ENTOMOLOGIST'S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Edited by J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. VOL. VII. SEPTEMBER, 1895, to APRIL, 1896. PRICE 7s. 6d. Special Index, Is. LONDON : ELLIOT STOCK, 62, Paternoster Row, E.G. BERLIN: R. FRIEDLANDER & SOHN, 11, Carlstrasse, N.W. AMERICA: PH. HEINSBERGER, 9, First Avenue, New York, U.S.A. PREFACE TO VOL. VII, We have, on the completion of another vohime, to tender once again our warmest thanks both to our subscribers and contributors. The 12 numbers comprising this vohime have been issued in eight months. The contents, we venture to think, will bear comparison with those of any previous volume, and, in spite of the frequency of our publication, two double numbers have had to be issued to clear oft" accumulations of material. The publication of the Magazine, however, more frequently than once a month, has not, as one would have supposed, been univer- sally approved, and after the completion of the next volume (i.e., Avhen a new volume commences with the new year) it is our present intention to revert to the monthly issue. At the same time we are very grateful to those who have written so kindly and asked us to reconsider this decision. Amongst others, Sir Archibald Buchan- Hepburn writes : — " I regret to see in the last number of the Kntnm. Record that you propose to revert to the original monthly publication. This you will no doubt agree with me in considering a retrograde step ; one great advantage of the present mode is that notices, etc., are kept up to date. . . . The more often the publication is put into my hands (and I am sure this is the opinion of the larger niimber of your subscribers) the better pleased I am, ... at any rate, I hope you will see your way to publish 48-page numbers monthly. . . . I do not often interfere in matters of this sort, but on this occasion I feel that the majority of your subscribers would support you in con- tinuing the present arrangement, and if you are not afraid of the increase in your labour of editing, they need not fear the slight increase of the annual subscription." Mr. Home, of Aberdeen, writes : — " I am very sorry that you intend to revert to the old plan of publishing the Ucrord monthly. I would petition in favour of a continued fortnightly publication. My entomological education has mostly been received from the pages of the Record, and it cannot appear too often for me. I fully believe that others could say the same, although they might not care to openly admit it." We are, of course, in our subscribers' hands. Our own services and those of Mr. Page, F.E.S., are absolutely gratuitous. We shall attempt, as hitherto, to deal with the various subjects which are of special interest to the field naturalist. At the same time, we shall continue to keep our readers abreast of the scientific advance which is taking place so rapidly in entomological as in all other sciences. That we have been fairly successful in doing this will, we think, be conceded. We shall be very pleased to receive " Field Notes," " Practical hints as to rearing larvfe and pupae," " Observations on the lit'e-histories and habits of insects," from any source. Notes dealing with such subjects as these are always interesting to a large number of readers. To Mr. G. B. Routledge, F.E.S., who has the Special Index in a very forward state, our thanks are especially due. We will only add, in conclusion, that we shall be thankful for all help which our subscribers can give us in making the Magazine known to the ever-increasing army of recruits who are continually joining our ranks. CONTENTS OF VOLUME VII, PAfiK Current Notes 11, 40. 60, 114, 144, 189, 201, 23G, 259, 27G, 312 Notes on Collecting... 13, 42, Gl, 8G, 112, 151, 182, 204, 233, 257, 278, 31G Notes on Life-Histories, Larv.e, etc. ... 45, G3, 84, 113, 1G3, 186, 315 206, 235, 258, 280 Notes ov the Season 43, 64, 87, 112, 158, 184 Pkacticvl Hints 187, 202, 277 Eeviews and Notices of Books 17, 48, 71, 95, 116, 163, 211, 240, 256, 285,323 Scientific Notes and Observations 42, 56, 81, 109, 145, 179, 197, 254, 278 Societies ... 21, 46, 67, 95, 118, 129, 164, 191, 208, 237, 259, 281, 319 Variation 12, 40, 61, 81, 111, 143, 201, 231, 256, 281, 314 Aberration, Strange, of CVi;'//.soj;/irt««s ^;/(ioe«.s' ... ... ... ... ... 112 Aberrations uf British Lepidoptera (with plate) ... ... ... ... ... 217 Abundance of Acherontla atropoA, 175; Dionjctria ahietella, 176; Emmelesia taeniata, 176; Eiipicthecia jasioiieata, 176; Nonagria cannae, 175; Pachetni lucophaea, 175 ; Pliisia inoneta, 175 ; Sesia spheciifornm, 321 ; Sjihiiix convolritli, 175 ; Viinlnia alhovenosa ... ... ... ... 175 Acherontia atropos, at Clevedon, 155 ; at St. Agnes, Scilly, 166; in Essex, 114 ; in Glamorgan, 166 ; in Glasgow, 204 ; in Somerset, 112 ; in Staffordshire 112 Acherontia atiopos. How to succeed in rearing, 86 ; Larva of (type and variety), at Chichester ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 Acidalia avcrsuta and its ab. spoliata ... ... ... ... ... ... 202 Acid(dia (Ulut(iria, Mentitication ot {vide Also A. liolosericata) ... ... ... 124 Acidalia. holosericata, Du]).::^A. dilHlaria, Hb., 124; as a British insect, 193 ; Larva of 258 Additions to the British List: — Afnyrestliia atmorelUi {atmoriella), 200; Bemhidium vlrens, 115 ; Cephenomyia rufibarhis, 11, 321; Chionaspis aspidistrae, 276 ; Epuraea nana, 201 ; Irenjaaegijptiaca, 276 ; Lecanopsis hrevicorniit, 276; Mehniostoiiia harhifrons, 12; Meaogona acetosellae, 129,175; Ochthebiunlejolisi, 41; Periphnieta ait^tralasiae, 192; Solenohia wvk-Att, 69 ; Sjjhecodes ruhicnndus, lio ; Tinea vinculella ... ... 176 iEstivation, Resting habits of insects as exhibited in phenomena of, ... 1,52. 243 Affinities of Z)e)««.s fo;-(/Z(', On the, 224 ; oi Avcntia tiexnla ... ... ... 321 Agriopis aprilina a,nd Eucltcliajacobaeae in Ferthshire ... ... ... ... 205 Agrotis candelarum ( ashworthii ) : How should larvse of be hybernated ? ... 85 .4 (/roii.'s iwcerwea, not an insect that comes to sugar ... ... ... ... 233 Alucita (Orneodes) he.vadacti/la, chiefly in relation to the structure of the pupae. On * 268 Anq)lnda.'isa antiopa 150 Double-broodedness of CUhiria siliceata and Kphyra annulata. On the 109 Double-broodedness of Pc/'/Cif/Z/a .s(/''''".'/'"''^ 149 Dijsciithia loii(fi.setosa,Dva,\vmgs ot ... ... ... ... 282, '62'd Early appearances of PMf/aiiajJ«?(jna 234 Early Spring notes ... ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• ••• i^lS Early stages of the Satyrinae, Information wanted 114,208 Eggs and egg-laying of Ephiephele ianira, 208, 258; of Hipparcliia itemele ... 208 Eggs laid away from the food-plant 152 Eggs of i>o)«?;//.i- ;•«?>(■ ichneumoned ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 42 Eggs of Locustidaj, 323 ; of Ztv(^f)-(( ^j//r/);r( 305 Elachista anjentella in the City 112 EZac/fwfrt ciH/;i7t'ZZfl in the York Museum collection 259 Emergence of y^rt-fuf cam in September 108 Emergence of PZ;(.s7'a /)(fl)HHia in December 234 Eiiijidia crihniin var. Candida reared from the egg 105 Entomological notes of 1895, Stray 151 Entomological reminiscences of the Tyrol ... ... ... ... 49,221 Entomological haunts for a season ... ... ... ... ... 292 Entomology, Evolution, and Romance : a plea for a new departure 308 Epheatia kUliniella, Food of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 03 Epinejihele iaiiiia nh. illustrix, now u.h. ... ... ... ... ... ... 41 Epischnia hankesiella, Life-history of ... ... ... ... ... ... IIG Epuraca nana added to the British list ... ... ... ... ... ... 201 Errata 210, 240 Erratic emergence of Fapilio ntacliaon ... ... ... ... ... 184, 255 Endri/as stae-joliannift ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 198 Enpithecia pygmaeata chungmf^ its qunrteis timnvdWj ... ... ... ... 162 Eupithecia mccentnriata and E. xnhfnlvata... ... ... 43, 83, 109, 197, 254 European Rhopalocera, The origin of ... ... ... ... ... ... 00 Evolution of nervures, On the ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 202 Evolutionary theories of classification ... ... ... ... ... ... 170 Exchange Baskets, Notes from the books of the ... ... ... ... ... 13 Exchange Club, The Gl Exhibition by the South London Entomological Society... ... ... ... 129 Extended pupal stage of xV_//.s.s/(( co«(n7(/ ... ... ... ... ... ... 315 External Parasites on Larvffi ... ... ... ... ... 255 Feeding habit of Sesia myvpifuiinis ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 46 Flower-haunting Diptera ... ... ... ■•• ... ... ... ... 2S2 Flowers attractive to Moths ... ... .. ... ... ... ... 