Sa pea atone hx APN SS ee AIT nee ee etn a err he, <2 ey, e G @ SC i WAS ANS i> ~~ R1ES SMITHSONIAN S Correa” INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NOIL NOIL q S31uVUSIN LIBE or van) Ly) NOS NVINOSHLINS $3] uvy INSTITUTION NOILf ir cn. a z a = ° = = = ee) Es : = 5 a < ee 2 OD x ILSNI NWINOSHLINS S3IYVUStIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN z= 22) re JOA'5 wm ae As = res = < Lees + eae — Pf lip 3 a an a a yy sy i a = aes = > = ‘ >. = ap) Zz n Wes Op) | RES: SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NINOS ee | uve ee Fa | Zz ay , tJ i} aS (Ca — 4 id ae oh \ SS ee ra 5 < 3 (XS oe ¢ S an XY is a ‘ sina oo 2 bas J ILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3IY¥vVudIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN a i : 6 ia) : = ow = 2) a ‘\s 5 a = 4 ze a. NG iS 5 Fe a a ye 2 =e z 122) — wo — R | ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILOLILSNI Monkey | I uvu = < ( =) < = YY, = Zz 4 Zz ra Ls MQ = Oo = are: Bi ss AS : a ie Os \SES is 2, E = SS = ~ > = pe 4 ” ap zZ n = [LSNI_NVINOSHLINS S3!1YVYUdEIT LIBRARIES _INSTITU 2) ie Zz a Z no sal n TE n e fe . e fe) \ aa fe) aa | e) Zz : aa Fa ai Z RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS SJI yvy wa 2 Ye 4 o 2 a 2) ie Cae ses lea = = ) SP a : = : VY - Wiz aa rag 5 =S5 . oP) “SS (op) s = ILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!YVYUGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN Zz 2) 2 aR 7) = ss = vss = < 4 Reg MN ae ayaa > Lg 8 + yf 47 6 = Z GB S747 2 B 2 a ik 2 “iy = 2 = Wee See ; RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLINS SaIuVY + KAR QQ 7 RJ Sat INE! ff © MS f4/ Se 9 > res = MOOS ae < i“ ‘i e = p el 1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOIJLONLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31 Saluvugiq LIBR INSTITUTION NOJL! INSTITUTION INSTITUTION ILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3INYVWY9IT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INST NVINOSHLINS SA3!1uvuall NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN 4: tL; SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31 a & i : 2 cae at o = oe < 5 a < za = ac Ee S oc co 5 = mo a , fe) = a i) z : — S sN _J 1LSNI NVINOSHLINS S3!YVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INST Bo: 2 c Za wo . = w = 0 2 NW = ra sy ro ik SN WR a > = > AS = Z =) 2 m SS Se m S m wn = n = n RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSN!I NVINOSHLINS SJ n Zz wn =z ”n = < = <= = rt z 4 z= = 4 aE Oo ac NG) ag n 2) CE: Ln ” O Se k@) a O €: 2 E zy, = 2y 7? > = Pp’ = > Zz ” i Ze (o) Zz ISNI_NVINOSHLINS S3Al14V4all LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INS1 NOILMLILSNI NOILNLILSNI NOILNLILSNI RARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31 S3IYVYSIT LIBRARIES Z Zz SI = aS z NE Lon pc.» E A a > a a = = a LNLItsNt Salauvadl LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INS o NVINOSHLINS SS1YVYEIT_LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN Mes SRARIES SMITHCONIAN INCTITIITION NOTINITICN! NWINOCUTINIOE eat L. 81 No. 1 JANUARY 1969 SANE THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.£.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., AR.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., MB. H. C. HuGGIns, F.R.E.S. Me eNens Hunt Pres L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. ers ce Oi H. SYMEs, MLA. Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.s. EAT HSON) Ap APR ‘7 1969 LiBRARIED ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE Ist JANUARY :— GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. ae ie .. 35/- Post Free | OTHER COUNTRIES .. ahs ay are bs a .. 40/- Post Free ) Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW _ Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks., England POLVOVORC LC OEL ERED EL ODED EDR SLISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET EPEDDSESD IS ET CS ADEIOT EWE DRD OT OTA OED EDOVESGS as WILD ANIMALS OF THE BRITISH ISLES Maurice Burton New edition From its title this is not a strictly entomological book, but the reviewer in The Entomologists’ Record found that the casual look was drawn out into a “reading session.” Dr Burton’s book is a new edition of this title in the ‘Wayside and Woodland’ series. In it he discusses at length many mammals, reptiles and amphibians found in Britain and includes many interesting and unusual anecdotes. ‘Science in Action’ said, “Dr Burton writes in an easy-to-read, flowing style that makes this a lively and entertaining book without sacrificing accuracy or authority ... The illustrations include many colour photographs by Dr Burton’s daughter Jane, one of the finest animal photographers in Britain.” 40s net FREDERICK WARNE & Co. Ltd. 1-4 Bedford Court, Strand, London WC2 Ww Microlepidoptera found near the Estuary of the River Conway, North Wales, 1964/68 By H. N. MICHAELIS The Conway flows northwards to enter the sea between the Great Orme’s Head on the east and Penmaenbach headland on the west. Though the river is tidal for about ten miles, these notes relate to the valley between the estuary and Glan Conway on the east bank and a point about one mile south of Benarth on the west bank. Much of the river divides the Ordovician rocks of Snowdonia from the Silurian rock of Denbighshire though the formation differs on the Creuddyn peninsula, i.e, the Llandudno-Deganwy area. The latter is more complex being comprised of the carboniferous limestone of the Great Orme, another hilly limestone area comprising Marl, Gloddaeth, Pydew and Penrhyn- side and a hilly outcrop of Ordovician at Deganwy. There are coastal sandhills at the mouth of the estuary at Deganwy on the east and at Conway Morfa on the west. There is a fine saltmarsh stretching from Llandudno Junction to Glan Conway and a smaller one near Conway, these are often covered at high tide and have a rich flora though there is an increasing encroachment of Spartina grass. The rising ground on both banks south of Llandudno Junction and Conway is mainly agri- cultural with a few small mixed woods in which oak predominates. The major and minor roads are lined by mixed hedges, often grown on raised banks, of hazel, scrub, oak, sloe, hawthorn, spindle, elm, holly, rose, etc., which carry a varied flora on the hedge banks. Conway Mountain and Penmaenbach, which form a background to Conway Morfa, are foothills of the Carneddau range and have mainly a moorland flora and fauna so species from these upland areas are omitted. Instead of listing all species seen during 1964/1968, a few of the more interesting have been selected and short notes on varied habitats are included. Very little work has been done on the Welsh ‘‘Micros” in recent years and many more species will be found than I have so far observed. Pterophorus spilodactylus Curt. This plume moth, which otherwise has a south of England distribution, has long been known to occur on the Creuddyn. The larva feeds on the leaves of Marrubium vulgare L. (White Horehound) and is full-fed by early July when it pupates on the upper side of a leaf, usually on the midrib. It occurs in four separate localities which have also historical and botanical interest. In “Weeds and Aliens’, Sir Edward Salisbury suggests that the presence of White Horehound on the Great Orme was due to cultivation by the monks of the now ruined Gogarth Abbey as a remedy for bronchial afflictions. There are two stations for the plant on the inland limestone, namely at Gloddaeth Hall which was built in the 17th century and near Llanrhos Church, which can be traced back to the 6th century. The fourth locality is on the two Ordovician hills on which stand the ruined castle of Deganwy, one of the important strongpoints of mediaeval north Wales. The original castle dates from the 6th century and the site was used as a fortress until the 13th century when it was destroyed by Llewelyn the Great. The moth is established in each of these localities being more widespread on the Orme. It is interesting to speculate whether the moth was originally native or if it was brought with the plant from southern Britain. Marrubium also grows on the Little Orme’s Head but so far I 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 have not seen the moth there. The only other North Wales record is a moth found in a friend’s car in Anglesey and enquiry showed that it could have been transported from the Great Orme. Cacoecimorpha pronbmana Hubn. A Tortricid, originally found on the coast of southern England in the early part of this century, which has spread northward to become established in the home counties. The larva feeds on a variety of shrubs and plants including Euonymous, Privet, Rose and a number of garden plants. In 1956, a single moth was found by the late C. M. Jones in a nursery garden on Wirral, Cheshire, and both he and I thought it might have been imported with plants from southern England. In September 1965, a female came to light in my garden at Glan Conway; in May 1967, several larvae were found in spun shoots of Euonymus in a Deganwy car park and later bred; in Septem- ber 1967, two cocoons were found in my garden and several moths were seen flying among roses; recently, larvae were found and moths bred from carnations from a Llandudno garden. The appearance in different localities suggests the insect has been established for a number of years. Clepsis rurinana L. This local Tortricid was included by Gresley- Jones in his list of lepidoptera from Creuddyn, 1910. When compiling a list of North Wales Tortricoidea in 1953, I had doubt as to the authen- ticity of the original record as all specimens produced as this species proved to be pale or worn Pandemis cerasana L. A specimen found on the Great Orme in 1964 and a few records from Glan Conway in 1965/68 confirm the original record. A few larvae were found on roses in my garden. Clavigesia purdeyi Durr. This species on pine continues to spread. Though uninformed of its status in the Midlands and Yorkshire, I have authentic records from Lancashire and Cheshire, 1950/1963. Two worn specimens were taken at light at Glan Conway and presumably came from a nearby screen of Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots Pine). Coleophora serpylletorum Hering. New to the British Isles, this moth was found by the late Robin Mere, E. C. Pelham-Clinton and myself on the Great Orme in 1964. In May 1966, a search by E. C. P.-C. and myself produced larval cases on Thymus drucei Ronn., (Common Wild Thyme). The erect dark brown case, built from leaves of Thyme, is usually found on the underside of a leaf towards the tip of a spray where a few brown leaves may indicate its presence. The larva, which ceases to feed about mid-June, is best reared on a potted plant kept out-of-doors. The first and last dates on which the moth has been seen were 3rd July and 15th August. The species is common on the Orme but, so far, has not been found on the inland limestone. It is not easily disturbed during the day and occasionally a few may be seen at sunset resting on grass or Thyme. Other species will be discussed under localities or habitats and it seems proper to begin with the Great Orme which is the most prominent feature of the estuary. This cape of carboniferous limestone, 610 feet high, is about five miles in circumference and, though well cropped by sheep and a fine herd of feral goats, the flora and insect fauna is very rich. In addition to species already mentioned, the following are of interest. Mecyna asinalis Hubner has long been known to occur where Rubia peregrina L (Madder) grows and though local, the window feed- ing habit of the larva on the larger leaves is easily seen; it also occurs on the inland limestone at Pydew. Pterophorus tetradactylus L. is common MICROLEPIDOPTERA FOUND NEAR THE ESTUARY OF THE RIVER CONWAY 3 among Thyme growing on steep slopes and is also on the limestone at Pabo and Pydew. There is a strong flight at sunrise in July. Ancylis comptana Frol., is found in similar situations in May and is not easy to see as it flies just above the herbage. Seedheads of Carlina vulgaris L. (Carline Thistle) gathered in autumn and winter contained larvae of Metzneria carlinella Staint. The larva hibernates and later pupates in the seedhead and the centre of an infested head is slightly raised above the surrounding seeds. The seedheads must be kept out-of-doors until June to ensure the emergence of the moth. Heads from other parts of the Creuddyn so far examined contain larvae of a Trypetid only. Elachista subocellea Steph. occurs only on the Orme while the commoner E. tria- tomea Haw., occurs on limestone throughout. Coleophora lixella Zell., which feeds in the early larval stages on Thyme and later on grasses, is uncommon. The thin black cases of Coleophora albitarsella Zell., are local and a pale blotch mine in May on leaves of Origanum vulgare lL. (Marjoram) usually indicates a larva on the underside. Large brown blotch mines on leaves of Marrubium vulgare L. (Horehound) in May and June indicate that the broad hairy flattish case of C. lineolea Staint., (crocogramma Zell.) will be on the underside. Pyrausta cingulata L., occurs sparingly here and on other local limestone formations. As Salvia (Sage) is infrequent, presumably it has other foodplants. The inland limestone. The first of the two ridges which are divided by a broad valley, rises to about 250 feet and is comprised of a large area of cropped turf and the wooded hills of Gloddaeth and Bryn Mael- gwyn. The more southerly ridge rising to 300 feet has uncropped slopes with scrub oak, hazel, whitebeam, sloe, juniper, ash, yew, etc., with an expanse of limestone pavement at Pydew, a fine wooded hill at Marl, disused quarries and a treeless hill with a most interesting flora at Pabo. Much the greater part of collecting has been done on the southerly ridge. Hypochalcia ahenella Schiff., is uncommon in the Pabo quarries. Larval eases of Thiotricha subocellea Steph., hidden among seedheads of Origa- num (Marjoram) are local at Pabo though the plant is plentiful. The heads are best gathered in March and should be kept exposed to the weather until June to obtain good breeding results, emergence dates are from 29th June to 21st July. The plume moths Oidaematophorous osteo- dactylus Zell., and Adaina microdactylus Hiibn., both occur at Marl and Pydew; the former among Solidago (Golden-rod) and larvae and pupae of the latter in a swelling in the upper part of the stem of Eupatorium cannabium L., (Hemp Agrimony). The stems of the Eupatorium should be gathered in April when the swelling and small exit hole are easily seen. The long mines of Elachista cinereopunctella Haw., are plentiful in the leaves of Carex flacca Schreb., from March to May and the reddish pupa is later found attached to the mid-vein on the upperside of a leaf of the Carex; mined leaves are more common where the Carex grows in the shade of trees or bushes. Among other Elachista are freyerella Hubn., (nigrella Haw.) and subnigrella Doug., the last, which is a typical limestone species is abundant. A sunrise visit in early July with E. C. Pelham-Clinton to Pydew produced large numbers of a species which I believe to be *E. dispunctella Dup. A single specimen of Scythris fletcher- ella Durr., was taken among Helianthemum (Common Rockrose) on 14th *A letter from E.C.P-C. indicates that this is a species other than #. dispunctella. 4 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 July 1965 and a few Stomopteryx taeniolella Zell., occurred among Lotus and Anthyllis in mid-July 1968. Larvae of Zellaria hepariella Staint., are fairly common in June spun in the upper leaves of stunted Ash bushes growing in a limestone pavement and, as is usual, the moths may be disturbed from Juniper and Yew later in the year. Birch is local throughout but two small areas on the limestone produced leaves mined by Caloptilia betulicola Hering, Lithocolletis ulmifoliella Hiibn., and Parornix betulae Staint. Small areas of Calluna vulgaris L., (Ling) grow- ing in leached ground supported Neofaculta betulea Haw. Grapholita dorsana F., is common where Lathyrus and Vicia grows and is also com- mon on the sandhills and rough ground throughout. Sandhills. On either side of the river is a narrow strip of sandhills each with golf links immediately behind. Except at West Shore, Llan- dudno, there is little high dune and the vegetation on the east bank is richer and more varied than on Conway Morfa owing to shelter from the north and east provided by the Great Orme and Deganwy hills. A few specimens of Chionodes fumatella Dougl., were seen in July 1964 on the Morfa but have not occurred again. WNotocelia incarnatana Hubn., is common among Rosa pimpinellifolia L., (Burnet Rose) on both banks of the river. An unusual occurrence is Blastobasis lignea Wals., at Deganwy among Gorse and Sea Buckthorn; the larva feeds on fallen leaves and other decaying matter and I do not recall previous records from sand- hills. Acrolepia granitella Treits., often rests on Ragwort flowers in August at Deganwy and as Pulicaria dysenterica L. (Fleabane) does not grow nearby, it is presumed there is an alternative unknown foodplant. A few blotch mines in leaves of Atriplex hastata L. (Hastate Atriplex) from Deganwy and Conway proved disappointing for only Scrobipala seminella Pierce were bred. While many of the common sandhill species are present, further collecting, especially on Conway Morfa, is desirable. Saltmarshes. The main saltmarsh of the eastern bank is at its widest at Llandudno Junction becoming narrower up-river until it is almost marginal at Glan Conway. The railway to Betws-y-Coed which follows the east bank of the river, divides the littoral from the inland habitats. Phalonidia affinitana Dougl., and P. griseana Haw., are common among their respective foodplants, Aster tripolium L., (Sea Aster) and Trig- lochin (Sea Arrow-grass). In Autumn, seedheads of Daucus carota L., (Wild Carrot) contain many larvae of Laspeyresia gallicana Guen., and in June, a few Depressaria larvae were found in rolled leaves but unfortun- ately not bred. Stems and roots of Artemesia vulgaris L. (Mugwort) of the previous year’s growth gathered in the spring were occasionally mined by larvae of Epiblema foenella L. Full grown larvae of Microsetia stipella Hubn., mine leaves of Atriplex hastata and A. littoralis L. (Grass-leaved Orache) in September. Scrobipalpa plantaginella is common from June to August and can be bred from roots of Plantago maritima L. (Sea Plan- tain). Larvae of Scrobipalpa seminella Pierce are abundant on seeds of Beta maritima L. (Sea Beet) and species of Atriplex and occasionally mine the leaves of the latter. In July and August, the moths fly abun- dantly at sunset and often settle on the flowers of Chamomile growing nearby. Several species of Coleophora have been noted which appear to have a wider distribution than has previously been recorded. Coleophora adspersella Ben., first recorded by Col. C. W. Mackworth-Praed at Bur- ley, Hants., in 1957, is plentiful among Atriplex littoralis and A. hastata MICROLEPIDOPTERA FOUND NEAR THE ESTUARY OF THE RIVER CONWAY 9) from mid-June to mid-July and the cylindrical larval cases, typical of several Atriplex Coleophora, are common on the seeds of both plants in September and October. The plants grow just above the average high tide mark so it appears that immersion by higher than average tides and river flood does not affect the hibernating larvae to any great extent? The collected cases were wintered out of doors and examination indicates that pupation takes place in May. Occasional specimens of C. sternipennella Zett., and C. versurella Ben., were netted among Artemisia vulgaris L. (Mugwort) in 1965 but so far no cases have been found. Both species are recorded only from southern England. Larval cases of C. obtusella Staint., are easily obtained by gathering heads of Juncus maritimus Lam., in April and May though individual cases enclosed in a dead flower are very hard to find. It is also locally common in Anglesey and must have a much wider distribution than shown in Meyrick’s Handbook, i.e., “Kent to Devon and Lincoln, local’; the late L. T. Ford found larvae in North Lancashire in 1940. C. adjunctella Hodg., is taken occasionally among a Juncus, possibly gerardii Lois. White silken cases of C. glaucicolella Wood are uncommon here on heads of Juncus maritimus but are fairly common on the west coast of Anglesey. The dark brown, almost cylin- drical cases of C. virgaureae Staint., are common near Glan Conway in autumn on heads of Aster tripolium and prefer this plant to Solidago virgaurea L. (Golden Rod) which grows on the nearby railway bank. In fact, larvae are scarce on Solidago in the area. I have not taken C. asteris Hodgk. which also feeds on A. tripolium in either North Wales or Cheshire for specimens bred from Wirral, Cheshire, proved to be C. virgaureae. I am indebted to J. D. Bradley and R. W. Uffen for identify- ing or checking my identifications of the above mentioned Coleophora. In their early stages, larvae of Bucculatrix maritima Staint., mine the leaves of Aster, changing to “window feeding” in the last stage, during June, August and September. The white shuttle-shaped cocoons, which often produce a Braconid parasite, are attached to grasses adjacent to the food plant. The rising ground south of Conway and Deganwy. The terrain in the neighbourhood of Glan Conway is close to my home and has been covered more than other parts of the district. A m.v. trap was used from time to time in my garden over the past four years. A long list of species has been recorded of which only a small sample is mentioned below. The following were recorded in the m.v. trap: Scoparia cembrella L., Hypo- cholacia ahenella Schiff., Phycita roborella Schiff., Ephestia parasitella unicorella Staud. (woodiella R. & T.), Homoeosoma cretacella Rossl., Eurhodope marmorea Haw., E. advenella Zinck., Epagoge grotiana F., Laspeyresia aurana F., L. splendana Hiibn., Grapholita dorsana F., Eucosma tripoliana Barr., E. fulvana Steph., Zeirapheria ratzeburgiana Sax., Lobesia littoralis Westw., and Apotomis semifasciana Haw. The most interesting of the above are the two specimens of the Ephestia taken in July 1968, which feeds on dry vegetable refuse including dry berries and dead stems of ivy. The common Stellaria holostea L. (Stitchwort) is the food of the following: Caryocolum tricolorellum Haw., in mined leaves and later in spun shoots in March and April; C. macu- leum Haw., feeds in spun flowers and seeds in May and June; Coleophora olivaceella Staint., is occasional on the underside of leaves from March to May indicated by a white blotch mine; in June 1968, a single C. striati- 6 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 pennella Tengst., (apicella Staint.) was taken. Coleophora spissicornis Haw., netted in a lane, caused a fruitless search later for the case on Trifolium arvense L. (Hare’s-foot Clover). Likewise a search for the mine in leaves of Circaea lutetiana L. (Enchanter’s Nightshade) following the capture of a single hibernated Anybia epilobiella Roem., was unsuccess- ful. Among the Oecophoridae, Schiffermuelleria tripuncta Haw., and Borkhausenia tinctella Hiibn., both associated with dead wood, occur in old hedgerows. Argyresthia glaucinella Zell., is scarce in the oakwoods of the Caernarvonshire bank and only a few patches of reddish brown bark indicating larval infestation were found. The larva of A. semifusca Haw., is found in May in short drooping shoots of hawthorn as is A. mendica Haw., in shoots of Prunus spinosa L., (Sloe) in April and May. The genus Lithocolletis is well represented by L. klemannella F., and L. froelich- iella Zell. in mined leaves of Alnus; L. nicelli Staint., in Corylus; L. geniculella Rag., in sycamore; L. heegeriella Zell., and L. lautella Zell., in Quercus. A form of L. lautella having black ground colour on the fore- wings similar to one which occurs in Scotland, mines the leaves of the hedgerow oak but is uncommon. Pseudoswammerdamia combinella Hiibn., is common among Prunus spinosa L., and Yponomeuta cognatella Hubn., is common where Euonymus europaeus L. (Spindle) grows in hedges. Of the Tineidae, the most noteworthy are: Infurcitinea argentimaculella Staint., on cne mossy outcrop of rock; Nemapogon arcella L., from decayed wood from Hazel and Oak hedges; Tinea trinotella Thunb., pro- bably from birds’ nests. An unusual record for North Wales among the Lampronitidae is Teichobia filicivora Meyr., which feeds on the under- side of fern fronds; one was taken in a damp lane and the other at light. Mines of Nepticulidae, usually vacated, have been noted in leaves of Quercus, Ulmus, Prunus spinosa, Salix, Rubus, Crataegus, Rosa, Fagus and Corylus. The species bred so far are: Stigmella rosella Schrank, S. oxycanthella Staint., Nepticula aurella Staint., N. marginicolla Staint., and possibly N. plagicolella Staint. REFERENCES E. Meyrick. Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 1928. I. R. P. Heslop. Revised Indexed Check-list of the British Lepidoptera. L. T. Ford. A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera, 1949. H. N. Michaelis. Cheshire and North Wales Natural History, Pyralidina 1950 and Tortricoidea, 1951, 1952 and 1953. R. G. Gresley-Jones. A List of Lepidoptera observed and recorded within ihe district of Creuddyn, Llandudno, 1910. Sir Edward Salisbury. Weeds & Aliens (New Naturalist), 1961. PLUSIA NI HUsn. (Lep. PLUSIIDAE) BREEDING IN ENGLAND.—Whilst on holiday in Dawlish, Devon, I found a Plusiid larva sitting on sea rocket (Cakile maritima Scop.) on 25th August, 1968. 'Two days later the larva spun up and a fine male Plusia ni Htibn. emerged on 19th September. I understand that Mr, Terry Dillon also found a larva a week earlier than mine, at Teignmouth, about three miles from the spot where I found mine. He also bred a moth about a month later. These two records would seem to be the first of P. ni breeding in the wild in this country.—D. O’Krerr, 29 Arcadian Avenue, Bexley, Kent. 13.xi1.1968. MANIOLA (EPINEPHELE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS U Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) and its Forms By GEORGE THOMSON Introduction I vividly remember the summer of 1958 as it produced an abundance of Maniola jurtina L. in South Perthshire. Whether this profusion was purely a local phenomonon or more widespread I have not been able to find out, but for something like two weeks the insects swarmed the fields in a park near Dunblane and in that period I collected the butterflies, often well into the evening. On examination I was very surprised to notice that a number of specimens resembled the sub-species splendida B. White of North West Scotland. A small number of specimens was sent to the British Museum (Natural History) where Mr Goodson compared the specimens with those in the British Museum collection. His conclusion was that all but two of the specimens were of the splendida form, though not as dark, on average, as those from some of the Western Isles. The two others he thought were intermediate, representing a cline between splendida and the typical jurtina. This same year produced a number of forms including addenda Mousley, fracta Zweigelt and many albinos. Following years showed that the appearance of splendida like butterflies was not unusual in this area, but just a dozen miles to the south (between Stirling and Falkirk) the population consisted of very typical British jurtina. From this beginning I became involved in a study of this butterfly throughout its range and this paper is the culmination of some ten years’ work. Literature was, at first, difficult to come by, as were specimens, but this was by no means the main problem. Perhaps few butterflies have suffered so much from the name wielding entomologist. Numerous names have been used to indicate similar forms, often these being the result of excessive exposure to sunlight (a fault also evident in the naming of some varieties of Lycaena phlaeas L.). However, the works by Lempke (1935, Lambillionea 35: 71-78, 101-108, 147-153, 172-185), Graves (1930 Entomo- logist 63: 49-54 and 75-81 and Verity (1953, Le Farfalle diurne d'Italia vol. 5: 260-271) made this paper possible, and I would like to pay tribute to these entomologists for their work on this butterfly. The 1935 paper has been the ‘springboard’ for this present work which I hope will both bring our information on jurtina up to date and tie up many of the loose ends which surround it. However, there are still great gaps in our knowledge, and I would like to appeal to entomologists not to neglect this interesting species, as has been the case in the past, and the fact that we still have a great deal to learn about the eastern forms of jurtina shows that there is still ample scope for work on this insect. Of necessity, I have kept my descriptions as brief as possible. However, I hope that if anyone wishes to read the original descriptions or follow up the many references which I have cited he will search it out for himself. I have been careful to avoid ambiguity, and, in the case of the races, descriptions are inevitably more lengthy. Acknowledgements I have to thank the following people for their invaluable help in pre- paring this work; L. Axelsson, P. W. Cribb, R. J, Dickson, P, Douwes, 8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 T. D. Fearnehaugh, Prof. E. B. Ford, D. C. Hulme, Guido Lanfranco, Prof. C. H. Landroth, B. J. Lempke, Dr. M. Opheim, M. P. Peerdeman, E. C. Pelham Clinton, T. S. Robertson, Sir Robert Saundby and members of the Amateur Entomologists Society; also the British Museum (Natural History), Royal Scottish Museum and Edinburgh Central Library. Maniola jurtina L. (Maniola Schrank, 1801, Fauna Boica, 2, 1: pp. 152 and 170. Type: jurtina L. Epinephile Hb., 1818, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 59. Type: jurtina L. See Hemming, 1934, The Generic Names of Holarctic Butterflies, 1, 42-43.) Synonymy: jurtina L. 1758, Syst. Nat., X, p. 475, No. 104 (female). janira lL. 1758, loc. cit., No. 106 (male). pamphilus Hoefn. 1766, Berl. Mag., 11, p. 39. monoculus Goeze. 1779, Entom. Beitr., 3, 1, p. 285. mirtyllus Fourcroy 1785, Entom. Par., 11, p. 239. janirus Herbst. 1796, Natursyst. Schmetterl., 8, p. 168. lemur Schrank 1801, loc cit., 11, 1, p. 175. telmessia Zell. was considered to be a sub-species of jurtina but has been found to be a distinct species. (See: Le Cerf, 1912, Bull Soc. Ent. France, pp. 225 and 231.) The forms previously ascribed to jurtina which should now be placed with telmessia are—kurdistana Ruhl., oreas Le Cerf and maniolides Le Cerg. Distribution Europe (rare north of 62° in Sweden), the Canary Islands, Africa north of the Atlas Mountains, most of the Western and Central Mediterranean Islands to Western Siberia and North Persia. I have no accurate information about how far the species penetrates the Soviet Union but I am sure that Verity’s ‘Russia orient’ does not refer to eastern U.S.S.R. It does reach Leningrad, however. It is not uniformly common throughout its range, as we might assume from current books, but pretty well abundant in most of Central Europe up to about 4,000 ft. It becomes much more local in the North West of Scotland and, in the south, it is missing from large areas of the Alps and the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. In Portugal and the Mediterranean Islands it becomes a shade-loving insect, becoming rarer as one goes eastward. Flight Period I had some difficulty in tracing emergence times for jurtina in its more distant localities. It appears, however, that in Central Europe the first males emerge about the beginning of June and only exceptionally before then. In north Scotland and Scandinavia they do not appear until early July. In these localities the flight period might be only until the end of August, though in the south and in very warm summers they are still found at the end of September. This is certainly the case on the Isles of Scilly. In Southern Europe according to Verity the butterfly can be found from May until October, but I have information that on the Canaries first males come out towards the end of March. I am indebted to Guido Lanfranco who sent me the following description of the situation in Malta: MANIOLA (EPINEPHELE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 9 “They (jurtina) have only one brood, but some come out in April- May, and others in June-July. The last group have paler female colouring than those of the first group, but there is only one brood. They are not seen in December-March normally.” This seems to indicate that the flight period on that island extends from April to November (perhaps longer in some years). The problem of whether jurtina is single or double brooded has been discussed almost as much as any other aspect of the butterfly, but in spite of the unusual ‘double emergence’ in warm climates there appears to be little doubt about Verity’s conclusion that it is univoltine. (See: Verity 1953, loc. cit., p. 265.) Forms The practice of naming varieties, aberrations and forms is often criticised, particularly if gradations occur between them and the ‘normal’ form. Corbet and Pendelbury (1956, Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, p. 42) state: “Tt is undesirable that individual varieties of this nature should receive distinctive names... .” This I cannot accept. There is a great value in many of the names given to variations, even if they only facilitate brevity! However, I do think that in cases of ‘normal’ variation where there is a very gradual change from one extreme to another it is desirable to name only the extremes—a case in point being the extent of fulvous in jurtina. Lempke (1935 loc. cit.) called most named variations of jurtina below sub-specific status ‘aberrations’ though he made some small effort to distinguish ‘abs.’ from ‘vars.’ in one or two cases. In his more recent paper (1957, Tijdschr. Ent. 100: 459-467) he ‘lumped’ all these under ‘forms’, while Verity (1953, loc. cit.) tactfully avoided the use of any of these prefixes. I do not like the term ‘aberration’ as it conjures up a vision of a two-headed Lepidopterous monster (which I am told should be called a ‘monstrosity’—heaven forbid!) and I notice Prof. E. B. Ford avoids the term. Although there is a great deal to be said for distinguishing between ‘vars.’ and ‘forms’, I can find no criterion which would be applicable to every case. I have therefore followed Lempke’s example and used the term ‘form’ for all varieties below sub-specific status. This clearly is a solution which leaves the situation flexible, so that later authors can make further distinctions if they so desire. The system of nomenclature employed by Leeds (1950, Proc. Trans. South London ent. Nat. His. Soc. 1948-9) and other papers is admirable in theory, but until taxonomists can spend time revising the varieties of all Lepidoptera the present system will have to suffice. I have, therefore, included the names used by Leeds for forms not already described, but not those which are, to all intents and purposes, synonyms. A. Size Generally speaking jurtina does not vary much in size within each geographical race, but there is a tendency for the southern forms to be much larger than the northern ones. Dwarf forms are therefore more striking when they occur. f. nana Stephen 1923, Iris, p. 23. A dwarf form. Muschamp records a 10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 female with a wingspan of 31 mm. and males of 32 and 33 mm. Small specimens occur frequently in the Swedish race but the smallest female I have seen is an English one of similar dimensions to the one mentioned. f. (2? race) parvula Stauder, 1915, Z. wissen Insetenb., 11, pl. plate 2, fig. 16. Described as a dwarf race of hispulla Esp. from Monte Faito and S. Angelo (Sorento) and having a size similar to a female Coenonympha pamphilus L. Unfortunately I have been unable to trace any other mention of this form and, as Lempke makes no mention of it, I suspect that it is merely a very remarkable form. f. major Leeds, 1950, loc. cit. p. 107. This name refers to strikingly large specimens (males over 51 mm.; females over 56 mm.). B. Albinism Jurtina is particularly susceptible to albinism, so much so that it has led to the ridiculous situation where patches caused by malformation of the scales have been given different names if they have occurred by accident in different areas of the wings. This first form of albinism, which manifests itself in (usually) assymetric patches, sometimes occurs in a symetric form, often covering all of the wings, is is clearly the same aberration. I, therefore, consider it superfluous to give more than one name to these specimens. f. brigitta Ljunch 1799, Vet. Akad. Nya Handl., 20, p. 147, pl. 2, figs. 6 and 7. The original description refers to a complete form of the above- mentioned aberration, which leaves the wings very pale with the fulvous band of a pale yellow/red colour. This name, I suggest, should be applied to all specimens which have these light patches, as they are merely incomplete forms of Ljunch’s type. = semialba Brand 1949, Bull. Soc. Emulation du Doubs, p. 60. In this form only the margins remain. = wautieri Lmbll. 1905, Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam. p. 19: 1982, Lambillionea, pl. 11, fig. 2. Patches on both wings. = dextro-albescens Tutt, 1908, Ent. Rec. 20, p. 221, refers to a form with a patch on the right wing. = leucothoé Cabeau, 1923, Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam, p. 24. This is the ultimate form of this aberration in which even the legs. head and antennae are pale. A second form of albinism is that which produces a greyish dusting on the wings. Once again names have been used to describe degrees of this form and I have grouped some of them together. I was tempted to include the ‘metallic’ types in this group but as yet I am not convinced that they are caused by the same factor. f. cinerea Cosm. 1892, The Naturalist, p. 264. This name is used to describe the form with an ashy scaling on all wings. I suggest that this should be used to describe any variant of this. = grisea-argantacea Obthr. 1909, Lep. Comp., III, p. 385. =grisea-aurea Obthr. 1909, loc. cit. = cinerascens Fuchs. 1892, Jahrb. Nass. Ver., 45, p. 85. The hind only are dusted with grey in this form. I have examined specimens of f. cinerea and compared them with those specimens which have a somewhat similar scaling but have, in addition, a metallic sheen and I am not convinced that they are the same. I have, therefore, separated the following forms from cinerea. MANIOLA (EPINEPHELE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS sat f. illustris Jach. 1895, Soc. Ent., 10, p. 65. Lempke (1935 loc. cit. p. 77) states that this form is intermediate between cinerea and the type, but the original description mentions a metallic sheen which would separate it from that form. This name should be applied to specimens which have a greyish or grey/blue scaling combined with metallic sheen. = uhryki Aigner 1898, Rev. Lapok, V, p. 93, approaches illustris—from Hungary. = 2 marmorea Lmbll. 1903, Rev. Mens. Soc. Ent. Nam, p. 66, has a marbling or grey/blue, and with the underside medial band well marked. = commacula Leeds, 1950, loc. cit., p. 102. f. glabrata Leeds, 1950, loc. cit., p. 108, is perhaps identical to illustris —described as having a ‘greasy look’. f. radiata Frohawk, 1938, Var. Brit. Butterfl., pl. 9, fig. 1. I am not sure which group this falls into (if any). It is an albino form with the ground colour retained around the nervures. f. testacea Schille, 1922, Z. Oest. E.V., 7, p. 19, is a form which has the forewings chocolate brown, whitish towards the apex, on which the _androconial mark stands out strongly. Hindwings pale with darker veins and margins. This is a very peculiar form of albinistic jurtina. f. subtis-albida Silbernagel, 1943, Acta Soc. ent. bohem., 40, p. 4, from Bohemia. The male type of this form is described as having the under- side forewings of a very pale yellowish colour through which shines the upperside markings. The margins, upperside and underside hindwings remain normal. Another albinistic tendency is that on the fulvous band on the upper- _ side, thus— f. pallens Th.-Meig. 1889, The Naturalist, 11: 74, was a race described from the Pyrenees. Lempke (1935 loc. cit., p. 101) points out that Rondou _ 1982, Ct. Lep. Pyr., p. 33) does not mention this race. The apical patch is pale yellow in this form. = tincta Blackie 1920, Entomologist, 53: 277. = © alba Blackie 1920, loc. cit. | = 2 intermedia Blackie 1920, loc. cit., p. 278, is the form in which this | patch is of a creamy yellow colour. This is the typical form in many | areas. = frohawki Blackie, 1950, p. 87, refers to the form in which the normally fulvous band is replaced by anything from pure white to pale yellow. Clearly the distinction between ‘pale yellow’ and ‘creamy yellow’ is a slight one and very similar specimens of these forms can be obtained by exposing normal specimens to excessive sunlight. Old specimens are, therefore, more likely to be f. intermedia than freshly emerged ones. The )name pallens should be reserved for specimens in which the fulvous is much paler than normal because of some structural or genetical reason and not through exposure to sunlight. | f. 2 semi-intermedia Lempke, 1935, loc. cit. refers to a specimen with jonly part of the fulvous patch changed to white. This is obviously the )result of some different factor from that which produces the partial pallens forms. iC. Variation in Ground Colour f. ¢ nigro-rubra Lmbll. 1908, loc. cit., p. 66. In this variety the ground jcolour is blackish brown (Erebia-like) with reddish brown sub-apical 12 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 blotehes. This colouration is normal in many parts of the insect’s range. [f. occidentalis Poinneau 1924, Bull. Soc. Se. Nat. Quest., series IV, pl. IV, p. 58, referred to a variety of jurtina from Brittany which is ‘reddish brown’. Lempke (1935, loc. cit. p. 176) suggested that this might be a race but it is now almost certain that it is a synonym of phormia Frhst.] f. nigrianira Forsyth-Johnstone, 1941, Entomologist, 74: 243, is a female with the upperside forewings dark greyish brown, the fulvous patch almost absent, hindwings of a similar colour. Margins and transverse band on the underside forewings much extended and very dark, the whole having a blackish suffusion. Hindwings black with central area a shade lighter. f. Q huenei Krul., 1908, Soc. Ent., 23: 3, has the fulvous band con- siderably darkened because of a dusting of dark scales (? ground colour). {f. antiultrafulviscens Leeds, 1950, loc. cit. p. 101. This is a form in which the basal part of the underside forewings is distinctly darkened— sometimes reddish. This is normal variation. f. concolorata NEW. This very attractive form has the part of the underside forewings from the medial transverse line to the base of the very same dark colour as the upperside ground colour, leaving the sub- apical band (which is somewhat lighter than usual) in striking contrast. A specimen of the form was taken by myself near Dunblane, Perths., 15.vii.1965 and is in my own collection. f. ¢ suffusa Tutt, 1896, Brit. Butt. p. 404, is a male without orange on the upperside forewings. f. g6 hertha Heinrich 1909, Berl. E.Z., 54, p. (3), is a male with the orange of the forewings forming a band, broken or not by the nervures. = rufocincta Fuchs. 1900, Jahrb, Nass., V, 53, p. 37. = fulvopincta Heinrich, 1923, Deutsche E.Z., p. 247. = ierniformis Graves, 1930, loc. cit., p. 63. f. g feminea Graves, 1930, loc. cit., p. 54, is a male with the fulvous markings on the hindwings. f. 2 pseudomas Ckll., 1889, Entomologist, 22, p. 26, is a female with only male fulvous markings. f. 2 rufocincta Fuchs, 1900, loc. cit., is the normal form of the female which has fulvous marks on the hindwings. f. 2 nuragiformis Vrty. 1916, Ent. Rec. 28, p. 169. This is an extreme form of the normal variation which occurs in the south of Europe in which the fulvous marks of the female are so highly developed that only the margins remain on both wings, and the base of the hindwings as in the related species Maniola nurag Ghil. f. tithoniformis Vrty. 1916, loc. cit., has these characters further | developed. Apical eyespot very large. This form has been recorded from — Corsica, Sardinia and North Africa. f. 9 antifulvua Lempke, 1957, loc. cit., p. 461, has the fulvous greatly extended on the forewing only—no fulvous on the hindwings. D. Variation in the Apical Eyespot ft. anommata Vrty. 1904, Entomologist, 37, p. 56, is a very rare form in which the apical eyespot is completely lacking on both upperside and | underside. Verity's name really refers to specimens without the oceli ‘or almost so’, but as Leeds (1950, loc. cit., p. 104) has described a form with a greatly reduced eyespot it would be best to reserve the name anommata for specimens without the spots. MANIOLA (EPINEPHELE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 13 =oblitescens Schultz, 1908, Ent. Z., 21: 279. = obliterans Seitz 1908, Seitz 1, p.140. =inocellata Kiss, 1909, Rev. Lapok, 14: 153. = anomala Rol., 1910, Berge Rebel: p. 52. f. antiparvipuncta Leeds, 1950, loc. cit., has the apical eyespot con- siderably reduced. This form is very much more common than anommata Vrty. f.anticrassipuncta Leeds, 1950, loc. cit., has the apical eyespot greatly enlarged. f. caeca Rebel, 1910, loc. cit. This form is common in the male and rare in the female having the apical eyespot without the white ‘pupil’. = coeca Rocci, 1911, Contr. Lep. Piemonte, 1, p. 27. = caeca Ksns., 1911, Trav. Soc. Volb., p. 50, pl. 1, fig. 3. = caecoides Strand, 1925-7, Arch. flr Naturg, 91, A.12, p. 281. f. erymanthoides Strand, 1919, Arch. fiir Naturg, A.4, p. 16. This form is one in which the apical eyespot is split due to an encroachment of the ground colour. = biocellata Lempke, 1935, loc. cit., p. 148. f. bioculata Rebel, 1910, loc. cit., p. 52, is the very common form of the female with two white ‘pupils’ in the apical eyespot. Very rare in the male. f. addenda Mousiey, 1903, Ent. Rec., 15, p. 160, can be applied to any | form which has from 1 to 4 additional eyespots behind the apical eyespot or towards the apex on the upper or underside. f. erymanthea Esp., 1783, Eur. Schmett., 1, p. 180, combines the charac- ters of addenda and ocellata. f. subhispulla Strand, 1912, Ent. Z., 25, p. 254. This form was figured by J. Th. Oudemans in Tijdschr. v. Entom. 48: 13, pl. 4, fig. 4 (1905) and refers to a combination of erymanthoides and rufocincta with huenei colouring. Lempke (1957, loc. cit., p. 463) mentions a specimen combining erymathoides and antirufa and calls it subhispulla. E. Spotting on the Underside Hindwings This interesting feature of jurtina was used by Prof. E. B. Ford and his colleagues for their work on the butterfly in the South of England and the Isles of Scilly, the results of which can be read in Ford (1945, Moths, pp. 215-222) and Dowdeswell, Ford and McWhirter (1960, Heredity, 14: 333-364). Their research showed that a sudden ecological change is sufficient to change the frequency of the spotting on the underside hind- wings in a very short time. Clearly if this is the case it is possible that a series of jurtina taken in one year could be quite different from that taken in the same area in following years. Perhaps much of the con- fusion which has arisen around the races of jurtina has been caused by entomologists describing forms or races from specimens caught in one or two years, even although they might have examined a considerable number of specimens. The jurtina type has three spots in the male and an unspecified number in the female (janira). f. infra-pupillata Lempke 1935, loc. cit., p. 150, is a form which has one or more white pupilled black spots on the underside hindwings. f. biocellata Tutt, 1910, Ent. rec. 22: 158. Of this form Lempke writes: ‘... Described after a male from the Sarnthal in Tirol, and having “one small apical eye on the upperside and underside of the forewings, and two very marked ones on the underside of the hindwings”. The name denotes 14 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 a very special case of infra-pupillata and should therefore be suppressed.’ I do not understand Lempke’s reasoning here. If biocellata is a special ease of infra-pupillata the converse is also the case and and Lempke’s name should go. However, I consider them to be two different forms. Biocellatta is, therefore a combination of infra-pupillata and antiparvi- puncta. f. infra-impunctata Lempke, 1935, loc. cit., p. 150, lacks the black spots on the underside hindwings. F. Other Hindwing Variation The descriptions of the next three aberrations caused me some concern as they represent stages in a development towards the hispulla underside. Faded or worn Scottish females look very much like grisea and I suspect this is the case throughout Central Europe. f. grisea Tutt, 1896, loc. cit., p. 404, has the band of the underside hind- wings of a pale grey colour. f. violacea Wheeler, 1903, Bull. Sitz. p. 113, has this band tinted with ‘heliotrope’. Lempke says that this is not found in cold climates. f. luigionii Rost., 1908, Bull Soc. Zoo. It., series II, IX. The description given of this form refers to two different varieties—a male with greyish yellow band and a female with a bluish white speckled hindwing band. I consider the female description to be similar to violacea and suggest that the name luigionii should be reserved for the male form. f. fracta Zweigelt, 1918, Z. Oest. E.V., 3, p. 11, fig. 3. This is a female form in which the light hindwing band is interrupted in cell IV by a dark bar. ; f. Q rectoformis NOV. Description: Underside forewing light sub- apical band crossed by a bar of the same dark colour as the margin and transverse line on vein 3. Underside hindwing with very narrow lght band in rather dark brownish ground. The band does not reach the inner margin as in most females but stops before vein 2. The general effect is an underside which resembles the normal upperside. The type was taken in Dunblane 20.vii.1965 and is in my collection. f. infrareticulata LempKe, 1957, loc. cit., p. 462, has the underside hind- wings unicolourous grey, dusted with small dark striae which are also present along the margin and apex of the forewings. G. Other Forms f. pauper Vrty., 1916, Ent. Rec., 28, p. 169, is a form combining a number of aberrant characteristics. The forewings are more pointed than the type and the hindwings more dentate (f. costa-cava Cabeau). The apical eyespot, which is small, has an additional black spot behind it. The yellow marking is very much reduced, sometimes broken by the nervures. Verity states that he has found no intermediate from. f. costa-cava Cabeau, 1904, Rev. Soc. Ent. Nav., p. 66, pl. 1, has the hindwings indented between the veins.. f. brevipennis Lempke, 1957, loc. cit., p. 467, has all the wings ‘too short’. f. latimargo Peerdeman, 1962, Ent. Berichten 22, No. 3, has the marginal band on the underside forewing distinctly broadened at the inner angle. Homeosis: Occasional specimens occur which have on the underside hindwings streaks or patches of fulvous scaling. Gynandromorphs: These are extremely rare but not unknown. (To be continued) DEATH FROM THE ROADS 15 Death from the Roads [Although not agreeing with some of the author’s contentions we print his article in the hope that it will bring us further opinions on this interesting subject.—EpiTorR]. : Letters which reached me at the close of last year told a woeful tale about many of our butterflies. “It would be extremely difficult,’ wrote a correspondent in Scotland, “to find specimens of A. urticae here any summer now. Even M. jurtina and semele have become scarce. A. aglaia is restricted to one or two corners, and V. io is extinct. Insecticides are not used here except in dipping sheep, which do not graze where the butterflies were most plentiful. Butterflies seem to be decadent every- where. A friend tells me the same thing from Argyllshire.” Another correspondent reports from the Home Counties north of Lon- don: “The butterfly position seems to have deteriorated still further.’ Concerning the disappearance of the Silver Spotted Skipper from Royston Heath he notes that this butterfly has also completely disappeared from Pitstone Hill, where it was quite common prior to about 1957. “It seems unlikely,’ he goes on, “that chemical spraying affects virgin tracts of country like Pitstone Hill and Royston Heath, so one is forced to con- clude that unknown natural factors are at work. It is a great puzzle, and I don’t think it is a normal ‘ebb.’ So far as I know, there has never been such a marked decline in butterfly life reported in the various journals.” Since weed-killers and pest-destroyers have been mentioned so often in connection with the decline of butterfly populations it is worth while having a look at a list of our indigenous butterflies and see just how many species are likely to have become victims of the farmers’ and market gardeners’ methods of protecting their crops. Here is a list of the species which breed regularly in our islands. 1. Our eleven species of Satyridae all feed on grasses growing in rough uncultivated places; most of them therefore are unlikely to have been affected by weed-killers or insecticides. But six may sometimes be affected locally (megera, galathea, tithonus, jurtina, pamphilus, hyperanthus). 2. Of the eight Fritillaries, five feed on violets and one on cow-wheat, plants that grow in woods and wooded places. One feeds on plan- tain only in the Isle of Wight, and one feeds on scabious (aurinia), which grows usually on uncultivated places though occasionally within reach of sprays. 3. Of the six Vanessids, the Small Tortoiseshell, Peacock, and Comma feed on nettles and may have been subject to weedkillers. The Large Tortoiseshell, which feeds on elm, has been becoming Secarcer for a good many years. The Red Admiral and Painted Lady are immigrants; they were more common last year. 4. The White Admiral, Purple Emperor and Duke of Burgundy are woodland species. 5. Of the eight Lycaenids, six feed on papilionaceous plants and may therefore have been subjected to both weedkillers and insecticides. The Holly Blue feeds on shrubs. The Large Blue may have been subject to spraying in some of its haunts. The Green Hairstreak has a wide choice of foodplants (Allan’s Larval Foodplants lists 16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 eleven), and would not usually occur in places where spraying is carried out. The other four Hairstreaks feed on shrubs. The Small Copper is (to my knowledge) subject to weedkillers sprayed on roadside verges, where sorrels are often killed. 6. The three Garden Whites probably have been considerably reduced by insecticides in home and market gardens. The Orange-tip, though often a woodland butterfly, is undoubtedly affected by the spraying of road and lane verges. The Wood White, as its name implies, inhabits woods; the Brimstone feeds on shrubs. The Swallowtail is a fenland species. 7. Of the eight Skippers, one is a woodland species; the other seven may have been been reduced by weed-killers on grass-fields; but most of these small butterflies inhabit rough uncultivated places where neither weed-killers nor insecticides are used. This list suggests that weed-killers and insecticides have probably been injurious to only 5 species; 24 have possibly been affected, and 28 are unlikely to have been affected at all. What, then, has caused the decline of the populations of the 28 unaffected species, including the woodland ones? Changes in the seasonal norm in many places? A succession of mild winters? Both these factors have occurred many times before. So what are the ‘unknown natural factors’ to which my correspondent referred? So far as I know, the climatic records of the Royal Meteorological Society do not provide an answer. What is that ‘something’? Here is a suggestion for readers of this journal to ponder over. Everv lepidopterist is aware of the marvellous sensitivity to scents which a male moth exhibits when he ‘picks up’ the scent of a ‘calling’ female of his species, a sensitivity so acute and so selective that he may pick up the scent half a mile away, and though females of half a dozen other species are ‘calling’ at the same time he will never make a mistake and respond to a ‘calling’ female of any other species. It is a sensitivity altogether outside our ken. I can think of no other class of animals which possesses this extraordinarily high degree of sensitivity. Then what about the exhaust gases of the 9,000,000 motor cars which now ply on the roads of this small country? Can these gases, innocuous to humans out of doors yet so deadly to humans in a confined space, kill infinitely more sensitive organisms, such as the Lepidoptera, wherever they may spread? Of course it is easy to propound objections to this suggestion. You may say at once, how comes it that the decline in butterfly populations has been noted in the Hebrides and in parts of the British Isles where motor cars are not such common objects of the countryside as they are in England? i But has it not already been found that land breezes may carry infec- tion far beyond a mainland? For instance, although it is taken for granted that plagues are spread by contagion it has been pvut forward and not disproved that the pneumonic forms of these diseases may be caused by aerial convection. And do not Small Tortoiseshells Peacocks, Painted Ladies, Red Admirals, Dark Green Fritillaries occasionally fly across narrow seas? What if these travellers are tainted or sterilised and there- fore unable to reproduce their kind? There is another point too. Every female imago bent on. egg-laying DEATH FROM THE ROADS 17 finds the correct foodplant by scent alone. Sight does not enter into the matter. Tell me then, if you can, will a female butterfly seeking out a plant upon which to lay her eggs, avoid any plant that is tainted by the exhaust gases of a motor car? Imagine—and I am told that it has hap- pened and not uncommonly—that a queue of stationary motor cars may extend along a main road for more than a mile, each with its engine running and therefore each car continually pumping out its exhaust gases over the adjoining landscape. Do you suggest that all this pol- lution of the atmosphere and herbage would be welcome to a butterfly out egg-laying or to a larva feeding nearby? So far as I am aware there is no instrument known to science which can ‘pick up’, as a male moth can, a few molecules of scent from a mile away. If a male moth can do this—as he can—he has got the whole scientific world beat to a frazzle. The laugh, I think, is with the moth— if you think it is a matter for laughing. Oh you super-confident space- hunters, beaten by a small Geometer, have you the nerve to say that it’s quite impossible that a moth or butterfly could be affected by the exhaust of a petrol engine a mile away? How do you know? You haven’t any idea of the sensitivity of a lepidopteron. A butterfly might be sterilised or killed by the exhaust gases of only a dozen motor cars several miles away. The exhaust gases of a petrol engine contain up to 7 per cent. of car- bon monoxide (CO). Now listen to this: one-half per cent. of CO in the atmosphere is fatal to Man. Who has yet estimated the volume of carbon monoxide, not to mention other deleterious gases, exhaled per minute by 450 motor cars, all with their engines running, head to tail in a queue a mile long—and I am told that at week-ends the oueues are sometimes stationary for half-an-hour? Work it out, you brilliant physicists, and then tell us in these pages. If those who are “set in a little brief authority” over us — ‘most ignorant of what they’re most assured’”—must deface our countryside in order to rush about at a mile a minute, build autobahns across the loveliest parts of England, destroying thousands upon thousands of acres of rich farmland while others of their ilk urge farmers to grow more and more foodstuffs—why don’t they concentrate for a bit on inventing a new form of propulsive power which will be innocuous to wild animals? They seem to be incapable of inventing anything that benefits any other animal in the world but their own ignoble species. Homo sapiens did Linne call them? Homo destructor would be a wise synonym; for if they are allowed to go on at the present rate it won’t be so many years now before they destroy themselves. —A voice crying in the wilderness? Exactly; for more and more of England is becoming a wilderness so far as lepidopterists are concerned. THE OLD ’UN. LIGHT TRAP RECORDS FROM CORNWALL.—The following few moths taken at my mercury vapour light trap here, in an otherwise poor season, may be of interest: 4th September, Plusia ni Htibn.; 9th September, Acherontia atropos L. and Plusia limbirena Guen.; 5th October, Herse convolvuli L. (the only specimen seen this year); and 24th October, Leucania loreyi Dup. (the third here since 1964).—Col. H. C. Rosset, The Old School House, Bodinnick, Lanteglos-by-Fowey, Cornwall. 13.xi.1968. 18 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 Notes on Melitaea cinxia L. 1945-1968 By Rosert W. Watson, F.A., F.B.A.A., F.C.C.S., F.Comm.A., F.R.E.S. I had started active collecting again in early 1943. As many specimens in my boyhood collection had suffered from various pests, replacements were necessary and I was taking a short series of many species. In late May 1943 I was collecting at Waterditch, near Christchurch. This is a pleasant green lane which at one point is crossed by the main Bournemouth-Southampton railway line. Within a few yards of the embankment I took a brown butterfly which I thought was Pararge megera L. while-in fiight. I was to find that it was in fact a perfect Melitaea cinxia L. It was the first I had seen alive and at this time I was unaware of its existence in the mainland. However more about this later. In 1945 I decided to visit the Isle of Wight to collect larvae in order to breed a series. I had no detailed knowledge of localities and consultation with various local entomologists did not produce the required information. However, one sunny morning in early April I set off with my wife from Lymington on the 7.30 a.m. ferry. As no petrol was available we took our tandem. This first voyage up the Lymington river was an occasion never to be forgotten. The sea was dead calm and as the great red ball of the rising sun dispersed the mists over the marshes, thousands of seabirds rose from the mudbanks as miniature tidal waves from the passage of the ferry invaded their territory. As the sun gained power the morning sky changed through the most exquisite tints of pale green to azure blue, flecked with rose and orange tinted clouds set in a pattern which no pen ean adequately describe. I have made this journey many times since but the magic of that first visit has never been recaptured. On arrival at Yarmouth we set off on the north coast road without really knowing where we were going. On taking several looks at the coast through various bridle paths we found a few larvae of Lasiocampa quercus L. but no sign of either cinxia or the foodplant. It was now mid-morning and as the return ferry was uncertain I decided that more detailed detective work was necessary if the desired results were to be achieved. We therefore enquired at the office of the local newspaper if they had any knowledge of either the butterfly or any local entomologists. They were most helpful and gave me the name of a local naturalist and taxidermist, a Mr. Jefferies I believe. This gentleman was a coleopterist but was able to direct us to Compton Bay where he had seen cinxia some years previously. Our journey continued through green lanes with untrimmed verges on which grew a profusion of flowers. This was before the days of weed killers and tidy fanatics with mowing machines. In due course we arrived at Brook and after parking the tandem we walked to the edge of the cliff and looked over. Never before had I seen so many caterpillars. The foodplant was covered with a black moving mass. I lay on the short turf and picked up a handful. The combination of red head and legs together with the shiny black coat make cinxia a delightful larva and one of my favourites. We collected 800 in a few minutes and could not see where we had taken them from. In either direction, towards Chale and Freshwater larvae swarmed in countless thousands. Adders too were numerous NOTES ON MELITAEFA CINCIX L. 1945-1968 19 and we nearly trod on several. Larvae of L. quecus L. and P. potatoria L. abounded on the low brambles and grass a hundred yards from the cliff edge. Larvae of Arctia villica L., some nearly full grown, were not uncommon. Parisitation was very heavy in this species. 7 So ended the first excursion after cinxia larvae and the return journey by ferry was a fitting climax. On the return the first problem was to find plantain, which we grow now on our special frames. The plants are dug up with a small fork and placed in the cages at one end. Each day a few more plants are inserted until the first are eaten down. When collecting larvae it is advisable to take only the largest, the smaller ones seldom grow and many are parasitized. In 1945 there were very few parasites and over 600 adults emerged successfully including a number of good forms, some uppersides being very lightly marked and the black markings in the undersides white band being greatly enlarged. After emergence the insects had to be returned. We made two journeys successfully and returned over 500. On the third journey we were not allowed to land for some obscure reason and had to consider the fate of a further 100 or so specimens. Our friend F. S. Reeves had a further number which could not be returned. We therefore decided to find a suitable locality on the mainland to release them and eventually decided on the railway embankment between Holmesley and Brocken- hurst. Releases were made on some 1} miles of this embankment and Fred Reeves released his near the derelict keeper’s cottage at Stillwells Lane. The colony on the railway embankment flourished until 1967 when the railway line was removed and a new road built. It appears that the remains of poor cinxia now lie buried beneath hundreds of tons of earth and gravel. The colony at Stillwells Lane did not survive for long owing to the growth of scrub in the clearing. In 1947 the late C. B. Antram reported a colony of cinzxia on the railway embankment west of Sway Station on the main Bournemouth- Southampton line; I never saw this colony but understood it was quite strong. I consider that there could well be a connection between this colony and the other specimens mentioned earlier in this paper. The distance is about 8 miles and there are probably other colonies hitherto undiscovered between Sway and Christchurch. From 1945 to 1968 we bred 500-2000 each year. In 1950 the Brook colony began to weaken due to the near disappearance of the foodplant. After the extermination of the rabbits in 1954 by myxamatosis the coarse grass took control and cinxia became extinct. This meant releases being made further along the coast, caré having to be taken to ensure that no area became overpopulated beyond the capacity of the foodplant to support a reasonable number. It now seems that we have arrived at a balance. One notable year was 1966. We decided to take the car and make a day of it touring the island. On arrival we parked the car and walked to the cliff edge when it started to rain. There was only one course, to collect the larvae as soon as possible. We picked them un in spoonfulls and in twenty 20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 minutes had 1695. We were back at Boldre by 1 p.m. Of these, 1294 were subsequently returned and many fine underside forms were retained. These resembled those bred in 1945 but the black markings were much heavier. These were duly exhibited at the South London Exhibition. What of the status of cinxia generally in the island? Collectors visiting many of the old localities will find it greatly reduced in numbers, or absent altogether. The foodplant no longer flourishes, being choked with the coarse grass and brambles which were previously kept in check by the rabbits. However, if one is prepared for a walk of several miles, cinxia can still be observed in thousands. The island coast is subject to constant erosion, and cliff falls are numerous. I have often seen masses of larvae in positions inaccessable except for a climber with suitable ropes. In my opinion there is no danger to this species in the foreseeable future but larvae should not be taken in numbers unless the imagines can be returned. “Poreorum,”’ Sandy Down, Boldre, Lymington. Discovery of the Larva of Sorhagenia rhamniella Zeller By Lieut.-Col. A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D. Writing in 1966 (Ent. Rec., 78: 9) Mr. S. Wakely summed up the infor- mation then existing about the three species of Sorhagenia, and his article should be read as an introduction to these notes. He described the larval habits of S. lophyrella Douglas and S. janiszewskae Reid] but stated that the early stages of S. rhamniella Zeller were still unknown In 1966 Wakely and I twice visited Wicken Fen to search for larvae of this species, our visits being on the 19th of May and the 8th of June. On the first occasion we found the larvae of lophyrella plentiful on common buckthorn (Rhamnus catharticus L.) but rhamniella eluded us. I was convinced that the trouble was that we were too early, and resolved to search again later in the season when opportunity offered. The chance came this year, when I was able to visit the Fen on the 18th of June. I concentrated my atten- tion on the alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus Mill.) and in due course found an area where there was a number of spinnings on the tender terminal leaves. I collected over a dozen, but my breeding efforts were handicapped by illness which prevented me frum renewing the foodplant. Neverthe- less, from this material I had two rhamniella on the 7th and 9th of July, and three Ancylis apiciella Schiff. between the 4th and 14th of July. Probably only the most advanced larvae survived. The life-histories of the three Sorhagenia species may be summarised as follows :— S. lophyrella Dougl. As far as is known, it is confined to Rhamnus catharticus. The larva feeds in mid-May in the terminal shoots, spinning leaves together. The moths emerge in mid-June. This appears to be the commonest of the three and probably has the widest distribution. Most Sorhagenias in collections are likely to belong to this species. S. janiszewskae Reidl, The larva feeds on the pith of the termiyal DISCOVERY OF THE LARVA OF ANCYLIS PALUDANA BARRETY 21 shoots of Frangula alnus, causing them to droop; it leaves the mine to pupate. Early June is the time to look for the larvae, and the moths emerge in early July. The species has been recorded from Kent (Blean Woods), Sussex (Ashdown Forest) and Hampshire (New Forest). S. rhamniella Zell. The larva feeds in middle to late June-in spun terminal leaves of Frangula alnus. The moths begin to emerge in mid- July and continue on the wing until late August (they were still plentiful and in fair condition on the 20th August 1968). So far the species has only been recorded from Wicken Fen. The moths are very similar in appearance and difficult to differentiate without examination of the genitalia. I only possess a single specimen of janiszewskae bred from a pupa given me by Wakely, so I cannot pro- nounce on that species; but when viewed in series the other two show a measure of difference. There is, however, some overlapping, so it would be difficult to be certain about an individual moth. Lophyrella is the larger moth (average wing-spread 11 mm.) and the wings are more variegated and colourful. In particular, the basal half of the dorsum forms an ochreous background to the scale-tuft on the fold. In most specimens there is an angulated pale fascia “at three quarters’, and black raised scales beyond. By contrast, rhamniella is smaller (average span 10 mm.) and the wings are more uniform in coloration. The dorsal area is paler but seldom ochreous, and then only faintly so, while the angulated fascia is rarely discernable. In general, the moth has a greyer appearance. In my material the white banding of the apical quarter of the antennae is less pronounced than in lophyrella, though this may be due to wear and tear. The distinctions I have cited are based solely on Wicken specimens of the two species, and take no account of possible local variation. My lophyrella are all bred, but the majority of my rhamniella were caught wild, though my two bred specimens confirm the points of difference I have noted. It is probably safe to say that June moths are lopyrella, August moths rhamniella, but July moths might be any of the three species. Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 16.xi.1968. Discovery of the Larva of Ancylis paludana Barrett By Lieut-Col. A. M. Emmet, M.B.E., T.D. Ancylis paludana Barr. is a moth which is confined to the fens of Cambridgeshire and Norfolk; according to Meyrick it is also doubtfully recorded from Germany but otherwise unknown on the continent. Although the moth is not uncommon in its restricted haunts, the larva has long remained undiscovered, though Meyrick hazards that it feeds on Lathyrus. For the last two or three autumns I have collected larvae, which I suspected to belong to this species, at Wicken Fen. I have been successful in bringing them through the winter, but they have refused to pupate. This year I still had living larvae at the end of May—a date by which the first generation of the wild imagines should be flying. This reluctance to pupate in captivity seems to be characteristic of the genus, and probably explains why this species has not previously been bred. 22 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 I therefore decided to try my hand at breeding the summer generation, and was successful in rearing four moths. I collected the larvae at Wicken Fen on the 18th June and the moths emerged from the 4th to the 7th July. The foodplant is the marsh pea (Lathyrus palustris L.). At first the larva mines a leaflet, but later makes a spinning in the manner character- istic of the genus. In the marsh pea the leaflets are opposite and project from the stem at an angle of some 60 to 90 degrees to each other. The paludana larva draws a pair of leaves together and spins them into an extremely neat pod—so neat that at first sight the spinning appears to consist of a single leaflet. It is a considerable architectural feat to unite leaves which are relatively so widely separated. The larva feeds inside the pod, depositing its frass at the end nearer the stalk, and blanching the further portion of the leaves. Each larva constructs several pods, often only making a short journey to the adjacent pair of leaflets. The larvae of the summer generation of moths feed in June, and those of the spring generation in September, over-wintering, as has been indicated, as larvae in their cocoons. They leave their pods for this purpose, in captivity spinning up in folds of the tissue paper lining their container. The larva is putty-brown with a slight greenish tinge in some cases, and lacks cons- picuous markings. A different kind of larva, collected on Lathyrus palustris on the same day, produced a specimen of Pandemis dumetana Treits. This species is known to have a fairly wide range of foodplants, but does not appear to have been previously recorded as feeding on the marsh pea. Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 16.xi.1968. John Lawson (d. 1711) and the origin of the common name “ Buck-Moth ” for Hemileuca maia (Saturnidae) RONALD STERNE WILKINSON, F.L.S., F.R.E.S. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan The usual explanation of the Buck-moth’s curious name is that given by Holland (1903): “The name... is said to have been given to them because they fly at the time when deer-stalking is in order’, that is, in the autumn (p. 92). While collecting material for a history of American entomology before Say, I have come upon a more detailed explanation, the history of which forms an interesting, if minor, chapter in the folk- lore of entomology. Much had been forgotten about the original meaning of the name by Holland’s time. The English collector John Abbot, for many years a resident of Virginia and Georgia, explained over a century earlier (Abbot and Smith, 1797) that the “Moth is called in America the Buck fly, from an erroneous vulgar notion that Bucks breed its caterpillars in their heads, and blow them out of their nostrils. This opinion origin- ated from the fly coming out in the rutting season, while the Bucks are pursuing the Does. The hunters therefore take notice of the insect, in order to know the proper season for their sport, which is later in JOHN LAWSON AND THE ORIGIN OF THE COMMON NAME “BUCK-MOTH” 23 Georgia than in Virginia, as is the appearance of these flies” (Vol. I, p. 99). Abbot’s actual notes for the Natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia, sent to Sir James Edward Smith and edited by him, give basically the same information in less polished language, ard add nothing to the printed account. However, when preparing the volume, editor Smith added that ‘As the larvae of many insects do occasionally breed in the bony cavities of the nose in animals, and sometimes even in the human subject, causing dreadful diseases there, the vulgar notion mentioned by Mr. Abbot may not always be erroneous; at least some particular accidental facts of this kind may have led to the general opinion” (Vol. I, p. 99). It is surprising that such a shrewd and experienced entomological observer as Abbot did not solve the mystery behind the settlers’ accounts. Smith, of course, was ‘on the right trail. A fly, the nose-bot Cephenemyia phobifer (Clark) deposits its eggs in the nostrils of the white-tailed deer. The larvae grow to over an inch in length, and fall from the nose in the spring to pupate in the ground (Kellogg, 1956; Bennett and Sabrosky. 1962; Stone et al., 1965). Deer are quite commonly infected with nose-bots, and it would have been quite natural for the deer-stalker to link larvae ‘blown’ from the animal’s nostrils in the spring to moths associated with the deer (at least seasonally) in the fall. This explanation of maia’s origin was, in fact, a rather clever one for the casual eighteenth-century observer. The observation was first made much earlier than the 1790s, and it is possible to trace the phobifer-maia confusion through almost the entire eighteenth century. Several purely entomological writers men- tioned maia specifically before Abbot and Smith. These were Drury (1773), who described the species, as well as Cramer (1779) and Fabri- cius (1793). All are silent on the point in question, but earlier authors are not. In his discussion of the Virginia deer, Brickell (1737) noted a dis- order prevalent among coastal Carolina specimens. “Their Nostrils and Throats are frequently found full of Bots or Maggots in the Spring, which make them very poor at that time; but as the Summer approaches these Bots become the most beautiful Butter-flies imaginable, being large, having black, white, red, and yellow stripes in their Wings” (p. 109). John Brickell was a physician in Edenton, North Carolina for some years before removing to Ireland and publishing his work at Dublin. He was obviously interested in natural history, and part of the volume is based on original observation. Yet much of Brickell’s book is para- phrased from a much earlier treatise, John Lawson’s A new voyage to Carolina (1709). The exact extent of Brickell’s ‘borrowing’ has been the subject of some debate. His severest critic (Adams, 1952) admitted that “Whereas Lawson had dismissed them in a few words, Brickell went into detail on such creatures as bees, butterflies, and mosquitoes.”’ Evidently Professor Adams was not aware that different species of bees, butterflies and mosquitoes are found in North Carolina and Europe, for he pointed out in debunking Brickell’s account that all of these, “it must be noted, could be found in Europe as well as America” (p. 153). 24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 But regardless of Brickell’s claim to originality, the passage quoted above is traceable to Lawson, as is a related one on the rabbits of the region, which “breed Maggots in their Testicles and other parts of the Body, which become most beautiful Butter-flies” (p. 127). It is true that Mark Catesby’s The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands (1743) had appeared between the two works, and in his dis- cussion of the ‘fallow-deer’ Catesby had noted that “near the Sea they are always ‘ean, and ill tasted, and are subject to Botts breeding in their Heads and Throats, which they frequently discharge at their Noses” (Vol. II, p. xxviii). Similarly, when discussing the rabbit, he had observed that these were ‘subject to large Maggots, which are bred between the Skin and Flesh” (Vol. II, p. xxviii). But no mention was made of butterflies or moths being bred from the “Botts”, although Catesby dis- cussed and figured a number of Lepidoptera in his splendid work. If Lawson (1709) is examined, Brickell’s source becomes clear: Law- son explains that some deer killed near the coast of Carolina in January “have had abundance of Bots in their Throat, which keep them very poor. As the Summer approaches, these Bots come out, and turn into the finest Butterfly imaginable, being very large, and having black, white and yellow stripes” (ed. 1966, p. 129). On the rabbit, he says that at “one time of the Year, great Bots or Maggots breed betwixt the Skin and Flesh of these Creatures” (ed. 1966, p. 127). Catesby’s debt to Law- son is less clear, as he does not include the “butterfly” in his account. Perhaps he did not believe that portion of the story. Although earlier works mention the deer of the region, such as Lederer (1572), I have found no confusion of phobifer and lepidopterous larvae before Lawson. None of the other investigators working the eastern seaboard in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries seem to have noticed phobifer larvae at all, despite the busy ento- mological collecting activity engendered largely by the apothecary- scientist James Petiver, author of the first book on the English Lepi- doptera, Papilionum Britanniae (1717). Petiver contacted 2a miscellany of potential collectors, ranging from ship surgeons to settlers, who sent him plants and animals (including many Lepidoptera) from seaboard localities as far apart as Massachusetts and South Carolina. Much of the resulting correspondence is still pre- served in the Sloane Manuscripts, British Museum. I have examined these interesting letters (Wilkinson, 1966a, b, c), as has Raymond Stearns (1952). Petiver supplied his correspondents with printed collecting instructions and equipment, including an early form of bag-net that may have been the first in England and was certainly the first in America (Wilkinson, 1966p, d). Among Petiver’s collectors was our John Lawson, who first went to the American colonies in 1700. Lawson did not meet Petiver before leaving England. He did, however, fall in with several of the apothe- eary’s correspondents when reaching America, and in 1701 he wrote for Petiver’s printed instructions. A later letter informed Petiver that “butterflies, & other Insects you may depend on wlihaltever our new Settlement affords” (Sloane MS. 4068, f. 79). There is no further Lawson-Petiver correspondence until 1709. In 1708 Lawson returned from Carolina to England to complete his book and secure its publication. During his visit he procured an appoint- JOHN LAWSON AND THE ORIGIN OF THE COMMON NAME “BUCK-MOTH” 25 ment as surveyor-general of North Carolina, and met Petiver in person for the first time. The apothecary furnished further directions, books, and ‘a few pinns that your Insects may not fly away after you have once caught them” (Sloane 3337, f. 63). Petiver’s comment alludes to the early practice of direct pinning (Wilkinson, 1966b;) he informed travel- lers in 1690 that “Insects as Spiders flyes Butterflies and Beetles” should be killed and preserved “by thrusting a pin thrlough] their Body and s[tlickling] them in your hal[tt] until you get a board [i.e. aboard the ship] then pin them to ye wall of your cabin or ye inside lidd of any Deal Box so yt they may not [be] crushed” (Sloane 3332, f. 2). In January 1709/10 Lawson left for North Carolina with his new commission, but Petiver did not hear from him for some time. Finally, in a long letter dated 30th December 1710, Lawson reported that he had sent a box of specimens including bird and snake skins, fossils, plants and ‘4 vials of Insects.” He promised to collect further biological specimens, and forward them with the extensive data required by Peti- ver. Insects would be accompanied by “the months they appear to us in the place of their resort, how they breed & wihalt changes they undergo, their food, makes [i.e. form, morphology], & parts [;] this may be very well done by havling] a many small Phyals or boxes wl[il]th descriptions of every Insect contained in each bottle & when you receive them You may rank them on wyer pins in little drawers as you think fitt having yloulr notes constantly by you.” The interesting letter (Sloane 4064, ff. 249-50) shows that Lawson envisioned extensive collect- ing enterprises that were terminated when he was killed by Indians while searching for plants in September, 1711. Further details about Lawson’s life are given by Lefler in his intro- duction to A new voyage to Carolina (1966), but nowhere except in the cited passages from the Voyage have I found reference by Lawson to the nose-bot phenomenon. Was the “very large” butterfly with “black, white and yellow Stripes’ the moth Hemileuca maia imperfectly or fleetingly observed, or had the end product of nose-bot metamorphosis been changed in the minds of colonial observers between Lawson and Abbot? Some moths were, of course, thought to be butterflies in the eigh- teenth century. But only several large North Carolina Lepidoptera fit Lawson’s description even generally, and none do so specifically. Gra- phium marcellus (Cramer) at least has black and white “stripes”, and it is large. But Hemileuca maia fits these criteria as well. Moreover, the abdomen of maia does contain the colour orange, if not yellow. Considering Abbot’s statement, this is probably the insect meant by Lawson. Perhaps he did not see the moth at all, and was only repeat- ing a settler’s exaggerated description. I attempted to solve the problem while examining what remains of Petiver’s collection of insects, now at the British Museum (Natural His- tory). Most of the specimens in the two leather-bound volumes are Lepidoptera. Each is placed in a mica sandwich which has been sealed with tape and fixed to the page, for Petiver gave up pinning insects due to the ravages of pests. Among the Lepidoptera are the oldest North American specimens extant, some collected as early as the end of the seventeenth century. 26 ENTOMCLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 The insects almost always have reference numbers, some referring to the lists in Petiver’s many publications, and some to his data note- book, now lost. Numerous American species are recognizable, and many are still in excellent condition, even after more than 250 years of stor- age. Some have the collector’s name as well as locality data written directly on their bindings. But there is no Hemileuca maia at all. One may have existed, sent by Lawson, for the naked tabs on almost every page show that many specimens were removed as curiosities before the Petiver volumes came under the care of the Entomological Librarian. Thus although much of interest to the student of early American entomology can be found in Petiver’s correspondence and collection, these give no further information about the origin of the story of Lepi- doptera engendered from the nose-bots of deer. With Lawson’s state- ment the matter must rest at present, although extensive research in late seventeenth-century sources may tell us more Acknowledgments I am indebted to the staff of the Entomology Library, British Museum (Natural History), who very kindly afforded me special facilities for studying the Petiver Collection. Miss Sandra Raphael, Librarian of the Linnean Society of London, was especially helpful with the papers of Sir James Edward Smith. Dr. Rollin Baker, Dept. of Zoology, Michigan State University, advised from his experience with the white-tailed deer. REFERENCES Abbot, J.. & J. E. Smith, 1797. Natural history of the rarer lepidopterous insects of Georgia. London. v.1. Adams, P. G., 1962. Travelers and travel liars, 1660-1800. Berkeley and Los Angeles. Bennett, G. F., & C. W. Sabrosky, 1962. The nearctic species of the genus Cephenemyia (Diptera, Oestridae). Canad. Jour. Zool., 40: 431-448. Brickell, J., 1737. The natural history of North-Carolina. London. Catesby, M., 1743. The natural history of Carolina, Florida and the Bahama Islands. London. v.2. Cramer, P., 1779. Die uitlandsche kapellen. Amsterdam and Utrecht. v.2. Drury, D., 1773. Tllustrations of natural history. London. v.2. Fabricius, J. C., 1793. Entomologia systematica. Copenhagen. v.3, pt. 2. Holland, W. J., 1903. The moth book. Garden City, N.Y. Kelloge, R., 1956. What and where are the whitetails? In: W. P. Taylor, ed., The deer of North America. Harrisburg, Pa. and Washington, D.C. Lawson, J., 1709. A new voyage to Carolina. Ed. by H. T. Lefler, 1966. Chapel Hill, N.C. Lederer, J., 1672. The discoveries of John Lederer. London. Petiver, J., 1717. Papilionum Britanniae. London. Sloane Manuscripts, British Museum, London. Smith Manuscripts, Linnean Society of London. Stearns, R. P., 1952. James Petiver, promoter of natural science. Proc. Amer. Antiquarian Soc., 62: 243-365. Stone, A., et al., 1965. A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. Washington, D.C. Wilkinson, R. S., 1966a. William Vernon, entomologist and botanist. Hntomol. Rec., 78: 115-121. Wilkinson, R. S., 1966b. English entomological methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Part I: to 1720. Hntomol. Rec., 78: 143-151. Wilkinson, R. S., 1966c. Elizabeth Glanville, an early English entomologist. Entomol. Gazette, 17: 149-160. Wilkinson, R. S., 1966d. A note about nets. Mich. Entomol., 1: 103-104. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 27 A New Aberration of Axylia putris L. (Lep. Noctuidae) By B. GoateR, B.Sc. - Azxylia putris Linnaeus ab. brunnea ab. nov. The ground colour of the forewings is warm reddish brown, and the hindwings are smoky. Collar warm reddish brown, remainder of thorax and abdomen dark grey-brown. Holotype: male, Mill Hill, Middlesex, 7.vii.1958, B. Goater. Rothschild- Cockayne-Kettlewell coll., British Museum (Nat. Hist.) Paratype: male, Bushey, Herts, 1.vii.1968, B. Goater. B. Goater coll. Current Notes The attention of readers is drawn to the fact that while it has been decided that it is essential for the Special Index to be maintained, com- mencing with this volume, in future the General Index will be replaced by a fuller list of contents printed in the cover matter of each number, usually on a fly-sheet. This should be borne in mind when giving instruc- tions for binding. We welcome Mr. P. N. CROW, 12 Harvey House, Westcote Road, Read- ing, Berks, RG3 2DW, who has volunteered to take over the office of Hon. Treasurer as from Ist January 1969. Subscriptions for 1969 and the future should be sent to him at the above address. It is hoped that readers will assist him and the magazine by paying promptly, thus saving unnecessary work and postal expenditure.—Ed. Notes and Observations HYDROPHILUS PICEUS L. (COLEOPTERA: NHyYDROPHILIDAE) DEVOURING FROGLET.—While looking for Marsh Frogs, Rana ridibunda L., on 24th April 1968, Mr. Alfred Leutscher captured a female Great Silver Water Beetle, Hydrophilus piceus L., in a dyke very near Appledore, in Romney Marsh. He very kindly allowed me to keep it and I kept it under observation in an aquarium tank at my home in Clevedon, Somerset, until it died on 12th October. It lived very well in the tank and consumed large quantities of aquatic vegetation of various kinds, including broken and rotting stems. Other inhabitants of the aquarium included various small pond and ramshorn snails, lesser water-boatmen, Corixa spp.; small water-beetles; a few nymphs of the Common Ischnura Damselfly, Ischnura elegans, and four well grown tadpoles of the Common Frog, Rana temporaria L. When I returned on 21st June from a few days in London, two of the latter had developed all four legs and their tails were half-way towards being fully reabsorbed. On the morning of 23rd June, I was surprised to discover that the H. piceus had seized one of these froglets, which was dead, and had already devoured one hind-leg and was busily engaged in eating the abdomen. It fed head-downwards 28 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 among the water-weeds. By mid-morning it had completely eaten the froglet. A few days later another tadpole which had reached the froglet stage disappeared mysteriously and I suspect that it too fell victim to this large water-beetle. Balfour-Browne (British Water Beetles, London, 1958, Vol. III, pp. 3-10) states that “the imagines are omnivorous in that they eat both animal and vegetable food,’ but does not mention froglets among the animal food that he has seen them accept I would be interested to hear of any instances that readers of The Record have encountered.—J. F. Burton, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol, 8. 31.x.68. HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA HUBN. AND HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA SCHIFF. IN SUFFOLK. —On 3rd October, 1968, I found a specimen of H. armigera in my moth trap at Walberswick. During September larvae of H. peltigera were quite common on Senecio viscosus growing on the sandhills here. The sea had breached a large gap in the sandhills earlier in the year, and after the sand had been bulldozed back the Sticky Groundsel sprang up much more commonly than before-——H. E. CHIPPERFIELD, The Sheiling, Walberswick, Suffolk. 25.x1.68. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA LINN. IN SUFFOLK.—Two specimens of the Camberwell Beauty were seen in Suffolk on 31st August, 1968. The first was reported by Mr. G. B. G. Benson at Benacre, whilst Mr. L. W. Howard saw one on Woodbridge Golf Course. Whether these insects came over under their own power or not must remain a matter for con- jecture, but it may be worth noting that each locality is within ten miles of a port into which timber is imported from Scandinavia.—H. E. CHIPPERFIELD, The Sheiling, Walberswick, Suffolk. 25.xi.68. Two LATE BUTTERFLIES.—On 21st November, a reasonably warm sunny day for this time of year, my wife and I visited Blackmoor Copse, the S.P.N.R. reserve near Salisbury managed by the Wiltshire Trust for Nature Conservation. The purpose of our visit was primarily to plant out a hundred or so broad-leaved sallow cuttings for the benefit of future generations of purple emperors. While walking round the copse we were astonished to see a male brimstone at rest in full sun on a withered leaf still attached to a sallow bush; as we approached closely it flew off down the ride and eventually disappeared over the tree tops. But this was not the only surprise because, an hour later, as we were — having lunch on the outskirts of the copse, a female comma suddenly appeared and settling on a nearby bank sunned itself for some time. Neither of us vaid particular attention to its ultimate movements, but when my wife was clearing up the lunch things, she found it sitting happily at the bottom of a plastic mug feeding hard on the residue of the cider it had contained.—Major-General C. G. Lipscoms, CB., D.S.O. 22.xi.1968. SoME LareE Dates FoR 1968.—As usual, there have been several species | of moths which have appeared exceptionally late in the season at my mercury vapour trap run in the garden here for the eighteenth year in — NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 29 succession. Some of these dates probably reflect a second or even a third brood of the species. The following list is in chronological order from September onwards—September 12th: Plusia moneta Fab.; September i7th; Pheosia gnoma Fab.; September 18th: Plusia chrysitis L.; October 8th; Agrotis exclamationis L.; October 22nd; Epione repandaria Hufn.; October 27th: Triphaena pronuba L.; October 29th: Ochroneura plecta L.; October 30th: Thera obeliscata Hiibn.; December Ist: Plusia gamma L. and Phlogophora meticulosa L.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 2.x1i.1968. BUPALUS PINIARIA L. F. FUNEBRIS COCKAYNE AT WOKING.—I had one of each sex of this melanic form of the bordered white in my trap here during July 1968 out of nine examples recorded in it, which indicates quite a high percentage. There seems to be an increasing incidence of melanic forms generally in this area.—C. G. M. bE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 2.xii.1968. McMPHA CONTURBATELLA HUBN. AND M. RASCHKIELLA ZELL. (LEP.: TINEINA) iN SCOTLAND.—Whilst collecting micros in the grounds of Hopetoun House, West Lothian, on July 22, 1968, I netted a single fresh specimen of M. conturbatella as it was flying amongst Chamaenerion angustifolium. I am not aware of any previously published record of the occurrence of this species in Scotland. In 1966, M. raschkiella was found to occur in Lanarkshire and Perth- shire (cf. Chalmers-Hunt, Ent. Rec., 78: 237; Brown, Ent. Rec., 79: 23). This year, I observed it over a very wide area in Scotland, having found mines with larvae in C. angustifolium at Jedburgh, Roxburghshire, July 21; at South Queensferry, West Lothian, July 22; at Muir of Ord, Ross- shire, July 27; at Tain, Ross-shire, on the north-east coast, July 28; and at Dunvegan, on the north-west coast of Skye, August 1.—J. M. CHALMERS-HuntT, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 4.xii.1968. MELIANA FLAMMEA CURTIS IN SUFFOLK.—The Rev. Guy Ford records this species (Entomologist’s Record 80: p. 294) (19.x.68) from near Bury St. Edmunds and is inclined to think it has not been recorded before from Suffolk because it did not appear in the first list of Suffolk Lepidoptera published by the Suffolk Naturalists (1937). He has overlooked the following :—‘‘Meliana flammea Curtis near the East Coast—Since the first vague record of this marsh Noctuid Moth from ‘Suffolk’ (Meyrick, 66) it has been creeping eastward: a good number at light, Brandon, 29 and 30 May 1939 (Entom. 74: p. 172); at light in Thelnetham Fen, 22 June 1946 (Trans. S.N.S., 6: p. 56). Now I am glad to be able to record it from within a mile of the Suffolk Coast in the marshes of Blythburgh, near the heronry, where I cut the pupa that is now in Mr. Morley’s collection from a reed, whence the imago emerged at Lowestoft on 31 May 1948. Dearth of reed-examiners hitherto will account for its previous omission from East Suffolk.’—P. J. Burton, Trans. Suffolk. Nat. Soc., 6: 244. To this I would add that H. E. Chipperfield recorded it, id. 14: 1, from Walberswick on May 25th 1967 and from Lopham Fen on July 5th 1967. Moreover I took it myself at Fritton, N.E. Suffolk, to light on 30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 1.vi.1968.—E. P. WiLTsHIRE, 140 Marsham Court, Marsham Street, London, S.W.1. 22.xi.1968. SUCCESSFUL PAIRING OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. IN CapTiviry.—Pairings of this species in captivity are apparently very rare, and only one such event is recorded in L. Hugh Newman’s recent book “Hawk Moths of Great Britain and Europe,” p. 54: the mating position described does not quite correspond with my own observations. I had been trying for several years to obtain pairings in captivity, since the species is quite common in this area, but without success until last February. Two bred specimens had been placed in a cage outdoors for a night. Then a third moth (caught in the mercury vapour light trap) was added during the day, and about half an hour after sunset I went outside to inspect. Normally the moths give just an occasional squeak as they collide with each other whilst traversing the sides of the cage, but this time, as I got near I heard a most furious and prolonged squeaking. Shining a torch through the celluloid top of the cage I saw that a pair- ing was taking piace and that the “odd man out” was trying to knock the other two apart by repeatedly flying against them, squeaking loudly all the while. I was so amazed by this performance that I watched quite motionless for a time, then, realising that the desired pairing might be broken up by the buffeting they were receiving, I inserted my arm through the trapdoor at the base of the cage and, by the light of the torch shining through the top, managed to grab the rejected suitor by the wing and got him out of the cage. The pairing was still intact with the male on top of the female, grasp- ing her with his legs but, as I watched (using the absolute minimum of light), he moved very slowly clockwise through 180°, until he hung head downwards in the normal mating position. I then brought the cage indoors, and by photographing through the celluloid top, obtained excellent colour transparencies. The moths separated after an hour, probably due to their being so much disturbed. A few weeks later I obtained another pairing. This took place some time during the night, and the pair remained in the normal mating position all day, only separating after I had photographed them at 6 p.m.—Hi.Ltron L. O’ HEFFERNAN, 63 Keurboom Road, Newlands, C.P. South Africa. 