ to. The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., : af : & Footscray Road, Eltham, S. E. 9. : ~~ , a uf COLLECTING NOTES. AY Zoology @ 13 13 820. MAR 15 1943 COLLECTING NOTES. i ‘ “LIBRA PLUTELLA INCARNATELLA, STEUD., IN Britain.—Mr P. Harwood, of Aviemore, Inverness-shire, recently sent me a number of: ‘‘ Micros ”’ which he had collected locally during November and December of last year by beating Scots pine, bracken and juniper. . Amongst his cap- tures was a species of Pluteila which agreed very well with the descrip- tion of Plutella incarnatella, Steud., as given by Meyrick in his Revised Handbook, 1928. I, however, sent two specimens to Mr Bainbrigge Fletcher for a second opinion. He kindly examined them and confirmed my identification. ‘ This species seems to be fairly common in the Aviemore district, as Mr Harwood has taken quite a number of the moth, even as late as the end of December. It is to be hoped that he will be able to obtain females in the spring. The only previous record for Britain seems to be the one by Meyrick in The Entomologist, lviii, p. 259, one specimen taken by Dr Jenkinson at Elgin in September 1913. Mr Harwood is to be congratulated upon placing this species firmly on the British list—G. E. S$. Brown, Bournemouth, 19.1.43. PotyomMatus (LysANDRA) CORIDON AND ANTS.—Mr H. A. Leeds in his further interesting notes on this subject (ante p. 11) remarks :— «¢ . . and I shall be greatly obliged if someone can kindly tell me the species of ants which are mostly attendants of coridon larvae.’’ I should say undoubtedly that the ant Acanthomyops (Chtonolasius) flavus, F., is the chief attendant. | Rayward [Entom., 39, 197 (1906)] records that on 18th June 1906 he discovered a number of nearly full-grown larvae of the ‘‘ Chalk-hill Blue ”’ which were feeding on plants of Happocrepis comosa on the hill- sides at Reigate. Nearly all of them had examples of this ant among them, and two of these caterpillars, which were feeding on a plant grow- ing on the crown of an ant hill, were literally covered with ants—twenty being counted on one larva alone. He then gives some interesting ob- servations and experiments he made on the ‘‘ milking ”’ of the cater- pillar by the ants. He also sent me two larvae to experiment with in my observation nests of ants. Prideaux also [Hnt. Record, 22, 199-200 (1910)] found larvae of coridon among its food-plant on the chalk-hills near Oxford on 14th June 1910. He writes:—‘‘ Jn the majority of cases, yellow ants were found, if not in attendance on, in close proximity to, the larvae so obtained, and in one instance, where eight were found at the roots of one plant, an ant’s nest had been formed below, and the fine powdery earth thrown up had completely enveloped the A. coridon larvae, in no way to their discomfiture, apparently.’’? This observation shows that the ants had built around these caterpillars one of those earthen ‘‘cattle- sheds ’’ in which they often keep their aphids and coccids, ete. No doubt many similar observations have been made. Other: ants, such as A. (D.) niger, L., several of the commoner Myrmicas and possibly Formica fusca, especially the first-named species, may also attend these larvae; but A. (C.) flavus is the most likely to be 14 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1943 present where the caterpillars of coridon occur.—Horacre DoNISTHORPE, Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 24.1.43. NotTE ON THE CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. —Not being a Lepidopterist, I hesitate to intervene in a discussion on whether Cucullia verbasci, scrophulariae and lychnitis are distinct species, but I haye been interested in the papers by Wightman, Cock- ayne and Bainbrigge Fletcher on this subject. T know a Cucullia whose caterpillars I used to take in southern and eastern England, mostly on Verbascum thapsus but also on Scrophularia nodosa. My interest in this caterpillar was because it happens to have a red nervous system and was, therefore, useful for class-work. I may have been taking caterpillars of the so-called scrophulariae as well as those of verbasci, but I know that I could interchange the foodplants and grow small larvae to full size. But my object in butting in is because neither Cockayne nor Bain- brigge Fletcher has mentioned a single character which extludes the possibility that these so-called species are biological races of one species. Cockayne maintains the species merely upon differences in colour of the caterpillars, while Bainbrigge Fletcher refers to different colouring in the imagines and different habits and supports his view on the ground that they are regarded as distinct by the whole body of students of Lepidoptera outside the insular boundaries of the ‘‘ British List.’’ Then why not give us the real specific characters? —F Rank BaLFouR-BROWNE, M.A., F.R.S-E., F.R.E.S., 23.1.43. CURRENT NOTES. Tue sixty-seventh Annual Report of the Ontario Agricultural Col- lege and Experimental Farm, 1941, has recently been received. There are nearly twenty Departments, all with a staff of officials. Hach of the Departments furnishes a short summary of the work they have done during the year in this Report. One of the Departments is that of: Entomology. This Department deals with (1) The Insects of Stored Grain. The fumigant necessitates a mask when it is applied. (2) Test- ing of Spray Mixtures. (8) Means for the Control of the Corn-Borer. (4) Baiting for the European Earwig, a somewhat recent pest. (5) An Infestation of the Japanese beetle near the Niagara Falls as yet not very widespread. (6) Rabbit Control in Orchards came under this De- partment. CorREcTION.—On p. 9, for Arcedes read Acedes in each case.—T.B.F. CoRRECTION.—SUBSTITUTE FooprLAnts: The penultimate paragraph of my article under this heading last month contains the most delight- ful lapsus calami which I think I have ever committed. It must have amused many of your readers. [ refer, of course, to my statement that the body of a larva must be attuned to the horse-power (HP) of its environment. I. give the environment full marks for the influence which it exerts, but I can assure your readers that what I had in mind was the pH, not the HP.—P. B. M. Awan. um or Com. > $5 "Zoology a > _ MAR 15 19481) Ligk: 14 LAVAL 4 /[ 4 S20 RECORDS OF VARIETIES! AND: ABERRATION in % RECORDS AND FULL DESCRIPTIONS OF VARIE ABERRATIONS. Exhibited at the Annual Exhibition of the South London Entomological and Natural History Society (October 1942). Compiled by S. G. Castim Russriy and Hy. J. Turner for publication in the Entomologist’s Record and in the Proceedings of the Society. Mr B. W. Avpkxin exhibited:—1l. Argynnis paphia, L., gynandro- morph; C. Gulliver, New Forest, 1918. 2. Argynnis paphia, L., cream- coloured ¢; A. Ford, New Forest, 1919. _ 3. Argynms paphia, L., ab. melaina, D’Aldin, ¢¢ and 2Q; bred, L. W. Newman, New Forest, 1908. 1. Argynnis cydippe, L., banded ¢; C. Gulliver, New Forest, 1929. 2. Argynnis cydippe, L., lightly-marked $ with rayed hindwings; T. E. ‘Hubbard, New Forest, 1926. 3. Argynnis cydippe, L., ab. bronzeus, Frohawk, 2° ; B. W. Adkin, Windsor Forest, 1928. 4. Argynnis cydippe, L., strongly-marked 9°; B. W. Adkin, Sussex, 1942. 1. Argynnis aglaia, L., a melanic 9; H. G. Heath, Swanage, 1920. 2. Argynnis aglaia, L., heavily-marked ¢; E. P. Sharpe, Eastbourne, 1913. 3. Argynnis aglaia, L., yellow 9; J. H. Longhurst, Swanage, 1922. 4. Argynnis aglaia, L., large 9; B. W. Adkin, N. Kent, 1942. Mr H. W. Anprews exhibited the following Diptera:—(a) An ex- hibit showing wing marking venation in Urophora stylata, Fb. (Try- _petidae). (b) An exhibit showing varieties of Merodon equestris, Fb., the ‘‘ Narcissus-fly.”’ Mr S. R. Asusy.—Four drawers of British Coleoptera containing the families: —DLucanidae, Scarabaeidae, Buprestidae, Elateridae, and part of Chrysomelidae. The ScARABAEIDAE included the genera Copris, Onthophagus, Aphodius, Heptaulacus, Saprosites, Oxyomus,- Psammobius, Aegialia, Odontueus, Geotrupes, Trox, Hoplia, Homalaplia, Serica, Amphinallus, Melolontha, Phyllopertha, Anomala,. Cetonia, Potosia, Gnorimus and Trichius. The Buprestipar included the genera Melanophila, Anthaxia, Aphanisticus, Trachys, the five species of Agrilus. The Exateripar, the genera Lacon, Cardiophorus, Hypnoidus, Crytohypnus, Elater, Ischnodes, Procraerus, Melanotus, Harminius, Athous, Limonius, Sericus, Adrastus, Agriotes, Dolopius, Corymbites and Prosternon. The CurysoMELmpsE: Genera, Labidostomis, Clytra, Gynandrophthalma, Cryptocephalus, Lamprosoma, Timarcha, Chryso- mela and Melasoma. Mr V. E. Aveust exhibited the following:—A melanic form of Pararge aegeria, L.; two aberrations of Argynnis (Brenthis) euphro- syne, L.; Limenitis camilla, L., ab. nigrina, Weym.; Apatura vris, L.; Acronicta (Apatele) alni, L.; Erynnis tages, L., all from N.W. Sussex. Lycaena arion, L., from N. Cornwall, and a series of Euchloris smarag- daria, Fb., bred from ova found during a Field Meeting at Benfleet. Mere T. UW. Barnerr exhibited:—Argynnis paphia, L., a gynandromorph, left side 2, right side 3, Sussex 1942. Coenonympha pamphilus, L.: Several with small apical spot, one gd with very dark _ (2) ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/11/1943 underside, brownish black, one from Kemsing, Kent, with four very small spots on upperside hindwings. A series of Hmaturga atomania, L., with pale yellow ground colour and many dark specimens. A series of Sterrha (Hyria) muricata, Hufn., from Wicken and Witherslack. Captain E. §S. A. Baynes exhibited a few species taken or bred in 1942, including a 2 Hyloicus pinastri, J.., bred from Dorset; Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn., bred from Surrey larvae; Boarmia ribeata, Clrck. (abietaria, Schiff.), a dark form from larvae taken on yew on the Hog’s Back; C. jacobaeae, L., with the upper marginal spot joining the costal stripe, from W. Surrey; a specimen of the nigrosparsata, Rayn., form of Abraxas grossulariata, L., bred from a pupa taken wild in Herefordshire. Also a selection of Lepidoptera taken oni the Hog’s Back, near Guildford, including Hamearis lucina, L., Cupido minimus, Fussli., Polyommatus (L.) coridon, Poda, ab. i-nigrum, Tutt, and ab. arenata, Wheel., P. (Z.) bellargus, Rott., Drymonia trimacula, Esp., Stauropus fagi, L., Inthosia (Hilema) complana, L., L. deplana, Esp., Palimpsestis octogesima, Hb. (ocularis, Gn.), Mamestra (Apamea) sor- dida, Bork. (anceps, Hb.), Agrotis cinerea, Hb., Harmodia nana, Rott. (conspersa, Esp.), Meristis trigrammica, Hufn., ab. obscura, Laphygma exigua, Hb., Orthosia (Taeniocampa) gracilis, Fb., O. (T.) munda, Esp., ab. immaculata, Stdgr., Calymma pyralina, View., C. diffinis, L., Plas- tenis subtusa, Fb., Cirrhia citrago, L., Xanthia aurago, Fb., Xylina semi- brunnea, Haw., X. socia, Rott., Hustrotia uncula, Clrck., Plusia festucae, L., Aventia flexula, Schiff., Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Esp. (vernaria, Hb.), Cosymbia annulata, Schltz., Thera juniperata, L., Eupi- thecia pimpinellata, Hb. (denotata, Gn.), E. haworthiata, Dbldy., Plagodis dolabraria, L., Erannis defoliaria, Clrek., ab. obscurata, Stdgr., Boarmia ribeata, Circk. (abietaria, Schiff.), B. roboraria, Schiff., Bue thedon andrenaeformis, Lasp., S. flaviventris, Stdgr., ete. Mr L. Bircu.—An example of Argynnis paphia, L., ab. confluens, 2, Splr., and ab. melaina, 2, both from Wyre Forest, 1942. Argynnis cydippe, L., a SG with the two forewings greatly extended in large hooks, with the centre of each extension filled with a long black bar. The hindwings are black with a series of buff lunules at the bases. Wyre Forest, 1942. Mr A. A. W. Bucxstone exhibited: —Argynnis cydippe, L.—A buff- coloured 3; two od with pronounced black markings; a ¢ underside . having the brown of the lunules of hindwings replaced by blue green, and the brown spots between veins 3, 4, and 5 of right wing wanting. All Ashtead, 1942. Gonepteryx rhamni, L.—A <¢ with red scales situ- ated between base of right forewing and central spot. Fetcham, Surrey, September 1942. Aglais urticae, L.—Specimens captured or bred from wild Surrey larvae, including several ab. polaris, Stdgr. (pseudoconnecza, Cabeau), two ¢¢ approaching ab. leodiensis, Cabeau, two 3S with the typical reddish orange colour replaced by pink and several speci- mens of very dark colour. Callimorpha (Hypocrita) jacobaeae, L.—A _ dark smoky specimen. Dorking, 1942. Three underside forms, one with band of hindwings very pale, almost white, and with a yellow spot in black area. Two with yellow line running through black area. Arctia RECORDS OF VARIETIES AND ABERRATIONS. (3) villica, L.—lLiving larvae, pupae and imago of second broods, Dated records are:—June 5—About 150 eggs deposited; June 18 to 25—130 larvae emerged; July 17—Many underwent first moult; September— Larvae commenced spinning up; October 10-—About half the larvae had now spun up, the remainder being in either their fourth or fifth (last) instar. The hair is black until after the last moult, when it rapidly turns brown. Mr A. Briss.—From West Sussex Apatura iris, L., Hemaris fuci- formis, L., H. tityus, L., Psilura (Lymantria) monacha, L., Procris (Ino) statices, L., and confluent Zygaena trifolii, Esp., Gastropacha querci- folia, L.., from Bookham; Polyploca ridens, Fb., from Ashtead; and Cucullia verbasct, L., from Purley. Mr J. H. Bett and Mr P. J. Bett exhibited:—(1) An aberration of Plusia gamma, L., in which the ‘ silver Y ’’ is much extended into an irregular blotch. Dr Cockayne pointed out the remarkable simi- larity to the figure of P. pwichrina, Haw., in the ‘ Entomo- logist,’? 1920, vol. 53, pp. 1-2, text figure of a specimen taken in Gloucestershire in 1919, now in the Rothschild Collection, Tring. (This specimen was sent up for comparison and exhibition.) (2) A dark banded form of Selidosema plumaria, Schiff., from the New Forest, August 1936. (3) Three Nymphalis (Vanessa) 10, L., one ab. belisarius, Frwk., from Lee, Devon; two others with almost complete absence of purple on the ocelli. (4) A series of Heodes phlaeas, L., showing rayed spotting, mainly from Berkhampsted, with ab. alba, ab. intermedia, and rayed forms. (5) A Satyrus (Melanargia) galathea, L., with mark- ings of the hindwings almost absent; Swanage, 1931. (6) A series of very small Xanthorrhoé fluctuata, L., with considerable deficiency of marking. (7) Extreme abs. of Epirrhoé alternata, Mill. (sociata, Bork.), one with only a dot in the centre of the forewings and some shading on the margins. (8) Argynnis (Brenthis) ewphrosyne, L., showing more or less increase of dark marking, one being extreme. Dr G. V. Butt exhibited Acherontia (Manduca) atropos, L., from Kent, 1941; two. banded Diaphora (Spilosoma) lutea, Hufn. (lubrici- peda, Esp.), bred by S. Wakely; Arctia villica, L., with smoky hind- wings, N.E. Sussex; Pieris rapae, L., with spots united by black scal- ing, Sandhurst, Kent; Parasemia plantaginis, L.,-bred in September, August and October from ova laid on-10th June 1942 and some bred in — Octobér 1933 from ova laid 10th June 1933. Also a centipede and its prey, Noctua xanthographa, L., taken at sugar. The abdomen of the moth was almost completely eviscerated. Cot. V. R. Burkwarpt.—A ¢ Argynnis cydippe, L., of pale lemon colouring on all wings, New Forest, 1942. Argynnis paphia, L.—An extreme 2 form of ab. melaina, D’Aldin, almost entirely black, an- other very similar, and a male form of ab. confluens, Spul. Limenttis camilla, I4—An unusual form of ab. semi-nigrina, Frwk., all New Forest. Argynnis (Brenthis) selene, lu.—A melanic form of 9 with a series of bars on the outer margins of forewings, the central areas being black and spotless; hindwings deep black; New Forest, 1942, (4) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943 Mr S. T. Hayward, Estacion ac dat te Casilla Correo, ae Tucuman, - Republica Argentina. E aaiteiide sthopaiotera. from China and Peru, in- papers, perfect condition, with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— John Ww. Moore, 454 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 80. _ Wanted—Living larvae ‘Of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles yubecula or “Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- search purposes. Postagées, etc., will be paid.—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. ye Desider ata—Dipterous ‘parasites bred from Lepidoplerous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal. —RH, Audcent, _Selwood. House, Hill Road, Clevedon, ~ Somerset. . pant : ae as ‘Wanted. —Barrett, Lep. Brit. Isles, Vol. iii; Culot, Noctuae ie Geometrae—A. 7 Wightman, be Aurago, ie - Pulborough, Seo a Wantea—H. phiaeas (with: data) from Palaearctic regions, particularly N. Ame- > vica, extreme North (Norway, etc.), China, Algeria, Ethiopia, N. Africa, Madeira, Balkans; also from other regions and British Isles. Also other Chrysophanids from similar areas. Also Continental (only) P. fulminea (leucophaea), lichenea. . Duplicates—Lepidoptera (some rare) mostly from Japan, but also from S. Africa; S. America, India, East Indies, etc.—P. Siviter _ Smith, Little Aston Park, Siecelar, near Birmingham. ‘ EXOTIC. LEPIDOPTERA. =. ‘Price List No 33 5000 Species. : Post Free on Application. # et \ . 0 AWE: He ROSENBERG, | 3 = a4 4 WaITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. sa, pat 4 pos < d ee x 2 2 os ‘PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon. Sec., G. B. Manley, 72 Tenbury Road, b eines ‘a Heath, Birmingham. Meetings suspended till further notice. ee . Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. “Rev. G. Wheeler, Dr Kettlewell (plates), P. M. 8. Allan, Dr E. ‘A. Cockayn ‘are advised to make early eG: as a few. of the Volumes | will ttl Mu ‘MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES, WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON: 41 Queen's Gate, S.W.7. (Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road.) General Meet- © ings at 3 p.m., on the first Daren apenas of the month, sb aay ay ‘October- 7 December ye THE SOUTH: LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. os, Chapter House Hall, St Thomas Street, S.E.1. Hon. Sec., F. Stanley-Smith, F.R.E.S., ‘‘ Hatch House, ” Pilgrims Hatch, Brentwood, Essex. 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"SPR aT F xf Bei logy oe AND A “ae 23 1943" Nip aan \ aad $ RE EDITED with the assisiance of OM BURR, D-Sc., F.R. E.S. ~~ [ “"T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L-S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. H. E, PAGE, F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. * Raitor Finer hie 6. T,. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, FR. E. S., F.R.H:S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. | "BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WwooD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, DURING ee aa BA. Beeds 2... te Nee adinnt ceux’ GoLebrrenk ‘Horoce Donlaiharne, PLS. FR. ES. 18 HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES, Rev. Desmond Murray... .. 19 MORE ON “AN ARTIST’S NOTE,” P.Siviter Smith ... — ... 21 _ COLLECTING NOTES: Notes on Variation from the Worthing dieccian Col _ lection, Rev. G. Wheeler, M.A., F.R.E.S.; Correction, G.W.; Dragonflies on the Isles of North Uist and. Baleshare, J. W. Hestop Harrison: Eupi- _thecia pulchellata, Stph.. in the Outer Hebrides, Id.; Other. Lepidoptera - noted in North Uist in 1942, Id.; The Range of the Greasy Fritillary ' (Euphydryas aurinia) in the Hebrides and Some Possible Deductions ie therefrom, Id.; The First British Record of Procus (Miana) versicolor, - Bkh., Id,; Stilbia anomala, Haw., on the Isles ‘of Barra, Coll, and South ~ Rona, Id.; Miana expolita in an Inland Station in Durham, Id.; Note on -- the Correspondence concerning Cucullia scrophuliarae, E. A. Cockayne; = A Note on Sphegia bembeciformis, Hub., P. B. M. Allan; Behaviour of : _Lasiocampa quercus, L., race callunae, larvae, Id, 38: PRR RS Ae ie ee SUPPLEMENT : puneerinhon for se cipiets voli, post free, Sa TEN SHIELINGS, “(Back Volumes (Second Series), XXKVII (1925) to LIV (1942), 12/6 per ¥olume.) to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., ~ 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. $s This number, Price ONE. SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). Sees oe J. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.1o0. — _*Phone: Wiitaspax 0309. 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INSECTS OF THE BRITISH WOODLANDS. By R: NEIL CHRYSTAL, M.A. (Dept. of Forestry, University of Oxford). ' Tilustrated with 12 half-tone, 12 line plates; and text illustrations. SS et htew ee ae Sere a an we ‘Will certainly appeal strongly to Entomologists and to lovers of nature ey Entomologists’ Weekly. ‘“‘A veritable -mine of information on insect life in © general ”’—Journal of R.H. Society. ‘‘ This book combines an excellent introduc- = tion to Entomology with the application. uf science to Forestry ’—The Naturalist. %4 i hee Ate 10/6 NET FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, STRAND, W.0.2. Established i879. Proprietor, R. L. BE: FORD, F.R.ELS. WATKINS & DONCASTER 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). SPECIAL NOTICE.—Owing to our extensive buying of Second-hand Insect ~ Cabinets and Collections we frequently have many Duplicates. Clients may pick | from these at 1d per Specimen under 6d Catalogue Price. Other Discounts can be arranged, but this only applies to clients visiting our Showrooms. Amongst — our recent purchases are the Fine Collections formed by the late J. Clarke of Reading (Lepidoptera), and the late G. Machin (World Rhopalocera). Also from H. W. Head, Esq., 7000 Birds’ Eggs, Entomological Apparatus, eee: etc. — EVERYTHING FOR NATU RALISTS. Telephone: Temple Bar 9451. BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, 1942. 15 BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, DURING 1942. )3 820 By H. A. Lezps. (~ apy 23 1943 : NL ip rant A few hibernated urticae and rhamni appeared prior to 11th April, when I saw a male rapae, and another on 14th; then two or three daily when fine until the 29th, when six or seven were flying in the garden. On 3rd May the first female appeared, and ten males, when a brassicae and two cardamines, all males, also were first seen. The emergence increased gradually and quite fresh cardamines were observed on 25th June. A sharp frost: ensued the next morning. The Pieris pests had not then appeared in sufficient numbers to do any appreciable harm, and in August and September the whites were so numerous that it was impossible to cope with their larvae and all the Autumn green vege- tables were destroyed. The second brood of napi was also abundant. When prumi larvae were approaching full growth a severe frost oc- curred one night in May and on going to Monks’ Wood two evenings afterwards I found a dead larva and three others affected by the frost, which darkens the posterior half from which shrivelling and death mostly ensue. One, however, managed to pupate and a female emerged with somewhat. rounded but fair-sized forewings and the hindwings rather less than ordinary length but only 3 to 4 mm. broad. These narrow wings each contained two of the fulvous markings on the upper . surface, and the fringes on the inner margin are complete, but else- where the wings are ragged. Three other larvae obtained at the same TS, AREA o of Compay, Le" Zoology “ ) time appeared healthy and two perfect males emerged; the other larva attained full growth and then for eight days wandered about a glass- topped metal box. It was provided with old and young leaves of both narrow and broad-leaved blackthorn, fresh at intervals, but would not eat or pupate, although I provided two stems for choice of a resting place, and it died. In the wild state I saw five male pruniz in Monks’ Wood on 21st June, and afterwards for a few fine days the males be- - came fairly plentiful, but females were scarce, and. the bountiful supply which might possibly have ensued from the 1941 fine and sunny flight in the early part of July was doubtless minimized by the frost. This season during the first four days of emergence only one was seen feed- ing ani this was on flowers of dog-wood, Cornus sanguinea. On 25th June they frequented the privet flowers and one day I noticed that a creamy-green spider had seized a male pruni, halfway along the body. Placing both in a cyanide bottle the butterfly was quiescent in a few seconds, but the spider only released its grip after about four minutes, walked dizzily away and collapsed. This occurred in full sunshine, and no doubt prunt was gripped when feeding. Possibly a similar oc- currence had been overlooked in previous years, as during the next evening three more living malés were seen to be held in an exactly similar way. I have no book here to identify the species, but this spider is rather common; it is of sturdy build with round body and rather thick legs, pale and greenish, and evidently hunts its prey. A very different _ wainscot-coloured and more slender spider frequents the long grasses, and with the aid of a bicycle lamp I have seen them catch coridon when asleep on Royston Heath. Many pruni are caught in spiders’ webs. 16 ENTOMOLOGIS!'’S RECORD. 15/TIT/1943 This season no living lucina were seen, but a dead male was noticed in a web. Of the Hairstreaks, rubi was fairly plentiful, as also was w-album; quercus very scarce; and one only of each sex of betulae were noticed, as imagines. A remnant of our beautiful flowery grass fields remainéd uncut in July, no other like it is left, and more than half of that field was cropped with wheat, to reach which portion farming implements had made a rather wide pathway for about 100 yards through the grass, and along which I could wander up and down. Thinking it might give a last chance of watching in its limited area the beauty now almost reduced to a memory, J visited it regularly after 4th July, but apart from some worn w-album, c-album, sylvestris, a few jurtina and ‘“ whites,’’ the quantities were disappointing until 14th July, when shortly after an early tea I arrived on the pathway and saw freshly- hatched galathea climbing up the stems of grass; jurtina was also hatch- ing, and as I patrolled the path in the still air and brilliant sunshine their quantities were continually increasing. As the evening advanced both species began to feed at the various flowers, of which the black knapweed, Centaurea nigra, was most abundant, but clumps of thistles and the prominent ragwort, Senecio jacobaeu, provided choice; many pamphilus, lineola and tithonus, with an occasional phlaeas, nearly all fresh, joined in the feeding, sunning or gambolling. Rarely netting, I was looking and hoping for a pronounced variety, but only one was seen and this a female jurtina with both frontwings grey speckled on a pale ground. It was settled with expanded wings; the hindwings were much darker and grey. It was near me and just before my net reached it a large fly struck it in the middle; the startled butterfly flew off and, passing over a wire fencing, went down among the wheat. Three days later I saw and captured it in the grass field; the forewings remained perfect but the hindwings were very torn. The pathway reached the end of an elm wood where a few c-album frequently settled; in its hedge two or three aegeria, several worn w-album and lots of tithonus and jurtina were feeding on the blackberry flowers. Altogether hun- dreds of fresh butterflies had hatched that evening and were flying up to the time when the western sun was obscured by a black cloud before setting. This cloud advanced and produced a volume of rain at. night- fall, and the next day nearly every butterfly appeared washed out. Afterwards emergences were meagre. Although that evening I re- turned home with only one specimen, a female jurtina with two addi- tional pronounced spots on the underside forewings, it was a pleasure to see such a large number of mixed species; a few urticae, rapae and aglaia were included. It is impossible for such a concentrated emerg- ence to occur elsewhere in this district, as the last two rough grass fields on the hilly range have been torn up by a gyrotiller. This destroyed two public pathways, one crossing the first field centrally to- wards Abbots’ Ripton and the other leading almost from corner to corner towards Alconbury Hill in the second field. It occasioned con- siderable grumbling and inconvenience to the rural inhabitants as the highway is circuitous and in parts has a very rough surface for pedes- trians. I have seen a plan embracing these fields and both footpaths are delineated thereon, hence they should be made passable again after BUTTERFLY COLLECTING IN WOOD WALTON, HUNTS, AREA, 1942. 17 the war. Several of the old grassfields have had a first crop of flax, which is not materially affected by wireworms, and it has produced a fair result. Following a crop of. flax some allotments were allocated for this hamlet, but despite numerous traps of pieces of potatoes and carrots inserted into the earth on sticks, and considerable hunting, the wireworms seriously depleted the onion, potato and other vegetable crops. Some idea of their abundance can be estimated from the fact that my brother destroyed 836 wireworms in one day on: ten rods of allotment, and large numbers were killed on other days. About six aeres of Monks’ Wood is being cleared for planting potatoes. More hedges have been cut and drains cleared out than in peace time, whilst new drains have been added in the fens. Cultivation is of major im- portance. Most of my time is spent on the grass verges of the roads or on the railway banks. Only one argtolus was seen, in the spring, and then one cardut, and in the suminer another of the latter; atalanta was scarce; urticae and io in fair numbers; colonies of .icarus getting more numerous; very few agestis (medon); phlaeas less than last year in second brood and two nice female upperside abv. auroradiata taken; at the end of September and early October six of a third breod seen. No Colias appeared, nor semele, for which special search was made, as a collector visiting the district wanted them; up to a few years ago they were fairly common, In Monks’ Wood during April c-album was seen sporting with 10, and elsewhere euphrosyne, cydippe and paphia about in usual quantity, also venata (sylvanus); tages, malvae, hyperantus and rhamm were somewhat scarce. Three camilla, each at different woods, were seen. The second brood of megera was most abundant in August, and al- most every day I spent two or three hours examining them; the varia- tion was poor.. A special note was made of this, for inclusion, before seeing Mr FF. H. Day’s remarks, page 121, of the October Entomologist’s Record regarding its abundance in the Carlisle district. Like Mr Day, I had never seen megera so plentiful previously. ' The season here was generally poor in variation and only one out- standing aberration was taken when my first netted fresh c-albwm had all wings centrally biack banded and was heavily marked elsewhere, -on a pale ground. It was captured on 25th June, and is a male. On 3rd July some hibernated c-albiun were flying with fresh ones, and one of the latter settled on my black net, which presented a flat surface as I was holding it taut. If I had raised the net quickly and released my grip of the bag it could have been easily caught, but it was typical; soon it made a long flight along the riding, and, returning, settled on the surface of the net again. This it shortly repeated, but returning from the next flight it settled on elm but quickly came to me and alighted on my cap, which I quietly removed ; this action apparently startled it, for it hurriedly departed over the wood. Only five e-album were seen during the second brood, but the weather seldom favoured their flight. die ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. © 15/11/1945 SOME MIDDLESEX COLEOPTERA. By Horace DonistHorpe, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc. As far as I am aware, no attempt at a complete list of the beetles of Middlesex has been published, nor has the Victoria History of that county appeared yet. The following record consists of beetles I have taken in a few localities in Middlesex in recent years, and it is intended for the benefit of any Coleopterist who may be compiling such a list. Of course, there are a number of other species to be found, in my Ento- mological Journals, from this county, all of which I should be pleased to place at the disposal of anyone who is preparing a list ef the Coleop- tera of Middlesex. My other records include ail those beetles I used to take in a granary in Holborn years ago. There are also several curious captures made in London, the chief among them being Malachius aeneus, L., which I caught, in my top hat, on the wing in the Hay- -market on 30th May 1892! CaraBipsr.