152 Food-plant of Hijpenodes albistrUialiti, 113, 200 ; oi Poecilocampa popnli , 318; of Sciapliila var. colquhounana, 259; of Sphinx pinastri, 1^1 ; of Viininia inenyanthidi.'i ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 100 Forcing Achcvontia atropos ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 207 Genera as variable groupings ... ... ... ... ... 147 Genera in the Sub-family LycaeninEe applied to British species, The 219 Genera in the Apatelidse (=Acronyctida3) ... ... ... ... ... ... 296 Generic names in Apatda, 57, 145; in Aryynni.^, 284; in Lycseninae ... ... 219 Generic term Nuctna, On the ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 276 Genetic sequence in the develoimient of scales of Lepidoptera ... ... ... 312 Gynandromorphous aberration of i?H/flZ».s//H/i(;7rt, 217; of Satnniia paronia (carpini) _ 208 Habits of Crt/Z/Hio;7j/ia /(t'ra (on Continent) 98 ; (in Guernsey and Sark), 173; of the larva of Coff//-^" f0.swo///oyv(»a, 192,235; of lepidopterous larvae, 235; of newly-emerged Drrliodia liipila, 209; oi Eupitlwcia suhciliata, 257; of Indian unt (Oerapliylla -sniaraydijia), 282; of larvae of Boarniia rvhoraria in spring in nature, 280, 315; of larvae of little-known species 280 jyflf?c)(rt /TOfra, A pale variety of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 01 Hairs on the Micropterygides and Hepialides, Special ... ... 149 Hairworm infesting larva of CAin/cZm H»(?/Jrt ... ... ... ... ... 208 Hawk moths, The rare ... ... ... ... 106 Hepialu.f linninli, Fairing of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 42 Heredity notes on Euyonia quercinaria ... ... ... ... ... ... 119 Hibernation, Some aspects of ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 169 How Colias ednsa winters ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 250 How should larvae of Ayrotis candelarum («s//wo/f////)behybernated? 85 PAGE ... 63 (53 8C 31(5 110 84 149 45, 113 109, 243 irjl 143 17U' , 189 12 211 ... 277 148 114 322 5 of iS ... 320 173 04 221 40 312 203 HovT to hveei Bomhyx nihi ... liow to obtain Isivwoi oi Apa met! op hi (III in III ma How to succeed ill rearing .icAcyi';///!/ i(//i//'(j.s Hybernating larvte Hyberiiating stage of Diuittliuecia capsupJiila, 179, 180; ol Pi/raineis cardiii Hybeniating the larvae of Pliorudesma tunurcu/daria, On Hybernation of the female moth Hybernation, On the management of larvffi dm-ing Hybernation, liesting habits of insects as exhibited by ... ... 1, 52, HypoKxles alhisiriiiidis, Food-'phmt ot, 113, lol; Habits of Hypsipetes sordidata iih. iii/iiscatu Hybrids of Euiioiikix {Eu(ioma) antumnavia and E. querciiiaria (aiirjularia) Ichneumonidffi, A few points in collecting ... Ideal systems of classification Identity oiOrm/ia (Notulophns) iKjra and ItinUa with Onji/in niituiiui ... Impudence of Wasps ... Information wanted on the early stages of the Satyrinas... Injury done to alders by Sexia xpheijifonnix Instrument, An, to be used as an aid for setting the smaller species Lepidoptera (illustrated), 107 ; for taking Lepidoptera from gas lamps , Introduction of CalUinoypJui liera into Britain In what stage does r/(//J((eZ(CH.s ?/(rt»H(a.s hybernate? July holiday, A Knot-grass to the fore... Label list of the recent additions to the British Lepidoptera Labelling insects Larva of Ha.^tenis suhtu.sa, 183 ; of Centra biciispis, 73, 180 ; of Satuniia, 42 ; of Spliiii.r coiivolnili, 226; of Liipcrina cesjyiti.t, Description of ... ... 185 Larvae damaging pictures, 104 ; ol Apamea ophiotii-ainma. How to obtain, G3 ; of DiantJioecia capsopkila, Hybernating stage of, 180; of Ltiperiiia ccfipitls, 185; of 'I'eras cvntamiiiana feeding on fruit of apricot, 189 ; On rearing young, 45 ; On the management of, during hybernation 45, 113 LarvEe of /J , i(/r(y;(v.s (type and variety) at Chichester ... ... ... ... 40 Larval Genera and Subgenera in Apatela ... ... ... ... ... ... 295 Late emergence, An unusally, of I'liurodexma nmardgdaria ... ... ... 82 Lepidoptera at Bath, 200 ; from Orkney Islands ... ... ... ... ... 165 Lej)idoptera of Tenerife, A few remarks on the ... ... ... ... ... 9 Lethargy in caterpillars ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 117 Leitcaiiia alhijiuncta near Ashford .. ... ... ... ... ... ... 84 if»ro7^//i7.s(i( .s/;(a7;/.s', The varieties of, which occur in Britain ... ... 81, 207 Leiicaiiia rilclliiia at Christchurch, Hants ... ... ... ... ... ... 184 Life-history of, Notes on the, Acidalia dlliitaria {Jiolo.-icricata), 193, 258 ; Ainpld- da.sij.-i hetiilaria, 181 ; Coaij.v coxinophoya)ia, 235, 280,285; Diaiithoecia capsopliila, 179, 180, 181 ; Eiui/diacrihnimvav. Candida, Uo ; Epischnia ha itkexidla, IHJ; Eiipitliecia siicce)tturiata anA E. .siibfitlvata, 109, 197; Eiiva)tc-im aiitiopa, 150; Hi/peiiode-^ alhigtritialia, 206; Jlesot/oiia acetuscllae, 129; Xyssia lapponana, 41; Opurafiia jilUjraininana, 289; Pliiaia hractca, 204 ; Folia .raiitlio}nitorabia (lilutata, Ahundiince oi ... ... ... ... ... 157 Oporahia filiprammaria: its aberrations and life-history (with plate) ... ... 289 Origin of pale patches in certain Argynnids ... ... ... ... ... 283 Orncodes (Aliicita) Jicvadactylct, chiefiy in relation to the structure of the pupa 268 Oviposition of .-J»y*/(iV?as(/.s 5e(((Zarirt, 181 ; oi Apamca ophiograinina ... ... 119 Painting cabinet drawers ... ... ... ... ... ... 277 Pn'mng ot Hepialus JnuiiitU ... ... ... ... ... 42 Panchloya maderae in Covent Garden ... ... ... ... ... ... 166 Papers, The principal, on Lepidoptera published in 1895 ... ... ... 177 ' Parasitic insects. On the rapidity with which some perform their metamor- phoses. Ill ; living outside their hosts ... ••• ... ... ... 114 Periplaneta aiistralaMae taken at Kew ... ... ... ... ... ... 192 Phorodeaiiui i>marai and the Sphingides .. ... ... ... 248 Resting Habit of Insects, The, as Exhibited in the phenomena of hybernation and aestivation 1,52,169,243 Retrospect of a Lepidopterist for 1895 .. ... ... ... 174 Reviews and Notices of Books, Etc. : — British and European Butterflies and Moths, A. W. Kappel, F.L.S., and W. Egmont Kirby, M.D 190 British Moths, .7. W. Tutt, F.E.S 286 By Tangled Paths, H. Mead Briggs 285 Dor.set Lepidoptera in 1892-3, N. M. Richardson, B.A., F.E.S 116 Fauna de France — Coleopt^res, by A. Aclogue 323 Frail Children of the Air, S. H. Scudder, F.E.S 116 Handbook of British Lepidoptera, E. Meyrick, B.A., F.E.S. ... 179. 211 Harrow Butterflies and Moths, .T. L. Bonhote, M B.O.U., and Hon. N. C. Rothschild, F.E.S., F.Z.S 48 List of North American EuptcrotidiB, Ptilodontidoe, cfec, A.R. Grote, M.A. 163 Monograph of the British Pterophorina, .J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. 96 On a New Classification of the Lepidoptera, A. S. Packard, M.D 95 Proceedings of the 7th Annual Meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists ... ... ... ... .. ... ... ... 256 Rambles in Alpine Valleys. J. W. Tutt, F.E.S 17 Random Recollections of Woodland, Fen, and Hill (2nd Edition), J. W. Tutt 96 Sy.stema Lepidopterorum Hildesis, (Prof.) A. R. Grote, M.A 71 The Cambridge Natural History (Vol. VI.), David Sharp, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., and others 190 The Honey-bee, Frank Benton, M.S 286 Tran.sactions of City of London Entomological Society 240 Transactions of the Leicester Literary and Philosophical Society ... ... 256 Sale of British Insects ... 144, 189, 236 Saline lichens probably not the food-plant of Lilluma lutdielld.. 216 Sallowcr's Dream, The 279 Sallowing 241, 242 SdtKniid, Larva of 42 Satyrinae, The Early Stages of the : Information wanted 114 Saw-Hy, Larva of a, in Somerset (13 Sciaphild poizidiid and .S' rohinhouiunui, Probable specific identity of 194 Svnpuria dtimuUx lYon\Rvki\i\.\c 83 Scopdrid rrntdciidld and S. merciirclld 183 Second brood of .V(';»c()/yi/(.s- /«(•£;(((, Partial ... .. 189 Secondary sexual characters in Xdiilidd durdiin and Lciicitn'ui litlidriiijrld ... 179 Setting insects ... ... ... ... ... .,, ... ,,, ... .._ igy Setting Lepidoptera, An instrument to be used as an aid to 107 CONTENTS. IX. PAGE Sex in Social Insects, On the development of 31 Sexual trimorphism in PrtjjiZio ct'»('(i ... ... ... ... -.• ••• 210 Sizes of boards for various insects ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 187 Slaked lime recommended for the removal of grease ... ... 115 Smell emitted by Bapta hwiaculata ... 115 So-called secondary wing of Dj/tisciis ... ... ... .., ... ... 281 Societies : — Birmingham Entomological Society ... ... ... 47, 68 City of London Entomological Society ... 23, 69, 119, 208, 237, 2-59, 285 Entomological Society of London 118, 164, 191, 211, 262, 281 Nonpareil Entomological Society ... ... 68, 168 North London Entomological Society 21, 47, 68, 95, 166, 168, 239 Penarth Entomological and Natural History Society ... ... ••• 263 South London Entomological Society ... 