25.x1.1968. THE WOOD-WASP SIREX GIGAS LINN. ATTACKING A BEE-HiIvE. — Doubt- less most field workers in entomology have come across the large wood- wasp Sirex gigas Linn. at some time or other, but generally single speci- mens or a few only in the course of a day’s work. Recently, browsing upon some back numbers of The Zoologist, I came across an acount of a swarm of “hundreds”, which attacked a bee-hive and drove out all the bees. It is contained in the issue for January 1863 at pages 8343-4, and the recorder was John A. Power, B.A., who was elected a Member of the Entomological Society in 1834 and (apparently) resigned in 1848. Through our Editor’s kindness I reproduce it herewith in extenso. It will be interesting if other readers of the Record have had similar experien- ces :— P.B.M.A. CURRENT LITERATURE 31 Sirex Gigas an Enemy of the Hive Bee.—The following account of a curious fact connected with the habits of Sirax Gigas, communicated to me by my friend Miss Flora Jeston, of Henley-on-Thames, may not be uninteresting to your readers. She writes thus:—‘“One day about the last day in July we noticed an unusual commotion round the largest of the bee-hives of my friend Mr Pennington. It had been for some time observed that very few bees were to be seen coming out, and he had wondered as to the cause, inasmuch as it was the strongest of the hives, and a supply of thirty pounds of honey had been left in November for the consumption of the bees during the winter. On the morning in ques- tion the hive was beset by hundreds of the Sirex Gigas, which were pass- ing in and out, and the bees apparently engaged in trying to turn them out of the hive, from which they were issuing in great numbers. There was a battle of some hours, during which the bees killed many of their enemies. The sirex, however, retained possession of the hive, and towards evening the last of the bees took their departure. The next morning every one of the Sirices had also disappeared. On examining the hive it was found nearly empty. No honey remained. The old comb was there, but there was no appearance of any new comb having been built during the summer. In fact nothing remained except some dead bees and Sirices, and a portion of old comb containing a litile bee-bread”. Miss Jeston gave me some of the insects in question. I presume that this was a foray of a Sirex army in search of honey or other food, and they decamped when they had secured it. I never, however, before heard of the insect congregating in such numbers, but have generally seen only solitary individuals. I believe, too, that it is usually attached to the region of fir trees, and there is, if I am not mistaken, no fir plantation of any kind within a considerable distance of Henley. It is rather singular that a weak state of the hive should have been noticed where it was expected to be strong, but of course it is not to be supposed that the Sirices bred in the hive, after the fashion of Sitaris or Ripiphorus; for I believe their habit is to bore into fir trees to deposit their ova; and, moreover, remains of their pupae, etc., could not have failed to be found and noticed.— Joun A. Power, 52 Burton Crescent. 17.x.1862. Current Literature From Professor Alexander B. Klots, I have received separates from the Journal of the New York Entomological Society. Vol. LXXIV June 1966: 95-100 deals with melanism in the Noctuid moth Panthea furcilla (Pack- hard): Professor Klots has analysed his wild catch to show 1 melanic to 3 melanistic to 1 normal, and he also gives an account of broods raised from wild females. LXXIV September 1966: 140-142 gives an account of the larva of the Megalopygid moth Lagoa laceyi (Barnes and McDun- nough) from egg to the full-fed larva, and points out the similarity between the early instar larvae and popular cotton which is omni- present during their existence in that stage. He also points out their similarity to larvae of “metal mark” butterflies (Riodinidae) and suggests that these larvae gain some protection from the similarity. LXXIV December 1966: 185-188 illustrates the full-fed larva of the skipper butterfly Amblyscirtes samoset (Scudder) and compares this with the 32 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1/69 larva of A. vialis (W. H. Edwards) found in the same area. Beside halt- tone figures of the full-fed larvae are line drawings of the head structure. LXXV May 1967: 43-44 gives an account of an interesting feeding habit of the larva of the pine-feeding Noctuid Panthea furcilla (Packhard). Having regard to the necessity for the larva to be able to devour the long needles of the white pine from extremity to base it sits on the twig and with prolegs and first pair of claspers, it pulls the needle down until the point is brought to the jaws, when feeding takes place from point to base. The process is illustrated by an excellent line drawing. LXXV June 1967: 62-67 deals with larval dimorphism and other characters of the Notodontid moth Heterocampa pulverea (Grote and Robinson), the larva having both a green and a brown form. The author tabulates the sexes raised from the green and from the brown larvae. LXXV October 1967: 154-158 describes two new species of Crambid moths, Crambus bigelovi from Wyoming and C. harrisi from the Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico. Male and female genitalia are illustrated. LXXVI March 1968 covers the North American Microcram- bus moths. These include eight species so far, three of which, M. cope- landi, M. kimballi and M. matheri are described as new from California, Florida and North Carolina respectively. Male genitalia of all eight species are shown and these are keyed both by genitalia and by colour and pattern. LXXVI March 1968: 58-59 is entitled “Melanism in Con- necticut Charada deridens (Guenne) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)”, in which the author has second thoughts about his conclusions in a paper in the Same journal (LXXII: 142-144) published in 1964, and now considers many specimens described as normal, to have been melanistic. Results are tabulated.—S.N.A.J. Obituary W. Parkinson Curtis died on June 26, 1968, in his 90th year. Born in Poole, he was a lawyer by profession, and practised is Bournemouth. He seldom attended the meetings of Societies, or took part in their activi- ties. The reasons for this being that he was extremely deaf from an early age, and in later years, he was much crippled by arthritis. In his youth he came into contact with a number of Dorset naturalists, the most pro- minent being the Rev. O. Pickard Cambridge and E. A. Bankes. He joined the Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society in 1897 and was a Vice President at the time of his death. He was a Founder Member of the Bournemouth Natural Science Society, which was formed in 1903. In 1908 he was elected a member of the Royal Entomological Society of London. In 1932 he joined the Entomological Society of the South of England, which later was to become the Society for British Entomology. Mainly interested in the Lepidoptera, he had at one time a very extensive collection, and a fine library. For very many years he had been working on a List of the Lepidoptera of Dorset. This was in fact, a very compre- hensive study of the species found in the County, and included the lists made by J. C. Dale, C. W. Dale and E. R. Bankes, dating from 1816. An accomplished artist, he was also interested in ornithology, photography and horticulture. Thus closed a full and active life—S. C. S. Brown. FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests niy! L. CHRISTIE 137 Gieneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, Engiana (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has now been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. DATA LABELS. Printed to your requirements. 100 250 500 1153 1006 MES cists on Secda 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- PRIMM rye cores ete ee 4/6 5/6 8/— 10/— 12/6 S JL pUAS eas aap oies ots eee eee 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/— Gh ILS Sc a eee es oe eee 6/= 7/6 1y/= 15/6 17/6 HOM Vialesorumemaller Sex TWalbelis i yscs ne scatteycpeisenie a crcl io canecseey Fe ee aa oe 1/- * 123% Discount on all orders over 30/-. * Every tenth order received from all customers combined is printed ENTIRELY WITHOUT CHARGE. * Please do not include any remittance with your order as an invoice will be sent. Samples supplied free on request. P. D. J. HUGO, 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT EXCHANGES AND WANTS or Sale.—Butterflies and Moths—Many species especially Africa and Madagascar, also species from Europe and U.S.S.R., pupae of Thais polyxena from Hungary and Czechoslovakia, expected pupae Bunaea alcinoé and Pseudantheraea discrepans from Central Africa. Lists on request.—Robert Keiser, Frederik Van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. Wanted.—_Volume 4 of “The Entomologist’? to enable me to complete sei Can anybody help?.—D. O Keeffe, 29 Arcadian Avenue, Bexley, Kent. for Sale.—Pepyered Foreign Butterflies. List available—D. Brown, 25 Charlcote. Near Warwick, Warwickshire. Wanted.—Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland anu Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- shire. Required.—Would any entomologist or botanist expecting to visit Lebanon, Syria, or Turkey in Asia, consider trying to obtain living stock of the local sub- species (pseudorapae) of Pieris napi, preferable by collecting the eggs from wild cruciferae where the butterfly is flying? If so please contact S. R. Bowden, 53 Crouch Hall Lane, Redbourn, St Albans, Hertfordshie. For Sale.—‘Ent, Rec.’’, Vols. 66-68 inc. 72 and 73 (nc supplement), 10/6 each. 74 and 75, 12/6 each. ‘“‘Entomologist’’, Vols. 84-91 inc., 10/6 each. ‘“‘Proc. S. London E.N.H.S.’’, 1952-3 to 1963 inc. (except 1955), 7/6 each.—A. J. Showler, 12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. Urgently Wanted for field work, pupae of Biston betularia. Female pupae 1/- each or exchange.—Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Parks Road, Oxford. Sale or Exchange.—Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological Society 1944-45, 1947-48 to 1949-50 incl., 1952-53 to 1960 incl. What offers? Wanted.—Entomologist’s Gazette Volume 6, Vol. 9, Pt. 1; Vol. 12, Pt. 2. Can anyone help me to complete my series? Literature on European lepidoptera also required. Any offers?—Dr. N. L. Birkett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Kendal, Westmorland. For For Sale.— ‘Ent. Rec.” Vols. 64-68 inc., 72 and 73 (no supplement), 10/6 each; 74 and 76, 12/6 each. ‘“‘Entomologist”’, Vols. 84-91 inc., 10/6 each. Proc. S. London E.N.H.S., 1952-3 to 1963 inc. (except 1955), 7/6 each.—A. J. Showler, 12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughenden Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. For Sale.—Watson ‘Service’? microscope, mechanical stage, complete set of eye- pieces and objectives. Cooke stereoscopic microscope, triple nosepiece, several objectives and eyepieces. Erecting Watson Eyepiece and stand. All in first class condition with cases.—Offers to Mrs. Broome, 47 Keswick Road, Bournemouth. CHANGES OF ADDRESS: T. N. D. Peet, now of Beaconwood, Rednal, nr. Birmingham. M. Hull, now of “Windcliffe’, Alvanley Road, Helsby, via Warrington, Lancs. Dr. F. M. G. Stammers, now of 11 Barry Close, Chiswell Green, St. Albans, Herts. Brian Coles, now ot Rose Cottage, Weston-on-the-Green, near Bicester, Oxon. Cc. A. Cole, now of Higher Ley, Wood Lane, Slapton, near Kingsbridge, S. Devon. CONTENTS (January 1969) Microlepidoptera found near the Estuary of the River eae North Wales, 1964-68. H. N. MICHAELIS at Plusia ni Hiibn (Lep. Plusiidae) breeding in England. D. O’KEEFE .. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina (L.) eres Seer and its forms. GEORGE THOMSON a ; Death from the Roads. THE OLD UN : Light Trap Records from Cornwall. COL. H. C. ROSSEL Notes on Melitaea cinxia L., 1945-1968. R. W. WATSON .. Discovery of the Larva of Sorhaugenia rhamniella Zeller. LIEUT.- | COL. A. M. EMMET | He th Bet Discovery of the Larva of ane Paes Barrett. LIEUT.-COL. | A. M. EMMET ; : ; a3 ee John Lawson (d. 1711) and the Onn of the common Name “Buck \ Moth” for Henileuca maia (Saturniidae). R. S. WILKINSON .. ‘A new Aberration of Axylia putris L. (Lep. Noctuidae). B. GOATER Heliothis armigera Htibn. and H. ETA Schiff. in Suffolk. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD He =i Nymphalis antiopa Linn. in Suffolk. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD Two late Butterflies. MAJOR-GENERAL C. G. LIPSCOMB Some late Dates for 1968. C. G. M. de WORMS Bupalus piniaria L. f. funebris See once at one C. G. M. de WORMS rm ir cf A Mompha conturbatella Hubn. and M. raschkiella Zell. (Lep. Tineina) | in Scotland. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ; : Meliana flammea Curtis in Suffolk. E. P. WILTSHIRE Successful Pairing of Acherontia Birees 1a shat Ree: 18L, by O’-HEFFERNAN sb ae . The Wood-Wasp Sirex gigas Linn. attacking a Bee-Hive. P.B.M.A. Current Literature : Obituary (W. Parkinson Curtis) SSS 6 a Pax ee y's O. t re fi. att 5 ea on a a ee re ee Wy © a ea | ry f * met Ve : nd raataect a he CET CS? OED i LE ba) os at eerie Rt are er ia Tea apa As Cs EL * Tae 7 o { ie rt te os ay een! fe Wee ear re . aye aria scoa, {% uCT ae Rees ie ORR p ee re VE (3 ie Nk Pt i z SATA T e). ait | i i Ct fT (ty uh ViGMLit $s {bh ‘ ; yi ‘os an Ss BASS Py thin we ees ‘hy a DASA TF ni THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamsireet 513) We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you have a particular requirement). Please write or telephone for an appointment if you desire to visit us. We can assist in Educational Projects; our experience of suitability can be useful here. \/e are aes interested in buying or exchanging first quality material, in reasonable quantity. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS E. DODWELL, 28 Summerieaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England ER I PE EET TE PLY ET LE LE LE EE TP DS OE ET COLLECTION AND DISPATCH OF LIVING MATERIAL Suitable person(s) (possibly forester or local resident interested in natural history) are required to collect and dispatch to England, living material of Papilio dardanus from Abyssinia, Kenya and Madagascar, and of Papilio memnon from Sumatra, Celebes and possibly other areas. Honorarium and all reasonable expenses paid. Further information may be obtained from: The Registrar, The University, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, England. (Please quote reference RV/....) REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist’. Details and copies available from The Editor of “The Naturalist’, The University, Leeds 2. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD | AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) j The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WiL1aMs, Q@.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K.) McE. KEvAN, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’AssIS-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. | TC AE TET CRT TEST QDR CDMS Et TS ( CONTENTS | Microlepidoptera found near the Estuary of the River Conway, North Wales, \ 1964-68. H. W. MICHAELIS ... ant Ba His Bes Ha ah bas te 14 Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) and its Forms. GEORGE | THOMSON a a vay Hee Pe as ant He i, vee ies Ti Death from the Roads... vee gt) a TE aoe Notes on Melitaea cinxia L. 1945-1968. ROBERT, W. iene F.A., F.B.A.A. ‘ | F.C.C.S., F.Comm.A., F.RES. .. .. MRE es | Discovery of the Larva of Sorhagenia Ahaminele zeller, ‘Dietitecow A. M. } EMMET, M.B.E., T.D. baa Bees ys ei Discovery of the Larva of Ancylis patutana Barrett: then -Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D. Me ra a Se John Lawson (d. 1711) Aa the origin “of ae common name ‘ auc Moth” tor | Hemileuca maia SEG RONALD STERNE WILKINSON, F.L.S., A New Eechation of asta pai iby ee Noctuidae). B. GOATER, B.Sc. Notes and Observations Current Notes ... Current Literature ... | Obituary Seu Ss TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR | at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ! ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied by | F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which will be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a subscriber. Subssriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, P. N. CROW, Harvey House Fiat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane. Bromley, BR2, 9EH, Kent. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, hots sec phey drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH. ANGUS, SCOTLAND L. 81 No. 2 FEBRUARY 1969 EAEANGE Bt. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION SESOSVVESS Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, Ff.R.E.s. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIrRKETT, M.A., M.B. Bett Coviens-HUNT, FILES. L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S. 0 H. SYMEs, M.A. Becton A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY f Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Reid.), F.R.E.s. Ent HSON; Ay MAR 28 1969 LIBRARIES ; ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a A .. 30/- Post Free a OTHER COUNTRIES .. “igh he We Bt Pues .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.E.S. BCP SBeSeS GS StsePesgcesg ewes SUBases & SLRLLEORIELELEDEDVLEDESE LISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET WAYSIDE AND WOODLAND FUNGI W. P. K. Findlay A useful book for students of biology and amateur naturalists who want to a | } learn something about the fungi and toadstools of our countryside. It contains ; | simple keys for the identification of all those common species which are described and for the first time in a popular book on the subject the | | scientific names are given in accordance with those in the Check List of the British Mycological Society. Many of the illustrations are reproduced | from the beautiful watercolour paintings of Beatrix Potter. 65s net 7 THE FRESH WATER LIFE OF THE | BRITISH ISLES | John Clegg | An invaluable guide to the plants and invertebrate animals of ponds, lakes, : streams and rivers. For this third edition it has been extensively revised © | and includes. new illustrations in both colour and black and white. Among | the subjects deait with are the physical and chemical conditions of life in | freshwater, the interrelations of the rich variety of plants and animals and the impact of freshwater biology on mankind. 37s net q ET ET ca ors zi FREDERICK WARNE & CO. LTD. 1-4 BEDFORD COURT, LONDON WC2 ; ci fl ] | | 33 Barbados, Grenada, Trinidad, Tobago (April-May, 1968) By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., F.R.E.S. —- Any part of the West Indies must of necessity be an attraction to any- one interested in the Lepidoptera of that very delectable part of the world which harbours some of the world’s choicest species and especially the island of Trinidad which can boast of no less than just over 600 kinds of butterflies. My enthusiasm to visit this region was fired by a most illum- inating and entertaining article by Mr. T. H. Homer (Ent. Record, 1967: 79, 163). in which he describes in detail his experiences during a stay of some two months on Trinidad in the autumn of 1966 and from which he returned with a rich harvest of captures. Though this fine and large island was the main objective of my journey, I thought it worth while to visit another one in the main chain of the Caribbean group so as to sample its lepidopterous fauna as well. The one that seemed the most attractive and congenial was Grenada which I was told was the least unspoilt. Very successful and rewarding my choice proved to be. Not long before setting out I had happened to meet Dr Norman Hickin who had just visited this area. He at once said he would contact the various representatives of his firm, Rentokil, on the respective islands. The kind- ness of these people helped to make my time among the most enjoyable periods I have ever spent, and I would like to express at this stage my extreme indebtedness to them. Accordingly I set out from London Airport, at mid-day on 19th April, in a VC10. After an eight-hour flight we had a brief halt at Bermuda and then a further three-hour leg to Barbados where I was met by Mr Brian Parsons of Rentokil who conducted me to very sumptuous quarters in the Paradise Beach Club by the shore near Bridgetown. That evening I was able to sample the real tropical atmosphere and temperature of the New World. The following morning Mr Parsons and his wife picked me up and kindly took me for a tour of this most delightful island with its quiet Caribbean shore to the west and its wild Atlantic coast to the east side, but most of its landscape is made up of vast sugar plantations with hardly any of the original vegetation still extant except for a small area of forest in the north which we visited. Only a sprinkling of yellow Pierid butter- flies were on the wing in the heat of the day which we spent at Mr Parson’s very beautiful residence on the outskirts of Bridegtown. In the afternoon we motored to the airport where I embarked for Grenada which was reached in under an hour. We landed at the airstrip on the east of the island and I had a delightful drive in heavy rain over the mountainous centre for fifteen miles to the capiital at St George’s. The winding road through the forest and plantations of cocoa and nutmeg bordering the roads ascended to nearly 2000 ft. at the summit near the Grand Etang which is an old crater. We were able to see still the ravages of the great hurricane of 1955. I went on three miles south of St George’s to what was to be my headquarters for the next ten days, the very comfortable Silver Sands Hotel on the lovely Grand Anse Beach. The main holiday season was over with few visitors. On an open landing leading to my room I was greeted by quite an assortment of moths of all descriptions at rest below a light which was kept on all night. Of these there was the spectacular 34 ENTOMOLOGIS1’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 Agrius cingulata, a Sphingid looking very similar to our Convolvulus Hawk. The walls were plastered with the geometer Semaeopus caecaria, very like Cosymbia puppillaria. Another very attractive little moth was the local Racheospila isolata, a tiny Emerald. The following day, 21st April, I had my first sample of the island’s butterflies which were disporting themselves in fair quantity on a rough patch of ground adjoining the hotel and bordering the beach. The thermo- meter was standing at nearly 90°F. and after about 14 hours in this very delectable site I adjourned to the refreshing waters of the Caribbean, but not before I had been able to see and take several interesling species. The large yellow Pierid with a cream female, Phoebus eubule, was flying everywhere, while the large common White, Ascia monuste was much in evidence with the little fluttering yellow Eurema venusta and the diminutive Blue, Hemiargus hanno, flitting about among the low herbage. The large speckled Nymphaline, Anartia jatrophae, sailed fast round the flowering bushes in the garden with the silver Skipper, Hesperia syrich- tus, in plenty in the grassy patches where it was advisable to watch your step, as the ground was pitted with the large holes of the land crabs. That afternoon I took a walk southwards along the road bordering the Grand Anse Bay. Here I saw Danaus plexippus settling on flowering bushes. The next day, the 22nd, after a morning visit to the very picturesque town of St Georges with its hilly and narrow streets, I made a further survey of the derelict patch near the hotel. A host of Utetheisa bella, the counterpart to our U. pulchella, were often getting up at every footstep and settling on the low herbage. Two other species of Skippers appeared the orange Polites vibex and the deep brown Lerodes euphala, about the size of our larger Hesperids. Later that day I visited Dr and Mrs Groome at their very delightful large residence near Pointe Saline on the coast to the south of the island. Before I set out from England I had been asked to find out what I could about the status of Well’s Ground Dove (Leptotila wellsi), a bird peculiar to Grenada, which was thought to have been almost exter- minated by the 1955 hurricane. Dr Groome was able to assure that he had heard the bird calling and was fairly sure it was nesting in that vicinity. I did not see for certain this rare species, though several other kinds of Ground Doves were about everywhere in the scrub bush. The only new butterflies observed and caught on the 23rd were the Fritillary-like Agriades vanillae and the local Peacock Junonia lavinia, but at rest the following morning outside my room was the grand Hawk- moth, Pholus vitis fuscatus together with quite a spate of the fine noctuid Gerespa famelica, looking rather like the Alchemyst. Also among this assemblage were a big yellow Thorn-like geometer Nepheloleuca polita and a browner insect of the same group Pero curvistrigaria. S. caecaria was again in plenty and there was one Cossid, Xyleutes punctifer. On 24th April in glorious weather I set out in a taxi driven by a former native policeman for a tour of the whole island which is about the size of the Isle of Wight. We proceeded along the west coast north- ward and I stopped to collect en route. A. vanillae was flitting among the bushes and I was pleased to get a Hairstreak which turned out to be Thecla angerona. We continued towards the north visiting a nutmeg centre en route and saw the preparation of this spice. After a picnic lunch on the most northerly point looking out on the chain of Grenadines which separate Grenada from St Vincent, we returned down the Atlantic BARBADOS, GRENADA, ''RINIDAD, 'OBAGO (APRIL-MAY, 1968) 35 coast to the very attractive Westinhall Estate set on the edge of a sort of sea loch and finally through the sugar fields in the south of the island eovering about 60 miles in all. The afternoon of the 25th I explored the high ground by the golf course, seeing several D. plexippus and the large tailed Skipper, Eudamus dorantes. On the 26th Mr Winsborrow drove me | over the summit of the island to Grenville. On the way we stopped to see the Grand Etang at close quarters. This small crater lake supplies the : whole island with its water. During the last two days of my stay in Grenada I concentrated on the ground in the immediate vicinity of the | Silver Sands Hotel, but I did not add any further species of butterflies and the final nights also yielded very few more moths. One of the delights of my time on this lovely island was watching the many Humming birds | hovering over every sort of fairly high-flowering plant and bush. ' Early on the morning of 29th April I set out once more by car over the mountain pass to the airstrip near Grenville whence I flew the 100 miles | to Trinidad where I was met at the airport by Mr Malcolm Barcant whose knowledge of the local butterflies is unsurpassed. He drove me into the capital, Port of Spain, by way of the mountain drive where it is possible to get a fine panorama of the big city of over 100,000 inhabitants. I put up at the extremely comfortable and well-appointed Queen’s Park Hotel, where I remained for the whole of my stay on this grand island. That evening i had the opportunity of seeing Mr Barcant’s wonderful collection /comprising most of the 615 species of butterflies so far known on Trinidad. The next morning he called for me early and kindiy motored me some 70 ‘miles southwards down the west coast via San Fernando to the Forest Reserve not far from the famous Pitch Lake. Here we visited Mr. Henry -Covia who was employed by the Oil Company. Their rigs are dotted about among the virgin forest with pipe lines along the rough roads and rides traversing this most enchanting region. We drove on into one of the best and thickest parts of the forest soon after 10 a.m. to a spot where Mr. Covia had plastered some trunks in a secluded path with a special concoction -made from guavas growing in his garden. No sooner had we got there than I heard our host shout ‘Here comes a Zebra, there goes a Postman”, a species of Heliconia. In fact the area seemed alive with lepidopterous ‘life in the great morning heat. One of the earliest arrivals on the bait was a huge Caligo (Owl butterfly) and shortly afterwards with a deft stroke of his long-handled net Mr Barcant swept off a grand Prepona meander, looking rather like an outsize Purple Emperor. In a small glade we saw several more Zebras, a nymphaline Gynesia dirce which takes it name from its very striped underside and also another very striking member of this Family, Chlosyne saundersii. Another capture in this spot was one of the Click Butterflies, Ageronia amphinome which makes a crack as it flies. We drove on to a part of the forest devoid of oil rigs where we collected along a wide ride bordered with thick under- growth. It was here that I caught sight of my first Morpho peleides as it swept across, though I had already seen several emerging in Mr. Barcant’s large conservatory. It was an unfortgettable sight. Further along in the thicker forest I took a huge female Papilio thoas. It was especially in- teresting to note how many of the Lycaenids settled on leaves in the shafts of sunlight that penetrated the thick forest. One of these that found its way into our net was the beautiful tailed Blue, Thecla hemon with a superb metallic purple upperside, also another paler tailed species Thecla Ss ee 36 FNIOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. $l 15/11/69 meton. There seemed to be innumerable Skippers and good many Heli- conias, to keep us busy, but Mr Barcant assured me it was rather the off season for most of the butterflies. We made our way back to Mr Covia’s home for welcome refreshment and got back in the evening to Port of Spain much pleased with out day’s trip and harvest. The next morning, lst May, Malcolm Barcant again called for me, this time accompanied by Geoffrey Chandler. They took me to a small forest area near the airfield at Las Lomas which was alive with butterflies, in particular the Riodinids which are so numerous in the American tropics. We saw several Preponas flying high and Adelphas skimming about like White Admirals, of which at least ten species are known in Trinidad. I took up a position just inside the forest where several Morphos sailed past me just out of reach and it was amazing to see how they wove their way through the closely-growing trees. About mid-day we went on to another | forest area where my host advised me not to penetrate too far into it, as I might meet a bushmaster, one of the most dangerous snakes. We finished up along a most picturesque winding road leading into the mountain chain that crosses the northern area of the island and is for the most part still thickly afforested. In both of these latter localities we saw and took a good | many further Lycaenids and black and white Riodinids. The morning of the 2nd I took a taxi up to the top of Lady Chancellor Road where there is a wonderful view of the city. Along a wide path leading to the hills there was a large number of species on the wing, in- cluding besides Morphos, several kinds of Riodinids and Adelphas to- gether with the ubiquitous Heliconias and Ithomiines which the former mimic. It was remarkable to observe how similar each of these types of butterflies appeared when flying together. The Hesperids were again much in evidence. The following day was indeed a red-letter one for me, but in the sphere of bird-life. Mr. J. N. MacGregor of Rentokil, to whom I was very indebted for much kindness and hospitality, arranged for me to visit the famous Caroni swamp, just south of the city, the home of the superb Scarlet Ibis. I embarked on a flat-bottomed boat and was paddled through the huge mangrove forest till we eventually came out of the waterways into an open sheet of water where I got my first view of these ibises sitting in trees from which a large flock rose looking like a red cloud. In another lagoon we saw numbers of various kinds of egrets and herons nesting with ospreys sailing overhead. It was indeed a most wonderful sight and experience. I had always heard that the island of Tobago, the proverbial home of Robinson Crusoe, was a small paradise. On the afternoon of 4th May I. flew the short distance to the north-east of Trinidad, landing at the | western tip of Tobago and thence by car to the very pleasant Bacolet Inn | just outside the chief town of Scarborough. Here I spent a most delightful week-end. Several Swallow-tails were flying round the garden of the hotel as well as the usual number of Riodinids. On the 5th I got a view of © the centre of the island when I visited friends on the north side. But it was on the following morning that I hired a taxi to take me to the eastern end along a winding coastal road that went through Speyside to an eminence where there was a grand view of the little township of Char- ‘| lotteville. It was opposite the former small town that I got a glimpse of Little Tobago, the island which is colonised by Birds of Paradise imported i ) BARBADOS, GRENADA, TRINIDAD, TOBAGO (APRIL-MAY, 1968) 37 at the beginning of the century. That afternoon I flew back to Trinidad. Malcolm Barcant once more kindly called for me at my hotel on the morning of 7th May and drove me into the northern mountains to a most enchanting locality, near Lalaha, where there was a fine assortment qn the wing. With his high net he swept off three males of the superb Nympha- line, Catanephele numilia, known as the King Shoemaker, with its huge orange patches on a background of purple, while the female is a more sober blue-grey and white. Many Adelphas were sailing around with an occasional Prepona. There were many kinds of Heliconias and Ithomiines including some of the transparent species. Suddenly I was aware of a big butterfly near me and with a sweep of the net I found I had a fine | Morpho, which are apparently quite a feat to take in full flight. This was | the climax of a glorious day. Just after this spectacular capture my companion made an even more remarkable one. Wielding his long net high up, he found he had in it a transparent Ithomiine which he did not recognise. This eventually turned out to be Pteronymia artena, a species new to the Trinidad list and the thirteenth addition he had made to the _ butterflies of the Island. The following morning, again at an early hour, we set out again for a valley running up into the mountains just at the back of the City. This very attractive area was bordered on one side by a deep-set stream and _we wended our way up a winding path. Adelphas were once more to the _ fore and I netted one of the rarer species, A. naxia. We also took two small black tailless Papilios feeding on a flowering bush, Parides cymochles and _Parides parianus. With them were also some of the Dynamine, small spotted Nymphalines together with black and whites Riodinids and many _kinds of Heliconias as well as some small brown Satyrids. In the afternoon we motored some 15 miles eastwards to another locality bordering the mountains, but we were much dismayed to find that the forest area had been largely cut down and was now very devoid of butterflies. So we | returned to the vicinity of the Capital where in a small shaded bed of a _ stream right in the suburban area at the foot of Lady Chancellor Road we found a wealth of insects fluttering under the trees. These were mainly | Heliconias and Ithomiines, but my final catch was the black and white Phyciodes leucodesma, a small Nymphaline looking very like a Riodinid. | This was my last sample of collecting on Trinidad. The next morning, 9th May, I took a taxi early and went for a most enchanting drive over a high mountain pass to the beautiful Maracas Bay on the north coast which harbours a grand bathing beach. In the after- noon, with a heavy heart, I took the plane for Barbados and, after a brief halt there and on Antigua and Bermuda, I reached London at dawn on ) ——————— the 10th and was breakfasting in my own home at Woking. So ended what had been a most enjoyable and successful tour which gave me my first taste of the American Tropics. I cannot emphasise too much how deeply grateful I was to the many people who so kindly entertained me and made this trip one that will remain among the best I have ever under- taken. I have thought it of interest to enumerate the Lepidoptera observed on this tour. The following species were noted on Grenada between 20th and 29th April. 38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 Butterflies :— PIERIDS Phoebus eubule L. Ascia monuste L. Eurema venusta L. LYCAENIDS Thecla angerona Gdmn. & Slvn. Hemiargus hanno Stoll. HESPERIDS DANAIDS Hesperia syrichtus F. | Danaus plexippus L. Polites vibex Geyer | NYMPHALINES Lerodes ewphala Edw. Eudamus dorantes Stoll. Polygonus catillus Cr. Agriades vanillae L. Junonia lavinia L. Anartia jatrophae L. Cystaneura cana Erichs. Moths taken on Grenada :— SPHINGIDAE Agrius cingulata F. Pholus vitis fuscatus L. GEOMETRIDAE | Racheospila isolata Warren | Semiothisa everiata Guen. ARCTIIDAE Semaeopus caecaria Hubn. Utetheisa bella L. Disclisioprocta stellata Guen. NOCTUIDAE Nepheloleuca polita Cr. Leucania solita Willgrn. Pero curvistrigaria H.-S. Concana mundissima Wkr. COSSIDAE Bleptina caradrinalis Guen. Xyleutes punctifer Gdrt. Zale lunata Drury PYRALIDAE Mesocondyla gastralis Guen. Agathodes designalis Guen. Gerespa famelica Guen. Eutelia ablatrix Guen. Oblima spec. near pyraloides Wkr. Butterflies seen and caught on Trinidad between 30th April and 9th May:— PIERIDS Eurema albula Cr. MORPHOS Morpho peleides L. PAPILIOS Papilio thoas L. Parides cymochles Dbl. Parides parianus R. & J. HELICONIAS Heliconius erato L. Heliconius hydara Hew. Heliconius ricini L. Heliconius melpomene L. Heliconius wallacei Reak. Heliconius ethilla Btlr. Eueides aliphera Gadrt. ITHOMIINES Tithorea megara Gdrt. Ithomia pellucida Weym. Hymenitis andromica Hew. Pteronymia artena Hew. Hypoleria ocalea Hew. Melinaea lilis sola Kaye Hypothyris euclea Gdrt. Mechanitis isthmia kayei Btlr. Lycorea cleobaea ceres Gdrt. Aeria agna Gdmn. & Slvn. NYMPHALINES ‘Gynesia dirce L. Didonis biblis L. Ageronia amphinome L. Catanephele numilia Cr. Chlosyne saundersii Dbl. & Hew. Prepona meander Cr. Adelpha iphicla L. Adelpha naxia Fdr. Cystaneura cana Erichs. Dynamine theseus Fdr. Dynamine mylitta F. Dynamine artemisia F. | Phyciodes leuwcodesma F. BRECONSHIRE AND MONMOUTHSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY 39 SATYRIDS RIODINIDS Euptychia hesione Sulz. Calephelis nilus laverna Gdmn. Euptychia hermes F. & Salvn. LYCAENIDS Nymphidium onaeum Hew. Thecla hemon Cr. Nymphidium calyce F. Thecla meton Cr. HESPERIDS Thecla linus F. Staphylus vulgata Kaye Thecla basilides Geyer Hesperia syrichtus F. Thecla orcidia Hew. Eudamus proteus L. Thecla philinna Hew. Polites otho Smith Thecla nubes Druce Arotis sirene Mab. Leptotes cassius Cr. Milanion hermes Cr. I would like to express how indebted I am to Mr. Barcant and also to Mr. G. Tite, of Tring Museum, for naming the majority of the butterflies I took on Trinidad, as well as to Mr. D. S. Fletcher, Mr. A. Hayes and Mr. T. G. Howarth of the Entomological Department of the British Museum (Natural History), for their help in the identification of a number of species emunerated above. Breconshire and Monmouthshire Entomology By J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT INTRODUCTION As much of Breconshire is terra incognita to the Lepidopterist, I decided to investigate this year a few of its unexplored areas, and on May 25 arrived by car at Crickhowell, prepared for a fortnight’s entomologising. The weather was particularly favourable during my stay, and daytime excursions into remote parts of this picturesque corner of the Principality afforded me much interest and enjoyment, as did a number of visits to localities in the ancient forest terrain of east Mon- mouthshire, so renowned for its entomological richness. I undertook no night expeditions, but my friend Mr. J. P. Sankey- Barker of Llangattock, most kindly invited me to run an m.v. trap on the lawn of his beautiful garden. The nights were propitious, and among the more notable species to occur in the trap were Harpyia bicuspis (Borkh.), Acronycta alni (L.) (a melanie form), A. menyanthidis (Esp.), and Laconobia biren (Goeze)=glauca (Htibn.)—the last two occurring here apparently at about the most southerly edge of their range. There is no published account of the butterflies and moths of Brecon- shire, but I have a MS. list of its Lepidoptera containing so far as I am aware every known record. I have therefore indicated with an asterisk as probably new to the county, any species noted by me during my travels which was not included in that list. I should add that besides Lepidoptera, it is my custom when working relatively neglected areas to take en passant representatives of other insect orders, and a list of some of these is appended. The following is a note of the localities visited from which insects were recorded. Breconshire: Beulah, boggy marshland, 1.6; Brecon, flowery waysides, 27.5; Builth Wells, wood, 6.6; Craig-y-Cilau Nature 40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 Reserve, bog on carboniferous limestone outcrop, 4.6; Crickhowell, 25.5- 6.6; Ffrwdgrech, mixed woodland, 27.5; Glangrwyney, waysides, 5.6; Valley of the Irfon, near Abergwesyn, 1.6; Llanbedr, 26.5; Llangattock, 26.5-5.6: Llangorse, lakeside marsh and carr, 30.5; Llangynidr, woods, canalside vegetation, 29.5; Llyswen, wood, 6.6; Mynydd Illtyd near Penpont, marshy fields and moorland, 4.6; Mynydd Llangattock, carboniferous limestone crags and rocky hillsides, 26, 29.5; Hermitage, Black Mountains, 3.6; Pontneathvaughan, 28.5; Senny Bridge, 4.6; Talybont, mixed woodland, adjacent rough grasslands, 3.6; Ty-mawr near Ystradfellte, boggy moor- land, 28.5; Upper Chapel, marshy field, 1.6; Ystradfellte, cliffs and rocky places by the river Mellt, 28.5. Monmouthshire: Coed-y-Bwynydd near Bettws Newydd, National Trust wood, 5.6; Deri-fach near Abergavenny, hillside oak standards with bilberry undergrowth, carr, 2.6; Redding’s Inclosure near Monmouth, mixed deciduous forest, 31.5; Tintern, wood- land and adjoining marshy fields, 31.5; Usk, woodland, hedgerows and alder carr, 5.6. The nomenclature and classification adopted is that of the Lepidoptera portion of the New Edition of Kloet and Hincks, “Check-List of British Insects”, to be published shortly. My best thanks are due to Messrs J. D. Bradley, D. S. Fletcher and P. E. S. Whalley, of the Department of Entomology, British Museum, for their kindness in making available to me the typescript of this excellent list, and for permission to follow their work here prior to its publication. Finally, I must thank the following specialists for kindly undertaking a number of determinations: —Mr. A. A. Allen, Mr. J. D. Bradley, Mr. B. H. Cogan, Mr. A. M. Hutson, Mr. D. E. Kimmins, Mr. G. E. J. Nixon, Dr. J. F. Perkins, Mr. A. C. Pont, Mr. T. Quinlan, Dr. F. Rose, Mr. M. Shaffer, Mr. K. G. V. Smith, Mr. R. W. Uffen, and Dr. I. H. H. Yarrow. LEPIDOPTERA MICROPTERIGOIDEA *Micropterix thunbergella (F.), Llangynidr. M. aruncella (Scop.), Tintern. M. calthella (L.), Ffrwdgrech, on Stellaria holostea blossoms; Llyswen, on Ranunculus blossoms. ERIOCRANIOIDEA Dyseriocrania subpurpurella (Haw.), Ffrwdgrech. HEPIALOIDEA Hepialus (Korscheltellus) luwpulina (L.), Llangattock. N&PTICULIDOIDEA Nepticula aurella (F.), larval mines on Rubus, Redding’s Inclosure and Derifach. *Tischeria marginea (Haw.), Llangattock. INCURVARIOIDEA *Nematopogon panzerella (F.)=schwarziellus (Z.), Llangynidr; Taly- bont; Coed-y-Bwynydd; Deri-fach. Nemophora degeerella (L.), Coed- y-Bwynydd. Adela reaumurella (L.)=viridella (Scop), Talybont, Swarming over oak; Tintern; Redding’s Inclosure; Deri-fach. *A. rufimitrella (Scop.), Upper Chapel, plentiful, flying about in the sun- shine and settiing on Cardamine amara; Mynydd Illtyd, one. ZYGAENOIDEA Zygaena (Zygaena) trifolii (Esp.) ssp. palustrella Verity, Tintern. TINEOIDEA *Psychoides verhuella Bruand=verhuellella Staint., Ystradfellte, larvae BRECONSHIRE AND MONMOUTHSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY 4) on fructification of Scolopendrium vulgare. Nemapogon cloucella (Haw.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Tintern; Hermitage. Tinea (Acedes) trinotella Thunb.=lappella sens. auct., Tintern. *Leucoptera sparti- foliella (Hiibn.), Crickhowell, larva mining Cytisus scoparius. *Caloptilia (Caloptilia) betulicola (Hering), Talybont. C. (Graeillaria) syringella (F.), Tintern. *Phyllonorycter messaniella (Z.), Llangynidr, reared from Quercus ilex. Y PONOMEUTOIDEA Anthophila fabriciana (L.) Ystradfellte; Pontneathvaughan; Talybont; Senny Bridge; Builth Wells; Tintern; Deri-fach. *Glyphipterix cramerella (F.)=fischeriella (Z.), Ffrwdgrech; Llyswen; Redding’s Inclosure; Tintern; Coed-y-Bwynydd. G. fuscoviridella (Haw.), Liangynidr; Talybont; Redding’s Inclosure; Tintern. *Argyresthia (Argyresthia) pygmaeella (Hubn.), Pontneathvaughan, larva on sallow, reared. *A. (A.) conjugella Z., Talybont, several imagines beaten from Pyrus aucuparia. Yponomeuta evonymella (L.), Ffrwd- grech, larval nest on Prunus padus. Y. plumbella (D. & S.), Usk, numerous larval webs on spindle, reared. *Swammerdamia pyrella (Vill.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Beulah. Plutella (Plutella) xylostella (L.) =maculipennis (Curt.), Llangattock. *Schreckensteinia festaliella (Hubn.), Talybont, three beaten from low cover. GELECHIOIDEA *Metriotes lutarea (Haw.)=modestella (Dup.), Ffrwdgrech, imago on Stellaria holostea bloom. *Coleophora nigricella (Steph.), Llanbedr, case on alder. *C, laricella Hiibn., Talybont, case on larch. (65 murinipennella Dup. (gen. det. R. W. Uffen), Talybont; Hermitage. C. sylvaticella Wood, Tintern, imagines disturbed from Luzula sylvatica. *C. alticolella Z. (gen. det. R. W. Uffen), Beulah, several. Elachista argentella (Clerck), Tintern. *K. subalbidella Schlager Beulah, one. E. rufocinerea (Haw.), Talybont. Endrosis sarcitrella (L.), Lilangattock. Esperia sulphurella (F.), Liangynidr; Coed-y- Bwynydd; Tintern. Alabonia geoffrella (L.), Tintern. *Agonopterix propinquella (Treits.), Llangattock, one, in m.v. trap, 28.5. A. arenella (D. & S.), Lilangattock, one in m.v. trap, 2.6. *A. hyperiella Bradley =hypericella sens. auct., Builth Wells, larvae on Hypericum perforatum, reared. *Bryotropha (Bryotropha) terella (D. & S.), Llangattock. Neofaculta ericetella (Htibn.), Craig-y-Cilau; Hermitage. Mompha epilobiella (Roemer), Ffrwdgrech, one. TORTRICOIDEA “Cydia (Cydia) succedana (D. & S.), Upper Chapel. *C. (Grapholita) jungiella (Clerck)=perlepidana (Haw.), Ffrwdgrech; Tintern. *Pam- mene splendidulana (Guen.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Pontneathvaughan, one flying in afternoon sun. *P. populana (F.), Crickhowell, larva on Salix caprea, reared. *Lathronympha strigana (F.)=hypericana (Hubn.), Builth Wells, larva on Hypericum perforatum, reared. Epiblema (Epiblema) scutulana (D. & S.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Llan- gattock; Talybont. *E. (Notocelia) uddmanniana (L.), Crickhowell and Redding’s Inclosure, larvae on Rubus. *Epinotia (Epinotia) sordidana (Hubn.), Llanbedr and Usk, larvae on alder. “*E. (Hamuligera) trimaculana (Don.), Senny Bridge, larva on wych elm, reared. *E. (Evetria) immundana (F. v. R.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Llangynidr. *E. (E.) tedella (Clerck), Talybont, imagines beaten from spruce in 42 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 swarms, Llangattock. *H. (E.) signatana (Dougl.), Ffrwdgrech, larva on Prunus padus, reared. *Ancylis (Ancylis) unguicella (L.), Pont- neathvaughan. A. (Anchylopera) badiana (D. & S.)=lundana (F.), Tintern. A. (A.) myrtillana (Treits.), Deri-fach, larvae on bilberry, reared. Bactra lancealana (Hubn.), Ponneathvaughan; Llangorse; Upper Chapel; Mynydd lIlityd; Tintern. Endothenia marginana (Haw.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Tintern. Hedya pruniana (Hubn.), Llan- bedr, larva on sloe, reared. *H. nubiferana (Haw)=variegana (Hiibn.), Llanbedr, larvae on hawthorn, reared. Olethreutes (Argyroploce) lacunana (D. & S.), Crickhowell, larva on Chamaenerion angusti- folium. Pandemis cerasana (Hiibn.), Deri-fach, larva on oak, reared. Archips (Archippus) podana Scop., Deri-fach, larva on oak, reared. *A. (Archips) xylosteana (L.) det. J. D. Bradley), Crickhowell, larva on Salix caprea, reared. *Syndemis musculana (Hubn.) Irfon Valley; Talybont; Mynydd Ilityd; Deri-fach, flying in numbers over alders; Pontneathvaughan; Coed-y-Bwynydd. *Clepsis (Clepsis) senecionana (Htibn.) (det. J. D. Bradley), Irfon Valley, dg; Talybont, 2. Ptycho- loma lecheana (L.), Llanbedr, larva on rose, reared. *Capua favilla- ceana (Hubn.), Talybont; Tintern; Redding’s Inclosure; Deri-fach. *Ditula angustiorana (Haw.), Llanbedr, larva on rose, reared. Eulia ministrana (L.) Lilangynidr; Coed-y-Bwynydd. Cnephasia inter- jectana (Haw.), Glangrwyney, larva on Aconitum, reared; Builth Wells. larva on dock, reared. *Croesia bergmanniana (L.), Senny Bridge and Llanbedr, larvae on rose, reared. *Acleris rhombana (D. & S.)= contaminana (Hiibn.), Ffrwdgrech, larvae on Prunus padus, reared; Llanbedr, larvae on hawthorn, reared; Crickhowell district, larva on Sorbus minima, reared. Hysterophora maculosana (Haw.), Redding’s Inclosure. “Falseuncaria ruficiliana (Haw.), Pontneathvaughan. PYRALOIDEA “Crambus nemorella (Hiibn.)=pratellus sens. auct., Irfon Valley; Talybont; Craig-y-Cilau; Tintern. Scoparia ambigualis (Treits.) (det. M. Shaffer), Pontneathvaughan. “Eudoria angustea Curt. (det. M. Shaffer), Llangattock, 3.6. Evergestis forficalis (L.), Llangattock. “Eurrhypara hortulata (L.)=urticata (L.), Crickhowell; Llangattock. Pleuroptya ruralis (Scop.), Crickhowell and Redding’s Inclosure, larvae on Urtica dioica. HESPEROIDEA Errynis tages L., Tintern. PAPILIONOIDEA Gonepteryx rhamni L., Tintern. Pieris brassicae L., Talybont; Red- ding’s Inclosure. P. rapi L., Ffrwdgrech. P. napi L. ssp. britannica Verity, Ffrwdgrech; Upper Chapel; Talybont; Brecon; Mynydd Illtyd; Redding’s Inclosure. Anthocharis cardamines L. ssp. britannica Verity, Llangattock; Brecon; Upper Chapel; Ffrwdgrech; Llangorse; Builth Wells; Redding’s Inclosure. Lycaena phlaeas L. ssp. eleus F., Talybont. Polyommatus icarus Rott., Tintern. Celastrina argiolus L. ssp. britanna Verity, Llangynidr. Nymphalis io L., Redding’s In- closure. Boloria (Clossiana) euphrosyne L., Tintern. Euphydryas aurinea Rott., Tintern, extremely abundant in one marshy field, at one point it being possible to count a score on the wing or at rest without moving one’s position. Pararge aegeria L. ssp. egerides Staud., Ffrwdgrech; Talybont; Redding’s Inclosure. Dira megera L.., BRECONSHIRE AND MONMOUTHSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY 43 Talybont. Coenonympha pamphilus L., Talybont. GEOMETROIDEA Cilix glaucata Scop., Llangattock. Ochropacha duplaris (L.), Llandynidr Cyclophora linearia Hiibn., Redding’s Inclosure. *Scopula floslactata Haw., Talybont; Deri-fach. Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., Upper Chapel; Mynydd Llangattock; Llangorse; Llangattock; Talybont. x, spadicearia D. & S.=ferrugata sensu Haw., Llangattock; Talybont;, Tintern; Redding’s Inclosure. X. ferrugata Clerck=unidentaria Haw., Llangattock. X. montanata D. & S., Liangattock; Talybont; Llanbedr; Coed-y-Bwynydd. X. fluctuata L., Crickhowell; Llangat- tock. Scotopteryx mucronata Scop. ssp. umbrifera Heydemann, Redding’s Inclosure. Epirrhoe tristata L., Talybont, flying plentifully in afternoon sun in the rough open ground adjoining a conifer planta- tion at an altitude of about 900 ft. &. alternata Mull., Talybont. Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S., Mynydd Llangattock, two, 29.5. Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S., Llangattock; Llangynidr; Hermitage; Tintern. *Chloroclysta truncata Hufn., Llangattock. *Thera obeliscata Hiibn., Llangattock; Talybont; Redding’s Inclosure. ob variata D. & S., Redding’s Inclosure. Electrophaes corylata Thunb., Llangynidr; Llangattock. Colostygia pectinataria Knoch, Craig-y- Cilau. *Hydriomena impluviata D. & S., Llangattock, two, both melanic form. Operophtera brumata L., Senny Bridge, larvae on hazel, sloe, rose; Tintern, larvae on apple. Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb., Llangattock. *Hupithecia pulchellata Steph., Llangattock. | E. vulgata Haw., Llangattock; Deri-fach. E. tripunctaria H.-S.= | albipunctata Haw. non Hufn., Llangattock. E. subfuscata Haw.= | castigata Hiibn., Talybont. E. abbreviata Steph., Llangattock, both | type and a melanic form. E. lariciata Freyer, Llangynidr; Llangat- tock. *E. tantillaria Boisd., Talybont; Llangattock; Llangynidr; | Redding’s Inclosure. Aplocera plagiata L., Talybont. Asthena | albulata Hufn.=candidata D. & S., Talybont, three disturbed from hazel. Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn., Llangattock, one, 30.5. Minoa murinata Scop., Redding’s Inclosure; Tintern. Cepphis advenaria Hubn., Tintern. *Lobophora halterata Hufn., Llangattock, 30.5. | Petrophora chlorosata Scop., Pontneathvaughan; Upper Chapel; Llan- gattock; Tintern; Deri-fach. Plagodis pulveraria (L.), Llangynidr; Llangattock. *P. dolabraria (L.), Llangattock, 30.5. Opisthograptis luteolata Li, Ffrwdgrech; Llangattock. Pseudopanthera macularia L., Tintern. Apeira syringaria (L.), Llangorse, larva on Lonicera periclymenum. Odontopera bidentata (Clerck), Llangattock. Biston betularia L., 3, type, Llangattock. Erannis defoliaria Clerck, Deri- fach, larvae abundant on oak, also on hawthorn; Crickhowell district, | larva on Sorbus minima; Tintern, larva on apple; Pontneathvaughan, larva on _ sallow. Menophra abruptaria Thunb., Lilangattock. *Aethalura punctulata D. & S., Llangattock. Ematurga atomaria L., Ty-mawr; Talybont. *Bupalus piniaria L., Talybont. Cabera pusaria L., Talybont; Craig-y-Cilau. C. exanthemata Scop., Llangynidr; Llan- gattock. BOMBYCOIDEA Saturnia pavonia (L.), Ty-mawr. Laothoe populi L., Llangattock. Deilephila elpenor L., Llangattock. 44 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 8 15/11/69 NOTODONTOIDEA *Harpyia bicuspis (Borkh.), Llangattock, two, 2.6. Eligmodonta ZicZUC (L.), Llangattock. Pheosia gnoma (Fabr.)=dictaeoides (Esp.) Llan- gattock, 28.5. P. tremula (Clerck)=dictaea (L.), Llangattock, 2.6. Pterostoma palpina (Clerck), Liangattock, 6.6. NOCTUOIDEA Dasychira pudibunda L., Llangattock. Euproctis similis Fuessly, Glangrwyney, larva. Spilosoma lubricipeda L.=menthastri D. & S., Llangattock. Diaphora mendica Clerck, Llangattock, ¢, 30.5. Nola confusalis H.-S., Llangattock, three. Agrotis exclamationis (L.), Lilan- gattock. A. ipsilon (Hufn.), Llangattock, 29.5, one only. *A. puta Hiibn., Llangattock, 28.5. Axylea putris L., Llangattock. Ochropleura plecta (L.), Llangattock; Tintern. Diarsia rubi (View.), Llangattock, 29.5. Amathes (Amathes) c-nigrum (L.), Llangattock. Cerastis rubricosa (D. & S.), Llangattock, one, 30.5, a very dark form. Hada nana (Hufn.)=dentina (D. & S.), Llangattock, one, 4.6, a yellowish- grey form. Lacanobia thalassina Hufn., Llangattock, 2.6. L. genistae Borkh., Llangattock, 30.5, 4.6. L. oleracea L., Llangattock. *L. biren (Goeze)=glauca (Hiibn.) Llangattock, 30.5, 2.6. Ceramica pisi (L.), Llangattock. Orthosia gothica (L.), Llangattock. Mythimnia (Leucania) comma (L.), Llangattock. Agrochola lota Clerck, Crick- howell, larvae on sallow, bred. Acronicta (Triaena) alni (L.), one, 30.5, one, 2.6, both approximating to ab. carola Philipps, but not quite so extremely melanic as some that I have from Sheffield. A. (T.) psi (L.), Llangattock. *A. (Pharetra) menyanthidis (Esp.), Llangattock, 6.6. A. (P.) rumicis (L.), Llangattock. Euplexia lucipara (L.), Lian- gattock. Apamea crenata (Hufn.), Llangattock. *A. sordens (Hufn.) =basilinea (D. & S.), Llangattock, 29.5. *Oligia latruncula (D. & S.), Llangattock. Charanyca trigrammica (Hufn.), Llangattock. Panemeria tenebrata (Scop.), Tintern. Colocasia coryli (L.), Llan- gattock, 30.5. Autographa gamma Hiibn., Llangattock; Talybont; Tin- tern. A. pulchrina Haw., Llangattock. Abrostola triplasia (L.)= tripartita (Hufn.)=urticae (Hubn.) (‘Light Spectacle’), Llangattock. Callistege mi (Clerck), Talybont. Euclidia glyphica (L.), Tintern. Phytometra viridaria (Clerck), Talybont; Tintern. COLEOPTERA Llangynidr: Sinodendron cylindricum L.; Denticollis linearis L. Taly- bont: Geotrupes stercorarius L.; Cytilus sericeus Forst.; Lathrobium fulvipenne Grav.; Cantharis decipiens Baudi (=Metacantharis clypeata auct. part.). Brecon: Philonthus fuscipennis Mann. Ystradfellte : Cantharis decipiens Baudi; Chrysolina polita L., Lochmaea capreae L.; Dorytomus taeniatus F. Llangorse: Rhagium bifasciatum L.; Agonum thoreyi Dej.; Chrysolina polita L. Ffrwdgrech: Agriotes pallidulus Ill; Helodes minuta L.; Pyrochroa serraticornis Scop.; Lema lichenis Voet. Upper Chapel: Athons haemorrhoidalis F.; Rhagium bifasciatum L. Irfon Valley: Dalopius marginatus L. Glangrwyney: Pyrochroa serraticornis Scop. Llangattock: Necrodes littoralis L., two in m.v. trap. Redding’s Inclosure: Cantharis pellucida F. Tintern: Melandrya caraboides L. Deri-fach: Aniso- toma humeralis F., about 30 examples under a white fungus attached BRECONSHIRE AND MONMOUTHSHIRE ENTOMOLOGY 45 to a growing alder trunk. Coed-y-Bwynydd: Anaspis frontalis L. All det. A. A. Allen. HEMIPTERA-HETEROPTERA Stenodema calcaratum Fall. (det. A. A. Allen), Ffrwdgrech. Dryophilo- coris flavoquadrimaculatus Deg. (det. A. A. Allen), Usk. TRICHOPTERA Rhadicoleptus alpestris (Kol.), 1 92, Pontneathvaughan. Limnephilus extricatus (McL.), 1 ©, Pontneathvaughan. Agapetus ochripes (Curt.), 1 ¢, Lilangattock. Polycentropus sp., 9, Pontneathvaughan. Rhyacophila dorsalis (Curt.) 1 ¢, Tintern. All det. D. E. Kimmins. PLECOPTERA Protonemura meyeri (Pict.) (det. D. E. Kimmins), 1 9, Pontneath- vaughan. Isoperla grammatica (Scop.) (det. D. E. Kimmins), 1 9, Ffrwdgrech. Leuctra sp., 1 9, Ffrwdgrech. NEUROPTERA Micromus paganus (L.) (det. D. E. Kimmins), 1 9, Llangynidr. Osmylus fulvicephalus (Scop.) (det. D. E. Kimmins), 1, Tintern. MECOPTERA Panorpa germanica (L.) det. D. E. Kimmins), 1 ¢, Senny Bridge. EPHEMOPTERA Ephemera danica (Mull.), 1 2 sub., Mynydd Illtyd; 1 ¢$, 1 9 sub., Tintern. Ecdyonurus torrentis Kim., 2 ¢¢, Mynydd Illtyd. Rhithrogena semi- colorata (Curt.) 1 ¢, Ffrwdgrech. All det. D. E. Kimmins. ODONATA Calopteryx virgo (L.), 1 ¢, Builth Wells. Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulzer), 1 3, Upper Chapel. Coenagrion pulchellum (V. d. L.), Llangorse, extremely abundant, 1 4, 2 99 taken; Mynydd Illtyd, 1 9. All det. D. E. Kimmins. DIPTERA SYRPHIDAE Ringia campestris Mg., Upper Chapel; Llangorse; Ffrwdrech. Helophilus lunulatus Mg. Llangorse. Bacha obscuripennis Mg. Senny Bridge. Melanostoma scalare F., Ffrwdgrech. Cheilosia variabilis Pzer. (det. K. G. V. Smith), Builth Wells. C. albitarsus Mg., Upper Chapel. Pyrophaena granditarsa Forst., Builth Wells. Volucella bombylans L. Llangynidr. Eristalis horticola Deg., Llangynidra. Leucozona lucorum L., Coed-y-Bwynydd. All det. K. G. V. Smith. EMPIDIDAE Empis tessellata F., Ffrwdgrech; Builth Wells. Rhamphomyia stigmosa Mcqut., Irfon Valley. R. (Lundstroemiella) hybotina Zett., Ffrwdgrech. All det. K. G. V. Smith. TIPULIDAE Limnophila (Limnophila) punctata Schrank, Beulah; Llangorse. Lipso- thrix remota Walker, Ystradfellte. Both det. A. M. Hutson. PsyYCHODIDAE ?Psychoda sp. (det. A. M. Hutson), Llangorse, 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 SCIOMY ZIDAE Knutsonia albiseta Scop., ¢G, Llangorse. Sepedon spinipes spinipes Scop., 9, Llangorse. Both det. B. H. Cogan. CHIRONOMIDAE Chironomus (Chironomus) plumosus L. (det. A. M. Hutson), Llangorse. STRATIOMYIIDAE Microchrysa polita L. (det. K. G. V. Smith), Senny Bridge. SCATOPHAGIDAE Scatophaga merdaria F. (det. A. C. Pont), $, Redding’s Inclosure. RHAGIONIDAE Atherix ibis F. (det. K. G. V. Smith), Builth Wells. SEPSIDAE Nemopoda nitidula Fall. (det. A. C. Pont), Ystradfellte. BIBIONIDAE Bibio pomonae F. (det. A. M. Hutson), Ffrwdgrech. PTYPHOPTERIDAE Ptyphoptera contaminata L. (det. A. M. Hutson), Llangorse. MUSCIDAE Phaonia signata Mg. (det. A. C. Pont), 9, Coed-y-Bwynydd. ANTHOMYIIDAE Hylemya strenua Desv. (det. A. C. Pont), §, Coed-y-Bwynydd, ¢, Ffrwdgrech. HYMENOPTERA Bombys lapidarius L., Talybont. B. agrorum F., Ffrwdgrech. B. lucoruwm L., Mynydd Llangattock, 26.5. Psithyrus sylvestris Lep., Ffrwdgrech. P. bohemicus Seidl., Talybont. Formica fusca L., Senny Bridge. F. rufa L., Deri-fach. Lasius niger L., Crickhowell. All det. I. H. H. Yarrow. Selandria serva (F.) (det. J. Quinlan), ¢, Llangorse. Dolerus aeneus Htg. (det. J. Quinlan), ¢, Ystradfellte. Dolerus sp. (det. J. Quinlan), ¢, Llangynidr. Eubadizon extensor L. (det. G. E. J. Nixon), Llanbedr, bred ex larva of Acleris rhombana (D. & S.) (Lep. Torticoidea). Mesoleius sp. (det. J. F. Perkins), ¢, Ffrwdgrech. St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. November 17th, 1968. LATE APPEARANCE OF PHEOSIA GNOMA FABR. AND BLASTOBASIS DECOLORELLA Wo..i.—Whilst inspecting my M.V. trap on the evening of 27th November 1968, I was surprised to see a perfect specimen of P. gnoma sitting on the wall nearby. Specimens of the first and second broods were quite frequent in the trap, so there was presumably a partial third brood. A few days later, I found a fresh specimen of B. decolorella in the trap. This species is quite frequent along this stretch of the East coast. In 1967 a fresh specimen appeared towards the end of December. i mentioned this to Mr. S. Wakely, who suggested that this might have been a third brood. Could it be that this species has a regular partial third brood?—H. E. CuHIPPERFIELD, The Shieling, Walberswick, Suffolk. 29.xii.1968. LITHOCCLLETIS GLASERORUM SPEC. NOV. 47 Lithacolletis glaserorum spec. nov. (Lepidoptera, Lithocolletidae) By GERFRIED DESCHKA Brief Diagnosis: Thorax with one white central band. Forewings pale orange, markings white. Front margin with three or four costal strigulae, the fourth either insignificant or missing; inner margin with three strigulae. The first costal mark in the centre of the wing is extended as far as the base of the wing. No basal stripe. Front margin has an indentation before the wing-tip. The tip has a dark border, with a black spot. Holotype ¢: Frons, frontal hair and basal segments of the antennae pure white. Antennae white, segments with very delicate darker rings. Eyes black. Thorax brilliant orange with a broad white central band. Abdomen whitish. Front legs white with very dark rings; mid and hind pairs of legs white, with faint darker variegations. Ground colour of the fore wings brilliant pale orange, markings white. Fore wings without basal stripe. Pure white from the first fore wing costal mark to the base, so that a white wedge radiates outwards from the base to the top of the first costal mark (first costal mark extended to the base). The first dorsal strigula appears as a small white patch near the base, which is joined to the wing base by a very narrow bridge on the inner edge. This is followed by two strigulae edged on the inside with very faint dark marks. On the costa a further two strigulae with delicate, dark markings on the inside, follow the first costal strigula. The fourth costal mark, near to the wing tip, is scarcely discernible. Wing tips delicate lustrous violet, with black borders and a distinct black spot just short of the tip. On the front margin, close to the tip, a slight indentation. The fringes on this indenta- tion have black tips. Fringes of the fore wing and the hind wing white. Wing span 4:2 mm. Male genitalia symmetrical, slightly sclerotized and remarkably small for the genus. Valves broad, curved outwards and thinly edged on the inner side with many incurved bristles. In the last third a large, ap- proximately triangular protrusion with a more strongly chitinised tip protrudes from the surface of the valves; on this protrusion two irregular rows of a few short setae. Tegumen broad, round, with a narrow uncus which ends in a blunt point; the uncus has two lateral rows of bristles near the tip; the uncus tip extends somewhat beyond the valves. Aedeagus longer than valves, in ventral view shaped like a thin pear, in lateral view like an elongated S, broader at the base than in the middle or at the tips. The aedeagus has a forked end, with one shorter and narrower tip and one longer and wider. Ventral scale shorter than the valves, tongue-shaped, with a saddle-shaped indentation at the end; distal edge thinly fringed with very fine hairs. Tegumen sharply bent, no process. Genital Preparation No. 331 (Deschka). Holotype 1 $ labelled: “Hispania, Cataluna, Port Bou 0-300m, 9-24.vi.64, leg. M. u. W. Glaser, Lithocolletis glaserorum DESCHKA, G. Deschka det. Gen.-Prep. Nr. 331. Holotypus’’. At present time in coll. Deschka. Paratypes: 4 ¢3,2,.99 labelled: “Hispania, Cataluna, Port Bou 0-300 m, 9-24.vi.64, leg. M. u. W. Glaser. Lithocolletis glaserorum DESCHKA. 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 G. Deschka det. Paratypus”. At present time in coll. Glaser and Deschka. Female genitalia symmetrical. Postapophyses and antapophyses ap- proximately the same length. Both apophyses have the same width; only the postapophysis has a minute extension in the centre. Sterigma remark- ably strongly sclerotized, broadly conical and projecting some distance from the 7th segment. Signum bursae clearly sclerotized, with two tips in the shape of a swallow-tail. The form of the sterigma could well be another good distinguishing feature. I dedicate the new species to Margit and Wolfgang Glaser of Vienna, who collected it.in Port Bou and who placed their collection of Lithocol- letis at my disposal for identification. I owe them my particular thanks. Remarks The species of the genus Lithocolletis are a very uniform group, whose representatives are closely related to each other. In order to be fair to the present state of research it is absolutely necessary to employ modern methods of morphological and anatomical investigation. Only in this way can an insight into the points of relationship between the individual representatives be guaranteed. Unfortunately, no such investigations by any of the writers of the last century and the beginning of this century are available to us and consequently there are no opportunities for com- parisons. Only in the future will attempts be made to investigate and evaluate the morphology of the genitalia of early type material. Above all, the author regrets that, for all the species of Lithocelletis which are important to this work, no (or only few) results of investigations are available. It is very much regretted, that almost no investigations of south and west European material have been published; similarly, per- tinent investigations of the American representatives are lacking. The author was therefore compelled either to check the present material by using traditional methods without taking into consideration the result of modern microscopic investigations or himself to investigate the genitalia of a number of species from western and southern Europe. Both possibili- ties were utilized to the full. Furthermore, descriptions of the holotype and copies of the drawings published here were sent to the most important authorities in this field, for comparison with their collections and literature. Over and above this, some original descriptions had to be procured. The lack of knowledge of the biology, and especially of the food-plants, of the new species caused great difficulties. Since almost the whole genus is made up of monophagous or oligophagous representatives, a knowledge of the host-plant would have enabled one to exclude many otherwise similar species. By investigation of the wing colour and marking and particularly of the male genitalia, it become more and more obvious to the author that Lith. glaserorum can only be a Fagaceae miner. To-day it can be assumed with great probability that the species lives on a hard- leafed oak. In order to exhaust all possibilities in the investigation which may serve to clarify the question of the host-plant, the author asked the two collectors of the type-sample of Lith. glaserorum, Frau Margit and Herrn. Ing. Wolfgang Glaser, to characterise the plant association on which the new species was found. Since no notes were made while the two collectors were in Port Bou, the attached details are based only on a reconstruction from memory. LITHOCOLLETIS GLASERORUM SPEC. NOV. 49 Fig. 1 Lithocolletis glaserorum sp. nov. Holotype forewing pattern; Fig. 2. Male genitalia closed. Fig. 3. Male genitalia opened (Preparation No. e3l Deschka). Fog. 4. Various views of the valves. Fig. 5. Ventral plate seen from below. Aedeagus, ventral and lateral views. Uncus, dorsal and lateral views. Fig. 6. Paratype female genitalia, ventral and lateral views (Prep. No. 350). Signum bursae greatly enlarged. 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 The place where they were found lies directly on the edge of an | incline, in a river-bed which is dry in summer and autumn. Nearby are open as well as cultivated vineyards. The open vineyards cover one side of the valley and have scarcely any overgrowth worthy of mention. The river-bed in which the species was captured in daylight, harbours above all Lavandula stoechas L., Rubus ulmifolius Schott (?), Potentilla spec., Euphorbia spec., Malva moschata L., Tamarix gallica L., Typha spec. is found in damp places and Mentha spec. in pools. Cistus salvifolius L., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Genista anglica L. and Ononis spec. grow on the slopes. Particularly important for the present work are: Quercus ilex L., perhaps also Qu. ilex var suber (L.) Pereng and Castanea sativa Mill. As already explained, only the last named Fagaceae can be seriously con- sidered as the host-plant of Lith glaserorum. With regard to the systematic position of the new species a few main points should be explained. Lith. glaserorum does not stand close to any palaearctic species. The characteristic wing markings with the extended first costal strigula, the missing basal stripe and the small indentation near to the tip have no similarity with any representative of palaearctic fauna known to the author. The same applies also for the South African (Vari). Two species were found among the American fauna which may have a direct relationship with the new species without, however, being identical to it: Lithocolletis fitchella Clemens 1860 and Lithocolletis lewcothorax Walsingham 1907. The first species differs from Lith. glaserorum in its completely silver-white thorax, the pale saffron-yellow antennae, the different ground-colour, the five (instead of four) costal strigulae and their more definite basal margin and the completely different position and form of the inner margin strigulae; Lith. leucothorax differs from L. glaserorum in its pale saffron-yellow antennae, the much thinner first costal strigula, the lack of a black spot near the wing tip, the basal stripe (shown in the drawing) and the completely different type of costal mark- ing. In spite of these marked differences, the three species have common features: the seemingly very similar wing-pigment, the remarkable first costal strigula which extends as far as the wing base, and the lack of the basal stripe (not mentioned in the original diagnosis of Lith. leucothorax— a white basal stripe is faintly indicated in fig. 2, plate XXI of the Trans. Am. Ent. Soc. XXXIV). Lith. fitchella is an oak miner. Without doubt, Lith. glaserorum is to be classified in Group I of the grouping according to Annette F. Braun (cylindrical caterpillar, white marking features, more darkly-edged at the base) and this assumption can also be justified if the larva is still unknown, since the marking features given by Braun are valid for the whole group without exception. I have consulted Herrn Karl Burmann in Innsbruck, Dr. J. Klimesch in Linz, Dr. F. Gregor in Britinn and Herrn and Frau Glaser in Vienna on various problems which came up during the description of the species. They have compared my diagnosis and my drawings with their literature and their collections of specimens and given me the benefit of their wide experience. I thank them for their help. I would also like to thank Mr. F. H. Firth for his handling of the — English translation of this paper. MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) AND ITS FORMS Ail Maniola (Epinephile) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) and its Forms By GEORGE THOMSON (continued from P. 14) | RACES _ Geographical Variation The extent of fulvous in the male is not a strongly developed character in the north but becomes so in the western form of the Atlantic Group and in one or two parts of Switzerland and North Italy. In the far south it takes on a different character being rather ‘glossy-golden’ in the Canary Islands and again in the East. Females of the race phormia in general exhibit poor development of the fulvous, while it becomes more of a feature in Sweden and, in a different way in the Western British races. It reaches its greatest height in fortunata and hispulla. The apical eyespot of the male shows variation being poorly developed in Sweden and the south and highly developed in the West and some of the Mediterranean islands (iernes and corfiothispulla). The female eye- spot shows a north-south cline from the rather small single pupilled form in the north to a bipupilled form in the south where it tends to _ ‘spread’. Similar marking occurs in the isles of Scilly and Corfu. The underside hindwings of the females are more yellow in Seandinavia and Central Europe than in the Iberian Peninsula and the Canaries (cassiteridum and splendida being exceptions). A. The Typical Sub-species Jurtina L. 1758, Syst. Nat., X, p. 475, No. 104 (female) [Plate One, figs, 5, 9]. Upperside ground colour brownish-fuscous or fuscous, some- times blackish in the male, with a darkening of this colour towards the base. The male has a blackish brand which contains the androconial scales. The basal area (sometimes on all the wings) and the costa have, in fresh specimens, an iridescence—sometimes strongly marked. The fulvous markings, on both sexes are very variable both in extent and in tone. The usual male colouring is rather darker than that of the female, though the fulvous colouring usually forms a band or series of blotches below the apical eyespot, and, in the female, often invades the central area and to a lesser extent the hind wings. The apical eyespot of the male is often suffuse but does not often lose its punil which is more often very small and off-white. In the female bipupilled forms are not as common as single pupilled forms. The underside forewing in more than half the Swedish males examined were unicolourous, having little or no difference between the light sub- apical band and the basal half. Only 6:73% had the dark medial trans- verse line so frequent in the Atlantic races. The situation in The Netherlands is even more striking with 80% of the males having a unicolourous underside forewing and only 3:36% with the dark medial line. The hindwings have a very variable light band with usually two or three black spots on each wing. These wings are only lightly marked with dark striae. Average size: 34% 46:2 mm.; 9 9 50:6 mm. 5, ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 Locality: Sweden, Finland, Denmark, Netherlands, Belgium, North Germany and as far as existing papers suggest Hungary and Moravia. Specimens from the west coast of Sweden might be found to differ from the typical form, but my three males and four females from Marstrand, although they differ constantly, are insufficient to even suggest to which race they might belong. Information received from the Zoological Museum, Oslo, confirms that Norwegian jurtina are identical with those from Sweden in all respects. B. The Atlantic Group In a species which shows such variation, both individual and geographical, it is often impossible to find a single character to distinguish with reasonable certainty one sub-species from another. In the case of jurtina it has been possible to separate one or two races as being distinctly sub-specific. In this category I would place all of the Eastern Group, fortunata, hispulla, corfiothispulla and cassiteridum. It has been said that fortunata-like specimens have been found in the south of Portugal, and specimens approaching cassiteridum in the west of Cornwall. Though I have no experience of the Portuguese ‘fortunata’ I suspect that these two forms of ‘intermediates’ are of a similar nature. I have collected extensively in Cornwall and for a few weeks in the Isles of Scilly, but I am certain that anyone who has seen freshly emerged cassiteridum would not place the Cornish race as belonging to that sub-species. About iernes I am not so sure, as so many west-central Scottish specimens and some from Hampshire I find difficult to separate from my less bright Irish specimens—even although they come from the type locality. But Graves’ statistical comparison is convincing and I accept his conclusions. In north-west Scotland we find splendida flying with the ‘typical’ southern type and intermediates, but there are localities where the strain is pure. From these there is a long cline in which splendida, intermediates are found. Graves (1930, Entomologist 63, p. 76-81) could find nothing which could with reasonable certainty separate the southern British form from the © typical Swedish examples, though both he and Lempke felt that the British form was ‘different’. In the first place the number of females with the apical eyespot bipupilled is greater on these islands than in Sweden, and the average size of both sexes is smaller in the typical jurtina. But it is on the underside that the real difference lies, British — specimens being more contrasty. Indeed the females from England and | Southern Scotland reach a degree of contrast on the forewings (between ~ the subapical band and the basal half) never found in Scandinavia. This ~ is a striking characteristic of both cassiteridum and iernes. Oddly, splendida females tend in the opposite direction, if we are to go by Graves’ illustration, which could throw doubt on his theory that the three British Atlantic races result from the same early cross with a hispulla ancestor. However, I have examined splendida from Gairloch and all have the transverse line in the female well marked — quite different from Graves’ illustration Graves used for his comparisons the extent of fulvous on the upper- side and its form, the bipupillation of the apical eyespot of the female — MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) AND Its FORMS 53 and the form of the light medial band of the underside hindwings in both sexes. As distinguishing characters these are useful, but the great variation which occurs within each race makes them rather suspect. As I have said, the greatest difference between the type jurtina and our form is the contrasting underside of the latter, the difficulty in _ measuring this being the stumbling block. On examining several hundred ’ females I found that, although the British examples reached a degree of eontrast not found in Sweden and the Swedish examples reached a degree of uniformity not found in the British races, there were a fair number of inseets which were similar in this respect. Turning to the males I found the situation quite different. In 93-27% of the British males (excluding splendida, iernes and cassiteridwm) the darker basal half of the under- side forewing was separated from the lighter sub-apical band by a transverse line of a distinctly darker colour than the basal half. In Swedish examples this line appeared in only 6:73% of the specimens. Only 1:04% of the British males had the unicolourous underside forewing (i.e. with the usually darker basal half of the same colour as the usually lighter sub-apical band), while 63-42% of the Swedish examples were of this form. In the Netherlands this difference is even greater. My analysis of the specimens examined is shown in Table 1. When these | percentages are compared with statistics of other distinguishing features used for the jurtina races, we find that this is one of the most constant characters in the species and probably one of the most useful to separate the races of jurtina, not only jurtina and the British races but for all other sub-species of the butterfly. Unfortunately, my specimens from southern Europe are not sufficiently numerous to make any conclusions, but initial investigations show that this line is almost always lacking in phormia (although it appears in some specimens from north Italy), emi-, praehispulla and miscens, while it is found occasionally in a modified form in hispulla. However, much work is necessary on this, and it might be found that the use of this character as a distinguishing feature in the male throws new light on the species, just as the bryo- streak helped the study of the Pieris napi/bryoniae complex. The development of the transverse line in the South British, Scillonian and Irish specimens suggests a relationship much closer to each other and much further from the typical sub-species than was thought by Graves. Because of the differences found in cassiteridum and splendida as explained by Graves, I had no hesitation in separating them from the mainland race. The case with the Irish specimens was not so simple, as ‘low’ iernes specimens were very close to the frequently found ierneformis of central and south-west Scotland. After a much closer examination I found that the Irish male with its female characteristics and the larger size of both sexes differed constantly—if not by much—from the main- land fcrm. It would be useful from the point of view of their relationship to extend the description of iernes to cover the south British form, but statistical comparisons show that the Irish race is sufficiently distinct. It is necessary, therefore to describe the south British form and for this I suggest the name insularis s.sp.nov. S.sp. insularis nov. [Plate One, figs. 1-4, 6-8, 10-12] Male: Upperside, mummy brown to sepia sometimes reaching an 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 Erebia-like colouring when freshly emerged. In such cases the andro- conial brand is wholly or partly obscured. Over all of the wings is an iridescence (sometimes bluish, sometimes greenish) which is more pronounced than in Scandinavia or Central European forms, but some- what less than in splendida. This iridescence is most strongly developed on the costal margin, on the androconial brand and on the basal area of the hindwings. The apical eyespot is well developed, usually with a very white pupil, larger than in typical jurtina—not often bipupilled, and hardly ever not pupilled—set in a well marked ring of bright fulvous. The sub-marginal band is usually quite well formed, but less so than in iernes. Underside. Forewing basal half almost always of a darker colour than the sub-apical band (in 98-96% of specimens examined), often taking on a dark rust or raw sienna tone, and in 93-27% of specimens the two shades were further divided by a well-marked line of darker colouring than either of the two parts. Only 6:73% of Swedish males had this line. The hindwings are very variable but the light medial band is less well marked than in iernes. However, this is frequently well defined and the darker areas sometimes take on a reddish shade. Spots on the band vary from 0-6, usually two. Female: Upperside. Ground colour mummy brown to sepia—hardly ever blackish. The fulvous below the apical eyespot (which is not infrequently bipupilled) is very variable in size but is usually fairly extensive, sometimes broken by the nervures, and often appearing on the hindwings. In this respect insularia is less bright than the other British races. The fulvous on the forewing often invades the central area, usually separated by scales of the ground colour as in iernes, but sometimes without such separation, as in slendida. The fulvous is of a darker (more red) colour than Swedish jurtina or French phormia occasicnally reaching a colour similar to that of typical splendida. Underside. Discal area of a darker colour than the sub-marginal band—often strikingly so, and with a dividing transverse line of a much darker colour than either, approximately similar to that of the upperside ground colour. The hindwings have a well marked band, somewhat yellowish usually but can tend towards greyish as in hispulla. The genera! appearance of the underside is of contrast to a degree rarely found in Swedish jurtina. A long series looks quite different from the typical sub-species. Insularis thus belongs to the same group of sub-species as cassiteridum, vernes and (perhaps) splendida which are characterised by the high degree of contrast reached on the underside of the forewings and, to a lesser extent, on the hindwings, also by the strongly developed transverse line on both sexes. It differs from cassiteridum in the lack of strong hispulla-form characters in the apical eyespot and the underside hindwing of the female, from iernes in its smaller size, less gynaikoptropic form of the male and more variable nature of the fulvous markings and from splendida in the less dark underside forewing of the male and the more yellow hindwing of the female. A feature of insularis is its heterogeneous nature, which ranges from close to (but distinct from) jurtina in Hertfordshire and some of the Midland counties, to an approach to cassiteridum in west Cornwall, splendida in central and north-west MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) AND ITS FORMS 5) Scotland and iernes in any but mainly maritime localities throughout its 'range. It is one of the most variable races of jurtina (similar in this respect to phormia, to which it might be closely related) with the forms /addenda Mousley, erymanthoides Strand, fracta Zweigelt and antiparvi- puncta Leeds being not uncommon. Among the rarer forms which I have taken is anommata Vrty. | Size: Average expanse—j § 48:00 mm. @ 2 53:00 mm., not as variable -as typical jurtina or phormia. Locality: Described from 230 ¢¢ and 280 °° from England, Wales, | South Scotland and Central Scotland (mainly from Hampshire, Hertford- shire, Surrey, Cornwall, Dorset, North Wales, Berwickshire and Stirlignshire). Individual specimens from Hertfordshire and the south ‘Midlands are hard to distinguish from Swedish jurtina except by its larger ‘size, but these are not common. Types: ¢ Isle of Wight, 92 allotype Isle of Wight together with | baratypes in my own collection. S.sp. iernes Graves, 1930, loc. cit. pp. 52-54. Male: Upperside. Ground colour as in insularis. The ocelli are frequently doubled or bipupilled and are set in well marked fulvous rings, below which is usually a well marked and regular orange or _ochraceous-orange band broken by the nervures and frequently reaching “interspace 2, sometimes “b. About half of the specimens have the orange partially veiled by dark scaling as in hispulla. | Underside: Discal area of forewings ochraceous buff to ochraaceous orange contrasting fairly strongly with the lighter sub-apical band and ‘separated by a well marked transverse line of a darker colour than either of these two areas. Hind wings with a very well marked light medial band, more so than in any of the other British races, and well “powdered with dark striae. Sub-marginal ocelli minute or absent. Average expanse 51-9 mm. Female: Upperside. Ground colour as in insularis, with a broad ‘fulvous band very well marked and usually broken by the dark venation. Discoidal area sometimes with fulvonus but this forms a patch and does not break through the transverse line bordering the sub-apical fulvous band inwardly. Hind wing very variable but usually with at least an 'Crange ‘point’. _ Underside. Discal area of a darker colour than the sub-apical band “separated by a very well marked transverse line as in insularis—some- times more so. The hindwings very bright and variable usually washed with yellowish or orange and evenly powdered with dark striae. Average expanse 55:6 mm. | Locality: Described from Kerry but the whole Irish vopulation belongs ‘to this race. _ Amongst the forms found in iernes, grisea Tutt is very rare and erymanthia Esp. is not uncommon. S.sp. cassiteridum Graves, 1930, loc. cit. pp. 75-76. Male: Upperside. Similar to iernes. Underside. Forewings with the basal half and the sub-apical band ‘of a similar colour (much more so than in insularis) but these two areas are divided quite distinctly by a transverse line. The hindwings of j | i i | D6 ENTOMOLOGIS'’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 various shades of olive with a medial band more marked than in insularis but less than in iernes. The whole wing is very strongly marked with dark striae. The sub-marginal ocelli are usually well developed particularly in interspaces 2 and 5 where they are often ringed with orange and pupilled with white. Average expanse 49:22 mm. Female: Upperside. Similar to iernes, but the fulvous on the hind wings is usually more free of ground colour scaling. Underside. Forewing of a generally lighter colouring than Irish specimens with very well marked transverse line showing in strong, contrast. The hindwings are more variegated than in other British | jurtina usually with a buff rather than a yellowish or orange wash. The > medial band is often very light in colour and irregular on its outer edge. The whole wing is very heavily marked with course dark striae to an extent not found in any other British race. Average expanse 53:15 mm. | Locality: The Isles of Scilly. Individuals from the west coast of Cornwall have been reported but I have yet to see one which could be called pure cassiteridum. F. feminea Graves has been recorded in this race and addenda Mousley is frequently found. S.sp. splendida Buchanan White 1871, Scott. Natur 1, 200, redescribed by Graves i930 (oe. cit. pp. 49-52) Male: Upperside. Ground colour as in insularis with a slightly more — marked iridescence than in other British races. The apical eyespot is sometimes bipupilled or double and is ringed with orange, usually of a more red colour than in the south. The orange scaling below this is very variable in form and colour but is usually mixed with dark scaling and broken by the nervures. Underside. The forewings much darker than is usual in insularis but the dark transverse line remains. The hindwings are abundantly sprinkled with dark striae to an extent that the usually light medial band is almost or completely obscured. The general appearance is one of dark uniformity. Ocelli on the hind wings vary from 0-4, but are small and indistinct. Average expanse 50:3 mm. Female: Upperside. Ground colour sepia with a well developed sub-apical fulvous band which is rather darker than other British races due to an admixture of ground colour scaling. The band usually invades the discal area, breaking through the ground colour at the inner border of the sub-apical band. Hind wing fulvous band nearly always present but suffused by the ground colour scaling. Underside. Forewings less contrasting than in other British jurtina | but with a poorly marked transverse line. The hindwings are hispulla- form, having a light greyish medial band edged inwardly with a ‘dirty mustard yellow’ line (Hubner’s sign). This often has a violet tinge. The whole wing is well marked with dark striae. Average expanse 54:2 mm. Locality: Longa Island and the shores of Gairloch, Ross-shire (Seotland), Coll, Inchnadamph and Lochinver, from which it forms a long cline in which splendida, insularis and intermediates are found flying together. I am not at all happy with Graves’ redescription of this sub-species. I have examined about one hundred specimens from the north west of Scotland (including Gairloch, but not Longa Island) and not one specimen had all the characters described by Graves. The MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) AND ITS FORMS Dri most common failing was that many did not have the very dark unicolourous forewing and hindwing of the male or the greyish medial band on the underside hindwing of the female. Most, if not all, had very extensive fulvous markings in the female but not to any greater extent than in many maritime localities elsewhere in Britain. The extent of fulvous on its own, as I have said, is not a reliable character for separating jurtina forms, however, I do not doubt Graves’ figures or that his description was based on a series of ‘pure’ splendida, but I suspect that the range of the true splendida sub-species is more restricted than one would suppose from the many reports of it from the North West. Both Graves and Ford state that they do not know how far south splendida came. I think it might be the case that the Longa Island form is pure and only approaches to it are found throughout the north west of Scotland. Where one draws the line between splendida and the southern sub-species I do not know, but I have prepared a map to show the extent of splendida-like specimens and the area of cline between them and insularis. I have, for the purpose of the map, called specimens splendida if they agreed with Graves’ description in most respects, but I would point out that I have seen one female from Dover which was closer to what I would call splendida than some of the Gairloch specimens in the same collection! This, of course, is an exceptional case. To what extent climate has influenced the development of the British races I would not like to guess but it is interesting to note that both cassiteridum and splendida are found in areas which have a climate in some ways quite different from the rest of the country and that the Irish sub-species is that most like the mainland form. Also the brighter populations (those with extensive fulvous markings) are found in areas which enjoy a more mild winter. Map One Britain showing the distribution of Maniola jurtina splendida B White and its cline with M. jurtina insularis s.sp.nov. Map Two Britain showing January (4°C) and July (16°C) isotherms, and rainfall over 60” per annum. Table One The develooment of the transverse line on the underside forewing of the male Maniola jurtina. A—with a unicolourous underside forewing and no transverse line. B—with the basal half of the underside forewing of a darker colour than the light sub-apical patch but with no transverse line. C—with a unicolourous or contrasting underside forewing and, in addition, a transverse line of a darker colour than the basal half. No. %A %B %AB %C examined Sweden (including Oland p : f and Gotland) ......... 63-42 28-85 93-27 6-73 145 Netherland ............. 80-00 16-64 96-64 3°36 149 Scotland (S), England and Wales ............ 1:04 5:69 6-73 93-27 223 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 EXPLANATION OF PLATE Fig. 1 Maniola jurtina insularis s.sp. nov. <¢ upperside type, Isle of Wight, 29.vi.1966. 2 M. jurtina insularis, 2 upperside allotype, Isle of Wight, 29.vi.1966. 3 M. jurtina insularis f. concolorata nov. © underside, Dunblane, | Perthshire. 4 M. jurtina insularis f. rectoformis nov. 2 underside, Dunblane, | Perthshire. M. jurtina jurtina (L.), $ underside, Hallevik, Blekinge, Sweden. M. jurtina insularis, 4 underside. paratype, Lulworth, Dorset. M. jurtina insularis, @ underside paratype, Dunblane, Perthshire. M. urtina insularis, 4 underside paratype, Whippendell, Hert- | fordshire. 9 M. jurtina jurtina, © underside, Ismarstar, Oland, Sweden. 10 M. jurtina insularis, 9 underside, paratype, St Abbs, Berwick- shire. 11 M. jurtina insularis, 2 underside paratype, Dunblane, Perthshire. 12 M. jurtina insularis, 9 underside paratype, Isle of Wight. aontau Bug Watching in a Bournemouth Garden By H. Symes, M.A. During the past summer, for various reasons not the least being the indifferent weather, most of my entomology has been confined to the limits of my small garden. Until well past midsummer, the only butterflies that appeared were the large and small whites (Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L.). They are not very interesting to watch, and the chance of taking a egynandrous rapae, as was done by G. B. Coney in his garden at Batcombe, Somerset, is infinitesimal. The buddleias were in full bloom when they | were visited by a comma (Polygonia c-album L.) on 19th July. I never saw it again, nor did the later brood appear. On 13th August I saw the first peacock (Nymphalis io L.). On the 16th I found a male tiger moth (Arctia caja L.) on the footpath outside, and next day the fine dipteron (Volucella zonaria Poda) appeared on hemp agrimony (Eupatorium cannabium L.). The real season for Vanessids opened on 20th August. From then until 14th October one or more species appeared on every | suitable —and sometimes unsuitable—day. The small tortoiseshell i (Aglais urticae L.) was first on the scene on 20th August, the red admiral (Vanessa atalanta L.) on 21st, but the painted lady (V. cardui L.) did not appear until 13th September. Of the 56 days from 20th August to 14th October (inclusive), at least one Vanessid appeared on 35. On many of them it was urticae and/or atalanta. Atalanta was seen on 22 days, urticae on 21, io and cardui each on six. Io was last seen on 25th August, cardui on 2nd October. Some days were of outstanding interest. One of these was 12th — September, when, in addition to 3 urticae (the maximum number on a single day) and 1 atalanta, 2 specimens of that large dragonfly Aeshna cyanea Mueller were seen: one spent about two hours resting on a VOL. 81 PLATE I Q Ye ®@ splendida 6o intermediate(cl.) X insularis GH Rainfall over 60“ pa. BUG WATCHING IN A BOURNEMOUTH GARDEN 59 lavender bush, while the other was hawking for flies; and after breakfas1 my wife found a strange beast on the back door. It turned out to be a female nymph of the great green grasshopper (Tettigonia viridissima L.). How this wingless creature came to be in the middle of Bournemouth I do not know. Perhaps it had a lift in a motor car or lorry from the country, for it is not uncommon in such Dorset localities as Hod Hill and Portland. I placed it on a valerian plant and it stayed there quietly all day. Towards evening I decided to put it in a larva cage for observation, and I hoped especially to have a chance to see it moulting. I have offered it various pabula and it has eaten valerian leaves, arbutus flowers, and rowan berries, but very sparingly and only enough to keep it alive, for it does not seem to have grown at all. I have never seen this insect in the New Forest, nor apparently had W. H. Hudson. It was a great favourite of his, and he tells us in “Hampshire Days” (chap. vii) how delighted he was to have found a colony in Harwood Forest. He spent several days watching the courtship of the males and listening enraptured to their music. Finally, he took a female home with him and put her on a well- berried branch of wild guelder (Viburnum opulus L.), which he kept on a table close to an open window. She made no attempt to fly away and he kept her for more than a fortnight. At first she ate guelder berries, but later developed a taste for sweets, and there was nothing she liked better than bread-and-butter pudding! Eventually Hudson took her back to her home. Other good days were 13th September, when I saw my first V. cardui, as well as two urticae, one atalanta and a speckled wood (Pararge egeria L.), and an A. cyanea; 2nd October (two atalanta, one cardui and two urticae), and 6th October (three atalanta and three urticae). I did not see any butterfly attacked by a bird, but of two atalanta seen on 14th October, one was in perfect condition and the other had lost two bits out of its wings, which suggested a narrow escape. Mr. J. Turner tells me that one day in his garden at Boscombe he saw a spotted fly- catcher take a peacock, a red admiral and two tortoiseshells in the air and bite off their wings, which came fluttering down to the ground. Apart from those I have mentioned, the only butterfly I have seen in my garden was the meadow brown (Maniola jurtina L.) on 20th July and 20th August. I noticed that the red admiral was by far the most bibulous of the butterflies. Time after time one would arrive soon after 9 a.m. at a particular michaelmas daisy and stay there until about 5 p.m., flying off occasionally for a short turn round the garden, and even paying a quick visit to another michaelmas daisy, but always returning soon to the plant of his original choice. He was also remarkably tame and one could walk right up to him without in the least disturbing him. Sometimes he was joined by two friends and an odd tortoiseshell. There must have been something in the nectar of the flowers on that particular plant. Turning to moths, I saw the first silver y (Plusia gamma L. (on 28th July, and an odd one or two appeared on most days in September. A vapourer (Orgyia antiqua L.) was seen at rest on a window (11th Septem- ber) and an angle shades (Phlogophora meticulosa L.), which had been so plentiful in 1967, was seen on 14th September. Larvae were very scarce. I found a grey dagger (Apatele psi L.) on sallow and a dot (Melanchra persicariae L.) on phlox. In the road outside 60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 I found a nearly full-fed peppered (Biston betularia L.) feeding on sycamore, a food plant on which I have never previously found this polyphagous larva. As regards other insects, bumble bees of several species were remarkably plentiful and so were drone flies (Eristalis tenax L.) in the early autumn, but honey bees and wasps were extremely scarce. Records of Empididae (Diptera) By R. M. Payne, F.R.E.S. The following notes on Empid flies which I have taken in recent years may be of interest to Dipterists as sunyplementing Collin’s remarks on distribution etc. in his great work British Flies, Vol. 6. Empididae, 1961. The species are listed in the sequence in which they occur in that work. Bicellaria intermedia Lundbeck. A pair on stones on the shore of Loch Garten, East Inverness-shire, 16 Aug. 1966, and a single female in damp woodland near Daltulich Bridge on the river Findhorn, 13 Aug. 1966. B. vana Collin. Collin refers to this as a common southern species, but the following seem to be new county records: Salcey Forest, Northants, a female on Dogwood leaf, 16 May 1965; Dinas Powis, Glamorgan, a female by evening sweeping in long grass, 3 June 1967. Ocydromia glabricula Fln. I took a specimen of this glossy black little Empid on the very late date of 30 Oct. 1967, on a Hazel leaf in my garden at Dinas Powis. Collin gives his latest date as 18 September. Oedalea apicalis Loew. This is clearly a rare insect, which Collin records only from the New Forest. I took a single female in Epp- ing Forest, South Essex, on 21 May 1966. It is an unmistakeable species, with wing-tips infuscated and stout antennal style. Oddly enough, Collin also records only females. Rhamphomyia (Megacyttarus) maculipennis Zett. A coastal species, but { Collin gives no Welsh records. A pair was swept from long grass above the small salt-marsh at East Aberthaw, Glamorgan, on 5 May 1968. Incidentally, this appears to be rather an early date, though I also took it on 3 May 1965 at Maldon, South Essex. R. (Pararhamphomyia) tarsata Mg. A single female on the wing near the summit of Pen-y-Fan, Brecon (alt. 2900 ft.), on 18 June 1967. R. (P.) atra Mg. Collin’s records indicate this to be a south-eastern species, but he does not record it from Essex. I took a male on | nettles by the Stort canal at Harlow, North Essex, on 25 May 1963. — R. (R.) suleata Mg. A common insect, but the following records are from counties little visited by Dipterists: Salcey Forest, Northants, in a clearing, 16 May 1965; Trellech Bog, Monmouth, on Birch — leaves, 13 May 1967, and Tintern, Mon., by sweeping, 1 June 1968. R. (R.) subcinerascens Collin. Loughton, South Essex, on Blackthorn flowers, 18 April 1965 and 10 April 1966. R. (R.) stigmosa Maca. Cwm Bychan, Merioneth, among Ling and Bracken, 3 June 1966; Llyn Fach, Glamorgan (alt. 1500 ft.), among Juncus, 26 May 1968. R. (Holoclera) flava Fln. This delicate yellow Empid was swarming on © | | | | NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS 6] the flower-heads of Hogweed (Heracleum sphondylium L.) at the edge of a wood at Wellesbourne, Warwickshire, on 21 June 1968. Empis (Lissempis) nigritaris Mg. A distinctive species, glossy black with yellow legs. It was common on Wood Spurge at Black Cliff, Tintern, Mon., on 13 May 1967. E. (Xanthempis) punctata Mg. Beaten from Sallow at Dylife, Mont- gomeryshire (alt. 1100 ft.), on 2 June 1966. E. (X.) lutea Mg. A very yellow Empid, of which I took a male on flowers of Clematis vitalba L. in a roadside hedge at Felsted, North Essex, on 31 July 1963. E. (Kritempis) livida L. Perhaps the commonest of the large Empids, but the following captures in little-worked counties may be worth recording: Rayne, North Essex, 10 June 1959; Epping Forest, South Essex, on Bramble, Creeping Thistle, Marsh Thistle, Hogweed and Phragmites, 1960-1965; Wellesbourne, Warwicks., plentiful on Ox- eye Daisy flowers, 21 June 1968. E. (Anacrostichus) verralli Collin. I recorded this from Brecon in 1964 (Ent. Record, 77: 110), and on 15 June 1968 I took a pair by sweep- ing grass, Bilberry and Scirpus at an altitude of 2600 ft.on Corn Du, in the Brecon Beacons. E. (E.) nuntia Mg. Common on nettles by the Stort canal at Harlow, North Essex, on 7 May 1966. E. (E.) praevia Collin. A female taken indoors at Loughton, South Essex, on 25 May 1964. Hilaria pilosa Zett. Flying over a puddle in a ride in Salcey Forest, Northants, on 16 May 1965. Presumably a typical habitat, since Collin says ‘appears to be confined to well-wooded areas’. H. thoracia Macq. With its shining yellow thorax, this is one of the few distinctive species in this difficult genus. I took a male by the river Wye at Marteg Bridge, Radnor, on 16 June 1965. Westwood, Highwalls Avenue, Dinas Powis, Glam. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records By L. W. Siees In 1968, the trap at Minstead was not run from 23rd June to 5th August and from 5th September to 10th November owing to my absence in hospital and subsequence convalescence. This affects the value of the comparisons which are the main purpose of the annual reports. How- ever, sufficient remains to provide some interest to those who like to know how things are going in the New Forest. The numbers of specimens recorded are as follows :— Nights Total Average March 24 1772 74 April 2H 2680 99 May 25 1253 50 June 19 3393 179 July nil August 25 5799 232 September 14 1822 130 October nil November 16 246 15 62 ENLIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 @ One’s impression of 1968 has been a year of wet and cool weathers inimical to moth trapping, but these figures compare well with those shown in the 1966 report. The following have occurred in this trap for the first time :— Anagoga pulveraria L. Eupithecia valerianata Hubn. In May 1968, Fletcher published an article showing the difference between Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera Rungs. Between 8th August and 9th September, 13 pyramidea were recorded and between 20th August and 14th September, 30 berbera. This brings the total num- ber of species of macrolepidoptera recorded to 450. Visitors which only occasionally appear and which turned ub in 1968 were Saturnia pavonia L., Chloroclystis debiliata Hubn., Apatele mega- cephala Fab., Hydrelia flammeolaria Hufn. (2), Dysstroma citrata L., Bapta bimaculata Fab., Moma alpium Osbeck, Selidosema brunnearia Vill., Pyrrhia umbra Hufn. (7), Apamea ypsillon Borkh., Zenobia retusa L., Trichiura crataegi L., Scopula promutata Guen. (marginepunctata Goeze). There was a record catch of a number of species and the records might have been more remarkable had the use of the trap been uninter- rupted. They include Lophopteryx capucina L. (55), Drepana falcataria L. (42), Cosymbia punctaria L. (35), Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. (52), Rivula sericealis Scop. (861), Epirrhoe alternata Mull. (149), Amathes glareosa Esp. (16), Lithina chlorosata Scop. (269), Ceramica pisi L. (329), Xanthorhoé ferrugata (163). MIGRANTS.—Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (34), Peridroma porphyrea Schiff. (3), Laphygma exigua Hubn. (1), Plusia gamma L. (142), Nycterosea obsti- pata Fab. (1), Nomophila noctuella Schiff. (47), Udea ferrugalis Hubn. (5), Plutella maculipennis Curt. (7). POLYMORPHISM Biston betularia L Sterrha aversata L. typical 97 (91%) remutata 20. carbonaria 1 (1%) aversata 1. | | insularia 9 (8%) | Apamea crenata Hufn. Typical 10, alopecurus 1. | Ectropis biundularia Borkh. Typical 4, melanic 1. Eilema griseola Hubn. Typical 9, flava 2. The variation in the orbicular stigma of Ochropleura plecta L. was:-- typical 936 (75%), club shaped 267 (21%), others 50 (4%). On 13th September, Pararge aegeria L. was taken in the trap. For 1968, I acted as recorder of specimens taken in a Rothamsted trap run by the Forestry Commission keeper at Linford, at the western end of the Forest. I am glad to record the following species which have not been taken at Minstead, Sterrha emarginata L., Apoda avellana L. (2), and Larentia clavaria Haw. (2). Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. REFERENCES Siggs, L. W. New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records for 1966. Hnt. Rec., 79: Fletcher, D. S. (1968). Ent. Gaz., 19: 91. NOYES AND OBSERVATIONS 63 Notes and Observations TEICHOBIA FILICIVORA MryYRICK FEEDING IN HARTSTONGUE FERN.—In the past, I have bred this moth from male fern, the foodplant given by L. T Ford in his “Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera’, and in June 1965, I caught some of the imagines flying round these plants in a rather dark part of a Cornish wood. In April 1968, I collected a few fronds of hartstongue near Looe in Cornwall hoping to breed the related species T. verhuellella Stainton. Late in May, five of these emerged, followed in June by seven filicivora. Possibly someone has had this experience before, but I cannot recall its being recorded.—R. FarrRcLOUGH, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate. 14.xii.68. NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. IN 1967 AND 1968.—I personally did not for certain see the large tortoiseshell in 1967, but there were again reports of the species in the Swanage area in the spring; and Dr. R. H. Clarke saw a specimen in his garden near Oxtord on 26th August of that year. Last year, 1968, I observed one in ‘he grounds of this school on 26th March. I first saw it from my classroom, flying about and settling on the terrace. From there it flew against the window from which I was watching, paused, and then doubled about two or three times before disappearing On 15th July, I took one out of two specimens seen in a churchyard set in our local woods. This is only the second specimen J ‘have taken all my life, the previous one being in 1935. Finally, one of the boys here, a quite knowledgeable naturalist, informed me that he saw a large tortoiseshell in the outskirts of South- -ampton on 6th October. It was at first inclined to discount this report, on the grounds of the date: but later learned quite by chance of an almost certain sighting of this species, by a most experienced observer, in Surrey, on that very day (a particularly pleasant one). I am given to understand that, although the large tortoiseshell usually appears to go early into hibernation, it sometimes flies again about the end of Septem- ber or beginning of October, if the weather is good, for a week or so.— I. R. P. Hestop, Stroud School, Romsey, Hants. 24.xii.1968. aaa ee THE FOODPLANT OF EREBIA AETHIOPS.—The text and illustrattion in “The ‘Complete British Butterflies” (1968) by Mansell and Newman, follow Stokoe (1944) in giving the Blue Moor Grass (Sesleria caerulea) as the principal foodplant of Erebia aethiops. However, the known dis- ‘uibution ot both Sesleria and E. aethiops only partially correspond. In Scotland, Sesleria is a very local plant and almost entirely confined to the calcareous schists of the Grampian Highlands, whereas Ford (1945) Shows that E. aethiops is widely distributed on the mainland and occurs ‘on some of the Isles. It is possible the misconcepttion originally stems from Frohawk’s “Natural History of British Butterflies” (1924), where the Purple Moor Grass (Molinia caerulea) is incorrectly described as the “Blue Moor Grass”. This misleading common name was adopted in the 3rd edition of South’s “The Butterflies of the British Isles” (1941) and apparently interpreted as Sesleria by Stokoe in “The Caterpillars of the British Butterflies’.—J. Mircuett, Dubhaniel, Gartocharn, nr. Alex- andria. Dunbartonshire. 2.1.1969. H 64 ENTZOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 4 DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. (MONARCH BUTTERFLY): A REQUEST FOR INFOR- | of the first reports, I broadcast radio and television appeals to the | general public in the West of England, to send me details of any lar . butterflies which they thought might be referable to this species. As a | oo to Mr L. Hugh Newman. He was then invited to discuss the record q received up to that time in “The Living World” programme broadcast | 17th November, and repeated on 20th November. This broadcast produced | several more reports. I now have all this correspondence in my possession, and am currently | engaged in sorting and checking all these records. I have written indi- | vidually to every correspondent to ascertain the accuracy of their | observations, and as soon as the outstanding replies have been received, | I shall be preparing a paper giving all the records known to me, and discussing the circumstances of what was undoubtedly a genuine immigration. The arrival at the same time, of an unprecedented number | of North American birds, such as the first Blackpool Warbler to be seen \ in Europe, the second Myrtle Warbler, and so on, provides sufficient | supporting evidence. The first one was seen near Swanage, Dorset, on 24th September. | This was apparently followed by an influx on 8rd Octobeer, on a broad | front extending from the Isles of Scilly to the Isle of Wight. Most seem to have stayed near the coast and were seen on various dates throughout October; others, however, moved inland and I have received satisfactory records from Gloucestershire, Sussex, Essex and even Yorkshire. Outside | England, one was caught by a schoolboy near Swansea, Wales, and sent} to me, while, in Ireland, two were seen at Cape Clear, Co. Cork, and another at Ballyeotton, Co. Cork. I am not yet in a position to state accurately the total number of) genuine records in 1968, but it seems to be in the region of about 50 This surpasses the previous highest total ever recorded—40—in 1933. 1 would be most grateful for any records that readers of the Record can supply, in order to complete the picture of this most interesting event—| J. F. Burton, B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Bristol 4 21.x11.1968. Mr P. N. Crow, the new Hon. Treasurer, would like to inform those. subscribers who are kind enough to help him by paying their subscrip- | tions by Banker’s Order that “The Record’s” banking account is being, maintained at Lloyds Bank Ltd., Ferndown, Dorset, where it has been | for some years. This will obviate any necessity for them to alter their) . present arrangements. | . e | ale BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ee (Phone Hamstreet 513) | We now have in stock over 4,000 species of SuSEAIRY: moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you have a particular requirement). Please write or telephone for an appointment if you desire to visit us. We can assist in Educational Projects; our experience of suitability can be useful here. \’e are always interested in buying or exchanging first quality material, in BES OENE quantity. FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST | Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneidon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society | SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ~ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been So exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the Tequired level and the offer of “sale prices” has now been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. : p THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY : The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and act vities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. DB. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close Stanmore. Middlesex. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale.—Butterflies and Moths—Many species especially Africa and Madagascar, | also species from Europe and U.S.S.R., pupae of Thais polyxena trom Hungary and Czechoslovakia, expected pupae Bunaea alcinoé and | Pseudantheraea discrepans from Central Africa. Lists on request.—Robert Keiser, Frederik Van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. Wanted.—Volume 4 of “The Entomologist’? to enable me to complete sei. Can anybody help?.—D. O’Keeffe, 29 Arcadian Avenue, Bexley, Kent. For Sale.—Papered Foreign Butterflies. List available-——D. Brown, 25 Charlcote. Near Warwick, Warwickshire. Wanted.—Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland and Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- shire. Required.—Would any entomologist or botanist expecting to visit Lebanon, Syria, ; or Turkey in Asia, consider trying to obtain living stock of the local sub- species (pseudorapae) of Pieris napi, preferable by collecting the eggs from wild cruciferae where the butterfly is flying? If so please contact S. R. Bowden, 53 Crouch Hall Lane, Redbourn, St Albans, Hertfordshi-e. Urgently Wanted for field work, pupae of Biston betularia. Female pupae 1/- | each or exchange.—Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Parks | Road, Oxford. For Sale or Exchange.—Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Entomological Society 1944-45, 1947-48 to 1949-50 incl., 1952-538 to 1960 incl. What offers? Wanted.—Entomologist’s Gazette Volume 6, Vol. 9, Pt. 1; Vol. 12, Pt. 2. Can anyone help me to complete my series? Literature on European lepidoptera also required. Any offers?—Dr. N. L. Birkett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Kendal, Westmorland. For Sale.—Watson ‘Service’ microscope, mechanical stage, complete set of eye- | pieces and objectives. Cooke stereoscopic microscope, triple nosepiece. several objectives and eyepieces. Erecting Watson Eyepiece and stand. All in first class condition with cases.—Offers to Mrs. Broome, 47 Keswick Road, Bournemouth. Wanted Urgently.—20, 30, or 40 drawer solid Mahogany Cabinet in good condition. | —Full details please to 7. W. Harman, 26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, ~ Derbyshire. LL TE ETL I EY CAYLEY SR A TE I SS I. 4 CHANGE OF ADDRESSES J. Muggleton, now of Department of Botany, Science Laboratories, South | Road, Durham. Ian McLean, now of Ganavan, Guise Lane, North End, Bassingbourn, nr. Royston, Herts. R. de Jong, now of Drs. R. de Jong, Pluvierhof 85, Hellevoetsluis, Holland. G. A. Cole, now of Higher Ley, Wood Lane Slapton, near Kingsbridge, S. Devon. J. S. Taylor, now of 27 Howick Centre, Howick, Natal, South Africa. E. S. A. Baynes, now of ‘Sandford’, Adelaide Road, Glenageary, Co. Dublin, | Eire ANTIQUARIAAT JUNK (Dr. R. SCHIERENBERG & SONS N.V.) Postbox 5 LOCHEM. HOLLAND. Specialist in Entomology is willing to buy or exchange books, mono- graphs, periodicals, etc., within this, and allied specialities. Please send your lists. Our prices are reasonable and answer is prompt. Two Mid XIXC Victorian 12 Drawer Mahogany Butterfly Cabinets. Ring Ashford (Middx) 55785 for Full Details —F. W. Westwood. For Sale. Superb aberrational specimens of British Butterflies including unique | V. io (1/s dark known aberration, right side normal), and abs. marginata, | ue ocellata and belisaria (all in superb condition). Four camilla ab. nigrina and one-ditto-semi-nigrina (all in:excellent condition). Two fine selene abs. mentioned in 8.L. Proceedings 1939/40. Others two cinxia abs., two-ditto- phlaeas, one icarus (Superb u/s ab.) and one athalia (u/s ab.).—For further details and appointment to view apply Box. No. 68, c/o Entomologist’s Record, 59 Gurney Court Road, St Albans, Hertfordshire, | if i } DATA LABELS. Printed to your requirements. i 100 250 500 750 1000 » luilDG \o dg GaSe ie eee eee 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- ) LANE ogi eee ea 4/6 5/6 8/— 10/— 12/6 3 IMG 2 6de Sb See Cee 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 by f= } TLAUA®. 616-50 RISO SI Eee eee eR er 6/- 7/6 = 15/6 17/6 100 Male or Memalee SexMmleapelSineei suche stars ust australe pemete Se DR) al oe 6d. * 123% Discount on all orders over 30/-. k Immediate Delivery—Post Free. ! Any label——Any amount——Any time. | Ny Samples supplied on request from :— ie D. J. HUGO, 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT CONTENTS (February 1969) Barbados, erence: Trinidad, peace ert re 1968). C. G. M. DE WORMS Breconshire and Monmouthshire Entomolouy J. M. CHALMERS. HUNT .. ies ! ; ! Late appearance of Pheosia gnoma Fabr. and Blastobasis decolorella Woll. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD Lithocolletis glaserorum spec. nov. (Lepidoptera POF Toetaainesects)) GERFRIED DESCHKA Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina (L.) oe Sener) and its Forms (continued from p. 14). GEORGE THOMSON : ie Bug Watching in a Bournemouth Garden. H. SYMES Records of Empidae (Diptera). R. M. PAYNE New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records. L. W. SIGGS Teichobia filicivora Mayet cae in Heartstongue Fern. R. FAIRCLOUGH : 5 ee ae se oe Nymphalis polychloros L. in 1967 and 1968. I. R. P. HESLOP The Foodplant of Erebia aethiops. J. MITCHELL. Danaus ples veus L. (Monarch nies A Request for Information. J. F. BURTON aS ee ae be ah Be oan A Hae Aa aH us 2 bed a ng digg DRL phy eaten ‘ ions auc Th Lape eae R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a speciality. 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England. Mail Orders Only. In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record”. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. 11 : This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper eover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes | Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS E. DODWELL, id Summerleaze Park, Meow Semersct preiand COLLECTION AND DISPATCH OF LIVING MATERIAL Pi etic person(s) (possibly forester or local resident interested in natural history) are required to collect and dispatch to England, living material of Papilio dardanus from Abyssinia, Kenya and Madagascar, and of Papilio memnon from Sumatra, Celebes and possibly other areas. Honorarium and all reasonable expenses paid. \ Further information may be obtained from: The Registrar, The University, P.O. Box 147, Liverpool, England. (Please quote reference RV/....) REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The Editor of “The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. RE a SE ES AVN DLS | THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine : Ef Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WiutiamMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera : D. e McE. Kevan, Ph.D., BSc, F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc; Diptera: L. PARMENTER, F.R.E.S.; E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E. S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITO ; at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. f ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, 59. Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied by F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which will | be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a | subscriber. _ 4 Subser Dors and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 4 2 DW, Berks., England. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane Bromley, BR2, 9EH, Kent. | REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. | More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return - to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. : All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, ete., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for ang ‘ loss or damage. T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH. ANGUS, SCOTLAND 81 No. 3 MARCH 1969 : & i fs) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, P.z.z.s. with the assistance of 'A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HueGenrvys, F.R.E.s. . M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. H. SYMEs, MLA. 1 ajor A. EB. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N.(Retd.), F.R.E.S. ESODOSASE a neu MAY 23 1969 CIBRARIE? | ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE Ist JANUARY :— GREAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a a .. 385/- Post Free OTHER COUNTRIES .. Ue ae ie Me M, .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.E:S. Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks., England Be CVOEVEGELESELEDEVELEBDESER ISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET eanecencerce FRESHWATER LIFE OF THE BRITISH ISLES fe Rostrum ye — Cephalothorax ‘ennule Antennu an co Abdomen Antenn “S 7 be | By John Clegg ‘Mr John Clegg’s work has been a most useful introduction to limnology since its first appearance in the Wayside and Woodland series... Asa well balanced elementary text it has been greatly appreciated by both teachers and students.’ Nature ‘, .. In addition to describing in pleasant detail the larger forms of freshwater life it includes also the techniques and thrills of pond-hunting and gives due attention to the micro- scopic forms which more general works are compelled to omit... Its 16 colour plates, 51 hali-tones from the author’s own photographs and 95 drawings in the text provide just what the naturalist needs to extend his acquaintance with the vast aquatic life.’ 37s net Country Life FREDERICK WARNE 1-4 Bedford Court, London WC2 Some Butterflies in France, 1968 By Major-General Sir GrorGE JOHNSON, K.C.V.O., C.B., C.B.E., D.S.O. I was fortunate in being able to spend five weeks in France from 23rd June to 27th July 1968, and carried out quite an extensive tour. I collected in the Vosges around Contrexeville, near Grenoble, in the Massif Centrale, and finally in the Hautes Alpes centred on Briancon. My wife and I flew with our car from Lydd to Le Touquet on 23rd June and motored south east to Contrexeville which we made our centre until 1st July. This little town, once a prosperous Edwardian watering place seemed now rather deserted and depressed. There are many beautiful deciduous forests within easy reach. We explored many of them by car and on foot in search of Limenitis populi E., Euphydryas maturna L. and Pararge achine Scop., our main objectives in this area, but results were rather disappointing. Of L. populi we saw and took only two, a male and a female, both rather tattered, flying about the road in a clearing of the Foret de Morimond, 26 Km. south west of Contrexeville. Of E. maturna we also caught only two, not in the best condition, in a ride in the forest on the western outskirts of Contrexeville on 29th and 30th June. P. achine we did not see at all, it was probably over. A rather marshy valley in the Féret de Darney, 23 Km. to the south east, produced many Brenthis ino Rott. including a fine albino on 25th June, and on 28th June we saw and missed a fine Apatura iris L. sucking at a putrid grass snake which had been run over by some passing car. On ist July we left Contrexeville for St Martin d’U’riage on the out- skirts of Grenoble. Shortly after passing through the small town of Gray (Hte. Sadne) we turned down a side road for lunch and found ourselves in a wood containing much poplar and aspen. It was a very hot day and no sooner had we got out of the car than several apaturids came to investi- gate. Both A. iris and A. ilia Schiff. were present. My wife had a large floppy hat which seemed to interest them and she gota fresh A. ilia form clyte. I missed several but got one iris. We went on to Dole, where we had booked a room for the night, but returned next morning, which was again very hot. The apaturids were again much in evidence. My wife took another ilia and I secured two male iris in the car, which acted as quite a good trap. All were very fresh. We went on about mid-day to St Martin where we arrived in a thunder storm. Next day, 3rd July, it was still overcast. We went to inspect a marshy area on the banks of the Isére near by, where we hoped to find Coenonympha oedippus Fabr., but nothing was on the wing. Next day in sunshine we returned but only succeeded in finding one of this rare butterfly. This locality is traversed by reedy ditches, dry at this time, but is much overgrown by bushes and scrub. Yellow flag, the food plant of C. oedippus, was not very common, on the edges of the bushy areas. It may be that the colony has been much reduced by a shortage of food plant due to encroachment by the scrub. We caught and examined numbers of Aphantopus hyperantus L. which much resemble oedippus, but with no further success. On Friday, 5th July, we set off across the Rhone for the Massif Centrale —destination Le Rozier in the spectacular gorge of the River Tarn. Here | we stayed at a very pleasant hotel until 10th July. Our main collecting 66 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 ground was on the slopes of the gorge immediately east of the close-by and | rather mediaeval village of Peyreleau. Here there was plenty flying, Agapetes galathea L. in swarms, including many females of the form with | white undersides; many Pyronia bathsheba Fabr. (rather worn), Brenthis | daphne Schiff. and very dark Maculinea arion L. One of my objectives | was the very brilliant large blue form of the female of Meleagris daphnis Shiff. This was scarce, probably just emerging, and we only got one | female and several males. There were many fiowers, the most peculiar | being the lizard orchis which I have never seen so numerous before, occurring repeatedly on the slopes in groups of up to eight or nine plants. On 10th June we moved to Langogne (Lozére), and the next day we | spent on the Col de Meyrand where the very local Erebia ottomana H.-S. | was abundant by the roadside on the north side of the pass. A nice series 5 was soon procured. On 12th June we worked a marshy valley by the | roadside just above the rather squalid little hamlet of Les Salesses, 21 | Km. scuth west of Langogne. Here Clossiana titania Hiibn. was common and fresh, Mellitaea diamina Lang. was also common and very fresh, and | we took a few of Boloria sifanica Gr.-Gr. on the bog. B. ino was common, and to my surprise we noted a few specimens of E. ottomana which had no | doubt drifted down from the slopes above. Next day we moved westwards to the mountains of Cantal. On the way to Aurillac where we had booked rooms, we stopped at the Lioran road | tunnel to investigate a meadow at the foot of a telesiege on the south- | eastern side of the tunnel. Here we immediately found Erebia sudetica Stdgr. flying in some numbers and very fresh. It is to be hoped that this limited locality will not be interfered with further, but there were some rather ominous earth-moving machines parked nearby, which might indi- | cate an intention to enlarge the already extensive tarmac car park. The | hills here are covered with an extensive conifer forest, and we passed a | road sign depicting a large stag and a warning against “Le gros gibier du | Lioran”. I believe that as well as deer and no doubt pig, there are a number of Corsican moufflon naturalised in the woods. Needless to say | we saw none. Next day was overcast and rainy. We drove round the ° rather spectacular Puy Mary but nothing was on the wing. On 15th July we started back for Grenoble but struck a patch of bad | weather with fresh snow on the high tops of the Alps on 17th July. | Another visit to the Isere marshes was unsuccessful. | On 18th July we moved eastwards into the Hautes Alpes, basing our- i selves at Briangcon wnere we were in search of various passes of 6000 feet | or more, as well as the hot comparatively low level valley of the Durance + running south from Briancon. 1 On the way over from Grenoble we stopped on the Col du Lautaret. | Here at about 5000 feet we saw Erebia alberganus de Pr., E. euryale Esp., | E. pharte Hubn., Coenonympha satyrion Esp., Boloria pales Schiff., Aricia ° allous H.-S., Agriades glandon de Pr. and Polyommatus eros Ochs. At Briancon we profited from Baron de Worms’s experiences in the © Durance Valley in 1964. On 19th July we motored down the valley to St. Crepin, crossed the river, and drove back over a minor road via the hamlet of Pallon on the | right bank of the Durance. Insects were numerous and just on the | southern outskirts of Pallon we found a roadside ditch with water, with | many blues at the water and damp earth. The most interesting were | ISLE OF CANNA REPORY FOR 1968 67 many Agrodiaetus damon Schiff. and a few Meleagris daphnis. In a meadow just above we got one female damon and many more males. Twentieth and 21st July we devoted to a search for Erebia aethiopellus Hffmog. The first day we went to the Col d’Izoard about 18 Km. scuth east of Briancon, and on the second to the Col d’Allos 104 Km. to the south. Above the tree line on both passes there were a few of a small Hrebia on grass at the edge of screes which appeared to me to be Erebia gorge Huibn. Fortunately I took a small series and on returning to Eng- land all but one were identified as E. aethiopellus which I thought I had failed to find. Other insects at this altitude (5000-6000 feet) included Colias | phiconome Esp., Ceneis aello Huibn. (one only on Col. d’Izoard), a few E. | pluto de Pr. on the screes, E. cassioides Hohenwarth, E. euryale, E. alber- ganua, E. epiphron Knoch., E. gorge, Albulina orbitulus de Pr. (one only -on Col. d’Allos), worn Eumedonia chiron Rott. and some Mellicta varia Meyer Diir. both on the Col d’Allos. | On 22nd July we made an expedition to the Col de Mont Cenis to try for E. montanus de Pr. at a spot where I had seen a few in 1966. We failed | to find it, I suppose it was too early. P. eros was not uncommon, and we took a female E. pluto some way from any scree. On 23rd July, our last day at Briancon, we went up the Argentiere valley and worked some of the juniper-covered slopes above Ailefroide. Here our most interesting captures were a few Aricia nicias Meig., a new insect to me. | On 24th July we started back for the Channel in rather dull weather, reaching Lydd on 27th July. | We had, on the whole, a very successful trip, and considering the generally poor summer experienced this year, we lost very few days from lack of sun. The student riots and strikes in May seemed to have frightened most foreign tourists and we had the country very much to ourselves (apart from the French!). This was nice for us but most un- profitable to all the hoteliers. | I am much indebted to Mr. R. F. Bretherton for his help in advising on localities in the Massif Centrale for E. ottomana, E. sudetica and C. titania. ; Castlesteads, Brampton, Cumberland. 30.x.1968. Isle of Canna Report for 1968 By J. L. CAMPBELL The season opened with a severe blizzard on April 2, producing snow three or four inches deep, with much drifting. The moth trap could not go into action until April 9; between then and April 17, when I had to leave the island for five weeks, it produced the usual spring species, Dasypolia templi Thunbg., Cerastis rubricosa Schiff, Orthosia ‘gothica L., O. stabilis Schiff, O. incerta Hufn., Xylena vetusta Hb.. Xylocampa areola Esp., Earophila badiata Schiff. and Nyssia zonaria | Schiff. From the 20th of May the summer was the most glorious anyone in the Hebrides could remember for sustained hot calm sunny weather— a fact which the B.B.C. weather reporters appeared to be most reluctant to admit until a state of actual drought had been reached in mid-August. I returned to Canna on May 22. There were brief spells of rain at the 68 ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 beginning and end of June, which itself was a very fine month. From | July 5 to August 17 there was the longest spell of sustained fine hot. weather in my Hebridean experience, which goes back to 1933. There | was then a spell of rain and wind, but fine weather was re-established | on August 23 and lasted into the first week of September. The weather did not really break until September 27. There was again a fine spell in October, and November was unusually dry, but I was away again for | part of these months. One consequence of this glorious summer was record crops of apples, : pears, raspberries, black currants, brambles and rowan berries. Another was record catches in the moth trap, and a most welcome revival in the ( number of the island’s butterflies, which had been in decline for the| ( last seven or eight years. | All the species of local butterflies benefited by this weather, and‘ some of them became markedly more numerous. This applies to Aglais urticae L., seen in numbers again at the east end of the island after | having become very rare indeed; Argynnis aglaia L., seen flying over | low ground for the first time for many years; Satyrus semele L., Maniola jurtina L. and Polyommatus icarus Rott. Pieris brassicae L. and P. napi L. | the former reinforced by immigrants, became abundant, especially over | oats and rye fields where charlock was growing; this was later stripped: by brassicae larvae. All these seven species, and Coenonympha pam- philus L., were seen flying together in the Haligary ravine, now per- manently fenced and with willows and alders planted along its stream, ’ on July 13; it is not often that one can see eight kinds of butterflies | flying together in the Hebrides. I was absent during the emergence | period of Callophrys rubi L., but was able to check the presence of Argynnis selene Schiff. in its very restricted colony here, first discovered by Dr. Michael Harper, on June 15. ei The re-appearance of Pararge aegeria L. on Canna for the first time | for 17 years has already been described (Ent. Record, 80: 295). In spite of these favourable conditions, there was no sign of any' re-appearance of Nymphalis io L., which has not been seen here since | the autumn of 1961, after having been observed on the island more cr less continuously from 1939. Migrants.—_Neither Vanessa cardui L. nor V. atalanta L. was observed ( during the early part of the season, but on August 5 full grown larvae | of the former were found at the east end of the island on thistles in ae rye field now protected by a shelter belt of willows, alders, spruces and: Austrian pines that was planted in 1950, and it was evident that a good: many larvae had fed there. The first adults appeared on August 16, and; the butterfly was to be seen around this spot on fine days until Septem- | ber 18. Cardui was commoner this year than any time since 1952. Atalanta on the other hand was not seen here until August 31 between which day and September 28 it was noticed 10 times. Herse convolvuli L., one on September 12 in the m.v. trap (seen Record, 80: 294). \ Peridroma saucia Hb, one in the m.v. trap on September 4, and one on December 11! Plusia gamma L., first seen on July 25; continuously September 4- 27. Sixty-seven taken in the trap in all. Nomophila noctuella Schiff., one only, in the trap on July 27. ISLE OF CANNA REPORT FOR 1968 69 Moths.—11,173 moths were taken in the tran, comobrising approxi- mately 160 species. This beats the previous highest figures, those for 1966, when the total was 10,625 moths of approximately 158 species. As is usually the case, a substantial proportion of these moths consisted of Large Yellow Underwings Triphaena pronuba L. _ On August 27 there was a record catch of 828 moths, of which 441 were pronuba and 201 Hydraecia micacea Esp. This year pronuba numbered 3,246, or 29 per cent. of the total catch. Indeed nearly four- fifths of the catch was made up of 20 common species: pronuba 3,246, Apamea monoglypha Hufn. 1,063, micacea 852, Diatarxia oleracea L. (alleged by ‘South’ not to be found in the Hebrides)—continuously from May 26 to August 11—598, Triphaena ianthina Schiff. 551, Apamea sec- alis L. 411, Amathes glareosa Esp. 221, Spilosoma menthastri Schiff.= IS. lubricipeda Auct. Nich. L. 182, Cerapteryx graminis L. 181, Plusia chry- sitis L. 174, P. pulchrina Haw. 173, Omphalosceles lunosa Haw., 149, Amaphes xanthographa Schiff. 141, Alcis repandata L. 135, Hada dentina Esp. 116, Dysstroma citrata L. 106, Hadena consperso Schiff. 105, Abrostola tripartita Hufn.—triplasia L. 97, Smerinthus populi L. 94, Dysstroma truncata Hufn. 94, a total of 3,689 or 77-76 per cent. The poplar hawk moth has become much commoner here in recent years, presumably as a consequence of the widespread planting of wil- lows and black Italian poplar that has been done here since 1949. For- the last three years the numbers taken in the trap have been 93, 77, and 94; the highest previous figure was 15 in 1964. New species added to the Canna collection this year were:—Eclip- toptera silaceata Schiff., June 2; Graphiphora augur Fab., single speci- mens on July 16 and 18; and Griposia aprilina L., a very great surprise, on September 24. I believe that silaceata was taken elsewhere in the Highlands and Islands for the first time this summer. | Other species of local interest:—Lampra fimbria L. was taken in the trap for the first time since 1955, three specimens, one on August 11 and two on September 14; Colocasia coryli L. for the first time since 1961 and only the second time in all; Bombycia viminalis Fab. for only the third time (previously 1958 and 1966). Comparatively good numbers were caught of Hadena caesia Schiff. (16), Folia nebulosa Hufn. (9) and Anaplectoides prasina Schiff. (6). Lophopteryx camelina L. with its highest number (21) also reflected the growth of poplars planted here. Six specimens of Celama confusalis H.-S., were taken, and five of Ellipia prosapiaria L. This species seems to have established itself Jin consequence of the establishment of new plantations; it was taken ‘for the first time in 1966, and again in 1967. | In spite of the favourable conditions, some moths which might have ‘been expected to occur during such a good summer were either very “scarce or absent. These include Arctia caja L. (only 4), Euxoa tritici L. (2), E. obelisca Schiff. (4) and Amphipyra tragopoginis L. (1); while ae cursoria Hufn., Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., Actebia praecox L., Phalaema typica L., Leucania pallens L., C. trapezina L., and Agro- jchola lota L. were certainly absent. | As the hot dry summer wore on, the grassy basaltic terraces of Canna dried up and from the sea the island began to appear like an island in the Aegean. This may have affected adversely the Burnets i other lepidoptera inhabiting the southern cliff faces. Moths tended 70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 to appear in the trap early and specimens to be smaller than usual. The drought might have become serious if the coming of rain in August had been postponed for another week or two. It will certainly be a long time before the summer of 1968 is forgotten in the Hebrides. Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Canada July-August 1967: August-September 1968 By A. G. M. Batten, F.R.E.S., and Mrs A. M. Batten Most of our entomological excursions are, of necessity, to places in the } Sterling area—Jamaica twice, Malaysia twice, India once, Hong Kong once ° and, previously, on the occasion of business visits, South Africa twice. | However, since our son lives in Canada and we have grandchildren there we do visit that dollar country each year. For many years these visits | have been at Christmas time, but, since retirement, we have felt that the’ summer months permit of rather more activity so, for the last two years © we have made our visits in July and August. The exact periods of these two visits were from the 16th July until 23rd August 1967 and from 8th August until 12th September 1968. Our son lives in Willowdale, a suburb of Toronto, some 15 miles to the | north of the city. Cities are not usually satisfactory collecting grounds | but in this suburb there exist what our Canadian friends call ‘ravines’. These are the watercourses of small streams. Often the land around them is so uneven, of low level and so irregular that they are not distrubed but | are allowed to grow wild. Except for the local children who delight in them and the use of an occasional footpath, few people visit them. They. tend to abound with rough grasses and golden rod (a weed in Canada and | universally abhorred) other wild plants, including milkweed, small shrubs | and, sometimes, trees. The insect population of these ravines must be’ considerable although, as yet, we ourselves have not been very successful in collecting there. Our son has a cottage at, or rather near, Honey Harbour in Georgian Bay a little more than 100 miles north of Toronto. Georgian Bay com- | prises the south-eastern part of Lake Huron. The Bay was until recently \ said to have some 30,000 islands many of which are small and uninhabited. i This number has recently been increased to 50,000 by the inclusion, as) islands, of all the pieces of rock which, from time to time, project above: the water. The cottage is situated on the shore line about 5 miles north of | Honey Harbour—a well known centre for boating in the summer and ice‘ yachting in the winter. There are no roads or shops nearer than 5 miles to | the cottage. Access is only by water. Power is, however, supplied by the | “Hydro”. The country is rocky, none of it can be ealled flat and north of Honey Harbour cultivation is quite impossible on the lake shores which | are, for the most part, clad only by conifers, scrub oaks and juniper with) an occasional maple. There is a little grass among the vast rocks but) there are many small plants among the prevailing conifers. Small patches of milkweed are sometimes to be seen. } The altitude is that of the Great Lakes generally, just under 600 feet | above sea level. The Lakes have to be seen for it to be realised how vast they are. They give the appearance as of the sea and the wind generally | produces waves although there are no tides. Huron is 200 miles in length | | GEORGIAN BAY, LAKE HURON, CANADA 71 | and 101 miles in width with over 23,000 square miles of water. (The whole of England and Wales comprises 58,000 square miles). Georgian Bay is a relatively small area practically undeveloped for the most part except for ‘one or two ports not in our immediate area. Avart from the many summer ‘homes to be found on the coasts and islands there is no industry to be seen to the north of Honey Harbour. While it is very cold in winter—the Bay itself freezes over completely, although the whole of the Lake does not,—summer temperatures can be high—well into the 80’s or even 90’s. Windstorms and thunderstorms are by no means unusual in the course of which the water level of the lake can, in a few hours, rise by as much as 5 feet. _ From this description it may be concluded that this should be an admirable collecting area and the Royal Ontario Museum confirmed that this was so. Nevertheless, on the two occasions during which we spent a total seven weeks at the cottage we have been surprised at the very small ‘numbers of butterflies we have seen in the months of July, August and early September. Curiously, too, we saw hardly any even in the lush ‘country on the approaches to Georgian Bay, an area little affected by insecticides. It is no exaggeration to say that the number of butterflies ‘seen in the Honey Harbour area on both visits did not average more than one per day—and most of the days were sunny and usually without wind. In 1967 we saw only two Monarchs (Danaus plexippus Linnaeus) one Viceroy (Limentis archippus Cramer) the mimic of plexippus; half a dozen Mourning Cloaks (Nymphalis antiopa Linnaeus)—one of the commonest of the eastern Canadian butterflies—and five Great Spangled Fritillaries (Speyeria cybele Fabricius). We saw none of the Blues nor did we see more than one or two of the Hesperiids and these we could not reach because of the rocky terrain. This year we certainly saw in Georgian ‘Bay a dozen or so examples of D. plexippus but none at all of N. antiopa yet we were at Georgian Bay for a comparable calendar 9 days. __ Moths were much more rewarding. We took with us in 1967 a 125 watt 240 volt m.v. lamp together with a transformer to increase the voltage from the local 110 to 240 plus the usual choke used at home. We found some difficulty in persuading the apparatus to work but an engineering friend in Toronto went to much trouble to help us and we were able to use the light. We had no moth trap as such so we made use of a dustbin _(garbage-can to Canadians) on which we placed a cardboard carton with a hole in the centre to receive a four flanged baffle which we also made of cardboard. The lamp itself was suspended from a gallows made from itwo upright pieces of wood passing through the handles of the bin and secured the one to the other about two feet above it. The lamp so suspended just touched the baffle and even the worst storms did not de- range it. This apparatus worked very well and it was left on each night. There were often so many visitors that we were unable to count them and ‘certainly with our then lack of knowledge of the Canadian species it was impossible to record what came. When, early in the evening, the light was jrunning it was surrounded by a cloud of hundreds if not thousands of small insects. Many of those entered the trap together with the moths. We had our problems with birds in the morning and it was necessary to [es on the spot early to minimise losses. Birds were not the only such problem since the chipmunks came and disposed of many desirable items in the vegetation around the trap. So friendly were the chipmunks and 72 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 so encouraged were they by the free meals so unexpectedly provided for them that they had to be driven away. This trap we ran in a rising, rocky hollow behind the cottage. There was no long view although the dispersing light could be seen for some distance. Simultaneously we ran a Heath Portable Trap from a 12 volt accumu- lator which we purchased in Canada for the purpose, together with a trickle charger. We ran this trap in a number of different situations—in a clearing in a wooded area and also on the lakeshore itself. The results were poor. It is a strange thing that whereas this same trap, with a sheet, produced so much in Jamaica (Ent. Rec., 80, No. 1, January 1968) it attracted no more than a few isolated insects when used in Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Cameron Highlands and in the National Park in Malaysia during two or three hours running in what seemed to us to be ideal situa- tions and conditions. In running this trap we met another enterprising enemy—a frog—which jumped right into the trap itself—a jump of over 12 inches in height. On our first visit the m.v. light proved most exciting. We took nine species of Sphingids including examples of Lapara bombycoides Walk. This sphingid was of particular interest to our friends at the British Museum who had, for some time, been trying to obtain specimens from North America. We were very happy to present them with four. Bombycoides is a small Pine Hawk very similar in appearance to our own Hyloicus pinastri Linnaeus, though with barely half its wing span. We also took Smerinthus jamaicensis Drury a smaller version of our Eyed Hawk Smerinthus ocellata Linnaeus and two other closely related insects. The first, Calasymbolus exaecata Abbott and Smith superficially, at any rate, resembles ocellata and is about the same size. It has, however, an easily recogniseable spot in the centre and towards the leading edge of the forewing. The second was C. myops mc.creary Clark of which we took five specimens, mostly rather worn, which has the eyes of the hindwings as in exaecata (and, of course, ocellata) but with no reddish background. We also took three Ceratomia undulosa borealis Clark and three splendid examples of Sphinx kalmiae Abbott and Smith; one Daropsa pholus | brodiei Clark; one Sphinx chersis Htibn. and four really wonderful Pachy- sphinx modesta borealis Clark. These last mentioned are fully of 5 inches wing span and the reddish and dark brown patches on their hind wings render them particularly beautiful. In this country the Underwings (Catocalas) are not numerous but in America, North of Mexico, there are said to be about 100 species. These North American insects range from some which are perhaps rather larger i than our own Red Underwing (Catocala nupta Linnaeus) and with a range | of underwing colourings from red, through pink to yellow and white, to others which, with mainly yellow and black markings, are no more than 13 inches across. The larger Catocalas are truly magnificient as, indeed, | is nupta but some of the White Underwings are even more striking and especially C. relicta Walker of which we took a number. In all we brought back twelve of the Catocalas (not many out of one hundred) including C. concumbens Walker (with pink rather than red underwings); C. unijuga Walker; C. briseis Edwards and C. ilea Cramer. The foregoing all have reddish underwings. In ilea the black markings — on the red predominate. ‘There were also the two small red underwings GEORGIAN BAY, LAKE HURON, CANADA 73 Ephesia ultrona Hiibner and E. coccinata Grote, the first distinguishable from the second by the dark patches on the forewings. Among those with yellow underwings we took C. cerogama, as large as the largest of its red underwinged compatriots and the less spectacular but much more common C. sordida Grote and E. similis Edwards. Lastly we took Catabapta antinympha Htbner with almost black forewings. In Canada, curiously enough, the “Underwings” are so commonly en- countered that we could find no one really interested in them. Neverthe- less, with so many such closely related species there must surely be at least a considerable possibility of interesting aberrations. We have already referred to the similarities of a number of the insects we have mentioned to those known to us in this country. There were other examples. We found a solitary Herald (Scoliopteryx libatrix Linnaeus) in the trap and examination in London showed that it was in- deed the moth we see so often at home. We also found what we took to be the Swallow Prominent (Pheosia tremula Clerck) but on closer examination it was clear that the white wedge shaped streak between veins 1 and 2 was missing and it proved instead to be P. dimidiata Herr Schultz. This was not the only member of the Prominents we took. We found Lopho- donta ferruginea Packard as well, but there are still nearly 100 of this family we have not yet taken. Another insect which reminded us of our moth trap at Woking was a Plusia. It so happened that three weeks before leaving home we had taken a Golden Plusia (Polychrisia moneta Fabricius ab. maculata Lempke) so we were especially interested in Plusias. We took a superb enlarged edition of our own Burnished Brass (Plusia chrysitis Linnaeus). It was Plusia balluca Gever and nearly twice as large. Another compar- able moth (comparing country and country) was the Canadian Copper Underwing (Amphipyra pyramidoides Quen) so like our own, A. pyramidea Linnaeus. We also took Apatele dactylina Grote which interested us very much since we live at Woking, one of the not very many places where the Miller (Apatele leporina Linnaeus) is taken and we had taken examples this summer. Our leporina is much smaller than dactylina. We took other moths, of course, some of them quite impressive. This was especially true of the Imperial Moth (Citheronia imperalis Drury). About 43 inches wing span and with its bivectinate antennae it is certainly regal but by no means difficult to capture. Tiger moths, not unlike our Own, exist in Canada. We did take one of the Haploas—Haploa confusa Lyman and also the larger Virgo Tiger, Apantesis virgo Linnaeus. We only saw one of these but took a number of its relative A. williamsi Dodge. These were found in considerable numbers in the trap daily. Of the other moths we took we should mention Gonophora rectangulata Otto, Nadata gibbusa Abbott and Smith and Panthea furcilla Packard | among the many others which, thus far, it has been difficult exactly to identify. We have already indicated that our 1968 visit to Georgian Bay com- menced some 19 days later than our visit in 1967. In this country the 10th August, the commencing date of our visit to Canada in 1968, would | not seem unduly late in the season but in Canada we found a great falling off in the numbers of moths which appeared. This had nothing to do with moon conditions, since we timed our trip to coincide with a waning moon. No doubt the severity of the winters, and long winters they are 74 ENTOMOLOGISTS RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 too, with ice on the Bay well into April, means that most of these insects have had so to arrange their lives that their progeny are able to cove with the extreme conditions to be expected. However, we felt that 1968 in Georgian Bay had compared, date for date, very poorly with 1967. So we visited the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto to discuss the matter with someone there likely to know the position. One of us met Mr. M. J. Riotte who is in charge of the Ento- mological Section and talked to him about it. He agreed that for some unexplained reason Georgian Bay had had a disappointing year entomo- logically. Will it be better next year? No one knows but we propose to go there again—in June rather than later—to see what changes there may be and to be able to add to our records just that much earlier in the year. Incidentally, Mr. Riotte showed us some of the Museum’s collection, especially the Sphingids and the Catocalas. This was most interesting and we now have a much better idea of what to exvect. In viewing the collection we were intrigued to find that the Museum’s current idea of maintaining specimens is to allow them substantially to set in their rest- ing position rather than to set them with wings as is usually the case. In so far as this maintains a record of what the insects may look like when found at rest this may have something to commend it but it did not seem to us to be quite so easy to identify those insects where the prin- cipal obvious differences are in their appearance as, for example, in the hindwings which cannot be seen at all. However. no doubt experience is a good teacher and this method does have the merit of saving storage space. We must return to the ravines of Willowdale, in the suburbs of Toronto for a moment. On several occasions, mid August and early September, we visited one of them and took numbers of the Orange Sul- phur or Alfalfa Butterfly (Colias eurytheme Boisduval) and the Common or Clouded Sulphur (Colias philodice Latreille) as well as the ubiquitous Pieris rapae Linnaeus. We met two schoolboys who offered to show us where we could almost certainly take some Mourning Cloaks (Camber- well Beauties in England) Nymphalis antiopa Linnaeus. They were right and did so and we must have seen a dozen or so in an afternoon. They were swift on the wing and flew at height but they were greatly attracted by a dead trunk in an almost imvossible situation for capture. Never- theless, we did capture them one at a time on the same spot to which the remainder returned after disturbance. We could find no reason for this since the horizontal tree trunk was quite smooth—having been worn so by climbing children. The same boys guided us to another part of the © ravine where they said we could find the Black Swallowtail (Papilio © polyxenes asturias Stoll). And again they were right. We saw a number but only captured one. Regrettably much of this area has now been bull- dozed and is now in the course of development. In conclusion we wish to refer once again to the Monarch (Danaus plexippus Linnaeus). Just before we left Canada in September 1968, we went to see a niece who, with her husband and children, lives near the shore line of Lake Ontario to the south and west of Toronto. On this Sunday morning we saw literally dozens of these magnificent creatures floating over gardens and roads alike. In the days which followed before our departure we saw them wherever we went—even from the public LEPIDOPTERA IN LAPLAND 75 buses on the main approach roads to Toronto. This was curious since we had seen none at all in this area in 1967 from which we returned to _ England on 26th August. Had the southward migration started before the 10th September? We could not find out. However, in a year when plexip- pus is found on the south coast of this country in not inconsiderable | numbers—and in October—perhaps almost anything can happen. Lepidoptera in Lapland By G. Howarp The purpose of these notes is to record some of the Lepidoptera which _ I have seen in Lapland this year and in so doing perhaps encourage others _ to visit this vast expanse of moorland, mountain and marsh. In spite of its northerly situation Lapland is fairly easily accessible by road and rail. Unfortunately by virtue of its geographical location, Lapland often seems to get the worst aspects of both maritime and continental types of climate. I have also mentioned a few points of biological interest which are _ particularly related to Lepidoptera in this area—a tract of country which lies mainly above the Arctic Circle. In no part of Europe is one so dependent on sunny weather as when | collecting Lepidoptera in Lapland. Nearly all who have reported their experiences there have stressed this. The vast majority of day-flying _ Lepidoptera are only in flight when the sun is shining. Many of them rest _when even a thin veil of cloud obscures the sun. One of the exceptions is Sympistis melaleuwca Thnbg. which I have seen flying in numbers when | the sky has been temporarily overcast. The body-temperature of Lepi- | | doptera must reach a certain critical level before flight is possible. It is perhaps surprising that even the relatively slight drop in temperature | resulting from thin cloud over the sun, can prevent flight. Both day- and night-flying moths tend to have larger bodies than do butterflies of similar size. They therefore tend to lose heat more slowly than butterflies and this may be one reason why S. melaleuca is able to fly during a cloudy spell. Also worth noting in this connection is the fact that Zygaena exulans _ vanadis Dalm. has a lot of hair on its body and this probably results in a decreased rate of heat-loss. Melanism is some northern species is generally supposed to be an adaptation of low temperatures. Argynnis improba improbula Bryk. flies only at a height of about 750-950 metres. The wings, which have a span considerably less than that of other fritillaries occurring in this area, are dark and the wing-pattern appears somewhat blurred. The presence of so much black pigment must result in a relatively rapid uptake of heat. I _have seen this butterfly resting on sunny rocks at 900 metres on Nuolija, near Abisko. Before taking flight the wings quiver. This muscular | activity causes an increase in body-temperature. One can speculate that similar marked degrees of melanism are not more prevalent in other Lapland fritillaries because interspecific colour differences and patterns must be maintained. At these high latitudes where the density of certain _ of these species is low, and where the number of sunny hours when flight is possible is limited, it is essential that the males of any species find the females as soon as possible. A further point is that nothing is known of the possible physiological disadvantages which may be associated with 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/11/69 increased melanism in these species. Genes controlling melanism invariably affect other processes as well as the formation of black pigment. I do not believe that any exact estimates of heat-absorption and heat-loss associated with melanism in subarctic Lepidoptera have been carried out. Until this is done only surmise as to the advantages (in terms of heat absorption) that result from different degrees of black pigmentation. This is especially important in view of the tendency for many species of Scandinavian Lepidoptera to show increasing degrees of melanism the higher the altitude. It is an impression of many who have collected in Lapland that the sunny weather has become progressivly more unstable in recent years. Long periods of sunny days are uncommon and weather forecasts are even less helpful than is the case elsewhere. This year—1968—the winter was very cold and pro'onged. On June 24th there was still a lot of ice on Tornetrask at Abisko. The first butterflies I saw were at Jokkmokk on June 12th. Callophrys rubi L. were common together with a few Argynnis freija Thnbg. and single specimens of Pyrgus centaureae Rbr. and Isturgia carbonaria Cl. Five days later at the same locality all these insects were out with Erebia embla Thnbg. and Ematurga atomaria L. I also took one Argynnis euphrosyne lapponica Est. A. freija is one of the earliest butterflies to emerge and this date is in contrast to 1966 when, at a higher altitude at Kvikkjokk they were occurring in numbers and in a worn state. The white spots on P. centaureae turn yellow in the cyanide jar but later regain their original colour. On June 20th in spite of sunny periods no Lepidoptera were out at Saltaluokta. During the next week the weather was overcast and on a visit to Abisko at the end of the month I saw only one Gnophos sordaria Thnbg.—a common insect usually to be seen in numbers in the evening. On July 1st I returned southwards to Lulea where I took fresh Argynnis selene Schiff and Argynnis eunomia ossianus Hbst. The following day at Overkalix, A. euphrosyne lapponica were flying in a grassy clearing together with Colias palaeno L. On July 3rd I stopped by the Pajala- Karesuando road, near Pajala, where A. ewphrosyne lapponica were common. There was great variation in the quantity of black wing pigment. All gradations occurred and this was clearly not an example of polymorphism. The darkest specimens were strikingly melanic and could be distinguished from the others even in flight. Examples of A. euphrosyne from Central and Southern Sweden closely resemble the English form. Ssp. lapponica has darker wings and this represents the northern section of a cline extending up through Scandinavia to Northern Lapland. (In the far N.W. of Lapland a lighter, smaller form occurs.) On the same day near Karesuando I took several Erebia disa Thnbg. flying over marshy eround. The next day, July 4th, was the last sunny day I had in Northern Lapland and I am told that it was overcast until about the 17th. I visited Saana which is a limestone mountain situated near the road at Kilpisjarvi. The neighbouring two mountains are also limestone as are others extend- ing in a N.E. direction. Pieris napi bicolorata Pet. were common. The females of this northern ssp. have yellow wings with veins heavily dusted with grey. Small numbers of Colias nastes werandi Zett. were out and are almost impossible to net when on the wing. Pyrgus andromedae Wallengr. LEPIDOPTERA IN LAPLAND V7 were flying in the same area as Titanio schrankiana Hochenw, which is a “micro” and can easily be confused with Sympistis zetterstedti Stgr. Neither S. zetterstedti nor Agriades glandon aquilinus Stgr. had yet emerged but were common at this locality on the same day in 1966. This latter insect is remarkable for its reduced degree of sexual dimorphism. The wings of both sexes are very similar in colour—a somewhat washed- out mixture of brown and blue. These last four insects are mainly confined to one part on Saana where the limestone is mixed with dolomite. All the insects I took this year on Saana were in immaculate condition. The next days were cloudy and virtually no Lepidoptera were in flight when I continued up to the North coast and back to Karesuando by the road from Alta. On July 8th, near Vitangi, I stopped at a marsh and during a sunny interval caught some Argynnis freija in perfect condition, as well as one Argynnis frigga Thnbg., Erebia disa and’ E. pandrose Esp. This year I did not see any Anarta spp. This group is of particular interest as in Lapland thirteen species are known to occur. Of these perhaps seven can be said to have a mainly subarctic distribution. Any visitor to Lapland will become aware of the similarity of the vegetation, and much of the terrain, with that of the Scottish Highlands. It would seem a strong possibility that one or more Anarta spp. remain to be discovered in Scotland. On June 29th 1966 I was fortunate in netting one Schoyenia (Anarta) quieta Hb. near Abisko. (See Entomologist, 1967, 100: 1). This insect had previously been taken only once before in Sweden (aiso near Abisko) although it has been found on different oceasions in North Finland. Abisko is one of the areas in Lapland which has been most often visited by entomologists. The moth is inconspicuous and cannot easily be identified in the field when in flight. In conciusion a brief mention must be made of Hyphoraia alpina Quens. It has been taken in Northern Siberia, Alaska and near Irkutsk. In 1799 one example was taken in Northern Lapland. In July 1962 Prof. Sotavalta caught a male flying on Saana. The following year he found an empty cocoon at the same locality. (For an acount in English see: Ann. Ent. _ Fenn. 28.4.1962, p. 182-185 and 29.4.1963, p. 254-257.) The next year another empty cocoon was found on a mountain a little east of Saana. Saana has been visited regularly by Finnish entomologists over the last few ‘decades and yet this large tiger-moth had not been seen. At rest it is certainly inconspicuous as the white mottling on the fore-wings must blend well with stone and lichen as a background. The reddish hind-wings are unlikely to be exposed when the insect is at rest. The moth probably flies on the summit plateaus of some mountains in this region. It is probably a day-flier and if its flight-time is short and late in the day it could be easily overlooked. Perhaps the most rewarding approach will prove to be a search for the hibernated larvae in June when the snow is melting. Although many Finnish collectors visit Finnish Lapland, and a few Swedes go to the Abisko district, the less accessible parts are soldom visited by collectors. One can only hope that the summer weather becomes more settled so that more entomologists feel encouraged to explore this exciting area. 8, Worcester Road, Sutton, Surrey. 78 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 61 15/111/69 Lepidoptera 1968 By T. W. HarRMANn To make a change in my annual collecting notes, I have decided to pick out more noteworthy events and field trips of the season. Because of this, I shall begin these notes on 16th April, when Mr. T. J. G. Homer and myself made the long trip from Henley-on-Thames to North Wales in search of Nyssia zonaria Schiff. and larvae of Amathes ashworthii Doubl. On arrival we called at Conway Golf Course to see whether there was any sign of N. zonaria. We found nothing during the first half hour, but then turned up one female. This was followed by two more females and one mate. We returned at dusk with a mercury vapour light to try for males, but without luck. By searching with a light I found one male sitting low down on a grass tussock. We then gave in and left for Sychnant Pass, still wondering how to find Zonaria in any numbers. The Pass was even more disappointing. There had been a long dry spell and plants were parched. The heather looked as if it were incapable of sup- porting anything. After about an hour and little to show for the effort, we retired to the Fairy Glen Hotel, small, but comfortable and handy for operations. The next afternoon, 17th April, we were again back on Con- way Golf Course, where I was nearly hit by a ball which had been sliced off the fairway by an incompetent golfer! We had more success on this occasion, but still found males hard to find; only three in the whole afternoon. The females seemed to occur in colonies, living in areas about ten yards in diameter. One of these was where the short, bare stems of dwarf rose pushed up through the grass. The moths crawled up these and could easily be seen moving about on the tips. The other area was in an old sand dune in which grew marram and a variety of other grasses. Here the females were low down on the marram grass stems, and we got one in the act of laying in an old grass stem sheath. Most were put into plastic containers with marram grass stems, where they laid freely, most of the ova being completely hidden under the sheaths. The next morning we were in some doubt about what to do. Homer decided to visit Beaumaris Castle as it was such a lovely day, and I opted for a walk up the Fairy Glen to return via Sychnant. In the Pass | I stopped again to try to find the answer to ashworthii. There were no | signs of larvae sunning themselves even though the sun was quite hot. The only foliage which seemed a possible foodplant was foxglove. The young plants grew among the loose rubble and had obviously been chewed in many instances. I therefore spent the rest of the morning | looking underneath the leaf clusters, and after an hour and a half found i the first characteristic larva of ashworthii. Very common were larvae of Eumichtis lichenea Htibn., of which I now have a lovely series. After | lunch we returned and set about the foxgloves in earnest, and in three © hours found three more larvae, all large. We may have been a little © late, or using the wrong collecting method. From the four larvae we i obtained three moths. Back in Derbyshire I decided to try for larvae of Parasemia plantaginis L. in Lathkill Dale. The whole family went there late in the afternoon, a sunny one, of the 24th April. The picnic basket was left at the bottom — of the slope, and everyone put to work looking for hairy caterpillars! My six-year-old son found the first of 13. They were not so common as might LEPIDOPTERA 1968 719 have been expected, but quite conspicuous as they crawled rapidly over the flat, matted grass tussocks. One was spotted walking up the side of the picnic basket by my four-year-old son while we sat eating in the warm sun. After eight years of visiting various British localities, I still think this dale contains some of the finest inland scenery to be seen anywhere. May was enlivened by the emergence of a series of Huphyia luctuata Schiff., the resuit of ova laid by a female in Orlestone Woods, Kent, on 22nd July 1967. They came through well and again emphasised the necessity for breeding species to obtain good specimens, particularly the Geometers. The family spent the first week in June at my father’s small farm at Turville Heath, Bucks. Two mercury vapour lights were used, one inside the beechwood, and one just outside. Most interesting was the number of Selenia lunaria Schiff. seen over the week, nearly a dozen being recorded, mostly inside the beechwood. The males appear to be restless in pillboxes, and I would advise immediate transference to the killing jar. Several I caught damaged themselves too much to be worth keeping. A female laid a number of ova, but these turned out to be largely infertile, only about eight hatching. I have two pupae at present and I am wondering if this is a typical result with this species, as I heard of another similar case. Other species of note during this week were large numbers of Discoloxia blomeri Curt. and a few Ectropis consonaria Hubn. On the 5th June Homer and myself tried beating for larvae of Strymonidia w-album Knoch on local wych-elms. I soon knocked three from one tree, but these were all we saw. We were obviously too late for these larvae. It gave me great pleasure later in the year to see the butterfly quite commonly in a piece of rough woodland where I used to find it commonly fifteen years ago. We also tried beating for larvae of Thecla betulae L. in various likely Chiltern localities but drew a blank. On the local moors with Mr. B. Elliott on 11th June, we had guite a surprise when a fresh male Harpyia bicuspis Borkh. arrived on his sheet. Our elevation was 1050 feet and the only trees in the area were a few stunted birches. The 15th June saw the arrival of Messrs. Skinner and | Chatelain for a hectic week-end’s collecting, the highlight of which was seeing the larvae of Orgyia recens Hubn. abundantly, but very locally, in an unlikely-looking Yorkshire locality. In a quest for the larvae of Gortyna petasitis Doubl., Elliott and I went to a local spot near a river in which the foodplant was plentiful. Digging proved much too hard and we then tried Elliott’s brilliant idea of cutting the stems at ground level, holding them to the sky, and looking up the hollow centres. If a larva was, or had been, present, its workings could easily be seen. These some- times went right up into the ribs of the leaf. Another key sign we found was that if a stem, on being cut, gushed water, there was aimost certainly ‘a larva present. These methods probably only work when collecting ‘larvae which are not full-grown as they burrow down into the roots later. The larvae seem to be able to stand severe conditions of high moisture, and we each got nearly a dozen moths through, later in the season. The 25th June found us in north Nottinghamshire, where we found the larvae of Hemaris fuciformis L. They were in a very confined area, a clearing among trees, and only on honeysuckle which was growing low among grasses. It seemed a most unlikely place and it was Elliott’s 80 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/ 111/69 wife who tound the original feed hole in a leaf after he had given up as a result of two hours of fruitless beating and searching. On the last day of June, we decided to make the long day-trip to the Lake District in search of Erebia epiphron Knoch. This was a particularly ambitious trip and we also wished to see Coenonympha tullia Mull. and Phothedes captiuncula Treits. on top of a journey of 180 miles each way! However, it was a lovely day and we got to a good locality for epiphron without incident. We had almost given up the butterfly, but were not high enough for some time. After reaching the 1800 foot contour we then » found them quite.commonly. They seemed to prefer flat areas between outcrops, and their condition was very mixed; the best plan appeared to be to net those which looked blackest, these were the fresh ones. We only just got off the mountain in time to quench our thirsts at a local public house, beating the clock by 30 seconds! We did include tullia in the day’s programme, but had to let captiuncula remain undisturbed, time being the limiting factor. Another ambitious trip was made to North Devon on 5th July for the week-end. Mr. R. G. Chatelain met us down there and, armed with various information, we set about collecting larvae of Lygephila craccae Schiff. as the main aim. On the Friday night, Elliott and Chatelain went to search a locality which had been surveyed by day, while I guarded four mercury vapour lamps on the rocky coast. The catch here included several Agrotis trux Hubn. which I wanted badly, but a breeze rather spoiled results at the cliff top. The others returned at about midnight with only 11 larvae and not very glowing reports. The next day we earried out a terrific programme which included a trip to Cornwall for Atolmis rubricollis L. We had the good fortune to find the moth sitting about on herbage by day and saw three dozen, mostly fresh, in an hour, after which we got rained off. A search for larvae of Hemaris tityus L. proved hopeless. It would appear to be a major task demanding more ~ time than we had available. That evening Elliott ran two lights at the » coastal station while Chatelain and I went back to the craccae spot. . Chatelain dropped me at the coast and then went back inland to try / j mercury vapour in a wooded locality. Here he took Mythimna turca L. | and some lovely light forms of Polia nebulosa Hufn. The problem with the craccae larvae was the steepness of the clifis : on which the foodplant grew. To overcome this I travelled as light as : possible, one hand torch, a white tin tray, and a few boxes in my / specially made large front anorak pocket. Instead of a stick for beating, | I used my hand. On my feet I wore wellington boots. These helped in i keeping a foothold on the loose soil and rock and protected ankles and | legs from rocks and brambles. In places it was necessary to kick foot- - holds in the slope to get to clumps of foodplant. This was easily the » hardest operation I have carried out in the field of collecting, and being | dark made things even worse. By experimenting, I found searching just as effective as beating, as I only found two larvae by beating which I had | not already seen. If disturbed they drop, wriggle violently and will most probably be lost among the shale. In about two hours I found a further | 19 larvae, which allowed us ten each. Their range in size was great, and we had fears for the smaller ones, especially with such a local foodplant, — We need not have worried, they preferred tufted vetch to their natural | food, and we got one hundred per cent. emergence. ! | LEPIDOPTERA 1968 81 While searching the cliffs I found another larva on wood vetch, which turned out to be Antitype xanthomista Hiibn. and a fine specimen of Ammogrotis lucernea L. If other collectors wish to obtain craccae larvae, -my advice is to survey the area by day, travel light, attend an Outward Bound course previously, and have a stiff shot of whisky before ascend- ing! The sound of small rocks clattering on the beach 50 feet below can be a little unnerving! It is a very fine species when bred, which is a first-class consolation. There may be places where wood vetch grows on more gentle slopes; ours was not one of them. Elliott did quite well with the other mercury vapour lights and his catch included four Laphygma | exigua Hiibn., one Heliothis peltigera Schiff., one A. lucernea, and some ‘more A. trux. The journey back on Sunday was made in pouring rain, and this heralded the West Country floods, so, in all, we had been very fortunate. The 20th July was another red-letter day when I found my first ever pair of Sphecia bembeciformis Htbn. in cop and about three feet high on -a sallow trunk in south Yorkshire. It was 10.30 a.m. on a dull, but warm day. Elliott accompanied me to the same spot the next day and we found another pair, the female just emerged, and the male buzzing around nearby. This started a daily visit to the locality, where there are plenty of old sallows. However, no sign of others was seen even when | conditions for emergence were apparently ideal. Homer and myself paid a fleeting visit to the spot on the 30th July and found another freshly emerged female, quite a flash in the pan! It would seem that this species has a long emergence period and hatches in small numbers at a time. Possibly it is affected by only small changes in temperature and humidity and we wondered whether pouring warm water around the bases of trunks would induce emergence? This locality is threatened with develop- ment in the very near future and we may never have the chance to try this experiment. Homer came up to Derbyshire for a few days on the 29th July and on the local moors obtained three full-grown larvae of Apatele menyanthidis View. as well as a number of other northern species he wanted. One of these was lucernea, and we discovered that it was partial to the flowers of cross-leaved heath, but was not attracted to mercury vapour light, even when feeding within its glare. On the 30th, we took two specimens of Venusia cambrica Curt. ab. bradeyi within five miles of Chesterfield, which proved that the Goyt Valley is not its only home. On the 3lst we had a most extraordinary night with mercury vapour light on the moors. Moths swarmed on the sheet and it was rather like being in a southern lowland locality on a good night. Homer wanted Plusia mterrogationis L. and we must have seen over 100 specimens, all in lovely condition. The first week in August saw us back at my father’s farm and some interesting species were seen here including one female Xanthorhoe quadrifasciata Clerck, one worn male Amathes stigmatica Esp., Nycteola revayana Scop., Cosmia affinis L. and a single Rhyacia simulans Hufn., obviously a female, but I only risked keeping her for two days, in which time she did not lay. We moved down to Kent on the 11th August, and I ran one mercury vapour light in my mother-in-law’s garden. Upon arrival I was handed a female Mormo maura L., and although fed and kept well for three weeks, she failed to lay. That night I visited Sand- 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 wich Bay, which is not far away, and searched marram grass heads and buddleia blossom. One patch of marram was covered in moths, compris- ing about ten species, of which Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. was the best. The buddleia close by yielded a rather different variety of species with Eiixoa tritici L. the commonest species and E. nigricans L. a close second. The next day at Sandwich Bay, butterflies were numerous, especially on buddleia. Vanessa cardui L. was quite common and one Polygonia c- album L. was seen. We moved to Walmer to look round the beach. Valerian and buddleia grow here on the shingle and the buddleia bushes, | though small, were covered with cardui. Back in the garden I saw Celastrina argiolus L. flying around buddleia and that night, the best of the mercury vapour light catch were two Leucania straminea Treits., one | Nonagria dissoluta Treits. and two worn Lygris prunata L. Two more » argiolus were seen in the garden on the 13th. On the 17th I travelled to Dungeness with my brother-in-law. We wanted to try some beach fish- ing, and I wanted to see if any larvae of H. peltigera could be found. They were abundant, and in a square yard at one place we found 14. Our fishing part of the trip was not successful—cold wind and no fish driving us home at midnight instead of dawn. The family visited Si. Margaret’s Bay on the 18th, where I again saw argiolus and took a fresh Stenodes alternata Steph. at rest. We came back to my parents on the 19th, and I took a female Amathes stigmatica Huibn. at light. Although I obtained fertile ova, the resulting larvae died when I tried to force them. While helping my father in a large, private garden locally, we noted dozens of Nymphalis io L. on Buddleia. My father said he had | never seen so many, so they must have had an exceptional year. We also saw argiolus in the same garden. Back in Derbyshire at the end of the month we were joined by Homer who stayed at the Peacock Inn at Rowsley. He had the good fortune to take a specimen of Eurois occulta L. in his trap there on the 27th August. He also took G. petasitis, Atethemia xerampelina Esp. and Antitype chi L. On the moors that night we saw P. interrogationis and a single > Lithomoia solidaginis Hubn. Determined to do better with the last species, Elliott and I went up to the moors by day on the 31st August. We searched stone walls, but it was hard work. A few were found, and these nearly all on one piece of wall, about a hundred yards in length. Orgyia antiqua L. occurred in one area, in thousands. All stages of the moth occurred together, males were flying in the sunshine while larvae stripped the ° bilberry growing along the base of the wall. The vast majority of larvae : had a virus disease, which was probably fortunate, or the whole of Derby- - shire might have been eaten bare! The next day I went back again for © solidaginis and managed to get a female which laid two small batches of ova. Returning on the 3rd September yielded three more solidaginis : and three Oporinia filigrammaria H.-S. On the 12th September Elliott and I made another long trip, this = time to Dorset where we stayed at our usual hotel at Durleston. We had high hopes of migrants, but none of note were seen, either at Durleston or at Portland. We saw Lysandra bellargus Rott. in two fairly widely . separated localities and, in south Wiltshire, we saw vast hordes of insects 2 —- a — ee flying over flowers of devil’s bit scabious on the Downs. One could look | up the hillside and see at least 50 Plusia gamma flying at one time with quantities of Aglais urticae L. and even a few Lysandra coridon Poda MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 83 | which included a pair in cop. No bellargus were seen in this locality _ which, I believe, was once famous for the species. We made the trip to Portland on the 14th, and tried sugar as well as two mercury vapour lights. Sugar was rather disappointing; the first round showed moths to be coming on well, but about two hours later most posts were blank. Our main quarry was Leucochlaena hispida Gey. and while searching open cliff faces on which short grass was growing, I found the moth very commonly; it was easier to get by this method than at mercury vapour light. The final outing of the year was to Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire, | on the 5th October. Conditions were good to start with, but the moon rose _in a clearing sky and forced a halt by 9.30 p.m. However, we did see three _Anchoscelis helvola L. and two very large female Enargia paleacea Esp., neither of which laid. The final noteworthy event of 1968 was the birth of our fourth speci- men of Homo sapiens on 2nd December. This will probably be sufficient H to complete the series of this species as they take up such a lot of space! 26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbys. 28.i.1969. Maniola (Epinephile) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) and its Forms | By GEORGE THOMSON (continued from page 58) C. The Central European Group The distinctive characteristics of jurtina from the area now under | discussion (i.e., all of the Continent of Europe excluding Spain and the _ areas in which the typical sub-species is found) are not easy to determine in a species so variable. Generally speaking, however, these could be listed as (a) larger size than typical jurtina but smaller than hispulla Esp. (b) greater development of fulvous in the female but less so than in the Southern Group | (c) its closer relationship to the typical sub-species than hispulla in its smaller size and less robust appearance. | The situation is complicated mostly by the fact that jurtina does not | form sub-species which are conveniently separated from each other by simple clines and by the fact that environmental influences cause very different populations to spring up fairly close to each other while, in some cases, over a stretch of a thousand miles the species could be virtually homogeneous. In many areas, too, altitude produces forms different from those close to sea level. There are several ways of looking at the situation throughout Central Europe, depending upon the form of the species with which one is most familiar. From our point of view it is best to consider phormia as the widespread form throughout central and parts of southern Europe from which other races differ—to the north in the form of a rather gradual cline towards the typical sub-species, to the south towards hispulla and its related races and to the east towards telmessiaeformis Vrty. As one goes north from Normandy into Belgium the cline to the 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 typical jurtina is a relatively straightforward one, with the butterflies becoming smaller and, in the female, a little less marked with fulvous. To the south of France the cline is composed of phormia, transitional speci- mens and individuals portraying hispulla-like characteristics. In Italy, Austria, the Balkans and Asia Minor the position is very much more complicated for it is here that the usual sub-specific concept breaks down. Although phormia tends towards hispulla to the south west of this area, towards jurtina to the north and to telmessiae in the east, individuals of any of these variants crop up almost anywhere in the region—often forming a considerable proportion of the populations. For example, hispulla-like specimens appear in a few spots on the Aegean Coast, while in one or two north Italian localities some populations consist of a large proportion of typical jurtina. Clearly this situation is not adequately catered for in our present system of nomenclature and it is with this — reservation in mind that I proceed to discuss the ways by which the | other Central European races vary from phormia. As one comes lower down the mountains of northern and central Italy, Jugosiavia and Greece phormia becomes larger and takes on some of the hispulla characters—particularly the extent of fulvous on the upperside. This has been named praehispulla by Verity who also described emihispulla as a further development towards hispulla as is found in Western Asia Minor, the low lying areas of the Balkans and the Island of Elba. Emihispulia differs from praehispulla only in the larger area of | fulvous on the upperside hindwings of the female of the former race. In the east of Europe the cline from the typical sub-species through Estonia and Latvia is a long one and becomes strandiana Obratzov, a rather larger form in the Kiev, Transylvanian and Crimean areas. S.sp. phormia Fruh. 1909, Int. Ent. Zeitschr. 3 p. 121. Like many of the earlier original descriptions, that of this race is hardly adequate as it | refers to a population of a limited area but has since been extended to cover the butterflies in a very extensive area. It was originally described from the South Tyrol as being a form showing some hispulla characters. | Its size is larger than jurtina from Sweden but smaller and with a more acute apex than pra2hispulla while the male has a more reddish apical patch. The fulvous of the female, however, is paler and more extensive than that of the typical sub-species. Phormia occupies a position in Central Europe with typical jurtina to the north, hispulla to the south and telmessiaeformis to the east with | its range also bordering on those of strandiana, praehispulla, emihispulla — and miscens, tending to take on characters of these races where its range ' comes close to theirs. This race is so variable throughout its range that it undoubtedly is in fact several races, but much work is necessary here » —particularly on the French races. Locality: France to Normandy in the north, and the Pyrenees in the south, the uplands of north and central Italy, and the hills of the Balkans, Greece and Asia Minor, also the Tyrol from which the race was described. [meridionalis Pionneau was described as a form (1924, Bull. Soc. Sc. Nat. Ouest. IV, p. 58) having a colour much darker than the specimens from central France. However, as Verity points out (1953, Le Farfalle diurne d'Italia, vol. 5, pp. 268-9) that the name is only doubtfully sub-specific, | and is probably synonymous with phormia.] MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 8) S.sp. strandiana Obratzov, 1936, Festschr. E. Strand, 1, p. 638, is a race of large size (in comparison with the typical sub-species from Sweden). Obratzov gives the dimensions of the typical sub-species as 40-42 mm. in the male and 42-46 mm. in the female. This is much smaller than my Swedish jurtina and less than the figures given in textbooks on the butterflies of Scandinavia. Moreover, jurtina from the Netherlands and North Germany is larger than the Swedish insects. The description of the male—including the size—is of a typical specimen. In the female, however, the difference is more apparent. Firstly the apical eyspot is larger in this race while the fulvous areas of the forewings stand out far less sharply than in the typical subspecies. This, combined with the larger size, should distinguish most strandiana from the typical race. Locality: Eastern Russia, Crimea, Bessarabia and Podolia. Actual localities mentioned include Kiev, Kherson and Transvania. Inter- mediates are found in Estonia (Reval) and Latvia and represent a cline towards the typical sub-species which is found on the other side of the Gulf of Finland. S.sp. praehispulla Vrty. 1921. Ent. Rec., 33, p. 210. The shape of the forewings is more round apically than in phormia and the outer margin is somewhat curved. It is larger than phormia but also very variable. The male nearly always has a patch of fulvous below the apical eyespot while the female has little or no yellow on the hind- wings. | Locality: The lower slopes of the mountains in Greece to a transition with emihispulla in the north (Olympia), probably most of lowland -Jugoslavia and all of Italy except the mountains and the far north. Actual localities mentioned are Calabria, Emelia, Ligura, Querci, Piano di Carmelia, South Lazio, Aspromonte and Tuscany. S.sp. emihispulla Vrty. 1919. Ent. Rec., 31, p. 123. This race is similar to praehispulla in size, in the apical eyespot and in general colouring. The main difference is in the greater development of the fulvous on the upperside hindwings of the female, or in the discal area of the forewings. However, individuals are found which are in- separable from phormia and others which are very close to hispulla. Locality: Elba and the lowlands of Asia Minor (west) and the Balkan States south to Thessalonika and Olympia. H _D. The Southern Group ' The situation in the Southern group of sub-species is only a little less / complicated than the Central group. However, the distinction between these two groups is in itself a comparatively clear-cut one. Indeed, it ‘has even been suggested that the genitalia of hispulla varies from that of the typical sub-species, but I have been unable to confirm this. Super- | ficially the southern races have a more robust appearance which is more | difficult to describe than to recognise. The strong development of the _fulvous areas is characteristic but in this respect cantabrica is an excep- | tion. The races miscens, hispulla and fortunata represent three gradations ' each one characterised by the degree of fulvous displayed on the upper- rr of the female, reaching a magnificence in the Canary Island form. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1IT/69 86 oo eleunjio} e|jndsiy sugos!W eoliqejueo B})Ndsiyi014100 2\|ndsiyaeid eyndsiyiwea elwjoud euelpurdys wwnpiialsseo saulal enipuayjds slejnsul KXXO ‘TELJUS) (GIVW) YHUGLEY FU} gU voUCK puTS GurpeiegerE wap we solu a MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 87 Both cantabrica and corfiothispulla represent two races which could best be described as untypical of the group, but obviously belonging to it. In the male of all the southern races the androconial brand is strongly defined standing out strongly on a somewhat differently coloured ground. The shape, too, is rather more pointed showing a relationship in this respect to the eastern telmessiaeformis Vrty. but in this latter race these characters are even more pronounced. The females have rather dentate hindwings while the forewing outer margins tend to be concave. The underside forewing of the male is more often unicolorous than even slightly contrasty, though a very weak transverse line between the sub- apical and discal areas is often present. The female has a very well developed transverse line—much more so than in the Central European Group but only slightly more than in the Atlantic races. The reason why the sub-species cantabrica and corfiothispulla have developed along rather individual lines is in some ways not hard to understand as both have evolved in areas which are to a certain extent isolated from the popula- tions of the surrounding areas. In the case of the Corfiote form this isola- tion is complete, but not so with cantabrica which is separated from the Spanish hispulla only to the south of its range by the Cantabrian Moun- tains. What is more difficult to understand is why jurtina has evolved in these localities but has not in many others where conditions are as much suited to evolution of this nature. S.sp. corfiothispulla Graves. 1933. Entomologist, 66, p. 180. In the markedly scalloped margin of the hindwings and well-developed androconial brand this race resembles hispulla and fortunata but the extent of fulvous is more often than not confined to a ring around the apical eyespot. The underside colouring is overall more uniform in colour than other Southern races with a very inconspicuous transverse line on the forewings. Even this is sometimes lacking. The female resembles hispulla in the extent of the fulvous though on the hindwings is rather more suffused with dark scaling. The underside also is hispulla- form. The most striking feature of this race is its size which is in the male about the same as fortunata (c. 56:0 mm.) but in the female the largest of the group averaging 61:7 mm. with some specimens as large as the giant race megela Obthr. from Akbes and (?) Marmarice. The largest of Graves’ series was 66 mm. Locality: The Island of Corfu. S.sp. cantabrica Agenjo. 1934. Eos, 9, p. 313, fig. —. The principal characteristics of this sub-species are found in the female. In comparison with hispulla it is much darker with the upperside forewing discal fulvous area almost totally obliterated by the ground colour. The apical eyespot is variable as in the other races of the area. The fulvous below the apical ocelli appears to be incomplete and in some cases disappears altogether. This greater diffusion of the ground colour at the expense of the fulvous markings is similar to that in praehispulla, but examples of this race when compared with cantabrica never display a reddish tone. Specimens from Austria and France are as close to the Italian races as this sub-species is to the Spanish hispulla. The under- side of the forewings, however, is of a much hotter colour than those of hispulla in both sexes. Agenjo states that this is a characteristic of all the Epinephile of the Cantabrian region. The male is identical to hispulla in all respects except those which I have already mentioned. 