—Carabus violaceus, L., in my garden and on footpaths, Heston; C. monilis, F., in gardens, Lampton; Hlaphrus riparius, L., on mud near canal, Boston Manor; Chlaentus nigrocornis, F., under rejectamenta in damp spot, Boston Manor; Acupalpus meridianus, L., on pavement, Heston; Ophonus puncticollis, Pk., in cut grass in church- yard, Old Heston; O. seladon, Schaub., 3, in drain, Osterley Station; O. ruficornis, F., on pavements, under rubbish in fields, etc., Heston; Harpalus aeneus, F., on pavements, “Heston, and on path, Boston Manor; Stomis pwmicatus, Pk., in drain, Osterley Station; Pterostichus madidus, F., in house, on pavements, and garden, Heston; P. nigrita, F’., common in damp places, Boston Manor; P. vernalis,. Pz., under refuse, damp spot, Boston Manor; Amara apricaria, Pk., in garden, Heston; A. acuminata, Pk., in cut grass, Old Heston churchyard; A. familiaris, Duft., in bathroom, Heston; A. lucida, Duft., on pavement, Heston; A. trivialis, Gyll., on pavements, Heston; Anchomenus micans, Nic., by sweeping Nasturtium amphybium, Boston Manor; Bembidion lampros, Hbst., on pavements, Heston; B. littorale, Ol., on mud near canal, Boston Manor; Trechus minutus, F., var. flavo- humeralis, Donis., in cut grass in Old Heston churchyard, for several years; the typical form not present. DytiscipaE.-—-Agabus bipustulatus, Li., under rubbish in dry pond, Boston Manor. : HypRopHitipaE.—Anacaena bipustulata, Steph., sluicing mud in damp spot, Boston Manor; Helophorus aequalis, Th., H. brevipalpis, Bed., and Ochthebius pygmaeus, F., on mud, Boston Manor; Megas- ternum boletophagum, Marsh., in cut grass, Old Heston churchyard. (To be continued.) PLATE II. VOL. LV. P]uRRAY del, Ent. Record and Journ. of Variation. HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES. HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES. 19 HAIR-PENCILS AND SCENT BRUSHES. (With Plate IT.) By Rev. DesmMonp Murray. The more closely our moths are studied the more evident it becomes that insects generally and Lepidoptera in particular (with allied fami- lies) are furnished with elaborate sense organs. These are variously distributed over different parts of the insect: the wings, legs, thorax and abdomen often hold sensitive cells in great variety. ‘‘ Probably all the hairs and bristles with which insects’ bodies are studded are sensitive to touch and to vibrations; it may be some have senses we cannot appreciate,’? Malcolm Burr has told us. The late Dr Eltringham, whose death we had to recently lament and who was the recognized authority on this subject, found that a tiny Caddis fly of the genus Hudroptila had an elaborate apparatus at the back of the head, comprising sets of scent glands and extensible brushes, protected by folding covers, neatly arranged and packed away under a pair of hinged lids, barely 1/50th of an inch across. (T.E.S., 1919, p. 420.) ‘ One hardly knows which is more marvellous,’’ the same writer says, ‘‘ the microcosm of nature or the skill and ingenuity of the men who have found, dissected and interpreted such minuteness.”’ With moths these various kinds of scent organs have so far only been partially studied. Here it is contended that they are of much more frequent occurrence than is generally supposed, that they extend, in fact, to all the families of moths in our lists, from the Sphingidae to the Tineina, for they are found with all these in one or other of the parts mentioned. Though varying considerably in form, their function must be similar in every case. A few notes are given-here on the Hair-Pencils and Scent Brushes which are found on the abdomen and legs of many of our common moths. It is only the male insect which possesses these organs. (1) First, to make clear what particular organs we refer to. The Hair-Pencils which are found especially amongst the Noctuidae consist ‘of long tufts of specialized scales, on each side of the first segment of the abdomen. Generally they are concealed in a pocket or extensile pouch and therefore are seldom seen. They arise from chitinous sockets and show muscle fibres which must serve to extend the brush from its groove. When expanded they resemble two elaborate fans. Though previous writers had noticed them, Mr F. N. Pierce drew special attention to their frequent occurrence in the Noctuids. (Cfr. Genitalia Noct., 1909, p. 18.) Amongst the 300 odd species examined some 40 were found to have the Hair-Pencils, which also occur in close proximity to the genital organs, but more generally on the first abdomi- nal segments. Although he recorded their presence in every species in which he actually observed them, his failure to notice them in other species is not to be taken as conclusive evidence of their absence. Eltringham examined and illustrated the Hair-Pencils in the case of two common moths, i.e. P. meticulosa and X. monoglypha (polyodon) (T.E.S., 1925, p. 1), concluding that they must be for the diffusion of scent. Probably they are never expanded except in flight and perhaps only then in the presence of the female, Eltringham tells us, Two fur- 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111 /1943 ther examples are given (Figs. 1 and 2) of C. absynthii and H. lucens. The first has, in addition, the underside of the cell of the forewing covered with a dense tuft of long setae and prominent tufts on the back of the body. These together no doubt constitute both scent container and distributing brushes. The otlier example was generally considered a form of H. mctitans, though really a distinct species. The latter does not possess the Hair-Pencils. They may then be of some specific value. Similar ones are found in H. paludis, H. crinanensis and other allied species. (2) As well as the Hair-Pencils there are extensile sacs known as the Coremata. These are similar tufts of specialized scales (often also termed Hair-Pencils) which are sometimes found on the eighth segment on each side of the body, the setae often being spatulate in form. The Coremata show very similar structure to the Hair-Pencils proper and must be considered to function in the same way as distributors of scent. This contention is strengthened by the fact that in some tropical species a more elaborate organ is found in the same position, which Eltringham concluded was an organ of scent (T.H.S., 1927, p. 431). The particular species he mentioned was from Trinidad. This and many S. African species have Hair-Pencils on the first and eighth segment as well as Scent Brushes on the legs. The Coremata are distinct from the Peniculi on the ninth segment, which are expansions of the tegumen, though also in close priximity to the genital organs. Examples of Coremata amongst the Geometridae, Pyralidae, Tortricidae, and the Tineina are shown in Figs. 6 to 9 (after Pierce). They vary considerably in size and form. (8) The Scent Brushes are more generally found on the legs, the male moth only being affected. Recently an example was given in which the brush is found on the foreleg (Hnt. Record, 54, p. 65); another where the second pair of legs holds a similar organ (Vol. 53, p. 73). This was of H. derasa, which is of special interest as its presence had not been previously recorded. The two examples given here are found on the hind legs, i.e. Hepialus humuli and H. hecta—Figs. 3, 4 and 5. In the first case the hind leg is normal, except that the tibial spurs are absent, but the femur holds a large tuft of long setae or a Scent Brush. The brush, as in most cases, is on the inner side of the leg, held close to the body. Barrett first noticed that the tibia of hecta was aborted into a kind of swollen sac or ‘‘ a bladdery termination,’’ as he called it, and that this organ gave forth a scent. The last leg joint and foot is absent, or at least so it appears. The first figure shows the brush in position; the second the tibia denuded of scales, showing the bases or sockets from which the setae spring; the third what appears to be the remains of a foot. There is a small section at the end of the leg which seems to be more chitinized than the rest. What appears to be a minute rudimentary foot can pos- sibly be made out in this area. Jn some mounts it appears to be more in the centre, though it generally seems to be carried away by the dense scales. Deegener says the swollen tibia contains the glandular apparatus. (Cfr. Zeit, Wiss, Zool., 1902, p. 276.) MORE ON ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.’’ 21 The presence of the Scent Brush in these moths goes to disprove the theory that in the case of the Hepialidae the female seeks the male and not vice versd (T. E. Robson, Hnt. Record, Vol. 3, p. 55 seq., 1892). “‘ The male hwmuli,’? Robson says, ‘‘ flies in this conspicuous manner that the female may see him and his hght colour very greatly assists this.”? But if the male is using his Scent Brush, while in flight, as a means of finding his partner (as must be supposed) the case is reversed or the female must have some corresponding scent to attract him. Which theory is correct? The other three species in our fauna do not seem to have a Scent Brush, though probably all moths, as already stated, have one or more in some form or another. It is interesting to find that the flight of these three species is quite different from that of the other two. Robson supposes that in the former cases it is the female which diffuses the scent. It is only by a eloser study of these interesting organs in a variety of insects and by comparison that the problem of their true function ean be solved. EXPLANATION OF PLATE. Hair-Pencils: Fig.1. ¢ Cucuilia absynthii, Linn. x6. Fig. 2. ¢ Hydraecia lucens, Frey. x 12. Scent Brushes: Fig. 3. ¢ Hepialus humuli, Linn. Hind leg x 12. Fig. 4. ¢ H. hecta, Linn. Hind lege and single:seta x 12. Fig. 5. Same denuded of setae and rudimentary foot. Genitalia showing Coremata (after Pierce): Fig. 6. ¢ Acidalia imitaria, Hb. (Geometridae). Fig. 7. 4 Diasemia litterata, Scop. (Pyraustidae). Fig. 8. 3 Pandemis heparana, Schiff. (Tortricidae). Fig. 9. ¢ Parectopa ono- nidis, Z. (Tineina). MORE ON ‘‘ AN ARTIST’S NOTE.” By P. Stvirer SmirH. At the risk of becoming tedious to readers I would like to add a word or two following the very interesting points made by ‘‘ An Old Book-Maker.’?. The correspondence I have received since the subject was opened makes me think that this discussion that has been running is not without interest to some at any rate. We are referred now to colour-gravure and collotype. I did omit mention of them because on the whole, for colour work in particular, they are costly on small runs such as are required for scientific publica- tions. My note was not, of course, intended to be a comprehensive review of the various processes—I am hoping sometime in the not too distant future to be able to help to produce within one cover a general outlime of all available methods together with other relevant matter, but my previous note was rather sketchy. I am familiar with the two processes in ee cae Our friends the Sun Engraving Company have been very successful with photo-gravure, particularly in making the process into one that could be operated com- mercially on a Jarge scale with consistent results. Whilst it is true to say that gravure need not employ a screen, it is not correct to say that a screen is not used, At the present time a screen is often used ; 22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TTI /1943 I have just checked this with current copies of The Illustrated London News and Illustrated and they both show screen pattern. A screen is not necessary for gravure or collotype but increasing use is now made of them as they make production rather easier and quicker. Collotype is, in its basic idea, not unlike gravure and gives good results when carefully worked. Both processes are alike in that a. fairly good result is obtained nowadays without much time or money being spent; it is when a very careful match to an original is required that cost leaps up, as colour correction in the two processes is not easily carried out. In collotype and gravure, therefore, by the time that colour correction to exacting scientific standards has been applied the cost has generally risen very considerably. I must, however, correct an impression given by ‘‘ An Old Book- Maker.’’ Referring to the dots of the screen pattern visible under a magnifying glass, he says they are as a result not of value for scientific work that involves magnification. This is true, of course. By infer- ence, he suggests that as gravure and collotype do not use a screen therefore they can serve as a safe scientific guide even under magnifica- tion. This is a dangerous assumption. The absence of screen pattern is apt to make one think that the detail as shown by a collotype print is scientifically correct. Whilst it would be right to say that a closer approximation is thereby achieved, it should be clearly understood that it is only an approximation and should not be relied upon as scientifically exact either for colour or shape and outline. The main advantage these processes have is that when no screen is employed the image is clearer and is a nearer approximation of the actual object. It must be borne in mind, however, that apart from this these two processes still have to undergo the same stages of breaking down for colours by filters (an imperfect process), some consequent hand correction work by retouching artists, or manipulation of the plates by etchers. There is therefore no guarantee that, apart from a cleaner outline due to lack of screen dots, the gravure or collotype sheets are any more accurate for colour or light and shade than any other process. All processes of reproduction attempt to portray outline, shape and colour occurring in two planes by manipulation of light and shade in~ one plane only, and as such are not capable of enduring critical scientific examination that requires more exactness than this. It is therefore important not to exaggerate the use to which a printed or photographic sheet can be put, whether the sheet be by gravure, collotype or other ‘‘ non-screen ’’ process, or by one where a screen or other mechanical device is used. The compromise that all such pro- cesses have to make to reproduce objects prevents complete reliance being put on the portrayal thereby given of ‘‘ anatomical structure of an insect through a lens ’’ as mentioned. For example, consider the shining forewings of Lycaena phlaeas, L., the Small Copper. Reproduce this by gravure, collotype or other non-screen process and then examine the veins of the forewings with a lens. They will not be broken up into a series of dots but they will nevertheless appear as a shining white line with a dark one beneath it. This is the ‘‘ highlight ’’ on top of the vein and the slight shadow beneath it. It is not structurally the vein, it is the interpretation on paper of the appearance of that vein to the camera lens. / COLLECTING NOTES. 23 Possessing two separated lenses (eyes) we are able automatically to recognise depth of focus and therefore to see that one part of an object is thicker or higher than another part. A camera lens can only portray the eflect of this by highlight and shadow. No process is free from this limitation. of course, so that I hope these points will warn anyone pos- sibly mistaking the tenor of an ‘‘ Old Book-Maker’s ’’ remarks and being led into giving scientific standing to everything that is seen under magnification of a non-screen process or photographic reproduction whether in colour or black and white. Stereoscopic photography .would be even more accurate as that re- places the second plana of depth which it is impossible to obtain on a printed sheet, not with a single printed image at any rate. Stereo- scopic printing can be done within limits, as probably everyone knows, but an appropriate eye-piece for viewing is required. COLLECTING NOTES. Notes ON VARIATION FROM THE WoRTHING MvusEuM COLLECTION (Continued from. p. 10).—K. epiphron.—The English series are from the Red Screes and from Honister Crag. All are of the cassiope form, the former rather the larger, the spotting of the Qs in the latter being very clear on both surfaces. Scotch specimens from Rannoch (none of them too good) are rather larger and have a rather more clearly-marked band. There are Swiss series from both sides of the Simplon Pass, from the Alpe Pianascio (Tessin) and the Engadine. Most of those from the Simplon are of the valesiaca form with very little or no spotting, but the Qs from the top of the Pass have clearer spots; they are slightly larger than the Scotch. Two ds from Pontresina are rather large, but the rest from the Engadine are ‘small. Those from the Alpe Pianascio have very clear spots on a conspicuous band. There are two very small specimens from Anthémoz on the Dent du Midi without any spots. Of French specimens there are two from le Lauteret of most pronounced valesiaca form, quite spotless, while those from the Pyrennees are large and the only ones that can be regarded as of the type form. E. aethiops.—There is a fine series from Arnside, and all but one _ 2 have four spots on the upperside of the forewing, but only one 9 has four on the underside. The three spots on the upperside of the hind- wing of the d's are very indistinct, sometimes hardly visible, but those of the 2, four in number, are very clear, with one exception. (There are never any on the underside of the hindwing.) The light bands of the underside hindwing vary greatly, though the colours are less pro- nounced than in the Scotch specimens or in those from the Rhone Valley. All the gs are of the violacea form, two 2 tending towards leucotaenta with a very slight tinge of violet and one tending towards ochracea. In the Scotch specimens from Rannoch all have three spots on the forewing, both upper and underside in the ds, but the Qs have four on the underside; the upperside hindwing has generally four spots, but they are very indistinct in the ds. On the underside three of the ~~ Qs are of the leucotaenia form, three of the ochracea and one of the violacea, 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / ITI /1943 Of the Swiss specimens the ds from Miirren have three spots and the @s four on each of the wings on the upperside, but both sexes have three on the underside of the forewing. These specimens are very large. The light bands on the underside hindwing are inconspicuous and none of them show any of the aberrational colouring. Those from Aigle are also very large; all have four spots on the forewing on the upper- side, but on the underside ¢s have three, 9s four. One of the Qs is a very strongly marked lewcotaenia, the base being as light as the cen- tral band; there is one ¢ violacea, and of the Qs two are violacea and one ochracea. From Vallarbe there is a small ¢ and a large 2 both of the violacea form, while those from Eclépens show no peculiarities. A few @s from Mt. Revard have three spots on the forewing of both sides and four very indistinct ones on the upperside hindwing. There is one G from Vernet of very pronounced viclacea form. Satyrus galathea.—There is a short series from the White Horse Hill which I took in 1886, still looking quite fresh, also series from Bude, the Cotswoids, the Chilterns and a pair from Wolford. The Bude specimens are a great contrast to all the others, being very strongly marked, especialiy the eye-spots on the underside hindwing, while the others are mostly faint except one ¢ from the Cotswolds; those from the Chilterns tend to obsolescence. The spots on the underside hind- wing are very small in the ¢s from the White Horse Hill and Wolford. There are curious anomalies in the ground colour. The hindwings underside of the Bude 9s are very yellow, while the others show little or none. On the upperside one 2 from the Cotswolds is very yellow, while another, taken the same day, is quite white; one ¢ from Bude is white, another rather yellow, another quite yellow. Specimens from the Rhone Valley are large, especially the 9s; the undersides are very like the Bude specimens, especially the Qs, but hardly so strongly marked; there are two dos from Bérisal, the under- side very clear, the dark bands being scarcely more than outlined. A ¢ from the Jura has a very yellow upperside. There is‘one ¢ from Samoussy, very white; those from Aix-les-Bains are mostly white, but one is yellow; on the underside hindwing the darker bands are little more than outlined. From the Tyrol come large examples, especially the 2s; one ¢ is rather yellow. At Assisi the examples are rather dark, while those from the Abruzzi are of the procida form. This occurs exceptionally in specimens from the Rhone Valley, but south of the Alps all are of this form. Specimens from Fiesole are rather small, those from N.E. Italy larger. Those from the Mt. de Lure are also of this form. All those from Greece are of the turcica form—very black—so also is one from Bulgaria. Several from the Rhone Valley are almost spot- less on the underside, approaching ab. galene, one completely so; this is very common in the Apennines, the central band being also gener- ally obsolescent in the gs. There are only two examples of lewcomelas, one from Digne, the other from Assisi. There is also. a very remarkable specimen from Assisi, having the left side almost entirely black, and a good deal on the right forewig; there is also much black on the under- side. N. tages.—This is by far the most variable and consequently the most interesting of all thea English ‘‘ skippers.’?’ The English speci- mens are far the most marked of all. The central band of the forewing COLLECTING NOTES. 25 varies a good deal in shade, and is sometimes continuous and sometimes broken; so also are both dark bands, but the inner one is rarely con- - tinuous. The best marked specimens are from the N. Downs. Those from Wolford are all light, one being very light; the border of white dots in these is also generally. conspicuous, whereas in others it rarely shows. Swiss specimens are far less marked, though there is one ex- ception, a @ from the Val Tiniere. There is one from the Laquinthal as dark as the Spanish cervantes, and with very narrow forewings; one 3S from Ja Grave is rather light. In Italy it is regularly double- brooded; the first generation is small and rather light, fairly clearly marked, but the bands are very narrow and the underside a very pale brown. The Spanish form cervantes is very dark and very little marked. H. malvae.—There is very little difference in these except for more or less yellow in the brown of the underside hindwing. The English are slightly the smallest specimens, but a few of the French are hardly larger, while the Swiss are noticeably so. There is ona fresh example from the Cotswolds, taken on 15th July, which is probably a case of ' delayed emergence, as this species is persistently single-brooded in con- trast to the closely-related H. malvoides, which is everywhere double- brooded. It is found in July in Switzerland in mountain localities, and it is very cold at the top of the Cotswolds when this specimen is taken. All the intermedia came from Switzerland, but the fasciata form, with a band on the hindwing, is not uncommon in England. There is a very fine ab. taras from Pagny above Aix, and several from Switzerland, all good, but the best are from Sonzier and the Val Tiniere. U. comma.—A very constant species with regard to the upperside, but there is a good deal of variation in the amount of greer tinge on the underside hindwing. There is a very good and bright ab. catena from the N. Downs, a form which is very common in Switzerland; there is also a good ab. flava from Mt. Cably, near Montreux. English speci- mens are rather small, but the Lapland ones are smaller; the French larger than the English but smaller than the Swiss. A. sylvanus (now written of as Ochlades venosa, which very few people recognize under this name).—Another very constant species. The Knglish specimens are from the N. Downs, the New Forest, the Lake District and Bude; the New Forest 9s are rather the darkest; the Belgian ones are like them. Italian specimens on the whole are slightly lighter; French ones the lightest of all, especially one @ from Aix-les- Bains. A. flava (linea).—Also a very constant species except in the matter of size. The English ones are small, especially those from the S. Downs, so also are the Swiss; the Italian specimens are all rather lighter and larger. Greek specimens are very large, quite as large, in fact, as the last species. A. actaeon.—There are a few from Lulworth taken in 1891, the markings in the @ forewing being the least conspicuous. The French specimens here are all very dark; the Swiss 9s are rather darker than the English, but the 9s have lighter markings; the Italian specimens are very like the English but with more clearly-marked Qs. A 9 from Cyprus is nearly unicolorous; one from Palestine in no way noticeable. T. lineola.—There is a short series from Gravesend, small, but moun- tain specimens from Larche and the Abruzzi are smaller, and two from 26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/11/1943 Digne no larger. Swiss specimens and, those from Hockai (Belgium) are larger. Other Italian specimens are very like English ones but a shade darker. C. palaemon.—i¥nglish specimens on the average are slightly the largest ; there are others from France, Belgium, and Switzerland. Varia- tion is very slight; there is more or less dark on the upperside, and the shade of the spots on the underside hindwing also shows slight dif- ferences.—Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S. Correction.—The observations on N. myrtale in Vol. lili, p. 122, line 5 from the bottom, refer to V. livia. There are no N. myrtale in the Worthing Museum Collection.—G. W. DRAGONFLIES ON THE ISLES or NortH Uist anp BaALEsHARE.—Both of these islands are in the Outer Hebrides, the smaller Baleshare lying just west of its neighbour. Both are abundantly supplied with lochs ~ and lochans, and normally dragonflies are quite common. This season, however, was very wet and but few species were seen. Amongst. these were Enallagma cyathigerum, Charp., and Sympetrum danae, Sulzer, which occurred in small numbers on Loch Mor, Baleshare. The former species was also plentiful enough on Lochs Hunder and Skealtar on North Uist, whilst Aeshna juncea, L., was taken on the stream flowing toward the sea between the North and South Lees, North Uist.—J. W. Hestop Harpgison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle- upon-Tyne. 4 EUPITHECIA PULCHELLATA, STPH., IN THE OvuTER HesripEs.—In the Outer Isles the Foxglove, the food plant of this pretty insect, favours rugged ravines down which mountain torrents rush. In two of these on Beinn Mhor, in South Uist, the plant ascends to a height of about 1000 feet, and throughout its range Hupithecia pulchellata larvae are plentiful in August in its flowers. Much the same holds true on the South Lee in North Uist, although the height attained is barely 900 feet. The only other Lepidoptera noted on the South Lee with the ‘‘ pug,’’ and actually attaining the same height above sea level, were Maniola jurtina, Linn., Abraxas grossulariata, L., Camptogramima bilineata, L., and Cidaria immanata, Haw.—J. W. Herstop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. OrHER Leprportera Notep in NortH Uist rn 1942.—The wetness of the season prevented much attention being given to the Lepidoptera of North Uist, and very few insects were really common. On the heather larvae of Lasiocampa quercus were plentiful enough and widespread. The ‘‘ bratag ”’ (the larva of Macrothylacia rubi) was far below the usual in point of numbers and was miserably small when we left. Locally, as on the moorlands above Loch Eport, larvae ‘of Dicranura vinula, L., could be taken freely on Salix aurita, as could those of Acalla hastiana. The imagines seen and captured included Polyommatus icarus, Aglais urticae, Coenonympha tullia, Lycophotia strigula, Cerapteryxr graminis, Agrotis tritici, Leucania pallens, Hydroecia lucens, Xylophasia monoglypha and Simaethis fabriciana.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle- upon-Tyne, COLLECTING NOTES. 27 Tur RANGE OF THE GREASY F'RITILLARY (HUPHYDRYAS AURINIA) IN THE HEBRIDES AND Some PossisLeE Drepucrions 'l'HEREFROM. —In the course of our various expeditions in the Inner and Outer Hebrides we have en- countered EH. aurinia in the Isles of Gunna and Tiree (v.-c. 103) and Rhum (v.-c. 104), whilst other workers have reported it from Islay and Jura. Of the latter occurrences we have little to say. However, the imagines taken on Gunna approach go very closely indeed to the Irish race preclara that one feels that the two populations are genetically connected. Now, Gunna is a very small island, lying a few hundred yards from the south-west of Coll, and cleariy has been separated from it quite recently. Furthermore, Coll produces such well-known Irish plants (belonging to the American element in the British flora) as the Irish ‘‘ Ladies’ Tresses’’ Orchid, the ‘‘ Blue Eyed Grass,’’ and the ‘‘ Pipewort.’? Since these are absent from the Scottish mainland, their evidence, combined with the presence of the “ Fritillary ” and _the ‘‘ Irish Burnet ’’ on Gunna, forces one at once to the conclusion that not only has the Tiree-Coll group been. severed from Scotland prior to parting company with Jreland, but also has received some of its plants and animals from the latter country. Of much the same import are the indications of the magnificent raised beaches on the nearby Treshnish Islands. If, now, we take into consideration such pertinent facts as the occurrence of the humble bee Bombus smithianus and Nyssia zonaria in the Coll, Tiree and Gunna group, as well as in the west of Ireland and in the Outer Hebrides, we can reach only one con- clusion, and that is that all three areas must have been linked together, and not with Scotland, at some fairly recent time, possibly in early Post-glacial times or in some Inter-glacial period. Similarly, attach- ing due weight to ali the circumstances, we realize that the Rhum-Eigg group of islands must have been connected with the same area and not with Skye or the mainland. These conclusions would reverse many views on the matter held previously, but weuld, nevertheless, explain many anomalies in distribution exhibited by various members of the Hebridean and Irish floras and faunas.—J. W. Herstop, HaRRIson, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Tue First British REcorRp or PrRocus (MIANA) VERSICOLOR, BkH.— In the Entomologist’s Record for February 1940 (p. 19) my son, Cap- tain J. Heslop Harrison, drew attention to the fact that he had cap- tured specimens of Procus versicolor on the Isle of Raasay in July 1936. Further, it should be noted that I myself took the species on the same island in 1935. In addition, my son emphasized the fact that, working on preparations of the genitalia of these specimens with the aid of ‘papers sent to us by Heydemann and Wolff, we had not only determined the species to be Procus versicolor, but had recorded them as such in the Proceedings of the University of Durham Philosophical Society in 1937 (7th April). Im spite of this, although its author was already in possession of our-publication, a paper entitled ‘‘ A New British Noctuid: Procus versicolor, Bkh.,’’ appeared in the Entomologist (Vol. lxxiil, March 1940)—just three years later! To correct this, Captain Heslop Harrison sent a short note to the Record setting out the facts; this appeared in November 1940. Im view of the care we had taken to maintain the accuracy of the historicai records in respect to Procus 28 ; ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/111/1943 versicolor, our surprise may easily be imagined when, on receiving the February 1942 number of the Record, we observed on page (7) of the ‘* Records and Full Descriptions of Varieties and Aberrations ”’ a re- petition of the same old claim. Mr A. Richardson is represented as exhibiting ‘‘ A series of ten Oligia (Miana) versicolor, including the first two British specimens, both melanic varieties; Forest of Dean.” I ask how this can be correct, or maintained, when the original British specimens came from the Isle of Raasay, were, in our possession, and had been properly put on record, but for different reasons, on three previous occasions.