46, 67, 95, 119, 166, 192, 210, 282 Societies, The work of the Entomological, in 1895 ... 178 Some aspects of hibernation ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 169 Some named varieties of the Larentiidffi .. ... .. 248 Sounds emitted hy Aclierontia atrojMg, 120; by Lepidoptera 149 South London Entomological Society's Exhibition, The ... ... ■•• 129 SpJiccodc's rubiciindus, a bee new to Britain, 145 ; an inquiline of Andrcna nigroaeiu'd and A. labidlix ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 145 Spldnx convolvitli, Abundance of, 175 ; at Bournemouth, 63 ; at Clevedon, 155 ; at Oxton, 162 ; Bred from Cornish larvse, 283 ; breeding of, with some account of its larva, 226 ; Capture of larvae of, 116 ; in Caithness, 204 ; in Cornwall, 166 ; in Scotland, 204 ; in Staffordshire ... ... ... 112 Sphinx pina^itri as a British insect, 132, 218 ; in Suffolk, 131 ; Obtaining larvae of ... ... ... . . ... ... ... ... ••• 175 Spilo'i ... ... ... ... ... 112 Subdivision of .4 rr; //;(«;•< into three Genera ... ... ... 284 Submergence of larvae feeding on salt marshes ... 163 Sugaring in Shetland ... ... ... ... 157 Synonymy of the varieties of Coc^o^z/w^v/irt fy*/(OH. ... ... ... ... 107 Table giving data relating to (1) food-plants, (2) time of appearance, &c., of the Pseudo-Bombycides in their various stages ... ... ... ... 288 Table illustrating the range of variation in A'««i/(Ja/'HZr((f/o ... 231 Tabulation of the Sub-genera included in Apatela, Hb., with their respective types 294 Taeniocampids of a Streatham garden, The ... ... ... ... ... 192 Tenerife, A few remarks on the Lepidoptera of, 9 ; Diadeina mifippu.^ in ... 191 Teca-s coH.<(ny(i»'n(« feeding on fruit of apricot ... ... ... ... ... 189 Theristis mucrouclla at ivy ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 183 Tlujatyra hati^ in August ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ••• 63 TIi>jmcUrii.-< Uuchinv, 233; Cdlamiu Into'sa, 270; certain Noctuides occurringnear Montrose, 220 ; Hepialtis humuli and Eminelc-Ha alhidata in Shetland, 111; Hybernia dcjoliaria, 202; larva of Spldnx cvnvulvuU, X. -CONTENTS. PAOE 1(jO; larvae of Abraxas (/ro^^ulariata, 2ol ; Melitaea. aiirinia, Notes on the, 140, 209, *230 ; the colour of the cocoons of SitUirnla carpiiii, 2'dS ; the psi-like mtivk ot Acruiujcta jj.n and A. trident ... ... ... ... 250 Varieties and aberrations of: — AcidciUa avemata, 202; Acidalia straiiiinata, 200, Acroiu/cta alni, 192; Acroiu/cta mcgacephala, 120; Afirioph (i-priliiia, 210; Agrotii^ anatJiina, 192; Ayrotis liicernea, 192; Ajirotix ■"iaiicui, 192; AgrotU aciietnm, 192; Agwtis !per.-naryiuaria, 210; Hydroecia micacea, 192; Hypen)ioecia anyiistana, 257 ; Hypd><, 165, 185; Noctua any iir, 192; Noctna caatanea, 152; Noctna daJdii, 232; Noctua yUireom, 130, 175, 221; Nonayria arnn- di)d>i, 143; Odonestis jiotatoria, 120; 02)oraI)ia dilntata, 218, 232, 260; Oporahia Jlliyrammaria [(? autumnaria or approxiinaria) with plate], 289 ; Papilio cenea, 210 ; Peridroma saucia, 192, 285 ; Fleheiux aeyoii, 202 ; Poliachi, 143; P.flavicincta, 321; Polyoiantatna corydon, 192; Polyominatns icanift, 262; Ptiloplwra plniniycra, 192; Sciapldla penziana, 196; Scoparia crataeyella, 183 ; Spdosoma nientlia-ftri, 143 ; Staiiwpni^ .f'lid, 130; Taeniocampa yotldca, 105, 220; Tcphroda l/inndularia, 192; Thera juniperata, 1(j5; Tliymelicns lincola, 192; Tryphaena orhona i^coinex), 165, 166, 283; Vanexsa (Aylai.-i) urticae, 131; XaiUhia anrayo, 180; Xaidliia fnlvayo, 231, 281; Xanthia gilvayo, 120; Xanthia ocellaris, 175; Xylopliasia rnrea ... ... ... ... ... ... .. 221 Varieties of Noctuides at Warrington 78 Varieties, The, of L«(('o^j/i«.s!rt .v/jirtpx which occur in Britain 81, 201 Wandering habit of Ceruras before pupation. Probable ... ... 207 Wax secreted by Lepidoptera .. .. ... ... ... ... ... 282 Wing-clothing of the Lepidoptera, The ... ... ... ... 149 Winter notes ... ... ... ... ... ... 233 A'a«;//ia oc-cZZaris at Copdock, 106; near Richmond, Surrey ... ... ... 157 A'v/iJHd roH/b)'»n'.f in Westmoreland ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 183 Xylina lamJida in Suffolk ... ... 126, 165 Xylina seinihrnnnea at Clevedon ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 156 Young larvffi. On rearing ... ... ... ... ... ... 45 PAPERS AND COMMUNICATIONS READ BEFORE SOCIETIES. City ok London Entomological Society : — British representatives of the genus Caradrina, L. B. Prout, F.E.S. ... 177 Calainiob Intoxa : its variation, habits, &c., Rev. C. R. N. Burrows ... 270 Coenonympiioi tiplion and its varieties, F. J. Buckell, M.B , B.S. ... 100 Entomology, Evolution and Romance : A plea for a new Departure, F. W. Frost, 308 ; Ferns, P. W. Robbins ... ... ...321 Lepidoptera of Dulwich, Douglas C. Bate ... ... ... ... 260 Notes on Ampldda.'iys betnlaiia, Douglas C. Bate ... 27 Notes on Noctna fet^tiva and N. conjlna, F. J. Hanbury, F.L.S., F.E.S. ... 77 Relationship of Endromia vcr.ncolor to the Sphingides, A. Bacot 227, 246 Entomological Society of London : — ■ An attempt to correlate the results arrived at in recent papers on the classification of the Lepidoptera, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. ... ... 177 Notes on Flower-haunting Diptera, G. F. Scott Elliot Notes on pupas : Oniendex, Epenneiiia, C7//'//.socoy(/>i, and Pterophor T. A. Chapman, M.D., F E.S. ... ... ' ... Notes on the Secretion of Potassium Hydroxide by Dicranura vinula similar phenomena in other Lepidoptera, Oswald Latter, M.A., F.E Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society : — On the development of Sex in Social Insects, J. W. Tutt, F.E.S. North London Entomological Society : — Notes on the genus Bn/opJiila, Miss Prout The Eare Hawk Moths, by L. B. Prout, F.E.S. South London Entomological Society : — The genus Arimiiiii'^ with particular reference to varieties havin areas, K. South, F.E.S. ... LIST OF PLATES AND WOODCUTS. Woodcut. — Instrument to be used for setting small insects Plate 1. — The Bagworm (Tln/ridopteri/x epliemeracformia) Plate 2. — Aberrations of British Lepidoptera Plate 3. — Ahermtions oi OpurahiajUifinuiunaria ... XI. PAGE ... 282 .'.. 177 and .S. 177 ... 31 22 ... IGG pale ... 283 108 121 217 289 AOSTA ... Berkshire : — Reading, IGO ; Basing- stoke ... ... ... 160 Bregenz (The Pfiinder) ... .. 99 Cambridgeshire : — Wicken, 44, Go, 90, 293; Chippenham ... 293 Campiglio ... ... ... 222 Cogne Valley ... ... ... 98 CuMBERL.\ND : — Keswick, 17, 89 ... 233 Devonshire : — Babbacombe, 184 ; Bideford, 184 ; Exmouth, 184 ; Honiton, 183, 184; Oxton, 102, 184, 233, 316 Dorset: Portland ... 112, 293 Essex : Forest Gate, 92; Leigh, 87, 88, 113 ; Rainham, 6-5, 114. 270 ; Southend 44, 87, 159, 232 Gloucestershire: — Coxhorne, 89. 159, 205; Tewkesbury 158, 232 Hampshire : — Bournemouth, 63 , Einsworth, 232, 278 ; Lyming- ton, 253; Lyndhurst, 65 ; New Forest, 44,65,315 ; Southampton 65 Herefordshire: — Dinmore ... 240 Hertfordshire: — Waltham Cross 161 Hildesheim ... ... 64, 318 IsLE-OF- Wight : — Freshwater, 92, 293 : Sandown ... ... 293 Kent : Chatham, 90 ; Dover, 62 ; Farnboro', 43, 183 ; Folkestone, 293; Hythe, 86; Tunbridge Wells. 113; Wye ... ... 293 Mendel Pass, The 49 Norfolk : — Cromer, 306 ; Horning, 293, 306 ; King's Lynn 161 ; Ranworth ... ... ... 293 Northumberland : — Morpeth, 16, 160, 232, 265 INDEX TO LOCALITIES page ... 98 PAGE 000 Pejo ... Scotland and North of England ... 112 Scotland: — Aberdeen, 92, 161, 204, 233, 278 ; Braemar. 92, 204 ; Forres, 15, 92 ; Gla.sgow, 113, 159 ; Kincardine, 92, 204 ; Loch Lomond, 159 ; Luss, 6, 14 ; Montrose, 13, 92 ; Morayshire, 204 ; Perth, 92, 204 ; Rannock, 292 ; Shetland, 91 ; South Ar- gyllshire ... ... 92, 315 Shropshire : — Church Stretton. 185; Whitchurch ... 16, 88 Somerset : — Bath, 204 ; Castle Cary, 112; Clevedon,43, 87,1-59,205; Ilminster. 42 ; Wellington, 63, 112; Yeovil ... ... 112 Sorapiss, The ... ... ... 126 Staffordshire : — Cannock Chase, 112; Rugeley ... 43, 112 Suffolk : — Bury St Edmunds, 162 ; Copdock, 126, 131 ; Ipswich, 153, 182 ; Tuddenham ...293 Surrey : — Caterham, 63 ; Dulwich, 301 ; Wimbledon ... 321 Sussex :— Abbot's Wood, 293 ; Bo- diam, 89 ; Chichester, 40, 86 ; Hastings ... ... ... 86 Teneritie ... ... ... 9 Val d'Ampezzo ... ... 126 Wales : — Carmarthenshire, 321 ; Milford Haven, 159 ; Tenby, 89, 161 ; Swansea ... ... 159 Westmoreland Mosses ... ... 127 Yorkshire : — Beedale, 43 ; Don- caster, 44, 88, 160, 278 ; Sea- mer Moor, 88 ; Sledmere, 43 ; York ... ... 14, 162, 315 LLST OF CONTRIBUTORS, Etc. Acton, T. ... ... ... 78 Bacot, A. ... 227, 246, 261, 319 Alderson, Hope ... 