88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111 /69 Specimens close to hispulla are found flying with cantabrica but the pro- portion is small. Locality: Described from Camargo (Santander) but comprises a fair proportion of the jurtina to the north of the Cantabrian Mountains. S.sp. miscens Verity, 1953, loc. cit., p. 268. This is a heterogenous race in which the main characters of the Southern Group are found (i.e. extensive fulvous markings particularly that on the hindwings) but in which specimens more close to praehispulla are found as a somewhat smaller proportion of the population. The fulvous is generally a little less extensive than in the Spanish race, while the apical eyespot has a tendency to be of a size more akin to praehispulla. Locality: Described from near Nice. The population of the Maritime Alps and much of south east France belongs to this race. Its northern extent is not given by Verity but my specimens from St. Etienne, Valence and Gap agree in every respect with his description and with those from Vaucluse. S.sp. hispulla Esper, 1805, Schmett., II, p. 11, pl. 119, f, 1, 2. Htibner, 1805, Sammung Eur. Schm., p. 27, f. 593-6. (see Verity 1953, loc. cit. p. 261.) Wings dark brown with a large apical eyespot which is often diffuse in the female. The fulvous marking of this sex is extensive in both fore and hindwings. The discal area is mostly taken up by this colouring, and the underside hindwings have a greyish band tinted with violet and edged inwardly with a line of ‘brick-brown’ (‘Hiibner’s line’). This light band is sometimes with a row of small ‘points’ circled with yellowish. The under- side forewings display a very well marked dark transverse line which strikingly divides the discal and sub-apical areas. The male is similar to the other southern races with rather pointed forewings and well defined androconial brand. Locality: The population of Spain to Catalonia and the Cantabrian Mountains, Portugal (type locality), Majorca and the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and probably also Corsica. The form from Malta, though applic- able to this race, approaches fortunata in some respects more than hispulla from other localities. S.sp. fortunata Alpheraky, 1889. Mem. Roman, 5, p. 222, pl. 11, f. 4. Fortunata is larger than hispulla, a fact which in itself should distin- quish most specimens. However, the male has a magnificent golden gloss in the apical area on a deep blackish brown ground which is not present in most hispulla. The hindwings are dentate as in the Spanish race. In the 4 female the extensive fulvous markings in the sub-apical areas are usually | broken by the ground colour along the nervures. The apical eyespot itself | is large and usually bipupilled. The basal area of the underside hindwings is dark vividly contrasting with the sometimes bluish tinted light medial band. The size of the male is about 1 mm. larger in the male and 2-5 mm. © larger in the female the average hispulla—¢ ¢ 56:00 mm. and 9 Q 59:96 © mm. Locality: The Canary Islands, Palaearctic Africa and Sicily. Specimens approaching fortunata are said to occur in the south of Portugal. E. The Eastern Group. ; With the Eastern races we come up against tremendous difficulties both MANIOLA (EPINEPHILE) JURTINA (L.) (LEP. SATYRIDAE) AND ITS FORMS 89 as far as material in the form of specimens is concerned and in the complications which have arisen around published descriptions of the races. In the first place telmessia Zell., which was described from Cyprus, adjacent Asia Minor and the ‘East’, was found to be a true species. It was then found that the form from Cyprus was distinct (cypricola Graves). Specimens resembling telmessia but with the genitalia of jurtina were named telmessiaeformis Vrty. but the range of this race was not made clear. From the information I have gathered it appears that the large specimens of megela Obthr. turn up almost anywhere in the region often flying with specimens of another race. The area in which these Eastern races fly includes Asia Minor, the Turco-Syrian borderland and North Persia to the Caspian sea. However, with the exception of a few actual localities in these areas the actual range of the species is not very well documented. There is not one character which distinguishes the Eastern races from the other groups. The general characteristics are similar to hispulla—in size and the extent of the fulvous—but there are exceptions to this. How- ever, the spotting on the underside hindwings of both sexes, but particu- larly in the male, is very well developed. Clearly all that can be attempted here is to gather together the facts which are available. As I said when I began this paper there is much work to be done on this insect—particularly in the East, and I hone that the following information, though limited, will provide a basis for what could be a very interesting and worthwhile study. S,sp. megela Obthr. 1909. Lep. Comp., III, p. 387. This is the largest geographical race of jurtina for which Graves (1933, Entomologist, 66, pl. 181) quotes figures of 63:80 mm. for the male and 65:22 mm. for the female. The hindwings are very dentate and on the underside of the male are grey or yellow-grey with un to five small ocelli which are sometimes white pupilled. In the female, according to the original des- eription, there is very little fulvous scaling, but this must be a comparative statement as a majority of Graves’ specimens have these markings in two _interspaces on the hindwings. Therefore, when compared with specimens 7 from Portugal or the Canaries, and probably also specimens from sur- | rounding areas, they are much more poorly marked in this respect. The apical eyespot is very well developed and there often additional spots below this (f. addenda Mousley). Locality: Described from Akbes. Graves gives Shar Deresy on the Turco-Syrian borderland as a locality from this race and also suggests that specimens from Marmarice in south west Asia Minor belong to this race. It is found flying with the next race forming a large proportion of | the population in the ‘Amanus meridional’. S.sp. maraschi Pfeiffer, 1932. Mitt. Miinch. E. G., 22, p. 24. This is another large race, but it does not attain the dimensions of megela. The male is said to resemble slightly those from the Riviera (pre- sumably only in the pattern of the upperside) though the apical eyespot | is always white pupilled. The underside of the forewings is yellow-brown with the marginal areas very narrow. The underside hindwings are ‘earth-brown’ with the light medial band scarcely visible. Four or five 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/I11/69 orange circled spots are always present on the band. In the female the fulvous markings are well developed (about the same as in hispulla) and appear lighter around the apical eyespot. The underside of the forewings of this sex is said to be similar to that of the uvperside with an addition ocellus sometimes appearing below the apical one. The ground colour of the hindwings on the underside is chocolate brown, tinted with violet, with a well defined light medial band. The black points, when present, are small. Locality: Described from Marasch—other localities are not given than that mentioned under s.sp. megela. S.sp. telmessiaeformis Vrty. 1919. Ent. Rec., 31, p. 124. The scent patch in the male of this race (and telmessia) reaches vein 3 standing out strongly because of the extension of the fulvous markings | below the apical eyespot and towards the discal area. The forewings | are rather less acutely pointed than in the Southern races. The discal patch on the forewings of the female is bright ‘foxy brown’. The genitalia differs from that of telmessia. Locality: Very difficult to ascertain, but it is certainly found in the | part of Asia Minor lying opposite Cyprus. However, it is not clear whether | or not telmessiaeformis is to be found in the areas where the races of telmessia fly. If this is so this sub-species should also be taken in | North Persia and Kurdistan. S.sp. persica Le Cerf 1912. Bull. Soc. Ent. France, p. 227. The male resembles hispulla on the upperside but the ground colour | is brighter with fairly well developed fulvous markings. The apical eye- spot is small and the androconial brand very well developed reaching | vein 3. The underside forewings are unicolorous with wide and regular | margins. The apical ocelli are larger on the underside than on the! upperside and are ringed with yellow. The hindwings are uniformly grey with a diffuse medial band on which are two rather large spots circled | with yellow. The female is similar to the typical sub-species but larger | and the fulvous markings are broken up by the nervures. Rarely this | colour invades the discal area. Locality: Iran Plateau and the western mountains of Persia. S.sp. ghilanica Le Cerf 1913. Ann. Hist. Nat., II, p. 43, pl. V, f. 18, 19.) This race is similar to persica but differs in the genitalia. The wings | are more rounded and of a colder ground colour, particularly in the) male. In both sexes the apical eyespot is larger, especially in the female. Locality: The moist wooded regions on the shores of the Caspian Sea —Seilan-Kelahe, Seng-e-Serck and Sia-Khani. In concluding this paper, which I hope has helped to clear up some of) the confusion which surrounds this species, I would like to repeat the plea which I have made throughout not to neglect this interesting species.’ Reports from the east of Europe, the Mediterranean Islands and the East would be particularly valuable, and specimens sent to me from anywhere throughout jurtina’s range would be most welcome. However, if this paper has not stirred at least some small interest in this butterfly it will not have been entirely my fault. 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perthshire. 13-x-1968. A DISAPPOINTING DAY AT PORTHGWARRA 91 A Disappointing Day at Porthgwarra By R. M. PAYNE Ever since becoming interested in the Orthoptera, many years ago, I have been fascinated by W. J. Lucas’s remarks about Phaneroptera fal- cata (Poda) in West Cornwall. On page 199 of his Monograph of the British Orthoptera (1920) he cites two circumstantial records of this European bush-cricket, one for Porthgwarra in 1881 and one for Sennen Cove in 1884. His concluding comment has always appealed to me as a challenge: “There is, therefore, a chance of this insect being given a recognised postion in our list, if some enterprising entomologist will search the Land’s End district at the end of summer”. But Land’s End is a very long way from home, and it was not until 1967 that a family holiday found me in Cornwall at the right time of year. As soon as this holiday was arranged I made a mental vow that it must include a day at Porthgwarra. Porthgwarra was chosen rather than Sennan Cove on two grounds: it seemed likely to be the less populous place of the two, and the locality given by Lucas was more specific—‘at rest On grass near a footpath’. So on 29th August 1967, a warm sunny day, we drove down to Land’s End from our lodgings at St. Austell, and after the obligatory visit to Land’s End itself I manoeuvred the family along the few miles of lanes to the southernmost tip of the Land’s End peninsula at Porthgwarra, where the younger members were soon deposited safely in a sandy cove. Some years previously I had come into possession of a continental Specimen of the Phaneroptera, so I knew what to look for; and indeed this long-winged, slim green insect is quite different from any other Bush-cricket. As soon as the very minimum time had been wasted over the con- sumption of food, I began what were perhaps the most engrossing few hours of that whole summer. Along all the available footpaths I meandered, over the cliff tops, down cliff faces where they were acces- sible, inland through the gorse and even up the one metalled road (which may well have been only a footpath in 1881). The coast here is Strikingly beautiful, tall Tree Mallows on the rocks, the cliffs festooned with flowering mats of “Mesembryanthemum” (Carpobrotus edulis), and the stones below the blue waters streaked with bold colours. But of course I had no time for aesthetic idling: the hunt was up! The day was ideal for the detection of Orthoptera, and I was glad to find that the passing of years had not deadened my ears to the sounds of stridulation. The Common Field Grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus _(Thunberg) and the Meadow Grasshopper C. parallelus (Zett.) occurred commonly over the whole area, and in the dry heathland on the cliff tops the little Mottled Grasshopper Myrmeleotettix maculatus (Thun- berg) was plentiful. Several specimens of the plump green Speckled Bush-Cricket Leptophyes punctatissima (Bosc) were noticed sitting on Stinging Nettle leaves by the side of a path. My heart-beats quickened when I heard an unfamiliar stridulation amongst a tangle of Bracken, Wild Carrot and long grass on the cliff top just east of the village, but alas! this was soon traced to a colony of the 92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 Grey Bush-Cricket Platycleis denticulata (Panzer), which I had not come across since a holiday in Dorset several years previously. Later in the afternoon I found another colony of this species in Purple Moor- grass (Molinia coerulea) on a dried-un Sphagnum bog half-way down the cliff to the west of Porthgwarra. A few hundred yards inland was a steen piece of waste land where some ruined cottages had become overgrown with scrubby vegetation (of which Large Bindweed was the most consnicuous element). Here was a vociferous colony of our finest Orthonteron, the Great Green Bush-Cricket Tettigonia viridissima L. But the day drew to its inexorable close, and there was no sign of Phaneroptera falcata. Nevertheless, all experienced Orthopterists will know how very local our Bush-Crickets can be, even within an area in which they are plentiful, so perhaps I am entitled to a faint hope that a colony many still persist near some remoteovergrown footpath I failed to reach. Or must we accept, as a recent authority would have, that “the two old records - - - are inadequate - - - for the acceptance of this insect as British’? Westwood, Highwalls Avenue, Dinas Powis, Glamorgan. Aggregations of Agonum dorsale Pontoppidan (Col. Agonini) on Lindisfarne (Holy Island) By B. R. BENHAM Although the gregarious behaviour of Agonum dorsale has been reported several times in the past, notably by Southwood, 1963, and Muggleton, 1966, I feel that the large aggregations of this species which were observed on Holy Island are worthy of mention. While on a bird watching visit to Holy Island on the 1st February 1969, I was walking (South to North) along a path on the extreme Eastern side of the Island within fifty yards of the sea, and could not help but notice the numbers of large stones which had fallen from the dry-stone wall border- ing the path. Realizing that the undersides of these would form a suitable | habitat for insect life, I proceeded to lift some of these stones, and although several had sunk up to two inches into the soil, on lifting them I was, in || many cases, greeted by the rapid dispersal of seemingly countless numbers + of the beetle Agonum dorsale. The maximum number that I was able to count was fifty plus individuals under one stone which was embedded | about one inch into the soil, and about one hundred square inches in area, | while numbers from five to forty were recorded under several similar © sized stones in the near vicinity. In a few cases single specimens of — Nebria brevicollis Fabricius (which Linssen refers to as an inland species), . were found in the centres of Agonum aggregations. The large size of these aggregations may be due to the fact that there » are few suitable overwintering shelters on this exposed Island, and that | not only do these stones from the wall form a suitable hide-away (the soil beneath these stones was unfrozen, while that at ground level was quite hard), but the wall itself-(the stones being within a yard or two of the | DASYCHIRA FIDJIENSIS M. & V. BIOLOGY AND WING PATTERN FORMATION 93 wall) forms an excellent shelter from the extremely violent and cold winds. And I have little doubt that further investigation would have revealed even larger aggregations than those which I have recorded. REFERENCES southwood, T. R. E. 1963. Life of the Wayside anid Woodland. Warne, London. Muggleton, J. 1966. Gregarious behaviour of Agonwmn dorsale. Bull. amat. Lnt. Soc., 25: 53. Linssen, E. F. 1959. Beetles of the British Isles. Warne, London. 9 Victoria Terrace, Durham City. Dasychira fidjiensis M. & V. (Lep., Lymantriidae) biology and wing pattern formation By GabEN S. RosBINnson, F.R.E.S. (Department of Zoology, University of Durham) Dasychira fidjiensis Mabille and Vuillot (1890): Novitates Lepidoptero- logicae, 1, p. 5, pl. 1: 2. D. fidjiensis is a polymorphic Lymantriid endemic to Fiji. It has been - collected on the islands of Viti Levu, Vanua Levu (T. H. C. Taylor) and Taveuni (H. S. Evans). On Viti Levu it is a common species, frequently taken at light but preferring to alight on an illuminated wall rather _than enter an M.V. trap. The larva has been found on Psidium littorale _Raddi and Rhizophora mangle L. (mangrove). In jungle its foodplant is probably Crossostylis spp. It is apparently continuous-brooded. H. S. Robinson and I bred D. fidjiensis on Rhizophora. The life-history is as _ follows: Ovum: 8 days. Spherical, creamy brown, with a black-brown cap, two wide brown bands below the cap, the lower band equatorial. 1st Instar: 5 days. 2nd Instar: 4 days. 3rd Instar: 10 days. 4th Instar: 15 days. At the end of the fourth instar the larva is about 50 mm. long, clothed with fine white hairs with longer \ black hairs intermingled. There are six orange-brown “shaving } brushes” on the back, one per segment. On the penultimate segment there is a black hair-pencil with a white tip. 5th Instar: (females only) 15 days. Larva similar to fourth instar. Pupa: 14 days. Emergence is usually at about 7.30 p.m. j | Because of the staggered emergence of males and females it is difficult to obtain an F2 generation and fidjiensis is extremely reluctant to mate in captivity. These factors have hampered investigation of the genetics of the species. D. fidjiensis is polymorphic; females are larger than the males and t fairly consistent in wing patterning but the males exhibit a startling variety of forms. Major variation of the males can be accounted for by | the postulated existence of four pairs of alleles or groups of linked | the frequencies of the different patterns of a long series of wild specimens also support it. The major genes affecting wing patterning are as 94 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 | 15/111/69 follows. A capital letter denotes a dominant gene, a small letter a | recessive. | D: produces grey speckling over the whole of the forewing and outlines the reniform. d: is only a partial recessive. A dd homozygote has white forewings and a Dd heterozygote has faint speckling. B: gvies rise to black submarginal, postmedial, submedial and basal lines. A DD8B (or DDBb) specimen does not show the lines clearly— they tend to be masked by the grey dots. b: A bb specimen lacks these lines except for faint traces at the costa. S: has no effect on wing pattern. s: lays down black or deep brown bands on the distal edge of the postmedial, the colour concentrated at the inner angle, and between ! the submedial and basal lines. In a bb specimen the dark enclosing | lines are absent but the band is unaffected. G: produces a “ghosting” of the lines controlled by B. A finer line is } laid down about 1 mm. to either side of the B-lines. This effect tends | to be smothered by the grey speckling of a DD specimen. In the | case of a bb specimen the “ghost” lines are still present, flanking a | faint ‘“B-line.” g: A gg homozygote lacks the ghost lines. The number of discernible forms made available by this system is | nineteen. So far, all specimens caught or bred fit into a definite category. All these genes are probably about equally common but varieties pro- | duced by a number of recessive characters appear to be rare for. recessives in heterozygous form are masked. In addition a DD combination masks a number of varieties giving a single phenotype with several possible genotypes. The wild specimens so far captured run | from an albino (ddbbSSgg) to a grey-speckled form with black-edged || brown “shoulder-bands” and postmedial bands, the edge of the bands) very faintly “ghosted” (DDBBssGG). The typical form is a combination’ of all the dominants (DDBBSSGG), a grey-speckled moth with indistinct) transverse lines. There appear to be several genes of very minor effect controlling the | density of colouration on the hindwing and the density of overall|. pigmentation on the forewing. These have not been investigated owing | to the difficulty of detection of their effects. However, mention should’ be made of one aberration, a unique specimen with a ddbbSSGG fore-. wing. its hindwing clouded all over with black. All other specimens | have a grey or brown termen to the hindwing, the rest of the hindwing | field being white. In some bred families, females have been totally) absent indicating a sex-linked lethal gene or genes. Mortality occurred) in the egg stage. In another family 34 ova of a total of 51 failed to hatch |! (in another batch obtained at the same time all ova hatched) and thei adults of this family consisted of seven males and four females. The reason for polymorphism is D. fidjiensis is not at all clear to me.’ There appears to be nothing for fidjiensis to mimic in any of its forms’ and I cannot conceive of a situation in which this variety of patterns could be at all beneficial as camouflage. There are no common insecti- | vorous birds which might be predators (except for the recently introduced mynah) and it may be this very lack of natural selection that permits | Dasychira fidjiensis to retain its bewildering multiplicity of forms. } : : f L \ t NOLES AND OBSERVATIONS 95 Notes and Observations A NorasLe VARIETY OF BISTON BETULARIA (Ent. Record, 80: 329).—On August 24th 1952, I tock at light here a similar varicty of Biston betularia L. with forewings as ab. carbonaria and normal hindwings. This was shown at the Annual Exhibition of the British (then South London) Ent. and Nat. Hist. Society later that year, but it aroused little interest at the time. I therefore supposed it to be a not uncommon form and took no further action. B. betularia is a very common moth here, and this is the only example of this form that I have taken in 22 years, so no doubt it is very rare—Air Marshal Sir Ropert SAuNpDBy, Oxleas, Burghclere, nr. Newbury, Berks. 18.i1.1969. OcCURRENCE OF ADOXOPHYES ORANA F. v. R. AT CAMBERWELL, LONDON.— A male of this tortricid moth occurred in the light trap in my garden on the night of 7th September 1968. This moth was first recorded in England by Miss J. R. Groves at the East Malling Research Station, Kent, in the year 1950 and an account of her discovery was published in Ent. Mon. Mag., 87: 259. J. D. Bradley wrote a full account of the species, in- cluding a plate and drawings in the Entomologist @5: 1-4. S. N. A. Jacobs next recorded the moth in his garden at Bromley, Kent (Ent. Record, 64: 86-87). This was followed by a note in 1953 by H. C. Huggins (Ent. Record, 65: 360-1) stating that he had taken a number of the second brood at light at Westcliff on Sea. A. A. Allen recorded having taken three specimens at Blackheath, Kent, in 1956 (Ent. Record, 71: 153). Other specimens have probably been taken since, but I have seen no records of the species in the 1960’s, which has prompted me to write this note. No females nave yet been recorded at light. Larvae are apparently fairly easy find on apple trees where the moth occurs. It | seems to me that this moth might easily be overlooked and mistaken for a more common species; possibly this note will result in a few more records coming to hand. Luckily it does not appear likely to become a serious pest as it did in some places on the continent.—S. WAKELY, 26 Finsen Road, London, S.E.5. 4.ii.1969. ORGYIA ANTIQUA L. aT LIGHT. — I was most interested to read Dr. C. G. M. de Worms’s note in the December Record (80: 327) since, at ca. 2300 hrs. on September 29th 1967, I was quite as surprised as he was a year later to find that a vapourer had been attracted to the light of the blended bulb in my garden.—G. A. Pyman, “Treyarnon,’ The Ridge, Little Baddow, Essex. THERA VARIATA SCHIFF. IN Essex.—In the first week of September 1968, F. B. and Miss C. M. Murray caught a Thera at light in their Little Baddow garden. I provisionally identified it for them as a grey spruce carpet and am pleased to say that Mr H. C. Huggins subsequently con- firmed the identification, adding that the insect belonged to the nominate | continental race. There are several spruce nurseries in the immediate | vicinity, but so far as I can ascertain this is the first Essex record of this very local species.—G. A. Pyman, “Treyarnon,” The Ridge, Little Baddow, Essex. 14.1.1969. 96 ENYOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/111/69 CHORISTONEURA DIVERSANA HUBN. IN SOMERSET. — Recently I noticed that a specimen which I took at Shapwick in Somerset on the 13th July 1964, and had identified as Archips rosana L., had a slightly differently shaped apex to the forewings from my other examples of that species. I submitted the moth (a female) to Mr J. D. Bradley who kindly examined the genitalia and found that it was Choristoneura diversana Htibn. There are old records, cited by the Victoria County History, for this species from Bath, Castle Cary and Abbots Leigh, but Mr. A. H. Turner, in his “Lepidoptera of Somerset” (Somerset Archaeological and Natural History Society, 1955) considers it is “very rare, if not, indeed, extinct’ in the county. My record establishes its survival.—Lieut.-Col. A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 18.1.1969. ORGYIA ANTIQUA L. AT LicHt.—Like Messrs de Worms, Bretherton and Messenger (Ent. Record, 80: 327) I have also seen male vapourers at light. I have four males in my collection all taken at mercury vapour light in my garden on the following dates: 1.ix.1966, 22.viii.1967, 4.vii.1968 and 6.ix.1968. During the same period I have seen aS many worn specimens at light, so that nocturnal flight does not appear to be of rare occurrence in this species——D. O'KEEFFE, 29 Arcadian Avenue, Bexley, Kent. 22.1.1969. EarLy APPEARANCE OF NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA SCHIFF.—I had two fresh specimens of this species in my mercury vapour light trap here this morning, 22nd January 1969. I had January captures in 1966 and 1967. If this migrant can make the crossing in January, why can it not manage to overwinter here?—L. W. Siccs, “Sungate”, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 22.1.1969. CORRECTION Antea page 2, line 4: For Cacoecimorpha pronbmana read Cacoeci- morpha pronubanda. Current Notes Readers who are hoping to plan this summer’s holiday with an entomo- 4 logical interest may like to consider a stay at Bardsey Bird and Field - Observatory; situated five miles off the tip of the Cheyn Peninsula in’ Caernarvonshire, North Wales, it offers an inexpensive and peaceful holi- . day with much to interest the naturalist. The considerable range of flowering plants has a varied associated insect fauna which would well repay investigation. The accommodation, | while only able to take a limited number of visitors, in hostel-type style, usually has space in late April, May and July. Fuller details may be obtained from Mrs. R. A. L. Bond, “Wensheda’, | Clapper Green, Hunton, nr. Maidstone, Kent. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar, Formosa, and other countries. Expected pupae Pseudanteraea discrepens and possibly other species from Central Africa. List on request by sending 1/- stamps.—Robert Keiser, Frederik Van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. For Sale.—Papered Foreign Butterflies. List available——D. Brown, 25 Charlcote. Near Warwick, Warwickshire. Wanted.—Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland and Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- shire. Required.—Would any entomologist or botanist expecting to visit Lebanon, Syria, or Turkey in Asia, consider trying to obtain living stock of the local sub- species (pseudorapae) of Pieris napi, preferably by collecting the eggs from wild cruciferae where the butterfly is flying? If so please contact S. R. Bowden, 53 Crouch Hall Lane, Redbourn, St Albans, Hertfordshire. Urgently Wanted for field work, pupae of Biston betularia. Female pupae 1/- each or exchange.—Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Parks Road, Oxford. Two Mid XIXC Victorian 12 Drawer Mahogany Butterfly Cabinets. Ring Ashford (Middx) 55785 for Full Details.—F. W. Westwood. Urgently Wanted.—20, 30, or 40 drawer Solid Mahogany Cabinet in good condi- tion.—Full details to 7T. W. Harman, 26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Wanted.—Information and data on the distribution and habitats of Coccinella 14/-punctata (Eleven-spot Ladybird) for an investigation into this species. All records welcome.—/J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, Science Laboratories, South Road Durham. For Sale.—Private collection Ornithopthera, and 500 species from Russia, Japan, Australia, New Guinea, Malaya, Africa, and Solomon Islands. Many Charaxes and Papilios. To be sold as one lot.—Please reply to R. H. Morgan, 108 Titirangi Road, New Lynn, Auckland 7, New Zealand. Urgently Required—A good clean copy of “‘The Butterflies of Southern Africa’’ (Part 1, Papililionidae and Pieridae) by G. van Sen, published by Transvaal Museum in Pretoria.—Reply with details to ‘“‘The Entomologist’s Record’, 59 Gurney Court Road, St Albans, Hertfordshire. Wanted.— ‘Entomologist’s Gazette’ Vol. 12, part 2 to complete series. Reasonable price paid.—Dr. Neville Birkett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Kendal, West- morland. CHANGE OF ADDRESS (Correction) B. R. BAKER, No. 5 Dovedale Close, Caversham, Reading, Berks. CONTENTS (March, 1969) Some Butterflies in France, 1968. MAJOR GENERAL SIR GEORGE JOHNSON, K.C.V.O. Isle of Canna Report for 1968. J. L. CAMPBELL . Georgian Bay, Lake Huron, Canada, July- Hei eee 1967: August- September 1968. A. G. M. BATTEN, F.R.E.S., and Mrs. A. M. BATTEN at Lepidoptera in Lapland. Dr. G. HOWARD Lepidoptera 1968. T. W. HARMAN Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina (L.) ees Satyridae) and its Forms. GEORGE THOMSON A Disappointing Day at Porthgwarra. R. M. PAYNE Aggregations of Agonum dorsale Pontoppidan (Col. Ag Ones on Lindisfarne (Holy Island). B. R. BENHAM ; Dasychira fidjiensis M. & V. (Lep. Lymantriidae) Biology and Wing Pattern Formation. GADEN S. ROBINSON, F.R.E.S. .. A Notable Example of Biston betularia. AIR MARSHAL SIR ROBERT SAUNDBY ‘ Occurrence of eH orana F.v.R. at exnneeen London. S. WAKELY f eM ee an ; Orgyia antiqua L. at Light. G. A. PYMAN Thera variata Schiff. in Essex. G. A. PYMAN Choristoneura diversana Hiibn. in Somerset. LIEUT. COL. A. M. Orgyia antiqua L. at ene D. OVKEEFFE . Early Appearance of Nomophila noctuella Schiff. L. W. SIGGS Bardsley Bird and Field Observatory Butterflies and Moths of Kent III ae a se My +f (15)-(18) 65 67 70 75 78 83 91 92 93 95 95 95 95 96 96 96 96 BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS £. DODWELL, 28 Summerieaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, Engiand eee FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.16, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has now been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamstreet 513) | We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic _ Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges _ of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the _ increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; ' send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you have a particular requirement). ) Please write or telephone for an appointment if you desire to visit us. We can assist in Educational Projects; our experience of suitability can be useful here. i , We are always interested in buying or exchanging first quality material, in reasonable quantity. In your replies please mention THE ENTOMOLOGIST’s RECORD THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. DB. HILLIARD, Hon. Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar, Formosa, and other countries, also from Europe and U.S. Sake Pupae of Thais polyxena from Hungary and Czechoslovakia. Expected pupae Pseudanteraea discrepens and possibly other species from Central Africa. List on request by sending 1/- stamps.—Robert Keiser, Frederik Van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp i, Belgium. Wanted.—Volume 4 of “The Entomologist”? to enable me to complete set. Can anybody help?.—D. O'Keeffe, 29 Arcadian Avenue, Bexley, Kent. For Sale.—Papered Foreign Butterflies. List available-—D. Brown, 25 Charlcote. Near Warwick, Warwickshire. Wanted.—Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland and Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- shire. For Sale.—Dried Formosan butterflies, beetles, moths, dragonflies, grasshoppers, praying mantis, cicadas, living cocoons and ova of moths. Coloured natural ferns, seashells, specimens for collection, decorations and gift use.— Taiwan Novelty Co. Ltd., P.O. Box 860, Taipei, Taiwan (Formosa). Urgently Wanted for field work, pupae of Biston betularia. Female pupae 1/- each or exchange.—Dr. H. B. D. Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Parks Road, Oxford. Wanted.—Entomologist’s Gazette, Volume 12, Part 2, to complete series. Reasonable price paid.—N. L. Birkett, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Kendal, Westmorland. Two Mid XIXC Victorian 12 Drawer Mahogany Butterfly Cabinets. Ring Ashford (Middx) 55785 for Full Details. —F. W. Westwood. Urgently Wanted.—20, 30, or 40 drawer Solid Mahogany Cabinet in good condi- tion.—Full details to T. W. Harman, 26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire. Wanted.—Information and data on the distribution and habitats of Coccinella {/-punctata (Eleven-spot Ladybird) for an investigation into this species. | All records welcome.—J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, Science Laboratories, | South Road Durham. For Sale.—Private collection Ornithopthera, and 500 species from Russia, Japan, | Australia, New Guinea, Malaya, Africa, and Solomon Islands. Many | Charaxes and Papilios. To be sold as one lot.—Please reply to R. H. Morgan, 108 Titirangi Road, New Lynn, Auckland 7, New Zealand. ———————— ETT ANTIQUARIAAT JUNK (Dr. R. SCHIERENBERG & SONS N.V.) Postbox 5 LOCHEM. HOLLAND. Specalists in books on Entomology and Natural History, buys books, monographs, periodicals, complete libraries, etc. Please send us your lists. Because of our speciality since 1899, we are able to offer high prices. Catalogues sent on request. CHANGE OF ADDRESS B. R. Baker, 45 Dovedale Close, Caversham, Reading, Berks. Dr. R. de Jong, Pluvierhof 95, Hellevoetsluis, Holland. Specially required.-—A good clean copy of ‘‘The Butterflies of Southern Africa, Part 1, Papilionidae and Pieridae,’ by G. van Sen, published by Transvaal Museum in Pretoria.—Reply with details to The Entomologist’s Record, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. 1 SaReb MAL Rae ele eR CO a Oe w pas rh hi vs A In iy heli lpealiy ay fA eng hen ia ) { tt yf MVEA eU Leds Mian) (0) Ost, { hh 1 ANS tea f Mesut ileal nae He uucebauian ai etivabe ea vdebllby it i een me é Nes wan abe NER) hy AMA: ve \e ts pO MMIGERATRRE IAN EMM YY bas Tbr cout, Oy away (he Le By ; Me tes teu hi) sid dar! LABEL Sa ate oe: ‘aii sea ayinilaekelppaioh Peer a Ml i cu dias proven viendtrorat til reiting ivan ined hin Pry hd ty Hons ‘i tobe th fo it ssubauict i Gaara NCD UMMA she Tes SA! sts Malar wae Tin CNS eRe Enya POOR ih 24 vara ied ety eae } Al arg valet ty: wn ieirabeslarcinae Me ARH WrelenzanNa ea eA aple SSAA pment enlarge 2s ymin der wicyaedlbseehiing eoseee EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA Superb quality specimens. Living larvae & pupae and equipment for rearing. British set lepidoptera, books and collecting equipment All in our current catalogue, free from : Worldwide Butterflies Ltd. eco", Stermore DATA LABELS. Printed to your requirements. | 100 250 500 750 1000 © TAGE Gaye SS ara 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- MIMO Me ee yen ys ids )cl as ate 2h 4/6 5/6 8/- 10/— 12/6 LL ARNG Oay CECI A ee 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/—= MECMLEETI ayers eyo cs ale lead cis 6/6 7/6 11/- 15/6 17/6 mvialeor Wemale Sex Signs: 7.008). 2s See 3d. |* Immediate Delivery—Post Free. “* Choice of paper surfaces. \* Other labels to order. | Postal Business Only. \ Send for sample labels to:— -P. D. J. HUGO, 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. I! | | ) * 124% Discount on all orders over 30/-. . ; ) | : ) , This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our ie issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) OR SS SS EES EED REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of | The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been \felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee ‘of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The id of “The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. _ SSL EE SCS PSE SECS TSS SS PS SECIS EC SE i) | | , THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) a The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WituiaMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. McE. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonseEca, F.R.E.S. a a aS Ee TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR i. at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. : ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, E | Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied by F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which will be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a subscriber. oe Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to tne Treasurer, P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks., England. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to. S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane. Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis. to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. i More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to ) the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS 5 THE COST. ie Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. ) f All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, ete, . but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any y loss or damage. | h T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND a THE ~ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, r.r.£.s. with the assistance of || A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.ES. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Huaauns, F.R.E.S. J. M. Cuatmers-HUunt, F.R.E.S. H. SYMES, M.A. Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. JUL 1 1969 {iBRARIED i ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— ; TREAT BRITAIN AND CoMMONWEALTH a ie ats .. 35/- Post Free OTHER CounrTRIEs by ay a ae ie Hy .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.ES. | i House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks., England CEPECEREDENELERESEUELES DE SHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET HEPES SSD SAG SD SIG AT ES STI SDE THT ST ATA AD OSSEGIsesVa He INTRODUCING THE INSECT F. A. URQUART This book is-designed as a basis for introducing the student to Entomology. Practical advice is given on many aspects including making a collection and looking for material. Tllus- trated. 31s 6d CENTIPEDES OF THE BRITISH ISLES DR. E. H. EASON “A well-illustrated comprehensive account and classification of _ the numerous British centipedes and it will be invaluable to zoo- | logists, ecologists and less specialised observers of these — arthropods” ... Higher Education Journal. ‘There has long || been a need for a, good taxonomic work on British Centipedes |, and Dr. Eason’s book admirably satisfies this need” .. . — Entomologist’s Gazette. 63s FRESHWATER LIFE OF THE BRITISH ISLES JOHN CLEGG “Describes the physical characteristics of Freshwater habitats and the way in which these influence the communities living in ~ each: plants (including microscopic forms), bacteria and fungi, _ animals from protozoa to vertebrates. Hints on collecting and preserving specimens are given”... Nature and Man. A work i of great value for teacher and pupil. 37s . | — ‘ozIs [einjyeu souity BT Ajeyewurxo1dde sours eur Jo soanstgy & ‘odAyered P ke JO elleyiues “Gc ‘sq 4 ‘(apistopun) oedAjyojoH G F ‘SIA “(Optstepuy) oedAjojoHY YP -—% “sly 2 yoptsteddn) odAjojoy 4 -“& “SIA opisaeddn) odAjojoH YP “T “stq wmeyoy4M “N “H :010Yq ee fx | I < ‘ +] § Ay : A new species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from the North Western Cape By C. G. C. Dickson This Lycaenid belongs to the L. methymna (Trimen) group and it bears | some general resemblance to L. bacchus Riley. The forewings are not acute at the apex and the hindwings are rather elongated, the upperside has a decidedly bronzy tone and the greyish underside is distinctively marked ‘in certain respects. ‘Lepidochrysops penningtoni spec. nov. Male. Upperside. Both fore- and hind-wings, bronzy-brown, with some dark coloration at the bases and (especially in the forewing) darkening a little towards the distal margins, which are edged with black. Cilia greyish to blackish- ‘brown with white spaces. _ Forewing. A small dark-brown marking, not sharply defined and in ‘some specimens barely visible, at end of cell. Outer portion of cilia ‘continuously greyish or dark-brown except near apex, with most of the white spaces enclosed by the dark colouring. | Hindwing. A more or less elongated (round in one paratype) black jspot in area 2 near wing-margin, with some slight white scaling inferiorly and surrounded by slightly lighter colouring than that of the general ‘background; a very faint trace of other, smaller, markings in some of the ‘remaining areas in some specimens, including the holotype. Inner- ‘marginal area greyish (distally somewhat brown), with a rather shiny isurface. Cilia practically as in forewing but, to some extent, tipped with H Underside. Forewing. Ground-colour brownish-grey. A white-edged, blackish- ‘brown lunulate marking at end of cell and a postmedian series of nearly round markings, very dark brown and also edged with white scaling. (In two of the paratypes these markings are less distinct or only partially developed.) Postmedian spots six in number (but the lowest one, in area Ib. occasionally doubled). Lowest spot a little nearer distal margin than ‘the one above it in area 2—but those in 2-6 forming a fairly even curve approximately equi-distant from distal margin. A submarginal series of markings a little darker than the ground-colour, in areas 1b-6, with irre- gular whitish edgings which, on the inner side, are roughly chevron- shaped. In at least one of the paratypes, these markings are barely apparent. A marginal series of prominent, detached white chevrons in areas 1b-6 with their apices touching the white spaces in the cilia: two in area 1b, the lower one much reduced and hardly in the form of a chevron. Cilia almost as on the upperside. _ Hindwing. Ground-colour much as in forewing, but with scattered white scaling in places, within the basal half of the wing. The dark or darker markings edged to a variable degree with white. A black or nearly black streak edging vein 8 near its base (indistinct in some specimens); a black spot, variable in size (and very small in one of the paratypes) close to innermargin, sub-basally; a small and often very ill-defined dark spot a area lc (in two of the paratypes enlarged and prominent), sub- basally; 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 a prominent black spot (in the holotype, with an abnormal inward projec- tion) in cell above the foregoing spot; and a prominent spot immediately below vein 8, sub-basally. Black or nearly black lunule at the end of cell, large. Lowest marking of median series black or nearly so, more or less oval and well basad of the following, 2nd marking; 2nd-7th markings brown to dark-brown, varying in size and shape but as a whole more uniform in size and forming a more even curve than in most of the allied species; 8th marking in the form of a well detached black spot in area 7, close to costa and considerably more basad than the preceding marking. The median series.strongly but sinuately curved, the evenness of the curve being broken by the relatively more inward placing of the markings in areas 2 and 3. (In one of the paratypes the discal markings are largely malformed.) White chevrons distad of the median markings prominent and the contour of the series as a whole similar, but the chevrons losing their form at the lower end of the series. The space adjoining and on the distal side of these chevrons darker than the general ground-colour of the wing. Submarginal rings variable in outline and the rings losing their shape at each end of the series. A black spot in area 2 partly covered by pale metallic-blue scaling, with dull orange replacing the white of the encircling ring, above it. Outer portion of submarginal rings correspond- ing to the chevrons in the forewing and also in contact with the white spaces in the cilia. Cilia as in forewing but tipped slightly with white in places. Length of forewing (including cilia): 14-16-25 mm. (15:75 mm., in holo- type). Head black with some greyish to white hairs and scales between an- tennae and, between black ones, frontally. Eyes black, edged with white scales. Palpi black above with white scales (including hair-like scales) on sides and beneath (the white not extending as far down on the whole on outer side); the palpi mainly, and broadly, black-fringed along their outer ° lower length; terminal joint mainly black (partly white beneath). Anten- - nae black, ringed with white at the joints; the club largely black but | orange-brown along lower inner portion up to extremity, and the lower ~ outer portion white, with white scales curving up on the outer side just | short of the extremity. Thorax and abdomen black above, the former, especially, with light-brown to greyish hairs and with brownish scales as well as some similarly coloured hairs also present on part of the abdomen; {| beneath with silvery-white scales and hairs (largely grey on thorax), and | the legs extensively scaled with white. Female. Upperside. Similar to that of male, allowing for marked lightening of colouring 4 owing to the age of the female-allotype. Cilia of both wings with the ; white spaces more conspicuous than in the male. Underside. Again, presumably due to the age of the specimen, the general ground- 4 colour of a faded tone—i.e., light-brown without any grey tint. Forewing. The darker markings for the most part clear against their background, but with less contrast towards the innermargin. Cilia as in | the male. Hindwing. Very much as in the male. A considerable amount of white scaling over much of the basal half of the wing. The dark sub-basal spot in area la hardly discernible in one wing and, apparently due to loss of A NEW SPECIES OF LEPIDOCHRYSOPS HEDICKE (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) 99 scaling, indistinct (though presumably originally large) in the other wing; that in area le very small in one wing and even smaller, and barely visible. in the other wing. Cilia like those of male. Length of forewing (allotype): 17:25 mm. (exp.—as set: 33 mm.). The allotype has lost its antennae and abdomen and the underside of the thorax seéms to have been affected by rubbing or pressure. 6 Holotype, WESTERN CapPE PROVINCE (Little Namaqualand): Steinkopf, 15.ix.1968 (Mrs. R. J. Southey); specimen to be presented by Mrs. Southey to the Transvaal Museum. | © Allotype, ‘Carpe. Namaqualand. Between Spectakel & Steenbok’s Fontein. Aug., 1873. R. Trimen”; British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17104. | Paratype presented by Mrs. Southey to British Museum (N.H.), data as holotype, 1 ¢ (R.J.S.). Paratypes in Coll. K. M. Pennington, as holotype, 16.ix.1968, 2 dd (K.M.P.); 25.ix.1967, 2 gd (Mrs. K. M. Pennington). _ Paratype in Coll. R. J. Southey, as holotype, 1 <. The final part of Trimen’s statement at the top of p. 29 of Vol. II of “South African Butterflies’ (1887) concerning what were regarded as variations of L. methymna refers presumably to the present Namaqualand female specimen, while the actual locality is given on the same page as “Spectakel, Namaqualand”’. A label below the locality label on this specimen is inscribed: “Ex Trimen Coll. p. 171 [or 178?] No. 29”. The ‘specimen is also referred to in some detail by Dr. C. B. Cottrell in “Mem. ent. Soe. S. Afr.”, No. 9, pp. 77-78 (June, 1965). The difference in size between Trimen’s female and the largest male specimen of L. penningtoni of the present series is greater than would have been expected in a Lepidochrysops of this group, but the very close resemblance in other respects (apart from fading in the early specimen) seems to indicate that ‘this female is conspecific with the male specimens. _ The species can be distinguished from L. bacchus by its larger average size and the somewhat richer bronzy tone of the upperside and, on the underside (amongst other features in both fore- and hind-wings), by the more regular size of the discal markings of the hindwings (and more even conformation of the series as a whole), while the black spot near the tornus is surmounted by dull orange as against the white scaling in ‘bacchus. | Te penningtoni is perhaps still closer to another, Western Cape, species which is being described by Mr. Pennington, which, however, has a brighter-coloured upperside in combination with a distinct difference in ‘some of the underside markings. The present insect also has certain features in common with the larger and, on the upperside, darker L. |badhami van Son, including the form of the discal series of markings on the underside of the wings. | | } The genitalia of one of the male paratypes are figured in the accom- ‘panying plate. It should be noted that the right valve (left side of figure) ‘had its distal end turned downward somewhat in the slide. Most of the details of the genitalia are apparent from the figure. Falces very broad up to the main bend. Valves relatively slender (one broader than the other), the small inner projection of the bifurcate basal portion fairly close ‘to the actual basal extremity; varying in breadth but without an abrupt Widening near distal end, before final constriction and hooked extremity. jAedeagus with the tubular portion about three-fifths of the total length. 100 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 There are detail differences in the genitalia in comparison with those of L. bacchus and other allied species which have been examined. The genitalia of most of the species of the L. methymna group have been studied exhaustively by Dr. C. B. Cottrell (op. cit.). A number of the species have also been dealt with from this aspect by the late Rev. D. P. Murray in “Anns. S. Afr. Museum”, Vol. XLIII, Pt. 2 (Dec., 1956). This butterfly is named with pleasure after my friend Mr. K. M. Pennington, who has made so many notable discoveries in the course of his life-long study of the butterflies of Southern Africa. Mr. Pennington has : written as follows concerning this insect :— “On 25th September 1967, we stopped at a large patch of mauve <« Mesembrianthium on west side of road five miles from Steinkopf on the ¢ tarred highway to Viool’s Drift on the Orange River. My brother and I | covered the whole area of twenty acres, while my wife worked the road- side. We collected for an hour. P. chrysantas (Trim.) was fresh on the « flowers, a small Aloeides was rare and shy, and S. nanus (Trim.) was not» uncommon. But the prize fell to my wife, who caught two rather worn : specimens of a new Lepidochrysops, which she saw flying slowly among the scrub. We all pressed on to the Drift, where our target was Colotis doubledayi (Hopff.), and found it commonly in a steep dry valley three miles south of the bridge into S.W. Africa. Rushing back in the early afternoon for more of the Lepidochrysops, we found a wind had driven them to shelter, and an hour of concentrated hunting produced no more specimens. On our way back from Port Nolloth four days later, there was fi a cold south wind blowing clouds up, and no further collecting was. possible. “T returned to the spot on September 15th and 16th, 1968. The veld. was not as advanced as the previous year, but about midday I spotted a fresh Lepidochrysops, which disappeared in the breeze. My wife and‘ Mrs. Ruth Southey joined me from the car, and by 2 p.m. the latter had (| the good fortune to catch three fine males, while I missed another. Next: day I caught two more good males, and missed a third. “The country is flat, stony, and well covered with a variety of low / plants. But the seemingly inevitable wind freshens towards midday, and all species stop flying. There was nothing distinctive about the vegetation, + and all seven males were taken within an area of four or five acres. I | searched six or seven square miles of the surrounding flat country without) results. But I feel sure there must be many other spots in that part of) Namaqualand where this dull brown insconspicuous Lycaenid exists. The i altitude is just over 2,000 feet’. The manuscript of this paper has been read by Mr. Pennington befanie its publication. Mr. J. P. Doncaster, Keeper of Entomology, British I Museum (Natural History), most obligingly consented to Trimen’s early | specimen being sent on loan to the writer, and thanks are due to Mr. G. E.! Tite of the same institution for his kind help in this connection. 1 “Blencathra’’, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. ui +) READERS will hear with regret that our late Treasurer, Mr. Leonard Parmenter, died on 4th March. A suitable obituary notice will be published | { } | | as soon as possible. ! fi AUTOGRAPHA FESTUCAE LINNAEUS AND AUTOGRAPHA GRACILIS LEMPKE 101 _ Autographa festucae Linnaeus and Autographa gracilis Lempke By B. J. LEMPKE Several notes have already been published in the Ent. Rec. about localities where Autographa gracilis was met with, but I presume that many British and Irish lepidopterists who have not seen my original | article on the subject wonder how they can distinguish gracilis with cer- tainty from festucae. It is true that both species were by chance figured already by South in his original edition of the Moths of the British Isles, but copies of the 1908 issue in which the plates had still their good colours will no doubt be rather rare at present. | I therefore think I cannot do better than to reproduce again the excellent photos made by my compatriot Mr J. Huisenga and which accom- ‘panied my original article. The external differences between the two “species are the following: A. gracilis is as a rule smaller than A. festucae, the ground colour of its fore wings is redder, the lowest silver spot near the apex is shorter (because the postmedian is less bent inward) and ‘broader and the two discal silver spots are also shorter and therefore proportionately higher. If those who possess a good copy of the old edition of South compare his figures after having read the above, they will see \that all these differences are clearly shown by them with the exception of | the shape of the postmedian, because the print of the plate is not sharp | enough to give such details. ! | | | | i Wie | | Wing markings of Autographa festucae Linnaeus (left) and A. gracilis Lempke (right). After the publication of my article it appeared that several lepido- ‘pterists in the Scandinavian countries and in Russia had already suspected that two species were hidden in the series of A. festucae from their coun- tries, but none had ever made slides to check this or had published a note on it. That we have to do with two different species is not only proved by the constant differences in their appearance, but also by their genitalia (both of male and female) and their biology. As it is not difficult to Separate the two by their external characters I refrain from giving figures again of the genitalia) They can be found in my original article. 102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 Although we know still very little about the biology of A. gracilis, two important differences with A. festucae could be established, at least in the Netherlands. First the number of generations. Whereas A. festucae is clearly double brooded with a second generation that outnumbers the first, A. gracilis has as a rule only one generation. In favourable seasons a very small second one may occur in the second half of September and the first week of October, but neither in 1967 nor in 1968 it was observed. The optimal flying time of the first generation of A. festucae is June, that of A. gracilis the second half of June, but especially July, so that they over- lap. Cf. the histograms I gave in supplement 13 of the Catalogue of Netherlands Macrolepidoptera, p. 909 and p. 912 (1966). A second difference is the biotope. Whereas A. festucae may be found © everywhere where the food plants of the caterpillar grow, A. gracilis is © confined to moist places. Especially in marshes it may be common, more numerous indeed than true festucae. No differences are yet known between egg, caterpillar and chrysalis of the two species. I met with a few bred specimens in Netherlands collec- | tions, but the captors had found the caterpillars in a time when we had © not yet the slightest suspicion of the existence of two different species. One of the breeders, however, had kept the cocoon, so that I could compare it with three cocoons of festucae in the collection of the Amsterdam Zoo- logical Museum. The latter were all made in the bend of a leaf as is usual with this species. The result is that the festucae cocoon is rather short and broad. The gracilis cocoon on the contrary is long and slender (spindle shaped, length 4 cm., greatest breadth 7 mm.) and lays stretched out on (or under?) a narrow leaf. It is of course not certain that the gracilis cater- pillar always spins its cocoon in this way. If so the difference between the two is very striking. The colour is, in both species, the same, greyish | white, the cocoon of gracilis perhaps a trifle yellower. As is the case in — festucae the dark pupa shines more or less through the tissue. It is : possible that the two chrysalids show differences in the anal hooks, but as : I was not allowed to open the so far unique cocoon this problem must be & postponed till more material is available. The distribution of A. gracilis is still insufliciently known. As far as we © know at present it occurs in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, West and ¢ East Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Estonian SSR and ¢ I also saw a specimen from Austria. It would be interesting to know if | it really fails in Ireland. The species is almost certainly to be expected in / Belgium and the marshes of northern France. Mr. J. Viidalepp from ‘ Tartu in the Estonian SSR informed me that gracilis is very common there. * Further Russian localities are not yet known. Finally a few remarks on the specific nomenclature. In 1968 the Finnish © lepidopterist T. H. Clayhills published a short note on this subject. He ° writes that he sent a few specimens to Leningrad, where Dr. V. I. |! Kuznetshov compared a photo of a slide of a Finnish male with the (holo) | | f | type of A. festata Graeser, which is in the collection of the Zoological i Institute of the Academy of Sciences in that town. Kuznetshov answered ( that the photo of the slide agreed with the genitalia of the ¢ holotype, so | that Clayhills concludes that gracilis is a synonym of festata. I must say i that I am not in the least convinced that this conclusion is correct. First | there are the external differences. A. festata is smaller, head, collar and | patagiae are paler and the two silver discal spots are (as far as we know) } | j AUTOGRAPHA FESTUCAE LINNAEUS AND AUTOGRAPHA GRACILIS LEMPKE 103 always united. In gracilis these spots are (just as in festucae) nearly always separated. The male genitalia resemble each other much and I can imagine that a lepidonterist who only judges by these organs declares the two identical. But the female genitalia differ so strongly that in my | opinion the two cannot be considered conspecific. A. gracilis 2 has an enormous bursa (still larger than festucae!), whereas the 9 of A. festata ‘has a much smaller bursa with a differently shaped sclerotized patch. ' Neither is the shape of the ostium identical. Excellent figures of the genitalia are also given by Urbahn. They too show the enormous size of the gracilis bursa compared with that of festucae. Clayhills further writes that ‘“P. barbara Warr. described from Morocco (Warren 1906), has been suggested to be identical with P. gracilis”. This species is only known from one 2 which is in the collection of the British Museum (Nat. History). Its forewing markings are not identical with | those of A. gracilis (which might point to a subspecific difference). But | here again the genitalia differ considerably. Those of barbara are smaller. ‘the shape is different and the sclerotized patch is not identical. For the _ present I can only maintain my opinion that we have to do with three different species, not with three subspecies of one specific unit. REFERENCES Birkett, N. B. 1966. Notes on the distribution of Plusia festucae L. and P. gracilis Lempke mainly in North-west England. Ent. Rec., 78: 283-285. _ Bretherton, R. F. 1966. The new Plusia: Autographa gracilis Lempke. Fnt. f Rec., 78: 185. | Clayhills, T. H. 1968. A preliminary report of Plusia festata Graeser (Lep., Noctuidae). Ann. Ent. Fenn., 34: 104-105. _Hoffmeyer, S. 1966. De Danske Malerne, 2nd ed. : 352, pl. 20, fig. 4. Lempke, B. J. 1966a. Notes on the genus Autographa Hiibner, subgenus Chrysaspidia Hubner. Ent. Ber., 26: 64-70, plate 1, figs. 1-16, text figs. 1-6. 'Lempke, B. J. 1966b. Catalogus der Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera, dertiende supplement. Tijdschr. Entom., 109: 221-301 (esp. p. 258-266). ! Naabye, F. 1966. Plusia tvillinger P. festucae L. og P. gracilis Lmk. Flora og Fauna, 72: 79-83, figs. 1-4. ae T. R. 1967. A Lincolnshire Record of Plusia gracilis Lempke. Ent. Rec., 79: 62. Opheim, M. 1967. Nye Lepidoptera for Norge, samt noen feilaktig anfgrk arter. Atalanta, 1: 20, fig. 12. _Urbahn, E. 1967. Die neue Autographa gracilis Lempke auch fiir Deutschland t nachgewiesen. Ent. Z., 77: 38-44. / Worms, C. G. M. de. 1966. Plusia gracilis Lempke in Westmorland. Ent. Rec., 78: 301. Note.—It is a pity that the Norwegian lepidopterists named their new periodical “‘Atalanta’’, for in 1964 a German one with exactly the same name was erected for the publication of data on migrating insects, especially Lepidoptera. | | Amsterdam 1010, Oude Yselstraat 12III. EARLY APPEARANCE OF PACHYCNEMIA HIPPOCASTANARIA Htjpn.—I was astonished on clearing my mercury vapour light trap on 26th January to find a speci- men of this species, which I kept as of great interest. On 28th January there was another specimen in the trap! South (Moths of the British Isles, 1961) says “The first flight of the moth occurs in April and May; the second in August...” My own records show that the earliest I have previously taken it here was on 19th April (1964), and the latest 26th November (of the same year).—L. W. Sices, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lynd- hurst, Hants. 104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 Notes on the Microlepidoptera By H. C. Huaaiwns, F.R.E.S. EKucosma mercuriana Htibn. On July 29th 1968 I was collecting in the Brandon range near Dingle at about 2500 feet above sea level in the place where on the previous day I had seen the remarkable flight of Pieris brassicae L. (Ent. Record, 80: 316). My object was to get a counle more of the mountain race of Calostygia didymata L., but although it was a hot sunny day there was a cold breeze on the crest, so I descended about 50 » feet into a hollow. When I had taken one didymata I came to a little cliff over the top of which was hanging a large plant of Vaccinium. Over © this several small moths were flying; I netted one and it proved to be a newly emerged mercuriana, new to me in Ireland. I netted another, and | then went for a walk round the hollow for the last didymata I wanted | to complete my set. I then decided to go back for some more mercuriana, but before ° I reached the place the sun clouded over and all insects stopped moving, | so. after a quarter of an hour’s wait I set off home. I fully intended to come back the next day, but I must have got a chill watching brassicae on the 28th as I developed a nasty cold and it was a week before I could return, and then the mountain tops were wreathed in mist and I saw no insects whatever. This record for mercuriana seems to give it quite a new Irish range. Beirne (Microlepidoptera of Ireland: 90) gives only one southern one, Comeragh lakes, Waterford, and only four others, the most southerly of which is Dublin, though he states it is apparently frequent on the high hills, probably a conjecture. I have never before seen it in West Cork or Kerry; I should have expected it particularly on Caha plateau near Glengariff. One point particularly interests me: the insect’s food. Barret (11: 197) states that the larva lives in a web on Dryas octopetala, although Dr. Wood reared it on heather, and conjectures that it is not very ’ particular as to its food. L. T. Ford (Guide to the smaller British | Lepidoptera: 66) gives the food as Culluna, Vaccinium, and Dryas, but | as he does not give his usual details of its method of feeding I gather he had no personal acquaintance with it. The interesting part of this is that in Barrett’s account of the moth 1 he mentions Dryas several times. I have never seen Dryas on the Dingle » peninsula or indeed anywhere off limestone in Ireland. There are acres 3 of it, of course, in the Burren. / In my little place, the moths were only round this big trailing plant i of Vaccinium as I kept my eyes on the heather when tramping about | for the last didymata. As I remember exactly where the plant was, . I hope to visit it and iook for the larva in mid June this year. | My two Kerry mercuriana are slightly larger and brighter than my i North Lancashire ones. 65 Eastwood Boulevard, Westcliff on Sea. 11.1.1969. CORRECTION.—In the account of ‘Breconshire and Monmouthshire | Entomology” (antea. p. 40) fifth line up, for Cardamine amara, please read Cardamine pratensis. INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1968 105 Inverness-shire in 1968 By COMMANDER G. W. Harper, R.N. Retp., F.R.E.S. At long last the depressing ebb tide in the Lepidopterous population of the Scottish Highlands which has been so evident during the last few years seems to be on the turn. The evidence for this lies convincingly in my 1968 m.v. light-trap figures, which for the comparable six-month period from April to September yielded a respectable total of 5385 moths, more than twice the 2500 total for 1967. How far the improvement is due to the very fine dry summer we had here in the North remains to be seen, but at least we can hope that a real start of a flood tide will be seen in the next few years. - The 1967-8 winter was about average with a few severe frosts down to Zero F., but no thick snow cover. A quick thaw on 14th January brought a peautieul sight in my spinney in the form of a small passing flock of nine Waxwings vainly searching for berries, and on 18th the first male Phigalia pedaria Fab. of the new season emerged and rested | on my neighbouring electricity post as usual. This species continued | emerging in all mild spells until early March. February weather followed the normal pattern of fairly continuous frost and light snow, but also long periods of cloudless sunshine; beauti- ful but not entomologically productive! Early in March saw a slow thaw begin, which produced the first im- “migrant Plovers and Oystercatchers passing through on a northerly course on 8th, when bees were beginning to forage at the Snowdrops, and a tentative dawn chorus began. I then staited my mv. trap, but this only produced an occasional P. pedaria until 23rd, when the first Achl lyia flavicernis L. and Orthosia gothica L. together with Conistra vaccinii L. fereared. The month ended with the return of severe frosts and snow ‘blizzards. Springlike weather returned on 9th April, and on 10th a big emer- gence of my local colony of Poecilopsis lapponaria Bdv. took place, fol- lowed quickly by all the common early Spring species. __ The Sallows were well out by the middle of April. emergence con- | tinued and I was delighted to welcome back a lamented absentee of “recent years, Panolis flammea Schf. (piniperda Panz), but only a single Specimen. Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton also found it and two Endromis _versicolora L. near Aviemore, another species which has caused anxiety ‘in recent years but seems to be just surviving. The month ended with the conclusion of the fine spell of weather and the season about average, and about a fortnight earlier than last year. | May began with snow on the high tons and a fine male Odontosia | carmelita Esp. in the m.v. trap. The cold spell continued with snow, frost and bitter East winds until the last week, so that the emergence of the ‘moorland species was badly delayed, fresh Anarta cordigera Thun. and Isturgia carbonaria Cl. not being seen until 22nd May. Light trap catches “were very small, though a few common late Spring species did appear. ‘Pieris napi L. and Anthocaris cardamines L. began emerging on the last eee of the month. | June opened with chilly stormy weather, but the early summer species began emerging in fair numbers, and the weather warmed up cul- minating in a glorious hot sunny spell from the 9th to the 19th of the 106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 month, an almost exact copy of the 1967 June spell and of the same dura- tion. My son Dr. M. W. Harper and I were lucky in that we had booked a long week-end for a Burnet hunt in the Island of Mull from the 13th to the 17th of June. Our quest was greatly helped by the pioneer work of others including Mr. W. G. Tremewan, and we were successful in find- ing several small isolated colonies of Zygaena loti Denis & Schiff. (achilleae Esp.) on the West coast of the island. The species was well out and in good condition, many pairs being found in cop., but Z. pur- puralis was only beginning its emergence. We found no Burnets else- where, and no Z. filipendulae L., but we did discover a fine colony of Procris statices L. near Grass point on the East coast, and it was very interesting to watch the adults on the wing, and also feeding, not on the » larval foodplant, Rumex acetosa, but on the eaually abundant Bluebells | flowering amongst the young Bracken. One curious fact we noted was that the insects appeared always to extend their probosces and draw their liquid sustenance from the outside of the pnerianth, and did not insert it into the “bell”. M. W. Harper also found another species which may be a new record for the island, Jodis lactearia L. flying among Hazel in woodland. We found Euphydryas aurinia Rott. widespread over the island but uncommon and not in colonies. Also on 15th we found Argynnis aglaia L. already emerging, a very early date. Back in Badenoch, on the 18th M. W. Harper found no less than eight specimens of Hyppa recti- linea Esp. resting on fence posts on high ground above 1500 feet altitude on the open hillside, and a small number of Psodos coracina Esp. flying amongst the detritus of the high tops even though the “even” numbered | year was not favourable for it. Cool showery weather now supervened; m.v. trap catches of usual species remained small for the rest of the month, but I had the pleasure of recording a new addition to my local list in a fresh specimen of Ecliptopera silaceata Schf. The foodplants, Epilobium species have become increasingly common in recent years and I hope the moth will soon become established, as it is already locally on the West coast as far as the Isle of Skye. The month ended with a large immigration of single-brooded Pieris brassicae L. which I noted flying in a genaral westerly direction into Inverness from the Moray Firth; with- - in the next few days some had penetrated as far as Upper Speyside. But | here we had no trace of the great Saharan dust storm which brought so many interesting immigrants and deposited them in England with the ° dust! July was a rather disappointing month; the first half was cold and showery with predominantly North and East winds; later quiet and ~ pleasant but cloudy conditions did not conduce to seeing many butter- flies, and all species seemed to be in small numbers when on the wing, i the Lycaenids being particularly scarce; m.v. trap catches however con- ~ tinued to be fair, but no interesting species occurred. The month ended with a short series of the heaviest rain storms I can ever remember * since my tropical travels! August was a much better month, dry, fine and warm with good sunny | periods except for a very wet spell in the middle of the month. The my. | light trap catches improved greatly, the year’s record of 170 individuals occurring on the 13th with 32 species, high for this part of the Kingdom. On 15th August I was pleased to detect a number of slightly worn Alcis | jubata Thun. resting on Oak trees in an old wood near Inverness. On 22nd COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1968 107 after many years I paid a visit to what used to be called the Culbin sands on the Moray Firth coast near Forres. My worst fears were confirmed and the whole Jarge area has been utterly ruined entomologically by almost complete afforestation with conifers. | was only able to find one minute area of sandhill left wherein to work my portable m.v. light. It was a warm night, but very few coastal species were seen among the fair number of others; the most interesting and totally unexpected insect was a male Mormo maura L. in mint condition, an astonishing sight! It is thought possible that this record may prove to be a most northerly one. The month ended with fine sunny weather continuing, and all the early Autumn species emerging freely. September continued the pleasant quiet weather but punctuated with a few wet days and a sharp frost on 19th, and the first and only Plusia gamma L. on 22nd! Noctua pronuba L. was also mercifully in short supply this year! The first week of October was notable for the first big movements of migrating birds, a huge gaggle of about two hundred geese flying South at a great height on 2nd, and several large flocks of fieldfares passed through my spinney during next few days, completely consuming all Rowan berries in the process. A storm force (10) wind on 13th then removed almost all leaves and killed off most of the moths, so that the season virtually petered out quietly by the end of the month, when snow and frost ushered in November. Thus ended a much better year than recently, but with no events of outstanding entomological interest. Neadaich, Newtonmore, Inverness-shire. 13.i.69. Collecting Notes for 1968 R. G. CHATELAIN, D. O’KEEFFE, B. F. SKINNER The season in the south-east has been pretty dismal and it is only by burning a prodigious amount of petrol that sufficient results have been achieved to enable this note to be written. Even so, on some occasions the best capture proved to be a fine series of green shield stamps. The following account includes trips undertaken by one or more of us and we apologise if the result is disjointed. Operations did not really start until early March when a few visits were made to Petts Wood with paraffin lamns to collect Erannis margin- aria Fab. and E. leucophaeria Schiff. The first trip with the generators was on 9th March when the three of us descended on Hamstreet to wel- come the common spring species, including a few Apochima hispidaria Schiff., E. lewcophaearia and many Achlys flavicornis L. A further visit to the same locality by O’K. and S. on 24th produced the same species plus a multitude of Biston strataria Hufn. and the common Orthosias which were just beginning to appear. Friday Street, Surrey, on 27th March produced little of note except for a somewhat early Panolis flammea Schiff, at sallow. On 31st, S. and C. accompanied Messrs Rogers and Sadler to a spot near Winchester where about a dozen Trichopteryx poly- commata Schiff., mostly worn, were sitting around on the privet. A visit to Alice Holt Forest later that night resulted in two mint Gypsitea leuco- grapha Schiff. S. ran his lights at Ranmore on 29th when a dozen male A. hispidaria turned up and two G. leuwcographa were taken at sallow. 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 April opened with cold weather and snow which had only just started to clear when O’K. and S. shot up to Conway on 4th, accompanied by Cyril Bruce of Lee, to search for Nyssia zonaria Schiff. Back-breaking work yielded one male and six females from which a large number of eggs was obtained. On 15th, the temperature rose and the lamps pro- duced a fair sprinkling of moths at Friday Street, with Polyploca ridens Fab., Selenia tetraunaria Hufn. and Drepana lecertinaria L. heralding the second wave of spring insects. Conditions were back to normal on 17th when C. and O’K. visited Ham Street, where heavy rain until shortly before dusk inhibited flight and the best moths of a voor bunch were P. flammea, S. tetralunaria and a couple of Orthosia populeti Fab. S. spent the period 10th to 17th April at Aviemore and returned home well satisfied with 13 male and one female Brachionycha nubeculosa Esp., one Dasypolia templi Thunb., and a fine series of Poecilopsis lapponaria Boisd. from Struan. He also noted O. populeti and Xylena vetusta Hubn. commonly as well as a few Chloroclysta miata L. On 20th April, S. and C. drove down to Brockenhurst where they had the first good night of the season with the temperature not dropping below 50 deg. F. The main quarry was Bapta distinctata H-S of which five were taken, two of them at m.v. Of the 34 other species noted, the best were five Euphithecia irriguata Htibn., two Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. and one X. vetusta. Conditions were again poor three days later at Friday Street where five Odontosia carmelita Esp., a few Notodonta trepida Esp., half a dozen Pachynemia hippocastanaria Hiibn., and one Chesias rufata Fab. were noted. Three pounds of sugar produced only a few common Noctuids. On 29th. O’K. and S. made a trip to the New Forest and in three hours searching tree trunks found 29 specimens of Cleora cinctaria Schiff., many of which were worn. A stop at Ockham Common produced a dozen half-grown larvae of Parascotia fuliginaria L. under pine logs. May opened with exciting news that Sadler and Rogers had found larvae of Coenophila subrosea Steph. and on 3rd the three of us loaded up the car with the generators and headed towards Wales. The night was cold and apart from one worn X. vetusta, no worthwhile moths were seen. Nevertheless, searching bog myrtle after dusk produced 84 small larvae and others were still coming up to feed when we packed up some two hours later. We were in some doubt as to the wisdom of keeping all we had found, but in view of the evident commonness of the species in the area and the fact that it had been recorded as the most plentiful Noctuid the previous year, we felt justified, especially as no one knew the ~ extent of parasitism or the willingness of the larva to take to alternative © foodplants. In the event, it proved an easy species to rear on willow, provided that the pupae were kept damp. On 12th May, S. led a British Entomological Society meeting at Mickle- ham but only O’K. and one other collector turned up and most of the day was spent beating for larvae of Cleora ribeata Clerck and Strymonia w-album Knock., both of which were very scarce. An hour spent at Abinger proved a pleasant change from beating and Xanthorhoe biriviata Borkh. was flushed from the orange balsam. That evening, only about — eight moths came to m.v. at Ranmore Common but Lampropteryx suf- fumata Schiff., Ligdia adustata Schiff. and the usual spring Geometers were fairly numerous at dusk. S. and O’K. spent the morning of 15th COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1968 109 May beating at Salcey Forest and moved to a locality near Oxford in the afternoon. Again, larvae were scarce and Strymonia pruni L. was not seen, whilst three Thecla betulae L. were still the size of pinheads. That evening, dusking at Ranmore produced the same species as on 12th but in better numbers and m.v. at Friday Street attracted over 40 Notodonta | trepida Esp. and about 20 other species, including the first Drymonia _dodonaea Schiff. of the season and an aged male Jodia croceago Schiff. | S. visited Wimbledon Common on 23rd May with R. F. Haynes where | they found forty fully fed larvae of Tiliacea citrago L. On 26th, S. went _to Eynsford to beat larvae of Philereme vetulata Schiff. and P. trans- 'versata Hufn. and flushed up a female Cycnia mendica Clerck. On 27th O’K. and S. again collected in Kent, leaving two lights running near Wye whilst they visited Ham Street. It was a disappointing night with little of ‘note at the latter locality and only a few Agrotis cinerea Htibn. among _a host of commoners at Wye. The remainder of the month was enlivened when S. found numerous egg batches of Orthosia advena Schiff. on dead grass stems near his home. “Flaming” could only be applied to June as an epithet in the sense that Alf Garnett would have used it and of the thirty species which came to C.’s light at Eynsford on 5th, there was only one good bug—a female Lithophane semibrunnea Haw. which steadfastly refused to lay. |Similarly, a visit to Fawke Common near Sevenoaks produced one Tethea _fluctuosa Hubn. and 39 species of junk. S. visited Ham Street on 8rd June, when Mrs. Skinner captured a Specimen of Hemaris fuciformis L. Only one Euphyia luctuata Schiff. was seen, together with three Rheumaptera hastata L. M.V. that night attracted one Cucullia gnaphalii Hiibn., three Selenia lunaria Schiff., and a few Anagoga pulveraria L., Herminia barbalis Clerck and Clostera curtula L. A visit by C. and S. to Woodwalton in early June almost produced frostbite and conditions were little better at Holme Fen where two lights had been left burning. S. paid further visits a few days later when things were far better and noted Arenostola extrema Hiibn., ‘Apatele alni L., S. lunaria, Zanclognatha cribrumalis Htibn., Apamea unanimis Hiibn. and Mesoleuca albicillata L. As usual, Hydrillula palus- | tris Huibn. was conspicuous by its absence and we are beginning to place this insect in the same category as the unicorn and other mythical beasts. f During this period, O’K. was on a family holiday near Stockland in ‘Devon but had little to report on his return save that he had taken a ‘series of Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe in a nearby wood. Conditions on 10th June were quite good when O’K. and C. ran four lights on the North Downs near Trottiscliffe and noted nearly 60 species, including eight Hadena contigua Schiff., an uncommon bug in Kent, H. conspersa |Schiff., Bapta temerata Schiff., a few B. bimaculata Fab. and many other common chalk insects. A few days later, plenty of larvae of Earophila -badiata Schiff. were beaten from dogrose near Farnborough, Kent, and on ‘13th June Idaea lineata Scop. was flying in its restricted locality off the chalk near Ashford. On the same day, larvae of Clostera pigra Hufn. were found in numbers on scrub aspen at Ham Street. Mr. and Mrs. Brian Elliot had kindly invited S., his wife and C. to “Spend a weekend at Chesterfield, where they arrived at noon on 15th June and were soon afterwards sampling Mrs. Elliot’s excellent cooking. After lunch, Tony Harman joined the party and a somewhat somnolent 110 ENTOMOLOGISIT’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 | journey to Doncaster ensued to visit a local collector who kindly acted | as guide to one of his localities for Orgyia recens Hiibn. It was amazing ! to find larvae of this species in abundance on a restricted stretch of | hawthorn hedge, surrounded by miles of apparently suitable terrain from | which it was absent. Larvae were so common that it was almost possible to collect a series without moving one’s feet. On the return journey, one ! of the dales near Bakewell was visited where Parasenia plantaginis L. } and Procris geryon Hiibn. were common, although no females of the former were to be found. That night, the lamps were set up on a local / moor but the weather was chill and windy. Nevertheless, it was pleasant | as southern collectors to see Hadena bombycina Hufn. and Entephria | caesiata Schiff.. as well as one Epirrhoe tristata L. and to search for ) larvae of the lovely red form of Amathes castanea Esp., Lygris populata ) L. and Calostygia didymata L. The most noteworthy event the next day was a dish of scampi a la Elliott. | No further collecting was undertaken until 18th June when S. and C. visited Mr. Symes at Bournemouth and spent the rest of the day abor- | tively touring Dorset in search of webs of Eriogaster lanestris L. Although ) several trips were made during the remainder of the month, nothing use- | ful took place until 30th June when a mini-heatwave occurred. The temperature was 68 deg. F. at dawn at Ham Street when C. and S. packed up after noting twenty Moma alpium Esp., one C. gnaphalii, Angeronda | prunaria L., E. luctuata, Paracolax derivalis Hiibn., Herminia barbalis — Clerck, Atolmis rubricollis L., Rheumaptera undulata L. and many Apoda | avellana L. In all about 100 species were logged. A visit to the same spot } by O’K. the following night produced a similar list of species including a | further six M. alpiwm, one C. gnaphalii and one Colobochyla salicalis \ Schiff. The temperature on this occasion was 86 deg. F. at 10 p.m. and / still 74 deg. F. at dawn! i July opened with some promise and, for the first few days, we went | our separate ways. S. departed for the Lake District on 5th and the next | day at Butlermere noted about 20 Erebia ephiphron Esp. mostly worn, |) one Colostygia salicata Huibn., half a dozen Xanthorhoe munitata Hubn. | and one example of E. caesiata. At Meathop Moss a few Sterrha muri- | cata Hufn. were flushed and Coenonympha tullia Muller and Scopula ) ternata Schrank. were common. At Eskdale on 7th July several P.” plantaginis were taken, including one hospita, and a second brood was | bred out in the autnmn of which the hospita form represented one-fifth! of the males. Light that night at Witherslack produced Plusia bractea” Schiff. in numbers, two P. festucae L., six P. gracilis Lempke as well as! Nudaria mundana L., Venusia cambrica Curts, Apatele menyanthidis | View and L. populata. Migrants were pleasantly represented by a male Plusia ni Hiibn, a female Eublemma parva Hubn, and five male and one female Lamphygma exigua Hubn. On 5th July, C. met Brian Elliot and Tony Harman in North Devon! where the main object was Lygephila craccae Schiff. of which 30 larvae were taken. As these notes will be of some length, we will leave it to; Harman to cover the visit in his usual excellent article on the year’s collecting. On the return journey, on 7th, C. stopped at Swanage but the 7 torrential rain did not ease up until dusk and apart from hordes of Agro- | tis trux Hubn., little was seen. ae The 12th July saw the three of us together again, this time at Bury | COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1968 111 | St. Edmunds where larvae of Rheumaptera cervinalis Scop. were abun- ‘dant although Pareulype berberata Schiff. were going down. The night in the Breck was disappointing, but Heliophobus calcatrippe View. was common and Hyloicus pinastri L., Mesotype virgata Hufn., Euphyia cuculata Hufn. and Epirrhoe rivata Htibn. were noted. That night, a Heliothis peltigera Schiff. entered C.’s trap at Orpington. Because of the weather, it was not until 15th July that we were able to visit the marshes ‘near Faversham, where Leucania favicolor Barrett and Scopula emutaria _Hubn. were getting worn, although Ortholitha chenopodiata L. was in beautifully fresh condition. On 20th July, S. visited Dungeness where he noted about 20 Thalera _fimbrialis Scop. flying over the shingle. In the meanwhile, C. and O’K. were working Camber for Leucania litoralis Curt., Agrotis ripae Htbn. and one each of Heliophobus albicolon Hibn., and Apamea oblonga | Haw. Visits to Dungeness by O’K. and C. on 20th and 22nd were un- eventful, although a female T. fimbrialis was taken on the latter visit. Pupae of Nonagria algae Esp. were common in the reed mace near Cuck- ‘field, mainly in the dead stems. On 28th July, S. left for a holiday in ‘Devon when no exhaustive collecting was undertaken. However, the trap | which Mr Frank Lees kindly allowed him to run at Maidencombe attrac- ‘ted one Discoloxia blomeri Curt. (the second record for Devon), Cryphia -muralis Forst., E. quadripunctaria Poda., Leucania putrescens Hubn. and Lygris prunata L. Local trips produced V. cambrica, Schrankia taenialis Hubn., Lithosia deplana Esp., Alcis jubata Thunb., Apamea scolopacina | Esp., Colostygia olivata Schiff. and one female Panaxia dominula L. As things were fairly dull in the south-east, O’K. and C. decided to see how C. subrosea was faring and drove over to Wales for the night of 3rd August. They were pleased to find the moth extremely common and must have seen some 200 specimens. Other interesting captures were iP. bractea, P. festucae, Perizoma bifaciata Haw. and Plemyria rubiginata | Schiff. The following day O’K. departed for Southwold for a week’s col- lecting. Apart from the first night which produced 65 species at m.v. at Walberswick and 58 at Southwold, the week was not very productive due ‘to cool dull weather and a continuous northerly wind. However, he was | pleased to obtain a number of new species including Nonagria neurica ‘Hiibn., Arenostola brevilinea Fenn, A. oblonga, Euxoa cursoria Hufn. and Cucullia asteris Schiff., all fairly commonly on the first night. The first half of the month also saw several trips to the New Forest, when a total of eight Catacola promissa Schiff. were taken, about half of ‘them at light, with many Amphipyra berbera Rungs. at sugar and Lyman- ‘tria monacha L., H. pinastri and, on a particularly wet night, a male ‘Thecla quercus L. which had swum down from an overhanging oak. L. ‘otregiata was plentiful at dusk and several visited the lights. | The month continued uneventfully with day trips to Higham Marshes ‘for pupae of Nonagria sparganii Esp. Ranmore on 14th yielded one each of Amathes stigmatica Hiibn. and Triphosa dubitata L. and a few Scopula ornata Scop. The same locality on 22nd produced a fresh Acasis viretata ‘Hiibn.. Xanthorhoe designata Hufn., a few female Aspitates gilvaria ‘Schiff. and two late Ortholitha bipunctaria Schiff. On 19th at Westwell, OK. took a female A. stigmatica which laid a large number of eggs, on which he has hopes of a nice series next year. On 24th August, C. was surprised to find that half a dozen Nyssia zonaria Schiff. from larvae col- 112 ENYOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 lected in Conway the previous year had emerged and were still alive. A visit to Friday Street was made on 30th August, when Diarsia dahlii Hubn., was taken, together with a few Amathes castanea Esp. and one Thera firmata Hubn. O’K. stayed at Dawlish with his family from 24th and took five E. quadripunctaria, one Eilema caniola Hubn., one L. exigua and one Eupithecia phoeniciata Ramb., all at his m.v. trap. A larvae he found on sea rocket on 27th August produced a fine female Plusia ni Hubn. on 19th September. S. was again in Devon at the end of the month and on 3lst August noted a few Vanessa cardui L. and one Colias croceus Four. at Slapton and took two P. festucae and a few Nonagria geminipuncta Haw and N. dissoluta Treit. at m.v. On 38rd September at Prawle, three male Lasio- campa trifolii Schiff. and one female E. caniola were captured. Back in : London on 8th September, he found fifteen larvae of C. curtula on black — poplar on Mitcham Common. On 4th September, O’K. and C. ran the lights in Ashdown Forest where Amathes agathina Dup. was common and in good condition and many larvae of Anarta myrtilli L. were swept from the heather. These | nearly all died miserably within a week and any advice on treating this larva in captivity would be welcomed. Other visitors to the sheet were Paradiarsia glareosa Esp., Tholera cespites Schiff., Asphalia diluta Schiff., X. designata and a female Cosymbia porata L. On September 8th, O’K. and C. departed on a flying visit to the West | Country, arriving in North Devon during the late afternoon. Little time was available for fieldwork but one fully fed larva of Hadena barrettu Doubl. was found in the roots of sea campion. The met. pundits had fore- cast a warm, muggy night but had omitted to mention that a minor gale would be blowing down the comes chosen for the night’s operations. Two | lights were carted to the bottom of the cliff, where they were fairly well sheltered until nightfall, when the wind veered a few points to the west | and straight on to the sheets. Only seven Antitype xanthomista Hubn. were seen, slightly past their prime, together with one mint A. agathina, a female Calostygia pectinataria Knock and hordes of Plusia gamma L. | The lamps at the top of the cliff produced a surprisingly fresh female Ammogrotis lucernea L., which obliged with eggs two nights later, halt | of which were infertile. The next day was still very windy and it was decided to cut anchor and move south. That afternoon was spent largely thrashing hedges in the forlorn hope of a late E. quadripunctaria. Night operations were carried out at Maidencombe but as the winds remained strong, a curtain | may be drawn over the results; the only moths worth mention were | Ennomos quercinaria Hufn., and Amphipyra pyramidea L. The trap in the village produced a female Nonagria typhae Thunb. and Atethmia xerempelina Esp. Conditions on 10th September seemed better on Portland where — several Lysandra bellargus Rott., Vanessa atalanta L. and one V. cardut- L. were seen in Church Ope Cove. Later on, the lamps produced about about sixty Leucochlaena odites (hispida) Hiibn., the females of which ! came early, followed by the males about an hour later. Two more female | A. lucernea were taken, one somewhat early Aporophyla australis Boisd., | a few Aspitates ochrearia Rossi and a nice male Laphygma exigua Hubn. — Although P. gamma was everywhere in the afternoon and at dusk, few j COLLECTING NOTES FOR 1968 113 were on the wing atter dark and the flowerheads were almost destitute of moths, although a worn Gnophos obscurata Schiff. was seen and L. odites were sitting about on the grasses. The return journey was broken in the New Forest at 1.30 a.m. when a few larvae of Bomolocha crassalis Fab. were swept from the bilberry. That night, S. took two male Nycterosea obstipata Fab. in his trap in West Norwood and on 12th September, King’s College Hospital took him for an enforced stay, much to the relief of the moth population. The latter part of September was accompanied by a number of warm, overcast nights but in spite of the apparently good conditions, there was a dearth of moths and three pounds of C’s. sugar in Petts Wood on 2l1st | produced five bugs, with similar results on other occasions near Farn- borough. On 26th September, O’K. and C., in a fit of desperation, shot - down to Dawlish for the night, where O’K. had found his larvae of P. ni and only a few miles from Teignmouth where Terry Dillon had also | found a larvae. The night was warm, cloudy, moonless and with a south- west wind but results were abysmally disappointing with thirteen species | noted, including four Leucania l-album L., two Aporophyla nigra Haw. and one Antitype flavicincta Schiff. On ist October, O’K. and S. visited Ham Street under favourable weather conditions to wake up the autumn species. However, the only desirable moths were two Chlorocysta miata L. with a fair number of Gortyna flavago Schiff. Sugar was deserted. Still optimistic, O’K. ran down to Dungeness on 4th but despite seemingly ideal conditions with a _femperature not below 61 deg. F. the only interesting visitors to his lights were a few A. australis, some fresh Agrochola lota Clerk and Citria lutea Strom. with a fresh female Leucania straminea Treits. heavily dusted with black scales. On 5th October, a few Calophasia lunula Hufn. were still feeding at Dungeness and that night at Ham Street it was warm -enough for C. to work in shirt-sleeves. But he need not have bothered. On 12th, C. and S. ran the lamps at Ranmore, where the best of a bad bunch were three female Tiliacea aurago Schiff. For- tunately, however, some November moths were taken and on examina- tion of the genitalia proved to include several Oporinia christyi Prout. The ivy near Boxhill station was damp from the day’s rain and bore only one T. aurago. Conditions on 18th October were not promising, with persistent rain. | Nevertheless, O’K. and C. felt that results could not be less miserable on | a poor night than they had been on recent occasions and in a fit of nil | desperandum decided to visit Swanage for the night. In fact, the rain had practically ceased at dusk and the moderate westerly wind was not | troublesome. Messrs. Rogers and Sadler turned up as soon as the best | pitches had been bagged at Durlestone Head and there were eight lights ' working to the confusion of the local moths, most of which decided to ) stay away. Things livened up somewhat towards midnight when one each of Lithophane ornitopus Hufn. and H. leautieri Boisd. landed on the Sheet, accompanied by a run of Allophyes oxyacanthae L. and a few Leucania l-album L. and Eumichtis lichenea Hufn. Most of the ivy had gone Over and was in any case very wet but there were hordes of moths feed- ing and resting in the foliage. Most of these were plebs. but welcome | visitors were two L. socia Haw., one Dasypolia templi Thunb., with a few Conistra ligula Esp., L. l-album, A. nigra and one E. lichenea for good 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 measure and all mostly in fair condition. There were a few more moths at the lamps at dawn but apart from a male D. templi and a few more L. l-album, there was little of note, although the ivy produced a third L. socia. It was interesting to observe the build up of species towards mid- night followed by a gradual decline, contrary to the pattern usually seen in the summer. In all, 25 species of macros were observed. S. stopped at Swanage on his way down to Devon on 22nd September and took four D. templi, two L. l-album, and a few H. leautieri at light, whilst the ivy produced four L. socia, one L. semibrunnea and some common species. On 26th at Churston he took two more L. socia at ivy and on 30th found small larvae of Ortholitha mucronata Scop. fairly | common at night on gorse. As the weather looked right for Ptilophora plumigera Esp. on 11th) November, S. and O’K. visited Ranmore where they took two speci- | mens. It was not until 22nd that CG. and O’K. visited Wye to try for the species but although conditions were promising very little came to the | lights but searching the woods with paraffin lamps revealed a number of | Erannis aurantiaria Esp. and Operophtera fagata Schiff., all in good condition. O’K. returned on the next night and secured eight male P. plumigera. The final task of the season was to obtain wingless females of some of the winter species. S. had a successful outing to Mitcham Common on | 25th when he found females of E. defoliaria and E. aurantiaria after five | hours hard work and on 30th the three of us descended on Petts Wood | where, in very damp conditions, pairs of O. brumata were numerous and | O. fagata was abundant in both sexes. Birch trunks yielded eight female E. aurantiaria. Psilocephala melaleuca Loew. (Dip. Therevidae) in Berkshire By PETER CROW I recorded my capture (Ent. mon. Mag., 103: 176) (1967) of two speci- | mens, both females, in Windsor Forest of Psilocephala ardea Fabr., and 1: am writing this note to say that these two insects have now been res) identified by the appropriate Therevid authority as specimens of the very | rare British species P. melaleuca Loew. I had always been unhappy about the original determinatiin of my two’ insects and my doubts were based on my knowledge, as a collector, of the’ locality environment, which was so far away from the previous recorded i ones for P. ardea: these were all from West Midland counties in a different kind of situation. i Thus the five known records of P. melaleuca in Great Britain, all from? the Windsor area, are: May 1930, a male specimen bred by the late H. St. J. Donnisthorpe from a larva found in oak in May 1929; June 1940, a female specimen bred by A. A. Allen from a larva found in beech; 2nd July ! 1962, a female specimen captured by Prof. T. R. E. Southwood in hits) house at Ascot, Berks; 19th June 1967, two female specimens taken by myself in Windsor Forest. In conclusion I would like to state for the benefit of future hunters of this species, that there is great sexual dimorphism. 12 Harvey House, Westcote Road, Reading, Berks. 