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, Univer- sity of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. STILBIA ANOMALA, Haw. on THE ISLES oF Barra, COLL, AND SouTH Rona.—In the Inner Islands this species has only fallen to our nets on Coll and South Rona, the former to the west of Mull and the latter to the east of Skye. In South Rona, the species appears to be far from rare near Dry Harbour in the west and the cave in the east. On Coll, it seems to be rare, for we only encountered it once, and that on the rocks south of Loch-a-Mhill Aird. On Barra, in the Outer Isles, it had already been taken by Edinburgh workers in 1936 whereas our captures took, place in August 1939.—J. W. Hestop Harrison, King’s College, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. MIANA EXPOLITA IN AN INLAND STATION IN DurHAM.—This insect, as is well known, flies commonly on the Durham coast in hollows on the top of the cliffs. Of recent years, I have found it in great abundance on the Magnesian limestone on the roadside between Bowburn and Quarrington Hill, well inland—J. W. Hestor Harrison, King’s Col- lege, University of Durham, Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Nore oN THE CORRESPONDENCE CONCERNING CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. —If Dr Balfour-Browne will read my note again he will find that I did not maintain the species merely on a difference in the colour of the caterpillars. I gave a reference to Durand’s paper, where. other re- ferences to the literature can be found, but in my summary I pointed out that there are differences in pattern as well as in colour between the larvae of serophulariae and lychnitis, and that the imagines can be distinguished by an expert, if they are in a fresh condition. The genitalia of scrophulariae and lychnitis are very much alike, but Boursin claims that there are slight but constant differences. The genitalia of verbasci are easily distinguishable from either, and there can be no doubt that it is specifically distinct from both. There are biological and structural differences between scrophulariae and lychnitts, apart from the differences in the pattern and coloration of the larvae and in the colour of the imagines, and I think all the differences taken to- gether are sufficient to establish their specific rank.—E. A. CocKAyNs5, D.M., F.R:C.P., 4.3.19438. A Note on SPHECIA BEMBECIFORMIS, Hitip.—At this season of the year, when the ‘‘ hedgers and ditchers ”’ are busy cutting down the tall sallows in overgrown hedges, it is always worth while finding out if this insect occurs in one’s district. The Lunar Hornet Clear- Wing is said to be widely spread throughout the United Kingdom and CURRENT NOYES. 29 probably it is to be found wherever sallows (particularly S. cinerea, L.) are plentiful. During a winter walk over the Welsh hills recently I found the burrows made by the larva in a number of stems cut by the ‘“ hedgers ’’; there were four in one three-inch stem, each hole being large enough to admit the tip of my little finger. In other stems the emergence holes could be seen, mostly from four to eight inches above the ground. On visiting the spot a week later I noticed that the larvae had stopped up with chewed wood the burrows exposed at the cut end of the stems lying prone. I used to find the ova of this moth, in West Herts, on the underside of sallow leaves (always S. cimerea) and for some time I thought they were ova of Cerura furcula, which, viewed by the unaided eye, they resemble superficially. So I concluded that C. furcula laid its eggs on both upper and under surfaces of the leaf. But the larvae which hatched from these ova laid on the underside of the leaf were not at all like furcula and they promptly proceeded to burrow down the petiole! J do not remember rearing them to the imago state but have no doubt at all as te what they were.—P. B. M. Atuan, New- town, Mont. BEHAVIOUR OF LASIOCAMPA QUERCUS, L., RACE CALLUNAE, LarvaE.— _A larva of this species found on May 12th behaved in rather an odd way. It ate hawthorn and grew slowly and steadily until the beginning of June, when it disappeared under some moss in the cage, being at that time (as I thought) a full-grown female larva. On July 12th, five weeks later, I removed the moss and found the larva curled up asleep. It had had no food all this time and had made no cocoon, but had spun a few strands of silk to hold the moss in position over it. The dis- turbance roused it to a sense of duty, and that evening it mounted the foodplant, which I had replaced, and began to eat. For six nights it ate, then went back under the moss, apparently to finish its sleep. There it remained until August 2nd, when it reappeared of its own accord, wandered about the cage for twelve hours, selected a suitable corner, and proceeded to spin up.—P. B. M. Attan, Newtown. a ee CURRENT NOTES. THE last issue (October 1942) of the San Francisco, California, maga- zine, The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, contains a long detailed account of the Mass-movements of Vanessa cardui, L., during the year 1941, in Utah, Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, Idaho, California, and New Mexico. It is illustrated by a useful diagram showing areas and direc- tions of the various movements, the text giving the dates. At the be- ginning of this important detailed note of a dozen pages these move- ments are called dispersal flights. But later, the inappropriate and misleading term ‘‘ Migration ’’ is used. This term has been so long used in describing human movements that it has acquired specific as- sociations which are impossible of application in the case of an in- vertebrate insect. The human brain is actively working in the migration of man, and even in vertebrate animals we have the 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/11/1943 direct stimulation of hunger, etc., and such movements (and tech- nically tor the migration of birds) are thus direct results of the observational and mental powers of the necessitous creatures. In the case of insects and of all animals, which undergo metamorphoses, the feeding and growing stages are definitely separated by a delayed action stage which precludes the existence of stimuli such as are evident in all human activity to which the term ‘‘ migration ’’ has been and is ap- plied. It does seem necessary in all subjects of research to use terms appropriate to the subject and not to use terms already specialized in use. The misuse of terms already with a definite specific meaning acts as does a false propaganda effort and misleads in the consideration of the subject under discussion. Jn the present instance the term ‘“‘ dis- persal”’ is possibly the correct term to use even rather better than ‘mass movement.”’ We read in a recent number of the Ent. News of America of a curi- ous feature in the investigation of the occurrence of Jungle Fever in Colombia.. This disease is carried by a mosquito. The puzzle has been the complete absence of this fly at certain periods, especially during the dry season, while the disease went on. At last 4t was discovered that the mosquito involved is an inhabitant of tree tops. and can be found there when it is not to be found when sought at ground level. This fact, of course, needed a much more difficult plan to deal with this mosquito than with most others. As one of those engaged in the work said, it was necessary ‘‘ to associate with the monkeys in the high tops above the jungle.’’ The same magazine contains (1) a description of a more recent apparatus to obtain insects at light, with figures of the mechanism used to record the results. (2) The decease of Dr Anton von Schultess-Schindler, who was the President of the 3rd International Entomological Congress at Zurich in 1925. He was a great student of the Order Hymenoptera. | OnE would like to have a series of records of first appearances in this early spring-like weather. It is noted that bees have been very abundant around flowering trees like the Prunus and Almond. Mr F. N. Prerce has just distributed his new volume, The Female Genitalia of the Noctuidae. The list of subscribers is a remarkably small one. In-fact, the Amateur Entomologists from the British Isles number about two dozen, and the remainder, less than 50 copies, include publishers’ copies. It seems that all such research work must be a * labour-of love.” : Country-Side is being carried on for 1943 as sufficient subscribers have come forward to aid. It is a good all-round magazine of general natural history and for the lover of nature and not on the specialist’s side. SHorr? articles and records will be very welcome as the year goes on. If our subscribers would look through their series for any abnormal forms they may have, particularly noting the areas from whence they come and comparing it with series from their own home area. Lo Zoolnay aN ‘S : is 12 g I0 ‘THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR varieties AP R 23 19489) ig ak* *¢ Gliedweich-Eule.’’ The group description refers to the fasctae con- verging on the inner margin of the forewings of the imago and also of the stigmata forming a minor convergence within the former. Illiger, N. Ausg. Verz. (1801), I, 285, said the cucubali was the rivularis of Fab., Ent. Sys., (1794) IIT (2), 101 (i.e. Sys. Hnt. (1775), 613), and the cucubali of Brahm and of Bork. Ernst & Engr., Pap. dEur., VII, 80, f. 463 a-c (1790), gave three good figures, ¢, 2 and under, and said that it was the rivularis, Fb. (1775), and the cucubali of Schiff. and of other authors. Bork., Naturg., IV, 366 (1792), agreed that cucubali was rivularis, Fb. (1775), and pointed out that Fab. had probably made his descrip- tion from a faded example from which the ‘‘ fascia purpurea ”’ was lost in the grey, and differed from capsincola only by being smaller and by the yellow edging of the markings. He put the triangularis, Thunb., as a synonym, and referred to De Vill., Ent. Linn., II, 259 (rivularis), 652 (cucubali), and to 275, manicata (purpurascentibus, strigis undu- latis) as a synonym. Esp., Abbild., IV, Noct., II (1), p. 656, plt. 173, 6 (1792+ ?), gave a figure he called cucubal. Hb., Samml. Noct., 56 (1800-3), gave a good figure, l.c., and re- ferred to Schiff. in his Text, p. 173. Treit., Schm. Noct., V (1), 312 (1825), pointed out that the citation by Bork.. of manicata, Se Vill., and of filigrana, Esp., to this species were errors, the Farner being peondis and the latter filigr ama, a good species (which the text of Esper proved). Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 331, plt. 93, 5 (1826), gave a somewhat poor figure with too emphasized contrast between the ground colour and the main characteristic markings. Freyer, Beitr., II, 128, plt. 88 (1829), gave a very good figure in which the small lighter markings were apparent but not emphasized. In his New. Beitr., V, 142, plt. 467, 4 (1845), he figured another some- what curious example under the name behenis, which most authors compider a form of cucubali (rivularis). Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 21 (1852). He said this was the rivularis, Fb., 300, and referred to Engr., 403 a, b, c. Barrett, l.c., plt. 163, gave two figures, both showing the purple of fresh examples, but neither agree with his description, which stated that the species ‘‘ may be recognized by the connected stigmata.”’ Stder., Cat., IIled., 163 (1901), treated behenis, Frr., and rivosa, Stroem, as synonyms. are | Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 179, plt. 37, 27 (1905), gave one figure under the name rivosa and dealt with one form ab. behenis, Frr. ‘South, M.B.J., II, 251, plt. 124, f. 5-6 (1907), gave two figures, re- productions witch show the alinack impossible distinction from the so closely allied species capsincola, when without the violet tinge present in the cucwbali. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 75 (1909), gave two figures, plt. 17 g, gd and ©@ of the typical form but there is no ‘‘ purple’’ sheen, and two figures, 17h, ¢ and @ of mandarina, Leech. They gave as synonyms of rivularis, Fb., cucubali, Esp., rivosa, Strom. Ab. behenis, Frr., was the other of the two forms included. (90) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. * 15/11/1943 Culot, N. et G., I (1), 119, plt. 20, f. 17 (1911), gave a good figure showing its distinctive characteristic. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 102 (1934), used the name rivularis, Fb., for this species and reported one new form. Barrett remarked on the Variation :— ~ ‘“* Usually very little variable, except in the depth of the dark mark- ing and the liability to the aa fading of the purple colour.” - The Names and Forms to be considered :— rivularis, Fb. (1775), Sys: Ent., 613, 99. syn. cucubali, Schiff. (1775), Verz., 84, P. (nondescript). syn. rivosa, Strom. (1783), ‘‘ Norsk. Ins., IV,’’. Danske Vid. Selsk. schrft. Alo 7, fig. syn. triangularis, Thnbg. (1784), Diss. Ins. Sve., p. 3. ab. behents, Frr. (1845), New. Beitr., V, 142, plt. 467, 4. ssp. mandarina, Leech (1900), Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 51. ab. conjuncta, Klem. (1912), Spraw. Kom. Krak., XLVI, 11. Tutt dealt with (1) the typical form as described by Fiiessly (New. Mag., II, 218 (1785) and (2) behents, Frr., with slightly pale costal line. rivosa, Strom. (Norske Ins., IV), Danske Vid. Selsk. Schrft., II 77 (1783), fig. This author, of whom Hagen gave a notice with a summary of his entomological work in the Stett. Ent. Zeitg., XXXIV, 225 et seq. (1870), seems to have been overlooked by his contemporaries and authors of the early half of last century, when so much entomological literature was turned out. He was a Norwegian pastor and his writings were con- tributed to Danish and Norwegian publications, but very little is known of him, even Zetterstedt-in his great work, Insect. Lappon., does not refer to him. : ; . All later authors who refer to rivosa report it as cucubali (rivularis). triangularis, Thunb., Diss. Ins. Sve., p. 3 (1784). . Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ Alae deflexae fuscae: anticae supra _ pallido nigroque undulatae et reticulatae. In medio alae versus marginem exteriorem macula magna triangularis, vix ad inferiorem marginem extensa, flavo marginata. Pone’ hance fascia dentata, postice flavo marginata. Ipse margo albo-nigroque dentatus. Intra marginem ordo punctorum, circiter septem, nigrorum, lunarium, antice flavo-margina- torum. Stigmata ordinaria nulla distincta.’’ ‘‘ Magnitudo, statura and fascies N. typicae.’’ Werneb., Beitr., II, 199 (1864), determined this as rivularis, Fb. race mandarina, Leech, Trans. Ent. Soc., 51 (1900). _ Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ These specimens are tinged with violet as in Hadena cucubali and the markings are somewhat suffused; the second- aries are also darker than in-European specimens.’’ Japan. Of this Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., V, 194 (1905), said ‘‘ Darker, browner, and without* the violaceous tinge; the annuli of stigmata and subterminal *This is an absolute error. a a THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (91) line whiter.’’—Japan, China. Strange to say Leech gave the species name of this form as capsincola. ab. conjuncta, Klem., Spraw. Kom. Krak., XLVI, 11 (1912). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Alae anteriores maculis ambabus in costa subdor- sali late confluentibus.’’ Poland. Dianthoecia, Bdv. (1840). Most authors. [Polia, Ochs. & Treit. (1816-25), Hamps.: Harmodia, Hb. (1819), Meyr., Warr.-Stz., Meyr., Drdt.] albimacula (1792). Tutt, Brit. Noct., III, 33 (1892): Meyr., Handbk., 77 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IV, 249, plt. 143, 3 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., IIled., 162 (1901): Hamps., Lep. Phal., V, 207 (1905): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 178, plt. 37, 24 (1905): South, M.B.I., I, 249, plt. 124, 1 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., 111, 77, plt..18 ¢ (1909): Culot; N. ef G., I-(1), 117, plt. 20, 10 (1911): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 147 (1928): Drdt., Pal. Noct., Supp., II, 105, plt. 18k (1934). The early authors seemed very contused over this species. [Illiger, Esper, Borkhausen, Fabricius, ete., considering it came under compta, conspersa, etc. Hsp., Abbild., IV, Noct. I, p. 274, plt 117 A, 7 (1790 + ?), gave a_ good figure of albimacula as we know it, under the name compta. Plt. 119 (40), f. 6, has been cited for it. Esper named it compta on the plate, but in the text published later named it conspersa-minor, of which he then considered it a small aberrant form. Ernst & Engram., Pap. d’Europe, VI, 84, f. 331 a, b (1788), gave two excellent figures of a species new to them, recognized by Bork. as his albimacula, Natg., IV, 149 (1792). . Bork., Natg., IV, 150 (1792), considered albimacula might be an aberration of sompta, Schiff., Verz., 70, F. 5 (1775). Wernbg., Beitr., I, 414 (1864), said the compta of the Verz. was confusa, Hufn.,; and compta, Treit. Hb., Samml. Noct., 51 (1800-3), gave an excellent figure of a form with red-brown ground under the name concina,* which in his text, p. 175, he altered to conserta. He said compta, Esp., was a synonym, and that Bork. was in error in identifying it with the albimacula in Gerning’s collection which had only a white reniform as in persicariae. Steph., JIl., III, 26 (1829), refers to the single example from Birch- wood, Kent, and Wood, Index Ent., p. 59, plt. 13, fig. 304 (1834), gave a recognizable caricature of the insect. Treit., Schm., V (1), 392 (1825), said that the references to Schiff., Fab., etc., in Esper, are in error. He cited Hb., Samml. Noct., 51, concin(n)a; and text, p. 175, conserta. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 359, plt. 95, 3 (1826), treated this species under the name concin(n)a, Hb. He gave a figure not easily recognizable as albimacula. *Hb. put a line over n and m to represent a doubled letter. (92) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / TIT /1943 Freyer, New. Beitr., VI, plt. 591 (1848), gave a good figure but rather too plainly marked. It was of the concin(n)a, Hb., brown form. Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 25 (1852). He said it was the compta, Esp., and the concin(n)a, Hb., 51, and of Dup. Both Esper and Borkh. took it for the compta, Schiff. Barrett, l.c., plt. 163, gave two figures, 3 ae 3a, which do nee re- present the dolicaie tinge of this beautiful insect. Stdgr., Cat., [Iled., 162 (1901), treated compta, Esp., and concin(n)a, Hb., as synonyms. Splr., Schm. Eur., 178, plt. 37, 24 (1905), gave a good figure, and considered the ab. concin(n)a, Hb. South, M.B.I., I, 249, plt. 124, 1 (1907), gave a very good figure. of albimacula. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 77 (1909), gave two good figures, 5 and 2 (plt. 18 g). oe SV neerin they gave compta, Esp. nec Fb. and concinna, Hb. They gave no forms. Culot, yer 6, AC), Ae pb 20 18 (1911), gave an peielicas figure. Barrett remarked on the Variation :— Hardly variable except that in some examples the subterminal line is almost obliterated, though its edging of black spots and wedges re- mains complete; in others it is complete and extended, so as to throw white streaks to the margin where they join those in the cilia. There is also a slight difference in genera! colour between the specimens found on the Kentish coast and those from the Portsmouth district, the latter being of a rather lighter purple-brown.’’ The Names and Forms to be considered : — albimacula, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 149. compta, Esp. (nec Schiff.) (1788 + ?), Abbild., IV, 274, plt. 117 A (a synonym). ats i. f. concin(n)a, Hb. (1800-1), Samml. Noct., 51. ab. ochrea, Zweigelt (1918), Zt. Oest. Ent. Ver., III, 30. Tutt dealt (1) with the typical grey-brown form, and (2) the dull red-brown ground coloured form concin(n)a, Hb., 51 [Hb. Text = con- serta]. ab. ochrea, Zweigelt, Zeit. Oest. Ent. Ver., III, 30 (1918). Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The white colour is replaced by ochreous-yellow, particularly distinct on the right wing, while on the left wing only the costal blotch is yellowish. The white marking on the base of the right forewing is yellowish. It is interesting as there is a parallel form of aberration in D. muna, viz., ochrea, Gregs.’’ Austria. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to zs copra " Latemar,” % West Drive, Cheam. ro: of achitied may be. oiiteined by authors at very reasonable cost if ed at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the OR DEFRAYS. THE CcOsT of the illustrations. S OF ADDRESS, and Queries re Non-receipt of Current Issues, should \G Gnessed’ to the Lagat Treasurer, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S. ‘READERS, —Short Collecting Notes & Current Notes. Please, Early.—EDs. . Gomes EXCHANGES. ta—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, _ exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, ete. —Dr H.~ ~B, D, Kettlewell, a Cranleigh, ‘Surrey. Rares : derata—Trypetidae (Diptera) trpin ‘Scotch, Welsh, and Irish ace pS heh‘ dp Andrews, -6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E. 9. Og ee tcan Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, “West Indies, the _ Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacion toaoehn lest sobwstie Correo, WW, Tucuman, Republica Argentina,’ ; I uplicates—Rhopalocera ious China ana ‘Peru, in. papers, perfect condition, with data. -Destderata—Similar material except from North America.— i John WwW. moare, 454 Middleton Haul Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, $0. Wanted—Living ‘laryae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- -search purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial ea Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochis, Inverness. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from. Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or _ from any other animal, =H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, _ Somerset. FansenCuto, Noctuae and Geometrae. —A. J. Wightman, ‘“ Aurago,” Pul- ' borough, Sx. sit ‘Wanted—H. phiaeas (with data) cae Balacarctis regions, particularly N. Ame- _. -vica, extreme North (Norway, etc.), China, Algeria, Ethiopia, N. Africa, mest? Madeira, Balkans; also from other regions and British Isles. Also other ae -Chrysophanids | from similar areas. Also Continental (only) P. fulminea _ (leucophaea), lichenea. Duplicates—Lepidoptera (some rare) mostly from -. Japan, but also from S. Africa, S: America, India, East Indies, etc.

AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Hon: Sec., G. B. Manley, 72 Tenbury Beat. pee Heath, Birmingham. Meetings suspended ull further notice. SOCIETY FOR BRITISH ENTOMOLOGY.—All meetings suspended ti farther Or: notice. Acting Vice-President, Lt.-Col. Fraser, I.M.S., ‘‘ Mercara,” Glenferness — Avenue, Bournemouth. Hon. Treasurer, W. Fassnidge, M.A,, FR. E.S., 13 Com: mercial Road, Parkstone, Dorset. Acting Secretary, W. Parkinson Curtis, 1 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth. Communications Promised :—H. A. Leeds, E- P. Wiltshire, Thos. Greer, S. G. ~ Castle Russell, A. J. Wightman, P. Siviter Smith (plate), S. G. Brown (plate), Rey. G. Wheeler, Dr Kettlewell (plates), P. M. B. Allan, Dr E. A. Cockayne, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, Rev: Desmond Murray - wae) H. Donisthorpe, | Prof. Je z W. Harrison, etc. All Communications - snow be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. re TURNER, ** Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. es wee IRISH NATURALISTS’ JOURNAL. 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Editor Emeritus—G,. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.EA., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. - NOTES ON THE FIVE SALES OF THE P. M. BRIGHT COLLECTION OF - BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, oo Ce OSE Ls RUSS OU. cs sivas pee nae elo ¥ ca sbuntdsenden sites ais) " SOME MIDDLESEX COLEOPTERA, Horace Donisthorpe, F.Z.S., F.R-ES. ... 64 NOTE ON ATTEMPTED COPULATION WITH“ WORKERS, Desmond P. Walls 63 DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME GYNANDROMORPHS AND PTEREGATES (ANTS), RENE SoU ID EES eas eS a er SL Jes tye taenyeavaunbmenabatvudscesnccs 64 COLLECTING NOTES: ‘ Cynthia hamstediensis,’ 7. Bainbrigge Fletcher; y buelens Early Appearances of Lepidoptera, J. F. Bird; Some Further Early _ Appearances and Migrants during May, Id.: Second Emergences of - Bupithecia venosata, Jd.; Pygaera pigra, Huin., in the Inner and Outer _ Hebrides, J. W. 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BRIGHT COLLECTION. 55 NOTES ON THE FIVE SALES OF THE P. M. BRIGHT € belie. OF BRITISH LEPIDOPTERA, 0%" 2o01¢ , By S. G. CastLe Russet. Sub 5) 4 943 15 00.0 This famous and unrivalled collection of British Buttertige ae during the last 40 years by the late Percy M. Bright, J.P., F.R.E.S., was disposed of by public auction at five sales during 1941 and 1942. The collection consisted of all the British species, including immigrant and reputed specimens, with the exception of three species of the Lyycae- nidae, viz., Lysandra coridon, Lysandra bellargus, and Polyommatus icarus. hase were left rien the will to the South London Entomo- logical and Natural History Society, and are at present housed at the Hope Museum, Oxford, under the care of Prof. Hale Carpenter. The sales comprised very large numbers of aberrations, and it may be of interest to give in many instances the values attached to par- ticular insects by the fortunate purchasers. Only what may be termed ‘“ major ’’ aberrations are included in this list, and the large number of ‘‘ minor ’’ forms are not dealt with. Many of the specimens were of unique form, or very remarkable in their differences from the type, and some were of historical interest: - in one particular case dating back nearly 100 years, such, for instance, as the entirely white Satyrus galathea caught in 1843. This specimen was first sold at a sale in 1843 for £20; it next appeared at Sir Vauncey Harpur Crewe’s sale in 1925, when it realized £35. On this occasion in 1943 it appreciated still further to £49. An entirely black form of the same species was first sold at a sale at Stevens’ Auction Rooms for £42; it then appeared at the sale of A. B..Farn’s collection, when in 1922 it was bought for £32. At the Harpur Crewe Sale in 1925 it depreciated to £28, but on this recent occasion it advanced to £41. A remarkable melanic specimen of Nymphalis io, Linn., with heavily clouded forewings and hindwings of ab. belisaria form, realized the high price of £30 and is probably the most extreme form of aberration of this species extant. An albino male Argynnis paphia, Linn., ‘of light fulvous ground col- our, the normal spotting being De eeonily absent, realized £23. An- other very remarkable example of this species exhibiting both gynandrous and dimorphous characteristics sold for the moderate price of £15. An albino male Argynnis aglaia, Linn., somewhat similar to the puphia albino mentioned above, also fetched £23. A tawny albinistic specimen of Argynnis. euphrosyne, Linn., with dull metallic spots, figured in Mosley, cost the buyer £23. A most remarkable and beautiful specimen of Argynnis selene, Schiff., of entirely deep black ground colour, realized £26, and was decidedly one of the prizes of the collection. An underside of Argynnis cydippe, Linn., heavily suffused with black on the forewings and of ab. charlotta form on the hindwings, sold for £16 10/-. Taking the species seriatim the following prices were realized, and in nearly all instances the condition was fine and perfect. - Papilio machaon, Linn- Various melanic forms, some being entirely black, fetched £7, £12, £13 10/-, and £14 10/-, all these specimens having been bred by L. W. Newman. The first example of this form was taken wild by J. P. Lloyd in Norfolk in 1921, and was sold to the late Lord 56 ' « ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V1/1943 Rothschild for £65. Another, a completely black male, was bred from a number of larvae taken in the autumn of 1926 in Ranworth Fen by © S. G. Castle Russell, the imago appearing in 1927. : T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., A. COCKAYNE, A. -M. D. M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. FRCP. E. Co 7 P. PRES. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. DONISTHORPS, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. ~ Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. nee Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Sn BY HENRY J. TURNER, F.R. E. S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. . : a = - CONTENTS. IN BRITAIN, a J. Wightman, F; 228 ak amore eae OR ee cree ele 72 01 LECTING NOTES: Early Appearances, 1943, A. H. Turner, F.R.E.S.; ae eA meee S. G, Castle Hreatiak ether ts ee simulans in Somerset, ve ltaute ipa aaa ape ee MeN ieee BPE he 2 AS Tas aia eee et S 74 _ NOTES, Bete Seen Na, SST eg K RAE Ns ESR ely, ope seutespmaedras thera dcbuae bs 77 Rae a Na Se re eC eh See ee em GA SoS ty DRWAA ebay obey ae vas Se saane sv prertete 78 SUPPLEMENT. : The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, Ree aS weer eae (109)-(412) ‘Subscription for Complete. Volume, post free, fe SHILLINGS, j to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, FRE. S.; a 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9.- ‘This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). J. J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.to. _ *Phone: WILLEspEn 0309. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. . Specifications and Prices sent post free on application. THE ENTOMOLOGY Co., _ 446 STRAND (Opposite Charing Cross), LONDON, W.C. 2. | Phone! Temple Bar 1849. List Free. SETTING ROLLS, Stout Tradsasreur Paper, various widths from 4 to 1 in., 50 yds. POCKET NET, Steel Circle 12 in. diameter, folds to a 4 in. circle, a really prac- tical Pocket Net. BRISTOL BOARD, sheets size 44 x 3, in 3, 4 and 6 sheet for carding Coleoptera, etc. _ LARVA PRESERVING OVEN, improved, complete with Bellows. RELAXING BOX ready for use, renewed with fiuid, agit sed finish, 7x5x2. CABINET POINTS for Labels. KILLING FLUID for Lepidoptera and Acetic-ether for Coleoptera, etc. ALL APPARATUS FOR ENTOMOLOGY & BOTANY. spt cet BOOKS ** sioLtocicat sciENCES” Lists post free on request. additions on application. : Telephone: EUStcn 4282 (& lines.) ie: H. K. LEWIS & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower Street, London, W.C.1 : LARGE LENDING LIBRARY 4 SELECTION AVAILABLE Prospectus and list of recent cE BEES, WASPS, ANTS, & ALLIED INSECTS OF THE BRITISH ISLES By EDWARD STEP, F.L.S. Illustrated with 44 Plates in Colour, showing 470 Figures, and 67 Plates showing : 170 Photographic Reproductions and Text Illustrations. Also Illustrated Index | a oh he to Vein Classification of. the different Species. Published price, 12/6. By post, 13/-. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 Established 1879. Telephone: Temple Bar 9451. WATKINS & DONCASTER ‘ (R. L. E. FORD, F.R-E.S., F.Z.8.); 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. (Adjacent to Charing Cross Station). We stock all ENTOMOLOGICAL APPARATUS, BOOKS and SPECIMENS, INSECT CABINETS, New and Second-hand. Cabinets bought or taken in part exchange, Collections valued for probate. Special offer of 5000 GLASS TUBES, corked, 23” x }’, 8d per dozen, post extra. New Price Lists now ready. ay EVERYTHING FOR NATURALISTS. | LEGEND FOR PLATE I (III). The Oberthtr Collection and the Joicey Collection are in the British Museum. Fig. Fig. Fig. Hig. 1. . 10. eeelolie > il, 5 ig}. 14. Panaxia rossica, Kol., ex Oberthur Collection. Labelled “‘ Dominula-rossica, Lagodachi. ex Romanoff.’’ This is the same insect figured by Oberthur in “‘ Lepid. Compar.,’’ Vol. vi, Pl. cxviii, No. 1038. The extra black spot on the hindwing cannot be seen on the upper surface. It is present on the underside. Panaxia rossica, Kol., ex Oberthur Collection. Labelled ‘‘ Ex Musaeo Boisduval.”’ The extra black mark on the costa can just be seen. Well developed on the underside. Panaxia dominula, subsp. lusitanica, ab. bieli, ex Joicey Coll. Labelled ‘ Oporto, Portugal.’ This is not an extreme example. Panaxia dominula, subsp. lusitanica, Staudinger, in Tring Museum. Labelled ‘‘ Portugal, ex Groum-Grachimailo Coll.” -Panaxia dominula, subsp. persona, Hiibner, ex Oberthur coll. Labelled ‘‘ Toscane, 1885, Steger.” This is the same insect figured by Oberthtir in ‘‘ Lepid. Compar.,” Pl. cxvii, Vol. vi, No. 1032. Cenetic formula probably ‘“‘ Aa bb” Gold- schmidt. Panaxia dominula, subsp. persona, ab. nigradonna, ex Oberthur Coll. Labelled ‘‘ Italie Vallombrosa, ex Verity, Juin 1907.’ Identical insect figured by Oberthtir in ‘ Lepid. Compar.,”’ Vol. Vi, Pl. cxvii, No. 1034. Genetic formula probably “‘AA Bb’”’ Goldschmidt. Panaxia dominula, subsp. versona, ab. italica, Standfuss, ex Oberthur Coll. Labelled ‘‘ Italie Vallombrosa, ex Verity, Juin 1907.” Figured by Oberthtir in ‘‘ Lepid. Compar.,” Vol. vi, Pl. cxvii, 1030. Genetic formula probably “‘aa bb’’ Goldschmidt. Panaxia rossica, subsp. teberdina, Shel., ab. flavoteberdina, in Tring Museum. Labelled ‘‘ Teberda (Cauc.), 27.vii.1933, P. Sheljuzhko.”’ Panaxia rossica, subsp. teberdina, Shel., ab. rubroteberdina, Tring Museum. Labelled ‘‘ Teberda (Cauc.), 26.vii.1933, P. Sheljuzhko.”’ Panaxia dominula, ab. lutea, Staudinger, ex Oberthur Collection. Labelled ‘“ Paris.” Identical insect figured by Oberthtir in ‘‘ Lepid. Compar.,”’ Vol. vi, Pl. cxviii, No. 1036, as ‘‘ dominula-lutescens.” Panaxia dominula, ab. lutea, Staudinger, in my collection. Bred ex L. W. Newman, Deal, Kent. Panaxia dominula, subsp. majellica, Dannehl, in Tring Museum. Labelled ‘‘ Italie, Majella a Zucht., v, 1931.” Panazxia dominula, subsp. persond, ex Oberthur Collection. Labelled “* Tuscany.”’ Genetic formula probably ‘“‘ AA bb” Goldschmidt. Panaxia dominula, ab. romanovi, Standfuss, ‘“‘ Yellow romanovi 2,” ex Oberthur Collection. Labelled ‘‘ Ex Schiller Furth, 1913, Hybrid romanovi-italica.” Plate I. (111). Actual size. CLASSIFICATION OF “YELLOW HINDWINGED DOMINULA.” = Aw To face p. Ahk Pa ies #4 = iO, Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled LEGEND FOR PLATE II (IV). dominula, “ Bred ex dominula, “* Bred ex dominula, “* Bred ex dominula, “ Bred ex dominula, ab. illustris. In my collection. larva, Hampshire, 1938.’’ TYPE. ab. illustris. In my collection. larva, Berkshire, 1938.’’ PARATYPE. ab. paradoxa, Reich. In my collection. larva, R. Pitman, 1939.’’ ab. diluta. In my collection. larva, Deal, 1937.’’ TYPE. ab. ocellata. In my collection. “ Bred ex larva, Hampshire, 1940.”’ TYPE. dominula, ab. juncta, Cockayne. In my collection. “ Bred ex larva, Salisbury, 1940.” dominula, ‘“ Var. B. Rippon.’ In my collection. “Bred ex ova, L. W. Newman, bimacula x medionigra, 1939.’” dominula, ab. medionigra, Cockayne. In my collection. ‘* Bred ex ova, bimacula x medionigra, 1939.” This is a fairly extreme example of medionigra. Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Sale 15319.’’ Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Panaxia Labelled Showing dominula, ab. brunnescens. * Bred ex larva, Deal, 1940.’’ dominula, ab. junctasuffusa. In my collection. TYPE. In Dr Cockayne Collection. “ Wicken Fen, F. Norgate, 1896. B. S. Harwood Coll. Stevens TYPE. dominula, ab. decolorata. In my collection. ‘* Bred ex larva, R. Pitman, Wiltshire, 1939.’ TYPE. dominula, ab. conjuncta. In my collection. “Bred ex larva, Hampshire, 1938.” TYPE. dominula, ab. albomarginata. In my collection. ‘“* Bred ex larva, Hampshire, 1938.” TYPE. dominula, ab. flavomarginata. In my collection. ‘“ Bred ex larva, L. W. Newman, vii.1934, Kent.’’ TYPE. dominula, ab. bimacula, Cockayne. In my collection. ‘““ Bred ex ova, bimactla xX bimacula, L. W. Newman, 1940.’’ dominula, ab. bimacula, Cockayne. In my collection. “ Bred from wild larva, Dry Sandford, vii.1938.”’ difference in colour of abdomen from fig. 15. Plate II.(1V). Actual size. SOME NEW ABERRATIONS OF BRITISH PANAXIA DOMINULA L. Fig. 1. pie, Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Fig. 5. Fig. 6. Fig. 7. Fig. 8. Fig. 9. Fig. 10. LEGEND FOR PLATE III (V). Panaxia dominula. Normal red body and red hindwings. Labelled ‘“ Piemont, ex Bellier Coll.’’ In Oberthur Collection. Panaxia dominula, subsp. rhodanica. Forewing spots all golden-yellow. Labelled “‘ Valais, 1900.’’ Panaxia rossica, Kol. Forewing spots all white. Hindwings red. Well marked extra black spot on costa more marked on the underside. From Serdab-e-bala, North Persia. Figured by Le Cerf in ‘‘ Annales D’His- toire Naturelle.” 19138, Vol. 2, p. 82. In Paris Museum. Panaxia rossica, Kol. Underside showing the presence of the extra black mark on the costa of the hindwing. It is not as well developed as usual. For comparison with P. dominula underside opposite. (Fig. 9.) Panaxia dominula aberration. Forewing markings running in bands transversely. They are edged in yellow. Hindwings red with dimin- ished black markings. ? ab. fasciata, Spuler. Labelled “ Paris, Bellier Coll.”’ Panaxia dominula, subsp. pompalis, Nitsche. Forewings glossy green. Hindwings bright red. Labelled “‘ Meran, South Tyrol.’ The abdomen (missing) was black. Tring Museum. Panaxia dominula, subsp. bithynica, Staudinger. Forewing spots all yellowish. Labelled ‘* Broussa, Asia Minor, 1&82.’’ For comparison with subsp. rhodanica opposite. (Fig. 2.) Panaxia rossica, ab. persona, Spuler. Tring Museum. Forewing spots much reduced. Hindwing with greatly increased black markings. Labelled *‘ Armenia, ex H. J. Elwes Coll., 1920." In Joicey Collection. Panaxia dominula, L. Normal underside. For comparison with P. rossica underside opposite. (Fig. 4.) Kettle. Coll. Panaxia dominula, ab. paradoxa, Reich. Forewings sooty black. Lighter areas due to scale defects. Hindwings blackish with yellow- red suffusion towards base. Type specimen figured by Reich in “‘ Mitt. Deuts Ent. Ges.,”’ 5, p. 18, 1934. From Gr. Raum, E. Prussia. Reich Coll. PLATE III (V}. To face p. 4 ABERRATIONS OF P. DOMINULA, L. OE EE THE OVIPOSITION OF PHOLIDOPTERA GRISEOAPTERA (ORTH.). 71 THE OVIPOSITION OF PHOLIDOPTERA photon citeh ah Ue )- By L. R. A. Grove, B.A., F.R.E.S. “pug 9 In Es isuihen 1938 Dr Malcolm Burr wrote and aske try . keeping Pholidoptera griseoaptera, De Geer, cinereus, Gmel.,' in order to witness the method of ovipositing. I was unable to do much to- wards this end until the late summer of 1942, when I managed to obtain plenty of examples of the Tettigoniid in the neighbourhood of Brick Jill Wood, Blundeston, Suffolk, which is quite near Lound Woods, where the Pagets found them in the eighteen thirties (C. J. and James Paget: ‘““ Sketch of the Natural History of Yarmouth,”’ 1834). In the meantime Dr F. E. Zeuner had succinctly epitomized our present scanty knowledge of the egg-laying activities of Pholidoptera cinerea and allied species and had pleaded for further observations (1941, ‘‘The Classification of the Decticinae hitherto included in Platycleis, Fieb., or Metrioptera, Wesm.’’—“‘ Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond.,’’ vol. 91, p 11). He emphasized that ‘‘ little is known so far of the mode of ovi- position in most of the genera.’’ Of the Blundeston examples the only female which survived to lay eggs was captured on the 29th of August. She had a wide interest in food and at various times disposed of her mate, several Opiliones, small flies, shrimps and large white butterfly caterpillars, although the last were not much to her taste. On the 10th of September I flashed a shaded torch into the glass container, which held her and found her in the act of ovipositing. In the container were a green twig from a rose bush, a spray of black poplar and two pieces cut from a hollyhock stem, both one-third of-an inch in diameter. All were placed in sand. The Tettigoniid was climbing up one of the pieces of hollyhock and nibbling off the green skin (epidermis), thus exposing the pith and was occasion- ally pressing in her ovipositor as that instrument came to the exposed pith. A small roundish hole resulted. In order to lay, the insect braced herself on her backlegs and bent the abdomen_almost into a semicircle so as to form a reversed-S line with the ovipositor, the point of which was inserted into the pith at an angle varying between 45° and 60°. No eggs were found until the 20th of September when one, in excel- lent condition, was found lying tucked under the green epidermis of the hollyhock. The length was 5/32 inch and the greatest width 1/32 inch. It was like a smooth miniature French roll, narrowly eiliptical in plan, an unequally flattened oval in section and from the side view appearing more curved on the top side than on the bottom. SOME MIDDLESEX COLEOPTERA. By Horace DonistHorpPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., etc (Concluded. from p. 62.) CHRYSOMELIDAE :—Crioceris lilii, Scop., bred from eggs and larvae on the white garden lily in garden, Heston. The resulting brood hiber- nated without laying eggs, etc. Phaedon tumidulus, Germ., on Hera- 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’ § RECORD. 45 / VIL 1943 cleum spondylium, Northwood; P. cochleariae, F., and larvae abundant on Nasturtium amphybium, variable in colour, Boston Manor; Lonyi- tarsus melanocephalus, De G., sweeping, Boston Manor; Phyllotreta consobrina, Curt., sweeping Lepidiwm, Boston Manor; P. cruciferae, Goez., and ab. nigricornis, Donis., sweeping cabbages, Heston; P. vittula, Redb., and P. undulata, Kuts., sweeping, Boston Manor; P. nemorum, L., sweeping in garden, Heston; Podagrica fuscicornis, L., on Hollyhocks in garden, Heston; Chaetocnema hortensis, Fouc., on stone, Old Heston Churchyard; Cassida flaveola, Thunb., sweeping, ~ Boston Manor. TENEBRIONIDAE:—Tenebrio molitor, L., in house and in bath-room, Heston, and on footpath, Old Heston. ‘ OEDEMERIDAE: —Oedemera lurida, Marsh, sweeping in garden, Heston, on herbage, Osterley, and very abundant, Boston Manor; Nacerdes melanura, L., on pavement, Heston. ANTHICIDAE: —Anthicus floralis, L., and A. antherinus, L., in cut grass, Old Heston Churchyard. _ CURCULIONIDAE:—Apion miniatum, Germ., sweeping docks, Boston Manor; A. aeneum, F., and A. radtolus, Kirb., on Hollyhocks in garden, Heston; A. lott, Kirb., sweeping, Boston Manor and Northwood; Otiorhynchus sulcatus, F., on path, Heston; O. ovatus, L., in cut grass, Old Heston Churchyard, and Barypeithes pellucidus, Boh., not un- common in last locality; Tanymecus palliatus, F., sweeping thistles, Northwood; Sitones hispidulus, F., under brick; S. salcifrons, Thunb., Hypera punctata, F., and Liosoma ovatulum, Clair., in cut grass, Old Heston Churchyard; Erirhinus acridulus, L., sweeping at Boston Manor and Northwood; Miccotrogus picirostris, F., Gymnetron marshall, Donis., and Mecinus pyraster, Hbst., in cut grass, Old Heston Church- yard; Anthonomus pomorwm, L., under apple bark, Old Heston; Nano- phyes lythri, F., sweeping Lythrum salicaria, Boston Manor; Poophagus sisymbrii, F., and Cewthorhynchus litura, F., sweeping Nasturtium amphybium, Boston Manor; C. chalybaeus, Germ., sweeping Sisymbriuwm, Heston, and Nasturtium, Boston Manor; C. assimilis, Pk., sweeping Lepidium, Boston Manor; C. sulcicollis, Gyll., sweeping Sisym- briwm, Heston; Ceuthorhynchidius floralis, Pk., sweeping Lepidium, Boston Manor; C. troglodytes, F., sweeping, Heston, in garden; Rhinoncus gramineus, F., and R. perpendicularis, Reich., sweeping Polygomun, Boston Manor; Rhyncolus ignarius, Marsh., in old Walnut tree, Heston; Magdalis armigera, Fourc., on fence, Heston. THE QUESTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE IN BRITAIN. By A. J. Wieutman, F.R.E.S. I have carefully read Mr E. P. Wiltshire’s reply to my note challeng- ing him to prove the existence of C. scrophulariae Capieux on the Con- tinent. I find he has failed to grasp the purport of what I said and has muddled up the challenge and my recent notes.on which |] admitted Dr Cockayne’s differentiation of Durand’s scrophulariae from lychnitis. He THE QUESTION OF THE OCCURRENCE OF CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE. ta also puts forward some rather extraordinary ideas. He now says that he cannot immediately produce the proof asked for, and seeks to screen this by issuing a challenge to me to disprove the claims of his mentor Boursin. To challenge any one to prove that a species they are setting up is in fact distinct from previously described species is reasonable, to chal- lenge a doubter to disprove these assertions is unreasonable, to chal- lenge a doubter after he has plainly stated that his Goubts have heen removed is absurd. Mr Wiltshire proceeds to say that he finds my arguments far-fetched and this I can well understand. But when he says that he finds I argue “That since British Entemologists are probably wrong in having thought scrophulariae occurs in, Britain, therefore Continental Entomo- ‘logists are wrong in believing it exists in Europe,’”’ I begin to wonder what his ideas can be. Such an idea is obviously absurd and is tanta- mount to denying the existence of all non-British European species. Mr Wiltshire can safely claim the idea as being entirely his own. He further accuses me of saying that he stated that the larval dis- tinction was the only one really. Surely he is aware that unless it can be proved that Boursin’s larva is beyond doubt Capieux’s larva, Bour- sin’s species cannot be scrophulariae. In fact, I cannot find that Mr Wiltshire has made any contribution to the discussion beyond say- ing that the genitalia test is not very satisfactory and referring to Boursin and other persons, who he thinks can make up for his lack of personal experience, which last he does gracefully admit. It is clear -from what he has now told us, that at the time he suggested that South had differentiated scrophulariae from its near neighbours, by ‘‘ season ’’ he was aware, or at least now claims to have been aware of de- finite points of- distinction as regards scrophulariae and that since South was a capable entomologist, he could not have had scrophulariae or he would have seen the differences and distinguished the species in the normal way without zecoueee to such an oer eee and question- able method as ‘‘ season.’ So when Mr Wiltshire used this supposed instance of differentiation by season to prop his phenological classification idea, he knew it was false. Dr Cockayne has now produced the aortas pee eibie which has so long been denied to us. This resulted from his own examination of Dur and-supplied material. He did not find that the points relied upon by Durand, i.e., ground colour of larva, time of appearance, foodplant, etc., were conclusive, and this he has confirmed to me (in litt.) adding that he does not pretend to distinguish the perfect insects. I appreciate that Mr Wiltshire depends upon Boursin, and Dr Cockayne selected Durand, but Mr Wiltshire himself referred the mat- ter to Dr Cockayne, and I do not expect that when in due course he produces his proof it will add much to what we already know. 74. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VIT/19438 COLLECTING NOTES. Karty APPEARANCES—1943.—During this remarkably mild Spring the following ‘‘ early dates ’’ for mid-Norfolk may be of interest : —January 29, Nymphalis 10 flying in the garden. March 12, Aglais urticae; 23, Gonepteryx rhamni. April 2, Pieris rapae; 4, Xylocampa areola; 16, Huchloé cardamines ; 29, Xanthorhoé fluctuata. May 5, Bapta bimaculata; 7, Pararge megera; 14, Callimorpha jacobaeae; 16, Vanessa cardui and Plysia gamma; 18, Heodes phlaeas; 23, Plusia chrysitis; 24, Phlogopkora meticulosa; 26, Polyommatus icarus and Huproctis similis; 27, Spilosoma hubriviaeda: June 5, Spilosoma a cae 6, Procus strigilis, var. aethiops ; 9, Augiades sylvanus (Ochlodes i eeuia). Pia festucae and Hepialus humuli; 13, Maniola jurtina, A feature of the season has heen the preponderance of males over females of H. cardamines. There has also been an unusual abundance of P. gamma.—A. H. Turner (F.R-E.S.), Astrantia, Wendling, Nor- folk (14.vi.43). PSEUDOPANTHERA (VENILIA) MACULATA.—On 19th May last I caught, in the New Forest, an interesting aberration of this species, with melanic characteristics. Upperside.—The forewings are of a dull bronzy yellow and immacu- late, with the exception of several very faint light yellow pin-point spots in the central area of each wing. The fringes are dark except in two small places, where it is light vellow. The hindwings are deep black with a bronzy tinge in the. inner margins and two faint small light _ yellow spots in the costal area. Fringes are black with several light yellow portions at the bases. Head and body black. Underside.-—Forewings—The costal area is bronzy dusky yellow, and the remaining three-fourths of the wings are deep black except for seve- ral very small light yellow spots. Fringes black with several small light yellow areas. Hindwings—Bronzy dark yellow immaculate, except for two tiny light yellow spots in central area. Fringes at base variegated with light yellow smail areas. Body black with minute lhght yellow dividing segmental lines. The insect is a female and was taken with others of the same species on the wing. This species has been more in evidence this season, al- though not in the great abundance that used to occur in all districts years ago. It is interesting to note that the colour markings are reversed on the upper and undersides.—S. G. CAstTLE SE Springetts, High-, cliffe. ARGYNNIS PAPHIA, Lin.—AN EXPERIMENT IN BREEDING FROM A Metanic Femate.—In July 1942 Colonel V. R. Burkhardt caught an almost entirely black female of this species in the New Forest. It was taken in copulation with a typical male, and was in freshly emerged condition, except for a damaged forewing, apparently the result of an attack by a bird. We decided to obtain ova from the insect, and she obliged by laying some 200 eggs, many of which were infertile. Ulti- | mately, in February 1943, 28 larvae were found to have survived hiber- ~ COLLECTING NOTES. 45 nation, and these in due course fed up and pupated. The resultant imagines were as follows :— Typical males oy vas ae’

— —p~uG 9 1943 J3Se 0 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE, AND THEIR VARIETIES. . (109) f : LjgRAK,L a ae : Fig. 294e, f, l.c., p. 28, are said by Wernebg., Beitr., II, to be chi, a red aberration and not an ab. of megacephala as the figs. 294a, b, c, d on the same plate are labelled by the authors. Hb., Samml. Noct., 49 (1800-3), gave a good figure with some mark- ing rather larger and darker than in our normal British examples. mene, .p. 172. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 422, plt. 99, f. 4 (1826), gave an excellent figure of chi. Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 35 (1852), referred to Engr. 354a-f. He had not seen the olivacea, Steph., Jll., III, 325. Stder., Cat., IITed., 180 (1901), recognized the forms olivacea, Steph., and swbcaerulea, Graes. Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 202, plt. 38, 25 (1905), gave a figure and con- sidered the forms ab. suffusa, Rbsn., ab. nigrescens, Tutt, and olivacea, Steph. “South, Moth- Br: fs:, 1, 286, vlt. 138, figs. -2, 3. 4, 5 (1907), gave four very good figures. 2 ond 3, 3 and Q fopieal Bache nas ; 4 and 5, the greenish-grey olivacea, Steph. | Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 1388 (1910), gave six good figures, plts. 331, 34a, dg and @ chi, 3 ard 2 olivacea, Steph., and g and Q lange, Harrison. They broated also of the forms subcaerulea, Graes., ab. suf- fusa, Robs., and nigrescens, Tutt. Culot, N. et G., I (1), 189, plt. 34, f. 15- 16 (1913), gave two excellent figures, 15 typical ig chi, and the dark form olivacea. Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 144, plt. 18e (1934), gave a good figure of suwbcaerulea, Graes., and referred to four fresh names. He considered that marsicana, Dnhl., is the same as diluta, Hrtg. Of the Variation Barrett said: Extremely variable in the ground colour from pure clear hie to every shade of paler and darker slate-grey, smoky-grey, and even grey- black. Occasionally in the whitest examples the markings are indistinct and partially suppressed and in the darkest they are at times much ob- scured, but as a rule the markings are very constant. With regard however to the intermediate white lines or stripes with which the usual transverse lines are embellished there is great and marked variation; often in the various shades of grey, these remain conspicu- ously white, so that the slate-grey, or smoky-grey surface is broken up and beautifully set off, and in more black-grey examples this results in‘ producing remarkably handsome specimens; but quite as frequently these lines share the general suffusion of grey-light, slate, smoky and blackened—producing a smooth uniform or even gloomy appearance— which even the dark panes scarcely relieve. Intermediates are of course found. He reported a specimen ‘“‘ ¢ black-grey to the subterminal ia which is brightly white, with its edging of black arrowheads also sharply de- fined.’’ Another ‘‘ smoothly and regularly blackish slate-colour,’’ cf. psi. - In all cases the thorax agrees with the forewings, but the hindwings, though sometimes darkened, are by no means always so. Another ‘‘ yellowish-grey or brownish-grey, but in 1 this form the white. lines are seldom distinct.” >B) (110) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/V11/1943 Barrett, l.c., plt. 170, gave nine figures, 1 and la, the ordinary grey d and @ familiar to us in the South of England; 1b, a very dark brown form with markings suppressed except the whitish transverse lines usual to the Noctuae; lc, a dark form in which the lighter mottling has a slight olive tinge; ld, a dusky-brown form with the usual transverse lines emphasized white as are the two stigmata; le, has ground similar to the last, with blackish markings, a white submarginal line, a partially white reniform stigma and hindwings light cream colour with three large dark marginal blotches; 1f, is a light black form with very black marginal area and very dark hindwings; lg, is a very beautiful light grey form with a slight tendency to yellow, 1h, is the form olivacea, very dark with a dark olive suffusion. The Names and Forms to be considered are: chi, L. (1758), Syst. Nat.; Xed., 514. olivacea, Steph. (1829), Zil., IIL, 325. f. subcaerulea, Graes. (1888), Berlin. HE. Zeit., 329. ab. suffusa, Robs. (1891), Hnt. Rec., II, 84. ab. nigrescens, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., ITI, 48. ab. langei, Harrison (1907), Ent. Record, XIX, 277. ab. albofasciata, Kief. (1912), Ent. Rund., 70. ab. caerulescens, Hartig (1924), Ent. Rund., XLI, 46. [ab. caerulescens, Dnhl. (1926), Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 100.] Syn. r. diluta, Hrtig. (1926), Studi. Trentini, VI, 6 [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 144]. [r. marsicana, Dnhl. (1929), Mitt. Miinch, XXX, 112.] Syn. Tutt dealt with (1) the typical chi, L.; (2) the form olivacea, Steph. ; (3) the ab. suffwsa, Robs.; and (4) the ab. nigrescens: No one has recorded a red form such as the figure in Ernst & En- gram., fig. 294. f. swbcaerulea, Graes., Berl. Ent. Zeit. (1888), 329. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground of the forewing is a moderately dark blue-grey, which in the disc is darkened blackish ; the stigmata and trans- verse lines are not filled up with whitish as in the typical form, but are not paler than the ground colour. The hindwings, especially in the females, are darker grey than in typical chi and the var. olivacea, Steph.’’ A very constant form. ab. langei, Harrison, Ent. Record, XIX, 277 (1907). - Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ The markings follow those of ab. olivacea, except that the subterminal white line is much reduced and tends to disappear, : and the black praesubterminal wedges are either obsolete or at most merely indicated. The cilia are not conspicuously barred as in olivacea, — but are almost uniformly black. The ground colour of the wings is a rather dark slate colour. The underside of the forewings instead of having only the costa black and the subterminal line shown as in oli- vacea, is wholly black with the merest indication of the line. The hind- wings are like those of olivacea except that the cilia have a black line on them which olivacea is nearly always without. The underside of the hindwings is just a little darker than that of olivacea. The thorax in- ' THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (111) stead of being powdered with yellow-green scales as in olivacea, is pow- dered with scales of the same colour as the ground colour of the fore- wing. The abdomen is so much darker than that of olivacea as to ap- ' pear nearly black.’’ Northumberland, Durham, and York. ab. albofasciata, Kief., Ent. Rund., XXIX, 70 (1912). Fie .—.c. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ Upperside of forewing dark grey with a distinct moderately wide and light grey irregular band. The outer margins of the inside of the band are lined with deep black. The rest of the mark- ing of the forewing near the base are very obsolescent. Hindwing and undersides of all the wings are as in the typical form. A female, dis- tinctly smaller than a typical form.’’ Ennstale, S. Tyrol. ab. caerulescens, Hrtg., Ent. Rund., XLI, 46 (1924). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The ground colour of the forewing dark blue-grey, much bluer and darker than in the typical form. The marking in the S indistinct to obsolescence. Hindwings in the ¢ whitish, in the © blue-black.’”’ S. Tyrol, Klobenstein. . [ab. caerulescens, Dnhl., Ent. Zeits., XXXIX, 160 (1926). - Orig. Descrip.—The author called the ‘‘ dark examples’’ taken about the middle heights of the mountains of the South Tyrol by this name, and it appears to be a duplication of the above form. | r. diluta, Hrtg., Studi. Trentini, VI, 6 (1926) [Drdt.-Stz., Supp., TH, 144]. Descrip.—Drdt., ‘‘ Is a very clear white local race in which the mark- ings are delicate pale grey, and only the X-shape mark posterior to the claviform stigma is deep black. Hindwings pure silvery-white.’’ N and Central Italy. | r. marsicana, Dnhl., Mittl. Miinch, XIX, 112 (1929). Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ The marking is wholly in a delicate pale grey. Only the X-shaped streak under the cell is quite black-grey, as are usually the two small streak-like marks in the outer transverse lines on vein III (1) and III (2). The fringes of the forewings white, wholly checquered by quite fine pale grey rings. The hindwing. pure silvery- white. ©, darker hindwings, a waved whitish band extends from the inner angle to the middle of the costa.’’ Abruzzi. : Draudt treats this as the diluta, Hrtg. Polia, Ochs. & Tr. (1816-25), most authors. [Antitype, Hb. (1821). Hamps., Warr-Stz., Drdt.-Stz.] nigrocincta, Tr. (1825), xanthomista, Hb. (1818-22). Tutt, Brit. Noct., IfI, 44 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 54 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., IV, 300, plt. 168, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat., ITed., 179 (1901): Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 202, plt. 38, 21 (1905): Lep., Phal., VI, 369 (1906) : South, Moths Br. Is., 1, 287, plt. 140, 2-3 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 137, plt. 33h, i (1910): Culot, NV. et G., I (1), 187, plt. 34, f. 9-10 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 134 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IIT, 144, plt. 18e (1934). 3 (112) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ VII/1948 Hb., Samml. Noct., 647 (1818-22), gave an excellent figure. Fig. 640, xanthocyanea, Hb., l.c., has been cited for this species, but it is a Har- modia species. (See Warr.-Stz.) Tr., Schm., V, 31 (1825). Treit. discussed this species under the name nigrocincta (1825) at length and compared it with polyzona, Esp., poly- mita, Linn., monocroma, Esp., etc., and figures in Ernst & Engram. Freyer, Beitr., III, 139, plt. 187, 1-2 (1830), gave a good figure of nigrocincta g, on the light side, and 2 smaller and with dark, almost black, hindwings. He considered the figures of zanthocyanea, Hb., 640, 641, as ¢ and ° of this species in addition to 647 xanthomista. . Freyer, New. Beitr., If, 70, 243 (1839), gave a fairly good figure of nigrocincta, but the hindwings are much too dark. He considered the zanthomista and xcanthocyanea of Hb. as this species. Dup., Hist. Nat. Supp., III, 257, plt. 24, 4 (1836), gave a very dark figure of a 9, but ‘said it was a 3, as nigrocincta, with see Hb., as a var. (Cat., 1844). H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 260, f. 482 (1850), gave a good figure of nigro- cincta. He said that Hb., fig. 647, had forewings too broad and stumpy, the figures in Frr., Beitr., plt. 1387, 2, were too rough. Guen., Hist. Nat.,.V1, 37 (1852), took xanthomista as a var. of this species. ; Barrett, l.c., plt. 168, gave two figures described as ‘“‘ pale grey, almost lustrous or mottled with bluish-grey,’’ which they are not. Both figures are yellowish-green, grey, black, red, brown, etc-, mottling and markings. . Stder., Cat., I1led., 179 (1901), treated nigrocincta, Dup., as a syn. (valde flavo conspersis), and dealt with the forms nigrocincta, Tr., and nivescens, Stdgr. = = nigrocincta, H.-S. (multo pallidior, al. ant. albicant. nigro-flagoque irroratis, forma terrae calcar.). Splr., Schm. Eur., I, 202, plt. 38, 21 (1905), gave a Coon figure, but rather too yellow. South, M.B.I., I, plt. 140, f. 2-3 (1907), gave two excellent figures of the British form Tigrbcneea Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 187 (1910), gave seven good figs., plt. 33h, i, ¢ and © xanthomista, Hb., ¢ and 2 nigrocincta, Tr., nivescens, Stdgr., and ¢ and Q statices, Greg. Hofm. says, Schm. Stierm., TI, 432, ‘‘ I am not in error, when J as- sert, all the canescens, Dup., which are found in the Staudinger collec- tion and those of Stiermark origin (Speyer, IT, 140), are no other than our zanthomista styriaca.’’ Culot, N. et G., I (1), 187, pit. 4, £. 9-10 (1913), gave two excellent figures, the typical form, and ab. nigrocincta, the dark more uniformly grey form. He dealt also with the Swiss form nivescens, Stder. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 144 (1934), included two more forms, styriaca, Hoffm., from Styria, and ab. nivea, Dnhl., from the Abruzzi (plt. 18e). Barrett described the Variation : Usually only very slightly variable in the depth of colour of cae ees grey mottling and orange- -yellow dots or shading. He reported one specimen ‘‘ in which the shading is developed into strong orange lines and suffusion.”’ EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to TURNER, “ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. | oes ‘bors may ‘have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. ey should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TuRNsR, “' Latemar,’” West Drive, Cheam. ay Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, eribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etec.—Dr H. B: D. Kettlewell, Cranletgh, Surrey. : derata—Trypetidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, ‘and Irish localities. H. W. er as, 6 evencey Road, ‘Eltham, ‘S.E.9. eevee K. ee Dore. Estacton pevedoenial, Casilla Correo, 74, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. Du licates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condita: : a Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— : John W. “Moore, 154 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. earch purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial ye ss we eee eee at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. 4 a licates. —Foreign eepasptars: e.g. Papilios, cloanthus, ‘aeacus, sarpedon, Es protenor, agetes, alcinous, demetrius, polyctor, mayo, bianor, paris. Full ist sent. 