43, 183 Bankes, Eustace R., M.A., F.E.S. Anderson, Jos., jun. 40, 86 (twice) 157, 181, 187, 200 Atmore, E. A., F.E.S. ... ... 162 Bate, D. C. ... ... 27, 301 xu. CONTENTS. PAGE Bayne, A. F. ... ... ... 17 Beadle, H. A. ... ... 17, 89, 233 BeechinK, B. A. Dallas, F.E S. ... 113 Bell, J. S. .. ... ... 278 Blandford. W. H., M.A., F.Z.S., Booth, G.A.,'f.E.S. ... 158, 181 Bouskell, Frank, F.E.S.... 253 Bowles, E.A., M.A., F.E.S. 143, 157, 161 Brady, L. S. ... ()4, (>5, 85, 234 Brown, H. Eowland, M.A., F.E S. 316 Buchan, F. W. ... ... ... 156 Buckell, F. J., M.B., B.S. 46, 100 Bull, John ... ... ... 316 Burrows, (llev.) C.K.N. 63, 65, 114, 188, 20(), 260, 270 Bush, E. K. 92, 155, 202, 205, 233 Butler, VV. E 238 Cambridge, (llev.) 0. Pickard, M.A., F.E.S. ... ... ... 218 Cannon, A. E. ... ... 161, 233 Chapman, T. A., M.D., F.E.S. 59, 73, 81, 225, 268, 296 Christy, W. M., M.A., F.E.S. 13, 40, 92, 143, 202. 208, 232, 278, 315 Clark, J. A., F.E.S. ... 107, 2S9 Clarke, H. Shortridge, F.E.S. ... ISO Cope, W. A. ... ... ... 157 Corbett, H. H., M.R.C.S. 44, 83, 88, 112, 156, 160, 278 Crompton, S. E., F.E.S. ... 9 Dalghsh, A. Adie, 14, 159, 232, 234 Dannatt, Walter, F.Z.S., F.E.S. ... 86 Darlaston, H. W. H. ... ... 17 Dixey, F.A., M.A.. M,D., F.E.S. ... 170 Druitt, A., ... ... ... 184 Dunn, G. N., M.ll.C.S ... ... 263 Elliman, E. G. ... ... 306 Esam, W. W. ... ... 86, 89, 90 Evans, J. E.. B.A. ... ... 278 Fenn, Charles, F.E.S. 46 (twice), 258 (twice) Finlay, J. 16, 42, 63, 83, KiO, 203, 232 Fox, (Rev.) E. C. Dobree, M.A. 158, 184, 232, 2.58 Freer, Richard, M.B. 43 (twice). 83. 112 (twice), 255 Frost, Fredk. W. ... ... 308 Goodwin, Edward ... ... 278 Green, E.E., F.E.S. ... ... 262 Greer, T. ... ... ... 206 Grilliths, C. G., F.Z.S., F.E.S. ... 194 Grote, (Prof.) A.R., M.A., 42, 56, 57, 65, 96, 147, 149, 150, 240, 256, 294, 295 Gunning, Montague, M.D. 13, 92, 156, 187, 188, 220, 318 Hall, T. W., F.E.S. ... 208, 257 Hamm, A. H. ... ... ... 161 Hanbury, F. J., F.L.S., F.E.S., 87. 113. 135 Hay ward, A. R. ... ... 42 Hcwett, (Rev.) G.M.A., M.A. ... 25 Hodge, Harold. M.A. ... ... 298 Home, Arthur ... 92, 204, 278 Kane, W. F. de Vismes, M.A., F.K.S. 52, 209, 230, 313 Keays, A. Lovell, F.E.S.... ... 63 King. J. J. F. X.. F.E.S. 91, 111. 113, 156, 158. 163, 203 PAGfi Lemann, Fred. C, F.E.S. ... 221 Luff, \V. A. ... ... ... 173 Mackonochie, (Rev.) J. A., B.A.. FES 204 Macmillan, E. (Mrs.) .'.'.' ... 278 Macmillan, W. ... ... 63, 112 Maddison, T. 13, 15, 40, 43, 83, 85, 88, 112, 144, 1-55, 202, 203 Mason, J. 43, 87, 149, 155, 156, 159, 205 Massey, Herbert, F.E.S.... ... 127 May, H. H. ... ... ... 2.S8 Maze, W. P. Blackburne, F.E.S. ... 218 Mera, A. W 92, 202 Miller, Ehzabeth (Miss) ... ... 237 Moberly, J. C, M.A., F.E.S. 44, 65. 90, 233, 315 Morley, Claude, F.E.S. 153. 1M2, 279 Murray, H. ... 180, 183, 206 Newbery. C. ... ... ... 278 Newbery, E. A. ... ... 2.39 Newnham, F. B., M.A. ... ... 185 Nicholson, C, F.E.S. ... 239, 320 Nicholson, W. E., F.E.S. ... 186 Norgate, F. ... 162, 179, 203 Partridge, (Colonel) C.E. ... 259 Porter, Endymion, jun. ... ... 12 Prout, Louis B., F.E.S. 109, 124. 199, 206, 248, 319 Quail, Ambrose ... 277, 280 Richardson, Nelson M.,B.A., F.E.S. 112, 231, 234, 257 Riding, W. S., B.A., M.D . F.E.S. 61, 109, 113, 143, 151. 183. 184, 187, 201, 202, 234. 243, 257 (twice), 280 Robertson, (Major) R. B. 89 (twice), 149, 160, 205 Robson. .7. E., F.E.S. ... ... 266 Salvage, William ... 280 (twice) Sheldon, W. G.... ... ... 198 Smith. (Prof.) .J. B., D.Sc. ... 198 Studd, E.F., M.A., B.C.L., F.E.S. 157, 162, 184, 188, 203, 233, 234, 2-55, 277, 316, 318 Sturt, W. T. ... ... ... 226 Thellusson, (Hon.) F. ... ... 131 Thompson. J. P. ... ... 42 Thornewill, (Rev.) C. F.. M.A. 16, 88 Thornhill, W. B. ... ... 63 Tremayne, L. .J. ... ... 239 Trow, A. H., B.Sc. ... ... 268 Turner, H. J., F.E.S. 82, 1.57, 163. 231 Tutt, J. W., F.E.S. 1. 31. 49, 58, 61, 63, 64, 75, 81. 83, 97, 110. Ill, 113. 114, 121, 123, 126, 129, 132, 140, 143. 148, 150, 174, 180, 195, 198, 200, 208, 209, 219, 224, 232. 2.33, 235, 241, 250, 257, 258. 280, 292, 300, 314 Twopenny, D. (Mrs.) ... ... 45 Vivian, H. W., B.A., F.E.S. ... 16 Walker. S. ... 14, 143, 162, 315 Waterhousc, C. 0., F.E.S. ... 262 Webb. Sydney, 15, 62, 2.35, 255, 2-58, 315 Whittle, F. G. 44, 85, 87 (twice), 88, 112, 113, 159, 163, 232 Williams. C. W. ... 45, 263, 279 Wolfe, John J, ... 255, 258 315 ^"^ AND ^"^/i^ JOURNAL OF VARIATION. Vol. VII. No. 1. September 15th, 1895. The Resting Habit of Insects as Exliibited in the Phenomena of Hybernation and Aestivation.-' By J. W. TUTT, F.E.S. The old notion that the evohition of the organic world was brought about by the action of internal forces appears to have almost entirely given place, in the minds of modern philosophers, to the belief that the lines on which evolution proceeds are entirely determined by external influ- ences, and that, far from such influences having played but a secondary part in the process of evolution (in the direction of improving and modifying the results produced by the internal forces), the evolution of organic beings is due to the action of these external forces upon the organism itself. The older view ascribed, as it were, to organisms a motive force ; the view taken now is that the internal forces, so far as they exist, are only made active by their reaction to the external forces which surround the organism. In his Effect of External Influences upon Development, Professor Weismann illustrates the potency of external influences by various examples, and shows how the vital manifestations of animals and plants are ultimately reactions to such influences. He compares animals and plants to "machines, so constructed that stimuli from the outer world cause them to act in the most purposeful manner for their own maintenance." The adaptations, which are the result of such action and reaction, exist everywhere among organic beings to a very high degree, although it follows of necessity that such adaptations must be considered as relatively rather than absolutely perfect. This power of adaptation proves that the internal forces of the organism have helped to bring about the desired result, but only in response to external stimuli, which determine the lines on which the internal forces shall act. If this be admitted, and it is difficult to see how it can be denied, we acknowledge the efficiency of external causes to bring- about evolution ; but in Avhat way the external stimuli have acted on the organism, and in what way the internal forces have reacted in response to the external stimuli so as to bring about the changes necessary in the formation and transformation of organisms is not at * Some notes suggested by The Romanes Lectm-e of 1894, entitled, " The Effect of External Influences upon Development," Z THE ENTOMOLOGIST S KECORD. all clearly understood, although there is no lack of theories regarding individual cases. As a matter of fact, since the external forces which go to make up the sum total of environment are so numerous, and in many cases so diiierent, forming indeed combinations so varied that no two environments are perhaps precisely similar, it must be evident that each particular case must be judged on its merits, and that due value must be given to all the available facts before an explanation of any phenomenon can be considered as valid. It is with the intention of suggesting explanations of two or three familiar phenomena men- tioned by Professor Weismann that the following notes are offered. The Professor writes : "It is often assumed, without much proof, that a certain variation of a living being is the direct consequence of an external influence, simply because the variation in question is, in fact, in some causal connexion with a definite external influence : sucli an assumption is, however, founded on a totally false idea as to the interconnexion of the phenomena. In many cases this will readily be granted." The first illustration of this point which Professor Weismann gives is the phenomenon of hybernation, a phenomenon, I need hardly say, of the greatest interest to entomologists. " Suppose for instance that we assert," he says, " that cold is the actual cause of the winter- sleep of marmots. It is clear that this statement is incorrect, and that not the cold, but the peculiar organisation of the marmot, causes the reaction of hybernation : cold cannot throw a dog or a bird into a state of slumber for the winter. We are here, therefore, concerned with a special adaptation of the organism to a stimulus — cold — which affects it in such a manner that it escapes from what would otherwise be a destructive influence. We are unable to demonstrate with a microscope the fine ' molecular ' or histological