18.ii. 1969. HYPOTHYRIS VALLINA COLOPHONIA 115 Hypothyris vallina colophonia D’almeida (Lep. Ithomiidae) Rediscovered in Venezuela By JoHn H. MASTERS Ferreira d’Almeida (1945) described Hypothyris colophonia—now con- sidered to be a subspecies of Hypothyris vallina (Haensch)—from three specimens from Rio Branco, “Amazonas,” Brazil. For twenty years, until I and others took additional examples of H. v. colophonia at El Pao, Bolivar, Venezuela, the type series had been the only known specimens. I visited El Pao during March of 1965 and again during February of 1966 along with Harold W. Skinner, presently of La Victoria, Venezuela. Our hosts at El Pao were Albert and Mary Lou Gadou, experienced tropical collectors then living at El Pao, who first introduced me to the interesting end useful technique of collecting ithomids with heliotrope _ (Masters, 1968). Heliotrope (Heliotropum indicus Linnaeus)), a small purple flowered plant growing in sandy areas, was collected, dried and then hung out along trails where it serves as a very strong attractant for all Ithomiidae, certain Danaidae and moths of the family Ctenuchidae. Even though we collected at the height of the dry season when the | poorest numbers of butterflies are to be expected, I was able to collect, with the help of heliotrope, 204 ithomids which represented 21 species and 14 genera. The most interesting of these ithomids were 11 males and i /2 females of Hypothyris vallina colophonia which were determined by | | the late Dr. Richard M. Fox, formerly of the Carnegie Museum, an acknowledged expert in the Ithomiidae. All of the H. v. colophonia were collected in a small, dark, damp area along a jungle trail near El Pao. They were collected quite late in the _afterncon from dusk to sunset, however, it was noted that all of the | ithomines were somewhat crepuscular in habit and had a tendency to fly early in the morning and towards evening, being relatively inactive at mid-day. While several other stations were collected near El Pao and south of El Pao to El Dorado and beyond, without collecting any | additional examples of H. v. colophonia, I am making the assumption that the species is very local in occurrence. \ Flying sympatrically with H. v. colophonia was a very similar appearing species, Hypothyris euclea forbesi Fox; however, forbesi seemed to be more abundant, more widespread and less restricted in habitat and jit was collected at four collecting stations. Further south of El Pao, at El Dorado and beyond, a third Hypothyris, H. vallonia (Hewitson), was | encountered. D’Almeida’s type locality for H. colophonia (Rio Branco, Amazonas, | Brazil) apparently refers to the Rio Branco watershed in the present razilian state of Rio Branco and not to the town of Rio Branco in Acre, ‘nor to any place in the present state of Amazonas. In this case my | specimens are from a locality 300 to 400 miles north of the type locality and frem the opposite side of the Sierra Pacaraima, which divides the Rio Branco watershed and Brazil from the Caroni watershed and Venezuela. This makes me wonder if perhaps the d’Almeida type series could actually be from a locality further north, and in the Caroni basin— | perhaps the locality data on them was taken from a base camp and the collecting actually covered a much larger area. i ) 3S ww 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/IV/69 Species of the genus Hypothyris Hubner are perhaps better known under Ceratinia Hubner as there has been a good deal of misusage (folowing Haensch in Seitz 1909) in which the species Hypothyris are placed under Ceratinia with the name Calloleria Godman & Saivin usually applied to the species of the true genus Ceratinia. REFERENCES adAlmeida, F. 1945. Novos Ithomiidae da fauna brasileira (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Bol. Mus. Nacion. Rio. de Janeiro Zool. Ser., 39: 1-18. Masters, J. H. 1968. Collecting Ithomiidae with heliotrope. J. Lep. Soc., 22: 4108-110. Seitz, A. 1909. Grosschmetterlinge der Erde, 5: 1-1139. P.O. Box 7511, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A. Maniola (Epinephile) jurtina (L.) (Lep. Satyridae) and its Forms By G. THOMSON (Concluded from p. 90) Notes and Additions Since publication of the three parts of this paper some further information has come to hand. The following, therefore, should be taken into account when making use of this work. p. 10 B. Albinism The albinistic character in jurtina is an inherited one (see the Entomologist 83: 25-26). However, a cross where one or both parents are abnormal produces offspring whose chance of survival in captivity is small and in nature remote. Such specimens often show, in addition, abnormal wing veination and their flight is weak. Examination by a number of entomologists has shown that the scales responsible for all albinistic forms of this species are abnormal in one characteristic only—failure of the pigmentation. This occurs in varying degrees from light brown through shades of yellowish-brown to white and in extreme cases, transparency. ‘Malformation’ of the scales is almost invariably due to external interference after emergence (e.g. rainwater) on the light or transparent scales. The idea that these light patches are caused by moisture affecting the pupae has no foundation. The various manifestations of albinism in jurtina are due to variation in the distribution of these scales types and there are two groups into which all jurtina albinos fall. The first are these forms which I place with brigitta Ljunch together with testacea Schille, radiata Frohawk and a further synonym pallidus Frohawk (1938. Var. Brit. Butterfl. pl. 10, | fig. 2). Specimens of this sort vary from those with light patches to — those which are totally affected. The majority of scales in this form are of the transparent type but occur together with more or less of the pale ones. In this and the next form all colours of the wings can be affected including the fulvous areas and the apical eyespots. | In the second group—cinerea Cosm.—I place all forms listed under cinerea, glabrata Leeds and another synonym cervinus Frohawk (1938, loc. cit.). They differ from brigitta only in the distribution of the light scales which are, in incomplete forms, scattered more or less evenly over the wings. When males are affected in this way they are ‘ashy’, ‘metallic’ or ‘greasy’ in appearance depending on the mixture ol light and > RISE AND DECLINE OF VANESSA IO IN THE SMALL ISLES 117 transparent scales. There is no justification for the use of any more than the two names —brigitta and cinerea—for this form of albinism in jurtina. However, if one wishes to be more specific about the superficial appearance of specimens of this kind, the synonym describing it most closely could be placed in parenthesis between the name of the form to which it ‘belongs and its author—e.g. brigitta (radiata) Ljunch. It is quite possible that specimens showing both brigitta and cinerea tendencies will or have ‘already been taken. These could be referred to as brigitta-cinerea. p. 13 D. Variation in the Apical Eyespot. The form antirufa Leeds (see subhispulla Strand) is a synonym for nigro-rubra Lmbll. | f. ocellata Tutt 1908, Ent. Rec., 20: 247. | =infra-pupillata Lempke. | f. postexcessa Leeds 1950, has one or more eyespots on the upperside hindwings. | Rise and Decline of Vanessa Io in the Small Isles (Inner Hebrides) By J. L. CAMPBELL The interesting article by Mr. P. B. M. Allan on the decline of the Large Tortoiseshell (V. polychloros) in the December 1968 number of the Record set me thinking of another Vanessid which came to, and apparently has gone from, the district where I live in the Hebrides. I refer to the Peacock, Vanessa Io. The first time I ever saw a Peacock in the Highlands, in a district where I had collected in the summer holidays as a boy between 1918 and | 1924, was at Crinan in North Knapdale on the 26th of August 1935. It was a considerable surprise. Living on Canna since 1938, my first record of seeing this butterfly here was in early June 1939 (Scottish Naturalsit /1989: 133). My records of the butterfly can be summarised as follows: Year Spring Autumn 1939 1 = (1945 None (absent till April 26th) 5 (1946 Not at home = /1947 None, bad weather Common (1948 Common No record found 1949 None, cold wet spring 1 1950 — None, very bad autumn /1951 — 1 11952 1 — 11953 1 — 11954 1 Absent after August 19th 11955 —_— — (1956 ae 1 1957 = = (1958 — — i Absent July 23 to September 13 (1959 2 One seen at Morar, September 13 1960 4 1 (1961 — 3 | The butterfly was certainly about in the autumn of 1948, as that was | the year I found a large batch of larvae feeding on nettles near my |house, and reared some of them, but I do not seem to have kept records 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 of the butterfly that summer, as it seemed to be well established. September 20th, 1961, was the last time I saw a Peacock butterfly here. Since then no one who could recognise the species has seen one here, although 1966 and 1968 were eminently favourable seasons. The summers of 1961, 62 and 63 were very bad, and until 1968 the Small Tortoiseshell (V. urticae) itself had become very rare here. V. io has also gone from the neighbouring islands of Rum and Eigg. In Vol. 67, No. 5, of the Record Professor Heslop Harrison wrote that io had first been seen on the _ island of Rum in 1943 and was now (1955) firmly established there. Mr. | Peter Wormell, the Warden of Rum, informs me that he has not seen a : specimen there since September 1963. In Eigg, where I certainly remember seeing io in 1946 or 1947, Dr. H. McLean tells me that the | last specimen he saw there was in the autumn of 1966. Is the Peacock in a state of regression elsewhere in Scotland or the British Isles generally? It would be interesting to have the impressions | of others amongst your readers. | Insects and Motor Cars By R. LAUNCELOT HARD Whilst the exhaust gases of motor cars certainly form an unwelcome addition to industrial and other forms of pollution, I cannot believe that | they act directly on insect populations in the way suggested by the author of “Death from the roads’”’. I see no reason why carbon monoxide (CO) should be of any harm to insects, even in concentrations quite a lot higher than those in question. | In mammals, CO acts by forming a compound with the haemoglobin mole- | cules of the blood in preference to oxygen. This leads to severe oxygen | deficiency and death, as individual cells rely almost entirely on the blood | stream for their oxygen requirements. The blood has no role in respiration in the majority of insects, indeed, it contains no haemoglobin or haemo- | cyanin. The tracheal system ramifies so finely that a tracheal tube reaches © most cells in the body. The oxygen can thus reach them by diffusion, and | there is no need for a ‘carrier’ which is affected by carbon monoxide. It | seems unlikely that any of the other components of exhaust gas could ever: reach a high enough level in the atmosphere to kill or sterilise insects. ] They are simply not produced rapidly enough to accumulate before being ! diluted in vast quantities of air, as a result of air currents and diffusion. | It is illogical to equate the extreme sensitivity many of the Lepidoptera | have in the perception of scents with their sensitivity to the effects of the : substances causing them. The former is centred in the antennae, the « latter throughout the body, and they are totally unconnected anyway. It is an undeniable fact that the verges of many roads are heavily | polluted, and it does seem likely that lepidoptera may avoid laying eggs 4 on polluted foodplants. Yet lepidopterous larvae can often be found on) plants near heavily used roads: surely spraying and suburban-style crop- ping of the verges are more at fault. What gases in exhaust are harmful to insects, and how could they affect © areas where the decline in butterflies is as pronounced, but cars are few? | Not by wind, as the concentrations would be too low. Influx of insects | from affected areas would not harm a stable resident population, unless the | immigrants had undergone some genetical change, which is unlikely to say } NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 119 the least. All the circumstantial evidence is against the wastes of petrol engines having a directly harmful effect. If one insect is killed or sterilised by them, why should another of its kind not be? The result would not be a decline, it would be a virtual extinction, but I have found all three Pieris spp. breeding 50 yards from the M4. Motor cars produce dirty air and dirty vegetation—that much is undeni- able. Inexpensive filters that remove the guilty components from the exhaust are at present available, and I would be happy to see legislation making their use compulsory, for without it nobody will take the trouble to have one fitted. But meanwhile let us not tilt at windmills and blame the unfortunate motorists for everything, when pesticides and ‘develop- ment’ are far greater dangers. It’s no use, anyhow, as one can always con- fidently expect convenience and financial considerations to take precedence over aesthetic ones. Notes and Observations ORGYIA ANTIQUA L. AT LicHt.—C. G. M. de Worms asks whether anyone else has noted the vapourer moth (Orgyia antiqua L.) at light. I have a record of one coming to my trap in Croydon on the night of October 10th 1966, when only seven other moths were noted. I see this is about the same time of year as the de Worms record and considerably later than the usual flight period of this species. The following year I obtained several larvae on Mitcham Common in | September, and moths resulted from these in October. The single male among them did not fly at all during the day and, though I did not actually observe it, I strongly suspect from its disposition the following morning, that it flew at night. It may be worth noting that none of the females had yet emerged. In its normal flying period during August, the flying time when the “males seek cut the wingless females is normally confined to the morning hours of warm sunny days. It is not unreasonable to suppose, therefore, that the lack of these same conditions in the autumn may well be the cause of incidents where these late specimens (they are almost certainly ' not examples of second brood) are observed at light. The problem surrounding species found at light which formerly were considered exclusively day flying insects needs further research. It has _been stated in the case of many butterflies that light disturbs them in their treetop resting places and that they then fly unwillingly towards the source. However, the number of species attracted in this way is Strictly limited and not confined to, or determined by, those which rest in trees. It may be assumed that there is some other factor involved. I have never, for instance, heard of any of the burnet moths (Zygaenidae) at light—whereas the moth O. antiqua and the butterflies Pararge aegeria L. and Thecla quercus L. appear to be quite regular visitors. Mcre observations on this subject are needed—especially in connec- tion with the species which most frequently appear and those which are conscipuously absent.—L. K. Evans, 31 Havelock Road, Croydon, MELIANA FLAMMEA CURTIS IN SUFFOLK.—I was most interested to read Mr. E. P. Wiltshire’s note (antea 29). It may be of further interest to readers to know that whilst collecting with Mr. Michael Tweedie, a specimen of Meliana flammea Curt. turned up on the sheet when we were working CRO 6QQ, Surrey. 12.i.1969. 120 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 | mercury vapour light in a ride in Dunwich Forest on the night of 18th | June 1964. It was one of those very gusty nights when working light by the extensive reed beds or sandhills immediately to the north was quite | impracticable. Hence the trip to Dunwich Forest instead of to Walberswick | from Southwold. Actually we had been down to the reed beds at the foot of the slope by the forest looking for settled insects and flammea had not entered into our calculations. Doubtless the moth had been carried into the wooden shelter by the wind.—T. J. G. Homer, St. Timothee, Pinkneys | Green, Maidenhead, Berks. 22.11.1969. COENONYMPHA CORINNA SSP. ELBANA STAUDINGER.—As the only records of ) which we know, of Coenonympha corinna ssv. elbana Staudinger, being | taken on the mainland of Italy refer to specimens found on Monte Argen- - tario (Grosseto), I think the following may be of interest. \ During the last week of May 1967 my wife and I found this subspecies | in the neighbourhood of Talamone (Grosseto) some 25 miles north of the | above mentioned locality. Although it was sparingly distributed on the shrub-covered hillsides, it was abundant in shady woodland paths. We were unsuccessful in finding this race on Monte Argentario during | the two days we were there, but this may have been owing to the incle- ment weather. Much of this area has now been developed.—Lt. Col. W. B.}) L. Manuey, Greenways, Shoreham Road, Otford, Sevenoaks, Kent. 9.iii.1969. | HYDRAECIA LUCENS FREYER AT DINGLE.—On 20th August 1968 there was a rather strange looking Hydraecia in my mercury vapour light trap at) Dingle. The ground colour was a pinkish grey and the ear mark white. Had it been in this area, I should at once have classed the moth as H.! paludis Tutt, but as this species has not yet been found in Ireland, I waited | until I could get Mr. Fletcher to have a look at it. He has now kindly done so and has determined it as lucens. This is rather interesting to me. as although I have been taking Hydraecias on the coasts of West Cork and | Kerry for the past twenty years, I have never before found lucens there.’ I have brought home over 100 specimens from Glengarriff, Adrigole, Inch, ! and Dingle, and they have every one been determined as H. crinanensis | Burrows, mostly by Dr. Cockayne or Mr. Fletcher. Donovan (p. 37) gives the moth as common, though less so than’ crinanensis, and in the same localities. Mr. Baynes (p. 49) quotes Donovan) and gives a few localities, but not one of these is in Kerry or West Cork. } The only places on the west coast where I have found lucens are in! the Burren, where it is usually the commonest of the group. ; I have still to find H. oculea L., and think it must be mainly an inland : insect in Ireland.—H. C. Hucarns, F.R.E.S., 65 Eastwood Boulevard, West- | cliff on Sea, Essex. 25.11.1969. 1 Forms oF ACLERIS LORQUINIANA Dup. (LEP. TORTRICOIDEA) AT WICKEN FEN.— | From larvae that I collected in August 1968, feeding on flower heads of) Lythrum salicaria, some 20-30 moths were reared in September. The series) contains three main forms: (a) with more or less unmarked forewing; (b)) forewing with dark diagonal stripe and (c) forewing with intense black — spot in centre. It is interesting to note that according to Huggins (Ent. Rec., 80: 233) the latter form is only supposed to occur in the first genera- tion (summer brood).—J. M. CHALMERS-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 12.ii.1969. CURRENT LITERATURE 121 Current Literature Plant and Animal Geography by Marion I. Newbigin, xv +298, Univer- versity Paperbacks No. 221, Methuen & Co., Ltd. 18/- in U.K. only. The fact that since this book was first published in 1936 it has been reprinted seven times really makes a review unnecessary. However, the present edition, which was being compiled at the time of the author’s death, has been completed by Florence M. Newbigin with the help of others. The chapters are subdivided, and these subtitles give a good idea of their scope: chapter I is divided into “The Terrestial Plant Cover and its Significance’, “Animals associated with the great Plant Communities’, “Taxonomic distribution of Plants and Animals and its geographical Aspects’, “Ocean Life’, and “Economic Bearing of Biogeography” all of which speak for themselves, and the Summary educes three main topics for discussion; The influence of natural conditions on the distribution and outstanding features of the great terrestial plant communities and the animals associated with them; the outstanding facts of the taxonomic distribution of organisms over the land surfaces, in so far as this _ distribution throws light on the present features of these and their prob- able past history; and the response made by marine organisms to the ocean habitat in relation to the conditions existing there, and the similar response in the case of the fresh water habitat. Chapter II gives a general explanation of the elements of taxonomy, an important piece of information to enable the reader to cope with what follows. Three chapters on soils and climate are contributed by Miss Margaret Dunlop. Following chapters deal with the major plant | communities and their animal associates, Taxonomic distribution of plants and animals, and Factors of Plant Geography. The chapters are filled with interesting material which defies individual notice, but one sees how the whole matter is skilfully strung together in the pursuance of this very important subject. The index is followed by a few blank pages for notes. _ The paperback edition is well printed and strongly bound to stand up to the handling necessitated by study, but the book is also supplied with a board cover for the library. The student will fully appreciate _ its value, but the immense interest of this book is recommended in smal- ler doses to the ordinary intelligent reader, and the result will be a great increasing of his understanding of the Natural History situation. —S.N.A.J. Pleasure from Insects by Michael Tweedie. 172 pp. including one coloured and 16 half-tone plates. David & Charles, Newton Abbot, 30/-. Mr Tweedie is in an ideal position for writing this book, being an q experienced biologist with museum experience, which gives him an in- i sight into the attitude of ordinary members of the public, and an ability | to show how interesting the science can be. He explains in his introduc- | tion that the book is mainly for those who have neither the urge to col- lect, nor “the time or inclination for more austere entomological studies”. His hope is to bring people and insects closer together for the benefit of both. The text is divided into four sections, namely ‘Looking at them”, “Keeping them” and “Photographing them”, and the author leads his 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 readers through these paths, tastefully illuminated by drawings by Joyce Bee, which range from exotic silk moths on the flysheets, through many insect orders to pieces of apparatus, and add to the pleasure of the book. There are five useful appendices; a list of books about insects, Scientific names of species mentioned in the text, Giant Silkmoths, a wooden stand for vertical photography, and a list of societies, magazines and dealers in books and specimens. The book is well printed on good paper and is well bound, and should find a place on the book shelves of all nature lovers.—S.N.A.J. Desert Locust Project, Final Report. United Nations F.A.0., 40/-. Obtainable from H.M. Stationery Office. 4to., 140 pp. Chapter I gives a survey of the periods 1960-1, 1962, 1963-66, and an analysis of the causes of a recession. Chapter II covers an ecological survey, and reports on various aspects of the organisation’s locust establishments. Chapter III deals with recommendations, IV discusses the continuation of certain activities and their financing. V, The value of the project, its immediate impact on the various activities and some of its results with ideas on the future strategy. Appendices explain the 1960 plan with budget and a list of representatives of the countries concerned; a 1965 supplementary budget; and a list of 66 reports. There is a page of references and finally a list of sales agents and booksellers for F.A.O. publications on the two sides of the back cover.—S.N.A.J. Two separates received from Professor C. A. Clarke concern further activities in the breeding of exotic swallowtail butterflies. The first is from the Malayan Nature Journal and is entitled “Mimicry and Papilio memnon. Some breeding results from England’, by C. A. Clarke, E. M. M. Clarke and P. M. Sheppard, F.R.S. This reports the author’s method of obtain- ing and breeding in England, P. memnon and its allies. Some aspects of the theory of mimicry are discussed, and selected results of the breed- ing work and genetic conclusions are outlined. A request for more helpers and also for funds is made. The paper is illustrated by two coloured and two half-tone plates, each with six figures. There is also a map showing distribution, of the species. The other is from the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Series B. Biological Sciences, No. 791, Vol., 254, p.p. 37-89, { dated 22nd August 1968. This is entitled “The Genetics of the mimetic Butterfly Papilio memnon L. by C. A. Clarke, P. M. Sheppard, F.R.S., and I. W. B. Thornton. The subject is very thoroughly described: the authors x have made another study of the genetics of mimicry and have selected Papilio memnon for its polymorphic character. The distribution of its various forms and of its modela is shown in seven sketch-maps of south east Asia. After mention of materials and methods, descriptions are © given of the female forms used; there are five coloured plates, each of | twelve figures, illustrating the forms used, and also the models of the | mimetic forms. Results are fully tabulated, and the Discussion, after | reviewing previous investigation into the genetic control of mimicry, |; deals with three subjects under the headings of “The evolution of © mimicry”, “The evolution of dominence”, and ‘“Mimicry and the evolution | of a super-gene”. The paper is concluded by acknowledgements to a CURRENT LITERATURE 123 long list of helpers, and a list of references. The number of these helpers shows the amount of interest aroused by these projects.—S.N.A.J. Purnell’s Encylopaedia of Animal Life, 3/6 weekly. This magazine edited by Dr. Maurice Burton, would seem to have as its main purpose the bringing before the public some of the excellent coloured photo- ‘graphs of natural history subjects which have become possible to-day. The subjects are arranged in alphabetical order, and the pictures are /accompanied by desciptive matter on their habits, life, feeding, etc., but ‘scientific details are kept to a minimum. The alphabetical arrangement will probably meet with approval from the unscientific nature lover because of the variety of subjects per number. No. 1 deals with subjects ranging from mammals, birds, snakes and lizards, and insects to crustaceans. For the more scientifically inclined, an attempt at a systematic order would be preferable, some- thing on the lines of the Harmsworth Natural History of some sixty years ago.—S.N.A.J. } f | From Magne Opheim, I have an interesting separate from Opuscula -Entomologica 33: 371-374, entitled Acleris nigrilineana Kawabe, a resi- dent of Northern Europe. The text is in the English language. While . comparing A. abietana specimens from Norway with others, he was ‘struck by their close affinity to the Japanese A. n7grilineana. The author describes the race from Oslo Fjord as A. nigrilineana ssp. vikeni- ‘ana nssp. Genitalia dissections of both sexes of both species from various localities are given for comparison.—S.N.A.J. | Amphipyra pyramidea L. en dubbleart (Lep. Agrotidae) by Ingvar Svensson, Opuscula Entomologica, 33; 183-188, in the Swedish language, sets out the author’s reasons for separating the species into A. pyramidea -L. and A. berbera Rungs. There are half-tone illustrations of both species | from Denmark, and the male and female genitalia. There is a summary in the English language.—S.N.A.J. _ Also from Mr. Svensson I have his account, jointly with Roland | Johansson, of the P&altsa expedition of 1964 (Lepidoptera); Opuscula _Entomologica, 33: 119-128. This district in the north of Sweden near the Norwegian frontier, and Tuipal, west of the Finnish frontier, were explored mainly for microlepidoptera. It was hoped to establish Catastia _kistrandella Oph., Sophronia gelidella Nordm. and Tingama dryadis Stgr. as Swedish species, and in this the exnvedition was successful. New species found were Coleophora unigenella Sv., C. thulea Joh. and Lithocolletis rolandi Sv. There is a man of the district, and photographic views of the Terrain illustrate the paper, and there is a list of species found, tabulated to show their relative frequency at Paltsa and Tuipal in the years 1954, 1956 and 1964.—S.N.A.J. . Atalanta, Vol. 1, part 2, July 1968, contains four articles: Rhopalocera | from the eastern side of Lake Tanganyika, by J. Kielland (in the English language), An Account of seven summer holidays spent in the Scandi- _Mavian mountains, by Av Mogens Schliiter, Lepidoptera new to Norway, | by Magne Opheim, and finally an article by Mr Opheim on new localities _for Norwegian lepidoptera—S.N.A.J. 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 81 15/1V/69 Pests of Coffee by Dr. R. H. le Pelley, xii-590 pp. Longmans 147/-. This exhaustive text book seems to deal with the subject in hand from every conceivable angle. Chapter I opens with an account of coffee- growing areas of the world, showing the plant to be able to grow any- where in the tropics excepting on high ground subjected to frost, and other sites unsuitable for the growing of any plants. The various species of the genus Coffea are mentioned and the distribution in Africa is shown by maps. Chapter II, headed Coffee as a host plant, outlines the many ways in which it is exploited by insects. Climate conditions are discussed, as also are cultural practices from the plantation crop down to peasant plots of only a few trees, and even the gathering of wild berries. The damage caused by insect attacks is assessed. Chapter III discusses the control of coffee pests from all its aspects, | with stress on biological control. Species of pest are given as examples with their predators and parasites, down to fungi, bacteria, virusesiand pro- toza. Under the heading of chemical control, methods of applying insecti- cides are discussed at length. The various insecticdes are listed and dis- cussed, and mechanical means of disinfestation are also taken into con- sideration. Part two is headed Pests and their Control, and lists the various species under their orders, discussing each with an account of its habits, predators, control and damage caused. Chapter IX on Nematodea is con- tributed by Dr. A. G. Whitehead. Part III, Systematic Lists shows coffee insects listed together with a | note of the part of the plant attacked or the method of attack, and the localities from which each has been noted. This list is followed by a list of parasites of coffee insects. There follows a bibliography of 1,106 entries and a supplementary one of references in Chapter IX. An index completes the book. The book is well printed on good paper and is strongly bound in cloth boards. It is unnecessary to add that it will be found to be an essential | part of the library of anyone concerned with the growing of coffee, or © with training personnel for such an occupation.—S.N.A.J. Mimicry in Plants and Animals by Wolfgang Wickler, translated from the German by R. D. Martin. 153 pp. World University Library, 16/- in the United Kingdom only. Although intended for University students ; this book cannot fail to be of enormous interest to any naturalist, and its language is intelligible to all. Mimicry is discussed from all angles, and the wideness of the range must be seen to be believed. Many familiar cases are cited, but many more, not so familiar, leave one wondering more and more. Subjects | range from trematodes to fishes and reptiles, moluscs, insects and plants — each more astonishing than the last. The book is lavishly illustrated by excellent coloured figures and black and white drawings by Hermann Kacher, and these add greatly to its interest: the translation also has been admirably handled. The book is bound in a strong paper cover, and the printing is good.—S.N.A.J. CorRIGENDUM: In my Review of Current Literature, vol. 80 p. 330, Eriocrania haworthi Bradley (Lep., Micropterigidae) was incorrectly — stated to be identical with Chapmania kaltenbachii Wood. The two species are of course quite distinct, and the reference should have been Chapmania kaltenbachi sensu Hering (nec Wood).—S.N.A.J. SUMMER CATALOGUE Just Published— 34 pages of livestock, equipment, superb collecting nets, etc., all illustrated. Catalogue free from: Worldwide Butterflies Ltd. cores DATA LABELS. Printed to your requirements. 100 250 500 750 1000 1 Tiahayesy oe nig Res ae a 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- 2 TEA Sy enh Rie Sab a ee 4/6 5/6 8/— 10/— 12/6 3 ILAN®’ 5 sig Ghd SA 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/- | th IMIDE» peace eaten lara oma eebaE 6/6 7/6 11/- 15/6 17/6 MO Valerormhemale) Sex Signs 52062 oh. oe eu hae e ible be wee ee eloe 3d. * 123% Discount on all orders over 30/-. * Immediate Delivery—Post Free. * Choice of paper surfaces. * Other labels to order. Postal Business Only. Send for sample labels to:— P. D. J. HUGO, 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a speciality. 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England. Mail Orders Only. In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record”. REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The Editor of “The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. IS I TEI TT RT FT PE IT SS Pa PEST EB TM PY SS EE BT TET TE ID : BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS E. DOOWELL, 28 Summerleaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the » required level and the offer of “sale prices” has now been withdrawn. | However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be » pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would like to buy in a few clean complete unbound copies of | Vols. 61, 62, 63, 77, 78 and 79, at 17/6 per volume. Please write to The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE Kent, before > sending. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger / or less experienced Entomologist. i For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 4 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon, Advertising | Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. CONTENTS (April, 1969) A New Species of Lepidochrysops Hedicke (Lepidoptera: Leena) from the North Western Cape. C. G. C. DICKSON Ds Autographa festucae Linnaeus and gurogn apne grace Taha B. J.LEMPKE .. ne Early Appearance of Re ee hippocastanaria Hiibn. L. W. SIGGS : ai Notes on the Teed sters, H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. Br Inverness-shire in 1968. COMMANDER G. W. HARPER, R.N. (Retd.) Collecting Notes for 1968. R. G. CHATELAIN, D. O’KEEFFE and B. F. SKINNER ... Psilocephala melaleuca Loew. ip. Therevidae) in Berkshire. PETER CROW ie : Hypothyris vallina colophonia D’almeida pel Ithomiidae) Rediscovered in Venezuela. JOHN H. MASTERS Maniola (Epinephele) suntan (L.) eee: Sata] and its Forms. G. THOMSON Ai Rise and Decline of Vanessa io in the Small Isles (Inner Hentaco! J. L. CAMPBELL : she : Ems ae Insects and Motor Cars. R. LAUNCELOT HARD Orgyia antiqua L. at Light. L. K. EVANS . Meliana flammea Curtis in Suffolk. T. J. G. HOMER Coenonympha corinna ssp. elbana TN ak LIEUT. COL. W. B. L. MANLEY ! Hydraceia lucens ee at Dinzie H. C. HUGGINS, F.R.E.S. Forms of Acleris lorquiniana Dup. (Lep. Tortricoidea) at Wicken Fen. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT A Vea Bi aN Ma CURRENT LITERATURE: Plant and Animal Geography. Marion I. Newbigin Pleasure from Insects. Michael Tweedie Desert Locust Project, Final Report. U.N.F.A. O. Breeding Exotic Papilios. Prof. C. A. Clarke 48 Purnell’s Encyclopedia of Animal Life. Dr. M. Burton .. Acleris abietana and A. nigrilineana. Magne Opheim Amphipyra pyramidea L. en dubbleart. Ingvar Svensson Atalanta, Vol. 1, Part 2 Pests of Coffee. Dr. R. H. le ellen Mimicry in Plants and Animals. Wolfgang Wickler 97 101 103 104 105 107 114 115 116 VIZ, 118 119 119 120 120 120 121 121 122 122 123 123 123 123 124 124 Butterflies and Moths of Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ate (19)-(22) ee ry 4 tv ie ny t i wi Yue f i rg iy Citas ( avy 4 LA aul . Here eae ANY iat Nie rn ( ; 1 ’ | ( a i pean, K sees fv Ha y if ee) ae ay mE Me be Sak Teas ‘one agg a ebro oy ak Pata nr Honeybees from close up by ARTHUR M. DINES with photographs by STEPHEN DALTON 4 In this volume a distinguished beekeeper entomologist combines his talents with those of a celebrated insect photographer to show how the honeybee lives and works to perpetuate the species. Sixty-seven detailed photographs help to reveal the daily life and the mysterious talents of this favourite of the insect world. Mr Dines investigates the many mysteries surrounding the life of the bee which to this day astound scientists. Bees have a system of communication which seems to be surpassed only by man’s. The author tells how the bees dance to communicate the location of a new source of food; how they navigate by the position of the sun; how they decide when it is time to swarm—or start a new colony; how they debate among themselves over which site will make the best home; how the queen inhibits their instinct to start ‘queen cells’; and how an egg is tended by the workers so that it will develop into a new queen. Detailed photographs in close-up reveal the hive as rarely seen by man. Arthur M. Dines, who has made a lifetime study of the bee, heads the science department in a London secondary school. Photographer Stephen Dalton, who is known for his outstanding work in the natural sciences, took the photographs for Ants from Close Up. 67 detailed photographs in the text 35/- CASSELL THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine a Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Winu1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. K. Mc.E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Se., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.S.c.;_ Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonsEcA, F.R.E.S. a Care toe nee TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS _ All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied by ~ F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which will be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a subscriber. i ; Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, | \ P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3° 2 DW, Berks., England. 4 Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. ; REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to. the Editor of corrected proof. e ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS ; THE COST. a) Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they | are sending to other magazines. * All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, ete, | loss or damage. T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION \ Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.£.s. with the assistance of Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Auy 4 16RQ 1) ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— REAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. cath af .. 35/- Post Free THER COUNTRIES .. Nt At Hi We as .. 40/- Post Free ‘ Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.E:s. arvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 3 2 DW, Berks., England |. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. AUG 4 1969 CiBRARIED ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— r BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a oi .. 30/- Post Free THER COUNTRIES .. a BS a A 3 .. 40/- Post Free i Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.E.s. arvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 2DW, Berks., England IVEVeRGLeV GW CPEB LEP CSE LISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET AS EDSEP GSS SS EPSPS aDSSSD STAG SPEISsOPESCSaVSS BRITISH SHELLS Nora F. McMillan 50s net . a thorough and attractive guide. This book, with emphasis — ‘ on Den decion describes 355 representative examples of | British shell-bearing molluscs, and illustrates 124 in colour. | Line drawings are also used successfully. The main body of : the text deals with species in four groups: marine, terrestial, — freshwater and slugs. Other informative chapters deal with © suitable hunting grounds and economic uses; and the classifica list of British molluscs provides a very useful check.’ Nature | 4 | ‘,.. an attractive book of good value, generously illustrated and accurately printed, recommended to all shell-collectors and | those concerned with the identification of the British shell- | i bearing mollusca. Apart from a group of tiny Pisids, all the species living in the British Isles and the shallow seas around them are described, covering nearly 600 marine and 180 fresh~_ water or terrestial forms, and of these no fewer than 355 are figured.” The Naturalist Wa rne —fthh O@ aA2n SMITHSONIAN PLATE III. VOL. 81. Photograph: N. H. Wykeham. 153 A new Species of Tarsocera Butler (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) from the Cape Province By C. G. C. Dickson Although this species is fairly close, superfically, to T. dicksoni (van Son)* the male genitalia are decidedly different in certain respects and, especially as regards the aedeagus, more like those of T. cassus (L.). On the upperside of the forewing there is less fulvous colouring in the lower median area, in the male, and with the colouring here duller than in the corresponding sex of dicksoni; while other differences are noted hereunder. Tarsocera southeyae spec. nov. Male. Upperside. Forewing. Fulvous colouring distinct in cell up to a black cross streak, and less distinct from this streak to end of cell and up to the large sub- triangular reddish area. Below cell, a fairly small wedge-shaped fulvous marking from near base does not extend clearly beyond a point approxi- mately below origin of vein 2, the distinct reddish colouring here, being | bounded outwardly by a short downward dark streak from origin of this -yein—and the outward restriction of the reddish marking at this point being a good character by which to distinguish T. southeyae from T. dicksoni. The large reddish patch which partly surrounds the prominent, black, bipupillate sub-apical ocellus, clearer and more sharply defined than ‘in dicksoni, and of a rather lighter and more salmon-coloured tone than in ' that species. Hindwing. As in dicksoni, including the reddish-ringed ocelli, varying in number from 3-4 in different specimens. Underside. The dark ground-colour of a rather less dark tone, on the whole, than in dicksoni. _ Forewing. Very similar to that of dicksoni (allowing for variation in different specimens) but the light, irregular suobmarginal line running ‘down to, or a little below, vein 2 rather less sharply defined and further from the wing-margitn. | Hindwing. The irregular curved transverse streaks and other dark markings less distinct and, where present, the light edgings of the markings not as clear as is usual in dicksoni. Body and ancillary parts superficially very much as in the two allied species; but the antennae (except in one specimen, in which it is pro- nounced) without, or with less, ochreous colouring, in places. )*Van son, G., 1962. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., 24: 142-146, Pl. II. | yf EXPLANATION OF PLATE III. Tarsocera southeyae spec. nov. Fig. 1—¢ Holotype, Tarsocera southeyae spec. nov. (upperside). Fig. 2—¢ Holotype, Tarsocera southeyae spec. nov. (underside). Fig. 3—¢ Genitalia of T. cassus (L.). (Signal Hill, Cape Town. 24.x.1968.) Fig. 4—3 Genitalia of T. dicksoni (v. Son). (Piquetberg Mtn., 30.x.1956.) Fig. 5— Genitalia of T. southeyae spec. nov. (Jansenville, 27.ix.1968.) Figures of imago approximately natural size. Figures of genitalia 14 times natural size. 154 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 Length of forewing: 24-255 mm. (the former measurement, in holo- type). 6 Holotype, EASTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Jansenville, 27.1x.1968 (Mrs. R. J. Southey); specimen presented by Mrs. Southey to the British Museum ~ (N.H.); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17105. Paratype in the author’s collection, data as holotype, 12. Paratypes in Coll. R. J. Southey, as holotype, 4 ¢ ¢. | | Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum, as holotype, 1 ¢; Willowmore, | 13.ix.1958, 1 ¢ (H. D. Brown). | i ! This species can be separated at a glance from T. cassus on account of the far more extensive fulvous colouring in the forewing of the latter » G.e., if the males only of each species are compared) and the less well defined and less bright reddish patch towards the apex. The female of | T. southeyae has not as yet been identified. (In the foregoing connection, | T. cassus from the Cape Peninsula is being considered; a particularly dark | insect from the more easterly portion of the Cape Province has the ful- | vous of the torewing upperside less apparent than in T. cassus from | nearer Cape Town, but has been found to have the same form of. aedeagus and appears therefore to be conspecific with cassus from the | Cape Peninsula, in spite of some difference in wing marking.) | | T. southeyae, as a species, is, it is believed, also widely distributed in a | westerly direction—judging by the similarity in the male genitalia of| specimens from Little Namaqualand (Kamieskroon, etc.) to the genitalia | of southeyae from Jansenville. The Namaquland males which have been | seen have not been as well coloured as regards the large reddish outer patch of the forewing upperside, this also applying to a male from S. of | Doorn River (well S. of Van Rhyn’s Dorp). In this latter specimen the) fulvous colouring in the median area of the forewing is more noticeable, | but the outer patch is reduced in size. The above specimens have thei fulvous area of the forewing underside more restricted and darker than in \ most of the Jansenville examples of southeyae, but the markings of the! hindwing underside and their light edgings are generally more distinct: than in these specimens. When studying this group of butterflies it is found that the aedeagus.) with its strongly spined distal end, provides remarkably clear-cut taxon-) omic characters. The male genitalia of T. cassus (L.) and T. dicksoni (van: Son) are figured in the accompanying plate (Figs. 3 & 4) for comparison | with those of T. southeyae (Fig. 5). It should be mentioned that in the! original description of dicksoni (op. cit.) the male genitalia of a species. other than that of the holotype of dicksoni were depicted by van Son—botl., species concerned resembling each other closely in wing markings. : Referring briefly to the genitalia of dicksoni and comparing them with i those of cassus, it will be seen immediately from the figures that the uncus, and schaphium are much longer in the former species, while the aedeag: : are quite distinct in each case, even apart from the difference in the dista’ ends. In dicksoni only three somewhat slender, almost straight ant moderately long, pointed, distal spines are present, in addition to a ver) slender curved spine on the far side of these spines, corresponding to the | very long curved spine of cassus but very much reduced in size. i” A NEW SPECIES OF TARSOCERA BUTLER FROM THE CAPE PROVINCE 155 In T. southeyae the uncus and schaphium are shorter than in dicksoni, but (if several preparations are compared) are found to differ little in length from those of cassus; the aedeagus (and especially its distal end) is very different from that of dicksoni and differs significantly, if less markedly, from that of cassus. The actual disposition and form of the spines have been found to be very constant in numerous specimens of cassus from widely separated localities, and to give positive proof of the identity of these specimens in all cases. The arrangement of the spines in southeyae is as follows:—One large central, pointed, upright spine, and to the near side of this (when viewing the aedeagus as it appears in the illustration) a spine of approximately half the length of the former and placed in a lower position, and below this latter spine and of about half its length, a spine with a decidedly rearward inclination; on the far side of the large central spine, a similarly broad-based but considerably shorter spine, with a short tooth-like spine anterior to it, and posterior to the -second-last spine mentioned, a very long spine which curves forward well beyond the other spines; while the extreme distal end of the aedeagus consists of a stout projection with a rounded extremity (as in other species of the group). It should be mentioned that, in the figure, the large central spine has obscured a large part of the spine on the far side of it. This beautiful Satyrid butterfly has been named with much pleasure after my friend Mrs. R. J. Southey of Steynsburg. The following note on the butterfly has been furnished by Mrs. Southey :— “On my return from a trip to Namaqualand in September 1968, with | Mr. and Mrs. Ken Pennington, I went from Cape Town to Port Elizabeth. Speaking to me on the phone, my husband R. L. Southey, who is a keen observer of nature, told me he had seen numbers of large dark brown | butterflies on the roadside near Jansenville, and advised me _ to come home that way. I took his advice, and some distance from the village, on the road to Graaff-Reinet, I saw a few and with some consider- | able difficulty finally netted eight specimens. The 27th September was a _very hot, windy day, and with closely stranded barbed wire fences over which they constantly flew, I was badly handicapped. Twice I scaled the | fence, only to find my prey had returned to the road verge, to the coarse grass which was growing there. Invariably when the butterflies flew over | or through the fences they settled for a few moments on the ground, in the shade of what I understand to be the “noons’—Euphorbia ferox—which is ' the overwhelmingly predominant vegetation in that area. “A week earlier my husband had noticed these butterflies in great numbers, but apart from odd specimens at intervals along the road, which | I took to be the same insects, there were not many to be seen on 27th | September. Of the eight I caught four were worn and four moderately ' fresh, and it seemed possible that the brood had hatched some time earlier. Dr. L. Vari kindly sent to the writer for examination and inclusion as a Paratype the earlier example of T. southeyae (which had been taken by | Mr. H. D. Brown at Willowmore), following a thorough investigation by him of the specimens and additional species of this group in the Transvaal Museum, from the point of view of the genitalia, with a view to eventual publication of the results of these studies. “Blencathra”’, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. 156 ENYOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL., 1 15/ V1/69 Insect Conservation in Mixed Woodland and Ancient Parkland! J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. Insect consevation in our native woodiands and the management of woodland reserves from an entomoiogical standpoint is of increasing urgency nowadays, yet still there appears to be little available literature in this field. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the main features of the subject, with a view to showing what ought to be dene to try to safeguard these areas and the many rare and interesting insects they contain before it is too late. WOODLAND BIOTOPES It is important that samples of all types of wood:and in every stage of development and on all geological formations shou!d be preserved in the interests of insect conservation, and for these to contain as great a variety of suitable habitat as possible. The differences in the nature of woodland biotopes are of vital significance because each biotope supports characteristically distinct insect communities, and if a particular biotope no longer exists, certain species may be lost. There are a good many kinds of woodland biotope, so that for the sake of conciseness, they are listed as follows :— (i) Glades, rides, heathy patches, woodland paths, edges of woods particularly those facing south, wooded downland and railway cuttings in woods, grassy and flowery verges and clearings containing the following associated woodland ground flora, e.g. Golden-rod (Solidago virgaurea), Devil’s-bit Scabious (Scabiosa succisa), Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense), Viola spp., St. John’s Wort (Hypericum), Wood Spurge (Euphorbia amygdaloides), Potentiila erecta, Vetches (Vicia spp.), Bilberry (Vaccinium), Honeysuckle (Lonicera), Brachypodium, Dactylis, Luzula, ete. (i) Bogs, ponds and their surrounds, ditches, wet mossy places. Gii) Damp gullies, ravines. (iv) Coppice, including oak, aspen, birch, hazel, sweet chestnut; Seedling aspen, stool oak; Sallow, aspen, elm and dogwood stands; Blackthorn and hawthorn thickets. (v) Plant debris and litter, birds’ nests, chestnut stump clippings, | bundles of faggots, piles of brushwood and similar timber; fallen leaves, | fruits and catkins; burnt areas. (vi) Standing dead trees and lying dead trees (Note: these appear to constitute two distinct biotopes, as faunas of standing and lying dead wood seem to be different); Rotting stumps, decaying logs, dead or dying | spruce and related conifers; Fungi on decayed wood, on trunks, rotten or old boughs, or in damp conditions generally; Wood mould and red rot of various trees; Ivy covered trees and walls; Old lichen covered trees and fences. 1Originally printed and circulated by the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves on the occasion of its Biennial Conference held in May 1968, and now reissued with revisions. INSECT CONSERVATION IN MIXED WOODLAND AND ANCIENT PARKLAND 157 (vii) Ancient beeches, oaks and eims in parkland; Old beech woodland. Birch trees of great age; High canopy. (viii) Sallow and alder carr.; Osier beds; Marshy woodland containing Valerian (Valeriana spp.), Angelica, Cardamine pratensis, Yellow Loose- strife (Lysimachia), Symphytum, Spiraea, Myrica, and other associated wet woodland plants. (ix) Deer dung, putrifying remains, excrement, dead animals. (x) Ants’ nests, especially those of the Wood Ant (Formica rufa). SOME ASPECTS OF MANAGEMENT 1. The Preservation of Woodland in which the Environment has not Appreciably Deteriorated It seems desirable to maintain so far as possible good areas of more open woodland with a plentiful growth of young oak, birch, sallow, aspen, etc., among the larger trees, and where the wood becomes very thick and stragely with little room for shrubs and too dark and dense for ground flora to flourish, to make clearings here and there to let in sunshine and allow flowers and herbs to spring up. Moderate sized clearings (especially if surrounded on all sides by mature woodland) soon develop a rich insect fauna which tends to remain until densely wooded conditions begin to be restored. Grass under the trees and in the clearings is on the whole favourable, and Golden-rod which favours such places should be encouraged as it supports a number of local species. On the other hand, we consider the judicious removal of some rhododendron should be undertaken if creating too much shade, and in a reserve, virtually all dense conifers. Where bramble and bracken become dominant and all-pervading it is a good plan to get rid of most of these from time to time, except where the brambles flower very freely, since the flowers are attractive to insects. To encourage the many wood- feeding species and the associated fauna, fallen timber, stumps, etc., should be left to decay naturally, and standing dead wood should be left, rather than felled. Although many insects feed on a particular tree at any stage of its growth, there are others which are associated only with young, mature or old trees. It is therefore necessary that a reasonable acreage of coppice should be cut down each year, thus ensuring that trees of all ages from one to twelve years will always be available to provide the needs of a wide range of insects associated with this kind of habitat. In addition, -a small acreage of trees should be left to mature without cutting, to provide for those species associated with the older trees. If it is considered necessary to control vegetation by the use of herbicides, these should only be painted on and never sprayed, for the consequence of such action could be incalculable. Broadly speaking then, the ideal wood, from an entomologist’s point } of view, would be managed as follows :— (a) There would be the maximum viable number of species of tree. (b) There would be enough of each species of tree to ensure that at any time there were young, mature and old specimens. (ce) The wood would not be meticulously tidy; for example :—Bonfire areas would be left undisturbed to mature and there would therefore be several such areas to be used in three to five year rotation. Fallen and decayed stumps would not all be removed | | | | | 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 —there would always be a few mature ‘derelict’ areas. Epiphytes, such as ivy and fungi, would be allowed to survive and indeed thrive in selected ‘marginal’ areas. Finally, drainage should not be exemplary; a relatively water logged area should not be eliminated. 2. Restoration so far as Possible and when Expedient of the Status Ante of Woodland In the case of woodland that has become derelict, but which was formerly suitable as an entomological environment, it may be desirable to restore it in some degree to its former state. This is sometimes possible : with careful planning, and the creation of suitable habitats. It is important, however, that such habitats be of viable size, that they should not fragment existing ones, and furthermore, that they should be relevant | to any that may be already in existence on a reserve. It is not proposed | here to enter into detail but the undermentioned general prescriptions are noteworthy. (i) The creation of ponds by damming small valleys. (ii) Reduction of coppice stems by singling of e.g., hornbeam, ash and sweet chestnut. (ili) The formation of glades. (iv) Introduction of normal coppicing of e.g., hazel, birch, aspen and sweet chestnut. (v) The opening up of rides with stepped margins, to form a central grassy area flanked by shrubs which gradually merge into the woodland beyond. This system produces highly favourable | conditions for many insects, especially if due consideration be given to sunny aspect. SOME SUGGESTIONS CONCERNING CONSERVATION OF ANCIENT | PARKLAND AND RELICT FORESTLAND Knole Park. The conservation of relict forestland and of old trees of parkland is very urgent, since too many of these places show little or no | sign of regeneration. Knole Park, for instance, is an extremely important : locality with many old beech trees in various stages of decay, and | associated fungi. Largely owing to the excessive numbers of deer. } however, there are very few areas in the park where any regeneration — is possible, and attempts at planting young trees have been half hearted, with only a few planted here and there in the clearings. The danger, therefore, that continuity in these woodlands will be: seriously affected in the near future is obvious; Knole may be good for | another century but its existing timber will at some time run out if nothing © is done very soon. Clearly then, all existing decaying trees in old wood- ! lands should be protected, natural regeneration should be allowed to’ occur by limiting grazing and the trampling of seedlings, and artificial — planting of trees in these localities should also be carried out. Thus a considerable effort is required if an adequate supply of development media ° for the invertebrates dependent on rotten wood and lignicolous fungi 1s to be constantly maintained. Windsor Great Park and Forest. One of the finest localities in the whole country for species associated with wood, is Windsor Forest (in the broad sense as ineluding the Park), and it is regrettable that | ! } \ INSECT CONSERVATION IN MIXED WOODLAND AND ANCIENT PARKLAND 159 destruction of so many fine old trees seems to have been proceeding in the Forest to make room for conifer planting, for it is these old trees (oak ‘and birch) that harbour the great rarities, the ‘primary forest relicts’. ' It may, perhaps, be assumed that conditions in the Great Park (as opposed to those in the Forest) will remain more favourable, but two points should be noted. (1) There has been a tendency of late years, ‘when trees fall or are felled, to bulldoze the stumps out of the ground or ‘burn them. This surely serves no sufficient purpose and should be ‘forbidden—as also should the removal of fallen or felled trunks, etc. not ‘suitable for timber because too decayed (the top parts of the tree, in such ‘cases, may always be removed without adverse effect on the fauna). ‘Before the 1940’s there was always plenty of old timber left lying about, ‘and the fauna was correspondingly richer. (2) During the same period, ‘considerable areas in the Park have been enclosed and converted to ‘arable land. In general this may have done little harm so far, but there ‘seems a danger that the practice may be extended. For instance, it has ‘been noticed that of late years still more and larger areas have been ‘enclosed—for what purpose is not at present clear. In view of its unique entomological interest, we regard it as urgent that as much as possible of Windsor Great Park (if not also the remaining fragments of forest proper) be protected against any further inroads. This, incidentally, applies equally to Sherwood Forest and to Moccas Park, Hereford, if not already secured. RESERVE DISCIPLINES—SOME RECOMMENDATIONS! re Wardening. The Collecting of Insects. Introductions We should like to stress that entry to reserves be strictly controlled, but that within their confines, judicious collecting and release for ‘population studies, as well as collecting for the purpose of case histories and the preparation of surveys, be encouraged. On the other hand, ‘we wish to emphasise the necessity for preventing collecting from lbeing carried out for commercial purposes, a practice that may now be on the increase, particularly since the attempted conditioning of the public by a well-known author, broadcaster and dealer into believing that ‘indiscriminate rearing of butterflies—irrespective of their origin — and release of the progeny, assists conservation. The subject of introductions in its various aspects is ably treated by Perring and Streeter (1968). Broadly speaking, to release insect populations away from the place of origin is considered harmful, and only in exceptional circumstances and under strictly controlled conditions is it sometimes beneficial to do so. It is essential furthermore—and we cannot too strongly emphasise the importance of this—that no attempt at intro- duction should be made without prior notification to the Biological Records centre?. D. The Keeping of Records Accurate lists with data of as many invertebrate Orders as possible should be prepared for each reserve. It is important that adequate records be kept of existing conditions obtaining prior to management, and of all 'The policies outlined under this head apply to all forms of reserve, woodland or otherwise. ’Biological Records Centre, Monks Wood Experimental Station, The Nature Conservancy, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VI/ 69 changes that take place subsequently in the course of management, | particularly in regard to biotopes and the status of the fauna. It would be | a good plan too, to publish the effects of such management operations, | preferably in a periodical devoted to conservation}. i ENTOMOLOGICAL INTEREST IN S.E. ENGLAND, WITH BRIEF | NOTES ON CERTAIN LOCAL OR RARE INSECTS FOUND THERE | Though there are many insect species in this region in urgent need of i conservation, it must be understood that owing to limited space, we can | only cite a few of them here; and for the same reason, the number of ' interesting localities given could have been considerably increased, and the notes much extended. [ Several localities referred to hereunder are situated not far from the ; metropolis. We would like to state that these ought not to be neglected | by conservationists simply because they are submerged in the outer suburbs; their importance is increased because they have acted as refuges | for insects from surrounding areas, and it is probably true to say that the same applies to other suburban woods. Blean Woods (part National Nature Reserve). Mixed woodland, stool j oak, sweet chestnut, beech and hornbeam coppice, with oak standards on! gravels over London clay. Lepidoptera: Blean is famous as a locality for : the Heath Fritillary (Melitaea athalia), which depends for survival upon | the growth of Cow-wheat (Melampyrum pratense) in woodland clearings, , and the butterfly would undoubtedly become extinct (as has been the case’ at Chattenden and elsewhere) were it not for periodic coppicing. | Coleoptera: Borboropora kraatzi, an extremely rare rove beetle associated | with the Wood Ant; Platyrrhinus resinosus, a weevil breeding in the black fungus Daldinia concentrica, growing on old ash, beech, etc; Tropideres sepicola, associated with faggots and old gnarled boughs, ete. Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Sehirus biguttatus, a rare shield-bug associated | with Cow-wheat; Aradus aterrimus, amongst chippings of chestnut stumps.’ Diptera: Phaonia apicalis, taken by L. Parmenter, in 1964, the only British) record. ) Darenth Wood (S.S.S.I). Mixed woodland including old stool oak on Blackheath pebble beds, Woolwich bed loams and Thanet sand and chalk.) One of the classic hunting-grounds of London collectors of the last century. | The number of rare species, especially of Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Hemiptera-Heteroptera is very considerable. | | Epping Forest (Corporation of City of London P.O.S.; S.S.S.1.). Old. high forest; hornbeam, beech and oak. Another classic hunting-ground of) the 19th century. Coleoptera: Graphoderus cinereus and Ilybius subaeneus, rare water beetles, in a pond at High Beech; Enicmus rugosus, in powdery. fungi on old logs; Lathidius norvegicus, only known on a single specimen) from Oslo, until discovered on a beech that had been burnt in Monk Wood: Hippodamia 13-punctata, a very rare ladybird; Soaptia testacea, on trees) in which there is red rot; Aphodius conspurcatus, in horse or cow dung; and Malthodes crassicornis, a great rarity. Hemiptera-Heteroptera:| | | SOME WOODLAND AND OLD PARKLAND LOCALITIES OF . 1As yet there exists no such periodical in this country; however, one hopes that) it may not be so long now before the need for one is fully realised, and a) | national magazine ior the conservation of nature in Britain as a whole) becomes available. © INSECL CONSERVATION IN MIXED WOODLAND AND ANCIENT PARKLAND 161 Spathocera dahlmanni, associated with Sheep’s Sorrel (Rumex acetosella), especially on ground recently burnt; Eupicoris baerenspringi an even rarer species of gnat bug, taken on beech trunks. Diptera: Ferdinandia ruficornis, a very rare hover fly which develops in the sap of wounded trees. Ham Fen (S.S.S.1.; K.T.N.C. Reserve). Valley fen on chalk, with sallow carr and many rare plants; primeval in character. Lepidoptera: Scarlet Tiger (Panaxia dominula), perhaps its last Kent station, since its recent extermination at Kingsdown by a dealer. Noted also for many other local species. Ham Street Woods (National Nature Reserve). Manly oak standards, with hornbeam, some ash and hazel coppice. Not to be confused with Orlestone Forest (see below). Comparatively little entomologising has been done here as yet, but owing to good management, the locality is certainly deserving of more attention than heretofore. Lepidoptera: Agrotera nemoralis, a rare and beautiful Pyralid on hornbeam. Knole Park (S.S.S.I.; part National Trust).' Beech-oak parkland and open woodland, with many ancient trees. Particularly good for Coleop- tera, e.g. Phyllodrepa puberula, a very rare rove beetle found under bark, true habitat unknown perhaps associated with birds’ nests; Synchita separanda on beech bark; Geotrupes vernalis, taken under deer dung by Dr. Massee. Diptera: Parachesia tigrina, extremely rare, associated with | fungi and rotten wood, taken by A. A. Allen; Spania nigra, also very rare, taken by P. J. Chandler. Orlestone Forest, commonly known as “Ham Street” (Forestry Com- | mission; part K.T.N.C. Reserve). Damp mixed woodland on Weald clay plateau with oak standards, coppiced aspen, birch, sallow, etc., interspersed with heathy patches, grassy flower rides. These conditions were much more prevalent a decade or so ago, since when owing to the effect of | poison sprays and extensive conifer planting, much of the character of the wood has changed. It must be said though, that owing to co-operation from the Forestry Commission, a small but unspoiled and highly suitable area in Long Rope and Faggs has lately been established as a Trust _ Reserve. ! Orlestone Forest constitutes what is generally regarded as the finest locality for woodland Lepidoptera in the whole of the British Isles. It is of outstanding importance for a number of reasons. For example: the the exceptional fact that it is the home of several species now known from nowhere else in Britain, and its great interest for the number of com- _Paratively rare species that occur there in relative plenty. Two of particular interest are the magnificent Clifden Nonpareil (Catocala \fraxini), and the extremely local Lesser Belle (Colobochyla salicalis). | Both despite their names feed on Aspen—fraxini on the larger tree foliage; )salicalis on the young growth, especially the tender hairy leaves of seedlings. Other Orlestone specialities, whose larvae feed on the leaves of a variety of deciduous trees and associated ground flora, are The Purple |'Emperor (Apatura iris); Lunar Double-stripe (Minucia lunaris), on stool oak foliage; Sub-angled Wave (Scopula nigropunctata); Pretty Marbled '(WJaspidia deceptoria); Scarce Merveille du Jour (Moma alpium), and a | great many more. Orlestone is also an exceptionally good locality for many rare Coleoptera, Hemiptera-Heteroptera, and Diptera. q 162 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ V1/69 Windsor Great Park and Forest (Crown Land; S.S.S.I.). For Coleoptera associated with wood, this is apparently the finest locality in the whole country, not even excepting the New Forest; for though the latter covers a much larger area—and may possess a iarger fauna when the whole Order is considered—Windsor has more species found nowhere else in Britain. The area is also evidently prolific in rare Diptera; and there can be little doubt that other Orders connected with old trees and forest habitats are richly represented. Coleoptera: Velleius dilatus, one of our largest rove beetles, confined to hornets’ nests in trees, always rare; Bolitochara reyi, the only British eapture; Euryusa sinuata, Tacyusida gracilis, Euconnus pragensis, Batrisodes adnexus, B. delaportei: all 5 likewise found nowhere else in Britain, are the most notable examples of a highly interesting and remarkable series of myrmecophiles or ‘guests’ of the ant Lasius brunneus, which nests in old decayed tree trunks, especially oak. Atomaria | rubricollis, Corticaria pietschi, both unique as British; and many, many more, too numerous to mention. In conclusion, and as a matter of interest, we may remark that a few years ago, while the Duke of Edinburgh was visiting the South London Entomological and Natural History Society booth during National Nature | Week, that great conservationist, the late Dr A. M. Massee, spoke to his royal highness with considerable emphasis of the paramount need for the preservation of the ancient trees in Windsor Park. Other Noteworthy Localities. Tilgate Forest, Sussex; Abbey Wood, Kent; Chattenden Wood and Roughs, Kent; Selsdon Wood, Surrey (good for Diptera); Vert Wood, Sussex; Farningham Wood, Kent (good for Hymenoptera); Warley Common, Essex; Scratch Wood, Middx.; Whippen- dell Wood, Herts.; Seal Chart, Kent; Ockham Common, Surrey; Challock Woods, Kent; Stanmore Common, Middx.; High Halstow, Kent; Black | Park, Bucks.; Cobham Park, Kent (particularly good for Coleoptera); Hoads Wood, Kent (rare Lepidoptera); Wimbledon Common, Surrey; Cosford Mill, Surrey; Dering Wood and King’s Wood, near Leeds, Kent (rare Hymenoptera); Sparrow Wood, Kent; Ashdown Forest, Sussex; Norbury Park, Surrey; Beckley Woods and Eridge Park, Sussex; Angley | Wood, Kent; Covert Wood, Kent. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Mr. A. A. Allen of Blackheath, for records of many Coleoptera, Hemiptera-Heteroptera, and Diptera in need of con- . servation, as well as a great deal of information on several notable localities, especially Windsor Great Park and Forest. I wish to thank Mr. P. J. Chandler of Taplow, for records of Diptera — in need of conservation, and for much interesting information particularly that concerning Knole Park; also to thank Mr. J. Felton of Sittingbourne, | for notes on special sites for a number of rare Hymenoptera. I a much obliged to Dr. M. G. Morris of the Nature Conservancy, Monks Wood, for some useful suggestions as well as for help in other | ways; and to Mr. J. F. Storey of the Nature Conservancy, Belgrave Square, for assistance of a similar nature. Mr. A. D’A. Ruck of West Malling very kindly offered me his notes made in consultation with Dr. Massee, and to him I extend my thanks. Finally, I would like to express my deep indebtedness to Dr. F. Rose, for his ever willing help and valuable advice. AGGREGATION IN AGONUM DORSALE PP. (COL., CARABIDAE) 163 REFERENCES Allen, A. A. 1968. Personal Communication (in litt.). Chandler, P. J. 1968. Personal Comunication (in liit.). Dutfey, E. 1966. Invertebrate Conservation. Reprint from 1966 Hundbook for the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves. Felton, J. 1968. Personal Communication (in litt.) Massee, A. M. 1965. Some Features of Conservation Interest arising from Surveys (in Duffey, E., and Morris, M. G., editors, The Conservation of Invertebrates, Monks Wood Experimental Station Symposium No. 1, pp. 77-82. Perring, F. H., and D. T. Streeter. 1968. A Policy of Introductions to Reserves. Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves, County Trusts’ Conference, 1968. Ruck, A. D’A., and A. M. Massee. 1966. Notes on Entomological Aspects of Woodland Nature Reserves. Kent Trust for Nature Conservation, Document B, Steele, R. C. 1964. The Nature Conservancy, Monks Wood, National Nature Reserve, Management Plan, First Revision. Aggregation in Agonum dorsale Pp. (Col., Carabidae) By J. MUGGLETON The report of an aggregation of Agonum dorsale Pp. on Holy Island, off the Northumberland coast, by Benham (1969), raises again the need for a satisfactory explanation of winter aggregations in this species. Such aggregations have been reported on several occasions and these reports are summarised by Greenslade (1963a) in a list of aggregations in the British Carabidae. I have recorded aggregations of A. dorsale at Staines, Middlesex (Muggleton 1966, 1968). However, there does not appear to be any information available on the factors which stimulate the formation and dissolution of these aggregations and it will be worthwhile consider- ing what these may be. Greenslade (1965) gives the time of emergence of the adults as August -and September and it seems probable that the beetles immediately seek shelter under various objects giving them protection against dessication and predators during the daytime. Herrstrom (1949) showed that when given the choice between sunlight, half shade and full shade, A. dorsale chose full shade. Therefore the beetles are negatively phototactic and this must be their primary motivation in seeking shelter under various objects. The factors controlling the formation of the aggregations fall into two classes. Firstly there are those factors which determine when an aggre- ' gation first appears and secondly there must be those factors which in- duce the beetles to come together in aggregations. At this point it is important to note that the beetles do not enter diapause, but remain active throughout the period of aggregation and will scatter in all directions ' directly the object they are sheltering under, is lifted. j At Staines a record of the first appearance of the aggregation was made in 1965 and 1967. In 1965 it happened on 12th December and in 1967 On the 2nd September. The factors influencing the timing of aggregation _ May be either seasonal or biological. The small amount of evidence, given above, of variation in the timing of the first appearance of aggregation | would appear to rule out seasonal changes (e.g. temperature and photo- | period) as the factors responsible for the timing. Biological controls, Such as an internal timing factor, would also appear to be ruled out. 164 ENTOMOLOGIS’ S RECORD, VOL., 61 15/ V 1/69 However, more information is needed, on the dates on wnich aggregations first appear, before a definite conclusion can be reached. At the moment | I would favour another form of biological control which has been put} forward by Penney (i969) for the controk of summer diapause in Nebria | brevicollis Fab. Penney suggests that the summer diapause in N. brevi- | collis may be induced when the fat content of the body reaches a critical level. A similar explanation would fit in with the activity of A. dorsale, thus the beetles may not enter their hibernation quarters until they have | built up sufficient internal food reserves. From observations at Staines, the initial build-up of the aggregation is a fairly rapid process, although ft the numbers present vary throughout the winter. 14 ) ) @ = 1966 mm = 1967 } 2 e @ | x C) j i es wo? } ® } x xx @@ @ ! ae @ = 9 “ x © @ z | G x x% & | i \ 4 cs) | ‘ } , ag ®@ i | x x“ @ 1 ' ys i Se eens Denman Woman bat 62 eee eee ees tear a | 1g 28 7 7 27 7 (7 21 Ma REM APRIL MAY Ficure 1.—Numbers of A. dorsale aggregated under a stone at Staines, from mid-March to May in the years 1965 and 1967. Assuming that conditions are correct for the formation of an aggrega-|| tion, we must now consider what further factors act to bring the beetles) together into aggregations. It is possible that some selective advantage may be gained from the aggregations. Two possibilities suggested by / Greenslade (1963b) are that excessive transpiration may be reduced in an | aggregation (by the production of a localised area of high humidity) or | that the aggregation may keep the sexes (here, I would substitute popula- — | AGGREGATION IN AGONUM DORSALE PP. (COL., CARABIDAE) 165 _tion for sexes) together until mating can take place. A further possibility is that the green and orange coloration of the beetles constitutes a warn- ‘ing coloration which is made more effective by a large number of indivi- ‘duals. What mechanisms could be responsible for bringing the beetles together? Greenslade (1963b) shows that activity in N. brevicollis appears to be inhibited by a pre-existing aggregation. Thus a beetle will move from one uninhabited stone to another, until it comes into contact with other individuals, at which point it will stop. This could apply to A. dor- sale. Another possibility is that the beetles emit a scent which attracts ‘other individuals of the same species. A third possibility is that the ‘beetles have a very specific requirement for their hibernating site and that this brings all the beetles in one locality together. Alternatively aggregations may have no selective advantages and may | be attributable solely to the scarcity of suitable hibernating sites. This has been suggested for aggregations in other members of the Carabidae ‘by Greenslade (1963b), although he thought it may not apply to A. dor- sale. Benham (1969) has suggested that it may be the reason for aggrega- tion in A. dorsale. At Staines the aggregations occurred under the ‘same stone from 1965-1968 (no aggregation had appeared under this ‘or any other stone up to the beginning of February 1969) although there are plenty of other stones nearby. This supports the idea that the beetles need a highly specialised environment in which to ‘hibernate. I can think of no other reason why they should return to the ‘same stone. This stone is sheltered by a piece of tin and therefore the ground beneath it is drier than under the other stones. It is on a slight north-facing slope and during the winter does not receive so much sun -as the other stones. It is also the last place from which snow clears. From March to May 1967 the temperature under the stone at the times the aggregation was counted, ranged from 10°F. above the shade tempera- ‘ture to 7°F. below the shade temperature. It was on average 1:5°F. higher than the shade temperature. Whether scarcity of habitats is the sole cause of aggregation or whether it is the mechanism that has evolved to produce a selectively advantageous aggregation is a question which cannot be answered at this stage. The dissolution of the aggregation is a gradual process. This is shown in Figure 1, which gives the number of beetles in the aggregation at Staines from mid-March until the end of May, in the years 1965 and 1967. It can be seen that the aggregations followed the same pattern in both years (a similar pattern occurred in 1966, only with fewer individuals). ‘This suggests that the dissolution of the aggregation is determined by ‘seasonal changes such as temperature, humidity or photoperiod. It can be seen that as well as the gradual decrease in the numbers in the aggregation, there is a day to day variation in numbers. This implies that the beetles leave the stone during the period of aggregation and then Yveturn. Thus the beetles are not always under the stone and could be influenced by photoperiod at this time. The day to day variation in num- bers is not directly related to temperature, but is likely to be related to humidity. However, the process of dissolution may be related to the gradual increase in temperature from March to May. On the other hand dissolution could be under some kind of inherent biological control. Other Possibilities are that it could be controlled by depletion of food reserves or by the maturation of the gonads. 166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 The pattern of the build-up of the aggregation under the stones and its gradual dissolution closely follows the behaviour of the population of | A. dorsale studied by Pollard (1968). He found that the beetles over- | wintered in a hedge bottom, but although large numbers of the beetles | were found he did not see any aggregations (pers. comm.). It is probable that, when or where conditions are not suitable for the formation of aggregations, the beetles are able to overwinter successfully without | forming an aggregation. Pollard (1968) found that during May there was a gradual dispersal of the beetles from the hedge to a neighbouring field, i where breeding took place. In a similar manner the dissolution of the, aggregations under the stone is followed by dispersal to other stones, » where the beetles can be found in cop. Summary. Several factors have been suggested which could be involved in the | control of the formation and dissolution of aggregations in Agonum dor-: sale Pp. These factors can be separated under three headings, firstly, those responsible for the timing of the formation of the aggregation, | secondly, those factors inducing the beetles to aggregate and thirdly, those responsible for timing the dissolution of the aggregation. I suggest - that these are respectively, the build-up of food reserves, the scarcity of) suitable habitats, and seasonal climatic changes. This presents a com- | plicated picture which remains to be tested by observations on aggrega- | tions of this beetle. REFERENCES Benham, B. R. 1969. Aggregations of Agonum dorsale Pontoppidan (Col. Agonini) on Lindisfarne (Holy Island). Ent. Rec., 81: 92. | Greenslade, P. J. M. 1963a. Aggregation in British Carabidae (Coleoptera). Hnt. | Mon. Mag., 99: 202. Greenslade, P. J. M. 1963b. Further notes on aggregation in Carabidae (Coleop- tera), with especial reference to Nebria brevicollis (F.). Ent. Mon. Mag., | 99: 109-114. Greenslade, P. J. M. 1965. On the Ecology of some British Carabid Beetles with | special Reference to Life Histories. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 16: 149-179. Herrstrom, G. 1949. Tllumination preferendum and adaptation experiments with Agonum dorsale Pont. (Col., Carabidae). Oikos, 1: 48-55. | Muggleton, J. 1966. Gregarious behaviour of Agonwm dorsale Pp. Bull. amat. | Ent. Soc., 25: 53. Muggleton, J. 1968. The Coleopterous Fauna of Stones at Staines, Middx. Ant.) Rec., 80: 287-291. Penney, M. M. 1969. Diapause and reproduction in Nebria brevicollis (F.)/ (Coleoptera: Carabidae). J. Anim. Ecol., 38: 219. Al Pollard, E. 1968. Hedges III. The effect of removal of the bottom flora of al hawthorn hedgerow on the Carabidae of the hedge bottom. J. app. Fcol., 5: | if 125-139. OrRGYIA ANTIQUA L. AT LicHt. — I can add two more records of the vapourer moth coming to light: Appledore, 14.ix.1954; Sheffield 26.viil. | 1965. On both occasions the moths came in early, within half an hour of . lighting up and while it was still twilight—Austin RicHarRpson, Beaude- sert Park, Minchinghampton, Glos. 6.v.1969. | Warwickshire M.V. Recordings 1968 By Davip Brown This was the first year I had run an M.V. Moth Trap. The Trap was home-made incorporating various features which I considered quite beneficial to the “harvest”. These included an additional trap below the entry aperture, extra high baffles and the whole trap was operated on a time switch salvaged from a street lighting authority. | Charlecote is a little countryside village containing an extensive deer || WARWICKSHIRE M.V. RECORDINGS 1968 167 | | park. The neighbouring countryside is well leaved (mainly Elm) and rather flat. Generally the trap was operated from dusk to dawn within an established garden which I suspect to be rather enclosed for best results. Indeed when convenient I installed the trap at a higher level on an adjacent flat roof which has an aspect over flat country of some miles. When operated from this point the catches were noticably higher. | One evening neighbouring friends living on a hillside overlooking “many miles of countryside kindly allowed the trap to be operated in their garden. Quite by accident I forgot to connect the choke and of | course fused all the lights. The incident was made worse as they were | in the middle of showing friends a few films. This however did not deter | them from allowing my trap on other evenings. I ran the trap from mid March to the end of November and caught over 150 different species (not including micros). Five types of hawk | moths were caught during the year. | 19 Deilephila elpenor L. (Elephant Hawk) 12 Laothoe populi L. (Poplar Hawk) 10 Mimas tiliae (Lime Hawk) 3 Smerinthus ocellata L. (Eyed Hawk) 1 Deilephila porcellus L. (Small Elephant Hawk) Both forms of Biston betularia (Peppered Moth) were caught although Ab carbonaria was by far the more common. The following were the top 10 of the most common moths:— Total numbers 1. Triphaena pronuba L. (Yellow Underwing) 2521 2. Diarsia brunnea Schiff. (Purple Clay) 1148 3. Apamea secalis L. (Common Rustic) 811 4. Leucania pallens L. (Common Wainscot) 739 5. Apamea monoglypha Hufn. (Dark Arches) 662 6. Axylia putris L. (Flame) 551 7. Agrotis exclamationis L. (Heart and Dart) 489 8. Ochropleura plecta L. (Flame Shoulder) 456 9. Amathes c-nigrum L. (Setacious Hebrew Character) 420 10. Diataraxia oleracea L. (Bright line brown eye) 395 The maximum catches in each month and the date were :— Moths | March 28th 20 | April 22nd 24 May 28th 100 June 17th 420 | July 8th 560 | August 23rd 4,000 (approx.) 168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 September 8th 420 October 20th 250 November 11th 7 August 23rd was an ideal night for moths, really warm with no wind. I ran the trap on the roof mentioned earlier. I could hardly believe my eyes as I inspected the trap the following morning for inside were layers upon layers of moths! The egg cartons could not be seen for them—a giatifying sight. Having counted up to 2,000 the moths were becoming restless, jostling each other and flying so much that I was unable to count individually and consequently I estimated reasonably accurately the remainder to be a further 2,000. The more interesting or rare moths caught were :— Cerura vinula (Puss moth) lst June Cucullia umbratica L. (Shark) 4th June Polychrisia. moneta Fab. (Golden Plusia) 28th June Harypid furcula (Sallow Kitten) 28th June D. porcellus (Small Elephant Hawk) Ist July Pseudoips prasinana L. (Searce Silver Lines) 5th July Cosmia pyralina Schiff. (Lunar Spotted Pinion) 138th and 19th July Gastropacha quercifolia L. (Lappet) 4th August Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. (Dusky Sallow) 23rd August Atethemia xerampelina Esp. (Centre Barred Sallow) 30th August Nymphalis io L. (Peacock Butterfly) 8th September I was very pleased to catch D. porcellus on the night of the Ist July (following the African Dust Storm). P. prasinana was also a very pleasing catch, but the most unusual was N. io on September 8th. It is interesting to note that while on holiday in Ripon, Yorkshire, on August 2nd two Plusia bractea Schiff. (Gold Spangle) moths visited the trap. rewarding. Charlecote, near Warwick. Ross-shire and Sutherland Lepidoptera Records By DEREK C. HULME Some important notes and papers giving lepidoptera records from the northern counties of Scotland have been published recently. These in- | clude “Some Random Scottish Records” by Austin Richardson (Ent. Rec., ' 77: 16-17), “Lepidoptera of the Beinn Eighe Nature Reserve” by John E. | Knight and F. R. Sutton (Ent. Gaz., 17: 125-128) and “A Holiday in Ross- shire, Scotland in late July 1967” by E. P. Wiltshire (Ent. Rec., 79: 310- | 313). The first paper includes five species from Loch Maree; the second, a full list of species collected on this Ross-shire reserve in 1961/64 and the third, notes the lepidoptera of the Contin district—only seven miles from my home at Muir of Ord. I feel, after being resident in Ross-shire since late 1963, that I should add a contribution. I have had little spare time for serious mothing though I have made a point of noting every specimen that has come my way. The present list for Vice-Counties 105 (West Ross), 106 (East Ross), 107 (East Sutherland) I feel my first year with a trap has been most interesting and | ROSS-SHIRE AND SUTHERLAND LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS 169 and 108 (West Sutherland) is very far from complete. A few widely separated nights operating a blended light have produced a number of nocturnal species not encountered by other means and highlighted the jnadequacies of my rather random method of observation. The National Grid 10km square is given for each locality except Muir of Ord, which is NH55 unless otherwise stated. Lepidoptera taken solely at Muir of Ord, not requiring special comment, are listed at the end of Part One. Species recorded for Handa are given separately at the end of ‘Part Two. Nomenclature is after Heslop’s Revised Check-list of the British Lepidoptera, 1964. Part One—Ross-shire _ Pieris brassicae L. Fairly common with a flight period extending ‘from 29th May (1964) to 2nd October (also 1964) P. rapae L. Rare. One at Mellon Udrigle (NG89) on 20th July 1960. Muir of Ord, 8th/29th May 1964, five and (NH54), 25th July 1965, one. P. napi L. South 1941 states that its range northwards does not seem to extend beyond Ross. The ‘species is fairly common in East Ross, with a flight period from 23rd April (1968) to 23rd September (1966) though none observed in the period 20th June/28th July. Not quite so common in West Ross though seen along the coast from Lochcarron (NG93) northwards to Inverbroom (NH18) Eumenis semele L. Three on dunes at Big Sand, Gairloch (NG77), 11th/14th August, 1963. Three on low sandstone cliff at Rose- ‘markie (NH75), 8th August, 1967. Erebia aethiops Espv. Fairly common lat Muir of Ord (NH54 & 55) and Strathneffer (NH45), esnecially in late July/mid- August period. Maniola jurtina L. Common at Muir or Ord (NH44, 45, 54 & 55), with a flight period from 27th June (1968) to 29th August (1968). Few noted in West Ross but a colony recorded on Tanera More, Summer Isles (NB90), 13th July 1965 and 6th July 1966. Coeno- nympha pamphilus L. Fairly common at Muir of Ord, with a flight ‘period from 14th June (1968) to 27th August (1966), and recorded also in ‘squares NH44, 45 and 65. C. tullia Mull. Glen Torridon (NG85), 5th and 17th July 1966, seven and one. Five on Ben Wyvis (NH46) on 26th July 1968. Vanessa atalanta L. Seen on twelve occasions at Muir of Ord in the years 1964/68—all but two specimens flying in the month of Septem- ber. V. cardui L. One at Tarbet Ness lighthouse (NH98) on 17th June 1965. Singles at Muir of Ord on 16th June; 20th, 22nd, 23rd and 25th September 1966 and 2nd October 1968. Aglais urticae L. Fairly common at Muir of Ord between the extreme dates of 28th March (1965) and 27th October (1964). Observed also in squares NC19; NG87, 88, 89; NH06, 09, 44, 45, 46, 54, 59, 65, 75, 85, 86 and 98. Argynnis aglaia L. Two at Muir of Ord (NH44 & 54) on 21st July 1966 and one at Strathneffer (NH45) on 10th August 1967. Clossiana euphrosyne L. One specimen only taken and examined carefully before release at Muir of Ord on 24th June 1965. South 1941 states that it is not uncommon in Sutherland but I have not encountered this species in that county. C. selene Schiff. Fairly com- mon in a very restricted locality at Muir of Ord, between 17th June (1967 and 1968) and 19th July (1965). Earliest specimen caught at Mun- lochy (NH65) on 5th June 1968. Lycaena phlaeas L. Noted between the dates of 21st August (1967) and 26th September (1968) at Muir of Ord, ‘but not in numbers until 1968 when 22 were recorded. One also at 'Strathpeffer (NH45) on 25th August 1968. South 1941 states that it does 170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 not extend beyond the Caledonian Canal while Ford 1945 gives a wider distribution to the north coast of Scotland. Polyommatus icarus Rott. Thinly and widely distributed over East Ross. Seen in flight between 22nd June (1967) and 29th August (1968) in souares NH44, 45, 55, 65, and 75. Increase in 1968 when 32 were counted at Muir of Ord. One on Tanera Beg, Summer Isles (NB90) on Ist July 1968—my only record for | West Ross. Celastrina argiolus L. A © caught at Munlochy (NH65) on 4th July 1966. Erynnis tages L. An unexpected svecimen taken at Muir | of Ord on 23rd May 1964. Four noted here between 29th May and 9th | June in 1965 but not found in subsequent years. | Lasiocampa quercus L. A larva on heather at Mellon Udrigle (NG839) | on 20th July 1960. Macrothylacia rubi L. A larva on silverweed at Mel- | lon Udrigle (NG89) on 20th July 1960. Fifteen larvae on grasses at Gair- loch (NG77), 11/14th August 1963. Saturnia pavonia L. Commonly seen in the larval state in squares NG77, 99; NH06 and 44. Lithosia quadra lL. | A ¢ taken resting on broom in bright sunshine at Muir of Ord on 26th’) June 1967. South 1961 does not mention a Scottish record. Parasemia plantaginis L. A 92 taken in Glen Torridon (NG85) on 5th July 1966. Hepialus fusconebulosa Deg. A wing found in my Muir of Ord garden | on 17th July 1964. H. hecta L. Singles at Muir of Ord on 15th and 22nd) July 1965 and 7th July 1968. South 1961 gives “Scotland to Aberdeen and | the Hebrides”. Amathes sexstrigata Haw. One flying at dusk at Muir of Ord on 25th! July 1966. Scuth 1961 gives the range “as far north as Moray”. Eus- chesis janthina Schiff. Three at blended light at Muir of Ord on 18th) August 1965. South 1961 again gives ‘‘as far north as Moray”. Noctua pronuba L. Recorded in square NH55 cnly, with a mere ten specimens) in five seasons. Tentative flight veriod, 29th July to 31st August) Ceramica pisi L. A larva found in Kerrysdale (NG87) on 18th July | 1960. Cerapteryx graminis L. Common in late July and throughout) August. Recorded in squares NG77; NH06, 55 and 86. Orthosia gothica | L. Found in late April at Muir of Ord and Strathpeffer (NH45). Six) taken at blended light on 29th April 1966 included a Scottish variety with markings outlined in yellow. Hydraecia oculea L. One at Dingwall) (NH55) on 7th August 1963. Aporophyla lunula Stroem. Singles found in Muir of Ord garden shed on 31st August and 4th October 1966. Agro-} chola lychnidis Schiff. An ab. serrina F. at Muir of Ord on 31st August: 1966. South 1961 states “through Scotland to Perthshire it is very local”. i Tiliacea citrago L. Singles taken at Muir of Ord on 22nd September 1965, 31st August 1966 and 25th August 1967. South 1961 gives only two: Scottish records. Plusia gamma L. Common only in 1966 when over 150) seen at Muir of Ord between 5th June and 30th October. Also one at Munlochy (NH65) on 8th June 1966. Phytometra viridaria Clerck. A. typical specimen at Muir of Ord on 9th June 1968. South 1961 stam that it does not appear to occur beyond Inverness-shire. Scopula lactata Haw. About 20 in Glen Torridon (NG85) on 5th July| 1966. Xanthorhoe spadicearia Schiff. One at Muir of Ord on 7th June! 1966. South 1961 gives the range northwards to Aberdeen. X. montan- | ata Schiff. Recorded in squares NHO08, 54, 55, 98; NB90. Fairly common with a flight period of 16th June (1966) to 25th July (1964 and 1966). | Colostygia pectinataria Knoch. Fairly common at Muir of Ord in July. One in Glen Torridon (NG85) on 10th August 1963. C. didymata 1. One| ROSS-SHIRE AND SUTHERLAND LEPIDOPTERA RECORDS 171 in Strathconon (NH25) on 27th July 1966. Fairly common at Muir of Ord mid-June to mid-August. Anticlea derivata Schiff. Singles at electric light at Strathpeffer (NH45) on 29th Avril 1967 and Muir of Ord on 19th April 1968. Entephria caesiata Schiff. Abundant on lichen-covered con- glomerate rock faces in Urray (NH44 and 45) and Strathconon (NH25). Euphyia bilineata L. Besides Muir of Ord records, I have notes of one at the Falls of Glomach (NH02) on 24th July 1965 and two on Tanera Beg, Summer Isles (NB90) on 1st July 1968. Dysstroma citrata L. At Muir of Ord and one taken at Gairloch (NH77) on 13th August 1963. Thera firmata Htibn. Singles taken at Muir of Ord on 21st and 22nd September 1965. South 1961 states that it is found un to Aberdeen, and also in the Hebrides. Rheumaptera hastata L. A ssp. nigrescens Cocker- ell in Glen Torridon (NG85) on 5th July 1966. Epirrhoe alternata Miill. Over 20 taken at Muir of Ord between 22nd July and 10th August 1966. Also a late specimen at Gairloch (NG77) on 13th August 1963. Pelurga comitata L. One in dunes at Gairloch (NG77) on 14th August 1963. Abraxas grossulariata L. Four on Tanera More, Summer Isles (NB90) on 13th July 1965. Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. Single ¢¢ taken at Muir of Ord on 10th November 1965 and 18th November 1966. South 1961 quotes few Scottish records with the range extending northwards to Inverness-shire. Selenia bilunaria Esp. One of the second generation at Cromarty (NH86) on 4th June 1965. Phigalia pilosaria Schiff. Single $6 taken at Muir of Ord on Ist February 1964 and 28th February 1966. South 1961 gives Aberdeen as the northern limit. Alcis repandata L. A melanic specimen in Inverewe Garden (NB88) on 12th July 1965. Ectro- pis biundularia Borkh. Singles at the Falls of Rogie (NH45) and Glen Torridon (NG85) on 5th July 1966. Ematurga atomaria L. Abundant with records from squares NG85; NH02, 06, 19, 45 and 55, between the extreme dates of 26th April (1964) and 15th July (1965). Bupalus pinaria L. Common at Muir of Ord and also recorded in Glen Torridon (NG85) on 5th July 1966. Obsibotys fuscalis Schiff. One at Braemore Junction (NH27) on 3rd July 1966. Crambus hortuellus Hiibn. Common at Muir of Ord; also a few nected at Braemore Junction (NH27) on 3rd July 1966 and ten on Tanera More, Summer Isles (NB90) on 6th July 1966. Agriphila cul- mellus L. Abundant in squares NH25, 44, 45, 54 and 55 and also seen in NG91; NH27 and 68. Flight period 30th June (1966) to 3rd September (1965). A. tristellus Schiff. Fairly common at Muir of Ord, flying between 22nd July (1964 and 1965) and 3rd September (1966). Recorded also in | Strathconon (NH25). Alucita hexadactyla L. Singles at Muir of Ord on _ 6th November 1964, 19th October 1967 and 23rd October 1968. Hofmannophila pseudospretella Staint. Common in our new house in | 1964 and 1965. Not recorded in subsequent years which makes me wonder whether we brought ova and larvae with us in carpets and furniture from Derby. It is a Ross-shire insect, however, as I found two in a Kyle of Lochalsh hotel (NG72) on 28th June 1957. Anthophila fabriciana L. Fairly common at Muir of Ord (NH54 and 55) in the years 1964/66 but not one observed here subsequently. Flight period 24th May to 20th October. One taken at Ullapool (NH19) on 1st July 1968. Argyresthia goedartella L. Eight at the Falls of Rogie (NH45) on 26th July 1967. The parish of Muir of Ord (Urray) is one of the wildest and least Known in Britain. It embraces more than fifty peaks over 2000 feet; no | | 172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/V1/69 less than sixteen of these are over 3000 feet and the highest, Sgurr a’ Choire-Ghlais, is only six feet lower than Snowdon! Most of the ground is utterly remote heather moor, with shapely peaks and rocky ecnocs. The numerous lochs and streams drain into the River Orrin—the longest river in Ross-shire. The only fertile and well-wooded areas are close to the Moray Firth and in lovely Strathconon. The rapidly expanding village is built on alluvial flats of glacial gravel and sand, overlying the Middle Old Red Sandstone. Further inland exposed conglomerates give way to the Moine Series schists. The following moths were taken solely in | Muir of Ord (NH55), many by my eldest son, Kyle. It is hoped to fill out this bare list with flight period and other data at a later date. Poecilocampa populi L., Spilosoma lubricipeda L., Phragmatobia fuli- ginosa L. (including Q ssp. borealis Staud.). Amathes glareosa Esp., Euschesis comes Hiibn., Diataraxia oleracea L., Hadena thalassina Hufn., Orthosia cruda Schiff., O. stabilis Schiff., O. | incerta Hufn., O. gracilis Schiff., Leucania pallens L., L. lythargyria Esp., Arenostola pygmina Haw., Apamea monoglypha Hufn., A. crenata Hufn., A. secalis L., Procus fasciuncula Schiff., Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck. Apatele rumicis L., Griposia aprilina L., Antitype chi L., Eupsilia trans- versa Huin., Citria lutea Stroem, Conistra vaccini L. ab. mixta Staud., Plusia bractea Schiff., P. pulchrina Haw., Hypena proboscidalis L. Sterrha aversata L. (NH44 and 55), S. biselata Hufn., Xanthorhoe munitata Hiibn., X. designata Hufn., X. fluctuata L., Colyostygia multis- trigaria Haw., Earophila badiata Schiff., Perizoma blandiata Schiff., P. alchemillata L., Lampropteryx suffumata Schiff. (including melanic ab. piceata Steph.), Electrophaes corylata Thunb. (an ab. ruptata Hubn.), Lygris testata L., L. populata L. (NH44 and 55, including ab. fuscata Prout), Cidaria fulvata Forst., Chloroclysta siterata Hufn., C. miata L., | Dysstroma truncata Hufn. (NH44 only), D. concinnata Steph., Thera obel- iscata Hiibn. (an ab. obilterata B. White), Hydriomena furcata Thunb. (ab. sordidata F.), Chesias legatella Schiff., Trichopteryx carpinata Borkh. | (ab. fascinata Prout), Ortholitha mucronata Scop., Oporinia dilutata | Schiff., O. christyi Prout, Operophtera brumata L. (including a ¢ ab. huenei Prout), Eupithecia intricata Zett. (ssp. millieraria Wnuk). E. icterata Vill., E. indigata Htibn., FE. sobrinata Hiibn., Gymnoscelis pumi- | lata Hitbn., Lomaspilis marginata L., Deilinia pusaria L., Campaea mar- garitata L., Gonodontis bidentata Clerck, Itame brunneata Thunb. (NH44 only). Udea lutealis Htibn., U. olivalis Schiff., Crambus pratellus L., C. per-_ lellus Scop., Stenoptilia bipunctidactlya Scop., Amblytilia punctidactyla | Haw. (NH44 and 55), Platyptilia pallidactyla Haw. Pandemis corylana F., Syndemis musculana Htibn., Acleris schal- leriana L., A. variegana Schiff., A. ferrugana Schiff., Laspeyresia suc- | cedana Schiff., L. aurana F., Grapholita jungiella L., Epiblema farfarae ' Fletch., E. costipunctana Haw., Pardia cynosbatella L., Epinotia stroe- miana F., Ancylis unguicella L., A. badiana Schiff., Olethreutes palus- trana Zell., O. lacunana Schiff., O. rivulana Scop., Celyphoides cespitana Hubn. Endrosis sarcitrella L., Diurnea fagella F., Agonopterix arenella Schiff., Coleophora anatipennella Hutibn., Plutella maculipennis Curt. Nemophora swammerdammella L. (to be continued) co THE NAME OF THE MEADOW BROWN 17 The Name of the Meadow Brown By Lirut-Co.u. C. F. Cowan, F.R.E.S. The only name by which it is prover to refer to our demure but happy denizen of the hayfields, apart from meadow brown, is Maniola jurtina (L.). Commonest of its misnomers, and doubly incorrect, is Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina”, while trebly wrong is “Maniola (Epine- phile) jurtina”. The name having been as accident-prone as any, right from the “year dot’, it may be worth brief comment. Linnaeus, in both the tenth and twelfth editions of his Systema Naturae, described the species Papilio jurtina, giving citations of many earlier references and illustrations, and adding that it was a well-known insect of “grassland in Europe and Africa”. Then, a couple of places further on in each edition, he described P. janira, citing no other refer- ences and remarking ‘Europe, woods. Like jurtina but without the yellow patch on the forewing upperside and with three dark dots on the hindwing below”. For some time, although all writers knew that these were respec- tively the female and the male of the same species, none liked to correct the Master. The two parallel names were quoted side by side. Even- tually, by common consent, the name for the male became regarded as the “proper” one, and janira was generally accepted early in the 19th century. Then the unwritten rules were made more strict, and one of them, based on the “page-precedence”’ principle, became increasingly favoured. The result of this was that, towards the end of the 19th century, jurtina, with two places precedence, became the name almost universally em- ‘ployed, and continued so for the first half of the 20th century. Finally, a change in the Code introduced the ‘First Reviser” rule to “cover such cases. This meant that the correct name would depend entirely on the first author who had equated the two names and, having done so, selected one to have precedence over the other. Among all the other repercussions caused by changing the rules, a | frantic search ensued to find who first acted in this case. This resulted | in the view that a definite choice ‘of janira as a name to take precedence over the name jurtina had been made by Fabricius as eariy as 1778”, and that this selection was the earliest one. Acceptance of this would have caused such an upset to universal practice that a successful application ‘was submitted to the International Commission on Zoological Nomen- ‘elature who, in their Ovinion 506, ruled that the name jurtina shouid have precedence regardless of any previous designation. That opinion, 'with all the relevant references, was published in 1958 (Opin. Decl. int. 'Comm. zool. Nomencl., 18: 177-196). Actually, all this was technically unnecessary, as Denis and Schiffer- ‘miller, in their profound and prescient work of 1775 on the Viennese ‘butterflies, had done that very thing, and were undoubtedly the first | revisers. Or were they? Perhaps they, in their turn, were anticipated, 'so it is well that the Commission has settled the question for all time. Thus the correct specific name is jurtina. What of the generic? One of the authors who had found it embarrassing to say that Lin- | naeus’ two species were one and the same was Schrank, in 1801, 23 years | after Linnaeus died. While placing them in a new genus, Maniola, he i 174 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ V1/69 seems to have solved his dilemma by ignoring both names and, perhaps, with the departed in mind, called the species lemur. In fact, subsequent action has ensured that Papilio jurtina Linn., 1758 and Maniola lemur Schrank, 1801, are objectively identical species. | | | | | | | | Next, in 1819, Hubner introduced the name Epinephele for a group which included our species. Founded on the Greek noun nephelé, a dark cloud, it has been sorely misspelt in the past, probably mainly by emen- : dators who wanted to base it on the Greek for love. While the existence * of Maniola was overlooked, Epinephele became generally used, and in | that period when janira was also general, it was designated as the type- | species. We thus have the remarkable situation where a Species finds its ‘ male (Maniola jurtina) and its female (Epinephele janira) in different | genera not through any structural difference, which is by no means a rare occurrence, but purely through a series of accidents in nomencla- ture. The case is not unique, a parallel instance being the well-known || American Papilionid Euphoeades glaucus (L., 1758) with a dimorphic. female form named Jasoniades turnus (L., 1771); two more Hilibner genera simultaneously published, the former having precedence through action by a first reviser. | Although, then, it can be said that Maniola, Epinephele, jurtina and | janira are all perfectly valid names, no one now denies that the two last | are conspecific. Once one equates these two, janira falls as a junior | synonym by the International Commission ruling, and Epinephele falls as a junior synonym on priority. The name of the Meadow Brown is Maniola jurtina. There is no point in continually repeating Epinephele. Furthermore, it is bad form to insert that name in parentheses between the correct generic and specific names; a formula reserved for citation of subgenera under the International Code (Art. 6, also Rec. 44A). This is not a scientific paper, and a long list of references can be dis-\ pensed with. Those interested can find them all in the very thoroughly | indexed posthumous work by Francis Hemming, 1967, “Generic Names of || the Butterflies and their Type-Species”. Bull Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) ( Suppl. 9, published by the British Museum (Natural History). It is hoped: soon to publish a short note on the much misunderstood 1775 work by) Denis and Schiffermiuller. j Little Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herts. Aquatic Bugs of a Fish Pond By J. M. JuLKa* (Ceniral Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore) Central predatory aquatic bugs are voracious feeders on the fish fry) and compete with them directly for food by feeding on the same micro-) erganisms which form the principal food of fish (Hungerford, 1919;) Champlain, 1923; Alikunhi et al, 1955; Ganguly and Mitra, 1961). A> knowledge of these bugs will afford useful information in the success of fish culture. ae Zoological Survey of India, 27, Chowringhee Road,| Calcutta-13. * Present address AQUALIC BUGS OF A FISH POND 175 Regular collections were made, from February 1963 to January 1965, from a perennial fish pond, situated in the middle of a residential colony about one km. in the south-east of Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore. The pond is more or less rectangular in shape (about 35 m. long and 21 m. broad) with steeply sloping margins. The bottom in the littoral zone is made up of broken bricks, pebbles, dead ‘molluscan shells and sand mixed up with clayey soil, while in the middle zone it is characterized by a surface composed of dark clayey soil mixed with dead and decaying matter. | The aquatic bug fauna, collected during a period of two years, con- sisted of the following 21 species. Family Corixidae Micronecta scuteilaris (Stal) M. quadristrigata Breddin M. thyesta Distant M. albifrons (Motsch.) M. haliploides Horvath Corixa distorta Distant | 0 Agraptocorixa sp. | ! | | } ! | Family Notonectidae Anisops bouvierit Kirkaldy A. breddini Kirkaldy A. waltairensis Brooks : A. barbata Brooks A. sardea (Herrich-Schafter) Nychia marshalli (Scott) Family Pleidae Plea frontalis (Fieber) Plea sp. Family Nepidae 1s Ranatra filiformis (Fabricius) | R. elongata Fabricius R. digitata Hafiz & Pradhan R. varipes Stal Laccotrephes griseus (Guér) Family Belostomatidae i Diplonychus rusticum (Fabricius) | The relative frequency of occurrence for all the species was ‘determined by calculating their frequency indices by the formula :— Total number of samples examined 1 Frequency index= : ; Tie Tir Sgr No. of samples in which the species is present | The results are shown in the table and it is evident that M. scutellaris, A. waltairensis, A. bouvieri and A. breddini may be considered as well- represented forms contributing substantially to the bug fauna of the ‘pond. Four species, viz., M. quadristrigata, R. filiformis, R. elongata and Plea frontalis were moderately represented and the rest of the species ‘occurred less frequently. 176 UNTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ V1/69 TABLE | Laat i i No. of samples in — which sp. is Frequency index | Name or species present 1963-64 1964-65 1963-64 1964-65, Muscutelianis\ (Stal) ot 180 0-94 1-007 M. quadrisirigata Breddin 9 25 0:27 0:68 M. thyesta Distant 5 6 0-15 0:16 M. albifrons Motsch. 3 4 0:09 0-11 M. haliploides Horvath 2 3 0-06 0-08 . distorta Distant 2 2 0:06 0:05 eee corixa sp. -~ 1 — 0 027 A. waltairensis Brooks 32 22 0-97 0:59 A. bouvieri Kirkaldy 25 19 0:76 0-51 A. breddini Kirkaldy 25 19 0-76 0-51 A. barbata Brooks 8 4 0:24 0-11 A. sardea (Herrich-Schafter) 1 1 0:03 0:027 N. marshalli (Scott.) 4 3 0-12 0:08 R. elongata Fabricius 9 21 0-28 0:57 R. filiformis (Fabricius) 13 13 0:39 0:35 R. digitata Hafiz & Pradhan 3 a 0-09 — R. varipes Stal -- 1 — 0:027 L. griseus (Guér) — 2, 0:05 P. frontalis (Fieber) 10 20 0:3 0-54 Plea sp. — 2 — 0:05 6 D. rusticum (Fabricius) — —— = 0-16 ‘Total number of samples examined, 1963- gs 33 1964-65 = 37 The author is grateful to Dr. B. S. Bhimachar, former Director, Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, for his able guidance. He is also thankful to the Ministry of Education for the award) of a Senior Research Scholarship, during the tenure of which these’ investigations were carried out. REFERENCES Alikunhi, K. H., Chaudhuri, H., and Ramachandran, V. 1955. On the mortality of Carp fry in nuvsery ponds and the role of plankton. Indian J. Fish., 2: 1: 257-323. ! Champlain, A. B. 1923. Fish-killing insects. Nature Mag., 2, 119-120. ; } Ganguly, D. N., and Mitra, B. 1961. Observations on the fish-fry destroying | capacity of certain aquatic insects and the suggestion for their eradication. | Indian Agric., 5, 184-188. i Hungerford, H. B. 1919. The biology and ecology of aquatic and semi-aquatic| Hemiptera. Kans. Univ. Sci. Bull., 11, 1-828. f A further note on Limnia paludicola Elberg (Dipt., Sctomyzidae) By L. N. Kipp In a previous note (Kidd, 1967), I referred to the species described) by Elberg (1965) as Limnia paludicola. Commenting on my remarks in 2| footnote, the late J. E. Collin pointed out that “small differences, within the range of nermal variation, must be expected, especially in A FURTHER NOTE ON LIMNIA PALUDICOLA ELBERG 177 the case of differences in certain parts only of its genitalia”. He concluded by saying that to him it appeared obvious that paludicola Elb. could not be considered a distinct species from L. unguicornis Scop. Since writing the above note I have, through the kindness of Dr. L. V. Knutson, been able to examine specimens of the genus Limnia taken in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Austria, Italy, Belgium, France and England, and further British material was kindly sent to me by Mr. P. J. Chandler and Mr. L. Parmenter. | The material sent by Dr. Knutson had already been sevarated into the above two species and working over it myself I separated as L. palu- -dicola the same specimens already determined as this snvecies by Dr. Knutson. In each case the specimen seemed to be distinct in the shape of the anterior and posterior surstyli of the male as pointed out in the original description. Furthermore, none of the slight variations noted in “unguicornis appeared to approach paludicola in form. | Elberg (1965) has pointed out that there are differences in distribution by habitat in Estonia, and in correspondence with me he says that he has found L. paludicola only in habitats with Sphagnum or veat, and has never found L. unguicornis on fens, swamps, marshes, ete. But in river valleys and on swampy shores of eutrovhic lakes both species are often found together. However, in this case he states that transitional forms are not encountered. He further points out, “the independent status of the “new species is not in doubt, since there is apparently a distinct reproduc- tive isolation between their populations”. Further distribution records of both L. paludicola Elb. and L. unguicornis Scop. are given in Elberg (1968) which deals with Sciomyzidae taken in Lithuania. | When describing L. paludicola Dr. Elberg stated that the female could also be easily distinguished from that of L. unguicornis by the colouring of the thorax. In paludicola the median longitudinal stripe of the scutum is dark brown and is only lightly, if at all, dusted. A number of females provisionally identified as paludicola by Dr. Knutson agree with Elberg’s description and two females taken by myself at Askham Bog, Yorkshire, in July 1954 also appear to be this species .The latter determination also seems to be confirmed by two males taken at Askham Bog on the same day, which possess the male genital characters of Elberg’s species. | In view of the fact that Mr. Collin dissected only seven specimens (see Collin 1966) it may well be that he only examined one species. Whilst it is still possible that intermediate forms may eventually be found between L. unguicornis and L. paludicola, until these turn uv I venture to suggest that it is a little premature to write-off the latter as an un- acceptable species. REFERENCES | Collin, J. E. 1966. Some Overlooked synonymy and additional species in British Sciomyzidae (Diptera), and a note on Limnophora exsurda (Anthomyiidae). Ent. Rec., 78: 227-230. Elberg, K. 1965. New Palearctic Genera and Species of Sciomyzidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata). Ent. Obozr., @@: 189-198. Translation (Entomological Review, 44: 104-109). ‘Elberg, K. 1968. A Preliminary List of Snail-killing Flies (Sciomyzidae, Diptera) of Lithuania. Hesti NSV Tead. Akad. Toim. XVII Kéide, Bioloogia 1968 nr. 1. Kidd, L. N. 1967. A note on Limnia paludicola Elberg (Dipt., Sciomyzidae). Ent. Rec., 79: 22. | | | | Werneth Park Study Centre and Natural History Museum, Frederick Street, Oldham, Lancs. 178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 se : Current Literature De Nederlandse Bladrollers (Tortricidae) by G. A. Graaf Bentinck and D. Diakonoff; Monographs of the Dutch Entomological Society No. 3, - 201 pp. + 99 plates, 70 Guilders. ) \ The abstract with which the book commences reads: “An iconography of the Dutch Tortricidae proper (ie. excluding Cochylidae), comprising photographic illustrations of wings and ¢ Q genitalia of each | of the 276 species recorded from the Netherlands, with keys to genera and species, and brief descriptions of colour and pattern of each species, | of the $ and Q genitalia, larva, life habits, occurrence and distribution in the Netherlands.” With the above description, it might be thought that little remained | to be said about this work, but the handling of the subject must also be brought to the notice of the would-be reader. The Introduction opens with an account of the lItierature on the | subject since Snellen’s De Nederlandische Vlinders, Microlepidoptera ! published in 1882. This is not confined to Dutch works, but includes | many in other languages which would be of use to Dutch students of | the group. There follows the author’s acknowledgements of the help | given by many well-qualified people. An important section of the Intro- |} duction deals with the making of genitalia preparations and the apparatus | necessary for carrying out this important operation. The method of | studying wing neuration is also treated, and the Intorduction closes with | a list of the abbreviations used for the names of authors cited with the | species. The text proper opens with a description of the Tortricid wing | neuration with large line drawings of the neuration of Pandemis corylana | F. and Bactra lanceolana Hb., and also line drawings of the ¢ and 9 gentitalia of Archips xylosteana lL. represenitng the Tortricinae and of A B. lanceolana Hb. as representing the Olethreutinae. The subfamilies are then keyed, and these in turn are keyed for | genera, and finally the genera, as they oceur, are keyed for species. | Each species is given a short description as indicated in the Abstract. | A short glossary of terms follows, and then a systematic list of the Dutch | species. Other appendices include a bibliography or the works quoted, | an alphabetical index of genera and a similar index of species. The plates follow; 28 of them illustrate the wing pattern by enlarged | photographs, 15 to a plate. Where necessary the ¢ and 9 wing patterns iy are both shown. Plates 29 to 99 illustrate the ¢ and Q genitalia from } photographs, four species to a plate. The volume is very well printed on good paper, with the plates on | glazed art paper; it is issued with a strong paper cover, and although, as is to be expected, the text is in the Dutch language, the book is one which will be of great use to anyone interested in the European | Tortricidae, and should find its place in the libraries of all micro- | lepidopterists.—S.N.A.J. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 179 Notes and Observations Maritime LEPIDOPTERA FOUND AWAY FROM THE SEA.. — The following imstances of moths, normally restricted to coastal zones, being found inland may be of interest. All the insects were taken in a light tran here in Burghclere, on the Berkshire-Hampshire border, the distance to the nearest sea-coast (not counting Southampton) being about 40/45 miles. | Aspitates ochrearia Rossi: two in 1953; three in 1964, and one in 1967. Hydraecia paludis Tutt: One in 1968. This has been identified at the ritish Museum, and a slide made of the genitalia. I know that some moths, usually found at the sea-side, are in fact Imore addicted to sand or shingle than to salt water. Examples are Agrotis vestigialis Hufn., found in sandy areas inland, and Dasypolia ltempli Thunb. found on screes in the Central Highlands of Scotland. But as far as I know A. ochrearia and H. paludis have a genuinely maritime distribution. | I wonder whether any other readers have noticed similar inland ‘wanderers.—AIR MarsHaL Sir ROBERT SAUNDBY, K.C.B., Oxleas, Burgh- iclere, Nr. Newbury, Berks. 8.v.1969. _ A PREVIOUSLY UNPUBLISHED RECORD OF ADOXOPHYES ORANA F. vy. R.—Mr. Wakley’s interesting note on Adoxophyes orana (antea p. 95) prompted ‘me to look out the only specimen that I have ever taken of this local ‘Tortricoid. It is ¢ an was disturbed from some bushes at High Halstow, ‘Kent, about mid-day on June 5, 1959.—J. M. Cuaumers-Hunt, St. Teresa ‘Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. 9.iv.1969. PARASITISM AND DISEASE IN CAENOPHILA SUBROSEA STEPHENS (ROSY Marsu MotH).—Having collected larvae of Caenophila subrosea in Car- ‘narvonshire in May 1968, I was fortunate to rear a variable series of this very local and handsome Noctuid. When full-grown, the larvae spun slight cocoons in damp moss and the pnuvae were then kent relatively ‘moist to stimulate to some extent natural conditions, with the result ‘that there were casualities in the pupal stage. _ On the other hand, I lost several larvae from parasitism as well as a fair number from a curious form of virus. The body of a larva killed by ‘this virus was characteristically rigid and quite hard to the touch, and if not long dead, strangely similar in general appearance to a normal healthy larva. The first case of death from virus was noted in a larva a day or so after it had been collected. thus indicating that the disease was \a feral condition. Several of the larvae were parasitised by Apanteles rufienus Hal. (det. G. E. T. J. Nixon), the batches of yellowish cocoons producing ‘numerous examples of this small hymenopteron. From another larva, |there issued a single grub which formed a neat, moderately proportioned "blackish oval cocoon 16mm. long, from which on June 29, there emerged ‘a reddish-brown ichneumon, Netelia ocellaris Thoms. (det. J. F. Perkins). Mr. E. A. Sadler (in litt.) asked me to nut on record that in 1968 he bread from a small subrosea larva from the same locality as those above, a single specimen of the hymenopterous parasite, Rogas nigriceps Wesm. (det. R. D. Eady).—J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, St. Teresa, Hardcourts Close. West Wickham, Kent. 9.iv.1969. ne 180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VI/6 W TETRIX SUBULATA (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: TETRIGIDAE) IN PEMBROKESHIRE 0. 18th May 1968 a female of this ground hopper was captured a mile north a: Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. The habitat was the transition betwee) Juncus effusus (L.) marsh and grazing pasture where the ground had bee) liberally trampled by cattle. 4 TIPULA CZIZEKI DE JONG (DIPT.; TIPULIDAE) IN LANCS., MIDDxX. AND SURREY) —During the autumn of 1968 a watch was kept for T. czizeki which closel: resembles the common species T. oleracea L. and T. paludosa Mg. Thil® latter two have long periods of emergence. and though all three can occu in October, T. czizeki is apparently only to be found in that month. An; males seen in October were collected since these may indicate a nev! period of emergence, whereas females would probably represent the en of the earlier autumn peaks of the common species. The occurrence of 7) czizeki was established at three localities and one may suspect that this i an overlooked rather than rare species. R. L. Coe (1950, Handb. Ident; Brit. Int., 9 (2): 1-66) gives the distribution of T. czizeki as Yorks., Lanes; Bucks., and Herts, and there are records for a few other counties. T. czizeki was first taken on 20th October within 400 yards of my housi)) in Middlesex where males were flying freely over an old rubbish dump The situation is completely open at the top of a west facing bank. The fly was confined to an area of about 10 square yards where the grass, Pov pratensis L., was long and there was fairiy dense field thistle, Circiun arvense L. I had gone to this spot to collect some T. obsoleta Mg. whict was abundant on 13th October, but by this time the emergence was Over This spot was rather interesting since open grassland is normally so poo; in Tipulid species. My next encounter with T. czizeki was on 23rd Octobe; when a very brief visit was made to Meathop Moss, near Grange-over | Sands, North Lanes. A male was found, together, with a few T. pagana Meg., flying over Eriophorum and Erica bog. Two males and a female T. czizeki can be recorded for Wisley, Surrey: Mr. K. Harris has been retaining for me the tipulids caught in a Rotham:) sted tungsten bulb light trap which runs every night in his garden next t¢ Wisley Common. The specimens were in a box containing material for October-November. There are many possible source habitats in the immediate neighbourhood. My thanks are due to Lake District Naturalist’s Trust for kindly grant- ing me permission to collect on their Reserve at Meathop Moss.—Atan E} Srusss, 91 Clitherow Avenue, Hanwell, London, W.7. CATOPTRIA PERMUTATEILUS H.-S. (CRAMBUS MYELLUS Hiibn.) IN MorAy- SHIRE.—Whilst working M.V. light in a mixed wooded area on the out: skirts of Forres on 12th August 1968, three specimens of this species visited the sheet. I understand that the insect has not previously beet recorded for Morayshire. — M. J. Lreecu, 8 Dukes Way, Formby, Lancs.) 25.iv.1969. : HARMINIUS UNDULATUS DEGEER (COL. ELATERIDAE) IN NORTHUMBERLAND.— | On 18th May 1968, whilst out collecting at Dead Wood, between Rochester and Byrness in Redesdale, Northumberland, with Dr. A. G. Long, a pupa) of the above species was found in a decaying birch stump. Dr Long: kindly gave me the pupa which emerged on 9th June. From literature) available, the distribution of this rare species seems to be confined to} CURRENT NOYES 16] cotland and it is therefore worth recording that it has been found south the border.—M. J. LEEcH, 8 Dukes Way, Formby, Lancs. 25.iv.1969. | THe Hotty Biue (CELASTRINA ARGIOLUS L.): A Very Earty Date—I am yriting, rather tardily, I feel, to record the capture of a male Celastrina Tgiolus L. at Maidencombe, near Torquay, South Devon, on the after- oon of 20th March 1966, where I was staying with Mr. F. H. Lees, as is is a very early date for this butterfly to be on the wing. Actually, jam given to understand that this is the second earliest known date for British specimen. The location was on the cliff ton with a southern spect, near some ivy, on the bloom of which the larva must have fed luring the previous autumn. Obviously the puna must have been very avourably situated, from the warmth point of view, to encourage the jutterfly to emerge at such an early date in the year. The weather at he time was bright and sunny, but no more specimens were seen for hree weeks, as the weather continued to be rather cold—PETER Crow, 2 Harvey House, Westcote Road, Reading, Berks. 19.iv.1969. Tue New Puusis—After reading Mr. B. J. Lemovke’s article in the April Record (antea 101) on Autographa (Plusia) festucae L. and A. gra- _ It would be interesting to know whether this species has been recor- led from any locality further north in Scotland—H. Symes, 52 Lowther Road, Bournemouth, Hants. 23.iv.1969. STOMOPTERYX SANGIELLA (Srr.) In Kent.—A series of a Stomopteryx species emerged between 4th and 16th June 1967, later determined by Mr. . D. Bradley, after examination of the genitalia, as Stomopteryx san- yiella (Stt.). The larvae were collected on the North Downs feeding upon Lotus corniculatus at the same time as I first discovered the larval cases >of Coleophora niveicostella (Zell) on Thymus serpyllum on 31st March 1967. It is hoped that further careful observation this spring will provide full information. As far as I can ascertain, the only previous records of sangiella are mid-Sussex, 1929 (Entomologist, 65: 163), and Meyrick (A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera: 641) gives Durham as a locality, and there have been several recent records of its occurrence in Ireland.— N .F. Heat, Fosters, Detling Hill, near Maidstone, Kent. 21.iv.1969. Current Notes INSEct DISTRIBUTION Maps ScHEME—Mr J. Heath of the Monks Wood Experimental Station of the Nature Conservancy at Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, asks for those interested to be advised that this scheme is now being extended to the Orthoptera, Dermaptera and allied orders. He states that recorders are urgently required all over the country, and ‘that full details of the scheme will be sent to all who write to him at the above address. For the scheme to be thoroughly successful it is most important that as many recorders are available as is possible and the lack of an advanced knowledge of these insects should not deter those interested: this will Make an excellent opportunity to improve their knowledge. 182 ENYOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VI/ Obituary LEONARD PARMENTER Leonard Parmenter was born on 22nd December 1903 in London; he was educated at Marylebone Grammar School and the City of London, School. He entered the banking business and retired as a branch manager, which experience enabled him to take over the treasurership on the retirement of Mr. Clifford Craufurd with such effciency. He spent much time working out statistics helpful to the management of the Record, and in giving to the full of his skill and energy with the object of! increasing the circulation of the magazine, with its enlargement as an) ultimate objective. He was a life member of the City of London Natural History Society, | in which he had held most of the offices, and he joined the South London} Entomological and Natural History Society in 1946, and became a life, member of that society also. His interest in the diptera is dealt with in a separate article, but there! are many young dipterists who have been stimulated and helped by his} writings and advice. He made a great point of studying literature from abroad, and the application of information from these sources enabled him} to add several species to the British list, and also to add to our know- ledge of some of the rarer British species. During the 1939-45 war, he served in the Intelligence Corps for four! years, with the rank of captain. The energetic help which he gave to the London Society was very) greatly appreciated, and, with H. W. Andrews, he did a very great deal) to extend the interest of “South London” members in the diptera! eventually having many skilled workers in the order to his credit. His good nature was appreciated by all but, very wisely, he never) allowed this good nature to deter him from following what he considered! to be the correct course: on the other hand, if he were convinced that he) had been wrong on a point, he changed his stand accordingly with a very good grace. Parmenter’s retirement to Ferndown in Dorset looked like the! commencement of a happy period of his life wherein he would be able to be close to his family, and follow his hobbies of entomology and gardening. Unfortunately, last year vascular trouble compelled him tc} limit his activities drastically, but this wise curtailment failed to improve. matters, and a coronary thrombosis necessitated his removal to Poole Hospital, where he received treatment. He stayed there for the customary six weeks, but it was found that he failed to respond to the) treatment, and he returned home to the care of his own doctor. He failed however, to recover sufficiently to enable him to follow his interest in his diptera collection and correspondence, and died on the 4th March. The great effort made by his wife to give comfort to the last months of his life was apparent to all his friends, and to his widow and their two daughters and their families we offer our very sincere sympathy. } There are very many dipterists who will miss his kindly advice anc help, and I will always look back on the all too few years I had the privilege of working together with him in the management of The Recorc with pleasure and admiration for his skill and personality.—S.N.A.J. OBLIUARY 1838 PARMENTER AS A DIPTERIST In his younger days Len Parmenter was a keen ornithologist, and as ‘recorder to the Ornithological Section of the London Natural History ‘Society—the society which retained his main loyalty throughout his life— | cipal occupation of his leisure hours. I believe the main factor which led | him to turn from birds to flies was the arrival of his children: he once ‘told me that when he had to take regular turns at baby-sitting he cast /round for a natural history interest which could be pursued within earshot of the infants, i.e. in his own back garden. His bird-watching friend, C. L. ‘Collenette, who worked on Lepidoptera as an Associate of the British | /Musuem (Natural History), suggested the Diptera as a group which would ‘meet this criterion—and indeed over the years the list of flies which Parmenter captured in that very small garden at Thornton Heath grew to \2 huge length. Collenette introduced him to the professional Dipterists at | the Museum, and although one of them told him that the Diptera were not ‘a suitable Order for an amateur to take up, Parmenter was not to be | discouraged, and quickly found in flies an absorbing interest, of which he “never tired. | There were perhaps two aspects which stood out as characterising Parmenter’s work in the field of Diptera. Firstly, he was above all an ‘ecologist. Over some 30 years he contributed dozens—possibly hundreds— of papers and short notes to a wide range of entomological and general ‘natural history journals, and a very large proportion of these dealt with the ‘activities of living flies—their relations with plants, their feeding habits, courtship behaviour, predators, etc. He probably added as much as anyone has done to our knowledge of the habits of British flies in the wild. This ‘be said of Parmenter. But he did not fall into the error of writing too much, since whatever he wrote was essentially readable, and concerned flies i as living organisms in relation to their environment, not as dead specimens | or as taxonomic concepts; and while it could be argued that too much space i: taken up in the journals on theoretical work, which is often superseded later, the facts that Parmenter reported from his experience in the field _must be of permanent value. | Parmenter’s collection of flies was not a thing of beauty. It was housed ' entirely in store-boxes, and he collected so rapidly that there was never | fime to arrange the species in orderly rows and columns. It was often | difficult to see where a cluster of one species gave way to the cluster of 1 the next one in the genus! He did not set his specimens carefully, but took ‘only the minimum of trouble necessary to facilitate identification. He ‘rarely got down to the delicate work of preparing microscopic mounts of ' genitalia, which was not congenial to him. But he always tried to name | his captures himself, only referring them to specialists when he was | baffled, or when some group was being revised. He was interested in the ; whole of the Order, though perhaps especially in Brachycera and the | Syrphidae, groups where the adult flies have distinctive habits. Leaf- ‘miners were another special interest, manifesting his ecological bias. Day e 184 ENLOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ V1/69 All these characteristics emphasize that he was primarily a field natura- list. Now of course many if not all of our leading Dipterists (and other entomologists) have gone through this phase, and have then withdrawn into narrower specialist interests centred indoors. Parmenter was unusual © in combining intellectual ability with a continuing predilection for field | work throughout his life. Perhaps it is significant that in their book Flies | of the British Isles (1951) Messrs Colyer and Hammond acknowledge their | indebtedness to Parmenter “for many hours of congenial company whilst collecting and for much valuable practical knowledge imparted to them, | particularly in the field.’ [my italics]. He was instrumental in adding a number of species to the British list, and several to science. This arose from his practice of collecting prac- tically every fly he could, and of doing this on a micro-habitat basis. Thus when a specialist came to work on a particular group of flies Parmenter ) could always be relied on to produce a boxful of specimens collected over | a long period from many parts of Britain, ail with very full data of habitat, etc. He was an indefatigable recorder, and his notes were very efficiently | organised for future reference. His second marked attribute was the attention he paid to young | Dipterists. Over a long period he was responsible for encouraging in | the study of flies a number of young men who have since achieved great ; success in this field, and he was always ready to put his encyclopaedic knowledge of the Order and of its scattered literature at the disposal of | those less experienced than himself. In pursuance of this constructive | attitude he wrote over the years a large number of educational articles in | such journals as the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomologists’ Society and | Countryside. Such was his devotion to amateur entomology and to the encourage- | ment of beginners that after a long spell of holding senior offices in his beloved London Natural History Society, culminating in a period as} president, he was content to take on the comparatively humble office of | secretary of its struggling entomological section, rather than see the ! section languish. Parmenter was a tireless correspondent to within a few months of his | death, and although he was on terms of friendship with virtually all the J leading professional and amateur Dipterists in the country, and corre- |) sponded and exchanged separates with many foreign Dipterists as well, he could always spare the time — and thought — to write helpful and | stimulating letters to a beginner, and these letters and the activities | which they directly inspired will ensure for many of us that he is not | forgotten in our day.—R.M.P. canes FOR THE ENTOMCLOCGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has .ow been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be pleased to EROS [SMES 3 in EDN) us SGIEMUES, SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would like to buy in a few clean complete unbound copies of Vols. 61, 62, 63, 77, 78 and 79, at 17/6 per volume. Please write to The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE Kent, before sending. “BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS £. DODWELL, 28 su ereaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R, D. HILLIARD, Hon, Advertising ecety A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Commiitee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist’. Details and copies available from The Editor of ‘‘The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar, Formosa, and other countries. Expected pupae Pseudanteraea | discrepens and possibly other species from Central Africa. List on request | by sending 1/- stamps.—Robert Keiser, Frederik Van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1; Belguim. Wanted.—Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland and f Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- | shire. | Urgently Wanted for field work, pupae of Biston betularia. Female pupae 1/-) each or exchange.—Dr. H. B. D Kettlewell, Department of Zoology, Parks; Road, Oxtord. | Wanted.—Information and data on the distribution and habitats of Coccinella’ All records welcome.—J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, Science Laboratories, | South Road Durham. i For Sale.—Private collection Ornithopthera, and 500 species from Russia, Japan, Australia, New Guinea, Malaya, Africa, and Solomon Islands. Many ; Charaxes and Papilios. To be sold as one lot.—Please reply to R. H.’ Morgan, 108 Titirangi Road, New Lynn, Auckland 7, New Zealand. [ Urgently Required—A good clean copy of “‘The Butterflies of Southern Africa”, (Part 1, Papililionidae and Pieridae) by G. van Sen, published by Transvaal| Museum in Pretoria.—Reply with details to ‘‘The Entomologist’s Record”,| 59 Gurney Court Road, St Albans, Hertfordshire. Wanted.—Male Ornithoptera Croesus lydius and ¢ O. croesus croesus.—F ull! details to Dr. A. D. Morton, 37 Templeway West, Lydney, Glos. Wanted.—A Second-hand Robinson M.V. Moth Trap, with or without electrical fittings and in reasonable condition.—B. F. Coles, Rose Cottage, Weston-on-) the-Green, Bicester, Oxon. ( ( | THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. i (Founded in 1894) | BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamstreet 513) | We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other ‘insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class ‘suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an ‘interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic (Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the ‘increasing interest in other unusual Insects. | We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand ‘their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; ‘send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you H have a particular requirement). ‘Please write or telephone for an appointment if you desire to visit us. 5 We can assist in Educational Projects; our experience of suitability can be useful here. in reasonable quantity. In your replies please mention THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD | | live are always interested in buying or exchanging first quality material, i | CHANGE OF ADDRESSES | _P. H. Lawson, Ridlarks Cottage, Ridlarks Lane, Limpsfield Chart, Oxted, ; Surrey. EL. L. Burrows, 9 Ascol Drive, Plumley, Nr. Knutsford, Cheshire. ‘Dr. A. Eve, Books for Naturalists, Ford Mill, Hillfarrance, Taunton, | Somerset. - CONTENTS (June, 1969) A new Species of Tarsocera Butler (Lepidoptera: Satyridae) from the Cape Province. C. G. C. DICKSON .. Insect Conservation in Mixed Woodland and Ancient Parkland. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT Aggregation of Agonum dorsale P.p. (Col. Carabidae). J. MUGGLETON Orgyia antiqua L. at Light. AUSTIN RICHARDSON Warwickshire M.V. Recordings 1968. DAVID BROWN Ross-shire and Suther!and Lepidoptera Records. DEREK C. HULME The Name of the Meadow Brown. LIEUT.-COL. C. F. COWAN, Aquatic Bugs of a Fish Pond. J. M. JULKA A further Note on Limnia ee eas CG Sciomyzidae) L. N. KIDD : Ki we an Current Literature: De Nederlandse Bladrollers (Tortricidae). S.N.A.J. Notes and Observations: Maritime Lepidoptera found away from the sea. Air Marshal Sir Robert Saundby, K.C.B. A previously unpublished Record of Agoxonnted orana oie, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt d Parasitism and Disease in Caenophila Subrosea Geesnene (Ree Marsh Moth). J. M. Chalmers-Hunt Tetrix ou @, (by) eas aban in Pembrokeshire. ae E. Stubb 5 Tipula ee de Jong (Dipt.: mipalidse) in eee eh Middx. and Surrey. Alan E. Stubbs i Catoptria permutatellus H.-S. (Crambus aoe Hiibn) Fr Morayshire. M. J. Leech Harminius undulatus Degeer (Col., Ristenicee) er Nonthumben land. M. J. Leech The Holly Blue (Celastrina argiolus ae a very early date. Peter Crow a ae a he The New Plusia. H. eyiites Stomopteryx sangiella (Stt.) in ent, N. F. Eigen Current Notes: Insect Distribution Mans Scheme Obituary : Leonard Parmenter. S.N.A.J. Parmenter as a Dipterist. R.M.P. EXOTIC LEPIDOPTERA Superb quality specimens. Living larvae pupae and equipment for rearing British set lepidoptera, books and collecting equipment All in our current catalogue, free from : j | Ne Norldwide Butterflies Ltd. Bose years ; DATA LABELS Neatly printed labels, available to any order, and on a variety of surfaces, | to suit the requirements of most collectors These labels are frequently supplied to Museums and Research Establishments throughout the World. } 100 250 500 750 1000 BN Cee ke i. 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- 2 Gs Gis ia ea aan 4/6 5/6 8/- 10/- 12/6 E LAUTIG) Gero eis ee eee 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/- Op TGR OS eee ae 6/6 7/6 11/- 15/6 17/6 WEMOUSeEX SIGNS .....2...26.5--- 3d. 124% discount on orders over 30/- Postage FREE On All Orders (Postal Business Only, Please.) } —_—_——— _A generous selection of sample labels is available free on request from:— P. D. J. HUGO | 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT, England i Please mention The Entomologist’s Record when replying iP R.N. BAXTER ie Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to } Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, ete. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a speciality. : 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England. Mail Orders Only. t i In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record”. q SS y | LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our | “May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes ie Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazi Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. Wi1tL1aMs, Q.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D. | Mc.E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.S. Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS : All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDIT at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a subscriber. : Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, — P. N. GROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG 2DW, Berks., England, Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes — S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Hane, Bromley, BR2, oEP Kent. and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the retur the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAY :. THE COST. & Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which the are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for loss or damage. T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND © . 81 Nos. 7/8 . JULY/AUGUST 1969 ; THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.r.£.s. with the assistance of | A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A-R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., MLB. H. C. HuGeus, F.R.£.s. J. M. Cuatmers-Hunt, F.r.5.s. H. SYMEs, M.A. Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY i Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.ES. ' SEP 22 1969 L/BRARIESD ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE 1st JANUARY :— a) REAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a Ee .. 35/- Post Free ER COUNTRIES .. x ws ae Ne ae .. .40/- Post Free KY Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.ES. = House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 2DW, Berks., England a] BOGSSES SESS SS GPF AP SSD SSPE SSD GD GTIT AS aS EGOVseoe Rates erspertsg renee toeateoeeraetegaes SHED MONTHLY PRICE 10/ NET By, Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs — one volume T. A. Coward edited and revised by J. A. G. Barna The three-volume Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs by 4 T. A. Coward is now presented in a new one-volume edition, edited and revised by J. A. G. Barnes. It incorporates much up-to-date information, especially on distribution, migration and behaviour of birds, but retains the best of the original work. There are many new black and white illustrations and a number of colour plates of new species. 55s net. Flies of the British Isles Charles N. Colyer and Cyril O. Hammond ‘The second edition of this excellent guide to flies appears in | the new larger format... In the years since its first publication | this work must have provided many with their first mtro- — duction to flies and it remains an outstandingly successful | example of what such a work should be.’ The Naturalist. ‘The authors have aimed to provide a general survey of the flies. | of Great Britain ... with a keen eye for selection and a nice | awareness of what is likely to be looked for in a book of this scope, they have been remarkably successful.’ Times Literary | Supplement. 55s net. i | Warne 1-4 Bedford Crt. London W.C.2. PLATE IV. MIST ANTMA 141NAT_ TSHOOL stTTMouaOF QO ATOMeY NO DO D2 oO (OP ipsgUity LoMneP vuyjovey Myris >a SS ‘(apIsiepuN) 191]UD]1D siyywjrve0d ‘odA4yo[[eON 5 72 Shit ‘(opisieddn) 1017Un]1D $2141UW]1980d ‘odAjoT[eON 6 T “SIA ‘ adfijO||paN :1a4Da] 18yOOLg “q pue DI1}WD]}N S1}1UWL}1000d | 185 Descriptions of the Neallotypes of Two Cape Poecilmitis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) By C. G. C. Dickson When describing Poecilmitis atlantica and P. brooksi tearei (Ento- ‘mologist’s Record, 78: pp. 181-182 and 217-219 respectively, 1966) only the males of these insects were dealt with by the present writer, and des- criptions are now being given of the females. Poecilmitis atlantica. Forewing with the distal margin rounded, or nearly so. Upperside. Blue from wing-bases (as is usual in females of the P. thysbe group) much duller and in the forewing more restricted than in the male. Forewing. Blue extends to a black spot in cell Ceaving a broad, rather light brownish costal strip above cell) and has its outer margin running down irregularly to a point about half-way along innermargin. ome slight iridescence occurs, in places, over the orange area, beyond the edge of the main blue colouring). The black spotting (well developed in the neallotype) and margins as in the male but the spot in area la very distinct and well clear of the blue area. Cilia with broad blackish- grey spaces at vein-ends and narrow white, or nearly white, divisions (as in the neallotype); or dark-greyish with inconspicuous lighter divi- ‘sions. | Hindwing. Blue from base of about same extent as the “solid” blue in the male but running, narrowly, along innermargin closer to anal- angle; in cell, more or less bounded by a narrow black disco-cellular streak. No iridescence over the orange portion of the wing beyond the blue area. The black spotting completely developed but, in the neallo- type anyway, less heavy than in the forewing. Wing margined narrowly with black, the edging broader superiorly, where it merges into a brown- ish streak above vein 7, and not in all specimens entirely continuous towards anal-angle. Cilia much as in forewing but the chequering not as well defined on the whole, even in specimens in which it is more clearly variegated (but, in such specimens, with long white spaces in areas 6 and 7). Underside. Forewing. Like that of male; in the very clearly marked neallotype the submarginal dark, curved streak largely obscured by steely scaling in areas 4 and 5. Cilia as in male, the clearness or otherwise of the dark and light spacing varying in individual specimens in accordance with that of the upperside. { Hindwing. As in male, in general, some specimens showing more con- trast than others in the dark and light markings of the wing—this being marked in the neallotype, in which there are well defined, dark, roun- dedly-pointed projections forming an irregular series across the median portion of the wing. The characteristic liturae and other light markings not, or hardly, metallic in any of the specimens examined. One paratype with a clear, narrow, dark edging to the wing. Cilia as in male, and varying in the degree of variegation, as in forewing. | Length of forewing: 13-14 mm. (13 mm., in neallotype). SMITHSONIAN 2enm 1 0 186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 | Y Neallotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Lambert's Bay, 6.x. | 1966 (W. Teare); specimen presented by Mr Teare to British Museumai (N.H.); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17107. { Paratype in author’s collection, data as nealiotype, 30.viii.1963, 1 9 (C.G.C.D.). Paratype in Coll. W. Teare, as neallotype, 1 ©. ! Paratypes in Coll. K. M. Pennington, W. CAPE PROVINCE: as neallo-| type, 4.1.1967, 1 9 (K.M.P.) Junction Elands Bay and Lambert’s Bay roads, | 29.i1x.1967, 1 9 (K.M.P.). Additional specimen seen—specimens loaned 7 examination by Mr Pennington. Paratype in Coll. Transvaal Museum, as neallotype, 7.x.1966, 1 Q Re Badham). In some of the females which obviously belong to this species the blue} of the forewing (and sometimes that of the hindwing also) is rather more | extensive than in the neallotype and at least one of the paratypes. Un-) like the males of the two insects, certain females are, in fact, apart from’ their smaller size, difficult to separate from some of the females of the more usual representative of the thysbe group which occurs in the vicinity of Lambert’s Bay (vide Ent. Rec., 78: 182). The writer was not successful in procuring good specimens of the female when visiting Lambert’s Bay in early September, 1966, as the few specimens which were seen proved evasive and difficult to catch— although several perfect males were netted. The late Russell Badham and W. Teare took examples of both sexes in this locality in the same year, as did K. M. Pennington and others on various occasions. The butterfly has a wider distribution than was apparent from the earlier, captures. Poecilmitis brooksi tearei. Forewing without the sharp angulation of the male, marginally, at the) end of vein 4. SS a Unpperside. Blue from bases, in all wings, somewhat more extensive than in the) majority of females of the nominate race. Forewing. The small additional extent of the blue, mainly apparent) in the lower portion of the wing. Cilia dark at vein ends, with the inter-/ vening spaces orange inwardly and white outwardly—the white portions’ not very prominent. i Hindwing. Black streak closing the cell relatively broad, the blue: area as a whole bounded outwardly by rather diffuse black scaling—a_ noticeable feature in all specimens under examination. Cilia, with thet conspicuous white portions towards the upper angle of the wing, less: pronounced in the neallotype than in at least one of the paratypes. } Underside. | Like that of females of the nominate race, allowing for some indivi-) dual variation in such specimens. i { ( i Length of forewing: 14-16-55 mm. (14 mm., in neallotype). i Q Neallotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Riversdale, 19.x.1966' D (W. Teare); specimen presented by Mr Teare to British Museum (N.H.); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 17106. [7 Paratypes in Coll. W. Teare, data as neallotyne, 2 99. : In the above specimens the costal margins of all wings are, on the| , y upperside, at least partly scaled with black or blackish-brown. to a fair ACROLEPIA PERLEPIDELLA STAINTON (LEP.: PLUTELLIDAE) 187 depth. The black spotting and other marking is also well developed in these specimens. It is of interest to find that the present female specimens do diverge somewhat from nominate females of P. brooksi, with the dif- ference understandably less than in the males of the two races—as is ‘normally the case with closely allied taxa of this group. When revisiting the type-locality in 1966, in company with the late ‘Mr Russell Barham, Mr Teare was fortunate enough to secure further ‘males as well as the females, of this butterfly, and according to him the ‘males were in all cases as distinctive as the original ones and gave full ‘confirmation of the subsnecific status of this insect. The preparation of this article would not have been possible without ‘the kind co-operation of the late Mr Russell Badham and Mr W. Teare in furnishing the necessary material. “Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate. Cave Town. j | iy Acrolepia perlepidella Stainton (Lep.: Plutellidae) | By J. M. CuHaLmMers-Hunt EARLY HISTORY The earliest reference to this very pretty little moth is to be found in Stainton (1849: 19), at which time it appears that only two specimens were known. After describing it as new, he says:—‘‘Two specimens: one in the Bentleyan collection (as Formosella), one in Mr Doueglas’s collec- tion.” In Stainton (1854: 170), a third example is recorded thus: “a specimen recently taken in Darenth Wood, in May, is in Mr Shepherd’s collection”. The discovery in Britain of a svecies new to science and of such attractive appearance doubtless created a particular interest, and by 1858 it had been found at “Brs” (=Bristol) and as such was recorded in Stainton (1859) but without details. According to Hudd & Griffiths (1914: 37), the “Brs” records in Stainton’s Manual were contributed by two well- known microlepidopterists, Messrs. Sircom of Brislington and P. H. Vaughan of Redland. _ Barrett (1879) states that W. H. Grigg, of Bristol, caught several speci- mens of the moth in 1876. The foodplant was still unknown, nor had anyone previously even suspected the correct pabulum, but in the spring of 1879, Grigg with considerable ingenuity, succeeded in discovering the foodplant as Inula conyza, and in breeding the insect from mines that he had collected from it. Some of these mines he presented to Barrett, who (loc. cit.) wrote a detailed description of the nearly full-grown larva, of the cocoon, as well as a most interesting account of some of the larval Aabits. No mention is made of the locality of Grigg’s perlepidella, but in Hudd (1884: 85) is the following note: “Leigh Woods and the bank of the Avon. Mr Grigg succeeded in discovering the larvae of this local sect, mining the leaves of Inula conyza in Leigh Woods, in the spring”. In E. R. Bankes coll. in BMNH are ten perlepidella bearing data. Some of these are labelled as from Grigg, others as from W. M@&chin and Hodgkinson, but all appear to have come from the Bristol district. One hat is labelled “W. H. Grigg/Bristol/1892”, may have been among the 188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 last to have been taken there, at least we have no knowledge of its | having been seen there since. RECENT OCCURRENCE On May 11, 1967, after a lapse of some 75 years during which the species appears to have remained unnoticed in this country!, Mr E. §. | Bradford was examining a plant of I. conyza from the downs above Trot- tiscliffe, Kent, when he was delighted and not a little astonished to) perceive thereon a freshly emerged perlepidella. The plant was one of) several I. conyza that were dug up for him by Col. A. M. Emmet as food’ for Coleophora conyzae Zeller, on the S. London field meeting on April) 29 that year. The following year, at the S. London meeting at Trottis-) cliffe on April 28, several members took leaves of I. conyza which were| evidently mined by the larva of perlepidella, but failed to breed the in-| sect. } closed from its mine measured 4mm., was yellow with dark yellowish-| ereen dorsal line, and had a brownish-black head. During the whole ot) its existence, the larva apparently never quits the mine, and though I} vainly endeavoured to induce this particular larva to recommence feed-| ing—trying it with both the old mine, and as a last resort the paren) chyma of a fresh leaf—-it failed to do so and eventually died from starva-_ tion. On a further visit on May 2, I found a number of full-grown larvae,’ also several cocoons each of which was situated in a leaf stalk at the! base of a mine, and in due course reared a series of the insect, the moths ) mM Ne SNA, 19-V-194q- lf have since come across the following record by T. Bainbrigge Fletcher for Gloucestershire, in Fletcher & Clutterbuck (1943, Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Club, 28 (2), 66): “Rodborough, 28.v.43, flying around Inula conyza’’. Furthermore, Mr J. Newton (in litt.) tells me that he took a specimen frome} near Tetbury, Gloucestershire, on 22.v.1925 (C.-H.). ; APATURA IRIS 189 emerging from May 16 to May 28, with no parasites. I understand that mines have also been taken this year at Trottiscliffe, by Col. Emmet and ‘Messrs. Wakely and Heal, all of whom reared moths. When I gave Mr Jacobs the mine shown for illustrating, the larva was ‘not visible so that I assumed that it had finished feeding and was either preparing for pupation or had already done so. What I did not know then, however, was that the larva feeds at night, and towards full-growth may rest during the daytime at the base of the mine out of sight. This was evidenced by the fact that after drawing the mine, the following morning Mr Jacobs noticed that a further lobe had been added to it during the night! | There is a coloured figure of the imago by Jacobs (1949-50), but in my ‘specimens the orange, purple-fuscous and pale yellow markings are more contrasted, so that the insect appears a good deal more handsome than ‘it is depicted. This is explained by the fact that the only model to be had was an old specimen. | The species seems to be quite local, at least in Kent, and I could only ‘find the larva to occur over a range of about half a mile. Examination of ‘the food- plant immediately beyond these limits, both to the west and to ‘the east of this chalk down, showed no sign of its presence. I suspect that the species may still occur near Bristol (notwithstanding the state- Pent in Turner (1955: 178) that it is “now possibly extinct” there), almost certainly so on the limestone slopes about Rodborough, Glos., and per- haps elsewhere on steep hillsides that have escaped the plough and where there are good concentrations of the foodplant. i In conclusion, I wish to thank Mr S. N. A. Jacobs for his drawing of the pupa and mine, and at the same time to draw attention to the curious lateral protruberances on the pupa. REFERENCES Barrett, C. G., 1879. Notice of the Discovery of the larva of Acrolepia perlepi- della. Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 34-36. Fletcher, T. B. and C. G. Clutterbuck, 1937-43. Microlepidoptera of Gloucester- shire. Proc. Cotteswold Nat. Fld. Club, 26 (2), 183, et seq. ‘Hudd, A. E., 1884. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the Bristol District. Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc., n.s., @ (2), 85. Huda, A. E. and G. C. Griffiths, 1914. Fifty Years’ Entomology in Bristol. Proc. } Bristol Nat. Soc., 4th series, @ (4), 35-42. Jacobs, S. N. A., 1949-50. (In L. T. Ford, The Plutellidae, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1949-50: 85-93). Plate 12, fig. 25. Stainton, H. T., 1849. An Attempt at a Systematic Catalogue of the British | Tineidae and Pterophoridae, London, J. van Voorst. Stainton, H. T., 1854. Insecta Britannica, Lepidoptera : Tineina, London, Lovell Reeve. iiainton, H. T., 1859. Manual of British Butterflies and Moths, London, 2: 363. |Turner, A. H., 1955. Lepidoptera of Somerset, Somersetshire Archaeological and i Natural History Society, Phoenix Press, Taunton. 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent, 10.vi.1969. | Apatura iris ) Return of the Prodigal Son / By Masor-GENERAL C. G. Lipscoms, C.B., D.S.O. For several years now I have reared larvae of Apatura Iris on Sallow bushes in my garden with varying degrees of success, releasing the resulting butterflies in Blackmoor Copse Reserve. 190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIII/69 | Up to last winter I had always kept the larvae enclosed in a sleeve | and had noticed that although the great majority spun pads and started to hibernate on Sallow twigs near the top of the sleeve a proportion of | them eventually moved down a foot or so to a final resting place in a| fork as near the bottom of the sleeve as they could get. The timing of this second move varied but I have never known it to! occur after the end of December. Last autumn I had two larvae from) ovae found in July and determined to see what happened when they) were given the free run of a Sallow bush in my garden. fruits and catkins; burnt areas. The bush selected was about 5 ft. high, sheltered by a high hedge from) the East and South but oven on the other two sides. At the base the trunk was 4 inches in circumference and a fork 8 inches above the ground) divided the bush into two main branches which had no contact with! each other. A cage of 4 inch wire netting was constructed to enclose the bush but at no point did any part of it touch the wire. Apart from the | last few inches of the trunk below the fork, which was partly hidden by | bits of grass, the whole of the rest of the bush could be kept under} observation and examined in detail without dismantling the wire. | During the first week in October both larvae were removed from a sleeve in another part of the garden and placed on the bush where they | continued to feed spasmodically for another two weeks when they took) up winter quarters alongside dormant leaf buds at the base of the leaves! they had been feeding on. Larva A. positioned itself high up on a shoot, near the top of the bush and Larva B. about half way down on the) underside of a lateral shoot. The larvae were kept under constant observation and no movement of any sort was noticed until larva A. was found to be missing on Christ-) mas Day. Every visible part of the bush was examined most thoroughly| more than once but not a trace of the larva could be found and 1 regret-! fully came to the conclusion that either it had left the bush altogether,| which seemed unlikely, or it had been eaten by some unkown predator, which again seemed unlikely or possibly had gone to ground on that part) of the base of the trunk that was partly obscured by grass. On Easter Monday, April 7, I noticed that larva B. had moved up its! shoot a matter of four inches and positioned itself alongside the terminal bud which had just started to open. I gave the rest of the bush a casual glance and was astonished to see larva A. at rest alongside the terminal’ bud of a shoot at the top of the opposite fork to the one from which it! had disappeared. I can only conclude that it must have passed the pre-| vious 34 months right at the base of the bush in the one place I couldn’) examine and incidentally making a round trip of ten feet at the mini’ mum. Two days later both larvae began to feed and showed no furthei H disposition to wander. ff I can think of no reason why an iris larva should make this long and dangerous journey in mid winter. Heslop in his book, Notes and| Views of the Purple Emperor, mentions finding hibernating larvae near’ the base of a Sallow bush and no doubt they arrived there in the man- ner I have described but it still does not explain why they make the journey long after they have ceased to feed and part way through the period of hibernation. Perhaps somebody can offer an explanation. NEW SPECIES OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA FROM FlJi 191 New Species of Macrolepidoptera and a Mimicry Complex from Fiji By GabEN S. ROBINSON (Department of Zoology, University of Durham) Summary Eight new species of macrolepidoptera from Fiji are described. A hypothesis is put forward to account for polymorphism in the four species of Lymantriidae found in Fiji. In June, September and December 1968, H. S. Robinson and I revisited ‘Nandarivatu, a locality in the north of Vitu Levu, Fiji. We operated two MV light traps for a total of thirteen nights and collected some 300,000 Revidoptera. One light trap was operated at the Forestry Department Pct house in the village of Nandarivatu on the boundary between pri- “mary montane rain forest and conifer plantations at a height of 850m. above sea level. In a previous paper (Robinson, 1968) this height was erroneously given as 1100m. The other light trap was operated at one of the two nearby hilltop radio stations, Koro-O and South Ridge, at just under 1000m. above sea level. A number of new species were collected “of which seven are described below. Two of these also occur in lowland rain forest and an eighth appears to be restricted to lowland forest. | The fauna of the Fijian montane rain forest appears to contain a number of undescribed endemic elements which have no close allies or representatives in the island chain of the Solomons and New Hebrides linking Fiji to New Guinea, the home of the closest allies to these mon- ‘tane endemics. This is not surprising, however, as little collecting has been done in the montane forests of the New Hebrides and the Solomon Islands, and in all probability there is a vast montane fauna awaiting ‘discovery on these islands. i All type material and genitalia preparations of the species described below have been deposited in the British Museum (Natural History), hereafter referred to as B.M.(N.H.). Prospalta caerulea sp. n. (Noctuidae, Acronictinae) Female: Head, thorax and abdomen greyish-brown, paler beneath; abdomen marked ventrally with a pair of black spots on each segment. Legs grey-brown speckled with rufous scales. Forewing grey-brown, irrorated and speckled with red-brown and black particularly around ‘the reniform. Costa marked medially with five distinct black spots. Orbicular blue-grey edged with black, conspicuous. Reniform large, /conspicuous, elongated, orange-brown fringed with white, open anteriorly. Postmedial line black, narrow, becoming obsolete on joining the distal ‘Margin of the reniform. Forewing apex pale orange-brown; terminal fascia blue-grey, brown towards the inner margin. Termen fringed with brown. Hindwing grey-brown. Holotype wingspan 37mm. Male: Similarly patterned to the female; the paratype is worn and ‘somewhat faded. | Diagnosis: The closest apparent ally of this species is Prospalta incer- itissima Bethune-Baker comb. n. (Nov. Zool., 13: 209) from Malaya, ‘Sumatra. Borneo and New Guinea. Caerulea lacks the small and com- 192 ENTOMOLOGISY’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 pact reniform and triangular green basal patch of incertissima. Incertis- sima has blue-grey markings only at the forewing apex and lacks the distinct straight postmedial of caerulea. The male genitalia differ | markedly: in caerulea the valves are exvanded distally; in incertissima they taper. Caerulea possesses a long process arising midway along the length of the valve, absent in incertissima. Distribution: Known only from rain forest on Viti Levu—extremely | rare. Holotype: @, Fiji, Savura Creek (near Suva), 1966/67 (H. S. Robin- | son), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: ¢, Fiji, 1966/67 (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). 299%, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.ix.1968 (H. S. and G. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). | Giaura sokotokai sp. n. (Sarrothripinae) Male: Head and thorax grey above, speckled with black and rufous; | abdomen brownish grey above, silver-grey beneath. Underside of head and thorax silver-grey. Legs silver-grey below, rufous above. Forewings steel-grey speckled with black and rufous, basally rufous-purple. Ter- minal fascia rufous, fringes grey. Subterminal line black, serrate, edged | outwardly with grey. Dark rufous-purple medial and postmedial trans- | verse bands obscured towards the middle of the wing by rufous and grey clouding which extends to the posterior margin, indistinct. Hind- | wing silvery-white clouded with grey at the termen, fringed with white. Paratypes exhibit some variability of marking, especially in the edging of the transverse bands with lines of deep rufous or black scales. Wing- | span of holotype 24 mm. f Female: Similar to the male. Diagnosis: The closest apparent allies of this species are Giaura tet- | ragramma Hampson (Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (7) 16: 549, 1905) from Fiji and the Solomon Islands and Giaura rebeli Tams comb. n. (Ins. Samoa 3,| fasc. 4: 208, 1935) from Samoa. Close examination and comparison of tetragramma, rebeli and sokotokai indicates their close affinity; therefore I remove rebeli from its original generic placing in Barasa and place it! in the genus Giaura. In sokotokai the subterminal line is serrate: in tetragramma the line is straight: in rebeli it is intermittent but prac-. tically straight. Rebeli is smaller and paler than sokotokai. Sokotokai| and tetragramma which fly together may also be differentiated by exam- ination of the male genitalia. The long and uniformly narrow processes | from the valves of tetragramma are expanded and flattened at the tip in. sokotokai. The tip of the process bears a line of very small and fine) black spines in both species but in sokotokai this is lengthened and widened so as to be easily visible to the naked eye in a preparation. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. Holotype: <, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.vi.1968 (H. S. & G. S. Robin- son), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: 2 gd, 2 99, data identical to that of holotype, in B.ML| (N.H.). | This species is named after Mr Esira Sokotoka, Posts & Telegraph! Department Supervisor at Nandarivatu to whom H. S. Robinson and I; are indebted for his generous assistance in operating light traps at) Koro-O and South Ridge. NEW SPECIES OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA FROM FIJI 193 Anua fijiensis sp. n. (Noctuidae, Caiocalinae) Male; Head, thorax and abdomen yellow above, brownish-yellow below; coxae and femorae yellowish brown, tibiae and tarsi blackish brown. Forewing jlemon-yellow with a greenish tinge, darker basally. Terminal fascia reddish-brown, an oval grey-brown patch at the base fringed with black; two conspicuous black marks on the subterminal boundary towards the costa; two faint postmedial lines of purple-brown dots. Reniform black fringed with purple-brown, ringed with black, con- spicuous. Orbicular a small purple-brown dot. Hindwing uniformly bright yellow. Wingspan of holotype 74mm. Female: Similar to the male. Diagnosis: This species bears a sunerficial resemblance to Anua ken- ricki Bethune-Baker (Nov. Zool. 13: 259, 1906) from Ceram, Buru and New Guinea. Kenricki lacks the black spots on the subterminal boundary and the reniform is much paler than in fijiensis. The orbicular stigma is cir- cular in kenricki, a dot in fijiensis. The hindwing of kenricki is paler than that of fijiensis and the greenish tinge of the fijiensis forewing is absent. Kenricki usually has a brown patch in the posterior of the medial fascia adjacent to the subterminal boundary and this is absent in fijiensis. Distribution: Known only from the primary montane rain forest around Nandarivatu, over 900m. above sea-level—fairly common. Holotype: do, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.vi.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robin- son), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: 2 $<, data identical to that of holotype, in B.M.(N.H.). _Parallelia koroensis sp. n. (Noctuidae, Catocalinae) Male: Abdomen grey-brown; palps, head, thorax, femora and tibiae red-brown, tarsi black-brown. Antennae black-brown, basally white on the upper surface; palps tipped with white. Forewing purple-brown, a subterminal black dot on each vein; postmedial band brown, darkening inwardly. Inner line brown, enclosing a mauve-brown medial band. Ter- men diffusely speckled with mauve. A faint white line bounds the apica) patch. Hindwing grey-brown speckled with mauve at the termen, a small black subterminal dot on each vein, ringed with mauve. Wingspan of male holotype: 57mm. Maie genitalia: Valves small, bearing a large trifurcate claw-like clasper at the base; uncus simple, elongated; juxta with two long chitin- ous projections. Female: Similar to male. Diagnosis: The closest apparent ally of this species is Parallelia _mediifascia Wileman & South (Entomologist: 53, p. 273, 1920) from the Philippines, from which it differs markedly. In mediifascia the forewing -apex is acute, the outer line is erratic but distinct and the postmedial band is bluish. In koroensis the forewing apex is blunt, the postmedial Straight but indistinct at the base of the wing and the postmedial band is dark brown. The hindwing termen in mediifascia is white whereas in koroensis it is speckled with mauve, the mauve concentrated into rings around the subterminal dots. Distribution: Known only from the primary montane rain forest around Nandarivatu, some 900m. above sea level. 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 Holotype: ¢ Koro-O (Nandarivatu, Fiji), 6.ix.1967, (H. S. Robinson). In B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: 2 ¢6¢, Nandarivatu, 27-30.vi.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robin- son). In B.M.(N.H.). Diomea fenella sp. n. (Noctuidae, Ophiderinae) Male: Head, thorax, abdomen and legs deep purple-brown flecked with white, legs white at articulations. Fore- and hindwings deep purple- brown with two subterminal lines of crescentic white markings. Post- medial transverse line of white crescentic markings on both fore- and | hindwings. Reniform dark, suffused. Conspicuous diffuse white fascia i at base of forewing. Anal angle of hingwing with a conspicuous rec- tangular white mark flecked with purple. Wingspan of holotype 35mm. Paratype: Appears to be a dark aberration, the white markings of i the holotype replaced by deep red-brown. ( Genitalia: Complex and remarkably modified; valve with two short slender processes, one large superior club-like process and one very long slender appendage. Flap-like distal portion of valve furnished with | long hairs. Uncus simple. Aedeagus with a group of fine spines just below | the hooked tip. | Female: Unknown. Diagnosis: The closest apparent ally of this species is Diomea rotun- data Walker (List Lep. Ins. B.M., 13: 1110, 1857) from India and Ceylon to Formosa, the Philippines and New Guinea. All specimens of rotun- data which I have seen are smaller than the holo- and paratype of fenella by at least 5mm. wingspan. Fenella lacks the white postmedial costal mark of rotundata; the reniform is diffuse and not a solid black! mark as in rotundata. The genitalia differ markedly, rotundata lacking processes on the valves. The aedeagus of rotundata lacks a hooked tip) and there are no cornuti or fine spines on the vesica. Distribution: Known only from two specimens taken in Suva, Fiji. | Holotype: ¢, Fiji, Suva, May 1966, (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). | Paratype: <, Fiji, Suva, May 1966, (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). Mecodina variata sp. n. (Noctuidae, Ophiderinae) Male: Head, thorax and abdomen purple-brown, palps red-brown.’ Fore tibiae and tarsi red-brown, fore femur, mid- and hindlegs dark erey. Forewing dark purple-brown, darker medially, reniform and} orbicular black. Postmedial line red-brown, indistinct, terminating in a black subapical patch and bowing inward to join a black crescent below) the reniform, ending at the posterior margin. Subterminal line of black spots fringed with brown. Basal line deep purple-brown. Hindwing dark | purple-brown, a large black crescentic mark in the anal angle, three postmedial black dots fringed outwardly with white, a line of minute! subterminal spots. Paratype male: Uniform purple-brown, forewing darker medially’ put unmarked except for cream orbicular. Hindwing crescent cream,| hindwing dots as in the holotype. is Second paratype male: Greyish black with a cream submedial band in the forewing; postmedial line cream, obsolete towards posterior mar-| gin. Hindwing crescent and dots cream. Holotype wingspan 46mm. NEW SPECIES OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA FROM FIJI 195 Female: Similarly patterned to the first paratype male but paler and markedly more russet, especially at the base of the forewing and on the thorax. Hindwing crescent practically obsolete. | Diagnosis: The nearest apparent ally of this spvecies is Mecodina striata Hampson (Gen. Spec. Noct., v. 492, 1926) from New Guinea. The forewing apex of striata is right-angled: variata has a concave termen and acute avex. There are no subterminal spots on the hindwing of striata. In striata the boundary between the paler basal fascia and | darker medial fascia runs through the reniform; in variata the boundary passes between reniform and orbicular. In striata the postmedial line is approximately parallel to the termen: in variata it bows sharply inwards posteriorly. Distribution: Coast to 1000m. on Viti Levu, Fiji: rare in lowland forest but moderately frequent in montane rain forest. | Holotype: ¢, Fiji, South Ridge (Nandarivatu), 6.ix.1967, (H. S. Robin- son), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: ¢, Fiji, 1966-67, (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). <, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.vi.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). Q. Fiji, 1966-67, (H. S. Robinson), in B.M.(N.H.). f H y ) Dasychira flavobrunnea sp. n. (Lymantriidae) _ Male: Head and thorax brownish cream above, thorax paler below; abdomen mouse-grey. Palos and head black below. Antennae cream, -pectinations brown. Legs cream, banded with black at articulations. Fore tibia with a biack spot above and a black longitudinal streak below. Mid- and hind tibiae with the black spot only. Forewing brownish yellow, postmedial band narrow, cream, edged with black distally, brown proximally. Reniform cream ringed with brown, obliquely elongate. ‘Medial fascia cream, narrowing and shaded with brown posteriorly, ‘bounded inwardly by a brown serrate line. Basal to this line a white transverse band edged by a black dentate line bounding a basal fascia of brownish yellow fading to white at the costa and base. Basal line fine, black, serrate. Terminal fascia brownish yellow, veins black, terminal line of black scales, fringe of brownish yellow scales. Subterminal line of crescentic black spots 1mm. from termen, diverging further poster- jiorly. In two of the paratypes the terminal and basal _ fasciae heavily marked with black; base of forewing still white. Hindwing ‘uniform dark grey, fringes paler. Wingspan of holotype 38mm. _ Female: Unknown. _ Diagnosis: Closely related to Dasychira nandarivatu Robinson (Ent. Record 80: 253) but the dark hindwing and overall yellowness of the forewing makes flavobrunnea distinct. The subterminal line of crescen- tic black spots is further removed from the termen in flavobrunnea than in nandarivatu. The genitalia of the two species are similar but the claspers of flavobrunnea are longer and more curved than those of nan- darivatu. The aedeagus of flavobrunnea bears two groups of many fine thorn-like cornuti, absent in nandarivatu. Distribution: Known only from the type locality. : Holotype: ¢, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 16-20.xii.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robin- son), in B.M.(N.H.). Paratypes: 344, data identical with that of holotype, in B.M.(N.H.). ¢G, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.ix.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robinson) in B.M.(N.H.). 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VIII/69 | Euproctis mimetica sp. n. (Lymantriidae) Male: Head, thorax and abdomen ochreous, palps and underside of} head black. Legs ochreous, banded with black on the upperside at articu- lations; upperside of tibiae with a black spot in the middle. Antennae | ochreous speckled with black, pectinations streaked with brown. Fore-! wing ochreous yellow speckled with brown scales. A wide brownish-black | stripe extends from the posterior margin of the wing, bowing outward) and terminating 4 mm. from the costa. Two black spots on the inner mar-| gin of the black stripe at the distal margin of the cell; two faint brown) subterminal spots slightly distal to the outer boundary of the stripe. Termen marked with small blackish-brown dots. Hindwing dark grey-} brown, paler distally. Holotype wingspan 41 mm. The paratype caught in June 1968 lacks the black stripe and is not as yellowish as the other specimens; however its genitalia are identical to those of the holotype. Forewing ochreous, marked only with the two black dots at the distal) end of the cell, two faint brown subterminal spots and a faint basal line’ of brown scales enclosing a paler basal fascia. A faint postmedial brown spot towards the posterior margin. Hindwing more brownish than the| holotype. Female: Unknown. | Diagnosis: This species has no apparent allies; the black stripe alone. serves to distinguish it from all known Euproctis species. | Distribution: Known only from the type locality. | Holotype: <, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.ix.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robin; son), in B.M.(N.H.). | Paratypes: 2 ¢<, data identical with that of the holotype, in B.M (N.H.). G, Fiji, Nandarivatu, 27-30.vi.1968, (H. S. & G. S. Robinson), ir B.M.(N.H.). With the description of this species the total number of Lymantriic¢ species recorded from Fiji is four. There are the three Dasychiras, fidji ensis Mabille & Vuillot, nandarivatu Robinson and flavobrunnea sp. n.! forming a compact tripartite group and Euproctis mimetica. I describe (1969) the wing pattern variation of male D. fidjiensis and from the original descriptions it will be seen that in D. flavobrunnea and E. mime! tica (above) and D. nandarivatu (Robinson, 1968) the males are also poly’ morphic. Several female D. nandarivatu have been obtained recently and, as in D. fidjiensis, are larger than the males and lack variation it) the wing pattern. { IS The common feature of polymorphism in male Fijian Lymantriids i the presence or absence of dark brown or black transverse bands on th forewing; I can find no other examples of Lymantriid species whic! exhibit this type of variation. Thus I believe that significance must bi attached to this common polymorphic state. In the case of the three Dasychira species, polymorphism might b. considered to be apostatic (see Clarke, 1962), an adaptation to prevent ;| predator “getting os eye in” or, as Tinbergen puts it, developing “specifi, searching images”. Apostatic polymorphism is not rare but the pro. bability of it Eisine a practically identical form independently in thes three species is remote: therefore it might be thought to be an inheri’ tance from a common ancestor which possessed this type of apostati NIEW SPECIES OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA FROM FIJI 197 polymorphism. D. nandarivatu and D. flavobrunnea appear to be very closely related indeed, D. fidjiensis being a rather more distant cousin. Unfortunatly these three species appear to have no close allies so no further indication of inherited polymorphism can be obtained. However, Clarke suggests that apostatic polymorphism enhances the probability of sympatric speciation with the divergence of the two or more poly- morphic forms and speciation would involve the destruction of the poly- morphic state. Thus it appears that the theory of inheritance of apostatic polymorphism is untenable. The presence of a comparably polymorphic Euproctis species (again, a most unusual phenomenon) suggests that some sort of mimicry complex might be involved and mimicry must be Batesian for polymorphism to occur. D. nandarivatu, D. flavobrunnea and E. mimetica are known only from primary montane rain forest on the island of Viti Levu. No speci- mens of these species have been taken at heights of under 850m., there- fore the complex must only operate in the collective habitat of primary montane rain forest. In this zone D. fidjiensis is common, D. nandari- vatu fairly frequent and D. flavobrunnea and E. mimetica extremely rare. D. fidjiensis is a successful and widespread species, occurring com- monly from the coast to at least 1000 m. on Viti Levu and on at least two other islands as well. D. nandarivatu is restricted but successful and the other two species are plainly not successful. D. fidjiensis appears to be avoided by the fowls and mynah birds which scavenge around light traps and is probably distasteful. As such, it is the prime candidate for model. Being at least mildly distasteful and fairly uncommon compared with other species of lepidoptera it also fulfils what Clarke states to be the ‘most favourable requirements for apostatic polymorphism to evolve. | Assuming D. nandarivatu, D. flavobrunnea and E. mimetica to be palatable there is a selective advantage in their mimicking D. fidjiensis and thus they have evolved polymorphic patterns which mimic the two most striking morphs of D. fidjiensis. Increasing success of the mimics would result in increased predation of model and mimics and disruption of the mimicry complex would occur. Selection would perhaps then | favour the evolution of further patterns in the model different from those of the mimics until predation of mimics or survival of the model rose to la sufficient level to stabilise the mimicry complex again. It is possible that this has happened: D. fidjiensis has a variety of patterns at its dis- posal but the most striking morphs are still the banded ones. From sub- jective evidence it appears that D. fidjiensis exhibits a greater variety ‘of wing patterns in montane rain forest than in the lowlands. After his first visit to Nandarivatu in September 1967 H. S. Robinson noted (in an ‘unpublished report) “very remarkable and beautiful variations of D. fidjiensis”. | In this mimicry complex however, the situation does not appear to be 'a simple case of three palatable species mimicking one distasteful species. ‘It is difficult, for example, to take E. mimetica to be a mimic of D. |fidjiensis, the two morphs of each are so markedly dissimilar. However, E. mimetica could in all probability masquerade as D. flavobrunnea which in turn bears a very striking similarity to D. nandarivatu. Thus 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIIIL/69 I believe the scheme of mimicry to be as shown diagrammatically below in Fig. 1. nandarivatu IN Mimetic / sesembilance Very. good ——— Good = Poor | flavobrunnea Figure I. Until definite experiments skow the pattern of predation of the morphs of each species, presumably involving the apparently rare insec- tivorous birds of the mimicry zone, I am in no position to claim this | theory as any more than a hypothetical explanation of what may well [ prove to be a most intriguing problem. | WES! MIDLANDS RECORDS 199 In conclusion I would like to thank Dr. L. Davies and Mr J. Richard- son of the Department of Zoology, University of Durham and Messrs A. H. Hayes and D. S. Fletcher of the British Muesum (Natural History) for their generous help in the preparation of this paper. | REFERENCES Clarke, B., 1962. ) Balanced polymorphism and the diversity of sympatric species’ in ‘Taxonomy and Geography’, ed. Nichols, D., pp. 47-70, | Systematics Association, London, 1962. | Robinson, C. S., 1968. ‘‘Some New Species of Lepidoptera from the Fiji Islands”’. ! Ent. Record, 8Q: 249-255, pl. XIV. Robinson, G. S., 1969. “Dasychira fidjiensis M. & V. (Lep., Lymantriidae) biology and wing pattern formation’, Ent. Record, 81: 93-94. — West Midlands records of Hydraecia, Procus and Oporinia Species By L. J. Evans, F.R.E.S. Since working on records for the Midland Plateau Survey, a project of the Birmingham Natural History Society (Recorder F. A. Noble), I have been making genitalia dissections for critical identification of the local melanic forms and other species difficult to identify. Recently my interest has been further stimulated by the Lepidoptera Distribution ‘Maps Scheme organised by the Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood. On referring to back numbers of the ‘Record’ for information, I came across the Hydraecia and Procus records of R. F. Bretherton (1953) and |A. Richardson (1951), and as I cannot find any published records for the West Midlands, I was prompted to write these few notes. -HYDRAECIA SPECIES. _H. oculea L. Only appears sporadically at M.V. light in my garden in N.E. Birmingham, also at Sutton Park, Warwickshire, a semi-natural park which is about 2 to 3 miles further N.E. from Birmingham. Wyre | Forest, one 8.viii.59. H. crinanensis Burr. I have not found this species in the area as yet. My only specimen came with four oculea from another collection all labelled Harlech, N.W. 10.viii.52, C. Bantock. | H. paludis Tutt. Neither have I found this species in the area, but ‘Noble (1964) records one specimen at light one mile west of the centre of Birmingham. H. lucens Freyer. By far the commonest of the group in this area. Three ‘or four at light in my garden which is bordered by a field of coarse /grasses, is a good haul for one night. At Sutton Park, a heath and woodland area, it is only taken occasionally. ‘PROCUS SPECIES. ‘With the exception of Procus fasciuncula Haw. which in North Birming- ham shows little variation from the usual brownish-fawn colour ‘(reddish-fawn in Sutton Park), the other four species of the genus occuring in this part of the Midlands are mainly melanic. 'P. strigilis Clerk. Occurs commonly as the melanic form and frequently ‘as the white-banded semi-melanic form over the greater part of the West Midlands. I have only taken the normal (brown) form at Randan Wood, Worcs., and Wyre Forest, Worcs. and Shrops. 200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VI1/69 | P. latruncula Schiff. I have never seen in N.E. Birmingham any form) other than the wholly black one which I find more commonly than | strigilis. A count of the two species in my garden during two evenings | in 1968 produced 18 latruncula and 6 strigilis. Earliest date recorded | 31.v.57. P. versicolor Bork. Again I have only seen the wholly dark form. | Randan Wood, Wores., one, July 1963. Sutton Park, Warks., six, 19 and) 24.vii.65. The male of this species is very easily indentified when the genitalia are mounted on a microscove slide. The projection below the ‘beak’ which most authors tell us is slightly curved upwards, is not always a, very good indication. The dark projection (clavus) on the inside of the’ valve near the base is longer and pointed in versicolor, and stumpy in| the previous two species; also in most cases the hump on the back of the) valve is shorter in versicolor, and usually I find the whole structure to) be more deeply pigmented. P. literosa Haw. Although much darker than the coastal form, those found locally present no difficulty in identification. Six to eight specimens) taken most evenings in season, sometimes as many as sixteen at M.V. in. my garden. } P. strigilis and latruncula I find more frequently in open country whens the grass is not cut very often. Versicolor on the other hand appears to prefer fairly open woodland. number of each species coming to M.V. light. | 7.vii.65 17.vii.65 19.vii65 24.vii.65 7.viii.65! IP, SCPUTUMS cocaovasce 0 1 3 1 0 P. latruncula ........ 0 4 3 1 0 P. versicolor ........ 0 0 2 4 0 From the above information it would seem that the order of appearance’ is somewhat similar to that noted by R. F. Bretherton, but further counts) are necessary for confirmation. : OPORINIA SPECIES. O. dilutata Schiff. Found mainly as the melanic form all over the West) Midlands. Darkest specimens recorded from Edgbaston Park (2 miles west of Central Birmingham). . i O. autumnata Bork. Occurs fairly commonly, only slightly darker thar normal in the Far Forest area of Wyre Forest. Randan Wood, two 15.x.60: Sutton Park, two larvae beaten from birch 25.v.66. | O. christyi Prout. Randan Wood, two males 15.x.60; these are much darker than several taken near Cranham in the Cotswolds, 7.x.61. May if Wood, Warks. (no date), D. W. Scott. REFERENCES | Bretherton, R. F., 1953. Records of Some Species of Hydraccia and Procus: Ent. Rec., 65: 180. ei Noble, F. A., 1964. Work undertaken at 41 Calthorpe Road, Edgbaston, Birming ham, 15. Proc. Birm. Nat. Hist. Soc., 20 (3) nos Richardson, A., 1951. Hydraecia Species from Various Localities. Ent. Rec., 63 304. : 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham, 22c. NOTES ON THREE LITTLE-KNOWN SPECIES 201 Notes on Three little-known Species of the Alberganus-Group of the Genus Erebia By B. C. S. WarREN, F.R.E.S. An outstanding feature of the Erebia species is the simplicity of struc- ‘ture of the male genitalia. Yet in spite of this the formation of the claspers enables one to recognise at a glance any of the fourteen groups into which the known species of the genus fall. The present paper was undertaken with the object of recording that Erebia dabanensis is a North American snecies; but it was found neces- sary to deal with the two other svecies that are most closely connected ‘to E. dabanensis at the same time: namely E. kozhantshikovi and E. young. At the time of writing my Monograph of the genus (1936), most speci- ‘mens of E. dabanensis in collections were from the East Sayan Moun- jtains. The two specimens from which the species was described were said to have been, “ . trouvée le 10 Juillet dans les montagnes nommés ‘Chamar—Daban - . . Irkoutsk”, that is a little south of Lake Baikal. All ‘specimens supplied by Staudinger were from a few localities in the East Sayan (including the Khamardaban Mountains), and the Tunkun Moun- tains. At a later date the species was recorded from the district of the Schuihya River in the Polar Urals. These I have never seen. Just before ‘publication of my work, Staudinger obtained some specimens from the Anadyr Mountains, in tie extreme N.E. of Siberia. A little later he sent ‘me 2 male and one female of these; dissection proved them to be daban- lensis. The species therefore had a far greater range in distribution than it was supposed to have. It may possibly therefore, have spread far to the west also. _ E. youngi was the only species of the three recognised in North America. There were at that time only a few specimens known. One that I had obtained through the kindness of Dr. J. McDunnough, from the Canadian National Collection, was the only one to have been dissected A short time afterwards a few specimens were recorded from a locality 30 miles west of Aklavik (Leussler, 1935). I had then mounted the geni- talia of some 15 specimens of the three species, and felt satisfied they were distinct species. A certain amount of structural variability was pre- sent in both E. dabanensis and E. kozhantshikovi. Subsequent work by ‘Dr. dos Passos showed this was the case in E. youngi also. A few com- ments on this variation are necessary. The most striking feature of the claspers in the alberganus-group species is the distal, or terminal part This is a compound structure, composed of the parts known as the “shoulder” and “head” of the clasper, merged into one solid niece. The proximal part, or body of the clasper, is featureless, the distal, variable oth in size and shape. An idea of the appearance of this part and some of its variation is given by the photograph in my Monograph; E. daban- ensis pl. 41, figs. 379, 380, 381, and pl. 42, fig. 384; E. kozhantshikovi pl. 41, figs. 382, 383; E. youngi pl. 42, fig. 385. The dorsal ridge of the distal ‘part carries a complete range of spines extending over its entire length. in E. dabanensis the length of the spined ridge is greater than that of the corresponding ridge of the proximal part; in E. youngi it is markedly shorter; in E. kozhantshikovi the two are practically equal. In the fig. 382, previously mentioned, the distal ridge appears the shorter, but this is the 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 result of twisting in mounting the specimen. Taken as a whole, the clas- per in E. dabanensis and E. kozhantshikovi is obviously greater in length | than the dorsal structures (tegmen and uncus), taken together. In 15 youngi it is approximately equal to them, or slightly less or greater. | Finally, the spine ‘system’ of the claspers (a very reliable character in}| all Erebias) is distinctive. In E. dabanensis the spines are coarse and well separated; in E. kozhantshikovi somewhat finer and closer together; in E. youngi very fine and touching. Whatever purpose these spines serve) the coarser are evidently the most effective, the finer consequently | require to be more numerous and hence closer together. In 1946 Dr. dos Passos sent me 3 male and 2 female specimens from ai series of an Erebia he had obtained from the McKinley National Park,: in Alaska. I dissected the males and to my great surprise found that 2 were E. dabanensis and one E. youngi. This was the first occasion when! E. dabanensis was recognised to be a North American species. This dis- | covery of course raised other questions concerning the two species and: also the race described as “E. herscheli” by Leussler in 1935. All this necessitated much work that could only be done in America, and in early! 