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Wixtsuire, F.R.E.S. ie ee ' “Li BRARL~ Previous contributions to the Hntomologist’s Record under this title have appeared in 1942 (Vol. liv) on pp. 63, 107, 122, and 1943 (Vol. lv) on p. 1. It appears, however, desirable, at this point in this interesting discussion, to review the phenomenon, from the systematic and ecological point of view, more broadly, first deciding what is the point at issue. The drawing of conclusions from the completed review will not mean, _however, that the last word will thereby have been said. The subject of these discussions has been consistently described as ‘“substitute food-plants’’; but some disagreement has arisen in ex- plaining the phenomenon referred to by this rather ambiguous expres- sion. In answer to the implied question: ‘‘ Why do larvae have sub- stitute food-plants?’’ two explanations have been offered: (a) ‘‘ The common associated evolution of insect and plant ’’; (b) ‘‘ Chemotropism is involved: probably all the species of plant within a family (not merely a genus) have a scent which contains a common element.’ | The propounder of the second of these explanations has also intro- duced the theory of the existence of intra-specific races or strains pre- ferring one or another of the alternative food-plants. This makes it clear that he is more interested in the question: ‘‘ Why do individual larvae of a species prefer one or another of the alternative food-plants of its species?’’ than in the question: ‘‘ Why do the larvae of a species prefer a certain group of food-plants to the exclusion of other food- plants ?’’ on which the theory of specializing strains has no bearing. If replies is not to be wondered at. To avoid any further confusion, therefore, it must at the outset be stated that the problem here disctissed is, when formulated as a ques- tion: ‘‘ Why do non-polyphagous larvae prefer certain groups of food- plants to the exclusion of others?’’ and that the recorded food-plants of the species as a whole over its entire range are under consideration rather than the observed food-plants of an individual larva or strain ‘in one locality. Our subject thus defined, there need be no further place in this article for the irrelevant theory of intra-specific specializing strains referred to above, except to remark that it incidentally provides an attractive hypothesis of the way in which a new species might evolve, e.g., Cucullia scrophulariae, Cap., evolving from the ancestor of Cucullia verbascr, L., owing to a racial specialization, in.one habitat, on scrophu- laria. (If the records of scrophulariae feeding occasionally on verbas- cum are correct, this would be a not unnatural reversion to ancestral type, perhaps due to stress of circumstances.) While there are polyphagous larvae at one end of the scale and ‘strictly monophagous larvae at the other, our present review is only concerned with an intermediate class of larva closer to monophagy than polyphagy, for which the term ‘‘ oligophagous’’ may be coined. We can exclude from this review the polyphagous larvae because they show comparatively little preference, and a tabulation of their recorded food- -plants would require a life-time’s research and a volume of close print; - debaters are trying to answer different questions, disagreement in their 80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1943 and we can also exclude the strictly monophagous larvae, because there is no question, in their case, of any ‘‘ substitute food-plant.’’ It will, however, later appear that the excluded monophagous larvae shed no little collateral light on our subject. It is doubtful whether a satisfac- tory boundary-line can be drawn between polyphagous and other larvae, for there seem to be all degrees of transition to polyphagy ; nevertheless, for the present purpose it is necessary to select an oligaphagous class of larvae, although in other contexts this selection may have little reason for existence. : This selection has been made from the British Macro-Lepidoptera list, plus some other Palaearctic Lepidoptera with which I have become acquainted in the Middle East. -Most of this multitude of species fails to qualify as oligophagous. For the determination of their food-plants, reference has been made to South, Blaschke, and my own records. If we now tabulate the food-plants of these larvae, we find that they fall into well-defined groups of plant-genera. These groups, moreover, in most cases correspond with systematic groups. TABLE OF GROUPS OF FOOD-PLANT GENERA PREFERRED* BY OLIGOPHAGOUS LARVAE. A. GROUPS CORRESPONDING WITH BOTANICAL SYSTEMATIC AFFINITIES. I. PRUNUS GROUP. ROSACEAE: 1, Prunus; 2, Amygdalus; 3, Pyrus; 4, Crataegus. Eriogaster amygdali, Wilts., 1, 2, 4; Cilix glaucata, 1, 4; Dilovba caeruleo- cephala, 1, 2, 3, 4; Meganephria oxyacanthae, 1, 4; Meganephria rendalis, Wilts., 1, 2, 4; Epitherina rhodopoleos, Wehrli, 1, 2, 4; Nychiodes genus, Tipe Danie Il. BETULA GROUP. BETULACEAE: 5, Betula; 6, Alnus; 7, Corylus. Notodonta dromedarius, 5, 6, 7. Ill. POPULUS GROUP. SALICACEAE: 8, Populus; 9, Salix. ; Dicranura vinula; Cerura syra; Pygaera pigra: Marumba populi; Eusphe- cia pimplaeformis, Ob.: Trochilium crabroniformis; Catocala nuptd, elo- cata, puerpera and lesbiad: all on 8 and 9. ; IV. PISTACCIA GROUP. ANACARDIACEAE: 10, Rhus; 11, Pistaccia. Anua tirhaca; Eutelia adulatrix; both on 10 and 11. V. NERIUM GROUP. APOCYNACEAE: 12, Vinca; 18, Nerium. Deilephila nerii, 12, 13. VI. VERBASCUM GROUP. SCROPHULARIACEAE : 14, Verbascum; 15, Scrophularia. Melitaea trivia; Cucullia verbasci; both on 14 and 15. ; VII. GENISTA GROUP. PAPILIONACEAE: 16,Cytisus; 17, Genista; 18, Spartium; 19, Ulex; 20, Sarothamnus; 21, Glycyrrhiza; 22, Other Papilionaceae; 23, Laburnum. — ; Many Lycaenidae on 22; Apopestes spectrum, 18, 21: Dasycorsa modesta 18, 22; Pseudoterpna pruinata, 16, 17, 19, 23; Fidonia limbaria, 16, 17, 20; Chesias spartiata, 16, 20; Chesias rufata, 16, 17, 20. VIII. SOLANUM GROUP. SOLANACEAE : 24, Solanum; 25, Lycium; 26, Datura. Acherontia atropos, 24, 25, 26; also recorded as eating -72. *« Preferred ’’ here means ‘“‘ Chosen to the exclusion of other plants.’ via SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. 81 IX. PINUS GROUP. PINACEAE : 27, Pinus; 28, Cedrus; 29, Abies. Sphinx pinastri, 27, 28; Dendrolimus pini, 27, 28, 29; Thera variata (=obelis- Cata 2), 27; 28, 29. X. BORAGE GROUP. BORAGINACEAE: 30, Echium; 31, Asperugo. Ethmia pusiella, Roem. XI. CHRYSANTHEMUM GROUP. COMPOSITAE (This group can be split into well-defined sub-groups) : 32, Crepis; 33, Lactuca; 34, Leontodon; 35, Sonchus; 36, Hieracium; 37, Onopordon; 88, Cichorium; 39, Hupatorium. Poliad serena, 32,:.33, 35, 36, 39; Cucullia umbratica, 33, 35, 37, "38; Polia Chrysozona, 32, 33, 34, 44. 40, Aster; 41, Solidago; 42, Senecio: 48, Tussilago. Cucullia asteris, 40, 41: Hipocrila jacobaede, 42, 43. 44, Arlemisia; 45, Tanacetwm; 46, Achillea, Evpithecia subfulvata, 45, 46; Eupitiecia succenturiatu, 44, 45, 46. 47, Anthemis; 48, Pyrethrum;: 49, Matricaria; 50, Calendula; 51, Chrysanthe- mum. Cucullia chamomillae, 47, 48, 49; Cucullia wredowi, 47, 50; Cucullia juddaeo- rum, 48, 50, 51. - XII. ERICA- GROUP. ERICACEAE : 52, Erica; 53, Calluna. Anaria myrtilli, Eupithecia nanata and goossensiata, Scodiona fagaria, all on 52 and 53. XIII. LAMIUM GROUP. LABIATAE: 54, Lamium; 55, Stachys; 56, Galeopsis; 57, Teucrium; 58, Mentha. Venilia maculata, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58. XIV. CUPRESSUS GROUP. CUPRESSACEAE: 59, Cupressus: 60, Juniperus. Lithophane lapided, 59, 60. XV. SILENE GROUP. CARYOPHYLLACEAE: 61, Silene; 62, Lychnis: 63, Dianthus. Dianthoecia (Harmodia) genus, many sps., 61, 62, 63; Perizoma flavofasciata, 61, 62. ; , XVI. DELPHINIUM GROUP. RANUNCULACEAE: 64, Delphinium: 65, Aconitum. Plusia delphinii, 64, 65. . XVII. ASCLEPIAS GROUP. ASCLEPIADACEAE: 66, Asciepias; 67, Catlotropis. Danaus chrysippus, 66, 67. B. eee ALMOST CORRESPONDING WITH -BOTANICAL SYSTEMATIC AFFINITIES, I. FRAXINUS GROUP OLEACEAE: 68, Fraxinus; 69, Ligustrum;: 70, Lonicera; 71, Syringa; 72, Symphori- carpus. Melitaea aurinia, 70, 75: Haemorrhagia fuciformis, 70, 72, 74, 75: Limenitis pee 69, 70; Lobophora polycommata, 68, 69, 70: Hygrochroa syringaria, 69, 70, de DIPSACEAE : pinse cus: 74, Knautia; 75, Scabiosa. (I have excluded from this group, although it has been recorded on most of its species, Sphinx ligustri, on the score of its peculiar polyphagy, see Warnecke :—* Ueber die Anpassung der Raupe von Sphinx ligustri, L., an fremdlaendische Futterpflanzen ’ (Ent. Jahrv., 1932).) Il. ATRIPLEX GROUP CHENOPODIACEAE:: 76, Atriplex: 77, Chenopodium. vd 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1943 POLYGONACEAE: 78, Rumex. Scotogramma. trifolii, 76, 77; Pelurga comitata, 76, 77, 78; Eupithecia sub- nolata, 76, 77, 78. , fil. TYPHA GROUP. CYPERACEAE: 79, Scirpus: 80, Cladium. SPARGANIACEAE: Si, Sparganium. TYPHACEAB: 82, Typha. IRIDACEAE: 83, Iris. Archanara algae (cannae), 79, 82: Archanara sparganii, 79, 81, 82, 83: Plusia festticae, 81, 83. (This group may have to be excluded as an ecological or biotope group, see below.) IV. MALVA GROUP. MALVACEAE: 84, Malva; 85, Lavatera; 86, Althaea; 87, Gossypium. CAESALPINEACEAE : 88, Ceratonia. Earias insulana, 86, 87, 88; Acontia malvae, 84, 85, 86: Acontia graellsii, 85, 87. (These substitute food-plants have economic importance, their guests being apt to become pests on cotton, 87.) V. ANGELICA GROUP. UMBELLIFERAE: 89, Angelica: 90, Cictta: 91, Heracleum: 92, Laserpitium; 98, Peucedanum; 94, Pimpinella; 95, Daucus; 96, Anethum; 97, Carum; 98, Torilis. CAPRIFOLIACEAE : 99, Sambucus. RUTACEAE: 100, Ruta; 101, Citrus. ; Papilio machaon, 94, 9, 96, 97, 98, 100, 101; Ewpithecia albipunctata, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 99. VI. BRASSICA GROUP. CRUCIFERAE: 102, Brassica; 103, Erysimum: 104, Raphanus; 105, Nasturtium: 106, Barbardaea; 107, Cardamine; 108, Sisymbrium; 109, Turritis. RESEDACEAE: 110, Reseda. Pieris rapae, 102. 103, 104, 105, 110; Pieris brassicae, 102, 104: Euchloé car- damines, 105, 106, 107, 109; Lithostege griseata, 103, 108. ‘C. GROUPS RUNNING COUNTER TO BOTANICAL SYSTEMATIC AFFINITIES. I. VITIS-GALIUM GROUR. AMPELIDACEAE;: 114, Vitis: 112, Ampelopsis. ONAGRACEAE : 113, Epilobium; 114, Fuchsia; 115, Circaea. RUBIACEAE: 116, Galium; 117, Rubia. Celerio galii, 118, 114, 116, 117; Hippotion celerio, 1141, 112, 114: Pergesa elpenor, 111, 118, 116: Pergesa porcellus, 113, 116: Macroglossum stellatarum, 116, 117; Cidaria salicaia, 116, 117; Cidaria basochesiata, 116, 117: Eustroma silaceata, 113, 115. II. VIOLA GROUP. VIOLACEAE: 118, Viola. . ROSACEAE: 119, Fragaria. Brenthis euphrosyne, 118, 119 : Ill. QUERCUS-BETULA GROUP. BETULACEAE: 5, Betula. FAGACEAE: 120, Quercus. Ephyra porata. IV. QUERCUS-PRUNUS GROUP. ROSACEAE: 1, Prunus. FAGACEAE: 120, Quercus. Bapta distinctata (pictaria). (It will be noted that the last three groups, C. II, III, and IV, are erected on the strength of the preferences of a single species only for . ~~ eo - oe ee SUBSTITUTE FOODPLANTS. 83 each. And perhaps C. IV is incorrect, since I find no other confirma- tion for Blaschke’s record of oak as a food-plant for the ‘‘ Sloe Carpet Moth.’’ It will also be noted that the species responsible for the sys- tematic diversity of Group C. I are all Sphingidae, a systematic group of moths; they appear to display a peculiar intermediate stage of poly- phagy and oligophagy.) It may be asked why the food-plant of Agrotis ripae (viz., Salsola, Atriplex, Rumex mavritimus, Cakile, and Eryngium maritimum), which are drawn from four different families, have not been included as a fifth group under C. The reason is that this group of plant species is an ecological group of halophytic character, and that ripae is at- tached to the saline biotope rather than generically to the plants (see, in this connection, Boursin: ‘‘ Contribution a Etude des Agrotidae- Trifinae, xxi’?: L’Amateur de Papillons, 1937 or 1938). The fact that in captivity the larva will thrive on sliced carrot, especially if sprinkled with salt water, is an additional sign that, apart from its halophytic requirements, this larva is basically polyphagous. Other examples can be given of polyphagous larvae which, by their close attachment to a certain biotope, appear to unite into a preference- group the plants typical of that biotope; we must, in the present con- text beware of being misled by this appearance, though these cases can be of considerable interest in themselves, and indeed the case of ripae is relevant to the ‘‘ chemotropism ’’ side of this discussion. Six ex- amples of such ecological groups of food-plants are given :— (a) Halophytic biotope (see above). (b) Moorland biotope (Salix, Vaccinium, Erica, Calluna, Betula, Gen- ista, etc.). (c) European woodland biotope (Quercus, Corylus, Ulmus, Crataegus, Prunus, Betula, Salix, Rubus, etc.). (d) Peak biotope (Astragalus, Zygophyllum, Silene, Rumex, etc.). (e) Marsh biotope (Carex, Cladium, various Gramineae, Sparganium Phragmites, Lysimachia, Spiraea, Lythrum, Inula). (Group B. III above may come under this heading, and if rightly so should be removed from the table of true preference-groups.) (f) Traqi oasis biotope (Tamarix, Populus, Punica, Prosopis, Zizyphus, etc.). - Before finally proceeding to consider what light the above table sheds on the main question under discussion, there remain one or two minor incidental remarks to be made, arising out of the review now completed. The genera Ulmus, Tamarix, Rhamnus, and,. with the two excep- tions, C. III and IV above, Quercus, prove to have no substitute food- plant acceptable to non-polyphagous larvae, though numbers of mono- phagous larvae are strictly attached to each of them. There are other similar cases of trees and plants with fewer closely attached guest- insects. each. ; On the main issue, does the evidence of the table support the theory that these preference-groups are primarily due to the associated evolu- tion of plant and insect? (If so, it would not necessarily exclude an explanation in terms of scents and enzymes; for there is much truth in some of Mr Allan’s remarks, and indeed I recall having heard tell of 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1948 an entomologist breeding a poplar-feeding caterpillar to maturity dur- ing the winter in London on cabbage painted with populin-solution !) In the table, not only do the preference-groups of plants correspond closely, on the whole, to the systematic, i.e. phylogenetic, classification of plants; but the guest-insects show an answer ‘ing tendency to fall also -into groups corresponding to the systematic, i.e. phylogenetic classifi- cation of insects. The latter tendency would be even more apparent had the mono- phagous larvae not been omitted, among whom examples of systema- tically closely related larvae foedin® on systematically closely related plants are numerous and well-known; it is enough to mention here the Bryophila genus (Lichens and Newey the Clytie genus (Tamarix) and the Argynnis genus (Viola). But even in the table the examples of a Cucullia group feeding on a Chrysanthemum group (A. &.), of a Dian- thoecia group feeding on a Silene group (A. XIV.) and a Sphingid group feeding on the Vitis-Galium group (C. I.) will probably already have struck the reader as typifying this tendency. Some species may have been omitted from the table by oversight, but their inclusion would confirm rather than affect the above tendencies revealed by the table. A tendency of systematically related larvae to have corresponding food-plants also exists in polyphagous species (e.g. Arctia, Agrotis, oy Mr Donisthorpe’s éxample of the attachment of the Cronus .beetle- genus to Verbascum and Scrophularia is quoted by Mr Allan as dis- proving the theory of ‘‘ associated evolution of plant and insect ‘“ be- cause ’’ beetles preceded . . . flowering plants by some two hundred million years.’’ But does it disprove it? That beetles in general preceded flowering plants by that period may be so; but it does not necessarily follow that the genus Cionus pre- ceded the genera Verbascum and Scrophularia by that period, unless Coleoptera were fully evolved in their present-day proliferation of species at the end of the Mesozoic Age and underwent no further de- velopments during the Cainozoic. This seems improbable, but is what Mr Allan implies, if his argument is to be taken seriously. The follow- ing questions may then be asked about the implied pre-Tertiary history of the genus Cionus: To what plants and what ecological routine were they attached? How did they eventually adapt themselves to their present host-plants, so different from their previous hosts, without themselves evolving and changing their identity? What palaeontologi- cal evidence is there of this genus preceding the Tertiary Age by ‘‘some two hundred million years ’’? Will some Coleopterist or Palaeontologist give his opinion on the possibility of species and genera of beetle, now attached to flowering-plants, preceding those same plants by ‘‘ some two hundred million years ’’ ? But even if the possibility is admitted, and the evidence rescore ne that Cionus existed before the origin and evolution of Verbascwm and Scrophularia, does this mean that they have, only a few years ago, be- come .attached to these plants? Can we not, on the contrary, justifi- ~ ably postulate that they attached themselves to the ancestral type of these plant genera, and maintained the attachment throughout the subsequent evolution of these plants? TEPHRITIS SEPARATA, RDI. 85 Mr Donisthorpe’s example, therefore, supports the rest of evidence of the table in favour of the supposition that the associated evolution of plant and insect is the primary cause of the phenomenon of substi- tute food-plants. The study of the mechanism whereby inherited organs and instincts operate will, of course, complicate the simple principle of inheritance. But I doubt whether the study of, say, enzymes, has led any bio- chemist to doubt the theory of evolution, though at times he may be- come so engrossed in them as not to see the wood for the trees! This, at least, appears to be the case with Mr Allan; and his upper and lower parenchymata. I conclude by quoting part of a foot-note by Dr Amsel, which ap- peared in his ‘‘ Grundsaetzliche Bemerkungen zur Frage der Faunen- elemente ’’ (Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Oekolog. & Geog. Tiere Abteilung, Band 72, Heft 1/2, Jena, 1939) :—‘‘ If the larvae of Xanthospilapteryx syrin- gella, F., feed on Syringa, Ingustrum, Fraxinus, etc., that is, on plants whose relationship to one another the systematist expresses by including them in one family, the Oleaceae, the caterpillars of the above Leaf- mining Moth, prove to us that a true relationship in fact exists... . Systematics therefore are not a working hypothesis whose aim is merely the utilitarian aim of bringing order to the study of phenomena, but, on the contrary, their purpose is to recognize and give nomenclatorial expression to actually existing relationships.’’ Ancestral inheritance is the only reasonable explanation of the char- acteristics, whether structural or ecological, common to species systema- tically grouped together. Food-plant preferences, then, being merely one facet of a species’ ecology, have evolved with the rest of the species’ peculiarities, and when shared by related species of insect and directed towards related species and genera of plant are a sign of their common associated evo!lu- tion. TEPHRITIS SEPARATA, RDI., AN ADDITIONAL BRITISH SPECIES ALLIED TO T. CONJUNCTA, LW. (DIPTERA, TRYPETIDAE.) By J. E. Contin, F.R.E.S. Tephritis conjuncta, Lw., stood in Verrall’s List of British Diptera under the genus Euwaresta, Lw., a genus acknowledged by Loew himself to be an artificial group based solely upon the presence of radiating arms from the dark patch near tip of wing. The type of this genus was the N. American T. festiva, Lw., which differs from typical species of Teph- ritis not only in having the radial vein with small bristles along its upper (as well as its under) side, but also in having additional ‘‘ arms’’ to those present in conjuncta, radiating to costa before tip of wing. Our British conjuncta agrees with the characters of Tephritis and not with this new definition of Huaresta, and must remain in the former genus. In describing conjuwncta in 1844 Loew especially mentioned the darker femora of the male compared with female and the dark hairs on anterior half of abdominal tergites. He elaborated this description in 1862, in- cluding a statement that the black ovipositor of female had pale hairs about base, and for the first time mentioned a variety in which the 86) 637 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/TX/1943 male had entirely pale legs, and pale haired abdomen. Under these cir- cumstances it is difficult to understand why Rondani in 1871 gave the new name decipiens to'typical conjuncta, Lw., and transferred the name conjuncta to Loew’s variety of 1862, at the same time describing two new varieties (separata and divisa) of this conjuncta on the strength of minor differences in wing markings. It is also surprising that Hendel in Lindner’s ‘‘ Die Fliegen ”’ followed Rondani in the case of the name conjuncta, Lw. This application of the name cannot possibly be justified by the facts, and must be abandoned. The name conjuncta will have to be used for Loew’s original species of 1844 and his variety of 1862 may well be known as separata, Rdi. Hendel further maintained-that decipiens, Rdi. (i.e., true conjuncta, Lw.) must be known, as neesii, Mg. (whitch he incorrectly spelt ‘‘ Nesi’’), T. neesii was a MS. name under which Wiedemann sent a single speci- -‘men to Meigen, who considered it to be a variety of leontodontis (vy. Syst. Beschr., vi, p. 382). Hendel does not seem to have seen this speci- men, but Becker reported in 1902 that he had examined it and found it — to be fallax, Lw.: moreover, Becker in the same year found two more specimens of fallax, Lw., under the name *nesti in v. Roser’s Collection, and stated that they agreed with Loew’s description and figure of fallaz. Becker was therefore well aware of the distinctions between these two *species, conjuncta and fallax, and it seems so improbable that he was incorrect in his identification of Wiedemann’s specimen, that the name neesit should not be used in place of conjuncta, Lw., without further proof. We have two closely allied but distinct species in Britain, one of which is Loew’s original conjuncta, having abdominal pubescence in the male often partly brownish or even blackish, especially when viewed from the side or behind, while the femora (especially front pair) and often some tibiae and the third antennal segment of male are darkened. The more yellow-legged females are distinguished by having the entirely black ovipositor with coarse whitish hairs about base. In the second species (separata, Rdi.), the head, antennae and femora of male are yellow, and abdominal pubescence all whitish, only the bristles on hind margin of last tergite being black, while hairs on female oviposi- tor (which has narrow tawny-brown side margins) are shorter, finer, and more numerous than in conjuncta, and those about base and basal side- margins even if pale are not coarse and whitish. These females (except for wing markings resembling those of conjuncta) are more lke leonto- dontis females except that in this latter species the ovipositor is much more extensively tawny at sides, and its pubescence not so dense. In the wings there is a distinct tendency for a dark patch to be developed at end of anal vein. At present I have seen only two British pairs. of T. separata taken by myself at Barton Mills (Suffolk) in September 1937 and 1938. It may be more common in the South. These four specimens, together with a number of conjuncta and a very few leontodontis, were swept from Bracken. I had not previously seen leontodontis from England, but in wing markings and the extensively tawny female ovipositor these Barton Mills specimens resemble Scottish leontodontis, and to that extent differ *Though spelt with only one ‘‘e’”’ by v. Roser, the name was evidently intended to represent Meigen’s species, ee Y eelee ‘ TEPHRITIS SEPARATA, RDI. 87 from both conjuncta and separata, for though separata wing markings show some approach towards those-of leontodontis they are appreciably more like those of conjuncta, It is well known that wing pattern in many Trypetidae is by no means always constant in every detail for a particular species. It is therefore always very helpful towards attaining a knowledge of the limits of variation to be able to study a long series bred from the same foodplant.from one locality. I have been able to do so in the case of T. conjuncta, Lw., thanks to Mr Harry Britten, jun., who recently sent -me a large number of flower heads of Chrysanthemum leucanthemum gathered near Old Coulsdon (Surrey), from which over a hundred 7. conjuncta, and no other species, emerged. It is interesting to note that so long ago as 1888 the breeding of this species from flower heads of the same plant was recorded by Tief (Newnzehnte Jahrsschr. des K.K. Staats-Gymnas. in Villach, p. xxxvi). The following notes represent a siffimary of the facts to be deduced from an examination of the above long series of bred specimens :—An important feature in all the specimens is that, of the dark markings hanging on to that part of postical vein forming lower margin of discal cell, none, except occasionally that nearest base, extends below the slight fold in wing surface between postical and anal veins; thus, except for the dark patch on base of anal vein, the anal angle of wing, from the above mentioned fold to margin, is quite clear. The next feature of note is that only about 3% of specimens resemble Loew’s figure in hay- ing only one hyaline spot below the two hyaline patches at middle of costa immediately beyond stigma; all others have a second hyaline spot, varying in size, nearer base of wing than the single spot in Loew’s figure; very rarely there is a third very small spot in front (i.e. nearer wing tip) of these two spots. The normal four spots of above patch of hyaline markings all vary in size but the hind margin of the basal (larger) costal spot always slopes from costa outwards, and this spot is nearly always in connection with the more apical (and larger) of the two spots below it, never distinctly separated from it as in Loew’s figure of pulchra. When the spots of this costal patch are large there may (rarely) be a small hyaline spot behind upper end of middle cross vein, and (still more rarely) another in front of upper end, and even a small spot on each side of lower end of this cross vein; this is an approach towards similar hyaline spots always present in leontodontis and other species. The hyaline costal spot immediately before end of radial vein may be absent or present but the costa! spot just beyond end of this vein is always present. In middle of wing there is always a round hyaline spot beyond middle cross vein, immediately above outer cross vein at end of discal cell, and a smaller one (sometimes however absent) about the same distance behind (or before) middle cross vein; there may, however, some- times be other round spots in each of these cells (first basal and sub- apical cells). As usual in the genus the upper surface of radial vein is normaliy without the small bristles present on underside; very rarely there may be a small bristle on upper side of radio-cubital node, and still - more rarely (and perhaps on one wing only) one or two small bristles on upper side of radial vein between this node and middle cross vein: this Is an interesting indication of an approach towards the normal condi- tion in typical species of Euaresta, The legs of males are invariably 88 - ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/TX/1943 more or less darkened, but while the legs of females are normally very much paler, specimens very rarely occur in which the legs are as dark as in normal dark males; these females do not differ in wing markings from the usual type in males. Rondani appears to have considered such specimens as the only females of his decipiens (=true conjuncta, Lw.). The colour of abdominal pubescence in male is variable but the smail hairs towards end (and especially on hind margin) of last tergite appear to be always dark. The female ovipositor is always entirely black and always with coarse whitish hairs about base. In Loew’s 1862 redescription of conjuncta, writing of the (in his figure of the wing) single hyaline spot beneath the two spots on middle of costa, he added that it ‘‘ selten einen zweiten, der Fliigelspitze naher liegenden neben sich hat, noch seltener ganz fehlt.’’ As already pointed out a second spot is usually present in British specimens, but is on the side nearer base of wing. I believe this was a lapsus on Loew’s part, because the second spot, which#is present in both the ‘‘ sec. typ.” specimens in Kowarz’s Collection mentioned below, is in the same posi- tion as in British specimens. I have not seen a specimen without a hyaline spot beneath the two spots on middle of costa. My British conjuncta agree with the above mentioned two specimens of conjuncta, Lw., in Kowarz’s Continental Collection labelled “ sec. typ. Loewii ’’ (one with an additional label “‘ typ. v. Loew ’’); and my specimens of leontodontis from Scotland agree with Continental speci- mens in Kowarz’s Collection, and others given tec me by Dr Hering of - Berlin, all bred from Leontodon autumnalis. — SIDEMIA ZOLLIKOFERI, FREYER. By EK. A. Cocxaynge, D.M., F.B.C.P., F.R.E.S. The capture of a specimen of Sidemia zollikoferi at sugar on 15th August 1939, mistaken at the time for Nonagria typhae, brings the number of British examples up to thirteen. It was taken by A. Ken- nedy in his garden at Kirkstall in the suburbs of Leeds and was re- corded in the Amateur Entomologist of July 1943. In the Entomologist, 1935, 68, 73, I published a list of British and German specimens, and the following are records which I overlooked or which have been published subsequently : — 1904. Bathen, Kurland, Latviay 16.ix. 1 ¢, 1 9. At sugar in the pastor’s garden. (Slevogt., Soc. Ent., 1905, 19, 177.) 1906. Chemnitz, Saxony. ¢. 10.x. (P. Meyer, Iris., 1922, 36, 67.) 1907. Stevns, I. of Sealand, Denmark. vii. (S. Hoffmeyer, Hntomol., 1939, 72, 102.) : 1910. Fjugesta, Knista, Narke, Sweden. ¢. 14.ix. In the garden of the hotel. (Frithiof Nordstrom, Ent. Tidskrift, 1932, 53, 114.) 1912. Pillau, North of the Frische Haff, EK. Prussia. oF 14.vili. (Cited by Nordstrém on the authority of Warnecke.) 1933. Arensburg, Estland (Hsthonia). 23,ix, (Ent. Rundschau., 1936-7, 54, 471.) / NEW BRITISH FORMS. 89 1934. Dueodde, I. of Bornholm, Denmark. <¢. ab. pallida. 12.ix. (iint. Rundschau., 1936, 53, 376: Pedersen and Wolff., Unt. Medd., 1935, 19, 5.) 1935. Liptauer Bergen, Czechoslovakia. 9. ab. internigrata. 28.vi. Taken at 3000 ft. P. Pekarsky thinks it had hibernated as an imago. Presumably this is the specimen recorded as having been caught in June at Liptow. (Seitz. Suppl. Palaearctic Noctuidae.) IIT, 260. (Hnt. Rundschau., 1936, 53, 327; Josef Michel.) 1938. Skaering, North of Aarhus, Jutland, Denmark. 9. Taken by A. _ Moédller. (S. Hoffmeyer, Entomol., 1939, 72, 102.) 1938. Knudskov,-I. of Sealand, Denmark, 150 kilometres from Skaering, 6. 