variations in the nervous and other systems on which the capacity for hybernation may depend ; but some such modifications must exist, and they cannot be regarded as a direct effect of the cold, but must rather be looked upon as arrangements to counteract its influence." Suppose for the moment that we grant this hypothesis. Then of course heat is the external stimulus which causes the peculiar organi- sations of those animals that sestivate to respond in such a manner to its stimulus as to produce the phenomenon of aestivation — a term applied to that state of torpidity assumed by certain animals in tropical countries, and extending in their case through the period of greatest heat. Now, I would ask, is cold the external stimulus which induces in certain animals the reaction of their tissues that produces the pheno- menon of hybernation ? Is heat the external stimulus which induces the reaction known as sT^stivation ? Are there other stimuli which aid cold or heat in producing these reactions ? Has selection stepped in and made a much more complete set of stimuli necessary for the pro- duction of these phenomena than the Professor appears ready to grant ? Presuming that these phenomena enable the animal to escape from "what would otherwise be a destructive influence," is the special reaction of the organism to "cold" or "heat" suificient to account for the phenomena ? We all know that, long before the period of hybernation commences, long before the stinnilus of " cold " can in any way acton the oi-ganisa- tion of an animal, other stinn;li affect liybernating animals in a very marked manner. Such stimuli cause the animals to eat a quantity of THE RESTING HABIT OF INSECTS, ETC. 3 food enoniionsly in excess of that required for their ordinary needs, in order to prepare them for the long fast which they have to undergo. The ordinary natural cravings of hunger are not sufficient, one would think, to account for this, inasmuch as such animals gorge themselves beyond all possible bounds of repletion. Does heat or some other cause act as the stimulus which causes this gluttony ? If so, it is quite clear that this is an essential part of the complex system which leads up to, and, in fact, permits of, successsful hybernation. Let us see how far our knowledge of insects enables us to understand this matter, and what facts entomology gives bearing on it. Among butterflies and moths a great number of species hybernate in the imago state. ]\Iany of these follow out the usual law of feeding ravenously before their period of hybernation commences. We see thousands of Gonepteryx rhainni, and of Vanessa to, feeding in the clover and lucerne fields, or on the flowers that clothe our hedgesides during the month of August ; but, hoAvever warm the weather, these disappear in normal years before or by the time September appears, and, strange to say, the finer and hotter the summer, the earlier do they disappear. Again, Pyrameis atalanta may be seen until late autumn, whilst the hops are yet in blossom, and afterwards, until the ivy sheds its bloom, ravenously imbibing the nectar therefrom. Our hybernating moths, too, are well-known as gluttons at ivy bloom, or any other available sweets, before their winter fast begins. But among all our hybernating species the most remarkable perhaps is Vanessa urticae. These butter- flies emerge from the pupa? in June, and, after a day or two, in the hottest season of the year, a part of almost every brood enters into hybernation. Another part of the brood pairs, and eggs are laid, which in August produce a new brood, that also in part goes into hybernation almost at once, whilst again the other part attempts to perpetuate the species. Natural forces, however, are against the progeny of the insects comprising this latter part, natural forces in autumn and winter are too strong for them, and they are killed off before they come to maturity. It is clear, here, that hybernation is a preservative habit, enabling the insect to escape from what would otherwise prove a sufficiently destruc- tive influence to annihilate it, a condition of things which actually occurs in our country in an allied species — Pyrameis cardui — which, however, is often present in countries in which it has been again and again annihilated, owing to its migrating tendencies. It is supposed by many good naturalists, although without any very strong positive proof, that a scarce race of this species has adopted hybernation, and thus maintains its existence continually among us. But the known peculiarities of Vanessa urticae, and the almost equally Avell-known cases of Vanessa io and Gonepteryx rhamni, lead me to ask seriously whether "cold" is the external stimulus which, acting on their peculiar organisation, causes the reaction of hybernation. Like the marmot, a large number of our hybernating butterflies and moths do go into hybernation on the approach of cold weather, but to link these together because of this seems to be doing that against which the learned Professor lifts up his voice, viz., assuming without proof that this is the direct consequence of an external influence, simply because the phenomenon and apparent cause occur side by side. Have Ave e\-er yet proved a causal connexion betAveen cold and hybernation ? I do not think so, Tavo phenomena may appear side by side, and may THE KNTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. appear to have a causal connexion. Cold and hybernation appear to be such, but what proof is there of the causal connection ? If cold be the external stimulus which, actinj^ on the peculiar organisation of Pyrameis atalanta, and on such moths as Gonoptera lihatrix, Orrhodia vaccinii, Xi/liiui socia, Scopelosoma satellitia, Hoporina croceago, Dasijcampa ruhi(jinea, Cidaria miata, Hijpena rostra}is,Pterophorusmonodactylus,iindnVcinyH]}eciesoiDesp)-essariae, causes them to go into hybernation on the advent of low temperature, is cold to be considered the external stimulus which produces the reaction of hybernation in Gonepteryx rhamni and Vanessa io, which go into hybernation at a comparatively early and comparatively warm season of the year ? If you answer yes, cold is still the stimulus, but the amount of cold necessary to produce the reaction in the organisation of these insects is less than that required in the previous cases, what is to be said of those specimens of Vanessa urticae, Avhich go into hybernation in the summer months, and remain torpid from June until March — that is throughout both the hottest and coldest periods of the year ? If you say that the hybernation of this species ought rather to be considered {estivation, and that heat is possibly the external in- fluence, I would answer that in those seasons in which three broods emerge in a year, in June, August and October, a certain percentage of each brood goes at once into hybernation, and if we accept the fact that heat is the stimulus which drives the June and August specimens into hybernation, is cold the stimulus which produces the reaction which throws the October specimens into a torpid condition ? We may agree with the learned Professor that "we are unable to demonstrate with the microscope the fine ' molecular ' or histological variations in the nervous and other systems on which the capacity for hybernation may depend," we may further agree that " such modifications must exist, and that they cannot be regarded as a direct effect of the cold, but must rather be looked upon as arrangements to counteract its influence," but having granted all this, we would ask again. Is the learned Professor at all sure, what evidence has he that cold is the external influence which directly induces hybernation in very many instances ? I would meet this difliculty by suggesting that the failure of the food supply was the external stimulus which brought about the reaction, but this is open to almost the same objection as cold. True, the failure of the food supply runs side by side with the phenomenon of hybernation, and appears to oft'er a more closely causal connection even than cold. The moths and Fyrameis atalanta do not go into hybernation until the ivy nectar fails ; Vanessa io and Gonepteryx rhamni do not (perhaps can- not) take the ivy sweets for food, and so they disappear when clover and wayside flowers fail to yield sufficient stores. But Vanessa urticae again laughs and defies such a connection. It takes on a torpid con- dition when there is an abiuidanco of food, and renuiins torpid during a period in which its own brothers and sisters maybe are imbibing their fill. The hybernation of caterpillars, too, throws some interesting light on the subject. Our tree-feeding kinds which hybernate small, such