1946 Dr. dos Passos and I myself were working on the Argynninae, so the question of these Erebias was left for a more convenient time. It) has remained in abeyance until last autumn (1968), when I chanced to be looking over my microscope slides of Erebia. Then I brought the matter’ to Dr. dos Passos’s notice and he without further delay dissected another) 15 of his Alaskan specimens as well as some from Yukon and the N.W.T.) He had previously dissected others and the total result gave 10 E. dabanensis and 13 E. youngi, the latter including the holotype of E. her- scheli. Of these, 8 E. dabanensis and 4 E. youngi were taken in the Mc-! Kinley Park area, some actually on the same day. Some of the series he had described as E. youngi rileyi (dos Passos 1947), proved to be E. dabanensis and some E. youngi. The herscheli all proved to be E. youngi,) which agreed with the one specimen of this insect of the extreme north that I had dissected. Later Dr. dos Passos sent me photographs of all these slides. The E. dabanensis varied as the Palaearctic insects, the E! youngi (inecluding rileyi and herscheli) also varied but to lesser degree.' It should be remembered that when comparing the relative proportions of parts of the claspers, these structures must be kept in absolute pro- file, for they are affected by both a longitudinal curvature and a slight, inward twist, as in most Erebia species. The form of the claspers can, therefore be distorted in mounting the specimen, and efforts to correct a false appearance may often push the dorsal structures off their true profile. Slight pressure by the cover glass in mounting is the only! method to maintain a true profile position of all the parts, and it is only. in such position that the actual shape and dimentions of the various parts can be appreciated: Some workers profess to avoid any pressure in) mounting, and condemn the use of it as distortion; but they overlook that it is of no value to show a picture that conceals the real formation. Even under moderately tight cover glasses one cannot always be sure Of! preventing movement, owing to the ever present difficulty of controlling the quantity of balsam under the cover. An example of this is the slight) alteration in the clasper in my fig. 382, which I previously mentioned. | { Two important facts are now established: E. dabanensis is a North American species, and it and EF. youngi exist together and fly at the same period, in central Alaska. The distribution of E. dabanensis may be extensive, for one specimen came from the neighbourhood of Slana in south Alaska, which is not far from Palmer. An unfortunate fact must be considered. So far as the available material goes, it is doubtful if E. dabanensis and E. youngi can be dis- tinguished by their superficial appearance. It is possible that in the future fresh specimens may -enable some distinction to be noted. Another trouble is uncertainty concerning the types of E. youngi. The type-locality lies in the dabanensis-zone of Alaska, so the type-series might include both species, as was the case in the description of the name “rileyi’. This emphasises the superficial similarity of these species and how essen- | tial it is that there is no uncertainty about the actual type, which must be dissected if it is to be of any value. Dr. dos Passos has undertaken to clear up these points; and also whether “herscheli” can be distinguished from E. youngi. REFERENCES Leussler, R. A., 1935. Notes on the Diurnal Lepidoptera of the Canadian Artic collected by Owen Bryant in the summers of 1929 to 1932. Bull. Brook. ent. Soc., XXX: 1-10; 42-62. (herscheli, p. 51). dos Passos, C. F., 1947. Erebia youngi Holland, its subspecies and Distribution. Amer. Mus. Novitates, Number 1348. Warren, B. C. S., 1936. Monograph of the Genus Frebia. Brit. Mus. Lond. | SOME ASPECTS OF THE FAUNA OF THE NUBA MOUNTAINS, SUDAN 203 | | Some Aspects of the Fauna of the Nuba Mountains, Sudan By J. L. CLoupsLtey-Tuompson, M.A., Ph.D., D.Sc. | The Nuba Mountains of southern Kordofan lie between 10° 30’ and 12° 30’ N, 29° 00’ and 31° 00’ E. They consist of a series of ranges of large granitic outcrops covered with comparatively shallow soil in the Acacia—tall grass forest region of the Sudan (Plate la). The general appearance of the landscape is of a vast plain interspersed with large _jebels. The maximum elevation (Jebel Heiban) is 1,345 m. (4,500 ft.). In the valleys and plains separating these hills there is often dark, heavy soil and the vegetation is predominantly thorny. The area does not appear to have been investigated zoologically, but is of botanical interest owing to the species flourishing there which really belong to more southern regions. For example, on Jebel Daier the most northerly massif may be found the bamboo Oxytenanthera abyssinica Munro and various other trees and shrubs characteristic of the south. Especially striking is the pink-flowered poison-tree Adenium honghel A. D.C. and the ‘tebeldi’ or baobab Adansonia digitata L. The large, broad- leaved Fiscus platyphylla Del. is characteristic of flatter ground; the ebony Diospyros mespiliformis Hochst. and Celtis integrifolia Lam. near the sandy edges of water-courses. In valleys and on heavier soils, the thorny flora consists of ‘talh’, Acacia seyal Del. with A. albida Del. Both tall and short grasses are present, the most important of the former being Hyparrhenia spp. The candelabra Euphorbia calycina N. E. Br. and the sausage-tree Stereosperum kunthianum Cham. are also not un- common in the area (Andrews, 1948). As we had not previously visited this part of the Sudan, my wife and I decided to spend the Christmas vacation 1967 there, with our two 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VII1/69 younger sons who had come out for the holidays. We drove from Khar- toum through Omdurman direct to El Obeid camping the first night just beyond Fattasha. There is much more vegetation west of Omdurman than there is on the east side of the Nile. I think the water-table must be higher. Moreover, termite mounds are common to the west but do not occur so. far north on the east bank of the river. Although we had not camped close to a termite mound, the ground was strewn with galleries of Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeath.), and I was astounded at the loud- ness of the hissing: sound that these insects made. It was clearly audible from a distance of several metres. The next night was spent among the qoz, north of El Obeid. The road, in fact, is sandy for about 100 miles and we had to use four-wheel drive and low gear-ratio for much of it. Our second night’s camping site was visited by five small, short-legged camel- spiders, (Solifugae), Rhagodessa melanocephala Simon, including juveniles and a male of unusually reduced size. A normal sized male of this species, previously recorded only from Darfur (Benoit, 1964) was found by me at Kabushiya (Mer6e), north of Shendi, in November 1966 (Plate 1b).. It measured about 5 cm. in length as compared with 3 ecm. for the specimen from near El] Obeid. ' From El Obeid we drove through Dilling and Kadugli to Talodi where we stayed as guests of Dr. Faysal Ali Saad and Omer Ahmed who enter- tained us with typical Sudanese hospitality and arranged for us to see a ‘kambala’ of dancing. The furthest south we went on this trek was Jebel El Liri at the southern extremity of the Nuba Mountains where the terrain levels off north of the ‘sudd’ region of the Nile. We returned to Khartoum via Er Rahad, Umm Ruwaba, Tendelti and Kosti. At El Liri we met a man who had been mauled by a lion a few months earlier, but we were unlucky and found no game ourselves. At our camp just north of Talodi, however, we saw some bush-babies, Galago senegalensis E. Geoffr, by head-lights of the Land Rover. These charming little crea- tures are very common in the Nuba Mountains. We also saw a dead fox, Vulpes pallida (Cretzschmar) on the road, as well as numerous vultures, eagles, hawks, owls. and other large birds including one or two ground- hornbills, Bucorvus abyssinicus (Boddaert). The climate of the Nuba Mountains is reputed to be hotter and more humid than it is away from them. Certainly the mountains are high enough to influence the rainfall, especially near Kadugli, Dilling and Talodi. Thus the average annual precipitation at Kadugli is 765 mm. (30 in.) whilst in the region immediately to the west it is only 567 mm. (22 in.) (Lebon, 1965). Climatic data for El Nahud, to the north-west and El Obeid to the north of the Nuba Mountains are as follows:—Mean — daily maxima exceed 39°C (102°F) at El Nahud in April and at El Obeid in May. The highest maxima are 42:9°C at El Nahud in April and 46-1°C at El Obeid in August. [The highest temperature ever recorded in Sudan is 525°C (126:5°F) at Wadi Halfa on April 29th, 1903]. The mean daily maxima at El Nahud and El Obeid in December are 32:8°C and 31:-4°C and the highest maxima 42:9°C and 46:1°C respectively. Mean daily maxima in the two localities in December are 19-2°C and 18:3°C respectively, the lowest minimum at El Nahud being 7-:2°C in February and at El Obeid —0-4° in January. [The lowest temperature recorded in the. Sudan is —2:0°C (285°F) in Wadi Halfa on December 26th, 1917] (Ireland, 1948). - PLATE V. ociated vegetation, Nuba Mountains Granite outcrop and ass (a) Rhagodessa melanocephala Simon (Solifugae). Male (b) J. L. Cloudsley-Thompson. Photos: SOME ASPECTS OF THE FAUNA OF THE NUBA MOUNTAINS, SUDAN 205 Diurnal cycles of temperature and relative humidity measured north ‘of El Obeid (Dec. 23rd-25th) and in the Nuba Mountains (Dec. 26th-28th) are given in Fig. 1. From this it can be seen that temperatures were ‘considerably higher and relative humidities correspondingly lower in the mountains. It should, however, be pointed out that Dec. 23rd-25th coincided with unusually cool weather in Khartoum and it is probable ‘that temperatures were lower in the mountains during that period than when they were actually measured. There can be no doubt that the greater richness of the arthropod fauna in the Nuba Mountains as com- pared with surrounding plains is directly related to higher rainfall and ‘consequently richer vegetation. The region lies to the south of the 13th ‘parallel N. which, as has already been pointed out, marks a sharp divi- ‘sion of the flora and associated fauna to the east of the Nile (Cloudsley- Thompson & Idris, 1964). | , THEOM PAE RIVAL TOUR E OL ASL 0z i) d. On SE EE tee € 6 SAEs Sil *ig. 1. Diurnal eycles of temperature (solid lines) and of relative qdumidity (broken lines). (a) North of El Obeid (Dec. 23rd-25th); (b) in ) the Nuba Mountains (Dec. 26th-28th, 1967). | Between Dilling and Kadugli, near a dried water course, we collected a number of woodlice (Isopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda), animals not 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VII1/69 normally found far from permanent rivers or irrigated areas at this latitude. Other Arthropoda included scorpions, Leiurus quinquestriatus H. & EK. and the following species of termite were very common in the area; Odontotermes smeathmani (Fuller) and Trinervitermes geminatus Was- mann (det W. V. Harris). Unfortunately the tubes containing specimens of Arachnida were broken in the post to Musée Royal de lHistoire naturelle at Tervuren, Belgium, and Prof. P. L. G. Benoit was only able © to identify Oxyopes sp. (juv.), Sparassus sp. (juv.) and Selenops radiatus ; Latr. (juv.). The insect fauna of the mountains seemed to be unusually j rich in praying-mantids. My collection of insects kindly identified by Dr. - Paul Freeman and his colleagues at the British Museum (Natural His- tory) included; ORTHOPTERA: MANTODEA — Pseudoharpax abyssini- - cus Beier, Stenovates Pantherina (Saussure), Hoplocorypha sp. (nymph), - Leptocola sp. (nymph), Tarachodes group (¢); TETTIGONIIDAE: . Tylopsis irregularis Karsch; ACRIDIDAE:Acrotylus variegatus (Branck- | sic)} HEMIPTERA: Odontopus sexpunctatus Lap., Dieuches albostriatus Fabr., Poophilus obscurus Walk., Rhaphidosoma sp. (not in B.M.), Pyrrhocorid nymph, Alydid nymph, Reduviid nymph (Reduvius sp.?); COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE. Adesmia (sub. gen. Macropoda) (sub. | sp. of inaequalis Fahr.)., Adesmia (Macropoda) (not in B. M.), Mesostena angustata Fairm., Curimosphena villosa H.-R., Gonocephalum strigosum | Reiche (?), (+ 2 undetermined species) and 3 Platypodidae. REFERENCES Andrews, F. A., 1948. The Vegetation of the Sudan, in Tothill, J. D. (ed.) | Agriculture in the Sudan, Oxford: Univ. Press., 32-61. | Benoit, P. L. G., 1964. Contribution & létude des Solifuges du Soudan. Ann. Natal Mus., 16: 91-98. Treland, A. W., 1948. The Climate of the Sudan, in Tothill, J. D. (ed.) loc. cit., 62-83. Lebon, J. H. G., 1965. Land use in Sudan, London: Geogr. Publ., 191 pp. Thompson, J. L. Cloudsley and Idris, B. E. M., 1964. Some aspects of the fauna of 1 the district around Kassala, Sudan, and the region south of the 13th |} parallel, Hntomologist’s mon. Mag., 99: 65-67. Department of Zoology, University of Khartoum, Sudan. 14.vii.1968. | On a New Species of Dermaptera from India By G. K. Srivastava, Calcutta Superfamily LABIOIDEA Family LABIIDAE Subfamily LABIINAE Chaetospania anamalaiensis sp. n. Male: Colour: Head, pronotum, elytra and wings brownish black Antennae brownish black with apical segments yellowish. Legs brownish) yellow, femora shaded with black. Abdomen dark brown with shades of black, basally. Form depressed and surface pilose. } Head triangular, posterior margin emarginate in middle, sutures in-) distinct, frons tumid, eyes smaller in length than the cheeks and first | antennal segments. Antennae 11l-segmented (?), second segment small; } third long and cylindrical, as long as fourth and smaller than first; and| fifth a little longer than third but smaller than first, remaining segments | ON A NEW SPECIES OF DERMAPTERA FROM INDIA 207 long and cylindrical. Pronotum as long as broad, anterior margin convex, ‘sides straight, gently widened posteriorly, hind margin and angles ‘rounded, median suture indistinct; prozona tumid and well differentiated from flat metazona. Elytra longer than the pronotum, without keel, caudal margin slightly obliquely truncate, surface with long, golden yellow hairs. Wings one third of the elytra in length. Legs with femora thick; ' tibiae long and cylindrical; tarsi with first segment slightly shorter than A Mercctospania anamalaiensis sp. n.j: A. Ultimate tergite and forceps. 2B. Genitalia. third; second small. Abdomen depressed, narrowed basally, lateral tuber- eles on third and fourth tergites indistinct, sides of abdominal segments broadly convex. Ultimate tergite smooth, posterior margin emarginate _mesad, postero lateral angles prominent, weakly tumid elevations above the roots of forceps. Penultimate sternite transverse, posterior margin faintly emarginate in middle. Pygidium prominent, narrowed at base, sides diverging up to basal one third where there is a small, obtuse ‘tubercle, the remaining two third portion emarginate in middle, poster- iorly lateral angles acute and a deep cleft in middle, about one third of ' the length of pygidium, thus dividing it into two halves, bent down- _ wards, with a small tubercle on either side of the mouth of cleft. For- | ceps with branches remote, depressed in basal half, then curved, cylindri- “eal and tapering with apices pointed, inner margin with a short, sharp | tooth bent downwards, a little before middle. Genitalia (Text fig. B). Fernale—Unknown. 208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIIL/69 Measurements (in mm.)— Male Length of head 0-85 Width of head 0-91 Length of eye 0-22 Distance between eyes 0-68 Length of first antennal segment 0-28 Distance between the bases of antennae 0:45 Length of pronotum 0:79 Width of pvronotum 0:79 Length of elytra 1:02 Width of elytra 0:45 Length of wing ; 0:34 Length of ultimate tergite 0:57 Width of uitimate tergite 1:25 Length of body (without forceps) 5:31 Length of forceps 1:48 Material—-Holotype, ¢, Anamalai Hills, Cinchona, 3500 ft., v. 1968, P.S. Nathan; genitalia mounted between two coverslips and penultimate sternite mounted on a card and both pinned with the specimen; deposited in the Zoological Survey of India, Calcutta. Affinities.—The described svecies comes very close to Chaetospania foliata (Burr) from Ceylon but differs in having ultimate tergite trans- verse pygidium with a median deen notch posteriorly and forceps with | branches depressed in basal half with a small, sharp tooth at the inner margin, a little before middle. | Acknowledgments.—I am thankful to the Director, Zoological Sur- vey of India. Calcutta, for providing facilities. My thanks are also due to Mr. P. S. Nathan for sending this interesting material to me. REFERENCES Burr, M., 1910. The Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma, | Dermaptera : 217, 10 pls. Burr, M., 1911. Dermaptera, Genera Insectorum, 122: 112, 9 pls. Burr, M., 1911. Contribution to our knowledge of Indian Earwigs. J. Asiat, | Soc. Beng. (N.S.), 7, No. 11: 771-800. | The Coleopterous Fauna of Stones at Staines, Middx. Part 2 | By J. MUGGLETON (Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of Durham) } The first part of this paver (Muggleton 1968) gave a list of twenty- seven species of Coleoptera found under a group of stones at Staines, | Middx. It also included a description of the habitat. This second part | includes some additional species found since October 1968 and some | earlier records which I had overlooked. There are also some additional | notes on species previously recorded. Most of these records are the result | of a more detailed study, than had been possible previously, in the ' months October to December. One correction to a previous record is in- | cluded. Finally I have made an analysis of the species list with reference | | THE COLEOPIEROUS FAUNA OF SYONES AT STAINES, MIDDX. 409 'to Dibb’s (1948) bionomic classification of the British Coleovtera. Additions to the 1968 list. (Additional species are marked by an asterisk. Roman numerals indi- cate the months of occurrence of each species). Family CARABIDAE Nebria brevicollis Fab. Add xi, xil. -*Asaphidion flavipes Linn. One specimen was found in the run of an ant’s nest on 30.iv.67. The quick movements and form of this | species give it an ant-like appearance. However, it does not appear in Walsh’s (1954) list of myrmecovhilous species. | | Agonum mulleri Hb. A further specimen was found on 12.x.68. Family HYDROPHILIDAE | Megasternum obscurum Mm. Add xii. Family SILPHIDAE -*Choleva agilis Ill. Occurred as single specimens at the end of 1968. It probably hibernates under the stones, x, xi, xil. '*Ptomophagus subvillosus Goeze. A single specimen was found on | 30.x.68. It has previously been found, nearby, in carrion. Family STAPHYLINIDAE Oxytelus rugosus Fab. Add xi, xii. |*Philonthus decorus Grav. A single specimen was found on 26.v.67. -*Philonthus fimetarius Gray. Found both in 1967 and 1968, especially | frequent in May, iv, v, viii, x. Ocypus olens Mu. Previously noted as no longer occurring. One speci- men was found on 24.x.68 and this marks the reappearance of this species after two years absence. Add x. *Quedius fuliginosus Grav. One specimen was found on 4.xii.68. | *Xantholinus linearis Ol. Two specimens were found in November 1968 | Tachyporus hypnorum Fab. Add x. Tachinus humeralis Gr. Add x, xi, xii. *Tachinus subterraneus Linn. A single specimen was found on 2.xii.68. | Family RHIZOPHAGIDAE Rhizophagus parallelocollis Er. The record for R. depressus Fab. in the 1968 list should refer to this species. “*Rhizophagus dispar Gyll. One specimen was found on 24.x.68, on the remains of a dead slug (Arion sp.). | Family CURCULIONIDAE *Otiorrhynchus sulcatus Fab. One specimen was found in the summer of 1961. This species occurs quite frequently on the surrounding vegetation. Bionomic Classification. (1948) bionomic classification of British beetles to give a more detailed | i In the following part of this paper I have attempted to use Dibb’s | | picture of the type of habitat provided by the stones. By finding which _habitat-groups are best represented in the habitat we can see more | clearly the factors which have contributed to the existence of the present fauna. Such analysis could be used for comparisons between habitats, 210 ENTOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIII/69 | providing it is borne in mind that some of the groups include a broader range of surroundings than others and that all the species in one habitat- group do not necessarily occupy the same position in the food chain. For Table 1, I have followed Dibb’s classification. In those examples | where the species are not dealt with by Dibb, I have used my own obser- vations and the habitat notes in Fowler (1887-1891) to classify the species | as follows :— Bembidion lampros Hb., ripicole. limicole; B. quadrimaculatum Linn, | ripicole, limicole, arenicole; Philonthus cognatus S., detriticole, muscicole; \ P. decorus, lapidicole, detriticole, muscicole; P. fimetarius, detriticole; » Ocypus globulifer Fc., lapidicole, muscicole; Quedius fuliginosus, detriti- | cole. In Table 1 there are nineteen ‘regular’ species and eighteen ‘casual’ | species. TABLE 1.—The percentage of the total, regular and casual species belong- ing to each habitat-group. Habitat-group* Total Regular Casual Ripicole (On banks of rivers, etc.) 21:3 15-7 PAC, |} Limicole (On or in mud) 13:5 10-5 22-2 | Arenicole (On or in sand) 5:4 5:2 By5) Lapidicole (Under stones) 32:4 52-0 11-0 Truncicole (On or in tree trunks or stems) 10:8 10:5 11:0 Herbicole (On or in herbaecous plants) 5:4 5:2 5:5 Muscicole (In moss) 24-0 31:4 22:2) | Fungicole (On or in fungi) 10:8 10:5 11-0 | Detriticole (In plant refuse) 51:3 47:3 55:0) | Cadavericole (On or in dead animals) 16:2 10:5 11-0 Stercoricole (On or in excrement) 24:3 26:3 22:2 Domicole (In human habitations) 2p D2 — | Nidicole (In nests) 2-7 = 5:5 | *An explanation of each term is given in parentheses. The table shows that the best represented habitat-groups are the Det-)) riticoles and the Lapidicoles. It can be assumed that the lapidicoles are } species which seek the shelter of the stones as a protection against des- sication and predators. On this basis it would not be valid to group ali|| the regular species as lapidicoles. Animal and plant debris is plentiful i under the stones and must be the primary attraction for the detriticoles. ' The high percentage of detriticoles amongst the casual species can be explained by the presence, nearby, of large quantities of garden refuse. Thirty-one per cent. of the regular species are muscicoles and this could) be a reflection of the dampness of the habitat. In 1968, for example, there | was a large increase in the amount of the moss Brachythecium rutabulum (Hedw.) B. & S., both on top of and around the stones. The ripicoles and limicoles form a large percentage of the casual species, and this is prob-’ ably a result of the proximity of the river. As might be expected the) remaining habitat-groups are poorly represented in this habitat. In other localities (e.g. in open country) one would expect to find a larger percent- age of cadavericoles, stercoricoles, nidicoles and alticoles contributing to the coleopterous fauna of stones. f | CERCYON LAMINATUS SHARP (COL. HYDROPHILIDAE) 211 ' In conclusion, I would suggest that the factors most affecting the ‘coleopterous fauna of this habitat are, the physical presence of the stones ‘themselves, the large amount of detritus available, the dampness of the surroundings and the nearby river. ‘Summaru. A total of thirty-seven species have now been recorded from this habitat. Of these nineteen may be regarded as regular and eighteen (including two formerly regular species that are no longer found) as casual species. It is shown that the majority of the species belong to two habitat-groups, the lapidicoles and the detriticoles. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ' I should like to thank Mr. H. R. Last who, through the A.E.S. Advisory Panel, identified some of the Staphylinids. My thanks are also due to Mr. P. M. Hammond and Mr. R. T. Thompson, of the British Museum (Natural History), for their identifications of some of the remaining species. j REFERENCES Dibb, J. RR. 1948. VWielu Book of Beetles. A. Brown & Sons, Hull. Fowler, W. W. 1887-1891. The Coleoptera of the British Isles. London. Muggleton, J. 1968. The Coleopterous Fauna of Stones at Staines, Middx. Wnt. | Rec., 80: 287-291. Walsh, G. B. in, Walsh, G. B. and Dibb, J. R. Eds. 1954. A Coleopterist’s | Handbook. The Amateur Entomologists’ Society, London. Cercyon laminatus Sharp (Col. Hydrophilidae) New to Britain; with Corrections to our List of Species, and Further Notes | By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. _ Cercyon laminatus Sharp (1873) is a very distinct species which can- not be confused with any other occurring in Britain. It is one of the larger members of the genus, and except for its size and colour (the for- mer a little variable) has, as its author remarks, quite the appearance of a species allied to litoralis Gyll. or depressus Steph., on account of its relatively elongate, flattish, loosely-built form. The shape is oblong-oval with elytra widest at or rather behind middle, and sides of pronotum ‘rounded before the obtuse hind angles so as to form an angle with sides ‘of elytral base in dorsolateral view. The coloration is distinctive: head and most of underside black, upperside pitchy-yellow-brown with pro- notum rather paler at sides; apex and margins of elytra (and often less clearly, base and sutural region), metasternal lamina, antennae except club, palpi, and legs, a lighter yellowish or straw-colour. Also highly characteristic are the very large eyes (not noticed by Sharp in his description), very narrow scutellum, unusually elongate antennal club, and Vary narrow, keel-like, almost blade-like mesosternal lamina (whence the name of the species). These features together render the insect quite “unmistakable, and somewhat isolated within the genus. The puncturation : fairly fine and uniform, the striae are impressed behind, and the limbs long. | 212 ENTOMOLOGIS1’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIUL/6¢) Recorded by Sharp (1873) from Hiogo, Japan, in dung — and alsc} (according to Hansen, 1964) under seaweed on the coasts. Some years age| Mr J. Balfour-Browne determined for me as this species two examples) of a Cercyon obviously new to us which had flown to mercury-vapour light here on 6th and 8th August, 1959. A third was captured in the same way on 22nd June of the next year. The species had previously beer) taken, also at light, in several North German localities, chiefly in the area between Hamburg and Berlin, but only since 1956; and is said to be! generai by now in the Hamburg district; mostly at ultraviolet (m.y.\| light in damp situations in warm still weather. In an interesting note! Lohse (1959) gives details of its occurrence in many parts of Germany during the three years following its discovery there, and points out tha’! it has already become established over a large part of central Europe. and may well be synanthropic. In Denmark (Hansen, l.c.) the species has) occurred rarely so far and in the same conditions as here. Dr Hanser notes that it is occasionally taken (elsewhere in Europe) in compost; refuse, and the dung of pigeons or fowls, but always more often at mv light. The small tally of British captures to date is completed witt| two further specimens at my lamp on 17.vii.67 and one more on 30.vi.68 | and another which I have just recently seen, taken by Sir Eric Ansorge, at Chalfont St. Peter, Bucks., in his light-trap (1.vii.68). j This interesting addition to our list is yet another in the series 0 Oriental species that have in recent times colonized or obtained a foot hold in western Europe, having been originally described from Japan. examples are Philonthus rectangulus Shp., P. parcus Shp., and Atomaric lewisi Rtt. The latest of this class to be found in Britain — anothei Sphaeridiine—is Cryptopleurum subtile Shp. (see Johnson, 1967); it tox occurred at light in Germany at about the same time and in the sami area as the Cercyon, and has now spread similarly; I captured a single specimen at the lamp here two years ago (Allen, 1968). The great attrac: tion of artificial light (at all events ultraviolet) for these two species 1) curious, since, although their native congeners certainly come to it, i my experience they do so only very occasionally—yet many of the genul| Cercyon abound almost everywhere. On the other hand C. laminatus hail not yet been taken in Britain in the field, and the breeding-habitat oO the Blackheath specimens is unknown; I have never found it in the gar) den (where many of the genus occur) or elsewhere. It seems possible tha’ the large development of the eyes in this species is not unconnected i!) some way with its marked lychnophilic tendencies. The nights on whic!| my specimens appeared were quite exceptionally warm and close, and | host of insects came with them. C. aquatilis Donis. (1932). — This so-called species, described on twi\ examples from the willow swamp at Windsor, must be sunk as identica’ with C. haemorrhoidalis F. (=flavipes F.) 1 reached this conclusic:) through examining the type and paratype in Donisthorpe’s collectior’ and was glad to learn that Mr Balfour-Browne fully agreed. In faci aquatilis is not even abnormal haemorrhoidalis, but quite typical. Donis thorpe must have been misled by the habitat into assuming it to be | species near C. marinus Thoms. (=aquaticus Lap.)—with which he com, pares it—or at any rate a marsh-dwelling one; the very common dung) and compost-feeding C. haemorrhoidalis clearly never occurred to hir i CERCYON LAMINATUS SHARP (COL. HYDROPHILIDAE) 213 i) i ‘as a possibility. The beetles had most likely been swept off the adjacent ‘fields into the vothole in the swamp by previous flooding. | C. bifenestratus Kust. — Mr Balfour-Browne considered that this species should be struck off the British list, as he was satisfied that it had ‘been introduced in error; the exponents being only C. marinus Thoms. ‘That was the case, at least, with the single representative of bifenes- tratus in the Power collection—one of Newbery’s original catch from ‘the ‘broad ditch near Sandown Castle, Deal’ (vii.96; Ent. Rec., 11: 265). Even ‘So, the species could perhaps occur with us and a look-out should be ‘kept for it. The characters are given in Fowler & Donisthorpe (1913), but there is a further important difference in sternal structure (see Vogt, /1969: 190, figs. 9, 10). _ (Fowler, l.c., remarks at the end of his note on this species: “Colour ‘differences are usually worth very little consideration in the genus Cer- -cyon except in two or three well-marked species”. With this estimate I ‘cannot fully agree. Provided they are 1ot too narrowly defined, and, of ‘course, that the maturity of an individual is taken due account of — in ‘our species sufficiently indicated by a quite black kead—, colour charac- ters can be decidely helpful, not least those of the antennae and palpi. The existence of numerous colour-aberrations in Continental cata- logues does not invalidate this conclusion, for, as is so often the case, our ‘insular races seem on the whole a good deal less subject to such varia- tion. Such a definite form as the var. binotatus of C. litoralis will natur- ally give no trouble). C. subsulcatus Rey.—This name must disappear from our list and be ‘replaced by sternalis Sharp (1918), as it turns out that authors have been ‘in error in synonymizing the two species. Sharp made no reference to _subsulcatus, but a year after his paper was published Deville suggested ‘that Sharp’s sternalis might be the same, without in any way affirming ‘their identity. Both in Britain and on the Continent the idea was adopted, and it was not till 1949 that Méquignon showed the true subsul- catus to be a Mediterranean insect (found chiefly in the Camargue), while sternalis was widely spread in France. Some have doubted his interpretation of sternalis, believing it to be convexiusculus Steph. (see below). Vogt, however (p. 183-5) conclusively proves that Méquignon was, after all, correct; Rey’s species differs decisively from Sharp’s in most of the important characters—though nearest to it. As it seems confined to ‘southern France, it need not further concern us here. (For sternalis and : its characters, etc., see the final part of these notes). | C. granarius Er.—iIntroduced as British in 1879, and included with reserve by Fowler (p. 260), who gave two localities (Birmingham district -and Walton-on-Thames). Sharp (p. 275) stated that he had but one speci- men, given to him long before by Crotch. However, Mr Balfour-Browne has examined this and found it to be only convexiusculus, and tells me he has not seen the true granarius from Britain. I think it very possible ‘that Fowler’s ‘lugubris’ (now a synonym of convexiusculus) was largely 'sternalis—not at that time separated while in any case his granarius was almost certainly convexiusculus, and the same is probably true of any other British records of the former. It is to be noted, however, that Fowler assigns the mesosternal characters correctly, having most likely taken them from the literature. my 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 I have never seen the present species, which has a simple flattish type of sternum without a lumen (Vogt, v. 190, fig. 18) and, according to Reitter (1909), the elytral intervals as shining as the pronotum with fine and equally thick puncturation becoming obsolete behind. The italicized points taken together should prevent confusion with either analis Payk. | or convexiusculus Steph., with either of which it might possibly be found | mixed in some of our collections. C. granarius appears to be uncommon in Germany, Denmark and Sweden, in wet situations. It could perhaps | be found here (the smaller obscurer Cercyons not being in much favour : among collectors), but, until it is, it would be best omitted from our list. ' C. pumilio Sharp (1918).—It is virtually certain that this is only a ; dwerf example of sternalis Shp. The ‘species’ was based (p. 277) on a ¢ solitary individual from Hammersmith Marshes; Sharp admitted it was \ ‘closely allied’ to his C. sternalis, which he had described from the latter | locality, and in fact there appear to be no real differences that reduction | in size would not account for. This was also Mr Balfour-Browne’s opinion, and it is adopted by Vogt (v. 189). Accordingly, pumilio should be sunk as synonymous with sternalis. Notes on the ‘subgenus’ Cerycon Rey.—Our three species convexius- | culus Steph., sternalis Shp., and tristis Ill, together with others in | Europe and America, comprise a group of very closely allied forms; of | which those known to Rey were vlaced by him (1886) in his subgenus) Cerycon (primarily on characters of the meso- and metasternum). Sharp | (1918: 274) considered that it should be raised to generic rank; but for- tunately we need not follow him in this, since Vogt (pp. 187-190), after a thorough discussion of the question, concludes that there is no valid | basis for so treating it. He draws attention to the significant fact that throughout the genus the more important interspecific differences of | sternal structures frequently cut across the obvious affinities of species; ‘ so that if it is used for grouping, nearly related species, will often be widely separated and a patently artificial system wil sult. Thus while the convexiusculus group species are plainly symphyletic, another which | on all counts belongs elsewhere—bifenestratus Kiist—has a similar type) of sternum, and indeed Rey included it with them as a Cerycon; further, || there are other even more distant species showing a tendency to the) same structure. It is evidently a plastic or labile character within the genus, probably (as Vogt suggests, p. 191) in some way adaptive and | influenced by habitat; for those species with the most advanced sternal’ structure are all found near water, and not in dung or compost like most ! of the others—though the correlation is not perfect. , | The three very similar British species included by Sharp under Cery-/ con are the ones most liable to be mixed in collections, so it will be as i well to say something of them and give a revised key. Sharp (n. 275) included also granarius Er., but, as we have seen, the insect on which he: seems to have relied for hie knowledge of that species was misdetermined | and the true granarius does not belong to the present group. Looked at from below or from the side, both the meso- and metas-* ternal laminae in these species (i.e., the median shiny and punctate part) of the mid- and hind-breast) are seen to be much developed, being con- siderably raised above the level of the coxae and having under their point of approximation or contact a distinct space, or ‘lumen’ (Sharp’s | term), which can readily be seen from the side even in ordinarily carded | CERCYON LAMINATUS SHARP (COL. HYDROPHILIDAE) 215 specimens whose underside is clean and not too heavily clogged with gum. The size or form of this space and/or the length, breadth, ete., of the two laminae differ in each species of the group. The lateral view is “figured by Vogt? (p. 190) for them and most of the mid-European (and British) Cercyons; these instructive figures should be studied by anyone “interested in recent evolutionary trends within the genus. | (Small convex black species with apex of elytra lighter, legs and antennae, except club, rufotestaceous to pitchy; elytra duller than pronotum, the intervals -alutaceous, at most finely punctured, much more finely than striae or pronotum ‘and less thickly than the latter; and only, if at all, in the front half. Sternal “structure, see above; aedeagus characteristics for each (Vogt, p. 178). In damp places, flood rubbish, etc.) | 1/2 Striae almost fading out towards apex, except for the one or two inner- most, intervals quite flat, sculptured as 4/3; apex very gradually and obscurely lighter. Lumen (see above) intermediate in size, distinctly open; mesosternal ee larger, convex in side-view, broader. (Palpi mostly dark, legs piceous Usually larger and broader) . . . tristis 11. (=minutus auct.) | 2/1 Striae distinct throughout: apex plainly reddish; lumen less open, meso- ‘sternal lamina smaller, flatter. (Usually smaller and narrower.) | 3/4 Striae not deepened towards apex, intervals quite flat, punctate in front as a rule but sometimes hardly visibly, often less dull; reddish colour at apex merging into the black; palpi* with segment 4 (last), and sometimes 2 also, darker than 3, or the whole more or less blackened. Lumen small, not quite closed, apposed ends of laminae blunt in side-view: the mesosternal narrower, both laminae scarcely alutaceous and very shining. (Legs often lighter) \ convexiusculus Steph. (=lugubris Payk.) | 4/3 Striae a little deepened towards apex, where the intervals are very slightly convex; these hardly visibly punctuate even in fr ont, with a dull sheen ( sericeo- subopacis’, Shar Pp); reddish colour at apex well marked off from the “aieere palpi wholly clear testaceous or brownish-yellow. Lumen large, practically closed, japposed ends of laminae in side-view acute, often just overlapping; the meso- sternal broader, both laminae plainly alutaceous. (Legs often darker) The colour differences, though not to be relied on entirely, neverthe- Hless appear constant enough to be useful, either for a preliminary sort- ing or as confirmatory characters. Broadly speaking one may say that ‘palpi paler than legs’ points to sternalis, ‘legs paler than last segment of palpi’ to convexiusculus, and ‘palpi and legs somewhat dark’ to tris- ‘tis. Specimens unnaturally darkened by having been kept too long in laurel etc. will not, of course, show clearly the differences of the elytral apex; as always in such cases, they are best degreased long after setting and dried rapidly on a hotplate, when the originally paler parts will often be restored to something like their pristine clarity. As regards incidence, etc, Sharp (1918) apparently considered all | ‘three species rare, with tristis the least so and sternalis the most. My Ke sternalis Shp. (=subsulcatus auct., nec Rey) experience is rather the reverse. I have met with only a single tristis (Windsor, 10.vii.37) but have found sternalis not rarely in several places: Ruislip Reservoir, Middx.; Wicken Fen; Allhallows-on-Sea, Kent; and Windsor (one, with the last). Convexiusculus I have taken only at Black- heath, beside a pond long since drained, and one at London Colney, ‘Herts. The late Joesph Collins (1919: 68) had a long series from Yarn- ton, Oxon., determined by Sharp as sternalis, but only three convexius- jHe also figures the aedeagus of all the midad- -European (and British) species (pp. 176-8). *Maxillary, of course, as in other cases where ‘palpi’ alone are referred to. ee 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIII/69 | culus from as many nlaces in the same county, and a single tris‘is (‘Oxford’). Joy (1932) marks the last-named as ‘local’, but both the others | ‘rare’. I ean record sternalis also from Hurn (Hants.), Pevensey and. Chichester (P. Harwood, in my collection) and one in the Power coll. from near Lewes; and convexiusculus from Wye and Westerham (Kent),| Bishop’s Stortford, and Killarney (P. H., coll. A-A.A.); Eltham and | Shooters Hill (Kent) (Sussex) one (Power coll.). There seems to be no} marked differences in habitat, but sternalis at least is not averse to) { coastal and brackish localities. Vogt (p. 185) shows that var. intermixtus Sharp was rightly assigned: by its author to lugubris Payk. (i.e. convexiusculus); of which it can only} be regarded as a small narrow form, such as occur in many of the genus) Its ascription to C. tristis in certain catalogues (first by Knisch, 1924) ig) erroneous. | Acknowledgments I should like to thank Herr Vogt for sending me (unasked) his highly} interesting and valuable paper on the genus, which by a happy chance) arrived as I was about to prepare these notes; and Mr J. Balfour-Browne for the original determination of C. laminatus, for his conclusions as te several species listed as British, and for permission to make use of these. and of the British Museum collections. REFERENCES Allen, A. A., 1968. Cryptopleurum subtile Sharp (Col., Hydrophilidae) in Kent (‘S.E. London). ... Ent. mon. Mag., 104: 207. Collins, J., 1919. Cercyon sternalis Sharp at Oxford. Ibid., 55: 68. Deville, J. Ste. Claire, 1919. On the capture in France of several recently des cribed British Coleoptera. Ent. mon. Mag., 55: (196-200) 199. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. 1932. Cercyon aquatilis n.sp., a species of Coleopter: (Hydrophilidae) new to science. Ibid., 68: 129. Fowler, W. W., 1887. The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 1: 259-60. London Fowler, W. W. and Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., 1913. Tbid., @: 37 : Hansen, V., 1964. Fortegnelse over Danmarks biller : 65. Kgbenhayn. i Johnson, C., 1967. Cryptopleurum subtile Sharp (Col., Hydrophilidae), an ex pected addition to the British list. Entomologist, 100: 172-3. f Joy, N. H. 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, 1: 291. London. ) Kloet. G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1945. A check list of British insects : 154. Stock port. Lohse, G. A., 1959. (Kleine Mitteilung 1640) Cercyon laminatus Sharp. Ent Bldatt., 55: 57. { Méquigon, A., 1949. Notes diverses sur des Coléoptéres de France (7). Bull. mensi, Soc. linn. Lyon, 18 (8-9) : 173. | Reitter, E., 1909. Fauna Germanica. Die Kdfer des deutschen Reiches, 2:3 Stuttgart. Sharp, D., 1873. The water beetles of Japan. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1873: (4 58h) 66. Sharp, D., 1918. On some species hitherto assigned to the genus Cercyon ... Eni mon. Mag., 5&: 274-7 f Vogt, H., 1969. Cercyon- Studien, mit Beschreibung zweier neuer deutscher Arter! Ent. Blatt. @@ (3) : 172-191. | 63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 9.iv.196¢) t CORRECTIONS: Reference my note on Caenophila subrosea Stephen at p. 179 of the June issue. In the 6th line down, for “stimulate” reai “simulate”. In 7th line down, insert “no” between “were” and “casual) ties’ so as to read “There were no casualties in the pupal stage”. 4 J.M.C.-H. E tw Sy ~ A Crane-fly’s Day CERCYON LAMINATUS SHARP (COL. HYDROPHILIDAE) | || By R. M. Payne, F.R.E.S. In his book The Natural History of Flies Mr. H. Oldroyd remarks of crane-flies: “not very much is known about the details of the adult life of most species. They sit about on exposed surfaces...” Certainly, casual observation of their lethargic habits would lead one to endorse this last statement, but recently I was able to verify it in a particule?” case by keeping a Tipulid under observation on and off for a total period of 34 hours. My garden at Loughton, Essex, contained a large clump of ordinary single Marguerites (Chrysanthemum maximum) which was partially shaded by an apple tree. At 11.30 a.m. B.S.T. on 17th July 1966 I noticed a female of the large black and yellow crane-fly Nephrotoma maculata (Mg.) resting on a Marguerite leaf some three feet from the ground near ihe edge of the clump, and the idea came to me to try to keep the insect under observation as closely as might be practicable for as long as possible—to see in fact just how it spent its time. | The weather was dull and cool, with a northerly breeze, the tem- perature in the garden being only 57 deg. F. When I first saw the crane- -fly it was resting motionless along a horizontal leaf, wings super- imposed and legs extended, its head facing north-west. I returned to the spot an hour later (12.30 B.S.T.) when rain was falling lightly and the breeze had freshened. The fly was on the same leaf, but had turned to face the opposite direction. At 12.45 it had turned again and was now facing north-east, and it was in precisely the same position 15 minutes later. At 1.20 p.m. it was on an adjacent leaf an inch away, but in the same attitude as at one o’clock. By 1.35 rain was falling more heavily, but the fly had apparently not moved: by two o’clock the leaf was quite wet, but the insect remained motionless. The rain had stopped by 2.30, but our fly had not altered its position. | At 2.40 the sun had come out, and the temperature (shade) was now 60 deg. F. The fly had veered round on its leaf to face east. I noticed that in this position its head was in shadow most of the time. It apparently remained like this until 3.30 (1 saw it at 2.55 and 3. 15), when I began a continuous watch. Its four anterior tarsi were then flat along the surface of the leaf, but the two hind tarsi dangled over the edge, the only point of contact with the leaf being at the junction of tibia and tarsus. _ During the first 15 minutes of my continuous watch the fly seemed quite unaffected by the frequent gusts of wind which caused the whole ‘stem to sway, though at one stage it moved its left front leg so that the tarsus now hung over the edge of the leaf like the two hind ones. But iat about 3.45, in a strong gust of wind, it suddenly lifted its left hind tarsus on to the leaf surface, and almost at once clambered quickly six inches up the stem, its wings whirring all the time. It came to rest on ‘the side of the unopened bud at the top of the stem, facing north, its wings again superimposed. After about a minute it moved round to the opposite side of the bud, and hung there for 30 seconds, when it again moved round, to face east. 218 ENTOMOLOGISIT’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VII1/69 | It stayed in tnis position for five minutes, the four anterior tarsi | clasping the bud, the two hind legs hanging in the air. Then in another gust at 3.51 it moved an inch or two down the stem. Now the two middle | legs hung in the air, while the two front tarsi clasped the stem above [ and the two hind tarsi rested vertically along the stem below. The \ insect still faced east, having the sun at its back, so to speak. While I continued to watch it in this position, one hind leg occasionally | fluttered off the stem and then back again. At 3.56 the two middle tarsi | moved in to clasp the stem. The body was now almost vertical, with the \| snout at right angles and almost touching the stem. | No further move occurred until 4.10, when the sun went in behind a ! bank of cloud. Now, with wings fluttering, the fly moved up again to! clasp the bud, this time facing west. Again the four anterior tarsi | stretched over the surface of the bud, but I noticed that the two hind legs | just touched the stem at the joint of tibia and tarsus. At 4.15 it clambered round to the opposite side of the bud, wings held | at right angles to each other during the move. | I had now watched the insect without a break for 45 minutes, bap ¥ I then had to revert to periodic inspections for the next seven hours. By 4.20 it had moved three inches downwards to rest in an angle) between stem and leaf. With almost vertical body, all six tarsi were | merely touching stem or leaves—no tarsi were flat along a surface. In such a position the insect may have felt insecure, for it frequently moved its legs to slightly different points of contact with stem and leaves. It} was facing north. | By 4.30 the temperature had dropped to 57 deg. F., and clouds covered i the sky. The insect remained in the same position. Rain was falling by) 4.35, and I again noticed the moving of legs from one posture to. another. At 4.45 there was steady rain, but the fly had not moved its) body. Now the front right tarsus was flat on the stem, and the other: tarsi were merely touching a surface at their tips or at the joint with the) tibia, except for the middle left tarsus which was hanging in the air. | I now visited the fly at ten-minute intervals until 5.50. During this | time it remained in the angle between stem and leaf, with the middle left | leg in the air. The sky cleared, but with the fresh northerly breeze the: temperature did not rise. At 5.45 it was 56 deg. F. | But at six o’ciock the fly was up at the top of the stem again, hanging from the bud, and it apparently stayed there all the rest of the! evening, i and indeed throughout the night. While at 6 and at 6.15 it was facing | Y east, by 8 p.m. it had moved round the bud to face north-west. I visited it at 15-minute intervals after that, and saw no change in its position until 9.30, when it was facing south-west. The temperature was now \\ 52 deg. F. The next change was noticed at 10.15, when it was facing’ south-east. By 11 p.m. it had moved very slightly to face almost due: east, and when I went to bed at 11.15 it was still in this position. we At 7.30 a.m. B.S.T. on the following morning (18th July) it was in exactly the same position, hanging from the bud. I was not able to make any observations during that day, which was again cool and cloudy, | though occasionally sunny, and with a fresh north-easterly wind. But on my return home at 6.30 p.m. B.S.T. (temperature 58 deg. F.) the fly \ was in a leaf-axil of the same stem, some six inches below the bud (which / A CRANE-FLY’S DAY 219 had now pactially opened). It was facing north-east. An hour later it was hanging just below this leaf, facing the same direction. At 8 p.m. it was four inches higher, clasping the stem with its middle legs, fore legs extended upwards to a leaf and hind tarsi laid along the stem. It was swinging loosely from side to side in the strong breeze. While I watched, it opened its wings to a right angle and then closed them again after a few seconds. I now kept a continuous watch on it for 20 minutes. At 8.5 it _clambered up the side of the partly-open flower-head, whose petals were in a vertical position, and at 8.13 to the top of the flower, where it } \ stayed motionless until 8.20 in an almost horizontal posture straddling “the flower, apart from a single move sideways through 90 deg. at 8.14. Once it opened its wings to a right angle for about 15 seconds. During this period it was facing between north and east. _ When I came back at 8.30 it was down on the side of the flower again. At 8.45 it was hanging on the stem just below the flower, but then climbed back to the side of the flower, to rest vertically, this time with one wing held cut at 45 deg. for haif a minute. It was still in this position (facing north-east) each time I visited it, at 15-minute intervals, until 9.45, usually with wings superimposed, though at 9.15 (temperature I 1 56 deg. F.) it had one wing out at 45 deg. I paid my final visit at 10 p.m. B.S.T. This time it was hanging from the flower-head by its four anterior legs, swaying in the wind. | At 7.30 on the following morning it had gone, and a search nearby failed to reveal it. I am in no doubt that I had a single insect under observation over the whole period of 343 hours, and that it did not take to flight at any time during that period. I do not think that it is the habit of crane-flies to return to the same post after flight, and the chance of another female taking precisely the same position in the garden is too remote to consider seriously. The species was not common in my garden in 1966, and in a search during the period of these observations I only came across a ‘single other specimen, and this was 100 ft. away and on the other side cf the house. Nephrotoma are not normally day-flying insects (Lewis & Taylor, 1965), but I was surprised that it did not apparently take to the wing on the night of 17-18th July. Species of Nephrotoma used frequently to fly into the house on summer evenings, but it may be that the low tempera- ture or the strong winds kept it from flight. Certainly no Tipulids at all came indoors on that particular evening. Its disappearance during the second night might well have been a simple consequence of the higher temp=2ratures—a London minimum of 55 deg. F. was recorded, ‘compered with 48 deg. F. the previous night. At no time did I see the fly feeding, or indeed doing anything other t than moving its legs or wings or, occasionally, changing its position within a total distance of 6-9 inches. Despite the periods of heavy rain, it was never seen beneath a leaf, but always on an exposed surface. | Whether 1t was newly emerged, or an old insect, I do not know. It was certainly quite undamaged, but on the other hand mid-July is late for this species. I did not attempt to mark the specimen, because I ‘did net want to risk disturbing its natural behaviour in any way: this 220 ENTOMOLOGIST 'S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/ VIIL/69 would have jeopardised the purpose of the observations. REFERENCE Lewis, T., and Taylor, L. R. Diurnal periodicity of flight by insects: VYvrans. ent. Soc. Lond., 1965. 116, 15, 393-479. The Old Lady Mania maura AN ELUSIVE QUARRY As a boy I was gladdened to receive as a Christmas present a copy Kirbys British Butterflies and Moths—the Young Collectors Series. The illustration of the Old Lady particularly fascinated me and I nal to add the damsel to my growing collection. a I learned that it was common almost everywhere and had a habit of entering houses and secreting itself in the curtains. ? For years I shook all the curtains, but nothing ever came out—not even | dust. The years rolled on and one August saw me sugaring roadside trees | near Monks Wood and this time I was fortunate in seeing one for the first | time; unfortunately she spotted me as well and cleared off, and as it | subsequently turned out, the fleeting glimpse accorded me was the only occasion I saw the moth in my life. Ultimately I settled in Doncaster and one of the amenities I enjoyaay was a fair-sized garden abutting the racecourse. Entomologically it was fairly prolific and over the ensuing twenty ode 4 years I notched up 18 species of butterflies out of the 40 accredited to | Yorkshire, together with 219 species of moths, including a gradually acquired series of that great Yorkshire rarity—the Red Underwing, nupa® only once previously recorded in 1876. | Countless gallons of sugar never produced one Old Lady, and I wees reluctantly forced to the conclusion that the Doncaster area was not one of its habitats, and that in general it is nothing like as common as some) text books would suggest, in fact I would lay a small bet that it is poorly’ represented in most northern collections. The space reserved in my cabinet for the Old Lady remains empty, a sad reminder of the unpredictable in collecting, yet the gloom of dis-) appointment is lightened by compensations from time to time, and I derive some consolation from the fact that although I have failed to rear the Old” Lady, I have at any rate succeeded in breeding a nice series of fraxini.) It’s a queer world. L. G. F. Waddington. CORRECTIONS: Aquatic Bugs of a Fish Pond (antea 174) First word of) text; for Central read Certain. p. 176 7th entry in Table, for Agrapto! corixa read Agraptocorixa. i Three lines having been omitted from Mr. Alan E. Stubbs’s note at the head of p. 180, we repeat the note in its entirety: 1 TETRIX SUBULATA (L.) (ORTHOPTERA: TETRIGIDAE) IN PEMBROKESHIRE.—O?r) 18th May 1968 a female of this ground hopper was captured a mile north, of Haverfordwest, Pembrokeshire. The habitat was the transition betweet!” Juncus effusus (L.) marsh and grazing pasture where the ground hac)” been liberally trampled by cattle. I | his book Grasshoppers, Crickets and Cockroaches of the British Isles, Lon-) | don, 1965.—Atan E. Srusss, 91 Clitherow Avenue, Hanwell, London, W.7) CURRENT LITERATURE 221 Current Literature ' Animal Life of Europe by Dr. Jakob Graf (English version prepared by Pamela and Maurice Michael) 595 pp.+16 pl. (12 coloured) and copious text figures by Fritz Bauerle, Miss L. Hausdorff and Dr. Neubauer. Frederick Warne & Co., Ltd., 75/-. We welcome this book as yet another English version of a good popu- lar continental work, and the scope of this one is wider than anyone | as a right to expect of a single volume; nevertheless the author has anaged to give sufficient information to enable the reader tc run down P definite or very close identification of any living creature he may en- i ounter within the grographica: scope of the book. The author has set out a very good scheme to achieve the above end, ommencing with a systematic arrangement of the classes and orders of he animal kingdom on a scientific basis, but from time to time he leaves ‘the hard and fast way of science to make use of more obvious features which will help the amateur in his determination of his finds, often com- paring ereatures which could be confused although they are actually in a orders. 5 i] The cover papers illustrate a simplified classification of the animal ingdom into classes, at the front, and at the back, the division of the lasses into orders. The first pages instruct the reader as to how he should use the book, and a few remarks on the classification criteria of the mammals merges into the treatment of the species. The system dopted throughout the book is to give a good figure of the creature nder discussion in the margin by the relative paragraph. These figures fa extremely well drawn with very few unimportant exceptions. Birds ‘follow the mammals and they are treated equally thoroughly. Firstly the Aders are mentioned each with a marginal illustration of the head or oot or other distinguishing characteristic. The parts of a bird’s body and arrangement of feathers are shown under the names used in the text to- poner with diagrams of the various tail forms similarly named. Nests, nest holes and egg laying follows with marginal figures of typical nests. A couple of pages are given to feeding places and pellets followed by silhouettes of characteristic birds. The species are then dealt with, four 2oloured plates assisting with the distinction between some rather similar pecies. The reptiles and the fishes complete the treatment of the verti- orates. The Arthropods follow, and after a few pages descriptive of the various tlasses, the orders are shown with marginal figures illustrative of the Prder under discussion. Thereafter the crders are treated more or less separately, but throughout there are overlappings, for the determination s based on broad similarities which are mentioned in the page headings, vhus : “colourful beetles’, “Black and dark brown beetles’, “Water eetles and bugs’, “Ground insects often mistaken for beetles’, “Cock- roaches” and so on. Insect larvae follow, classified under habitat rather han form thus: “larvae living on plants and on the ground”, “larvae iving under ground”, in sound and rotten wood and in water and so on. i he tiny Arthropods on plants include Aphids, Thrips, mites and scale Nsects. Parasitic insects on animals and people form a group, followed Sy domestic pests. Isopods, spiders, Crustacea, Moluscs and finally worms. Wy 4 bs 222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VIII/69) An appendix deals with bird songs, many with a musical score, and indices of popular and of scientific names complete the book. The printing is good and the illustrations mainly excellent; the book | is bound in strong cloth boards, and is one which must appeal to all| nature lovers whether scientific or unscientific, and it will be an excel-) lent companion for those travelling on the continent of Europe, with a) particular appeal to English-speaking people. Messrs Warne are to be congratulated on their decision to add this adaptation to their list of| publications —S.N.A.J. The Microscope Made Easy by A. Laurence Weils, 256 pp. 8vo+8 coloured and 7 black and white plates. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 15/-. This year we have this second edition of the 1957 book, and it will be, of use to all amateur microscopists. The matter is treated in a chatty way) beginning with the objects of microscopy, the various types of micro-| scope, without going too much into optical details, and their treatment with some useful details as to the designation of the powers in inches, millemetres, and magnification. Chapter II is headed “Rough Mounting” and sets out the amusement} to be gained from looking at everyday objects. Crystals form the subject of chapter III, vegetable fibres and animal hairs, chapter IV, with al brief description of their various parts and how to mount them: vege-| table fibres and their treatment follows. Chapter V deals with pond life microscopy and the means of collecting) material and its after treatment for the cultivation of single species. Des-| mids, diatoms and foraminifera are treated separately and are followed) by a chapter on marine microscopy, and another on material to be found) in garden and hedgerow. Chapter IX deals with mounting materials ano| appliances, and includes several home made articles. Various mounting) materials and media are described together with their particular appli-) eations. Mounting methods are dealt with in Chapter X including the) drawing of objects under the microscope, and the final chapter is on) storing one’s preparations. Before the index, a short list of makers ol} microscopes is given, and another on suppliers of accessories and speci-| mens which should be of great use to the amateur. The book is strongly bound in imitation cloth boards and is wel) printed on good paper. The plates, especially the coloured ones are ex: tremely delicate and show what can be done with natural colours anc) by skilful staining. It should certainly find a place with all amateur, | microscopists, and they will be well advanced before they put it aside.—| S.N.A.J. t Cold Water Aquariums and simple out-door Pools by Neil Wainwright! 8lpp.+4 black and white plates. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd., 12/-. Although the breeding of certain insects as feeding materials is al! that ean be said to be of entomological interest in this book, it is one which should have appeal for more than a few our readers. The setting up of indoor tanks and outdoor pools is detailed and also many species and varieties of aquarium fishes mentioned. The breeding of aquati(| insect larvae, worms and small pondlife for feeding is dealt with, anc there is a short bibliography and a list of three periodicals on the sub’! ject. The book is bound in paper boards, with a bright jacket, and enjoys the usual good Warne printing.—S.N.A.J. { CURRENT LITERATURE 223 Die Lepidopterafauna Mazedoniens IV. Microlepidoptera. By Dr. Joseph -Klimesch, 203 pp.+10 figures. Skopje Museum (Post Box 341 Skopje). | The Rhopalocera, Grypocera and Noctuidae of the area have been dealt with by J. Thurner of Klagenfurt in the previous three volumes ‘and Dr. Klimesch now puts on record nearly 1200 species of microlepi- ‘doptera from the Jugoslav, Bulgarian and Greek Macedonia, and adds very considerably to the knowledge of the species from that area. The Author has spent a very considerable amount of time collecting micro- ‘lepidoptera in this area, and his skill in finding obscure species, so well i known to his friends, has enabled him to add considerably to previously known species. f In his foreward Dr. Klimesch analyses the representation of the ‘families in Jugoslav Macedonia as compared with the whole of Mace- donia, showing 1074 species against 1199 for the whole area. He mentions -many species with special interest and also analyses the numbers and ‘percentages of species from various specified zoographic categories. A list “of some of the harmful species is given with the crops affected by them. The eniries in the list are numbered consecutively, and are accom- pained by data as to time of appearance, localities and other interesting ‘details where these are available. A list of 66 books and papers dealing with the subject opens up the literature to the reader and, with the expanding travel facilities, the jentomologist will be encouraged to visit this very fruitful area. — Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural \History Society, Vol. 1, part 1. This part marks the end of the Proceedings and Transactions of the outh London Entomological and Natural History Society and the com- mencement of a new series under the society’s new name; it is intro- duced by an editorial note to that effect. _ The President's address to the 1969 annual general meeting, after dealing with Society affairs, has as its subject the butterflies of Britain ‘in relation to those of the adjacent parts of the continent with an appen- dix showing the species resident in Britain and also in various ranges of Adjacent countries. Another list shows butterflies recently extinct in Britain and still resident in adjacent European countries; butterflies cegularly immigrant to the British Isles, and finally butterflies resident ‘ a) I) age .B.E., F.R.E.S., and On a Collection of Zygaena Fabricius (Lep. Zygaeni- 224 ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/VI11/69 Hymenopterist’s Handbook. Edited by B. A. Cooper, B.Sc., A.R.C.S,, 160 pp., 30/-. The Amateur Entomologist 1943, Vol. 7, No. 40. This book was first published in 1945, and in a preface to the 1969 edition, Mr R. W. J. Uffen points out that a completely revised edition was contemplated, but this was not practicable. However, as an alter- native, a facsimile of the original out-of-print and much called for edi-| tion should be produced, and a supplement incorporating new material, should follow it at the earliest possible date. A glance at the contents, printed on the cover, shows it to contain) papers by many outstanding field workers, many of them, alas now dead. | It is heartening to think that their work, much of it for the young and) inexperienced, shall not fall into the limbo of rare publications. There is a preface on the Hymenoptera followed by 21 pages of classification and keys to the various families by G. J. Kerrich, I. HJ H. Yarrow and Robert Benson with illustrations clarifying some anatomic| details. Articles follow on collecting, breeding, apiculture, plant galls) microscopy and many other aspects of the study of these insects, all by: qualified writers, and having in mind that many of the Hymenoptera, especially the parasites need special care if useful specimens are to! result, many of these articles are of special interest, not only to the be-| ginner. Special techniques for the study of insects whose feeding habits, sub- terranean, wood-boring etc., present difficulties, are offered, and these) will doubtless stimulate the individual to produce his own modifications| to suit his purposes. | There are 34 of these papers in all, many illustrated by good line! drawings, including a glossary of terms used, and the whole is fully in- dexed. This collection of papers is a most excellent project which brings much practical experience into the hands of all hymenopterists: the; A.E.S. is to be congratulated on this production and it is to be hoped that the supplement foreseen by Mr. Uffen will not be too long in making ifs) appearance. The book has a stiff paper cover and is produced on good paper by the offset process.—S.N.A.J FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) i Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society Re SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been 50 exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has u1ow been withdrawn. | However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be . ‘pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. | SPECIAL NOTICE ‘The Editor would like to buy in a few clean complete unbound copies of | Vols. 61, 62, 63, 77, 78 and 79, at 17/6 per volume. ; Please write to The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE Kent, before | sending. Syne BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World re For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write 1. DOUGLAS E. DODWELL, | 28 Summerleaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England CHANGE OF ADDRESSES 4 : B. Silcocks, The Quest, Glen Avenue, Abbots Leish, Bristol. Mr. and Mrs. P. H. Lawson, Ridlands Cottage, Ridlands Lane, Limpsfield \ Chart, Oxted, Surrey. R. M. Payne, 49 Galton Road, Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex. Mr. L. Price, 17 Glen Park Crescent, Kingscourt, Stroud, Glos. Group Captain L. W. Burgess, The Thatched Cottage, Tile Barn Lane, Brockenhurst, Hants. THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamstreet 513) We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an | interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic | Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges | of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the | increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand : their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new | and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you | have a particular requirement). Please write or telephone for an appointment if you desire to visit us. We can assist in Educational Projects; our experience of suitability can be useful here. \7e are always interested in buying or exchanging first quality material, | in reasonable quantity. In your replies please mention THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and Moths. Many species from Africa, | Madagascar, India, Formosa, South America and other countries. Also species from Europe and U.S.S.R. Sometimes livestock. List on request by sending | International Postal Coupon for 1/-.—Robert Keiser, Frederik van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. Wanted._Specimens of Pararge aegeria, and Pieris napi from Scotland ani Northern England.—George Thomson, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perth- shire. Wanted.—Information and data on the distribution and habitats of Coccinella {1-punctata (Eleven-spot Ladybird) for an investigation into this species. | All records welcome.—J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, Science Laboratories, | South Road Durham. For Sale.—Private collection Ornithopthera, and 500 species from Russia, Japan, 1 Australia, New Guinea, Malaya, Africa, and Solomon Islands. Many | Charaxes and Papilios. To be sold as one lot.—Please reply to R. H. | Morgan, 108 Titirangi Road, New Lynn, Auckland 7, New Zealand. Urgently Required—A good clean copy of ‘‘The Butterflies of Southern Africa” (Part 1, Papililionidae and Pieridae) by G. van Sen, published by Transvaal Museum in Pretoria.—Reply with details to ‘‘The Entomologist’s Record’, 59 Gurney Court Road, St Albans, Hertfordshire. Wanted.—Male Ornithoptera Croesus lydius and ¢ O. croesus croesus.—Full details to Dr. A. D. Morton, 37 Templeway West, Lydney, Glos. Wanted.—A Second-hand Robinson M.V. Moth Trap, with or without electrical fittings and in reasonable condition.—B. F. Coles, Rose Cottage, Weston-on- CONTENTS: Vol. 81, Parts 7 and 8 Description of the Neallotypes of two Cape Poecilmitis Butler (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). C. G. C. DICKSON _Acrolepia perlepidella Stainton (Lep.: Plutellidae). J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT “Apatura iris Return of the Prodigal Son. Major General C. G. | LIPSCOMB, C.B., D.S.O. ‘New Species of Macrolepidoptera and a Mimicry Complex from _—s-« Fiji. GADEN S. ROBINSON .. West Midlands Records of Hydraecia, Procus and Oporinia Species. L. J. EVANS Notes on Three little-known Species of the Alberganus Group of the Genus Erebia. B. C. S. WARREN feome Aspects of the Fauna of the Nuba Mountains, Sudan. J. L. | CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON DS ee ein On a new Species of Dermaptera from India. G. K. SRIVASTAVA ‘The Coleopterous Fauna of Stones at Staines, Middx. Part 2. J. MUGGLETON Cercyon laminatus Sharp (Col. Hydrophilidae) new to Britain; with Corrections to our List of Species, and further notes. A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. | ‘Corrections ‘A Crane-fly’s Day. R. M. PAYNE, F.R.ES. } ‘The Old Lady Mania maura. An Elusive Quarry. L. G. F. | WADDINGTON ; Corrections ‘Current Literature Reference Contents for May 1969, entry should read: ‘Notes on Odonata from the Eastern Cape Province. L. P. | HERSALEK 185 187 189 191 199 201 203 206 208 211 216 217 220 220 221 144 , RETR ap abihee 18 lve w tees ] epee otk Opie | DATA LABELS Neatly printed labels, available to any order, and on a variety of surfaces, 1 ee to suit the requirements of most collectors These labels are frequently supplied to Museums and _ Research Establishments throughout the World. : Wie 100 250 500 750 1000 RS 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- 2 HOS |g Gay CRS AAU ERO 4/6 5/6 8/- 10/— 12/6 1 ATO DAR en a ae 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/— {LAWS 5 SGA SITS ie Resa HU 6/6 7/6 I1/— 15/6 17/6 MIOESexX SIGNS .. 5... 0.8 b bes: 3d. 123% discount on orders over 30/- Postage FREE On All Orders (Postal Business Only, Please.) A generous selection of sample labels is available free on request from:— P. D. J. HUGO 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT, England Please mention The Entomologist’s Record when replying if R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a speciality. 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England. Mail Orders Only. In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record”. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. fl | This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper tover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes | Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) _ THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY _ The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger wt less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing a. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon, Advertising Jecretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. : REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA flore than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of the Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been elt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently ‘pearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The iditor of “The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazi Lepidoptera: Dr. H. B. WiLu1aMs, @.C., LL.D., F.R.E.S.; Orthoptera: D Mc.E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc. F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.S.c, Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-Fonseca, F.R.E.S. a TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS ‘ All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR’ at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ey ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, ! Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes subscriber. K Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasure P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading 2DW, Berks., England. Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to’ S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. 4 REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent g to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matt More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost pr and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFR THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, € but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for ai loss or damage. a Tt. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND ~ 81 No. 9 SEPTEMBER 1969 oc FOL9 | {277 ENT. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.z£.s. | with the assistance of | A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. | NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. Hueers, F.R.E.S. ‘J. M. Cuatmers-Honr, FRE. H. SYMES, M.A. |Major A. E. COLLIER, M.c., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY i Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— | i BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. a Me .. 30/- Post Free BREER COUNTRIES) 5) (0) 6), vO ehh Men 40 uPOStnres Hon. Treasurer: P. N. ‘CROW, F.R.E.S. i arvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 2DW, Berks., England DEF ISHED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET SESESSESESES AAAS APSD SPE FES EDO IPAS ATEGPOVeos a WAYSIDE & WOODLAND FUNGI W. P. K. Findlay Including illustrations in colour by Beatrix Potter ‘This is a book to be treasured not only by the fungus forayist but also by the artists, amateur naturalists, and addicts of the fungi fleshpot: It pleases the eye, is most informatively and attractively written, and it describes the edible flavoursome, as well as the inedible poisonous, species . .. There is a comprehensive introduction- mycology covering the nature, ecology and classification of fungi, followed by chapters on species and identifica- tion.’ Nature in Wales. 65s net. FLIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES Colyer and Hammond ‘Those who have found the first edition of this work a useful book of reference will welcome the publication of this second edition . . . the only work in English which provides the reader with a comprehensive survey of the Diptera and yet gives detailed accounts of the biology and life cycles of some of the commoner species of each family ... Clearly written, easy to read, and superbly illustrated ... The authors are to be congratulated on producing such a comprehensive and useful book of refer- ence. The Entomologist. 55s net. iA Bedford Crt. Tionden. Wit 2. Warne oy PLATE VI 229 On the Discovery of a fourth Hybrid race among the Palaearctic species of the genus Pieris By B. C. S. WarRREN, F.R.E.S. Only three years ago I first recorded that two races, then known as forms of P. napi, were in reality natural hybrids. This discovery rested on the recognition of the reactions of the androconial scales to artificial cross breeding. In many experiments the development of the androconial scales was found to be disrupted; imperfect development, contortions, inverse curvature of any contour, all appearing in variable degrees of intensity and with variable frequency. I have illustrated examples of many such effects in the past (Warren, 1961, pl. 3, figs. 61-68; 1963, pl. 3; 1966, pl. 2, figs. 1-7 and 9). Not long ago I was able to add that meridionalis Heyne was a third of these hybrid races (Warren 1968), and now I have established yet a fourth, which appears to belong to the Asiatic strain. Some years ago Wojtusiak and Niesiolowski described specimens they had captured between Naltchik and Kara-su in the Caucasus in August between 1000 and 1500 m. as P. napi subsp. balcarica (W. & N. 1964). Their lengthy description is difficult to appreciate. They say the males have a resemblance to P. rapae with the apical markings upper side forewings short, the discoidal spot “not large’. ‘The females are quite different more as P. napi or napaeae; spots and markings “large”. They go on to note that Sheljuzhko (1935), records dubiosa Rober from the Teberda district saying the north Caucasian form agrees well with the figure of dubiosa in Seitz: Later on they say that “in all probability” their specimens are identical with those from Teberda, and differ from all other forms known in the Causasus. Sheljuzhko’s knowledge was the result of personal experience and he is always an accurate observer. His reference to the Sietz figure of dubiosa proves that some of his Specimens had the triangular discoidal spot characteristic of that race in the male, and probably the apical markings also. Before dealing further with balacarica I must refer to Rober’s description and figure of | dubiosa; both have been ignored, yet both are very informative. EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1, 2,3. x P. balcarica W. & N. Female, Basuriani, Caucasus (Minor). August 1964. 1800 m. 4. x P. meridionalis Heyne. Female. Calabria. (Bred 1967.) |5. x P. balearica, male. Basuriani, Caucasus (Minor). August 1964. | 1800 m. ‘6. x P. meridionalis, male. Calabria. (Bred 1967). 7, 8, 9. xX P. dubiosa Rober. Females. Vizzavona—Tattone, Corsica. July-August 1926. 10. x P. meridionalis, female. Calabria. (Bred 1967.) | 11. x P. dubiosa, male. Sierre de Guadarrama, Castile. 12. x P. dubiosa, male. Herculesbad, Transylvanian Alps. August 1952. (Reduced discoidal spot, but typical apical markings.) All exactly natural size and 2nd generation. Photo, E. J. M. Warren. 226 ENLOMOLOGISI’S RECORD, VOL., 8 15/1X/69 | Rober contrasted dubiosa with P. rapae in general and the details of i the black apical markings upper side forewings with P. krueperi, and | illustrated a male with a striking, triangular discoidal spot upper side | forewings. Verity was the first to follow this strange combination of | characters in his work (Verity 1922). MUller commenting on Verity’s paper somewhat disdainfully remarks that Rober himself had noted this already (Muller & Kautz 1939, p. 120). (All the same Muller and Kautz failed to realise that dubiosa existed.) Though Rober is said only to have known the males, the females actually correspond with the description just as exactly, and in them the likeness to P. krueperi is \{ often very striking. It may be as well to note the resemblance lies © in the apical markings, the “true transverse pattern” as distinct from ; the “nervural pattern” as Verity puts it (Verity 1922, p. 142). The inner | end of the black marking is cut off more abruptly, while the white ground j breaks into the under side of the black destroying the usual, even ; curvature of that edge. Even though slight, this feature catches the { eye readily, when pronounced it alters the look of the apical marking | to a surprising extent. The likeness is further increased by the form and | size of the discoidal spots upper side forewings in both sexes, and the [ forewing being broader and rounder than in P. napi, though perhaps © slightly narrower than in P. krueperi, which is what was implied by Rober’s remark about it being “narrow”. These characteristics were commented on, and also the constancy of type in this insect at Vizzavona in Corsica by Bretherton and de Worms (1963). They have long been known to collectors familiar with the insect in Spain and Corsica. Haig- | Thomas writing about “var. dubiosa’” says “the insect is also larger and | the forewings are much broader than in P. napi” (Haig-Thomas 1929). This likeness to P. krueperi is also seen in pseudorapae but much less markedly, the general characters of the discoidal spots will always | distinguish the latter from dubiosa. (See details at end of this paper.) Verity named the Asiatic race ‘“pseudorapae” in 1908. At that time) this action was recognised as automatically restricting the name “dubiosa” i to the Spanish race, and pseudorapae has been used in this sense in all | countries for the past 40 years or so, notably by those who lived in the! Near East and specialised in the lepidoptera of that region (Graves: 1925; Wiltshire 1957; the late R. E. Ellison sent me specimens under this/ name—see Warren 1961, pl. 1, fig. 22). / | 1) The name “dubiosa”’ has also been much used for the Mediterranean insect (Cooke and Straubenzee 1928; Haig-Thomas l.c.; Bretherton and! de Worms, l.c.). | The first time I saw dubiosa in Corsica in 1926 I felt it could not be conspecific with P. napi, it seems that others thought likewise. I possess) two notes on “dubiosa” by the late Capt. Hemming. He writes: — 1} can add one piece of additional information; some years before the war: Querci, collecting in Portugal, found dubiosa plentiful in the region of | the Serra d’Estrella. I bought a considerable series from him. These’ included specimens in fresh condition taken over a long period: June; August; early October; late October. October seems to have been the» period of the year when this insect was most abundant. I also have Bl short series taken near Oporto . . - which I associated with dubiosa’’. again Hemming writes, this time about Esper’s napaeae :—‘Esner’s figure! t | \ { } DISCOVERY OF A FOURTH HYBRID RACE AMONG THE PALAEARCTIC SPECIES 227 (pl. 116, fig. 1 ¢) is very pale and with rounded forewings. I should not have been surprised if it was found to be a dubiosa”’. (Hemming in. litt. both notes bearing his signature.) His reference to the wing shape shows he was familiar with true dubiosa. This character was stressed again a few years ago, as already noted (Bretherton and de Worms 1963). Hemming’s suggestion may be nearly correct, for napaeae might be a natural hybrid, napi x bryoniae. Such a hybrid form exists at low levels in some valleys of the Berner Oberland. It shows many charac- ters oi dubiosa. Verity noting the likeness to bryoniae, concluded napaeae to be a second generation of that species (Verity 1922). Now the question of the two localities given by Rober has been brought up again (Riley and Bowden 1969). They wish to disassociate the name “dubiosa” from the western race (i.e. to disregard the details of Rober’s description and his figure). Their paper is based on false premises, so make things rather con- fused. One useful point, however, emerges from it. They accept on the strength of breeding experiments by Bowden that meridionalis of Caliabria and dubiosa of Corsica are the same subspecies (Riley & Bowden 1969). Bowden had previously made experiments crossing Corsican dubiosa with P. napi and P. bryoniae. On the results of these experiments he con- cluded dubiosa was separable from both these species by “important genetic differences’ which “might” be as great as those between napi and bryoniae. But he concludes dubiosa cannot be quite specifically distinct from these species and retains it as a subspecies of napi (Bowden 1966). As he now finds dubiosa and meridionalis genetically the same, we must accept that meridionalis differs from napi and bryoniae as dubiosa does. He accepts both as subspecies of napi, rather for want of a better definition. In his view then these races were not fully, specific entities, but yet something more than normal subspecies. All this agrees with the evidence I have derived from the developments ‘in the androconial scales, which has shown that dubiosa and meridionalis are both hybrids of a similar strain (i.e. the European strain, Werren 1968). Both differ in similar manner from napi and bryoniae, yet they ‘cannot be separated from them as species, in the accepted sense of the ‘term, or connected with them as subspecies. Bowden and I have been describing the same phenomenon from different view points, but this does ‘not alter the meaning, or lessen the accuracy of the work. It serves, ‘however, as a timely reminder that the results derived from the study ‘of the androconial scales, or breeding experiments, largely correspond. ‘Taxonomically both are equally reliable and therefore of equal value; ‘they are corroborative; but the scale developments are more informative ‘and definite. By breeding it is possible to establish the degree of ‘divergence separating two individuals but it is impossible to ascertain whether either or both are of hybrid origin. This will help readers to ‘realise that the results obtainable from breeding experiments, though ‘important, cannot transcend anatomical facts. When Riley and Bowden ‘say meridionalis and dubiosa have been proved by breeding experiments ‘to be “belonging to the same subspecies’ this means that both agree ‘genetically to a certain extent) as all subspecies of any species probably ‘do. But this does not mean that all subspecies must be the same; that \there is only one subspecies in a specie. Dubiosa and meridionalis are B, 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/6$ i doubtless, genetically alike, both being hybrids of the European strain, but physically they are very different races. Anyone looking at the plate accompanying this paper will not need to be told this. The two resemble each other about as much as P. brassicae and P. napi do. (Figs. 4, 10, female; 6, male meridionalis from Calabria; figs. 7, 8. 9, dubiosa | female from Corsica; 11, male from Castile; 12, male from Herculesbad, | Transylvanian Alps). There is of course variation as in all Pieris races, and more in dubiosa' than meridionalis. But recognition of either in the 2nd generation could never cause much trouble. One need only note that | meridionalis never develops the characteristic, apical markings, or the | large, equal-sized, rounded discoidal spots on the upper side forewing : such as are typical of the female dubiosa. In meridionalis the discoidal | spots are rectangular and always angled, the lower one much the « smaller. The male meridionalis is normally without a discoidal spot on i the upper side, and should one appear it is never of any pronounced | size, let alone of a heavy, triangular form. Further, the discoidal spots | give another, less obvious, but absolutely constant character distinguishing | the males of the two races. In dubiosa there are two well-marked spots! on the under side of the forewings, the lower one of which always shows | through on the upper side. (This can even be seen, faintly, in the photographs figs. 11 and 12.) Such spots are only rarely present on the under side in meridionalis, and the lower one never shows through on) the upper side. The characteristic features of dubiosa were commented | on by Bretherton and de Worms, who state that at Vizzavona “dubiosa | is a very striking insect” differing markedly from ordinary napi (B. and} de W. 1963). To say that dubiosa of Corsica and meridionalis of Calabria are the) same displays a complete indifference to the characteristic features of! both races. Yet this alleged identity was made the basis for their pro-} posed changes in nomenclature by Riley and Bowden. To accept this | one has to assume, either that a well-known race that has been! recorded from 5 countries and has been the subject of many detailed) papers, does not exist, or that meridionalis implies two different things) and can be used for either as occasion demands. This will strike most readers as incredible; but it is the meaning, in plain language, of the! statement that “the Andalusian locality is pre-occupied by subsp.! meridionalis” (Riley and Bowden 1969). | Starting from such a hypothesis their subsequent arguments become a chain of interdependent misconceptions; meridionalis does not pre-occupy the Andalusian locality; so dubiosa was not restricted to Asia Minor, and pseudorapae was not a synonym of dubiosa until they made it so, by) citing a specimen cf pseudorapae as type of dubiosa, which left the! Andalusian insect without any name. Such a citation of a type is) meaningless. It invalidates two familiar names, replacing them with one/ and fills the gap by using another familiar name as representing twC|/ different things. There is no need to consider this matter further. Having clarifiec! the seeming discrepancy between Bowden’s research work and my owr) we can return to P. balcarica. For a long time I was unable to form) any certain view about it. Then Mr Yuri Nekrutenko of Kiev sent me) a small series of Caucasian specimens, 5 male and 4 female, taken a’ Basuriani in the Caucasus in August at 1800 m. These must be balcarict! DISCOVERY OF A FOURTH HYBRID RACE AMONG THE PALAEARCTIC SPECIES 229 and they agreed with the various descriptions I have. The discoidal spot upper side forewing in the males is variable but distinctly marked, in one it is large and square with a straight outer edge as in P. mannii (see fig. 5). Such a specimen would account for Sheljuzhko’s reference to the figure of dubiosa in Seitz. The females are remarkable, suggestive of P. napi or napaeae as Wojtusiak and Niesiolowski noted, but almost more like P. mannii. This resemblance was also noted by Sheljuzhko (1935). The discoidal spots and apical markings upper side forewings in the females are almost square and the two spots the same size (figs. 1, 2, 3). The general appearance of the specimens also suggests dubiosa, but the forewings are not so broad or rounded (compare with figs. 7, 8, 9). and the insect is smaller and the apical markings denser. The race is evidently a constant one. On examining the scales I was not surprised to find balcarica was another branch of the hybrid strain, showing great disturbance of the scale development. It may be useful to note that the two specimens described as P. napi caucasica by Verity (Rhop. Pal. 1908, p. 144, pl. 32, fig. 21, male, 22 female), is a form of P. bryoniae. In his later review of the napi and bryoniae races, he places his “nymotypical caucasica fig. 22”, in his Grade II, which covers the typical, monogenerational bryoniae forms (Verity 1922, p. 130). Miller states Verity’s fig. 22 is a bryoniae with a white ground colour (Miller & Kautz, 1939, p. 117), but questions if such occur in the Caucasus. Kautz, later, (.c. p. 147), corrects this, having received specimens from ‘Sheljuzhko, which he figures (1.c. pl. 10, figs. 9-12). | It is interesting to note Sheljuzhko’s comments on the “sehr veranderliche” summer generation of what he calls P. napi suffusa Vty. ‘in the Caucasus and Transcaucasus (1931). As he suggested balcarica was dubiosa it can only be supposed that his suffusa was pseudorapae. ‘The late R. E. Ellison sent me specimens of what he called “lst generation pseudorapae” that had such extremely suffused markings on the under ‘side hindwings that I always concluded “suffusa” was the name of the Ist generation of that race. Sheljuzhko’s remarks on the very variable Summer generation agree with what is known of that insect. The male ‘can be as often without as with a discoidal spot on the upper side and ‘these spots in the females are very variable also. I have been sent both ‘types of male from several localities, ranging from Turkey to the Tian ‘Shan, with the suggestion that they were distinct species; but the scales ‘proved they were not. Apparently some collectors identify their Specimens entirely by the presence or absence of the discoidal spots in the males. | Some of the mistaken views as to what “pseudorapae” and “dubiosa” stood for are probably due to the fact that Miller and Kautz failed to ‘recognise either in their book. They did not even seem to know that any napi-like insect existed in Spain, much less in Corsica. The only mention they make of the Iberian Peninsula is to note that the “var. lusitanica” flies in Portugal, but they do not tell one anything about it, except that it appears to be a form with strikingly enlarged discoidal Spots. There is still more to learn about the distribution of all these hybrid races. Kautz says that in Lombardy both P. napi and meridionalis oecur, separately, or in some cases together, probably as a mixed race. (Miller & Kautz, 1939, p. 144). That the two meet in northern Italy is 230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 | more than likely, they may well interbreed; this would account for | specimens such as he figures (Miiller & Kautz 1939, pl. 3, figs. 8, 9). | There might, however, be a possibility that dubiosa actually occurs in| Lombardy, considering it has got as far north as the Transylvanian Alps | in the Balkans, and its presence in Corsica. What exists in Sicily is still very uncertain, quite possibly both meridionalis and dubiosa or hybrid | populations; even a remnant of P. napi. | It may be useful to note the characters that distinguish the four | hybrid races; in the summer generations. x P. dubiosa Rober. Slightly smaller than meridionalis or pseudorapae. Apical markings and discoidal spots upper side, and shape of fore-. wings suggestive of P. krueperi. Two discoidal spots in female, large, rounded, equal sized; one in male, variable, well-marked or | very large, often triangular, the point directed towards the base of | the wing the outer edge flat as in P. mannii. Two discoidal spots under side forewings in male, the lower showing through on the upper side. Spain, Portugal, Corsica, Greece, Transylvanian Alps. ; x P. balcarica W. & N. Smaller than the other races, resembles dubiosa | but also P. mannii. Apical markings and discoidal spots upper side | forewings, square and equal in size in female; often square in male but also less developed. Lower of two discoidal spots under side | forewings in male shows through on upper side. Caucasus. i x P. pseudorapae Vty. Equal in size to meridionalis. Markings and spots) upper side variable in both sexes. The females mostly suggestive of P. napi or meridionalis; discoidal spots larger than in| meridionalis, the upper one square but the angles rounded off; lower one markedly smaller, rectangular. Male with or without) one spot, when present very variable in size, slightly rounded.) Lower of two spots under side forewings showing through on the upper side. Constantinople. Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Persia, Turkestan,) Tian-Shan. ' x P. meridionalis Heyne. Large. Markings upper side resembling P. napi| in both sexes, sometimes P. brassicae. Discoidal spots upper side: male, normally without any, if present small and amorphous. In female rectangular and angled, the lower one markedly smaller. : Usually without any spots under side forewings but if a trace of. them is present the lower one never shows through on the upper side. Italy and south-east Europe. | Readers will note that pseudorapae stands rather between dubiosa and meridionalis. These four races are familiar to most collectors of Palaearctic butterfles and it will be appreciated that the names as used here were those first given to them. Some few may wish to change them and use “dubiosa” for “pseudorapae”, that they can have supposed it possible to wipe out one in order to use the name elsewhere passes’ the bounds of credibility. That any type citation could be held to validate such an action, reflects very badly on the whole process of type citation. Hybrid races such as these are referred to by specific names, as though true species, but the generic name has to be preceeded by the sign ot multiplication. ( { REFERENCES Bowden, S. R. (1966)... Pieris nani in Corsica. Entom., 99 : 75-68. | MACROS AND A FEW MICROS IN SOUTH ESSEX, 1988 231 Bretherton, R. F. and de Worms, C. G. (1963). Butterflies in Corsica, 1962. Ent. Rec., 75: 93-104. Cooke, B. H. (1928). An Entomological Motor Tour in Spain in 1927. Entom.., | LX, 1928, 154-159; 176-182; 197-202. | Graves, P. D. (1925). The Rhopalocera and Grypocera of Palestine and Trans- jordania. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1925, Pts. 1, 2: 17-125. Haig-Thomas, P. (1929). Two trips to Central and Southern Spain. Ent. Rec., | XLII, 27-31, 43-47, 1929. Miller & Kautz, 1939. Pieris bryoniae O. und Pieris napi L. Abhn. Oest. Ent. | Ver. Wien. Riley, N. D. and Bowden, S. R. (1969). What is Pieris dubiosa Rober? Entom.. 1969, 49-54. Sheljuzhko, L. (1931). Einige Randbemerkungen zum “Supplement” zu den “Gross-Schmetterlingen der Erde’. Inter. Ent. Zeitschrift. Guben. Jahre. 