4.ix. At sugar. (Ibid.: Lambillionea, 1939, 39, 20.) Nordstrém also mentions a specimen taken at Briinn, Czechoslovakia, and Vorbrodt gives a doubtful record of one taken at Chur, E. Switzer- land. (Schmett. Schweiz., 1911, 1, 313.) Baron de Worms thinks he saw a specimen at sugar, Wye, Kent, 1.ix.1934. ‘(Hntomol., 1937, 70, 91.) na These additional records afford further evidence of the course taken by S. zollikoferi migrating to this country. Apparently they travel from Russia through Esthonia and Latvia to Southern Sweden, Denmark,. or East Prussia and across the North Sea. As I pointed out in my previous note, most of the places where they have been taken are on the eastern side of Great Britain, extending from Inverurie, H. Aberdeenshire, to Deal and Dungeness in Kent. How zollikoferi passes the winter ap- pears to be unknown, though Pekarsky thinks it hibernates as an imago. NEW FGRMS OF BRITISH NOCTUAE. By Hy J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S. EUPLEXIA LUCIPARA, SSP. BRITTANICA, NOV., AND ITS AB. CONSPICUA, NOV. In my Notes on the Variation in the British Noctuae I have examined a large number of examples of the British ferm and a few Continental examples of EKuplexia lucipara. - Those of Continental crigin were all distinctly darker than those of British origin. I then examined the illustrations in as many Continental authors to which [ had access and consulted as many descriptions as was possibie. The result was that | was convinced that our British form should be designated as a racial one, and J propose to call it ssp. brittanica, nov. : The general coloration and marking are lighter and more varied than in the normal typical forms on the Continent. The reniform is white with only a faint tinge or marking in brown. The marginal area of the forewing is lighter than any other, especially the inner half, which may be a glossy light brown in part suggesting white infusion, and may unite or almost unite with the reniform. A thin brown waved line can generally be seen running down the centre of this lighter half from costa to inner margin. The dark central fascia is somewhat varied in depth of colour and the contained orbicular may be slightly more visible. The ‘outer half of the subterminal area is subject to much variation, and alteration in the incidence of light often tones its dark appearance to a 90 -ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/1X/1943 e light glossy brown. This half contains the subterminal line if present (it may be reduced to dots). I have to thank Capt. C. Q. Parsons of Torquay for a very beautiful example of lucipara. There is a dark blackish red-brown line bordered on the outside by a fine light Brown in the outer half of the subterminal area. This specimen is remarkable in the upper costal portions of the lighter area for the three very clear white spots; it also has a large con- spicuously light reniform. In strong daylight the three white spots have a pearly appearance. This form might perhaps best be designated by the name conspicua, nov. ab. MISELIA OXYACANTHAE, AB. SUB-CAPUCINA, NOV. I have to thank my correspondent, Rev. Walter L. Freer of Chute, Surrey, for calling my attention to an uncommon form of the capucina aberration of Miselia oxyacanthae. He described it as ‘“‘ a dark chocolate form very similar to the illustration in South’s Vol. i, f. 3.’’ He further says ‘‘ it does not seem to be so dark a form of capucina as I used to come across in the Midlands.’’? Upon looking over my long series (160+) from many localities I have one example taken at Mucking, in Essex, of the dark chocolate ground without any but the merest traces of the usual black or black-brown marking. J suggest that this form might well be called ab. sub-capucina, nov. COLLECTING NOTES. Drerana BINARIA, HUFN. (HAMULA, Esp.) In NortH Warrs.—Since one usually associates this species with the South of England it may be of interest to record that on 16th May I found a freshly emerged female the wings were still ‘‘ soft ’’) about six miles from eee Montgomery- shire.—P. B. M. Aan. HELIOZELA RESPLENDELLA, Sraint.—Meyrick, in his Revised Handbook of British Lepideptera, states that the larva of Heliozela resplendella feeds in the midribs of leaves of alder from July to September and gives June as the date of the appearance of the imago. The larva mines up the midrib of a leaf until it is past the centre; it then mines up a lateral rib for a short distance after which it crosses over to the midrib or to another lateral rib making a visible track be- tween the ribs; then from a point, which may be above, but is usually below the track; it makes a short broad mine terminating in a blotch from which it cuts out an oval case and descends to the ground. The blotch stage only lasts for a few hours. The mining of the larva gives a curious twist to the top of the leaf and when searching for mines I aes often noticed this twist before observing the mine. I have found the mines of this species as early as the first week of June and these produced imagines in the early part of July, but about one-third of the larvae produced imagines in the following May. It appears therefore that H. resplendella is partially double-brooded, at any rate in the south of England, imagines appearing in May and July, the former producing larvae in June and the latter in late July and August.—Lronarp T, Forp, St Michael’s, Bexley. COLLECTING NOTES. OL Some MippLesex CoLeopTERA.—SvUPPLEMENT, [.—CaraApiparE—A mara ovata, F., and A. similata, Gyll., by sweeping herbage, Boston Manor. DytisciparE—Acilius sulcatus, L., 2 in artificial pond in garden, Heston. STAPHYLINIDAE—Quedius cruentus, Ol., several by beating hawthorn blossoms, Lampton; Oxyporus rufus, L., in fungus in stump, Boston Manor. PuHaracripar—Stilbus testaceus, Panz., common on ragwort, Lampton. CrraMBycIDAE—Grammoptera holomelina, Pool, by beating hawthorn blossom and sweeping umbels, Lampton. BrucnirpaE—Bruchus. —atemarius, L., sweeping Lepidium, Boston Manor. CurysoMELIDAE— Phyllotreta ochripes, Curt., sweeping Nasturtium amphybium, Boston Manor. OxrpMERIDAE—Nacerdes melanura, L., on pavement in 1937, again in 1943, Heston. MorpELLIpAE—Anaspis subtestaceu, Steph., beating elderberry blossom, Boston Manor.—H. DonisTHoRre. _NyMpaalis POLYCHLOROS PREPARES TO HIBERNATE ON 3lsT JULY. The only references to this insect in this country fer the last ten years are by Charles Nicholson in 1926-7, so I now mention it. This morning in brilliant sunshine I found one very much asleep under the eaves out- side my garage. It was on the north side, shaded by overhanging trees. I took it between finger and thumb expecting the struggle of a peacock, but was much surprised to find no resistance and an almost perfect ‘“ large tortoiseshell.’”’ Just around the corner is a large Buddleia in the sun, well patronized day and night by Callimorpha hera (quadri- punctaria). When thinking of a heading for this note I intended the refer- ence to hibernation to be humorous, but, reading Frohawk’s Butterflies before writing it, I see it’s probably rather a sad truth.. When a boy I saw.one in August 1909 near Hunstanton and several hibernated specimens in the New Forest in 1910, none of which I caught.—(Capr.) C. Q. Parsons, Torquay. OEONISTIS QUADRA LARVA oN Exim.—Lichens on trees are given as the food plant of O. quadru in the text-books, oak being the only tree T can find mentioned by name. I beat a larva out of elm in May in a district where oak is scarce; it was then under a quarter of an inch long and grew slowly on various unidentified lichens. I then gave it alga off wych elm and the locust tree, on which it flourished. A male hatched to-day, 3lst July.—(Capt.) C. Q. Parsons, Torquay. Foop Prant or OcHRIA OCHRACEA.—I don’t know if Senecio jacobaea is a usual food plant for O. ochracea. On 13th July out of thousands of Ragwort and hundreds of Marsh Thistle growing in a wood near here I saw two Ragwort withered with frass caught in the leaf axils; one con- tained a larva which I subsequently hatched into a 2 ochracea. I split many of the C. palustris and found only fat dipterous larvae at the bottom of the hollowed stems, there being no signs of O. ochracea in any of the thistles, and the Ragwort in which I found the larva was no- where near the C. palustris and separated by several yards from any other Ragwort plants. I see no mention of Ragwort as a food plant of this moth, though several authors add etc. to their list of usual ones.— Capt. Rozert D. R. Troup, ‘‘ Hountwell,’’ Henley, Alton Pancras, Dor- chester. 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. 15/1X/1943 2HYACIA SIMULANS IN WiuttTs.—Reading of your correspondent’s cap- ture of Rhyacia simulans in Somerset on 28th June last, it may be of interest to record that on the same day I found a perfect specimen of this insect at rest on a window frame within a mile of the Somerset- Wiltshire border, but on the Wiltshire side. My one other encounter with R. simulans in the South West was within the city boundary of Bristol, some three miles from the Somerset border, and recorded by the Entomological Section of the Bristol Naturalists’ Society. My records are not available, but I believe this was in 1934 or 1935.—H. Barron WHITE. EIDOPHASIA MESSINGIELLA, FiscH. v. Rosu.—The larva of Hidophasia messingiella is reputed to feed between spun leaves or amongst spun blossom of Cardamine amara, an uncommon plant. 4 Cy 4 3 ee Ce ee ee eS =O Asp ou SS aid a aitiea te = oy Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. No. 10. OCTOBER 1943 a yen ot Comp. © Zealosy * 2 NOV 18 1943 EDITED with the assistance of LCOLM BURR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE- FLETCHER, -R.N., F.L.S., A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. -F.R.C.P. i R. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. H. E. PAGE, F.R.E.S. ‘H. DONISTHORPE, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. CONTENTS. BpMie BIRCH, P. P.M. Allan 2 ok A ee 98 N THE TRAIL OF MELITAEA ARCESIA, E. P. Wiltshire, F.R.ES... .. 9 3RUCHUS LOTTI, PANZ., AB, ATRICORNIS, AB. N., AN ABERRATION OF A SPECIES OF BRUCHUS (COL. BRUCHIDAE) NEW TO SCIENCE, Horace _Donisthorpe, F.G.S., F.R.E.S. BY a REP Neste Ricy yer cigrt ohn ho, pee / COLLECTING NOTES: Colias croceus, Frery., S. G. Castle Russell; Aber- ration of Maniola tithonus, L., Id.; Melanic Aberrations of Limenitis - camilla, L., Id.; Foodplant of Leucania impudens, 4A. J. Wightman; " The Emergence of the Limacodidae from their Cocoons, D. G. Sevasio- _ pulo, F.R.E.S.; Is Notodonta dromedarius, L., Single-brooded? P. B. M. Allan <8 ar Ee a ie ei ax aes ee a Por ates 100 ne ee MENT ES ea a Es yes. slg eh tosey sp wih tae Seg eee wey OD ae SUPPLEMENT. : , The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S, (117)-(424) Subseription for Complete Volume, post free, aay TEN SHILLINGS, (Back Voreuies (Second Series), XXXVII (1925) to LIV (1942), 12/6 per Volume.) to The Hon. Treasurer, H. W. ANDREWS, F.R.E.S., ~ 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. ? This number, Price ONE SHILLING AND SIXPENCE (net). & J.J. HILL & SON, ENTOMOLOGICAL CABINET MANUFACTURERS, YEWFIELD ROAD, N.W.1!Io. ‘Phone: WILLESDEN 0309. SEVERAL CHEAP STORAGE INSECT CABINETS FOR DISPOSAL. Specificattons and Prices sent post free on application. Established 1879. _ Telephone: Temple Bar 9451. WATKINS & DONCASTER «. L. E. FORD, F.R.E.S., F.Z.S.), 36 STRAND, LONDON, W.C.2. 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By RICHARD SOUTH, F.E.S., late Editor of “ The Entomologist.” With 450 accurately coloured examples figuring every species and many varieties of Food Plant, in some instances never before delineated, together with illus- trations in the text. This work includes the new Generic Names prepared by the TE Pons of Generic Nomenclature of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Price, 10/6 net. By post, 11/-. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. Price List No 33: 5000 Species. Post Free on Application. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. ee ee ee ALDEL Wy BIRCH: 5 ALDER v. BIRCH. Or r00%e) “%, 20 By P. B. M. Auman. * MOV 18 1943 | 2) % FRE ee LigK aR Is alder one of nature’s substitutes for birch, so far-as lepidopter ra are concerned? That is a question which [ have Bean asking, myself more and more often of late. For alder is one of my disappointments in life. I ought to find all manner of good things feeding on its rather ugly leaves ; it is meet that I should disinter furciferu in scores, each August, from the earth and debris at its roots. But I never do. For years and years I have searched alder, from Essex to Cardigan Bay, and never yet have J found anything pleasant upon it but the ubiquitous papilionaria and dromedarius, and a few small geometers. The text- books inform me that practically every lepidopterous larva which is worth finding is to be found on alder, and who am I that I should cast doubt upon their assertions? Why, then, do the optima bona, the ento- mological gems of ‘‘ purest ray serene,’’ avoid me? ’Tis true I once found (dear me. how many years ago it was! May 19th, so my diaries say) the alder stumps in Pamber Forest well tenanted by spheciformis; but that was only the exception which serves to emphasize my belief. Perhaps rows of houses cover those stumps to-day, even as they do the stubble field whereon.I shot my first partridge. Maybe it is this boy- hood recollection that induces me to go on searching alder year atter year. But never again have I found spheciformis, and ever my quest for bicuspis continues unavailing. In the north of England and in Scotland, my friends tell me, the case is otherwise; alder is one of the most fertile of trees to the lepidop- terist. If this be so, why should some species eschew, in the South, a food- plant which they leaes to in the North? I am coming more and more to the conclusion that, so far as the South and Midlands are concerned, alder is gradually being given up, as a foodplant, by many species which formerly used it freely. For with the exceptions of bicuspis and furci- fera and one cr two of the geometers which I have never taken, I have found on birch almost every species which the textbooks list as alder- eaters. I will even go so far as to say that I have never yet found on alder a species which I could not have taken more commonly and more profusely on birch. : The pedigrees of these two plants are interesting. Birch is much the older. It seems to have appeared in this country during the pre- boreal period, during which the climate gradually changed from arctic to. subarctic, and the vegetation, at first tundra (I quote Dr Leach), gradually passed over into birch forest, with abundant willows, and pines appeared. This period was succeeded by the boreal, in which the climate was continental in character, being warm and dry, and our island was dominated by forests of pine and birch. It was during this period that alder put in an appearance. Hazel also came on the scene at this time, and hazel is a reputed foodplant of both papilionaria and dromedarius ; indeed, the vegetation of our island during the first half of the boreal period seems to have been characterized ‘‘ by the extensive occurrence of dense, more or less pure, hazel forest ’’ (Leach, 1933). In its turn the hazel forest rapidly degenerated, probably owing to climatic changes. Then, as the climate altered to the warm moist 96 ENTOMOLOGIE’ § RECORD. 15/X/1943 oceanic type of the Atlantic period, the alder became predominant, and oak forest largely replaced the pine and birch. I have never found either papilionaria or dromedarius on hazel, though both moths and all three foodplants are plentiful in Mont- gomeryshire and I have searched hazel industriously these last three years. Often it grows alongside the birch and alder on which I find these two moths. Possibly hazel—in this district—is evolving on lines that are gradually rendering it unsuitable as a foodplant for these species. It is of interest to note in passing that in spite of the long list of macro-lepidoptera reputed to feed on hazel, the only species which I have found on it here in Wales are Orgyia antiqua L. and Calo- casia (Demas) corylt, L. Is it possible that birch was the original foodplant-of most, if not all, Lepidoptera’ whose iarvae are to be found on alder to-day? Quite possible, I should say; but such a premise is of no value. Recent re- search has shown that many larvae can adapt themselves to a new food- plant very quickly indeed, sometimes in the course of a mere genera- tion or two. (See Imms: Kecent Advances, 1937, Chap» XI.) So long ago as 1911 Pictet found that when larvae of Lasiocampa quercus were given pine only, a percentage of them adopted the new food and that in the next generation (bred from these adventurers) the larvae pre- ferred pine to all other food. Moreover, ‘‘ there is considerable evi- dence in favour of the contention that... polyphagy is phyiogenetically the older habit, oligophagy and monophagy being more recent develop- ments ’’? (Imms, ibid., p. 298). Perhaps papilionaria and dromedarius had an even wider range of foodplants in days gone by—there are re- cords of papilionaria being found on beech and broom—and are becom- ing more selective. In the case of those other species which, the text- books tell me, I ought to find on alder but do not, I can only conclude that so far as their southern and perhaps midland races are concerned they are now ‘ out of tune ’’ with alder physiologically. Those pioneers which lay their eggs on alder, though come of a birch- eating race, may beget an alder-eating race. R. N. Chapman (1931) has suggested that there may be, thereafter, a selective action of the en- vironment in eliminating all the progeny which have a tendency to choose other host plants than those upon which they hatch, and this . would lead to the progeny choosing again the same host plant. Thorpe (1929) concluded from biological and genetic evidence that there may be two or more biological races within a single species, each race select- ing a particular foodplant. My own observations in the field tend to confirm this so far as paptiionaria and dromedarius are concerned. Here in Wales I find the former only on alder in the valleys of the Severn and its tributaries, and only on birch on the hillsides and higher ground, though there is plenty of alder on the hillsides, while birch often grows alongside alder in the valleys. Dromedarius shows the same‘ local pre- ferences,’? though I have found one exception. Yet my larva cages afford no confirmation; for it has been my experience, so far, that these alder-eating papilionariu. and dromedarius, if given no alder, will complete their growth upon birch, and vice versa. Not yet have I come across a larva, of either species, which will starve rather than adopt the alternative foodplant. ) a Tere bi is ae ts aki boss Te IO Ne UE ek MN Rae aE 7 a « ON THE TRAIL OF MELITAEA ARCESIA. 97 A moth is said to recognize by scent the correct plant for oviposition, so perhaps chemotropism is here concerned; it may be a matter of the size of the molecules of the scent, natural selection weeding out indi- viduals whose receptors can appreciate the scent of both birch and alder, allowing only those whose receptors are the more selective (i.e¢., appreciative only of birch) to survive. For it is likely that a moth’s perception of scents is limited to those concerned with (a) food, (b) mating, (c) ©vipositing ; all the evidence goes to show that an insect can appreciate only those scents and sounds which are necessary to, or inimical to, or in some way affect, its well-being. There is no reason why a moth should be able to appreciate all the scents and sounds of the countryside (and town) which are discernible by us. Anthropo- morphism is a treacherous bog where insects are concerned. On the other hand, for the life of me I cannot suggest any reason why selec- tion should operate in favour of birch in a southern latitude only unless it be, as I have suggested, that here in the South and Midlands alder is eradually becoming less suitable physiologically. Is it true that furcifera has been found feeding on birch as well as -alder? Of the textbooks to which I have access in my war-time abode St John alone gives birch as a foodplant of this species, quoting New- ‘man as his authority. But those who visit Glamorganshire annually for this species should be able to enlighten me. And has nobody ever found on birch the larvae of two geometers which, these same authorities tell me, feed on alder aléne—to wit Hydriomena coerulata, Fab. (mpluviata, Hb.) and Huchoeca nebulatu, Scop. (obliterata, Hufn.)? Yet if no record of these species on birch were forthcoming it would not upset me; for I should suggest that the original birch-eating race had died out. Aberhafesp, Newtown, Mont: ON THE TRAIL OF MELITAEA ARCESIA., By E. P. Witrsuree, F.R.E.S. (I find my previous contributions to the Entomologist’s Record have been, some rather dry and others rather turgid. To make amends, if I can, to long-suffering readers, I offer the following extract from my diary of my six-weeks’ holiday in the Kashmir in May-June 1942. It is hoped that the full account of this expedition will eventually ap- pear in the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, but this must await the complete determination of the material collected.) Next morning, 17th June, we walked down to Taobat and then turned right, up the wide torrent which there enters the Kishenganga. Not only was this walk the furthest point from Srinagar to which we penetrated on our trek, but it was, to me, at least, the climax. Coming from Persia, of which country the pretty and puzzling Fritillary butter- flies of the genus Melitaea are the crowning glory, I had kept a special look-out for them in Kashmir; arcesia, Bremer was the only species recorded from here, but, being only known from Central Asia, was a great prize. The only clue I had to its habitat was Colonel Home's laconic record from, I think, Sonamarg: ‘‘ one only, 8000 ft.; May.” It was now mid-June and my hopes of finding arcesia were very low, especially since I fancied I was at too low am altitude for it, But to 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1943 my surprise and joy, as we followed the torrent up to a place where it divided, or, rather, where two torrents met ta form one, I netted a perfect male arcesia as it flitted by on the narrow path. A little fur- ther on another male was spied by my wife settled on a buttercup beside the torrent under some giant poplars. A few steps further on we dis- covered their breeding-place, and took a small series of both sexes in absolutely fresh condition. The rich colouring of the females, with their dark suffusion, was particularly admirable, and the males, with their lighter, fiery red, were also fairly variable, the variation con- sisting in the completeness of the inner chevron; a minority had it reduced to a series of dots. Doubtless this was sub-sp. balbita, Moore, which Home recorded from Sonamarg. Since the habitat of arcesia has never, to my knowledge, been de- scribed and differs strikingly from that of its congeners in the Middle East, except that of arduinna, I here describe it in greater detail. Its breeding place was a swampy meadow, hardly half an acre in size, pro- tected from cattle by a stout wooden fence, and full of grass and flowers growing shin-high (a rare sight in the Kashmir!). The little field was full of marsh orchis (Orchis latifolia), Geranium rectum, buttercups, plantain, and, in places, yellow violets (Viola biflora). I- did not ascer- tain the foodplant, as an approaching thunderstorm drove us from the spot, and the hatch seemed so fresh that I doubt whether egg-laying had begun yet. Besides buttercup, the males visited the beautiful Geranium so common in the Kashmir. I could not help wondering what would happen to this colony of M/. arcesia if the owner should choose to take down his fence and permit herds of cattle to munch and trample all over his half-acre! Qn our way back we were suddenly startled by howls and screams from the opposite side of the torrent, which was precipitous and wooded. The cries were taken up and echoed by men and women working in the fields we were passing, and all began running towards the torrent, or down-stream. A man appeared on the further bank, having slid down a most headlong piece of ground from the path, hidden among the fir- trees above; he beat his head and his breast and bellowed. Those on our side did likewise. We thought that at least his son, or old father, had slipped down and been killed; but it transpired that the lamenta- tions were on account of a pony that had fallen off the path into the torrent. So rapid was the stream that the unfortunate animal was carried down and out into the big river without any chance of rescue or salvage. The men and women of Taobat continued wailing and beating the breast for some time, only interrupting their laments to inform us briefly, but with a smile, that it was only a pony that had been lost! We decided to spend a third night at Taobat, partly in order to ascertain whether arcesia was really as stenoecous as appeared from a first visit. Subsequent search showed it to breed in one or two other similar places but to be very local. We discovered it in two other swampy spots close to the original locality, and, on the way back on ~ 19th June a third a mile or two below Bagtor (7500 ft.). Besides the - flowers already mentioned, it was seen sipping at Caltha palustris, f. alba and white clover. All the females seen were indulging in this pastime instead of performing their domestic duties. The foodplant may be plantain, but this is no more than a guess. BRUCHUS LOTI, PANZ., AB, ATRICORNIS, AB. N. 99 ‘Our two last evenings in the woods at Taobat were both fine and clear, but were far less productive in moths than had been our first, which had started with a drizzle. Perhaps this was because a clear night is colder than a cloudy night. On the 16th, 33 individuals had heen taken, mostly with the net; on the 17th, 10 were taken, of which 8 came to the sheet; and on the 18th. when I illuminated the sheet only for one hour, 8 came. All this was on exactly the same ground. We returned to Kanzalwan on 19th June and camped this time on the flowery shelf behind the upper village (at about 8000 ft.). It is not often, I think, that meadowsweet, edeliveiss, and forget-me-not (Myosotis arvensis) may be found growing together, but there they were, at the tent’s front door, the latter making a blue carpet all around us, variegated by the bright yellow of buttercups. We took a couple more Bee-Hawks at Nepeta just before tea; after tea we strolled over some rough ground below the spring, and there, amid the white marsh marigolds and the purple Marsh Orchis, was our friend arcest again! JI think it was not yet out on our previous visit here. A cloudless evening and a quiet night; this time’ the moths were abundant—in fact, for the first time since our trek began we saw more than we could catch, and the evening compared with my best evenings in England or the Middle East. Many were taken with the net, ap- proaching or avoiding the lamp; others were boxed in a drugged con- dition on the sticky yellow flowers of an Umbellifer with pinnate leaves. .. © (Later: Koragbal; 8750 ft.) On a craggy slope behind Koragbal, covered with thyme and the vellow-flowered Umbellifer mentioned at Kanzalwan, and only traversed by a tiny trickle of water, several Melitaea arcesia, including one female, were taken. In this situation they were more lively and harder ~ to catch than on-their earlier-observed habitats. In the torrent, which issued from under colossal snow-beds just above Koragbal, we observed a brown bird completely submerging itself in the rushing waters, and presumed this to be the Brown Dipper; we also saw the White-breasted Dipper (Cinclus cinclus, ssp. kashmiriensis), Koragbal was now besieged by huge flocks of cattle and sheep which had_recently crossed over the pass; according to our information many of the steers that we saw were proceeding to Gilgit. BRUCHUS LOTI, PANZ., AB. ATRICCRNIS, AB. N., AN ABERRA- TION OF A SPECIES OF BRUCHUS (COL. BRUCHIDAE) NEW TO SCIENCE. By Horace DonisrHorpPe, F.G.S., F.R.E.S., ete. On 15th May last I swept two specimens of a Bruchus off Lepidium campestre (Field Pepperwort) at Boston Manor, Middlesex. One proved to be a typical Bruchus loti, Panzer; the antennae of the other were entirely black, otherwise it was a typical loti. As this form has not heen described before, I propose to call it ab. atricornis, ab. n. ~ On 22nd May I swept a specimen of Bruchus atomarius, L., off the same patch of Lepidium at Boston Manor. This is a new record for my Middlesex list.—Entomological Department, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), 14.1x.43. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1943 COLLECTING NOTES. Cortas cRocEUS, FRory.—Amongst a few imagines that emerged from ova deposited by a 2 of the helice type in June last, I bred a curious mixed gynandromorphous form. The upperside forewings combine the eround colour of type and var. helice; the black borders are of male forin except for a small yellow spot on the left side. The right-hand Wing is predominantly of croceus colouring except for a small area on the inner margin, which is of helice colouring. The left hindwing is nearly all of helice form except for a small area of croceus colouring on the upper margin. The body appears to be male. The insect is on the small side.—S. G. Castin Russety, ‘‘ Springetts,’’ Highcliffe, Hants. ABERRATION OF MAaANIOLA TITHONUS, L.—On Monday, 26th July, I was fortunate enough to net a freshly-emerged female example of the ab. mincki, Seebold. The creamy-yellow ground colour and the greyish borders which replace the usual dark-brown ones give the insect a par- ticularly beautiful appearance. I have seen a number of examples in well-known coliestions but never a really fresh specimen, and I should imagine that the delicate colouring soon fades and the pristine beauty lost after the insect has been on the wing a short time. Some five ' years ago [I caught a worn example of a similar form in the same locality (a Common in this district), where apparently the strain exists, but until this season I have not had an opportunity to visit the place at the proper time. The aberration is very rare and the white form, ab. albida, Russell, figured in South, plate 119, f. 6, is equally scarce.— S. G. Castite Russewy, ‘ Springetts,’’ Highcliffe, Hants. MeELanic ABERRATIONS OF LIMENITIS CAMILLA. L.—As long ago as 1896 the late J. W. Tutt pointed out in the Hntomologist’s Record (Vol. 8, p. 183) that when working out variations of this species for his work on British Butterflies he found that the specimens which we know collec- tively as *‘ the black variety ’’ of L. camilla were on the Continent, divided into three distinct aberrational groups as follows :— The narrow banded form is ah. angustata, Steger. The form in which the band is reduced to spots is ab. stenotaenia, Honr. The wholiy black form is ab. nigrina, Weym. These terms were used in subsequent years, vet in the works pub- lished by Richard South and F. W. Frohawk long after 1896 the terms were altered to ab. nigrina and.ab. semi-nigrina. J can only assume that the two authors in question were ignorant of the fact that the melanic forms had been. previously named, and I can find no reference to the name nigrina. If aberrations are worth naming, should not the Law of Priority apply?—S. G. Casrzre Russeuz, ‘‘ Springetts,’’ High- cliffe, Hants. [These three aberrational names were published in 1887, 1891 and 1884 respectively (see Stdgr. Catalog., IIfed., 1901). Tutt’s small volume, British Butterflies, was published in 1896. Thus there seems but little excuse for errors such as these to be made.—Hy. J. T.] FoovrLant or LEUCANIA IMPUDENS.—In the September Record, Cap- tain C. Q. Parsons asks as to the foodplant of LZ. impudens, T think it a ae he wr Pee Te oa > COLLECTING NOTES. 101 feeds on many kinds of grass, rush and reed. [ have taken it in a boggy part of Reigate Heath among Juncus communis, in a wood near Pulborough among Luzula pilosu, and most plentifully of all in a series of very wet fields near Pulborough among Molinia coerulca, Carex puli- carts, and Arundo phragmites, all of- which it will eat. it is a rather difficult larva to find unless it is realized that it does not mount its foodplants to feed but lies prone on the surface of the marshy ground and merely raises its front segments to feed, much as does the larva of ’Satyrus semele, to which larva it bears a striking superficial resemblance. The larva of impudens is, in fact, very like that of L. lithargyria but much larger and more obese. The surface of the ground on which I find it in quantity is a mat of grasses through which various plants are growing and beneath which there is deep wet mud. _ The larvae of impudens lie concealed in this dense mass by day but at night they crawl through, and, lying prone on the vegetation mat, feed on Carex, Molinia, Arundo, etc. It is useless to throw the light well ahead when searching, as the larva, often only partly exposed and never up the stems, is hard to see, unless one looks down directly upon it, when, with a little experience, it becomes easy to locate. Full-fed Ist week in May, feeds well on Phalaris and Arundo in captivity. Cocoon among litter on moss on surface of the marsh. Imago emerges at dusk.—A. J. WicHTMAN, Pulborough, Sussex. ; THE EMERGENCE OF THE LIMACODIDAER FROM THEIR Cocoons.