as those of Lasiocampa quercifolia, Bomhyx quercus, Apatura iris, Limenitis aybilla, and dozens of others, always hybernate snuill. Hatching as early as June, July or August, with an abundance of food everywhere around them, they feed up to a certain size, and then, whatever the THE RESTING HABIT OF INSECTS, ETC. 5 temperature, be it high or low, they spin a silken pad, insert the hooks of their prolegs therein, and though surrounded by an abundance of food, remain motionless and torpid alike through the hottest September and the coldest January. Cold here can hardly be the external force or stimulus which acts on the larvfe and produces the reaction of hybernation. Want of food cannot be the cause, for the larva, maybe for the first two or three months of its hybernation, is surrounded with food. Further than that, the same larva will always hybernate in the same skin ; if, as occasionally happens, any deviation from this rule occur, the larva will produce an imago under favourable conditions during the autumn, or will die in the attempt. No amount of applied cold will stimiilate the larva so that it will bring about the reaction of hybernation once this barrier has been passed. Are cold and heat, then, the stimuli which, acting on the peculiar organisation of our hybernating or festivating animals, cause the reaction of hybernation and aestivation ? I scarcely think so. At any rate, there can be no doubt that the peculiar forms of torpidity known as hybernation and {estivation are induced in very many instances as a reaction to a stimulus which cannot possibly be either heat or cold. Although it is quite possible that the failure of the food supply, due itself to the influence of cold, was, in the first instance, the prevailing factor in hybernation, and that natural selection perfected the various species in that stagein which they were best able to withstand the climatic extremes and the absence of food, yet it is very evident that that is not the whole reason now why certain insects hybernate. As I have shown, some insects, both in the larval and imaginal states, do now in some cases hybernate, in spite of an abundance of food, or anything like an extreme condition of temperature to explain the habit ; neither is it sufficient to say that it is a habit engendered through long ages by natural selection, -without attempting to point out the motive force that causes an insect surrounded by an abundance of food, and by a tem- perature so far favourable to its continued existence, as proved by the fact that many of the specimens of almost every brood do go through their metamorphoses rapidly and successfully whilst their brothers and sisters are in a lethargic condition, to sleep through the long summer and autumn without stir or motion. Let us return to a priori considerations again, and look at the matter from another standpoint. It would appear that just as the chemical affinities of carbon and some other elements admit of the formation of the com- pounds called organic, and as these possess the capacity, under conditions that we have yet failed to learn, of reacting on one another so as to produce the manifestations that we call life, so all (or nearly all) living matter possessas the capacity of assuming a resting state. Probably we know nothing of the very earliest forms of life, but some of those that appear to be the most primitive amongst those we do know, appear, on the approach of drought (being aquatic), to encyst themselves, so as to resist dessication, and, on being moistened again, they either wake up unchanged or break up into parts, each part becoming a complete animal. Nevertheless, all the forms in which we observe this may be, after all, the present stage of an evohition that has gone on through many ages. The rotifers, for example, are so highly organised that they must have a long and varied ancestry. This {) 'THE ENTOMOLOGIST S EECORD. plienomonon of aestivation, occurring in various districts where pro- longed drought occurs, takes place in very highly organised beings with aquatic habits. This would, however, suggest that the resting state is after all more closely related to want of pabulum than to temperature. If we grant, then, the existence to insects of a capacity to assimie a resting state, even for a brief period, it is obvious that this will be assumed whenever the conditions necessary to activity, no matter which of them, are wanting. At first, any prolongation of the resting stage will be generally fatal ; but, since those individuals that possess the power of resting most fully will more abundantly survive, if the period of resting be slightly prolonged, we see how, by natural selection (if so be that adverse conditions gradually become more severe), the rest period may become prolonged, as in hybernation, and how those that feed well beforehand will have the advantage. If we consider the insects of the British Isles, or of temperate regions generally, we find that with very few exceptions they all hybernate at some stage or other, and since the stages at which this occurs are so various, sometimes, even in the same genus or family, it is clear that the tissues of insects are capable, at any stage, of developing that habit of resting, under the necessities of the struggle for existence, into a prolonged rest, probably with con- siderable rapidity. In the Lepidoptera, the earlier forms hybernated as larva?, or we may suppose that the earliest forms were tropical, and did not hyber- nate ; then, as they passed northward (or southward), or as northern (or southern) conditions advanced into their areas, a brief resting period became gradually prolonged into hybernation. The earliest forms (Hepialus, Cossus, itc.) being hidden and internal feeders, may have had a rest period in their original (tropical) habitat, but one calculated rather to carry the cycle of metamorphoses, on until suitable weather for emergence occurred, than from any neces- sity for rest on the part of the larva itself. This would, under the necessary change of environment, form a basis for natural selection to build a hybernating habit upon. Those families and genera that are exclusively tropical have no doubt been at first purely tropical by accident, and have then had the tendency to hybernate bred out of them, till it became so attenuated that it could not develop rapidly enough when required, and so these forms became permanently confined to tropical regions. Suppose a form that in the tropics does not hybernate at all, spreading northward to temperate regions. According to varying habits it finds the colder period meets it at difierent stages — ogg, larva, pupa, imago. Let us suppose that its first experience of colder weather is a few inclement days during the imaginal period. This will kill many or make them infertile ; but we assume the inclemency not to be so great but that a few survive. Selection then begins and continues until the species (more or less modified, no doubt) has pushed north- ward to almost glacial conditions, and the imago hybernates say for six months. It is very possible that species have thus gone to and fro from temperate regions to the tropics (or from temperate to tropical conditions) many times, and we may thus account in some instances for the different stages at which different species hybernate. THE RESTING HABIT OP INSECTS, ETC. 7 But there are reasons for supposing that species continuously inhabiting the same climate have varied as to the stage at which they hybernate. It is difficult to suppose that Arctia, hybernating as a larva, Avent to the tropics, gave up hybernating, and came back as Sjpilosoma to hybernate as a pupa and vice versa. When once a species has acquired the hybernating habit, it has acquired it. Sjnlosoma menthastri must hybernate as a pupa, and does so under ordinary conditions, and tries to do so (or perishes in the attempt) under any conditions. It needs no special incentive in tem- perature, or food, or other external influence, to make it do so. It cannot be prevented from doing so. You can no more make it hyber- nate as a larva, like Arctia caia, than you can make it develop the red underAving of that species. You could conceivably make it do either, only by a rare and exceptional sport, or by a long course of selection. The alternate broods, when a summer brood does not hybernate, and the winter brood does, give room for much speculation and conjec- ture, and in these Ave see that the tAVO forms are, in some instances, most persistently alternate, in spite of variations of environment ; in other instances any brood may be the one or the other, according to temperature or other conditions. A. caia (vide papers passim, Eat. Becord, A'ols. iv.