—Hamp- son, in The Fauna of British India—Moths, writes regarding the Limua- codidae, ‘‘ Cocoon .. . . with a lid for the escape of the imago prepared by the larva,’’ but I have never read an account of the actual process of emergence. I recently bred a considerable number of the Limacodid Altha melanopsis, Strand., and was fortunate in being able to watch the pro- cess of emergence of several of them. First a minute crack appeared a little way from one end of the cocoon and this was steadily enlarged by pressure from within until the cap was hanging by a narrow hinge only. The whole business takes a considerable time, an hour or more elapsing between the appearance of the initial crack and the protrusion of the pupa.-. The initial crack always appeared.on the side opposite to the final hinge, this latter being placed over the dorsum of the pupa. _ The pressure appears to be exerted by repeated blows from the head and prothorax of the pupa, and at no time did there appear to be any sort of rotary movement. After the lid had been pushed fully open and was hanging by the hinge, the pupa rested half out of the cocoon for some fifteen minutes before splitting and disclosing the imago. Dipterous parasites emerging from these cocoons made use of the prepared lid, but the Hymenopterous ones made a small hole for them- selves. In the species that spin a cocoon with a pale inner surface, such as the present species and Parasa lepida, Cr., the lid is clearly discernible ag a round dark patch at one end, if the cocoon is cut open. Those species that spin cocoons with a dark inner surface do not show this differentiated patch, but a little pressure from inside with the end of a pencil soon reveals which end it is. I know of no species where the lid is 102 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. 15/X%/1943 discernible from outside.—D. G. Sevasropuno, F.R.E.S., Calcutta, 10.vi.43. : Is NoropoNTA DROMEDARIUS, L., SINGLE-BROODED?—On 22nd July 1941 I collected from birch 20 ova of N. dromedarius and 6 larvae of this species in the second instar. These larvae, and the larvae which hatched from the ova, fed up irregularly and pupated between 15th August and 14th September. The following year imagos from the 26 pupae emerged on 26th June, 30th June, 4th July, and 7th July—four in all, the remaining 22 ‘‘ lying over.”’ In 1943 imagos emerged on 28th April, 15th May, 30th May (3), 7th June, 9th June, i0th June (2), 11th June, 15th June (2), 18th June (2), 19th June, 2lst June, 28th June, and 15th July—eighteen in all. The remaining four pupae are alive at the time of writing. On 11th June, this year, I found the first dromedarius ovum of the year. The larva emerged on 22nd June and pupated on 8th August. Throughout July I noted, on birch, a good many larvae in all instars. On 9th August I found, on an alder, two larvae: one in its second stadium, the other in its fourth. I have bred this species and observed it in the wild for the last eight years. The earliest date when I have found or bred the imago is 28th April, the latest 21st July (with the exception of one which, in 1938, emerged on 4th November). I have found ova in the wild from 11th June, throughout July, to 14th August; larvae in the wild from 12th June, throughout that month and July and August and September, in all instars, until 25th September. These larvae have pupated from 14th July to 10th October. South’s statement (The Moths of the British Isles, 1933, First Series, page 72), ‘‘ In some seasons, and localities, the moth appears twice in the year: the caterpillar may then be found in September and October ”’ seems to imply two separate broods. ‘My records, as given above, do not seem to bear this out. Have other observers recorded their experi- ences of this species? —P. B. M. ALLAN. CORRECTION. On p. 89 the correct spelling of the ssp. of lucipuru is hritannica and not brittanica. CURRENT NOTES. Foreign Locaniries.—If Mr P. Siviter Smith can obtain access to the last (1930) edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, I,think he will find many, if not ail, the localities he is interested in are mentioned with lat. and long: in volume 24, containing Index and Maps for the whole encyclopaedia. Hertford (U.S.A.) and Tabgha, the two samples T chose at random, are in Index and their position discoverable in Maps. T would take this opportunity of thanking Mr Smith for his very in- teresting notes on colour reproductions of natural history objects.— Wueerter, Ph.D., Grantchester, Chyngton Road, Seaford. Note.—Matter urgently wanted, especially Notes (Collecting and Current). . 1D, $29 (1901): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 208, plt. 47, 20 (1905): Hamp., Lep. aoe ae VI, 424 (1906): South, M.B.I., I, 285, ot 138, 1 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 122, plt. 291 (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 190, plt. 34, 17-18 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Handb., 125 (1928): Drdt.-Seitz, Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 135, plt. 17a (1984). SNOW 18 fit THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIKS. Lf ob? RAY A x! This species is very variable in ground colour, the emphasis of the transverse lines, the amount and shade of the yellow, brown, black and grey in all the marking but the layout of the marking in its main fea- tures are relatively stable in position. Hitib., Samml. Noct., f. 373 (1803-8), gave fig. so extraordinary that H.-S. said it was ‘‘ unrecognizable,’’? and I agree. Treit., Schm. Eur., V (2), 23 (1825), knew little of templi which had only been found in Germany a short time and to him seemed to be re- lated somewhat to cassinia and nubeculosa. It originally came from Sweden. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 48, plt. 75, 1 (1826), gave a good dark figure of templi. He placed it with exigua near the Caradina species blanda, etc. : Freyer, N. beitr., VI, 544 (1848), gave a poor figure ofa light ground form. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 265, f. 454 (1850), gave a long discussion of the species and its position and a good figure but with all the transverse marking unduly Prominene and precise; the surface being without the usual ‘‘ fluffiness.’ Mill., Iconog. Ann. Soc. Lin. Lyon (1867), 23, plt. 87, figs. 3-7, gave an excellent account of the life-history with a fine plate af good faves Imago, larva, pupa, and burrow. Barrett, l.c., plt. 168, gave four figures: 1, of varying shades of ochreous brown; lc, being much darker than the others. Stdgr., Cat., [[led., 181 (1901), recognized the form alpina, Rghfr., with its synonyms caflischi, Ruhl., and _ferdinandi, Ruhl. (grisescens) as synonyms of it (ab. diluta, al. post. wnicolor). Splr., Schmet. Eur., I, 208, plt. 47, 20 (1905), gave a good figure. Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 424, fig. 147 (1906), included alpina, Rghir., as a form and Te Ruhl., as a synonym. South, M.B.1., F,. 285, ble 138, 1 (1907), gave a fieure of the dull ochreous brown British fiir m of are species with hardly any well defined markings and not comparable with the Continental form which has very definite emphasized markings. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 122, plt. 291 (1910), gave three good figures. Typical ¢ and Q@, ab. alpina, Rghfr. (caflischi, Ruhl.) and treated ferdinandi, Ruhl., plt. 291, as a good species. Culot, N. et G., I (1), 190, plt. 34, f. 18-19 (1913), gave two very Sood figures. 18, the Eaical more or i grey-black marked form, and the form Oe ain. Trti., dark with well expressed blackish marking. He referred to the form alpina, Rgh. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., I11, 185 (1934), referred to the form alpina as a large dark form and added form variegata, Trti., somewhat ~ bluer-grey, lines quite black without the yellow tinge of the typical form, f. 17e. (118) ° ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD. ; 15/X/1943 Barrett wrote of the Variation : Variation in this species is almost confined to paler and darker ddas of colouring and to the greater or less indistinctness of the markings; it moreover seems to be local or climatal, since the tendency in inland rocky localities seems to be in the direction of yellower colour and more obscure markings, that on the coast to larger size, greater distinctness of the markings, and sometimes to deeper colour ; yet SS is by no means invariable ! The Names and Species to be considered : templi, Thnb. (1792), Diss. Ent. Ins. Swed., IV, 56. alpina, Rghfr. (1866), Wien z.-b., V, 99. ochracea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 50. suffusa, Tutt (1892), L.c. caflischt, Ruhl. (1892), Soc. Hnt., I1V,.175, Syn. ? variegata, Trti. (1909), Nat. Sic., XXI, 95, plt. 5, f. 6-7. Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical form; (2) the ochracea form, and (3) the suffusa form. ab. alpina, Rgehfr., Verh. z.-b. Wien, 999 (1866). Orig. Drescrip.—‘‘ The specimen, a female in quite good condition, had hibernated and therefore was of a paler colour than the English examples; it also differs from the northern examples in other characters. The size is somewhat less, the hairing of the thorax is paler grey than in English examples. The scaling of the forewing is interspersed with much paler-hairs and is glossy, the colour more bluish-grey almost as in H. platinea. The stigmata appears creamy-white, the second transverse line and the wavy line only slightly apparent and much less toothed, fringes more distinctly yellowish chequered, the outer curved line of the hindwing more emphasized; underside less pale than in the typical form, the discal marks on all wings stronger, the curved line more obsolescent.”’ f. ferdinandi, Ruhl., Soc. Ent., VI, 170 (1892), said by Warr.-Stz. to be a good species and to differ from templi only ‘‘ by the absence of yellow scaling.’’ Switzerland. Smaller. Fie.—Stz., III, 291. This is considered a good species by some authors. f. caflischi, Ruhl., Soc. Ent., VI, 170 (1892), an alpine form deter- mined by Warr.-Stz. to be the same as alpina, Rghfr. Switzerland. Smaller. Probably a synonym. Fie.—Stz., ITI, 291. ab. variegata, Trti., Nat. Sic., XXI, 95 (1909). Fies.—t.c., plt. 5, figs. 6-7. Orig. Descrip.—‘ Lineis undulatis non luteis sed intense nigrosig- natis,’’ followed by a long description on habits, variation, etc. ab. variegata, ‘Trti. [Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., IJ, 135 (1934)]. Drscrip.—|[‘‘ Inclined to blue-grey. The transverse lines are quite black without the yellow tinge of the typical form. The stigmata are more distinct and whitish.’’ Riga.] — | Ba ENS SP a I ee ee ey EE ET oe Se Tem ae eee ne ee) P > 5? , T . 5 eat 7 > 7 THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (119) Bombycia, Steph. (1827), most authors [Polia, Och. & Treit. (1816- 25): Cleoceris, Bdv. (1840), Barr.: Meyr., Meyr.: Hpunda, Gn., 1852 (Dup. 1846)] viminalis, Fb. 1777). Tutt, Brit. Noct., ITI, 50 (1892): Meyr., Handb., 53 (1895): Stdgr., Oat., IlIed., 164 (1901): Splr., Schmet. Huropas, I, 180, plt. 46, 5 (1905): Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 219, fig. (1906): South, MW.BJ., 1, 263, plt. 125, 5-6: Warr,-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 122, plt. 291k, 30a (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), 120, plt. 21,,9-13 (1912): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 124 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., II, 135, plt. 17¢ (1934). Rosel., Belust., II, plt. 11, 1-2, 3-4, and Ernst & Engr., Pap. d’Europe, V1, 240, 352, gave figures which doubtfully represent this species. Esper, Abbild., III (cont.), p. 30, plt. 84, f. 5, gave a fair figure of stricta, the ashy-grey form with reddish costa. Werneburg, Beitr., I, 33, determined in detail Esp., l.c., 75, 2, opaca, as a form of viminalis, but no other author agreed. Wrnbg. cited placida, IV, plt. 166, b, as this species and not serena with which it is placed, fig. 4-5, l.c., IV (2). But there is much uncertainty about the identification of these early figures with indefinite marking. Bork., Naturg., IV, 680 (1792), dealt with this species under the name saliceti, which he associated closely with coryli. In his synonymy he said it was the fabricii, Fb. (Gen. Ins., p. 284; the viminalis, Fb., Sp. Ins.; D. Vill., Iann. Ent., viminalis, etc., but he was uncertain as he knew but little of the species in nature. (See Werneburg, Beitr., II.) Hb., Samml. Noct., 50 (1800-3), gave a good figure of a form of viminalis which in his Text, p. 182, he called saliceti, Bork., and said that viminalis, Fb., was a synonym. Haw., Lep. Brit., 213 (1809), described this species under the name scripta, Hb., and referred to figs..10 and 50 in Hb.’s Sammi. [f. 10 is megacephala ?]. ae | é Treit., Schmet., V (1), 104 (1825), treated of the species under the name saliceti, Bork., and said it was viminalis, Fb., of D. Vill., and of Gotze, and the stricta, Esp., and the scripta, Hb. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 177, plt. 84, f. 4, gave a figure of a dark form and commented on Fab. reference to the figures of Rosel as having but little appearance of this species. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 282 (1850), dealt with this species under the name saliceti, Bork. He said that Hb. f. 50 was good but too much suffused with rust-yellow. It was viminalis, Fb., and stricta, Esp. Guen/, Hist. Nat., VI, 48 (1852), said that.this species is stricta, Esp., plt. 84, saliceti, Bork., seripta, Hb. 50. Barrett, l.c., plt. 171, gave six figures. The ‘‘ pale silvery-grey ”’ general colour is not well shown. 2b, has an extremely wide median very dark band extending almost from the base of the forewing to the reni- form; in 2c, the dark band is preceded by a largish whitish blotch on the costa at the base, and extends to the outer margin, but the silvery- grey marginal line is very conspicuous; 2d, is a very dark form with only the marginal line conspicuous; 2e, is an extreme uniformly black- brown form; in all these the normal marking are more or less suppressed. (120) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1943 Stdgr., Cat., [IIed., 164 (1901), treated saliceti, Bork., stricta, Esp., and seripta, Hb., as synonyms. He recognized obscura, Stdgr., with scripta, Haw., as synonyms. (Multo obscurior, al. ant. fere unicolor-obscure griseis vel nigricanti- bus.) Splr., Schmet. Eur., I, 180, plt. 46, 5 (1905), gave a very good figure of the typical form, and dealt with stricta, Esp., obscura, Stdgr., and unicolor, Tutt. : | Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 220 (1906). Stroud named Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., VI, 220 (1906), ‘‘ Forewing with the basal half suffused with red-brown,’’ ab. fabricii, Arch. Nat., LUXXXI, A. 12, 147 (1915). South, /.B.I., I, 263, plt. 125, 5-6, 7-8 (1907), gave four figures 5 and 6 typical ¢ and 9; 8, ab. obscura, Stdgr., and 7 an intermediate form; all good figures not too formal. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 122 (1910), gave 12 figs., plts. 291k, 30a, é and @ viminalis, Fb., d and @ saliceti, Brk., stricta, Esp., ab. rufes- cens, Warr., d and @ ab. obscura, Stdgr., ¢ and Q ab. scripta, Hb., ab. suffusa, Warr. (a new form), and f. wralensis, Bart. In addition they treated of the forms ab. rufescens, Warr. (a new form), uwnicolor, Tutt, and asiatica, B.-Haas. [ab. wralensis, (Bart.). I can find no reference, hence I take Warr.- Stz. as the Orig. Duscrip.—t.c., ‘‘ A small grey form with some rufous along both folds, and has the hindwing whitish, with a faint outer line and erey speckling.’’ Urals. [l.c., p. 122, plt. 30a (1910)].] Culot, NV. et G@., I (1), 120, plt. 21, f. 9-13 (1912), gave five very good ‘figures. 9, a light form; 10, a darker form; 11, a Bohemian form; 12, ab. seminigra; 18, ab. obscura. He referred to unicolor, Tutt, a blackish form. Draudt-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., Il], 135 (1934), dealt with fabriciz, Strand (Hamps.) and determined seminigra, Culot, as the semifusca, Petersen. They determined the chretieni, Roths., from Algeria, as the same as emir, Obthr., from the same area, plt. 17e is chretieni, and a good species. Z Barrett described the Variation: Variation in the southern districts is very slight, though in the fens there is a tendency to greater whiteness of ground colour with a flush of purple or pink; elsewhere rather more tendency toward slate-grey ; and in rare instances the basal half of the forewings is dark smoky-grey or slate-grey, while the outer half remains of the norma! colour. He reported a specimen ‘‘ having the two colours very sharply divided in the middle of the wings.’’ A general suffusion of dark grey or purplish-slate colour appears in more northern districts and with it a form in which the forewings are wholly dark purple-brown, purple-black, or slate-black, usually with the stigmata equally suffused or also the reniform is a shade paler. These dark forms are common in S. Yorkshire. A specimen is reported ‘‘ ground colour of the forewings is deep slate- grey, but the base, the stigmata, and a broad subterminal stripe are soft whitish-grey.’’ THE BRITISH NOCTUAR AND THEIR VARIETIES. (121) Another ‘‘ is rich dark purple-grey with a black central stripe, and another black stripe near the base, both very straight and the stigmata edged with pale grey.’’ Shetland examples are ‘‘ pale in the ground colour, but large, and with the markings intensified.”’ The Names and Species to be considered : viminalis, Fb. (1777), Gen. Insect., 284. stricta, Esp. (1787+ ?), Abbild. Noct., ITI, 30, plt. 86, f. 5. saliceti, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 630. scripta, Hb. (1800-3), Samml. Noct., f. 50. Vert, p. 182. obscura, Stdgr. (1871), Cat., Iled., 116; l.c., 11fed., 164 (1901). intermedia, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 51. unicolor, Tutt (1892), l.c. arctica, Splr. (1900), Trans. Mus. Aar., XXIII, 187. (I can find no re- cent reference.) semifusca, Petersen (1902), Beitr. Kunde. Est., 76. - fabricii, Hamps. (1906), Zep. Phal.; VI, 123 (see below). —rufescens, Warr.-Stz. (1910), Phal. Noct., III, 122, plt. 29k. suffusa, Warr.-Stz. (1910), l.c., plt. 30a. asiatica, [Bang-Haas] (1910) [Iris, XX, ined.] Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., B= 122. f: in Iris. wralensis, [Bart.] (1910) [Warr.-Stz., l.c., plt. 30a]. seminigra, Culot (1912), N. et G., I (1), 121, plt. 21, f. 12 (=semifusca, Peters.) Syn. fabricii, Strand (1915) from Hamps., Arch. Nat., LUXXXT, A. 12, p. 147. emir, Obthr. (1918), Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 146, f. 4122. Algeria, a species, and : chretienit, Roths. (1920), Nov. Zool., XXVII, 54, the same species. -Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical form, base brownish, outer half grey; (2) stricta, silvery-grey with red costa; (8) scripta, bright silvery-grey ; (4) intermedia, ground colour suffused, markings distinct; (5) obscura, black, with distinct markings; (6) wnicolor, unicolorous black. f. saliceti, Bork., Naturg., IV, 630 (1792). Fieg.—Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., UIT, plt. 29k. Oric. Descrie.—‘‘ The half of the forewing from the base up to the middle-is dark brown, but the other half is clear grey as in B. corylt. The two areas are separated from one another below the grey reniform _ by an unbroken orange-yellow-blackish streak. The orbicular which lies on the brown ground is somewhat lighter than the ground, and in front of it one sees a feeble orange coloured, blackish margined transverse line. The reniform, which is light grey, also lies clearly in the brown area, but the two colours of the dividing streak and the lower part of the stigma are not clearly separable, so well do they fade into the light grey area. The brown colour appears on the costa beyond the reniform into the grey area and in this ground on the costa not far from the apex there lie a few whitish dots. A whitish line stretches on the inner edge - of the costa to the inner angle, and the grey fringes are separated from the marginal area by a line forming a black streak. The hindwings are ashy-grey gradually becoming lighter towards the base with whitish (122) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1943 fringes. The palpi and head are ochre-yellow; the antennae rust coloured.’’ ab. semifusca, Ptrsn., Lep. Fn. v. Est., p. 76 (1902). Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Al. ant. dimidio Bacal wee lineam tr ansversum posteriorem et maculam reniformem totis fiscie? ‘“‘The whole basal half of the forewings, up to the inner transverse line and the reniform, is sharply cut off blackish.’’ Estland. Hamp., Cat. Lep. Phal., VI, 220 (1906), gave the following descrip- tion of a form. Oric. DEscripTtion.—‘‘ Pieeteae with the basal half suffused ants red-brown.’’ This Strand, Arch. Nat., LXXXI, A. 12, 147 (1915), r described and named fabricit. ab. rufescens, Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 122 (1910). Wie.—t.c., plt. 29k. Orie. Descrip.—‘‘ Has the whole forewing and underside of both wings suffused with rufous.’’ ab. suffwsa, Warr.-Stz., l.c. (1910). Fieg.—t.c., plt. 30a. Oric. Descrirp.—‘‘ With the white forewing suffused with smoky- brown obliterating the lines, and having only the stigmata with their black outlines visible.’’ ab. asiatica, (Bang-Haas) Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., ITI, 122 (1910). [Bang-Haas figured this form in [vis, vol. 20, without description. | Orig. Descrip.—‘‘ Grey and fuscous without any brown tinge,’’ W.- Stz. Siberia. r. walensis, Bart. [Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 122 (1910) ]. Fig.—l[l.c., plt. 30a]. Descrip.—[‘‘ A small grey form, with some rufous along both folds, has the hindwings whitish with a faint outer line and grey speckling.”’ The Urals. | ab. seminigra, Culot, N. et G., I (1), p. 121 (912). Fie.—l.c., plt. 21, f. 12. ORIG. Dress ie The first half of the forewing is ae black,’ This is the semifusca, Petersen. ab. fabricu, Strand, Arch. f. Naturg. (1915), A. 12, p. 147. Ee. Descrip.—‘‘ The basal half of the forewings is tinted with red- - brown.’ Provence. var. emir, Obthr., Lep. Comp., XVI, 146 (1918). Fie.—l.c., 496, f. 4122. Oric. Descrip.—‘‘ The Algerian form is of a somewhat dull silvery- erey.’ ‘‘ The ¢ hindwings are pure white. The Q is always more obscure.”’ var. chretient, Roths., Nov. Zool., XX VII, 54 (1920). Roth. said a doubtful species but not viminalis. These two are one species and now considered to be a good species — emir, Obthr., and not viminalis. THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES, (123) Eumichtis, Dup. (1821), Warr., Hamp., Drdt. [Polia, Och. & Tr. (1816-25), H.-S., Meyr., Meyr., Frr., Dup., etc.: Hpunda, Dup. (1844), South, Culot, Gn., Stdgr, etc.] lichenea, Hb. (1809-13). Tutt,. Brit. Noct., III, 52 (1892): Meyr., Hand., 53 (1895): Barr., Lep. Br. Is., 1V, 287, plt. 167, 2 (1897): Stdgr., Cat. Lep., Iiled., 179 (1901): Splr., Schm. Hur., I, 200, plt. 38, 15 (1905): Hamps., Lep. Phal., VI, 321, fig. 105 (1906): South, M.B.I.,-I, 265, plt. 187, 5-6 (1907): Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 120, plt. 32a (1910): Culot, N. et G., I (1), p. 180. plt. 33, f. 8-10 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 1387 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 138, plt. 17a (1934). Hb., Samml. Noct., 562-3 (1809-13), gave two good figures but with the submarginal band too emphasized. Fig. 797, l.c., Hb.-Gey., gave a good figure of ab. tephra, without the red band. Dup., Hist. Nat., VI, 420 (1826), was the first to describe this species which was figured by Hb., Samml. Noct., 562-3. He figured it on plt. xcix, 2, a banded figure with dark ground and markings, comparable with lichens on trees. Frr., New. Beitr., I, 39, plt. 21, 2 (1833), gave a very fair figure of a grey, banded form, a worn specimen from which the beautiful green marking had vanished (teste a letter from Treit.). See l.c., p. 176. Treit., Schmett., X, 51 (1835), described the lichenea, Hb., Sammil., figs. 562 and 563, in his genus Miselia. ‘‘ Alis anticis viridi, fusco- flavoque marmoratis, maculis ordinariis fasciaque externa dilutioribus purpureo micantibus; posticis dilute cinereis,’’ and cited Bdv., Ind. Meth., 70 (1829). . In l.¢., p. 55, he dealt with viridicincta, Frr., which he placed in the genus Polia, but made no mention of licheneaw in this connection. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 256 (1850), criticized the figures of Hb. rather strongly. ‘‘ Recognizable, especially the ¢. Wing too short, in the Q costa of forewing too bulging; in both, especially the 2, the colour is too varied, the hindwing too little marked, the fringes too yellow. Most examples are paler.’’ H.-S., l.c., v. viridicincta, Frr. He discussed this form at consider- able length, and figured it. Fig. 415, with the submarginal band green and not red as in the typical form. Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 48 (1852), said that viridicincta,:Frr., was a form of lichenea. Barrett, l.c., on plt. 167, gave four figures: 2a, a ¢ with very uni- formly coloured yellow ground; 2c, a dark blackish-brown @° ; in 2 and 2b there are white markings which are unusual I believe. Stdgr:, Cat., I[Ied., 179 (1901), recognized one form, viridicincta, Frr., and its syn. tephra, Hb.-G. Splr., Schmett. Hur., I, 200, plt. 38, 15 (1905), said that the forewing q in his figure was too blunt and the outer margin too bowed. The olive- green colour and the orange-red markings are normal for the typical form. He only gave one variety, viridicincta. South, M.B.I., I, 285, plt. 137, 5-6, figured the Portland and Ply- mouth forms, the former greyish in tone, the latter greenish and larger. _ Both figures are dark and heavy in appearance. (124) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X/1943 Hamp., Lep. Phal., VI, 322, f. 105 (1906), gave a good b. and w. figure and noted the ab. tephra, Hb.-Geyr., only. He placed the form viridicincta aS a synonym. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 1380 (1910), gave two very good figures, plt. 32a, lichenea, Hb., and ab. viridicincta, Frr. They dealt with two other forms, aetnea, Trti., and tephra, Hb.-G. Culot, N. et G., I (1), 180, plt. 33, f. 8-10 (1913), gave three excellent — figures of a species difficult to reproduce satisfactorily. Fig. 8, typical green lichen-like insect; 9 is viridicincta, a very pale N. African and Sicilian form; and 10, a very dark obscure form aetnea, Trti., from Sicily. Of the -Variation Barrett said: Rather liable to local variation, Devon specimens being rather large and more suffused with green, those from South Wales and other western districts smaller and with more of the purple tints, and the green darker; those from the Isle of Portland pale grey and with but little green marbling, and the pale markings all white or pinkish-white, an exceedingly pretty form—but all these shades of variation are connected by intermediates. In Mr S. J. Capper’s collection are specimens of a peculiar dull grey with the marking very obscure except that the black wedges near the hind margin are distinct and sharply defined and the row completed. The Forms and Names to be considered : lichenea, Hb., Samml. Noct., 562-3 (1809-13). ab. tephra, Hb.-Gey., l.c., 797 (1828-32). f. viridicincta, Frr., New. Beitr., I, 39, plt. 21, 2 (1833), cf. l.c., p. 176. f. aetnea, Trti., Nat. Sic., XX, Extr. p. 31, plt. vi, 25-27 (1907). r. apennina, Dnhl., Mitt. Miinch., XX, 115 (1929). ab. albipunctata, Siv. Smith, Hnt. Record, LIV, 94 (1942). ab. coerulescens, Siv. Smith, l.c., 95 (1942). ab. pallido-fasciata, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. nigrolineata, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. intermedia, Siv. Smith, l.c. * ab. evalensis, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. atlantica, Siv. Smith, l.c., 96. ab. ochracea, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. flavescens, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. simulans, Siv. Smith, l.c. ab. albin-ochracea, Siv. Smith, l.c., 97. ab. splendida, Siv. Smith, l.c. Tutt dealt with: (1) the typical form, olive-green with red markings ; (2) f. viridicincta, a pale greenish-grey form, with scarcely any trace of red marking. ab. tephra, Geyer-Hb., Samml. Noct., £. 797 (1828-32). The figure is quite good. : Descrip.—‘‘ Paler and greyer without the olive shades,’’ Hamp., Cat. Lep. Ph., Vi, 322 (1906). ‘ Hy. J. Turner, “ Latemar,” 25 West Drive, Cheam. _ REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if : ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. _ Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. _ CHANGES OF ADDRESS, and Queries re Non-receipt of Current Issues, should 3 be addressed to the Hon. Treasurer, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S. TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes & Current Notes. Please, Early.—EbDs. ee EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists-of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’”’ West Drive, Cheam. Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than var. lutescens and var. lineata. Other vars. acceptable. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris, and intermedia, etc. —Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Try petidae auigearas from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscray Road, Eltham, S.E.9. Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacton lh Ue Casilla Correo, 74, Tucuman, ' Republica Argentina. _ Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— John W. Moore, 15f Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norio#, Birmingham, 80. Wanited—Living larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- search purposes. Postages, etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperiat Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal.—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon, Somerset. if i Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions ihetuarae British Isles. Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or purchase considered. Duplicates —Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smith, Little Aston Park, Streetly, near Birmingham. — Book Wanted.—Barret, British Lepidoptera, | _Vol. 3—L. E. Savage, 65 Cranmer Avenue, Hove 4, Sussex. - Books Wantea.—: Draug-Seitz Suppt., Vol. III (Noctuae),’’ English preferred.— : A. J. Wightman, ‘*‘ Aurago,’ Pulborough, Sussex. Exchange.—For disposal, all families of Coleoptera in exchange for British Hydradephaga and Hydrophilidae—R. Kaufmann, Todrell Hall, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. Rn Me A ade ae Re ee Oe er aN i DN OT ae el a ae peek ee ; Ports th na Say eee 5 oe St ees 5h oS See a ee ae a We ee 7 Pe ae ‘ eS et ee aa ie Communications Promised :—E. P. Wiltshire, Thos. Greer, S. G. Castle Ryssell, _A. J. Wightman, P. Siviter Smith (plate), S. G. Brown (plate), Rev. G. Wheeler, _ Pp. B. M. Allan, Dr E. A. Cockayne, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, H. Donisthorpe, ' Prof. J. W. Harrison, L. Ford, etc. All Communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. _ TURNER, “ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. MEETINGS OF SOCIETIES. WAR-TIME ARRANGEMENTS. THE ROYAL ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF LONDON: 41 Queen’s Gate &.W.7. (Nearest stations: S. Kensington and Gloucester Road.) General Meet- ings at 3 p.m., on the first Wednesdays of the month, ries lee eS Octobers December | THE SOUTH LONDON ENTOMOLOGICAL AND NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. Warton Pal. Noct., III, 123, plt. 30a, b (1910): Culot, N. et G., I GQ), 176, plt. 32, 14-17 (1913): Meyr., Rev. Hand., 119 (1928): Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp:., II, 136, plt. 17, f. (1934). Schiff., Verz., p. 81 (17745), N. 16, was first in using the name lutu- lenta for a Noctua ‘‘ Braunschwarze, blass-gestrichte Eule,’’ whose larva was unknown. ‘ Haw., Lep. Brit., 119 (1803), described the British form as fuscus, and placed it one his Bombyces; but in 1809 he redescribed it as a Noctuid and altered the name-to fusca. Hence fuscus is the prior. Stephens’ fusca, Ill., II, p. 109 (1829) = lutulenta, Schiff., 81. A syn. He gave two vars., consimilis and orthostigma. ‘Duponchel’s figs., Hist. Nat., V, plt. 71, 1, 2 (1825), are quite good. That of sedi, l.c., Supp., TL, plt. 18, 1 (1836), is equally good except that there is a plum-colour shila which may not be quite natur al and the antennae are too well lea. Wood, Ind. Ent. (1834), p. 33, fig. 122, fusca, is a chon n with black central fascia, edged Le on outer de: 3S. H.