-v.) has both of these forms, crossed, mixed, and interbred together, so that some larvfe in a brood are of the one form and some of the other, in spite of anything, but the mass takes either form, according to temperature. Hybernation, then, is a habit of a species, as much engrained in it (and no more) as any other habit, any marking or other character ; it is similarly produced by natural selection, and is subject to variation under changes of condition, in greater or less degrees in different species, just as are any other characters. The need of a resting period selected those that rested best, beginning Avith small needs and small capacities Avhich developed together, and this Avhether the need Avas cold, heat, starvation, drought. Sec, but, Avhen deA'eloped, the conditions haA'e no closer causal connec- tions to each other than they had at first. The conditions continuing, the habit has to be kept in full force ; but they do not determine it ; that is done by the inherent conditions developed during many generations. I haA^e already said that " the adaptation which Ave find to exist everyAvhere among organic beings to a very high degree (although such adaptation must of necessity be considered relatively rather than absolutely perfect), proves that the internal forces of the organism have helped to bring about the desired result, but at the same time, only in response to an outside stimulus, Avhich, as it Avere, determines the lines on Avhich the inherent forces must act." If Ave assume that tempera- ture (indirectly), andAvantof food (directly), were the combined outside stimuli Avhich originally produced, in many larvae or imagines, the phe- nomenon of hybernation, it Avould be interesting to attempt to examine the internal forces of the insect Avhich Avere acted upon, and Avhich responded in so large a measure to the outside stimuli as to ensure success. That the Avant of food Avas the main factor in inducnig hybernation appears clear, for whereas almost all arboreal and deciduous shrub- feeding larvae, which exist in that stage in temperate regions, through- out the Avinter, become totally lethargic throughout the winter months, 8 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD. often, indeed, over a period extending from July to the following February or jNIarch, yet those larvje which feed on the ground on low herbaceous plants or on roots never become thoroughly lethargic, but continue to feed at intervals throughout the whole period of winter in spite of the temperature, whenever, in fact, food is get-at-able and not covered with rime and snow. Usually such larvae go deep down into the ground at the approach of vei-y severe weather, and come up again afterAvards, but larvae have been known to be frozen quite stiff and solid, so much so that they have been brittle, and yet such will, as soon as thaAved, craAvl about, go on eating, and come to maturity. This in itself is almost sufficient to prove that extreme cold, per se, is an in- sufficient external stimulus to produce in an insect the phenomenon of hybernation. At the same time, the physical condition of the organism may have been modified to Avithstand the loAV temperature to Avhich the larvae are exposed, but hoAV far this is potent I am not quite able to see, for, although the modification is, say in an insect like Arctia caia, potent up to the fourth skin in Avhich it hybernates, it is impotent beyond, for if the larva change that fourth skin it cannot hybernate but Avill feed up and become an imago, or die in the attempt. It Avoiild appear, therefore, that "natural selection " has perfected the insect to undergo hybernation at just one particular epoch of its larval life and at no other. May it not be that this specialisation is in the direction of storing up the necessary energy to Avithstand this long fast, and that Avhen this point of specialisation of the tissues themselves has been reached the larva Avill hybernate quite independently of tem- perature, food supply, or any other external factor ; or, putting it in another form, Ave may suppose that the external factor, indeed, is the quantity of food eaten A\diich has been stored, and that at a certain point of development the adaptation of the insect is so perfect that it responds AA'ithout further stimulus ? With regard to tlie hybernating butterflies, the phenomenon appears to be explicable upon much the same grounds, but may be here more especially related to the reproductive system. Vanessas, Avhich pair the season they emerge, invariably, I believe, attempt to produce another brood of young, and then perish ; Avhilst those AA'hich feed without doing so usually pass into hybernation, and go through the duties of paternity and maternity after the Avinter lethargy. It appears to me that the influence of temperature, so far as it directly acts on insect life, is relative rather than absolute ; for if an insect Avhich has begun to hybernate be artificially exposed to a Ioav temperature for a short time, and then changed to a comparatively high one, the lethargy ceases — the larA'a seeks for food, and dies if it not be supplied ; the pupa becomes an imago ; the perfect insect flutters about and is ready to lay her eggs. Nor, once the lethargic tendency be dis- turbed, Avill a loAV temperature reinduce it. The larva and perfect insect, then, Avhen re-aAvakened, set about the biisiness of their lives, and failing, OAving to circumstances, die ; and this, in spite of the fact that under natural conditions they Avould go on hybernating, and that their lethargy Avould have been prolonged far beyond the time at Avhich, under these artificial conditions, it ceased. We may assume, of course, as 1 haA-e before suggested, that cold was the external stimulus Avhich originally developed the resting habit THE RESTING HABIT Of INSECTS, ETC. 9 that we know as hybernation, in as much as it limited the food supply, and rendered a period of inactivity in the tissues absolutely necessary ; that its direct action was scarcely the active factor is certain, because those insects Avhich can get food all the winter do not hybernate. Similarly, cTstivation is probably the indirect effect of heat. Animals that can get food during the hottest part of the year do not ;estivate, but those that live in water, which is likely to be dried up, and which frequently is dried up at the hottest period of the year, have adopted by means of natural selection, a resting habit which helps them to combat the absence of food, and thus prevent their extermination. It is the cold and drought, however, which simply prevent them getting food. Hybernation and jestivation appear, therefore, to be simply reactions, which enable the animals hybernating or jestivating to meet the lack of food, the latter being the direct determining factor, although its absence is primarily occasioned by cold or heat. A Few Remarks on the Lepidoptera of Tenerife. By SYDNEY E. CROMPTON, F.E.S. The existing information about the lepidopterous fauna of the Canary Islands is either buried in large and antiquated tomes, such as the Histoire Naturelle des lies Cnniries, of Messrs. Webb and Berthelot, published in 1836-50, at Paris, or is scattered among isolated papers and pamphlets in foreign languages, and in the Transactions of various learned societies at home and abroad. Bory St. Vincent's Essais Ktir les Titles Fortunces (Paris, 1805) contains only a mere list of butterflies and moths. Our most recent and most scientific authority on the Rhopalocera and Heterocera of the Canary Islands is Dr. Rebel, whose two brochures on the subject, pub- lished about a year ago, are simply invaluable. But to an English lady belongs the merit of having written t/he first modern treatise on the moths and butterflies of Tenerife. Mrs. Holt-White's little volume, dealing in a popular manner with the Lepidoptera of Tenerife, opened up the way for oUier students, and has done much to turn the attention of entomologists to the Canaries, not only as a health resort in winter, but also as a place where, though the insect fauna is limited, the species to be found present many characteristics of extreme interest to the philosophical biologist, who studies them from a Darwinian standpoint, as aids to soh-ing the secret of that " far-off^ divine event towards which the whole creation moves." To this fact I, as a resident in Tenerife, can testify, that since the publication of Mrs. Holt-White's handbook there has been a breaking out of an entomolo- gical rash on the face of Canarian society, no less conspicuous than astonishing. Throughout the last season in Puerto Orotava (the fashionable side of the island of Tenerife) I was surprised to notice the numbers of visitors who sported butterfly nets and killing bottles. Some were to my knowledge earnest, scientific, and systematic lepidopterologists ; but many were merely pursuing their scale-winged victims (probably ignorant of their scale-wingedness !) simply from a dilettante inclination, or as a relief to the ennui and lassitude of Orotavian existence, to which all visitors fall a prey who come to the islands without some study or hobby with which to occupy themselves in the intervals of social gatherings and pleasures. 10 THK KNTOJIOLOGIST S RECORD. Certainly a large percentage of the visitors this year might be seen taking their before-time aimless constitutional along the main road leading from the Grand Hotel, armed with green gauze nets, that had the tell-tale shape and stiffness betraying their recent acquirement from the dealers. Not only were these well-meaning individuals armed with this customary engine of warfare against the butterflies, but they usually saw fit to load themselves with a complete cargo of entomological apparatus ; and I have often smiled to myself on meeting some ple- thoric old gentleman or grey-ringleted old lady simply hung over with cyanide bottles and pin-cushions, pill-boxes and forceps, lenses and larva-tins, and all the other impedimenta that an entomologically- inclined tourist could collect together. My own life at this time became somewhat of a burden to me, for during my visit to Orotava in the spring, when the young collector's fancy lightly turns to thoughts of butterflies, I used to be pestered by visitors in the hotel consulting me on various matters that caused them perplexity in their new study. On one occasion it Avas a fat old matron, who waylaid me on the stairs of the hotel as I was coming down to dinner. Laying a plump detain- ing hand upon my arm, she made the polite request that I would lend her " pins — real butterfly pins — to pin my captures with. I have used up all my darning needles" — this last as a plaintive appeal to my sympathy and compassionate pity. Poor lady, pity did indeed largely enter into the feeling with which, later in the evening, I regarded her collection. The result of two weeks' assiduous pursuit consisted of some 30 or 40 butterflies and moths, mutilated and worn specimens mostly, with wings set all awry at various angles, and (0 shade of Doubleday !) a darning needle the size and thickness of a hedge-stake impaling the head, and another needle stuck through the abdomen of a Chrysophanus pJdoeas. On another occasion it was a nice old gentleman, all bald head and heavy gold watch chain, who had been bitten by the mania for collecting. He rushed at me in the hall one day, in great excitement, and begged me to go to his room to view his caterpillars. " Larvae, I should say, sir, larvae ; they all perspire and then die." So I went with him to examine into this strange larval sweating sickness. When I did see his "breeding cage" (save the mark!), I was not surprised. He had eight or nine larvae of DeilepMla euphorbiae tightly bottled in a small medicine bottle, along with a few withered leaves of the euphorbia plant. I am afraid I was a little outspoken in my remarks, forgetting for the moment that he was an old man and I a young one, but it really beat me how anyone of his age and presumable intelligence could expect caterpillars to live and thrive in such a receptacle — a tightly-corked medicine bottle, reeking still of its original contents, not even then entirely dispensed, for I saw some drops of mixture, paregoric or cough-easer, in the bottom of the bottle. From the bruised appearance of the caterpillars I concluded that they had, like the medicine, been well shaken, not before however, but after taken. I pointed out to him that hivxie of D. enphorhiae were not at all easy to rear in captivity, and that they needed plenty of fresh air and sunlight, and earth at the bottom of the breeding cage, in which to pupate, as they were a subterranean species. But it is not the purpose of this paper to recount the extraordinary blunders of amateur entomologists who visit the Canaries, though many amusing reminiscences crowd upon me. The lepidoptera of tenerife. 11 There are thirty species of Rhopalocera at present known to occur in the Canaries. I append a list'-'" of them, and should Hke to offer a few remarks concerning the list in a subsequent paper. HESPERIDES Tlii/melicus cliristi PAPILIONIDES LYCAENIDA LYGAENIDAE Lyc.enin.e Lycaena hoctica ,, wehbiana ,, lysimon ,, aestioa Clirysophanus phloeas The da ruhi PAPILIONIDA PIEIilDAE Apokin.e Aporia cratae(ji PlERIN.E Pieris cheiranthi ,, loollastoni ,, rapae ,, dapjlidice Bhodocerin.e Gonepteryx clcohule Colias edusa and var. helice Anthocvrin.e Eachloe charlonta NY3IPHALII)AE Ny3IPHALIN.E Vanessidi Pyrameis atalanta ,, cardui ,, rirc/iniejisis (huntera) Argynnidi Argyntiis maia ,, latona Satyrin.e Satyriis xiphioides Epinephele ianira Sc var. hispulla ILipparcliia statilinus EUPLCEIN.E Anosia arcliippus Danais chrysi/ipns ,, alclpipoidea ,, doripjius var. Jclugii ®-URRENT NOTES. Mr. Percy H. Grimshaw, F.E.S., describes {Ann. Scot. Nat. Hist., July) a species of Bot-Fly (Cephenomyia rvjiharbis), which is new to Britain, and which is parasitic upon the Eed Deer [Cervus elaphas). Tavo specimens (both females) were captured by Mr. L. W. Hinxman, at Strath Carron, in Ross-shire, in June and July, 1894. A very graphic account of the life history of the fly follows the description. From May to July the adult females, which are viviparous, may be seen flying slowly and noiselessly in vertical circles round the heads of their victims, who become greatly disturbed, and begin to snort and kick. " Suddenly a fiy darts down upon the open nostril of the restless animal, soon flying up again, only to repeat this irritating process several times. The poor victim becomes still more excited, and tries to scratch its nose with its hind feet, or endeavours to rub this organ, which is sometimes already bleeding, upon its fore feet, all the while sneezing violently, and occasionally by this means succeeding in dashing its little enemy down to the ground. In the meantime the fly has succeeded in injecting into the nostril a drop of fluid containing minute, living and very active maggots. These adhere firmly by means of the hooks with which they are provided, and by constant wriggling work themselves continually onward until they come to lie * We have arranged these in accordance with Dr. Chapman's scheme of classifi- cation {Eiit. Eec, vol. vi., p. 150). — Ed. ISi THE en'tomologist's record. at the back of tlic throat, Avhere they remain until ahiiost ready to enter the pupal staple. They are then forcibly ejected from the throat by the coughinjj; and sneezing of their host They pupate on the earth in dark places at the base of walls or under leaves, becoming pupil? from half a day to two days after leaving the throat of the deer. The pupal stage lasts from twenty-one to forty days, in colder weather much longer." Dr. A. 8. Packard, in the course of a paper, " On a rational nomenclature of the veins of insects, especially those of Lepidoptera " [Psyche, May), makes the following remarks on the structure of the vein, or, as we call it, nervure : — " The structure of a complete vein is described by Spuler. In a cross-section of a ^oc\,m(\. {Tnjpli a en a pronvba), the chitinous walls are seen to consist of two layers, an outer and inner, which takes a stain and lies next to the hypodermis. In the cavity of the vein is the trachea, which shows more or less distinctly the so-called spii'al thread ; within the cavity are also Semper's rib and blood corpuscles, which proves that the blood circulates in the veins of the completely formed wing, though this does not apply to all Lepidoptera with hard mature wings. I have been able to observe the same structure in sections of the wing of Zi/gaena." Mr, G. C. Davis, of the Agricultural College, Michigan, in an article entitled " A few points in collecting Ichneumonidae " (Canad. Ent., June), states that by trampling down a few of the bushes in some spot on the edge of the thicket, where one wishes to collect, many rare species may be obtained. "As an Ichneumonid comes along, it will almost invariably make a slight halt over or near the trampled vegetation. Tlie halt, though hardly noticeable, is sufficient for one to scoop the specimen with the net The why of this method is probably explained by the fact that the bruised plants give ofl[" a similar odour to what they would were they eaten by some caterpillar, and the parasite halts to look for the cause of the odour." Mr. R. H. Meade, of Bradford, mentions (A/'a