-S., Sys. Bearb., II, 269 (1850), gave a series of figures purporting to be forms of lutulenta. Fig. 83, labelled ° lutulenta, is too brown and not black enough for the typical form. He gave the ground colour exclusive of marking as ‘iron black ’’ and said that marking was obsolete. Fig. 405, labelled 3S lutulenta, is not recognizable as this species.- The figure has a dark double-line outer margin to the hindwings which are ochreous instead of white. Fig. 428, labelled sedi, is too dark and agrees more with the form Tutt has called albidilinea. Figs. 429 and 430, both labelled Olutulenta, are unusually small and one Pano pee then except unsatisfactorily as intermediates. ten. dita ta Ads Pa es ee ee at DN < All MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to ‘Hy. J. TURNER, “ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- TIONS IDENTICAL with those they are sending to other magazines. REPRINTS of articles may be obtained by authors at very reasonable cost if ordered at THE TIME OF SENDING IN MS. Articles that require ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST of the illustrations. CHANGES OF ADDRESS, and Queries re Non-receipt of Current Issues, should be addressed to the Hon. Treasurer, H. W. Andrews, F.R.E.S. ‘TO OUR READERS.—Short Collecting Notes & Current Notes. Please, Early.—EDs. * EXCHANGES. Subscribers may have Lists of Duplicates and Desiderata inserted free of charge. They should be sent to Mr Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ West Drive, Cheam. Wanted urgently for experimental purposes, ova or larvae (forced) of A. caia which are not going into hibernation—Dr H. B. D. Ketilewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—British dominula varieties with full data other than ab. lutea and ab. bimacula. Duplicates—British L. l-album, exigua, cribrum, ocellaris ab. intermedia, etc.—Dr H. B. D. Kettlewell, Cranleigh, Surrey. Desiderata—Try petidae (Diptera) from Scotch, Welsh, and Irish localities. H. W. Andrews, 6 Footscruy Road, Eltham, S.E.9. ; Wanted—American Hesperiidae, especially from Costa Rica, West Indies, the Guyanas, Guatemaia, Honduras, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Colombia and Bolivia. Write K. J. Hayward, Estacién Experimental, Casilla Correo, 741, Tucuman, Republica Argentina. Duplicates—Rhopalocera from China and Peru, in papers, perfect condition, with data. Desiderata—Similar material except from North America.— John W. Moore, 154 Middleton Hall Road, King’s Norton, Birmingham, 30. Wanted—Living larvae of Pieris rapae, and cocoons of Apanteles rubecula or Apanteles glomeratus gratefully received. Large numbers required for Re- search purposes. Postages; etc., will be paid—Dr Ewen Cameron, Imperial Institute of Entomology at Clunebeg House, Drumnadrochit, Inverness. Desiderata—Dipterous parasites bred from Lepidopterous larvae or pupae, or from any other animal—H. Audcent, Selwood House, Hill Road, Clevedon,- Somerset. Wanted.—Lycaena (Heodes) phlaeas from all regions including British Isles. Also wanted other species of Chrysophanids from all areas. Exchange or purchase considered. Duplicates.—Foreign Lepidoptera, e.g., Satyrids, Charaxes, Papilios, and others; full lists sent.—P. Siviter Smith, Little Aston Park, Streetly, near Birmingham. ‘ Book Wanted:—Barret, British Lepidoptera, Vol. 3—L. E,. Savage, 65 Cranmer Avenue, Hove 4, Sussex. Books Wanted.—‘ Draug-Seitz Suppt., Vol. III (Noctuae),’’ English preferred.— A. J. Wightman, “ Aurago,’ Pulborough, Sussex. Book wanted—Frohawk, F. W., “ Varieties of British Butterflies *’ (1938).—A. F. L. - Bacon, The Malt House, Burghclere, Newbury. _ Exchange.—For disposal, all families of Coleoptera in exchange for British Hydradephaga and Hydrophilidae—R. Kaufmann, Todrell Hall, Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. eS Communications Promised :—E. P. Wiltshire, Thos. Greer, S. G. Castle Russell, A. J. Wightman, P. Siviter Smith (plate), S. G. Brown (plate), Rev. G. Wheeler, P. B. M. “Allan, Dr E. A. Cockayne, T. Bainbrigge Fletcher, H. Donisthorpe, Prof. J. W. Harrison, L. Ford, F. H. Day, Capt. C. Q. Parsons, J. A. Simes, BF, H. Lees, H. A. Leeds, Sir A. Maclaurin, etc. All Communications should be addressed to the Acting Editor, Hy. J. TURNER, ‘* Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. MEETINGS Vr SOCIETIES. 4 WAR-TIME ARRAN Printed by T. Buncle & Co., Ltd., Arbroath. No, 12, DECEMBER 1943 ENTOMOLOGISTS REGOF : AND ae 1944) BRARY- ne JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED with the assistance of MALCOLM BurR, D.Sc., F.R.E.S. T. BAINBRIGGE FLETCHER, R.N., F.L.S., _E. A. COCKAYNE, A.M. D.M., F.R.E.S., F.Z.8., F.R.E.S. ~F.R.C.P. : °J.-E. COLLIN, J.P., F.R.E.S. H. i. PAGE, F.R.E.S. H. DONISTHORPE, I°.Z.8., F.R.E.S. | Rev. G. WHEELER, M.A., F.R.E.S., F.Z.S. | oe Editor Emeritus—G. T. BETHUNE-BAKER, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S. (oS By HENRY J. TURNER, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., Editorial Secretary. iss = — ra | _ CONTENTS. | ORICHALCEA (AURIFERA) AND P, CHALCITES, Frank H. Lees, .. ... 145 ty 1) THE CONCLUSION OF THE DISCUSSION ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE, | 7 Sepmueeees Ee MGhibe WIE BS 8 oo SY ee BS nd RR eee a _ COLLECTING NOTES: Cynthia hampstediensis,- £- Bainvrigge Fletcher; | =. Two Days at Chedworth, Glos., P. Siviter Smith; Spilodes (Botys) verti- calis, Schiff. (ruralis, Staud. Cat.) in Cumberland, F. H. Day, F.R.E.S.; Botys ferrugalis, Hb,, in Cumberland, Jd.; Pararge megera, J. A. Simes, 0.B.E., F.R.E.S.; The Larval Durations of Thera variata and T. firmata, Capt. C. Q. Parsons; Volucella inanis, L., and Rhingia rostrata, L., in N. Kent, H. W. Andrews; Mice Eating Butterflies, S. G. Castle Russell, ... 118 _ CURRENT MOM Meee a ties Fe eo Sha IgG Dae AUR Saeed SoS ode SL | reeas yt aes oe ee c SUPPLEMENT. ' The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., F.R.H.S., (129)-(132) 4 INDEX. 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By Post, 25/7 All Orders to be placed through @ Bookseller. FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD., 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, BEDFORD STREET, LONDON, W.C.2 EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA. Price List No 33: 5000 Species. Post Free on Application. W. F. H. ROSENBERG, 94 WHITCHURCH LANE, EDGWARE, M’ddx. > es te eee c rn 2 ae eee eee P, ORICHALCEA (AURIFERA) AND P. GCHALUITES. 115 P. ORICHALCEA (AURIFERA) AND P. CHALCITES. THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO FOREIGN PLUSIA SPHCIDS 450" ome _ §. DEVON. (AN 17 19 13 AAC By Frank H. Legs. Fete: i : BRAS At dusk on 7th September [I saw what looked like a small Plusia chrysitis flying over the valerian; to make sure, I netted it, and, noticing an unusual distribution of the metallic area, I boxed it on the assumption that it was an ab. of P. chrysitis and worth taking. J had given it no further consideration, however, when Mr A. Russell James came over here on 12th September. The evening before his arrival I had netted another stranger flying over the valerian. It looked very like Plusia moneta, but I could not re- member ever taking a second brood specimen and, hoping it might at any rate serve to establish that fact, I secured it. On closer examina- tion I could see it was certainly not a typical moneta, and the follow- ing day I submitted the moth, which I had not yet killed, to Mr Russell James for his opinion. He immediately drew my attention to the twin spots and other differences that, he said, definitely ruled out moneta. I then showed him my supposed P. chrysitis ab., and here again he emphatically disagreed with my diagnosis. As we proceeded to discuss both insects detail by detail and compared them with the chrysitis and moneta in my cabinet it became evident that in both cases my cap- tures differed from the familiar species I had named so very materially that they must be species of Plusia with which we were both un- acquainted. Kirby’s Huropean Butterflies and Moths (1882), the only book I had likely to help us, merely furnished food for speculation rather than identification, so I made drawings of the insects, which, with my descriptions, I hoped would enable anyone familiar with the European Plusias to name them. Mr G. W. Wynn, to whom I first appealed, for- warded my data to Mr W. J. Wightman. I also sought the aid of Mr P. P. Milman, who came over here and saw the insects on the boards on 80th September. His identifications were later confirmed by Mr Wight- man’s and Mr Wynn’s and, to make it absolutely sure (for it did seem incredible), Mr Russell James then submitted my drawings and descrip- tions to Dr HE. A. Cockayne, who compared them with the series of Euro- pean Plusias in Tring Museum and advised me there was no doubt that I had taken Plusia chalcites, Esp., on 11th September and Plusia orichalcea, F. (=aurifera, Hb.) on 7th September. Both my captures are males, and as cabinet specimens leave much to be desired. To make two such captures, however, in bred condition would be expecting for- tune’s maximum indeed. The chalcites is considerably bleached and worn, otherwise it could hardly have suggested moneta to me; its left forewing is slightly chipped and the right underwing rather ragged; the loss of its thoracic crest is the worst damage sustained; the remark- able abdominal plumes (undiscovered till I set it) are fortunately fairly intact. The orichalcea (aurifera) is in better shape; a little faded and worn perhaps, the enly serious defect being a split in the left forewing made worse by a slip of the needle when trying to conceal it when setting; with this regrettable exception it is a nearly perfect spevi- 116 ALY: ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15 / XIL/1943 men. Both species have been described as migratory, but apparently neither has been known to establish itself in new territory as moneta did. Chaleites is common in the south of France and other parts of Southern Europe and North Africa. Orichalcea (aurifera), on the other hand, occurs only as an immigrant in Spain, Portugal, France, and Germany, inhabiting the Canaries, a large part of Africa, Madagascar, Asia Minor, India, most of South Asia and the East Indies, so there is plenty of scope for the speculative to work out, the itinerary of my captures. I am indebted to Dr Cockayne for the following notes on the nomenclature and previous British records :— Noctua orichalcea, Fabricius, Syst. Ent., 407, 1775. Synonyms— Chrysitina, Martyn, Psyche, t. 21, 1797; awrifera, Hbn., fig. 463. Orichalcea is mentioned as British by many old authors. There are the following records: (1) Taken by the Rev. J. Lyon near Dover. Now in Brit. Mus. (Said by Tutt to be regarded as an ab. of chrysitis!) (2) Taken near London; in the Ingpen collection. Ingpen was born 1796 and died 1854. His sale is recorded in H.M.M., 1889, 25, 246, but it was not in the sale catalogue. (8) Specimen in the Rev. Charles Burney’s collection, formerly in Charles Dale’s coll. Dale got it from Dr Abbott’s coll. Figured* Humphreys and Westwood, British Moths, pl. 52, fig. 5, p. 238. C. W. Dale says his father, Charles Dale, bought the Abbott coll. in 1817, and that the moth must have been foreign, as it is not mentioned in Abbott’s manuscripts or in Charles Dale’s, which it would have keen, if it had been British. Tutt says (2) and (3) may be the same, but there is no real evidence that this is so. Meyrick mentions old records from Kent and Middlesex, which must refer to (1) and (2). Plusia chalcites, Esp., tom. iv, pl. 141, fig. 3, 1789? Most authors misspell the name ‘‘ chalcytes.”’ Synonyms—chalsytis, Hbn., fig. 276; erilosoma, Dbldy., 1843 (this is now considered to be a distinct species occurring in the Far East); verticillata, Guenée, Sp. Gen. Noctuél, 1852, 2. 344, no. 1168; rogationis, Gn., l.c. (this is the American form); acuta, Walker, B.M. Cat. of Noctuae, part 12, p. 922, 1858; bimaculata, Stephens, Illustrations Brit. Ent., Haust., vol. 3, p. 102. (1) Stephens says a single specimen was obtained by him from the Mar- shamian coll., where it was placed as iota. Of its locality he was ignorant. This is now in the British Museum. H. T. Stainton, E.M.M., 1891, 27, 207, says that, hearing that the specimen could not be found in the B.M., he searched for it and found it in his *This reads as if the figure was made from the *‘ Burney Coll.” specimen. Mr Humphreys (Brit. Moths I., 231) says that it was made from a specimen in the British Museum. (1) Stephens (JU. Brit. Ent., Haust. III, 105) referred to him in 1830 as “ the late Rev. J. Lyon,” and refers to the Ingpen specimen as ‘‘ found, I believe, in the vicinity of the Metropolis’’: but note Stephens’ remarks (l.c., p. 93) on the introduction of foreign specimens into English cabinets. Le CONCLUSION OF DISCUSSION ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE, CAP. 117 house, where it had been brought with the Stephensian library in 1853, and he returned it to the B.M. This was recorded as Plusia bimaculata, Steph. (2) A specimen in the collection of Edwin Brown, who received it from Carter of Manchester. P. B. Mason (H.M.M., 1891, 27, 163) identi- fied this as P. bimaculata = P. verticillatqa = P.-acuta., (3) One captured by H. P. Robinson at Tunbridge Wells in May 1870. H. Moore says (#.M.M., 1870, 7, 138) that it came into his drawing- room window attracted by light. Recorded as P. bimaculata = P. verticilata = P., acuta. “The Gables,’’ Maidencombe, Newton Abbot, S. Devon. THE CONCLUSION OF THE DISCUSSION ON CUCULLIA SCROPHULARIAE, CAP. By E. P. Wirtsutre, F.R.E.S. You have now published so much about Cucullia scrophulariae, Cap., that it seems desirable that, before the end of the year, the discussion should be complete, especially since it appears from Mr Wightman’s article (Ent. Rec., April 1943) that some of your readers cannot refer to the Continental papers or could not understand them if qey had access to them. : The following therefore is my translation of Boursin’s analytical key of the facies of the verbasci group of the genus Cucullia; it was published in Mitt. Miinch. Ent. Ges. e. V., xxiii, J. 1933, Heft 1. A.1. Grounp Colour or ForEwine BrowNisH (Not GREY). (a) Hindwing with strongly wavy termen, very pointed apex, and underside with nervures strongly contrasting with ground COVENANTS 3, eho awldse chop vaccedeven «at vendaceete verbasci (b) Hindwing with termen slightly wavy, and rather rounded apex; underside, nervures hardly contrasting with ground colour: (a.1.) (C. osthelderi, a Turkish species) (b.1.) Submedian part of forewing without whitish suffusion : (a.2). Orbicular and reniform stigmata clearly lighter than the ground colour and overlapping on to costal border. Span, 42-45 MM. .......-cecseceseeeseeeeeseeeeeeeeeeessess lychnitis (b.2.) Orbicular and reniform stigmata, especially the former, hardly differing from ground colour, and not overlapping costa. Span, 45-48 mm.: (a.3.) (C. scrophulariphila) (b.3.) Forewing lacks the whitish suffusion distally above the dark tornal streak; hindwing discal spot, not wider than discal cell and less em- phasized on the upper side than the lower: ... scrophulariae B.1. Grovunp CoLouR MORE oR LESS SLATE-GREY. (Non-British Species.) The above analysis of the markings of the three British species seems to me to be more complete than any so far quoted by your correspondents. ‘ “FB. aurinia, The Range of, in the Hebrides,’ J. W.-H. Harrison ... 27 ‘“* Emergence of the Limacodidae,”’ DG, SCVAStOMUlO sss hese 101 abi MVESSUNGLCLIIG,-« la OLG eee 92 “ #B, pulchellata in the Outer Heb- Fides i. JaowW. EL Harrison feec-se- 26 Exhibition of the S. London Ento- mological Society, Annual ... 93, 112 ‘First British Record of P. versi- COLOT ei. We es SO EES OMe ees Q7 ‘“* Food-plant Genera, Groups of,” E. PS AWiltShire 2s Bes eae eee 80 ‘“Food-plants, Substitute,’ P. B. M. Allan. 43. "COD temple inthe Hebrides,’ J. W. H. Harrison ... 69 ‘* Food-plant, of O. ochracea,’’ Capt. RD. Re Troup. 9. Oreck wmn- DUDENS SON OtLOe eo ocr eee 104 Horeign: Localities 2-2 <3. 93, 102 “ Foreign Plusia species in S. Devon, The Occurrence of two,” Frank ERO IMC GS 56.5 25 ieee eek aoe eee 115: “ G. rhamni, A Note on,’ H. J. Bur- 1 Fea Ht Lhe Rees peas At ne les ack ene tee oer 108 “ Gynandromorphs, and Pterergates (Ants), Descriptions of,’ D. P. Walls, 64; S. London Exhibition Report; -Webruary 4: 2k (1)-(14) Habits of T. pruni “Hair Pencils and Scent Brushes,’’ Rev. Desmond Murray ................ 19 ““ Hampstead Eye, The,.’’ G. V. Hud- S OTD Se oe ee Ser ta De ED TSAI nr EU Rar 50 “ Hamopstediensis, Cynthia,’ T. Bain- brigge Fletcher, 65; Capt. A. F. ES BACON eee. Ceara, Girth eae eens 76- ‘‘ Hibernated N. io in Northumber- land; The Occurrence of,’ J. W. EDR EAE PIS OMS soos eae eee eee 69 ee RAL RY OLY ADO IA HD Weert d Dy ed Be RON ED DS nea 90 - “Immigrant Lepidoptera in the In- ner and Outer Hebrides,” J. W. FEES O Meas: ese ee eee 108 Key to the Cuecullia scrophulariae STOW Fae es eee et ea Aca eee eine 117 INDEX. PAGE List of, Middlesex Coleoptera, H._ Donisthorpe, 18, 43, 61, 72, 91, 99; Prices at the five sales of P. M. Bright’s Collection, 8S. G. Castle Russell, 55; H. E. Page, 52; Mont- gomeryshire Lepidoptera, P. B. M. Allan, 36; Early Appearances, 67, Lepidoptera observed in N. Uist, 26: Species of Lepidoptera attached to Groups of Food- plants, 80-82 ** Larval Durations of Thera variata and T. firmata,”’ Capt. C. Q. Par- PTeCeeC eee Cee eee ee eee ee eee eee ee rey SONS) ts (Se SS PEON RR PERE 122 .““Late Emergence of N. dromeda- etre becl DELO. ©. 7.2.0. cussasssaeceseew ene 11 “‘Lepidoptera in N. Uist in 1942,” J. Wis le CET APTISOMN ~“s.5., .cisscsheavetoveaceues 26 “EL. impudens: A Query,’’ Capt. C., Q. Parsons, 93; A. J. Wightman 101 Localities: Belgium, 9, 28; Ched- worth, 119; Cumberland, 121; Devon, S., 115: France, 9, 23: Gloucestershire, 105; Hebrides, Outer and Inner, 26, 68, 69, 107, 108, 109; Italy, 9, 23; Middlesex, 18, 43, 61, 71, 91, 99; Montgom- eryshire, 36; New Forest, 103; Somerset, 67; Switzerland, 9, 23; Turkey, 38; Wood Walton, Hunts 15 Mass Movement of V. cardwi ............ 29. “Mating of the Green-veined White,” EONNeEe EUMETTSOM:.. ... ctscccnhusceccc sees 109 *“ Melitaea arcesia, On the Trail of,” 1B. TRO AGL RSH AN 8 ef @ Viper eer a 97 **Mettalica in P. coridon, Form,”’’ 5" [EEO VAN eT DYE 6 IS -61,; 62, 4075-144 Wheeler, Rev. G., M.A., F.R.E.S. 9, 28, 38 AVA DDH eval Opgaed Bypenaeitee Mea a hs ae ues Sees AS or 92 Wichtman, A’ J. PRES. 8-31. Wiltshire, E. P., F.R.E.S., 44, 79, 97 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Plate I. Acedes (Tinea) piercella, to face page (1). II. Hair Pencils and Scent-brushes, to face page 19. Classification of Yellow Hindwing P. dominula, to face page 45. IV. New Aberrations of. British P. dominula, to face page 45. V. Aberrations of P. dominula, to face page 45. SUPPLEMENTS. The British Noctuae and their Varieties, III (85)-(132), F.R.H.S. Hy. J. Turner, F.R.E.S., Records and Full Descriptions of Varieties and Aberrations exhibited at the S. London Annual Exhibition (1)-(14), February number. 44, 72, 101 ow ee THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (129) In fact the whole five figures are poor representatives of any imagines of which I have seen figures or specimens. Guen., Hist. Nat., VI, 46 (1852), said it was the melaleuca, Esp., plt. 64; the electrica, Fab., 125?; the fusca, Haw., 65; and the ortho- stigma, Steph., II, 110. He said, consimilis, Steph. = sedi, (Bdv.) Dup., Supp., II. Barrett, [.c., plt. 166, gave five figures: 1, a ¢d; la; a 9; 1b, a banded form, the basal and marginal areas being somewhat lighter ; le and 1d, two Irish forms, the first a black form ¢ with a band of spots across the disc of the hindwings, the latter a ¢ with a considerable amount of dark grey (bluish) banding and marking, dark hindwings similarly banded with spots. - Stdgr., Cat., I[Ied., 178 (1901), treated tripuncta, Frr., as a syu. and recognized as forms luneburgensis, Frr., and sedi, Tr., with its two syns., dutulenta, Dup., and pallida, Calb. He described it: Al. ant. distineta albo-lineatis. © Spuler, Schm. Eur., I, plt. 29 (1905). His figures are so utterly at variance with my specimens and with the other figures [ have consulted that I failed to recognize them as either lutulenta or nigra. The insect figured on plt. 29, 22, as lwneburgensis, is a fig. of sedi. Probably an error originating with Staudinger as referred to by Tutt, B.N., III, 54, 57: Brown, Cat. Dobrée Coll., 89 (1909), said that ‘‘ the Continental sedi approach the type in general appearance while the British ones ap- proach the var. luwneburgensis.’’ The latter (British sedi) are a darker bluish-grey, but much brighter in appearance. Warr.-Stz., Pal. Noct., III, 123 (1910), gave seven fairly good figures, plt. 30a, b, ¢ and Q lutulenta, Bork., ¢ and @ consimilis, Steph., ab. tripuncta, Frr., g¢ and @2 luneburgensis, Frr. (albidilinea, Tutt). They dealt also with sedi, Dup., pallida, Calb. The synonyms were elec- trica, Fb., fusca, Haw., and orthostigma, Steph. Culot, N. e# G., I (1), 176, plt. 32, f. 14-17 (1913), gave four very good figures.' He noted that the variation was so unstable that it was most difficult to identify the numerous named forms which have been listed. Figs. 14-15, typical ¢: and ¢ ; 16, ab. sedi, Gn., generally small, with dark median area; 17, ab. luneburgensis, Frr., violaceous or reddish- grey. Drdt.-Stz., Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 136, plt. 17, f. (1934), treated lune- burgensis, Frr., as a distinct species ‘‘ even though examination of the cenitalia showed that they are practically identical.’’? They base their _ distinction upon ‘‘ The general impression differs too much.’’ They add the name. aterrima, Warn., for ‘‘ very deeply black specimens.”’ These authors consider: (1) consimilis, Steph. (plt. 17, f., a revised fig.); (2) sedi, Dup. (plt. 17, f., a Spanish form); (3) brunnea, Schaw. ; and (4) decolor, nov., ‘‘ an ochreous-yellow coloration ”’ (plt. 17, f.) from Rome. Of the Variation Barrett said: The species as found in the South and West of England varies but little, except that in some specimens, more particularly from Sussex, the central band is darker, and its markings are more visible; on the other hand, some specimens from Wales are more tinged with ashy-grey ; and in a few instances the hindwings of the females are much paler, be- - (180) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/X1/1943: ing tinged to the middle, or even over the whole surface with the white of the male. One specimen from Sussex, in my own collection, is of a clear pale grey. In some parts of Scotland ae Jreland the insect assumes very different characters. In one constantly recurrent form in those localities. the antennae are black; the head and thorax glossy black-brown, or almost jet-black; forewings slate-black or glossy black, with the first and second lines still deeper jet-black, the space between them equally black or blotched with deep black, and the stigmata edged with jet-black ; the subterminal line is only obscurely indicated by a cloudy indented bar tinged faintly with red or yellow, and inwardly bordered with deep black; hindwings white in the male, with rather darker nervures and a dark central dot, the scalloped hind marginal line black; in the female very dark smoky-grey. This very beautiful local race is usually known in these islands as var. luneburgensis, but considerable doubt exists as. to whether this varietal name is correctly applied. | Along with it in some localities, and, like it, occurring in both sexes, is an even more beautiful recurrent race. Forewings of a rich dark or - pale slate-grey, with the first and second lines and the central band en- closed by them, slate-black or deep black, very bright and conspicuous ; the subterminal line dusted with purple, and its inner edging deep black : the head and thorax slate-grey, but the antennae light brown; the hind- wings’as in the last described; thorax agreeing with the forewings. This race is known—apparently correctly—as var. sedi; and it must be ad- mitted that, as varietal names these have the advantage as not being vitiated or even rendered vague and useless by all shades of intermediate forms. In rare instances, however, the last described variety has the central bar very narrow and deeply black. In the collection of the late Mr H. Doubleday at Bethnal Green Museum is a lovely specimen of a paler slate-grey—the precise tinge of that in Agrotis ashworthu—with the central band darker slate-grey but the lines bordering it grey-black. The appended description by Treit. seemed to me to be the best of the earlier ones. Ochs., Schmet. (1816), IV, 67. Agrotis lutulenta, W. V. Hb. Treit., l.c. (1825), V (1), 187, Hb., W. V., Ilhg., Bork pe Gay othe colour a dark grey se in fed examples with a yellowish- red tinge. The transverse lines are very indistinct. The half dark line next to the base disappears even in strongly marked examples by the middle of the wing. The first complete transverse line is more in evi- dence. Of the orbicular there is found a black trace only. The reniform is surrounded by greyish-yellow but very indistinctly. Then follows the second complete transverse line, and finally, near the fringes,-a dentate line, between which and the waved line lies a paler band. (Of the W noted by Bork. in the dentate line I can find no trace. It is doubtful whether he had lutulenta).’’ I have looked over about 150 specimens and have never met with an example with a definite W as in the usual Hadena species. The dentate line has no definite portion separated into a W, it is made up of irregular - * teeth.’’ Burrows, Ent. Record., XI, 155, ete. (1899), contributed an article revising the account of this species in Tutt’s Brit. Noctuae, III, adding —" Vee 7 } Dm mo ao oe THE BRITISH NOCTUAE AND THEIR VARIETIES. (131) three more aberrational names and clarifying the previous uncertainties in dealing with the species. Analysis of lutulenta forms by the late Rev. C. R. N. Burrows. . Fw. unicolorous ashy-grey = ab. consimilis, Steph. Fw. unicolorous brown-black = ab. lutulenta, Bork. Fw. ashy-grey, with black central band = ab. sedi, Gn. Fw. glossy black, with blacker lines = (uneburgensis, Frr. Fw. glossy black, with white lines = albidilinea, Tutt. Fw. as (d), but having white spots to reniform = tripuncta, Frr. Fw. as typical form, but all markings most obscure = wnicolor, Brrws. Fw. as (a), ashy-grey, with dark central band = cinerea, Brrws. Fw. almost ab. sedi, but contrasts not so marked and brownish instead of black = approximata, Brrws. The series of types and typical forms in g, h, i, and all the speci- mens concerned in the above summary are before me. About 120 in all.— Hy. oo 2: Nores.—‘‘ unicolorous ’’ means only the ground -colour and does not include marking (cf. wnicolor). Out of the whole series not one has the ”) ‘W of Borkhausen. In (d) there is a submarginal area of ground lighter in shade, maybe only visible in a particular light. In (e) the ‘‘ white ”’ lines are dull cream. This is certainly not typical nor ab. luneburgensis. (f) has one decidedly white dot in the reniform and the other two are dull irregular marks. & Wightman on Warr.-Seitz figures of lutulenta. ‘¢ Warr.-Seitz figures of lutulenta are to my mind very bad. His © consimilis is obviously a G but not like the ¢ consimilis figured. His © Sluneburgensis, so-called, has @ antennae. This form which was de- scribed from a German specimen by Staudinger and called luneburgensis. Frr., in error, was finally called albidilinea by Tutt using Staudinger’s description, which he said applied well to our Scotch and Irish forms. So this type was Irish. But there is one queer point about this form. all Scotch, Irish and Manx specimens, as well as Continental specimens. are agreed to be smaller and neater. But why? If they-are but forms of lutulenta they should be lutulenta forms’ size. My local grey forms of lutulenta (sedi, Gn.) are as large as the type.’’ As Culot noticed, lutulenta is one of the species of which the identifi- cation of the various named forms is almost impossible owing to the unstable nature of the variation, and I may add the careless way in which some of these descriptions have been drawn up. Even the descrip- tion of the type by Borkhausen was so loose that Treit. suggested that he (Bork.) did not have a specimen of true lutulenta before him. The Names and Forms to be considered : [melaleuca, Esp. (17862), Abbild. Noct., ITI, 324, plt. 64, 5] asa Bombyz. -lutulenta, Bork. (1792), Naturg., IV, 576. _electrica, Fb. (1794), Ent. Sys. em., III (2), 46. Syn. fuscus, Haw. (1803) (Bomb.) Lep. Brit., 119 = (1809), l.c., 204. Syn. f. consimilis, Steph. (1829), Illus., II, 110. ab. orthostigma, Steph. (1829), Illws., II, 110. f. luneburgensis, Frr. (1848), New. Beitr., VI, 72, plt. 526, 2. (132) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. 15/ XI /1943 ab. tripuncta, Frr. (1848), U.c., p. 32, plt: 501, 2: {, seda, Gn.-(1852), Hist: Nat., V1, 46. ab. pallida, Calb. (1888), Iris, I, 237. ab. albidilinea, Tutt (1892), Brit. Noct., III, 58. ab. uwnicolor, Brws. (1899); Ent. Record, XI, 157. ab. cinerea, Brws. (1899), l.c. ab. approximata, Brws. (1899), l.c. ab. aterruma, Wrnk. (1926), Int. Ent. Zt., XX, 298. ab. brunnea, Schawd. (1929), Zeits. Oestr. Ent. Ver., XIV, 106. ab. decolor, Drdt. (1934), Pal. Noct. Supp., III, 136, plt. 178. Tutt’s trans. of Bork. is only partial; he gives the main characters but omits most of the detail, e.g. as to stigmata, spots, transverse lines, etc. : Tutt dealt with: (1) The typical form unicolorous brown-black [ ‘‘uni- colorous’’ is here used for the ground colour alone exclusive of the mark- ing]. (2) Unicolorous ashy-grey, the consimilis, Stephens. (38) ab. sedi, Gn., ashy-grey, with black central band. (4) ab. luneburgensis, Frr., glossy black, with blacker lines. (5) ab. albidilinea, Tutt, with light silvery edging to central band = the luneburgensis, Stdgr., which was an error in Cat., Iled. (1871). (6) ab. tripunctata, Frr., similar to lune- burgensis, but with white spots in the reniform. ; I have looked up the matter of luneburgensis and gone over again what Tutt did, Brit. Noct., III, 56, etc. (1892), with Her.-Schaf., Freyer,. _ and Ware Seitn: etc., Botoee me. Stder. could not have. tipo corer the matter. He said: Cat., Iled., 97 (1871), ‘‘ nigricans, fasciis distinct. albis.”? Freyer said (1848) (orig. descrip.): ‘‘ Anterior wings glossy black, with a very slight purplish tinge, the basal, elbowed and subter- minal lines darker, an angulated, narrow, central shade very dark and quite black. Hindwings white, with dark nervures and a row of dots on the nervures.’? Warr.-Seitz said: ‘‘ luneburgensis is purplish-grey . with all the lines and stigmata very neatly marked and edged with paler ; the median area darker; a decidedly smaller and neater insect than the type.’’? (This description is made from a specimen from the Freyer col- lection marked by himself.) Warr. also said that it was the same as the albidilinea, Tutt, plt. 30b in Stz. It is obvious that these three descriptions do not agree. That of Stdgr. appears, as Tutt said, to be the form named by him as albidilinea, and does not agree with the original description and figure of Frr. Warr.-Stz. description of luneburgensis certainly does not agree with that of the -type description. ‘‘ Purplish-grey’’ cannot possibly be glossy black ;-characters ‘‘ neatly marked with paler on edges ’’ cannot be ‘‘ darker, very dark, and quite black ’’ at the same time. The latter are also smaller. : [ Melaleuca, Esp., Abb., I1I (Bomb.), 324 (1786?).] Fic.—plt. 64, (6) 5. Ortc. Descrip.—‘' Alis superioribus fuscis stigmatibus binis albo- inductis, fasciisque tribus ex punctiss[eu] maculis ]unulatis albidis.”’ ‘“The ground colour is usually rather blackish, but in some speci- mens dark grey. Also both the reniform spots and the bands are partly white and partly dull pale green and often very obsolescent. The abdo- ete al MS. and EDITORIAL MATTER should be sent and all PROOFS returned to “8 Hy. J. TURNER, ‘‘ Latemar,’’ 25 West Drive, Cheam. We must.earnestly request our correspondents NOT TO SEND US COMMUNICA- . 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