25 (1931), Nr. 7, pp. 69-74. /Sheljuzhko, L. (1935). Lepidopterologische Ergebnisse meiner Reise nach dem | Teberda-Gebiet, Nordwest-Kaukasus. Folia Zool. et Hydrobiol. pp. 117-140. Verity, R. (1922). Seasonal Polymorphism and Races of some European Grypocera | and Rhopalocera. Ent. Rec., 34: 124-142. ‘Warren, B. C. S. (1961). The Androconial Scales and their bearing on the j question of Speciation in the genus Pieris. Entom. Ts. Arg. 82, H. 3-4, 121-148, 1961 Warren, B. C. S. (1963). P. bruoniae dubiosa Rbr. and notes on variation in the | androconia of Pieris species. Hnt. Rec., 75: 125-129. { Warren, B. C. S. (1966). On the nature and Origin of certain races of the napi- group of the genus Pieris. Ent. Rec., 78: 58-65. ‘Warren, B. C. S. (1967). Supplementary data on the Andronical Scales of some i Holarctic species of Pieris. Ent. Rec., 79: 140-143. Warren, B. C. S. (1968). On the Nearctic species of the Bryoniae- and Oleracea- } Groups of the genus Pieris. Ent. Rec., 80: 61-66. Wiltshire, E P. (1957). The Lepidoptera of Traq. Ministry of Agriculture, \ Government of Iraq. i Wojtusiak, R. J. and Niesiolowski, W. (1946). Lepidoptera of the Central Caucasus, | J | collected during the Polish Alpine Expedition 1935. Acta Musei Historiae Naturalis, Nr 6. Augt 1946. (Academia Polona Litterarum et Scientiarum). Macros and a few Micros in South Essex, 1968 By R. TOMLINSON March 9, with Don Down for Apocheima hispidaria Schiff., nothing of note appeared until my next field trip on April 21. This was made to Hall ‘Woods, Langdon Hills with my friends Derek and David Grimsell. We ran the generator with a 125 watt mercury vapour bulb from 8.40 until it p-m. in a sheet operation. Seventeen species of moths came to the Sheet, including Selenia tetralunaria Hiibn., Polyploca ridens Fab. (this ‘Species is pretty well melanic around this area), and several Lamprop- teryx suffumata Schiff. of which I kent three. Mr. Huggins has never found that suffumata is common in Essex. As for ridens, he has not ‘seen a great number of Essex specimens in recent years, but before the war he saw several at various places, and never a dark one. A nice Orthosia advena Schiff. came to the Robinson trap in the gar- iden on the night of April 24, and a verfect Cucullia verbasci L. on the following night. It was about this time that I took three specimens of what I like to call the two-spotted form of O. gothica L. all within ten nights. In this orm the lower bar of the “character” mark is missing, leaving two dots on each wing. J captured one in 1966 and another in 1967. Tutt mentions i | | Apart from a successful visit paid to the local Martinhole Woods on i 232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 that this occurs “sometimes”, and I shall see whether this form continues | to increase or not in this area. A fine Anaitis plagiata L. came to the trap in the garden on 29th May, another the following night, the same date when I visited the Essex | Naturalists’ Trust reserve in the 85 acre Grays chalk quarry, an over-| grown wild place in which a party of us got lost in July 1967. However, T made sure of our next visit when my friend A. Cox and I set up the generator with the 125watt bulb and white sheet, and my newly pur- chased Heath Trap on that night. We ran them for two hours, and in’ spite of the night being fairly cold, some nice moths came to light. The’ commonest one was Horisme vitalbata Schiff., and there was quite a num- | ber of Hadena w-latinum Hiibn. I made another field trip with the! generator with the 125 watt bulb and white sheet, and my newly pur- | chased Heath trap to One Tree Hill Wood on the evening of June 1. It} was a fine night and a goodly number of moths came to light; there) were about 60 in the Heath trap alone after only one hour. The best of) these were some magnificent Dasychira pudibunda L., Perizoma affinitata Steph., Asethena albulata Hiibn., Plagodis dolabraria L., and Perizoma) flavofasciata Thunb. At home, the trap had caught 86 moths including a! Hadena thalassina Hufn. ‘ I ran the Robinson trap at Mucking for four nights from June 11,) taking three Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. the first night, and three Selenia) lunaria Schiff. on the last night, June 14; both good finds. I paid a visit to my friends and fellow collectors, the Pymans, al’ Little Baddow, on June 22, and we launched an offensive against the| night-flying lepidoptera with the generator and a white sheet, at the Heath trap, and a few sugared trees in the nearby wood. The outcome of this was an Electrophaes corylata Thunb. from the sheet and a nice Ectropis luridata Borkh. (extersaria Hiibn.) from the Heath trap, the latter a new moth for me. I put the trap on at Mucking again for three nights commencing June 26, and this paid off the first night by capturing one obsoleta, and a zan- clognatha tarsipennalis Treits., on the next night a Thumatha senea| Hiibn., a Sterrha interjectaria Boisd., two Scopula emutaria Hiibn., and a Zanclognatha cribrumalis Hiibn., but nothing special on the following night. I ran the generator light and Heath trap in a locality at Mucking | called Golden Gates, where I have permission to collect, on June 29, with a friend, but only the usual stuff came in, albeit some very nice Comi- baena pustulata Hufn. and a Zanclognatha nemoralis Fab. What made the, night noteworthy was the fact that at about 12.30 am. the pyjama-clac estate manager appeared with a torch in one hand and an Alsatian dos: straining at the leash in the other. He thundered at us about the police telephoning him to inquire about the great light shining on his property. It is true that we should have let him know we would be operating there: and solemnly promised that we would do so next time, and sheepishly packed up and went home. It was a really good night on June 30 and the trap in the garden hele more than 400 moths. Of these, by far the best werea Pyrrhia umbra Hun and a Plemyria rubiginata Schiff., both new species for me. I put the traf, at Mucking for the four nights from July 1, and caught another umbre and a Xanthorrhoe quadrifasciata Clerck the first night, three obsolett MACROS AND A FEW MICROS IN SOUTH ESSEX, 1968 233 or. the third, and another on the fourth together with an Ortholitha muc- ronata Scop. I netted a quadrifasciata at Golden Gates flying in the sun- shine on July 7. The trap at home caught a Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. and a Scopula mmitaria Hubn. on July 9, a Hemistola immaculata Thunb. on the 12th and ‘lan Apamea ophiogramma Esp. on the 18th, and what was one of my best captures of the year, an Itame brunneata Thunb., the Rannoch looper. I note that Mr. A. J. Dewick caught two specimens of this species in his trap in the latter half of July 1955 (exact date not given) (Ent. Record 67: 235). I believe that mine, like his, probably strayed across from the ‘continent, maybe as a result of the curious “desert wind” which occurred about that time. My brunneata is the third Essex record. Two more ophiogramma turned up in my garden trap the next night. Other new moths for me at this time were Apamea oblonga Haw. at Mucking on July 21, a Diarsia brunnea Schiff. on 23rd, and also spotted a Crambus pinellus L. in the trap, but this got away. Another (?) appeared in the trap there on 25th, but this escaped too. It was at this time I started to take an interest in the micros, and the ‘Pyralids in particular. I was reminded of the most interesting article by ‘Mr. S. Wakely (Ent. Record 72: 17) on the occurrence of Evergestis exti- ‘malis Scop. in Kent, and he ended his article by saying: “There is plenty ‘of scope for extimalis to spread to other areas, and it will be interesting ‘to see if this happens”. I found an extimalis in the trap at Mucking on July 25, an E. pallidata Hufn. in the trap at home on 28th. an extimalis in the Heath trap at Grays chalk quarry on August 11, two in the trap at home on August 19, one on 22nd and two more in Grays chalk quarry on ‘August 31. _ To return to macros, I had a perfect Cucullia absinthit L. caught in ‘the trap at home on July 28, and another brunnea on August 3. On my field trip to Grays quarry with the Grimsells on August 11, some nice macros came to light, including immaculata, Melanthia procellata Schiff., 'Ecliptopera silaceata Schiff., a very worn Colostygia pectinaria Knoch and ‘a worn X. quadrifasciata. Cloudy and rainy conditions set in for six days and nights from August 12 when I ran the trap at Mucking. Good lfnas here were a sligntly worn Gastropacha quercifolia L. on the 13th, ‘Cosmia diffinis L., on 14th, a Nonagria sparganii Esp., on 15th and a very fine Hadena rivularis Fab. on the 16th. I went bird watching to Rainham marsh with two friends on Septem- ‘ber 2, a bright sunny day, but very windy. We had an excellent view of ‘more than 50 gadwall, 84 teal, a few shoveler, shelduck, mallard and a pintail, but the place is really noted for the waders at this time of year. Ruff fly around there in flocks and several rarities have been seen there ‘in the recent past. As we were leaving the marsh, I kicked up a little fluttering moth which at first glance appeared to be nothing more than a ‘washed out Calothysanis amata L. I boxed it and it turned out to bea ‘specimen of Rhodometra sacraria L.; it may well have bred locally for it was in perfect condition. I stopped behind another hour beating the jundergrowth after my friends had gone home, but failed to flush any ‘more. _ The trap at Mucking caught two sparganii on September 4, an ezxti- ‘malis and a Spaelotis ravida Schiff. on the 5th, a plagiata on the 6th, an |Ennomos autumnaria Wernb. and another sparganii on the 7th. 234 ENLOMOLOGISL’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 A. Cox and I ran the generator and the Heath trap at Martinhole | Woods on the evening of September 6th, and most of the normal stuff | came in, but just as we were about to pack up at 11.30 p.m. a small geometer flew on to the edge of the sheet—an Acasis viretata Htibn. and | a new species for me. A Paradiarsia glareosa Esp. came to light in Hall | woods, Langdon Hills on September 27, and another to the trap at Muck- ing the same night. An Antitype flavicincta Schiff. appeared in the trap at home on the | nights of October 2nd and 5th. A very late C. amata came to the garden | trap on October 24, and another very late moth was a Crambus pratellus | L. at Mucking on November 1. David More had told me of the scheduled meeting at Stanford-le- : Hope of the South London (now the British) Entomological and Natural | History Society on Sunday, 15th September. It was the unforgettable week-end of the torrential rains which caused floods everywhere, so I) did not have much hope of anyone turning up at the station at the; appointed time of 9.30 am. Anyway, I clumped down there in my water- | proofs through the rain, saw a man staring closely at the moths on the | windows and walls of the station up-line side, and I asked quietly; | “South London?” He shook hands and introduced himself as Mr. Eric; Bradford, who I later discovered to be the man who does the excellent! micro illustrations in the A.E.S. Bulletins. He called two more men over and introduced them as Mr. Barry Goater (President of the B.E.N.H.S.) | and his son, Ricky. I thought how keen they were to drive down all the ' way from the Borehamwood area through the dreadful rain to attend ai field meeting. I went home and fetched some pillboxes and we drove to) Mucking, parking the car by the level crossing, and walked to Musket} marsh past the Church. The little path across the marsh was awash in| several places, torrential rain was still lashing down and a spectacular | thunder storm raged overhead. In spite of all this, we went looking for, larvae of Cucullia asteris Schiff. on the sea aster, but the weather was. just too much and we gave up. I invited them to my home where we did. some armchair entomology; a memorable occasion in a fairly good year.| REFERENCES South, R. 1961. Moths of the British Isles. Tutt, J. W. 1892. The British Noctuae and their Varieties, Vol. IT. Collecting Round Toramina — Sicily By GERHARD HESSELBARTH and ANTHONY VALLETTA For so many years we have been discussing a collecting trip togetingel sometime, somewhere! At last this much desired dream came true. We met at Taormina, Sicily, in the late evening of Easter Sunday, April 7, at the Pensione Holiday somewhat discouraged of a successful hunt, as the previous days had been wet and gloomy, and we were still afraid that the following days would be just as bad. In fact, the following Mon- day and Tuesday were extremely wet. This was our first meeting after many years of correspondence and sO, we had a lot to talk about. However, we both hoped for the best. The morning of Wednesday the 9th gave us some hope, as the sky was clear and Mount Etny was very clearly visible with smoke coming. \ COLLECTING ROUND TAORMINA—SICILY 235 out of the still snow-covered crater. Immediately after breakfast, we started off to the slopes of Castel Mola, only half-an-hour walk from our Pensione, and by 9 a.m. we were with our nets in our hands ready for the first catch. This locality is very rich in flora: we admired the gor- geous golden colours of the Ferula nodosa, Spartium junceum, Euphorbia dendroides, Oxalis cernua, Ruta chalepensis, Phlomis fruticosa, Calen- dula arvensis, Brassica nigra and Biscutella laevigata, just to mention a few, on a green carpet of different: grasses dotted with a variety of colours mostly of the different species of Trifolium and Anthyllis against a back-ground of Opuntia ficus-indica, Artemisia vulgare and Teucrium fruticans. As the morning got warmer, the thirsty butterflies were soon on the wing to get the first sip of nectar after so many days of fasting. The first on wing was the Vanessa cardui L. which was still on the move flying northwards. We may add at this stage that a mass migration of this butterfly was noticed in Malta on the 26th March and the following days; during our stay in Sicily it was the most common butterfly we -eame across in every locality we visited. Hesselbarth who was in Taor- mina a week earlier observed this butterfly flying northwards without stopping at the rate of two per minute at a height of one metre above the ground. Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. were quite common. A ‘few P. mannii and Euchloe ausonia soon appeared, as well as Anthocaris -cardamines turritiferens Vrty. and Glaucopsyche alexis Poda. Battered Pararge megaera L. were also seen and G. cleopatra L. was noticed laying on the leaves of its foodplant, Rhamnus alaternus. Only one Zerynthia hypsipyle, which we missed, was seen and the last butterfly taken that ‘day was a Cupido minimus Fuessl. By 11 a.m. the weather became ‘gloomy again. That morning we also disturbed a Heliothis peltigera Schiff and a Synthymia fixa F.=Metoptria monogramma Schiff. Several hairy brownish caterpillars were noticed on all sorts of plants but mostly on the Teucrium fruticans. We succeeded in breeding a few which turned ‘out to be Amata marjana Stdr. We had more rain that afternoon and evening. | Thursday the 10th was warm and sunny and again we collected in the same area being encouraged by what we took on the previous day in such a short time. We took the same species as on the 9th as well as Colias crocea Fourc., Coenonympha pamphilus L., Pararge aegeria L. and ' Vanessa atalanta L. Several Macroglossum stellaterwm L. were also on | the wing following one direction. At 1.30 p.m. we had to pack up as the ' weather became very dull and rather cold. | We were both eager to take the Anthocaris damone and the Z. hypsi- | pyle, so on Friday we hired a car and Henning Hesselbarth drove us to _Zafierana on Mt. Etna, passing through Giarre. We were shocked when “we got there to see that it was in the grip of winter _ only dry leaves from last autumn covered the ground, and just a few species of ferns and Aristolochia rotunda, the foodplant of Zeryn- j thia, were just a few inches above the ground. One Plusia gamma L. was /seen in that area, however, Pieris brassicae, A. cardamines and M. stel- laternum were noticed further down on the main road. On our return from Zafferana we chose a different route through Piedimonte and the Valle Dell’Annunziata where we took Papilio jmachaon L., Lycaena phlaeas L., P. navi, Leptidia sinapia L., C. crocea, 236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 P. aegeria and Glaucopsyche alexis Poda. Here Henning joined us in the hunt making use of the spare net. This was a pleasant drive under a | clear sky; we had the chance to chat a bit with an inquisitive farmer | who after all was so generous in offering us a basketful of first- class | lemons which we most heartily accepted. Saturday the 12th was an excellent day, warm and sunny. We started early towards Monte Ziretto, an hour-and-a-half hard walk through a | winding road and hundreds of steps; however, along one side of the road | many different species of wild flowers were an attraction to several butterfiies, mostly A. cardamines and G. alexis with a sprinkling of} Whites and not forgetting V. cardui. To our surprise, we took as we. went along, Libythea celtis Fuessl., a species we never expected to see. or take. We reached our collecting ground, some 400 metres above sea-level, | by 9.30 a.m. In this locality we noticed a different kind of flora to that| of Castel Mola, mostly Scrophularia peregrina, Antirrhinum majus, Con- | volvulus althaeoides, Pisum elatius, Muscari comosum, Asphodelus race- | mosus and Fistolosus, Linaria triphylla, Tordylium apulum and Gladiolus communis. Here we still increased our bag by taking more P. napi, more} E. ausonia and P. mannii, and we saw again Z. hypsipyle but this time { netting it as well. The sun was very hot that morning and we were very | thirsty; a kind farmer soon quenched our thirst by offering us a few) juicy oranges which he was just picking. We returned to Taormina very , tired by 4 p.m. ready for a cup of tea and a good wash. The last day of our collecting was Sunday the 13th. We again explored Monte Ziretto but this time we went higher up in search of the Z. hysipyle which we found flying in the wheat-sown fields. New species were taken again including Carcharodus alceae L., Lycaenopsis argiolus) L., and Polygonia c-album L. We came across only one moth . . . Nomo-' phila noctuella Schiff. At 2.00 p.m. we decided to go back as menacing clouds soon started to appear. When we were halfway and still with the) nets under our arms we were Noticed by a lady and her two daughters who were spending the day in their small country-house. They wanted to| know what we were after, and seeing us perspiring, the kind lady offered us a glass of home-made wine from the stock she stored in a’ cupboard. She did not fill the glasses saying: “This wine is too strong | for you and you still have to walk!” We enjoyed such a cool drink and: we felt very grateful to her. Before we left we wished her the best of | luck and a much greater crop of grapes this autumn. Thus ended our first collecting trip together in Sicily. May we name) more of such trips in the years to come. Early on Monday morning, April the 14th, we were both at Catan Airport, this time looking in anirenent directions, one to the North and the other to the South. Later in the day, the Hesselbarths landed in a heavy snow-storm at Stuttgart Airport and at Valletta Luga Airport swept by gusts of strong wind, a disappointing contrast after the mild’ days in Sicily. LIST OF DIFFERENT SPECIES TAKEN Papilio machaon sphyrus Hb. Anthocaris cardamines turritferens Zerynthia hypsipyle latevittata Vrty. Vrty. | Leptidia sinapis sartha Ruhl. i { t } i { ERIOZONA SYRPHOIDES FALLEN (DIPTERA, SYRPHIDAE) IN NORTH WALES 237 Euchloe ausonia romana Calberia Polygonia c-album L. or Euchloe orientalis kruegeri Pararge megera australis Vrty. Pincitore Marott. Pararge aegeria L. Pieris mannii todaroana Pincit. Libythea celtis Fuessl. Pieris brassicae L. Coenonympha pamphilus L. Pieris ravae L. Lycaena phlaeas L. Pieris napi meridionalis Heyne. Lacaenopsis argiolus L. Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Glaucopsyche alexis Poda. Colias crocea Fourc. Cupido minimus trinacriae Vrty. Vanessa cardui L. Carcharodus alcede australis Zell. Vanessa atalanta L. REFERENCES Mariani Mario, 1939. Fauna Lepidopterorum Siciliae—Wem. Soc. Ent. Ttal., 17: | 129-187. Verity, Ruggiero, 1940-53. Le Farfalle Diurne D'Italia Vol. I-V. Forster, Walter & Theodor Wohlhart, 1955. Die Schmetterlinge Mitteleuropas. Vol. II. Stuttgart. Sichel, Giovanni, 1955. Primo Contributo alla conoscenza dei Ropaloceri della zona montant etnea—Atti della Accademia Gioenia di Scienze Naturali in Catania—Serie VI, Vol. X. | Eichel, Giovanni, 1963. Fragmenta Entomologica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 5. _ Bretherton, R. F., 1965. Sampling the Butterflies of Sicily. Hnt. Record, 77: 168-176. Greenwood, J. A. C., 1968. Brief Visits to Austria, Malta and Sicily in 1967. nt. Record, 80: 29-32. Gerhard Hesselbarth, D457 Quakenbrtick, Theis Str. 24, W. Germany. Anthony Valletta, 257, Msida Str., | B’Kara, Malta G.C. _ Eriozona syrphoides Fallén (Diptera, Syrphidae) im North Wales A new British species and genus By PETER CROW The study of the British Diptera, which I took up three years ago ‘and to which I am now much attached, has turned out to be most ‘interesting, healthful and rewarding. It has opened up a new avenue | of entomological thought too, which I find to be most stimulating. Readers will have read recently of my finding our rarest Therevid fly ‘in Windsor Forest in 1967, and in 1968 I had the great pleasure of taking on the 28th August at Llan Ffestiniog in Merioneth a large and handsome ‘Hover fly, Eriozona syrphoides which, so far as I can trace, is the first record for Great Britain. The insect is a male specimen and the genus is new to these islands too. At the time I was busy looking for lepidop- _ terous larvae and my attention was caught by this fly, which was sitting on a flower of the Devil’s Bit Scabious, Succisa pratensis Moench, about twenty yards away. Something told me I must not miss this from the way it was sitting on the flower and fortunately I netted it in spite of my intense excitement. From the plate it will be seen that the fly is a large one and has a superficial resemblance at a distance to that hand- some Syrphid Volucella bombylans L. | From the researches made of the known occurrence of the creature in Europe I have found that Professor Dr. Pius Sack has stated that 938) | ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 syrphoides is a mountainous species which can be found locally, not | rarely, on umbelliferous plants in the limestone Alps. The area where | I took the insect is essentially a slate area! Lundbeck has stated that it is somewhat rare in Denmark, where it occurs on flowers in fens and | mm COK meadows. He gives the distribution geographically as North and Mid) Europe down to Austria, Hungary and in North France; towards the! North to North Sweden and Finland. The life history appears to bej) unknown. So readers will realise how interesting my discovery is and) how hopeful in time I am of discovering further new species of Diptera in Great Britain. I often wonder now how it was in the old days when collecting Lepi-| doptera that I was so unaware of the presence of the Syrphidae. as these can be really sizeable as well as most beautiful creatures. May I here say) that I am still just as attached to the Leps., in fact more so than ever, | as my new Fly interest has made me more observant and I now get many more butterfly aberrations than I used to. ; In a later article I shall be dealing with the art of collecting the Diptera in the hopes of raising more enthusiasm for this order amongst collectors. In the meantime who knows what good fortune awaits me in the glorious Merioneth countryside, so completely untapped seriously by entomologists. | i I Thanks are due to Messrs Ken Smith and M. Speight for their help in | identifying the insect and to Mr. D. M. Ackland for assisting me in confirming the identification. To Mr. C. O. Hammond I would like tc express my best thanks for the beautiful drawing he has made of the | insect for the ‘Record.’ am | 12 Harvey House, Westcote Road, Reading, Berkshire. 15.vi.1969. | NOTES ON SOME BRITISH SCYDMAENIDAE (COL.) 239 Notes on some British Scydmaenidae (Col.), with corrections to the List By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. In these notes (as in other contributions on similar lines) Kloet & Hincks’s Check List, 1945, is taken as the basis on which the necessary |corrections known to the writer are to be made. These, therefore, are ‘dealt with under the names used in that publication, even if, as in a few |cases, a change may since have been indicated in the literature. Again, I take the opportunity to add some remarks on diagnostic points, notable records, or other matters of interest where the occasion arises. _ Eutheia Steph.—There appear to be no alterations required in our five species of these uncommon flattish Scydmaenids with truncate elytra; but it may, perhaps, be as well in passing to advert once more to the ‘error found in much of the literature up to the mid-century. This was pointed out in 1950 by Palm and Bergvall (the latter name misprinted Bergyall in my note on the subject, 1953) who showed that it was the ‘males, not the females, that have the antennae longer and less clubbed and the eyes larger—when there is any marked difference. Both Fowler (1889) and Joy (1932) should be amended accordingly. | Three of our species are very scarce. One of these, E. plicata Gyll., ‘has been noted a good many times—mostly singly with ants or by even- ing sweeping—but Donisthorpe (1927: 40), in giving details of his capture of a specimen in the New Forest, expresses a doubt about many of the \British records which I am inclined to share. Possibly some of them really refer to the more seldom recorded but actually less rare E. schaumii Kies; this was the case with Sharp’s single exponent of plicata. In the ‘various British collections in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) all I have ‘seen is the above-mentioned specimen of Donisthorpe’s. The late Cmdr. J. J. Walker took the species on several occasions at Cobham Park and Blean Woods, Kent; much of his material seems to have been lost, but there are two from the latter place and one, also by Walker, from the ‘New Forest in the Hope Dept., Oxford. There is a remarkable record of eight examples from cut grass at Yelverton, Devon, by J. H. Keys— reference not to hand—which I consider requires confirmation; the condi- tions rather suggest schaumii. E. plicata is easily recognized on sight by its superior size and the presence of distinct temples behind the eyes. E. formicetorum Reitt.—A species so little known in this country that any capture is notable. I cannot add to its published localities (New and ‘Windsor Forest; Prattle Wood, Oxon), but can give a few further par- Iticulars from Windsor. Donisthorpe took it singly with the ant Lasius brunneus on two occasions, the first in August 1924. In late July 1940 I met with an example in wood-mould from a beech trunk, a few L. niger being present; and in early July 1942 two more, with two E. scydmaenoides ‘Steph., in damp fungoid wood near the foot of an old beech—no ants being seen. The occurrence of the latter species in such a situation is ‘worthy of note, since it is normally found in cut grass, manure, compost lor other rotting vegetation. (It is widespread but, in my experience, ‘usually occurs singly; here at Blackheath I have taken it but once, on the at ) q i linearis Muls. (=clavata Reitt. (9), Fowl.)—Another very rare 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 species in Britain, for long recorded only from Sherwood Forest, where it was taken by Blatch and others of his generation; but not, I believe, for many years past. It is always found under bark, as might be expected from its being the flattest of our species. In May 1934 I captured a female under bark of an oak stump in Windsor Forest, but it has never been found again, despite all the collecting done there. Finally I can add the New Forest as a locality, having detected a single male so labelled in. the Champion collection. The late G. H. Ashe believed he had E. linearis from Shute Park, S. Devon; the locality, an old deer-park, is a possible | one for this forest insect, but an example he submitted to me from there : was only scydmaenoides. Cephennium Mill. & Kunze—Three species of this genus stand on our list. However, Pearce (1957) has pointed out that the common one Known | here up to then as C. thoracicum M. & K. is not that species but is C. gallicum Gang., and Besuchet (1958: 896) has since shown that our three | supposed species must almost certainly be reduced to one, namely gallicum. This I believe to be correct. C. edmondsi Donis. (1931), described from Slapton Ley, Devon, appears to be a slightly smaller form of the latter, with perhaps very minute antennal differences (see Joy, 1932: 622), | but scarcely worth even sub-specific status though the form, which lives in |} fine shingle on the foreshore, seems constant; it is doubtless a local habitat- | race. The aedeagus does not differ from that of gallicum. C. pallidum Edmonds (1931—the name there appears as palllida) was described from | the same locality and habitat on two specimens—one of which, the | apparent type, I have been able to examine. I can see none of the| chraracters of sculpture, etc., alleged to distinguish the ‘species’, which | I believe to be based on nothing more than immaturely-coloured indi- | viduals of the edmondsi form of C. gallicum. Dr. Besuchet (l.c.) was of | the opinion that if there were really two species of Cephennium in Eng- land the second could hardly be other than C. thoracicum; since writing | that, he has, I think, seen the type of pallidum. (The ‘C. intermedium | Aubé’ included doubtfully by Fowler (p. 85) on a single specimen from | Hampshire in 1859 has, of course, never been confirmed, and was probably an importation or else an extreme variant of C. gallicum.) | Neuraphes rubicundus Schaum.—As far as I can ascertain, this species: does not occur in Britain; the insect doing duty for it in our collections | is N. talparum Lokay (1921). The latter ranges more widely on the’ Continent than rubicundus, and unlike it, occurs in Fennoscandia. From’! what I have seen, it appears safe to assign all records of rubicundus to | talparum, while practically all those of N. carinatus also prove referable ' to it (ef. next paragraph)—not excluding my own for Windsor Forest in| 1941 and 1943 (Ent. mon. Mag., 77: 32; 79: 47). The true N. rubicundus: (which may, conceivably, yet be found with us) is larger and more | elongate, and has a tubercle on each side of the head just internal to the f frontal (or strictly, juxta-ocular) foveae, between which the surface is concave or broadly impressed; in talparum this part is convex (with at. most a fine short central line) and there is no pair of tubercles between | the foveae, which are larger (very large and deep), and the middle of the | vertex is raised. The habitat seems rather varied, and is certainly not. confined to moles’ nests as the name might suggest; the species is widely scattered about England from north to south. } | N. carinatus Muls.—Although well distinguished in reality from its | NOTES ON SOME BRITISH SCYDMAENIDAE (COL.) 241 ally talparum (our ‘rubicundus’), this species has been much misunder- stood in Britain, partly, no doubt, on account of its rarity; but also because its characters have not been adequately stated in our literature, resulting in wide confusion with talparum. Fowler (p. 75) stresses the shorter antennae, but in fact they appear fully as long, if not relatively longer by reason of the smaller slenderer form of carinatus; while both he and Joy (p. 480) omit several good and important differences. That Fowler could not have known the real N. carinatus is proved by his having assigned to it the specimen in Sharp’s collection labelled glyptocephalus Sauley (a nomen nudum), which I have examined and found to be N. talparum. It may be useful to list the chief points in which the present species differs from talparum, on the basis of the few British examples I have inspected (omitting the peculiar male characters of the head and elytra described by Machulka (1931: 80-1), which I have not seen and which may not be developed in our race) :— Slightly smaller and evidently narrower; darker, pitchy-castaneous; antennae thicker (not shorter), very robust, segments 3-10 appreciably more transverse, 7-8 plainly so; segment 3 of maxillary palpi thicker and more swollen; head shorter, only half as long as pronotum, eyes smaller, frontal foveae and post-antennal prominences less marked, vertex without the slight prominence of ftalparum; pronotum a little more elongate with the keel continued to base and sometimes prolonged forward also; elytra more elongate, outer basal impressions reduced to shallow foveae. The species appears to be exceedingly rare and local here; it may well be restricted to moss on sheltered chalky hillsides in a few places in the south-east, and is probably thermophilous—being absent from Fenno- scandia—and at least to some extent myrmecophilous. Donisthorpe (1927: 77) notes it as having been found with Formica fusca and Lasius brunneus, but does not refer to his capture of it at Box Hill; Machulka (p. 81) gives also mildewed beech-leaves as a habitat. Alleged records for northern counties prove to be only talparum; indeed, it is highly probable that no British records of carinatus up to now are genuine, for the few captures known to me of the true species do not seem to have been published. Of what I regard as the latter I have seen four specimens (all quite alike) representing only two localities: Brasted, Kent (28.vii.22) and Box Hill, | Surrey (7.v.22), both in coll. P. Harwood; and two further examples from the latter locality, one in Donisthorpe’s collection (30.v.12) and the other in mine (E. A. Waterhouse, ex coll. E. W. Janson). No doubt all four were from the above type of situation. I have, besides, a note of one taken by | evening sweeping on the chalk downs at Chipstead, Surrey (27.vii.16), from the late E. C. Bedwell’s collecting-diaries; it of course requires checking, but stands a good chance of being correct. | N. longicollis Motsch.—Machulka (pp. 85-6) shows that Motschulsky’s | description under this name is unrecognizable and in any case can hardly )represent the species to which his name has long been applied. That » species must therefore take the name praeteritus Rye (1872), as to whose } interpretation no doubt exists. | N. planifrons Blatch.—This species, described from Sherwood Forest ‘in 1890, was in fact recognized as long ago as 1931 by Machulka (p. 87) jas identical with N. plicicollis Reitt. (1879), but his paper has been over- looked by British coleopterists. The species is a distinctive one and there can be no doubt that Machulka’s view is correct, and that Blatch’s name ‘must fall as a synonym. Fowler, naturally, was unacquainted with the 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 insect when he wrote vol. 3 of his magnum opus, but it is of interest to note that he had examined a specimen in the Sharp collection labelled ‘S. sharpi de Saulcy’ (p. 75) and referred it to rubicundus. I find, however, that it is a typical plicicollis; Fowler must have overlooked the absence of frontal foveae. According to Machulka (l.c.), mature individuals of this species have dark elytra, but most of our British examples appear unicolorous red-brown or rufous, like talparum or sparshalli. Note- worthy features are the broad flat smooth and shining head, relativeiy strongly clubbed antennae and strikingly long raised hairs on the elytra. Apart from the very different head, the general resemblance is rather to talparum than to sparshalli or helvolus and I have found it mixed with the former in collections at least as often as with either of the latter, and occasionally even ‘masquerading’ as carinatus. In fact, it is a Neuwraphes s. Str., not a Scydmoraphes like those which follow (or if, with Machulka, one adopts a more analytical view, a Neuraphes sg. Pararaphes). N. plicicollis is proving somewhat widespread in England, but is very scarce as a rule. Its capture in numbers in sphagnum moss at Easthampstead, Berks. (E. M. Eustace) is remarkabie for a mainly subcortical and rotten- wood species. N. minutus Chaud.—We have here a situation parallel to that between N. rubicundus and talparum; the insect regarded in this country as minutus Chaud. (formerly sparshalli v. minutus) turns out to be an allied but different species, helvolus Schaum—much mixed in collections with sparshalli Denny, to which it is very close. Chaudoir’s species, it would seem, has not yet been taken in Britain; should it occur, it may be known by its very small size and very distinctly, even strongly, punctured head. Our descriptions and key-characters seem to be based largely, or at any rate partly, on the true minutus and this has naturally caused confusion. Helvolus is constantly smaller than sparshalli and tends to be darker; the antennae less elongate, penultimate joints more transverse, the last | markedly shorter, almost as broad as long; the head flatter, rather more triangular, with large shallow punctures, shining, post-antennal prominences feeble, forehead between them flatly convex, without any median impression. In sparshalli the head is less plainly narrowed for- wards, more convex and duller behind, the prominences marked, the ~ space between distinctly concave, smooth and nearly impunctate. Normally these differences are clear, but there are cases where very eareful comparison or adjustment of the light-source is needed before » they can be appreciated. N. helvolus will most likely prove as widespread as sparshalli with | us; in some collections, indeed, it is the only one of the two represented. © At present, such is the confusion between them that nothing useful can be | said of their relative distributions. Sparshalli appears to be more often | taken singly, whereas helvolus has occurred quite freely in one or two places—as at Littlington, Cambs. (Power) and Sharpenhoe, Beds. (Har- wood). Whilst all British records of minutus probably refer to helvolus, those of sparshalli (far more numerous, of course) must nearly all be ambiguous until checked. Power’s records, however, for the latter— Highgate, Wanstead, Birdbrook, Lee, Claygate, Woking (Fowler, p. 76)— are correct, as I have satisfied myself from his collection. N. nigrescens Reitt—This name figures in our list on the strength of Donisthorpe’s record (1913) of two specimens from sedge-stack refuse at | \ | f NOTES ON SOME BRITISH SCYDMAENIDAE (COL.) 243 Wicken Fen. It must, however, be deleted, for these specimens are nothing more than rather dark N. helvolus, scarcely different from others standing over the labels sparshalli and minutus in the same collection. Indeed, Reitter’s insect is no longer considered a good species, but merely a pitchy-black form of helvolus (Machulka, p. 88). Even if the ‘ab.’ were worth retaining, which is not so since it grades into the ordinary form, Donisthorpe’s examples would hardly qualify for it. Stenichnus harwoodianus Will. and S. barnevillei Reitt—These names must be removed from our list as separate species, Dr Claude Besuchet having established that both are identical with S. poweri Fowler. The matter has been fully dealt with in a recent paper by Mr C. MacKechnie Jarvis (1966) so that only a few brief comments need be made here. S. poweri (a species I have never met with) seems rather more variable in some of its minor characters than has been realised in the past; and I have long thought that harwoodianus at least was somewhat poorly distinguished, notwithstanding the care taken over it by Williams (1927). In the Harwood collection at Oxford will be found further material of this ‘species’ (topotypical), appearing in no way different from the poweri series next to it (same locality). S. harwoodianus has for some time been included in the Danish fauna, but I have little doubt that the species is really poweri, which seems not to be well known on the Continent. As to S. barnevillei, believed synonymous with the latter even by its author (but not by Joy, as Jarvis points out): if there are small infraspecific differences from typical poweri in the Scillonian race on which the name was introduced into our list—and even that seems doubtful—they may well be a result of the isolated and specialised habitat. S. stotti Donis——According to Besuchet this is synonymous with S. pusillus M. & K. (see Jarvis, l.c.), and he has so labelled the type and paratypes in the British Museum.. The error arose from Donisthorpe’s having ascribed the characters of S. scutellaris M. & K. to pusillus, whereby he was left with the true pusillus (not previously distinguished in Britain) as a seemingly new species which he described as above (1932). The mistakes did not really originate with Donisthorpe, however, for the pusillus of all our collections and literature is obviously scutellaris—one has only to consider the male front femoral character—and not ‘stotti’. The scutellaris of British authors is, of course, the same species; it is “usually found that females are placed as scutellaris and males as pusillus. ‘The latter Species (=stotti) is well characterized in the male by having the outer edge of the anterior femora angularly excised (in scutellaris -Straightly truncate), but Miiller and Kunze’s figure of this (1822, pl. 5, fig. 15a) hardly appears correct, having no excision and so being more like that of scutellaris. (It is no wonder therefore that Donisthorpe, who prefers to this figure in his article, was led astray—though admittedly all else indicates that his species is the German authors’ pusillus.) For females, there are other differences from scutellaris that will permit ‘separation, notably the slenderer form and longer, darker limbs. The “species appears so far to be rare and restricted in its British range, and most of our specimens come from moss on the North Downs about ‘Reigate; other records are for Middlesex, Kent, and Sussex. S. exilis Er.—This species has in recent years been equated on the Continent with Scydmaenus bicolor Denny (1825), which trivial name, 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 having priority, must be substituted for exilus in our list. (Euconnus rutilipennis M. & K.—In 1955 I drew attention to the exist- ence of a specimen of this distinctive species, not otherwise known from Britain, in the National Collection, labelled ‘B.M.Coll./Swansea’. I have since come across an early note on the insect by Rye (1869), who says that Crotch had little doubt that it was sent to Leach by his (German) correspondent, Herr G. Kunze, but that no reasons were given for the opinion. Rye tells us also that Dr Leach included the species in his MS. © catalogue as a Swansea insect. In favour of this last, and against Crotch’s | belief, is the surely telling fact that Miller and Kunze (1822) mention | the species as from ‘England’ as well as Germany, clearly (?) in allusion | to the Swansea capture and on Leach’s authority. I am thus inclined to | regard this example as genuine, but as a probable introduction via the docks; if such a striking little beetle were really British, others would | most likely have been detected by this time.) Euconnus claviger M. & K.—The species added to our fauna under this name by Donisthorpe (1926)—one of his celebrated Windsor Forest dis- coveries—still bears it in the 1945 Check List, although the above author had in his ‘Windsor List’ (1939) emended the name to pragensis Mach. | (1923); a correction of identity and not of name alone, the two species | being quite distinct. As no separate note was published (that I am aware © of) pointing out the change, it has doubtless been largely overiooked. Its propriety is shown by Dr Machulka’s having labelled as his E. pragensis | the Donisthorpe specimen that represents the species in the National Collection; moreover it is required by the characters of our insect. It is curious that this apparently little-known and mainly east-mid European species should exist here (where it is certainly of ancient origin), rather | than E. claviger which on the Continent occurs much nearer to us—in | Denmark, for instance. Both species live with ants: pragensis mostly with Lasius brunneus, claviger more with Formica rufa. The two beetles - are much alike, differing in a number of details of which the most obvious, : perhaps, is the nature of the long conspicuous lateral hair of the temples and pronotum (the former especially); this in claviger is dark, straight, | bristly and stiff, but in pragensis pale (more or less golden), curled, soft | and ‘frizzed’. The type of the latter, and a claviger with a Machulka | label, are in the British Museum. There is a quite good coloured figure of | pragensis (as claviger) in Ent. mon. Mag., 66 (1930), plate D, fig. 3; but it | shows the antennal club shorter than the funicle, whereas it should be : { \' | f longer than the latter and of much looser form. This insect has scarcely | been met with here since the original find of 9 examples in a large L. | brunneus nest in the centre of a felled oak (x.26); except once, I believe, © by the late E. M. Eustace in the same locality. My specimen, taken by | him, bears the date 28.viii.40. E. murielae Last (1945).—There is little further to note concerning this very distinct, rare, and interesting species, only known at present from | Surrey, Kent, and S. Lanes. (see Ent. mon. Mag., 81: 275; 85: 101; 88: 153; 90: 185; 102: 4), except that further examples have been taken in recent — years in the Higham (Kent) locality by Mr S. A. Williams, the late Dr / Massee, and perhaps others; and to emphasise its total distinctness from its nearest ally (at least in Britain), E. maeklini. To the very marked | differences mentioned by Mr Last, one might add the longer, much more | conical pronotum quite lacking the basal furrow and foveae of maeklint. | NOTES ON SOME BRITISH SCYDMAENIDAE (COL.) 245 The description of the body-colour as ‘reddish-yellow’ seems far too light; for all practical purposes the body is blackish or pitchy. From the situations in which the recorded captures have been made I have little doubt that (as suggested in a previous note) the true biotope of murielae is sub- terranean. The species, it seems, is still not known from the continent. E. maeklini Mann.—Our rarest undoubted Scydmaenid, of which only three British specimens are known to me: Bradfield, Berks. (Joy; see Fowler & Donisthorpe, p. 96); St. Albans, 15.vi.380 (B. S. Williams, Ent. mon. Mag., 66: 221, and see note on p. 219; now in coll. P. Harwood); and near Oxford, 19.vi.16 (Walker, 1916). I have been able to examine these, and it seems that all three are males. At first sight they do not accord very well with a Danish specimen I possess, in which the antennal club appears smaller and much more compact and the whole antennae, like the legs, shorter. I have seen no mention of sexual differences in maeklini, yet they must, I think, be held to account for the above discrepancies—the Danish insect being doubtless a female, which sex has not yet been observed in Britain. Walker’s specimen, as stated in his note, had been determined as a male by Champion. The Bradfield one, in poor condition, is in the National (Power) Collection. E. maeklini is regarded by Con- ‘tinental authors as myrmecophilous, occurring chiefly with F. rufa, but also with L. brunneus. Hitherto, however, it has not been found with ants in Britain, our few captures having been at large—on the wing or by evening sweeping—except Joy’s ‘probably’ in dead leaves. In our fauna, the species is at once known by the following features in conjunction: ‘small size, short antennae with broad and very abrupt club, pronotum ‘rounded-obcordate (not conical) with basal channel, elytra subdepressed in front and not thickly haired (cf. E. murielae). E. nanus Schaum.—Fowler (p. 79) remarked that this very minute | species ‘certainly appears to be generically different’; and in fact that view is to-day universally adopted and nanus now forms the type of Croissandeau’s genus Microscydmus—a change that should be followed in ! our list. It is excessively local with us, being for long only known from the Scarborough district as one of the series of rarities discovered there ‘by Lawson and Wilkinson during the last century; more recent records are Bradfield, Berks. (Joy), Sherwood Forest (Bedwell), and, in Scotland, | Ayr Gorge (Crowson). It seems to be found only in rotten wood and under ‘bark. In its localization M. nanus closely parallels another of the afore- ‘said Scarborough discoveries, the Pselaphid Trimiwm brevicorne Rchb. | | My thanks are due to the following persons: Dr Victor Hansen (Copen- ‘hagen) for a Danish example of E. maeklini; Prof. G. C. Varley and Mr Ernest Taylor (Oxford) for the loan of material from the Hope Dept., University Museum; Mr Colin Johnson (Manchester) for the loan of ‘Cephennium pallidum from Edmonds’s collection and for bringing to my notice Machulka’s paper on Neuraphes; and the authorities of the British om (Nat. Hist.) for facilities for study in the Entomological Dept. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ) REFERENCES lAllen, A. A. (1953). Hutheia spp. (Col., Scydaenidae): a correction. Ent. mon. | Mag., 89: 126. Allen, A. A. (1955). Is Huconnus rutilipennis Mull. & Kze ...a British species? { Ibid., 91: 81. 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/1X/69 Besuchet, C. (1958). Coleoptera Pselaphidae et Scydmaenidae. ev. Suisse Zool., 65 (44) : 891-919 (896-7). Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1913). Neuraphes nigrescens Reitt, Verh. Zool._—bot. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 566. A species of Coleoptera new to Britain. Hnt. Rec., 25: 191. Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1926). Two species of myrmecophilous Coleoptera new to Britain. Jbid., $8: 149-151. Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1927). The Guests of British Ants : 39-41, 77. London. Donisthorpe, H. St J. K. (1931). Cephennium edmondsi spn. macrophotographer. Am I correct in assuming that other readers would enjoy exchanging ideas on such matters. T. W. Jerrerson, 20 Mill Lane, Redworth, Darlington. [I would appreciate the views of readers on this proposal. Ed.]. Notes and Observations COINCIDENCE.—I fully agree with L. G. F. Waddington that it is a queer | world! (antea 220). On my return from the Lake District on the 20th ) August after an exciting week during which I had netted my first Erebia | aethiops Esp. I read his article on the evasiveness of Mania maura L., I likened my thoughts to his and my longing and ambition, after early reading, to catch the damsel, as he termed it. I too had searched bridges, | barns, porches, summer houses, sugared and run a mercury vapour light trap, and I mused as to whether I also would have a lifetime without | SUCCESS. I put the Record down and walked into the garden where I had | sugared an apple tree. After an unhopeful glance, imagine my intense | surprise and pleasure to find an old lady on the bark. I lost little time | in boxing it and returned indoors to sympathise even more with Mr. | Waddington —D. C. G. Brown, 25 Charlecote, Nr. Warwick. 23.viii.1969. THORNE WASTE near Doncaster in South East Yorkshire, has long been | known amongst northern entomologists as a haunt of many rare insects. | Over the years much of the Waste has been drained and peat has been | dug out commercially, but there still remains a large area which sup- ports a rich insect fauna. Unfortunately, Thorne Waste is now threatened by proposals to dump fuel ash there from a power station, and the Ento- | mological Survey Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union is | gathering together evidence of the site’s value as a matter of urgency. In this connection I shali be pleased to receive details of recent records, if these have not yet been passed to the appropriate Y.N.U. recorders, so that our lists may be as complete as possible-—Roy CROSS- | LEY, 2 Mill Rise, Swanland, North Ferriby, East Yorkshire. 24.vii.1969. | BUTTERFLIES IN THE BIRMINGHAM DistRict.—On Sunday, 2nd August, I was very surprised to see on the Buddleia in my garden, four of the five vanessids found in this area—Inachis io L., Aglais urticae L., Van- essa atalanta L. and V. cardui L.—something I have never seen before | since living here. For five or six years now io has been conspicuous by | its absence, and I had despaired of seeing it again in any numbers. Since that day they have become frequent visitors, usually seven or eight at the bush at a time along with the others mentioned and Pieris brassicae | L., P. rapae L. and Pararge megera L.—L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham 22c. 30.vili.1969. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 281 MANIOLA JURTINA (L.)—ANn AppeEaL.—Since the publication of my paper on jurtina (antea 7-14, 51-58, 83-90) I have received many letters of appreciation. This is very gratifying and my sincere thanks go to those who took the trouble to write to me. My work on this butterfly is con- _tinuing along three different lines and the help of anyone who can spend a few minutes looking over his specimens would be greatly appreciated. The first problem is that of combination forms in jurtina, the interest- ing feature in which two or more forms are found in the one specimen. I would be interested to know of specimens in which any of the follow- ing are combined, together with the data for the butterfly: nana Stephen anommata Vty. rectoformis Thomson major Leeds antiparvipuncta Leeds costa-cava Cabean -brigitta Ljunch erymanthoides Strand brevipennis Lempke cinerea Cosm. 3S bioculata Rebel pallens Th.-Meig. addenda Mousley feminea Graves fracta Zweigelt and Gynandromorphs. The second problem concerns island populations, both in the British Isles and elsewhere. Unfortunately, this is a more complicated problem and requires a statistical analysis of various characters of the species. However, if anyone would be prepared to help with this I would send him the necessary tables on request. I do not require information from the Isle of Wight—Mr. Fearnhaugh has already generously helped with this region. Finally, I require specimens from the region indicated on my map (oe. cit. 86) as the range of s.sp. phormia Fruh. Help with this and the other problems would be most welcome, and anyone who has the time to do so can be sure of my fullest apprecia- tion.—GEORGE THOMSON, 98 George Street, Dunblane, Perthshire. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (THE CAMBERWELL BEAUTY) IN SCOTLAND. — I give an extract from a letter which I have received from Mrs. Ralston, of Kilmarnock, Ayrshire: “My husband and I were walking on the lower ‘slopes of Ben Lomond, the eastern side, among the trees in Rowarden- ‘man, when about 4 o’clock this afternoon (August 21) suddenly in front of me there rose up a most unusual butterfly. We followed it as best we could, for a while, and then lost it. On returning home I identified it in your book, “The Complete British Butterflies in Colour,’ and it could only have been a Camberwell Beauty. We got a great deal of pleasure from watching it, and we are hoping that it will be of some interest to yourself, as it seems to rarely appear on the west coast of Scotland.’— L. HucH Newman, “Betsoms’, Westerham, Kent. 24.viii.1969. EREMOBIA OCHROLEUCA SCHIFF. AT WOKING.—I was surprised to find this “species in my trap on the night of August 18, 1969, as it is a species so closely associated with downland. Only a few days earlier Mr. G. Woollatt, who lives a mile from here in the direction of Chobham, also had one in his trap, which seems to indicate that this insect is increasing its range. In his list of the lepidoptera of north-west Surrey (1957), Mr. R. F. Bretherton enumerates only three specimens from New Haw, Oat- lands and Pirbright.——C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 24.viii. 1969. SPHINX LIGUSTRI L. (THE PrRiver Hawk Mors) in NorRTHUMBERLAND.— A fully grown larva of Sphinx ligustri L. was brought into the Hancock Museum on August 15, 1969. It had been found by Mrs. Lightley of Rothbury Terrace, Heaton, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, on a pathway near to her home. To-day it has successfully pupated. I know of only two previous reliable records of ligustri in Northum- berland. The first was by Dr. R. Embleton at Beadnell on the coast in 1846: “Several caterpillars of the Privet Moth have been captured” (Hist. Berwickshire Nat. Club 2: 171). The second was by George Bolam for 1899 at Fowberry Tower (ibid, 25; 545). A third, less certain record was also mentioned by Bolam—“A caterpillar believed to be of this species was taken at Berwick in or about 1886, but I did not see it.” I would be interested to learn whether any other records for Northum- berland are known. — ALBERT G. LoNG, Deputy Curator, The Hancock Museum, Newcastlie-upon-Tyne, NE2, 4PT. 25.viii.1969. PLUSIA CONFUSA STEPHENS (GUTTA GUEN.) IN THE ORKNEY ISLANDS. — While staying with Mr. Ian Lorimer at his house Scorradale at Ophir on the mainland of Orkney overlooking Scapa Flow, I was present at a remarkable apparent immigration of moths on the night of August 2nd/ 3rd, 1969. He informed me at an early hour that there seemed to be a | lot of Plusia gamma L. in his mercury vapour trap, but when we ex- | amined it, we estimated at least 400 of this species had suddenly appeared after midnight when a sea mist had pervaded the still atmos- phere and an easterly breeze was in force. To our astonishment in a car- ton almost at the bottom of the trap was a Plusia confusa slightly past its best, but nevertheless a most unexpected visitor to such a northerly part of the British Isles. Since Mr. A. J. Dewick recorded the first speci- men for Britain in Essex in October, 1951, according to South (1962) five other examples have been taken in 1954 and 1955 in Kent, Surrey, | Essex and Cumberland. I believe there has been one other during the present decade. Two Notarcha ruralis Scop. were also in the trap, a | newcomer to Orkney. It will be of interest to try to trace the origin of © this invasion so far north—C. G. M. Dr Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. — 24.viii.1969. 282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 a 4 f I) A i i ) | | | \ | PYRAMEIS CARDUI L. AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES IN ORKNEY. — Butterflies : were particularly interesting and numerous during my visit to the » Orkney Islands starting July 30, 1969. My host, Mr. R. I. Lorimer and 1 were surprised to see painted ladies flying all over the mainland of that — archipeligo. Dr. Guthrie of Aberdeen told us he counted no less than | 30 in one day on the island of Ronsay. P. atalanta L. too was seen on » several occasions. But it was Polyommatus icarus Rott. which was in far the greatest abundance, being seen everywhere where the yellow trefoil — was growing luxuriantly. Both sexes were of the very large and bright © single-brooded race. No less attractive was the very suffused form of — Argynnis aglaia L.; this grand insect was quite numerous on sandhills : and some moorlands which also harboured some late, fresh Coenonym- pha tullia Mill. There was also a small race of Maniola jurtina L. not previously recorded from Orkney, while towards the end of my stay which concluded on August 11, some striking Pieris napi L. appeared with many somewhat smoky Pieris brassicae L.—C. G. M. DE WorMS, — Three Oaks, Woking. 24.viii.1969. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 283 DEVON BUTTERFLIES IN 1969.—My grandson, Walter de la Hoyde, was staying with me last month and spent most of his time bug hunting. He reported having seen from the main road near a wood, a number of white admirals (Limenitis camilla L.). This was in the Bovey-Heathfield area; he stopped the car in an endeavour to catch one, and eventually he was successful in taking a rather worn male, which proved he was not mistaken. Argynnis paphia L. and Polygonia C-album L. were particularly plentiful, and this also goes for Satyrus semele L. (mostly males). He found a spvot near here where he was sure he had seen Strymonidia w-album Knoch. I visited the site with him in not too favourable weather, but saw no signs of the butterfly. Last week I had an opportunity of again visiting the spot and this time found w-album plentiful but very worn. I kept a couple with reasonable undersides for my cabinet and hope to see more of the insect next year. This locality also produces a nice partial albino Maniola jurtina L. male. Thecla betu- ‘lae L. are also about in the lanes around here and can be beaten as lar- ‘vae in small numbers only. I collected about 30 fully grown peacock (Nymphalis io L.) larvae from a colony feeding on nettles by the road- side and all duly pupated and emerged by the end of the month, with- Out one being parasitised—they are still flying about my garden where ey were released.—J. L. ATKINSON, Gatcombe House, Totnes, Devon. 28.viii.1969. _ Micrant RED ADMIRALS IN THANET—With the appearance of so many red admirals in my garden this autumn, I feel I should put on record the actual start of a migration of these butterflies which I watched on 10th June in Thanet. I had gone down to live by the sea at Broadstairs during the worst of the hayfever season to avoid the pollen inland. The day being fine I made my way down to the beach and found a sheltered cove, just under the high chalk cliffs, out of the strong east wind which was | blowing that day. It was brilliantly sunny but cold. About mid-day the first butterfly arrived across the sea—-a large female—which pitched down near my feet and sat with wings extended, resting for several “minutes before it took off to settle on wild flowers growing out of the chalk. Within a couple of minutes another arrived—a small male—which behaved quite differently; it fluttered its wings and restlessly walked about among the flints and sand. After a few minutes it joined the other one high up on the cliffs. If the tide had not been coming in strongly, I ‘would have walked along the beach to Ramsgate, a matter of a mile or so, to see if there were more arrivals, but as it was approaching lunch | time I had to make my way back to my hotel. I hope this rather sketchy note will be of interest, but I think it is worth recording as one so seldom sees the start of a migration, which this undoubtedly was.—L. HucH NrEwman, Betsoms, Westerham, Kent. _5.ix.1969. | LYSANDRA CORIDON (PoDA) (LEP. LYCAENIDAE) VISITING Fox EXCRETA.— /On July 31, on the downs near Shaftsbury, Dorset, I noticed a little cloud of the males of coridon flying round an object on the ground. On inspection I found that the attraction was fox excreta. There were nine 'on the portion and others were on the grass nearby trying to obtain a |foothold—S. C. S. Brown, 158 Harewood Avenue, Bournemouth. 5.1x.1969. 284 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X/69 CALLIMORPHA DOMINULA (LINN.) (Lep., ARCTIIDAE) IN PERTHSHIRE. In } June 1968, Squadron Leader J. L. C. Banks of Bournemouth was botan- } ising along the shores of Loch Tay in Perthshire, when he came across | a small colony of Callimorpha dominula. He took a coloured photo- | graph of a specimen feeding on agrimony, which I have seen. I am indebted to Squadron Leader Banks for his permission to publish this note.—S. C. S. Brown, 158 Harewood Avenue, Bournemouth. 5.ix.1969. SPECKLED Woop CoLony ON THE BLack ISLE, RosS-SHIRE.—On 27th July | 1969, my son, Kyle, was recording lepidoptera for me while I was leading ! a party of young ornithologists on a remote part of the Black Isle—aj profitable locality visited every other week throughout the spring and/ early summer of six seasons. It was here on 4th July 1966 that we found | a single 9 Celastrina argiolus L. We hoped to find further specimens as ‘ previous Scottish records appear to be doubtful. On a steep broom, grass- and bracken-covered slope, amongst stands of mature beech, 200) to 300 feet above the Inner Moray Firth, Kyle noted about twenty | Pieris brassicae L., ten Maniola jurtina L., one Coenonympha pamphilus | L., one Aglais urticae L. and five brown butterflies of an undetermined | species. These last proved difficult to approach and he failed to obtain a) specimen by stalking with his net. After a half-hour chase he succeeded | in catching one by the desperate measure of throwing his pullover a few | yards! He showed me his capture, which he had transferred to a glass- | topped tin without damage, and I was extremely pleased to see that he | had taken a Pararge aegeria L. The specimen—the first Speckled Wood | we had seen since leaving Derbyshire—was released after being shown | to my family. I have a possible Scottish record of one in flight, but not captured, at Clunes, Westerness, on 23rd July 1948. South 1941 edition | gives this species’ distribution as “local in Scotland, and rare north of } the Caledonian Canal” while Ford in 1945 states “it reappears in a few | places on the west coast of Scotland—in Islay, Argyll, Inverness and i Skye.” For the record the colony is in the 10km. square NH65, on the i coast between Kilmuir and Muniochy Bay in East Ross-shire. — D. C. | HuLME, Kyle & Glen, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire. BLUE BUTTERFLIES IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE.—The Gloucestershire Trust for ! Nature Conservation is now undertaking a survey of the breeding sites iq of certain Blue butterflies in Gloucestershire. The butterflies involved | are:— Large Blue (Maculinea arion Linn.), Chalk Hill Blue (Lysandra } coridon Poda), Adonis Blue (Lysandra bellargus Rottemburg) and Small’) Blue (Cupido minimus Fuessly). It is hoped that it will be possible to | classify the breeding sites according to their breeding potential, so that | a sound programme of conservation can be planned. These butterflies are a characteristic feature of the Cotswold grass- | lands and the Trust considers them to be an ideal group for conservation. The Trust would therefore be grateful to receive any information on the | locality and status of past or present breeding sites of these butterflies in Gloucestershire. All information received will be treated as confiden- | tial. Information should be sent to, Joun MucGcLeron, Department of | Botany, The University, Bristol, BS8 1UG. 2.%.1969. FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has .:ow been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will] be pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would like to buy in a few clean complete unbound copies of Vols. 61, 62, 63, 77, 78 and 79, at 17/6 per volume. Please write to The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE Kent, before sending. THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamstreet 513) We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an interesting and varied choice of British, European, Foreign and Exotic Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you have a particular requirement). In your replies please mention THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and Moths. Many species from Africa, Madagascar, India, Formosa, South America and other countries. Also species from Europe and U.S.S.R. Sometimes livestock. List on request by sending International Postal Coupon for 1/-.—Robert Keiser, Frederik van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. Wanted.—Information and data on the distribution and habitats of Coccinella {/-punctata (Eleven-spot Ladybird) for an investigation into this species. All records welcome.—J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, Science Laboratories, South Road Durham. For Sale.—Private collection Ornithopthera, and 500 species from Russia, Japan, Australia, New Guinea, Malaya, Africa, and Solomon Islands. Many Charaxes and Papilios. To be sold as one lot.—Please reply to R. H. Morgan, 108 Titirangi Road, New Lynn, Auckland 7, New Zealand. Wanted.—Male Ornithoptera Croesus lydius and ¢ O. croesus croesus.—Full details to Dr. A. D. Morton, 37 Templeway West, Lydney, Glos. Wanted.—A Second-hand Robinson M.V. Moth Trap, with or without electrical fittings and in reasonable condition.—B. F. Coles, Rose Cottage, Weston-on- the-Green, Bicester, Oxon. For Sale.—40 drawer cabinet, plain glasses, suit beginner, £15; 12 drawer cabinet, airtight drawers, glass panelled door, £10.—Redgrave, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells. Tel. 21494. CHANGES OF ADDRESSES E. P. Wiltshire, 23 Ave Foch, 76 Le Havre, France. D. O’Keeffe, 51 Parkhill Road, Bexley, Kent. C. P. Sturgess-Lief, Gyminge Brook Cottage, Sellindge, Ashford, Kent. CONTENTS: Vol. 81, Part 10 Butterflies collected from the Eastern Cape Province. JU, Jet | HERSALEK a be Re us vs ke Some aspects of the fauna of the Ingessana hills, Sudan, with an account of an experiment with light trapping. Aol 1b, CLOUDSLEY-THOMPSON Be bie MY. Records for Industrial Warwickshire. M. VICE ‘The Genus Spilosoma at Dungeness, Kent. R. E. SCOTT ‘The Future for the Amateur Entomologist. R. M. PAYNE Notes on some British Serricorn Coleoptera, with Adjustments to the | List. 2—The Malacoderm Families. A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S. Collecting in Spain, 1969. Dr. R. G. AINLEY Parasitism and Disease in Caenophila subrosea Stephens (Rosy Marsh Moth). J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT Butterflies and Insecticides. F. MORIARTY Portrait of Robert Dick. I. R. P. HESLOP .. Letter to the Editor | | | Notes and Observations: Coincidence. D. C. G. BROWN : Thorne Waste. ROY CROSSLEY ae | Butterflies in the Birmingham District. L. J. EVANS Maniola jurtina (L.)—An Appeal. GEORGE THOMSON Nymphalis antiopa L. (The Camberwell Beauty) in Scotland. L. HUGH NEWMAN | Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. at Woking. C. G. M. DE WORMS ke Sphinx ligustri L. (The Privet Hawk Moth) in Northumber- land. ALBERT G. LONG Plusia confusa Stephens (gutta Guen.) in the Greene Islands. Cc. G. M. DE WORMS Pyrameis cardui L. and other Butterflies in ones C. G. M. DE WORMS Devon Butterflies in 1969. J. L. ATKINSON : Migrant Red Admirals in Thanet. L. HUGH NEWMAN .. | Lysandra coridon (Poda) (Lep. Lycaenidae) Visiting Fox Ex- creta. S.C. S. BROWN Callimorpha dominula (Linn.) (Lep., Arctiidae) in Perthshire. Ss. C. S. BROWN | Speckled Wood Colony on the Black Isle, Ross-shire. D. C. | HULME ie 3 sie BY: eA a Blue Butterflies in Gloucestershire. JOHN MUGGLETON ‘SUPPLEMENT: Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. III. J. M. | ; 257 262 265 266 267 269 273 275 276 278 278 280 280 280 281 281 281 282 282 282 283 283 283 284 284 284 CHALMERS-HUNT oe as a oe ae .. (27)-(30) “oN eet enor : % liek ff. | dey ge’ ye rp 1 at Thea? Be i AE Bl hh res i a i hye a ‘ 1 Gy a Nabe ciTU fy SA Wea fe b> age 9. ¥ re Bike 0 us ERT ie PPE REA ig Ont Ne Re HOE 4 s ORD OE Ry ae hh : vl iG Wer i 2AM Mt at eaten rs yah We ty aap al Hi Sean Ay Ny ree temgeetel save ia Ga ‘Mah Reon! seotaate Haverdare Shas tone : Ie Wen | BOM | SUDAN AM } GR via, ceteel, Mace ae AION i BPy Ry eee eter inl Fite tts hes ga he Me poe «a nagee ona ag Ee ate dyin abe MONT arvere dy 2 aie eo ia ye spain yee parma spicy ypreapebonteel isha vik Ce a be 8S AMAOW Bel uN Gelho Ww: fy) ahi wna Amrit: ab tion pve: Seyi Shee a rSMOis ty shiretel samy) voy ge ae Seis: et lng: fea "BME NE 3) Wane) pi eatiieieet: 1othor Bite 4 neh eRe ue RNa aha Be a) . SAS VAM WARE TROUPE ia YE a Wana Ca aekcreo tut eae widen wi Ate | aaa Par ee a RRL ARON. OR Het ii sat a, hae ; SHG ity nvr Ora iinet Satderatesouoley ‘ AG: AM he? dare et: 20 saab bite’ (RAP) DATA LABELS Neatly printed labels, available to any order, and on a variety of surfaces, to suit the requirements of most collectors These labels are frequently supplied to Museums and Research Establishments throughout the World. | 100 250 500 750 1000 | TUTOR Ae a 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- PATEL i ee aisles, Ciatas 4/6 5/6 8/- 10/— 12/6 TEATS UIE i SAT es a i a 5/3 6/3 9/6 Ney/s} 15/- AEE 45Gb 6 WBE REE aaa 6/6 7/6 11/- 15/6 17/6 W100 Sex Signs ................ 3d. | dia discount on orders over 30/- Postage FREE On All Orders (Postal Business Only, Please.) A generous selection of sample labels is available free on request from:— P. D. J. HUGO $8 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 SDT, England Please mention The Entomologist’s Record when replying J. J. HILL & SON LTD. Entomological Cabinet Manufacturers | 10 DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS, STORE BOXES, | INSECT DISPLAY CASES, MICRO SLIDE CABINETS, etc. Store Boxes now in stock at reduced prices YEWFIELD ROAD, LONDON, N.W. 10. Phone 01-459-0309 BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World | For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write DOUGLAS E. DODWELL, 28 Summerleaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England | THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY _ The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. | For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R, D. HILLIARD, Hon, Advertising | Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. ti REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA | More than 50 years have elapsed since the publication of Porritt’s list of : The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The Editor of “The Naturalist”, The University, Leeds 2. eee me amram temenmmraniemnnmmaensememmnentmmmmammnmiaell 5) yi THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD | AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION a (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) . The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine: Lepidoptera: D. K. Mc.E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonseEcA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, 59 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which w be refunded or taken into account if person in question bec subscriber. ie Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 - 2DW, Berks., England. nt Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to {| S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. i REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis 4 to contributors of articles; these may contain extran er. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. = ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS j THE COST. a Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which the y are sending to other magazines. aan All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., q but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for an, Ly loss or damage. ¥ T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND 81 No. ff NOVEMBER 1969 - 95,70 5a | Fv) §6THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of .. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. VILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGIs, F.R.E.S. M. CHatmers-Hont, F.R.ES. H. SYMEs, M.A. jor A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S. Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. A HSO Nig py ‘s JAN 29 1870 LIBRARIES ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION DUE ist JANUARY :— EAT BRITAIN AND COMMONWEALTH .. ae a .. 85/- Post Free JER COUNTRIES .. ah A Me Ae on .. 40/- Post Free Hon. Treasurer: P. N. CROW, F.R.E.s. ey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 2DW, Berks., England LEVEL EVELEDEVELED® ED MONTHLY PRICE 5/- NET HEPEP SSOP SPSS GFAP SISTA SGD SPATS seseSVEes Ss WARNE’S NATURAL HISTORY ATLAS of Great Britain by Arnold Darlington i illustrated by Charles King 35s net fH : ‘All those who are interested in field studies will appreciate 4 this natural history atlas which meets a much desired need in the field of plant and animal ecology. The maps in a are of tremendous value while the illustrations have been pre- YY sented in an original manner. Each type of land described 4 has illustrations of the vertebrates, invertebrates and plants — typical of the area. The book will without a doubt prove most b ‘useful for teachers, students and younger pupils alike for ite promotes personal discovery and research . . . the text is written in a concise manner, the approach to exploring our : countryside is fresh and lively and any mind would be stimulated by such a guide,’ The Glamorgan Log # ‘An original approach to the current ecological study of natural history by a schoolmaster with many years’ experi- : ence. The aim is to help understanding of the British — countryside by an examination in detail of six main types of © land, all of which are widespread in mainland Britain . . . Going back to geology as the basic science for natural history students is an excellent idea. British Book News Cag 1-4 Bedford Court, London, W.C.2. Warne oy PLATE VIII VOL. 81 Photo: H. N. Wykeham Phasis argyroplaga wykehami subsp. nov. Fig. 1. ~ Holotype (upperside). Fig. 3. ¢ Paratype (underside). Verlaten Kloof, 20.x11.1957. Fig. 2. \ Allotype (upperside). Fig. 4. ) Paratype (underside). © Data as holotype. | Figures 1-5 times natural size. 285 An Additional New Member of the Phasis wallen- grenii ({rimen) Group (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) By C. G. C. Dickson It has been found, when studying a good series of specimens, that the ) insect concerned differs from both Phasis argyroplaga (described by the present writer in Entomologist’s Record, 79: pp. 267-270, Pl. XI, 15th Nov., 1967) and from Ph. macmasteri (Idem, 80: pp. 89-92, Pl. V, 15th April, 1268); and the butterfly is being treated hereunder as another easily, re- cognised, race oi argyroplaga. Apart from other features, the form of the silvery-white markings of the underside of the hindwing indicates the ' affinity to this insect rather than to macmaste7i. / Phasis argyroplaga wykehami subsp. nov. Male. Forewing with the distal margin from below vein 4 less concave (in some cases practically straight) and angle formed by distal—and inner- margins of hindwing a little wider than in nominate race of argyroplaga— the wing-shape thus having some resemblance to that of macmasteri. Upperside. Forewing. The orange area as a whole narrower than in argyroplaga. Hindwing. In distinct contrast to the nominate race, the only clear orange marking of the wing is in the form of a wedge from vein 4 to the anal-angle (crossed, but not in all specimens distinctly so, by dark veining), the main area of the wing being dark, but with very dull orange scaling Over a good deal of the inner half. Underside. Forewing. The larger silvery-white markings towards the apex a little smaller on an average than in the nominate race; the submarginal black streak broken into separate spots. Inner-marginal whitish area rather wider than in the nominate race. Hindwing. Ground-colour of a less uniform dark tone than in nominate race of argyroplaga and partially streaked with brownish-ochreous. The silvery-white markings not infrequently smaller (in some specimens ap- preciably reduced) than in examples of the nominate race in which they have reached their full development—but, when this occurs, any reduction in size not in the direction of the largely thin, attenuated type of marking found in wallengrenii. Length of forewing: 15:5-17-25 mm. (17-25 mm., in holotype). Female. As would be expected, the females differ less from one another than do the males of the two races. Upperside. Inner half of wings of a duller coloration than in most examples of the nominate race—more generally so with respect to the hindwings. Underside. Forewing. Subapical brownish area always reduced, and less extensive than in the majority of specimens of the nominate race. The sub-marginal black streak relatively narrow in all specimens and broken up into separate spois as in the male. Hindwing. More streaked with brownish-ochreous than in nominate females. 286 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 Length of forewing: 15-5-17-25 mm. (17:25 mm., in holotype). ¢ Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Summit of Nieuwveld | Mtns. (6,000’), nr. Beaufort West, 16.xii.1958 (C. W. Wykeham); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. H.T. 17143. 2 Allotype, data as holotype; British Museum Reg. No. Rh. H.T. 17144. Paratypes in the author’s collection, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Head of Verlaten Kloof (5,020’), S. of Sutherland, 20.xii.1957, 1 g (C.G.C.D.); as; holotype, 1 @ (C.W.W.). Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham, as holotype, 3 6 ¢, 6 @ 9; Head of Verlaten Kloof, 20.xii.1957, 1 9 (C.W.W.). This butterfly was encountered in numbers on an open, stony slope just } short of one of the summits of the Nieuwveld Mountains, when the locality }, was being searched, in company with my nephew, on a warm mid- summer’s day in 1958. When disturbed specimens rose from the ground and flew fast and irregularly for short distances before settling, abruptly, usually close to where they were first seen. With their wings closed in characteristic manner, they were inconspicuous against the background of soil and small stones. earlier in country of similar type. and there is a continuous stretch of high ground between the respective localities. “Blencathra,’ Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. Berberia abdelkader Pierret and other Butterflies in Morocco, May 1969 By C. G. M. DE Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S. The pair from Verlaten Kloof were met with a year | These two specimens, from 110 miles | W. of the 1958 locality, clearly belong to the same race as the main series, | i) I spent the last few days of my first trip to Morocco, in early May ) 1965, in the Ifran-Azrou region of the Middle Atlas, in company with ~ Gen. Sir George and Lady Ida Johnson (Ent. Rec., 77: 177). This area » seemed so attractive and so rich in lepidoptera, that I decided to return © possibly later in the season, to obtain some of the species which appeared after those already observed there. The opportunity pre- — sented itself this spring (1969) for a return visit to this delightful country. | Accordingly I set out on the afternoon of May 15th from London Airport, reaching Gibraltar that evening. Here, I spent the night at. the very well-known and comfortable Rock Hotel, and was greeted the | following morning by a cloudless sky and glorious day. After arrang-— ing to hire a Ford Escort, I had a walk in the Almeda Gardens, in the hope of seeing the Gibraltar Burnet (Zygaena gibraltaica) but none were forthcoming. However, the road behind the Rock Hotel provided | a number of butterfles, including Gonepteryx cleopatra L., Euchloé ausonia Hiibn., Pararge aegeria L., Colias croceus Foure. and Lampides baeticus L. That evening, I crossed in the ferry to Tangier where I joined Mr and Mrs H. G. Allcard at the very sumptuous El Minzah Hotel. They had just returned from Meknes, and had done two ex- cursions from there to Ifran where, I learnt, the season was a very late one as in most parts of Europe, and that the early spring species were BERBERIA ABDELKADER PIERRET AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES 287 ‘still on the wing. They flew back to England on the morning of May 17th, when I set out by car heading south along the Atlantic coast. I halted for a short time near Larache, where I found Euchloé belemia Esp. flying with Pyronia bathseba F. (pasiphaé Esv.). Near El Kassim, I took Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp. by the side of the main road with Heodes phlaeas L. Carrying on through the city of Meknes, I gradually ascended to the plateau of the Middle Atlas. From El Hajeb, I con- tinued through the remarkable Forét de Jaba which has some similar- ities in appearance to parts of our New Forest, and then ascended steeply up a winding valley to Ifran at 5,500 feet, where I was pleased to see that the ground we had collected to such good advantage in 1965, has not been impaired. I then descended the ten miles to Azrou, com- pleting the 240 miles from Tangier, making my headquarters for the next fortnight at the Hotel du Panorama, which had also been my haven for a few days in 1965. By the time I arrived, the sun had taken on a very watery appearance and the fine spell which had just preceded me, came to an abrupt end on the following morning of the 18th. The clouds descended low on the mountains, bringing a heavy deluge which lasted all day so that no collecting was possible, a great initial disappointment. The 19th opened with grey skies and a persistent drizzle, but improved as the day went on. In the afternoon I set out on the road south, towards Midelt. After passing through Timhadite, the route over the high plateau ascends steadily to the Col du Zad at 7,300 feet, just 45 'miles from Azrou. The summit provided a grand panorama of the surrounding country, with fine winding valleys on the southern side flanked by some huge cedars. But the sun did not oblige and no lepidoptera were seen. On the way back, I surveyed the very attractive nearby lake of Aguelmane. However, on May 20th, the elements relented and a fine morning greeted me when I revisited Ifran and halted in the small hollow just outside the town on the Boulmane road which had proved so productive in 1965. It was not any less so on this occasion, and I was soon able to appreciate how late the season was, as many of the species we had seen four years earlier, were still on the wing. Among these, that grand fritillary Euphydryas desfontanii Godart was flying in quantity with the large females sailing lazily over the herbage, but when I came to ‘scrutinise them closely, I was surprised to find that some E. aurinia Rott. were flying in their company, though only apparently just starting to emerge. As I was having lunch, a small Blue fluttered in front of me and I was pleased to see that it was Philotes bavius Eversman, very attractive with its row of orange lunules on the upperside of the hind- wings. Later that day, I moved to some of the grassy slopes just outside the main cedar forest. This area was alive with lepidopterous ) life which did not seem to have suffered from the two days deluge. Among the Pierids was that grand species Zegris eupheme Esp. career- ing round its foodplant Sinapis incana. Colias croceus was very numerous with a high vroportion of f. helice. Both Pararge megera L. and P. maera L. were flying together with the latter, a small race, not easly distinguishable from its near relative. In the late afternoon, the long grass seemed to be the chief habitat of Melitaea aetherie Hiibn. which was settling in dozens on the many flowers. The brilliant red coloration of the males was in striking contrast to the much more 288 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 sombre hue of closely related species M. phoebe Schiff., which was com- paratively scarce. The female M. aetherie were also about in numbers and very variable. Among the Blues the very handsome Lysandra punctifera Oberthtr. looking like an outsize L. bellargus Rott. were just starting to appear, while Lysandra thersites Chapn. seemed much commoner than Polyommatus icarus Rott. The smaller Lycaenids were represented by Aricia cramera Esch. with larger orange spots than our Brown Argus. The smallest Blue was the ever present Cupido lorquinii H.-S. which replaces C. mimimus Fuessl. in this region. In the late afternoon I found quite a number of both sexes of P. bavius at rest on grass heads, mostly in very good order. A very warm day with cloudless sky broke on the 21st when I was once again at Ifran at an early hour. Many more insects seemed to be on the wing, including both late Zerynthia rumina L. and Anthocharis eupheno Esp. Both Brimstones, Gonepteryx rhamni L. and G. cleopatra L. were to be seen round the bushes of chénes verts. Callophrys rubi L. was Still in fairly fresh condition. Many Macroglossa stellatarum were on the move with the day-flying noctuid Heliothis dipsacea lL. I returned to Azrou over the Tizi-n-Tretten Pass at 6,000 feet, where I saw Melitae cinxia L. and Issoria lathonia L. Another dull and wet day supervened on May 22nd with very little collecting but the last two days of the week, the 23rd and 24th were much better when I replenished my various series in the Ifran region. L. punctifera was now getting much more numerous in koth sexes, flying near its apparent foodplant which looked like our Hippocrepis comosa. Two species of small Foresters were now flying in fair plenty. Gen. Sir Gerald Lathbury joined me at Azrou on the evening of May 24th and the following morning in ideal weather, we set out for Ifran, first visiting the hollow near the Hotel Ballima. It was alive with butterflies with E. desfontainii predominating. Suddenly Sir Gerald spotted a small Pierid which I took and at once recognised it as Euchloé tagis Hiibn. of which authentic examples have very seldom been ob- tained in Morocco, though it has been seen more frequently in Algeria. All the usual species were on the wing in quantity, in partic- ular L. punctifera and M. aetherie. We also saw the first Swallow-tail, Iphiclides feithsamele Dup. Whit Monday, the 26th, also proved another superb day, again spent in the Ifran region with an al fresco lunch taken under the famous cedars. Z. eupheme was much in evidence with a few P. bavius. We also saw the first Marbled Whites which are generally recognised as f. lucasi of Agapetes galatea L. We revisited this area on the morning of the 27th, another very warm day when on the edge of the forest I saw one of the large Fritillaries dash past me, most probably Argynnis auresiana which some authors consider to be the large North African race of Argynnis adippe Rott. That afternoon, we motored down the steep and winding valley from Ifran to the Forét de Jaba which was somewhat disappointing, as we had hoped to see the big Argynnids there, but none were forthcoming. Aporia crataegi L. was well out there with a few M. phoebe and M. aetherie. We also took a single specimen of Melitaea didyma Esp. After a further morning’s collecting near Ifran on May 28th, sir Gerald went off on a bird observation expedition, while I set out on a voyage of discovery to the Imouzzer region, en route to Fez. Madam BERBERIA ABDELKADER PIERRET AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES 289 | Duffal, who ran thé Panorama Hotel, had put me in touch with M. Jean Gallet who lived quite close by in Azrou. When I went to see him, I realised he was a leading authority on Moroccan lepindoptera and knew the best locations of all the butterflies and a great many moths. When I enquired the whereabouts of that grand Satyrid Berberia abdelkader Pierret, he advised me to try the Imouzzer chain of lakes and marked my map for some of the most likely spots. On the afternoon in question, \I followed the route he recommended, eventually ascending a steep, very rough road to an escarpment covered with the small chénes verts bushes, interspersed with tufts of long grass on very rocky and stony ground which I surveyed thoroughly, seeing only the occasional Lysandra punctifera and Philotes abencerragus Pierret. A strong wind was blowing in this bleak and high spot and I was about to return to my car, when suddenly a huge black butterfly sailed past me and settleda little way off. I realised at once it was the much coveted quarry. But, in spite of close stalking, it eluded me. I saw two others soon afterwards, equally elusive and then the sky clouded over. When I told Sir Gerald of my discovery, we decided to revisit the area early on the 29th. We -were on the ground by 10 a.m. and as soon as we alighted from the cars, we espied three of the most handsome insects flitting among the long grass which is their foodplant. We spent the day in this remote ena somewhat inhospitable region, seeing many B. abdelkader mostly : | i \in the glades between the thick undergrowth. By stealthy stalking, we managed to secure four specimens in prime condition. Another most | interesting small butterfly inhabiting this rather inhospitable region was Coenonympha vaucheri Blachier which flitted about the stony knolls and | was very hard to see or indeed, to catch. After a further scanning of | the Ifran area on the morning of the 30th, Sir Gerald left for Tangier and I paid a further visit to the abdelkade locality, seeing several more of this grand insect. Among new discoveries there was Cigaritis zohra Donz. a small Copper-like species which hugged the ground and was very difficult to follow. I also took single specimens of Philotes aben- cerragus Pierret on the sage. | The very fine morning of May 31st, M. Gallet called for me early with his son and we picked up a friend. also a collector, in Ifran and proceeded to the rocky region once more, but to a spot some little way from mine, where we saw a fair number of C. vaucheri, but very few _B. abdelkader. So we all repaired about 11 a.m. to my original locality, where we found the big black butterfly flying in even larger numbers than before. We were able to net some very fresh specimens including several females. A great delight for M. Gallet was the capture of a _Euchloé tagis which he had never come by before and of which his colleague had only taken three in thirty years. The first Hipparchia )aristaeus Bonelli (algirica Oberthtir) was taken as well as fresh Pyronia _bathseba F. (pasiphaé Esp.) at this altitude. Several Burnets were now starting to appear and the most notable in this area was Zygaena orana. | The very hot morning of June 1st I made a final survey of the ground : at Ifran which was as usual alive with butterflies, but a very thorough | search failed to reveal any further Agapetes pherusa Bdv. of which I had taken a single specimen flying among a host of A. galatea. I went on to the Forét de Jaba for a picnic lunch during which one of the 290 ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 larger Fritillaries flew over my head. All the smaller species seemed to be there including M. aetherie, but worn at these lower levels. I then motored on the further 200 miles to Tangier in great heat, staying | at the very comfortable Villa de France Hotel. The following morning, I crossed by the early ferry back to Gibraltar, where I spent the after- noon in the Almeda Gardens which I was pleased to find alive with the local Burnet, Zygaena gibraltaica flying mainly round the bushes of Coronilla, its chief foodplant. I took the evening plane which landed me in London at a fairly late hour, thus ending what had been a most | enjoyable, and on the whole, very successful visit to the Middle Atlas. I have thought it of interest to append a full list of butterflies seen though a good many of the species are similar to those which were enumerated for my 1965 visit. | Iphiclides feisthameli Dup. Only one seen at Ifran. Zerynthia rumina L. Still fairly fresh and numerous round Ifran and | Azro. Anthocharis eupheno Esp. A few fresh specimens were flying mainly in the cedar forest at Ifran. Euchloé tagis Hiibn. A single fresh male taken at Ifran on May 25th and another worn specimen at Imouzzer on the 31st. This small form seems to extremely rare in the Middle Atlas region. Euchloé ausonia Hiibn. Generally common in woods and fields. Zegris eupheme Esp. Very numerous and mainly fresh around Ifran. A very large race. Pieris brassicae L. Fairly numerous in the vicinity of Ifran and Azrou. Pieris rapae L. Plentiful in most areas. Aporia crataegi L. First seen in the Forét de Jaba on May 27th, then increasingly common in most regions. Colias croceus Foure. Very numerous in most parts with a large propor- tion of f. helice. Gonepteryx rhamni L. Fairly common round Ifran. Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Commoner than the last species in the Ifran area. Euphydryas aurinia Rott. Emerging with the next species, though slightly later and in a very large and bright form. Euphydryas desfontainii Godart Abundant round Ifran and Azrou, though | getting worn by end of May. Large and small forms flying together. Melitaea didyma Esp. One fresh example taken in the Forét de Jaba on May 27th. Melitaea cinxia L. A few fresh specimens seen mainly at high elevations. Melitaea phoebe Schiff. Fairly common, but not so widespread as the — next species with which it was flying. Melitaea aetherie Hiibn. Very plentiful, mainly among long grass near Ifran. Both dark and light forms of female seen. Also in Forét de Jaba. Issoria lathonia L. Sporadic round Ifran and Azrou. Argynnis auresiana Fruhst. A few seen near Ifran and in Forét de Jaba. Argynnis pandora Schiff. One seen in garden at Azrou by M. Gallet. Pyrameis atalanta L. Two seen near Ifran on May 25th. Aglais urticae L. Seen near Meknes on May 17th. Agapetes galatea lL. Becoming increasingly common round Ifran from May 26th. : BERBERIA ABDELKADER PIERRET AND OTHER BUTTERFLIES 291 Agopetas pherusa Bdv. One taken flying among the preceding species near Ifran on May 30th. Pararge aegeria L. A very orange form numerous round Ifran. Pararge megera L. A very bright form fairly common in the cedar forest. Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli (algirica Oberthur) One taken near Imouzzer on May 31st. Berberia abdelkader Pierret Fairly common along chénes verts scrub in the Imouzzer region. first seen on May 28th. Maniola jurtina L. The large hispulla form taken near Meknes and a few at Ifran. Pyronia bathseba F. (pasiphaé Esp.) Taken worn near Larache and fresh at Imouzzer on May 30th. Coenonympha pamphilus L. The lyllus form numerous round Ifran. Coenonympha vaucheri Blackie. Fairly common in the chénes verts scrub in the Imouzzer area. Callophrys rubi L. Large bright form still fresh round Ifran. Cigaritis zohra Donz. Few seen in the Imouzzer area end of May. Heodes phlaeas L. A few noted fresh near Ifran and Azrou. Lampides baeticus L. One taken at Ifran on May 26th. Cupido lorquinii H.-S. Plentiful and still fresh in the Ifran region. Philotes bavius Eversman Sporadic and fairly fresh near Ifran. Aricia cramera Esch. Fairly common in the Ifran and Azrou regions. Cyaniris semiargus Rott. Only two seen near Ifran. Polyommatus icarus Rott. Fairly numerous, but not so common as the next species. Lysandra thersites Chapman. Quite common in the Ifran area also at Azro. Lysandra punctifera Oberth. This splendid Blue was abundant among Hippocrepis comosa in the Ifran region. Pyrgus onopordi Rambur Fairly common, but sporadic near Ifran and Azrou. Spialia ali Oberth. Numerous near Ifran. Adopaea lineola Ochs. Common in the Forét de Jaba on June Ist. Apart from a Celerio livornica Esp. taken at a window in the hotel at Azrou moths were mainly of the day-flying species. The most notable among these were Hemaris tityus L. and Minucia lunaris Schiff. both seen at Ifran where Burnets were just beginning to appear. The species noted there were the very small Zygaena orana Dup. and Z. alluardi Oberthur, while this species was also taken at Imouzzer. Two kinds of Procris (foresters) were very numerous in the long grass there. They seem refer- able to P. cirtana Luc. and P. orana Aust. The chief noctuids by day comprised Heliothis dipsacea L. in a large form H. peltigera Schiff. and Acontia luctuosa Schiff. I also had the good fortune to take a specimen of ' the small Omia oberthiiri Allard considered a great prize among French collectors. The chief geometers were the very prevalent Bichroma famula Esp. and the Orange Amygdalaptera testaria Fab. Scopula ornata Scop. was fairly numerous and the tiny black and white Pyrale, Titanio pollin- alis Shiff. Among grasses at Ifran were numerous companies of dark larvae resembling those of Malacosoma castrensis L. Among other orders of insects seen were the striking green Ascalaphids, Ascalaphus icterius Chap. and the huge ground beetle Meloé majalis L. 292 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects The Royal Entomological Society called a meeting on 21st June 1968 to set up an independent, broadly based committee for the conservation of | insects, following the dissolution of both its own Conservation (Insect | Protection) Committee and the Entomological Liaison Committtee of the Nature Conservancy. At its first meeting, on Ist November 1968, the scope and representation of the new committee was widened so that it now consists of representatives of the Royal Entomological Society, British | Trust for Entomology, British Entomological and Natural History Society, | Amateur Entomologists’ Society, British Butterfly Conservation Society, — a representative of the Keeper of Entomology [British Museum (Natural | History)] and regional representatives. The Forestry Commission sends | an observer, and the Nature Conservancy and Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves are also represented. Mr N. D. Riley, C.B.E., has accepted the chairmanship of the Committee. The Committee’s terms of reference are: 1. To prepare a register of species requiring conservation and to | investigate their status. 2. To consider what form of conservation (if any) would be the most | suitable in any given case. 3. To act as a forum for the consideration of any matters relevant to | items 1 and 2 above. 4. To initiate and promote any action that appears necessary for the purpose of securing the conservation of threatened species or | habitats, including the promotion of legislation. 5. To act in liaison with the Nature Conservancy, the Conservation Committee of the Society for the Promotion of Nature Reserves | and other appropriate bodies in all matters concerning the con- servation of British insects and their habitats. Populations of insects are threatened by many factors in our modern, industrialised society. These threats may be summarised as: 1. Destruction of habitat. This is an important factor which is under the control of man. It has been estimated that between 1951 and 1971 750,000 acres of agricultural land will have been taken for building in England and Wales. 2. Changes in land use. Forestry, when it concentrates on the produc- | tion of conifers, is particularly harmful to insect populations, and so are | many aspects of agricultural improvement, such as the destruction of © hedgerows, ploughing-up of old pasture and the draining of fens and marshes. Neglect or abandonment of former management practices, such as the coppicing of woodland and grazing of chalk grassland has an adverse effect on populations of some species. Public pressure on the | countryside for recreation also affects populations of insects, and this is likely to increase considerably in the future. It is particularly important to manage wisely those areas of countryside which have not been changed greatly for the conservation of insects and other forms of wild life, so that they can be properly enjoyed by all. 3. Toxic chemicals and pollution. Pesticides (including herbicides) undoubtedly affect many insects adversely. The threats to wild life posed JOINT COMMITTEE FOR THE CONSERVATION OF BRITISH INSECTS 293 by the use of pesticides are sufficiently serious for a government committee to be considering the restriction of use of certain especially persistent substances which can contaminate the environment well away from the | point of application. | The chemical pollution and heating of rivers, streams, lakes and ponds | frequently kill acquatic insects on a large scale. Atmospheric pollution from industrial sources may destroy the food or habitat of insect species unable to adapt quickly to change. It is the task of the new Joint Committee to advise and co-operate with the conservation movement as a whole in finding solutions to these prob- lems. Particular attention will be given to species of national rarity and those in special need of conservation. The problem of overcollecting is also one which causes the Committee serious concern. Entomologists of all lands are being brought into dis- | repute by the actions of a number of collectors, mainly lepidopterists, who are plundering rare and local insects without regard to the need to con- serve our insect fauna. Both Trusts for Nature Conservation and members of natural history societies who wish to protect colonies of rare and local | species have expressed their disapproval of such activities in strong terms. Certain species inhabiting well-known areas, which attract both local | entomologists and those from other regions, either on holiday or on a | special trip, are subject to a disproportionate amount of collecting which cannot be tolerated if the colonies are to survive. There is little doubt that if the activities of these entomologists continue in this way the good- will of the County Trusts for Nature Conservation, other organisations in the countryside, and those interested in other branches of natural history, | will be alienated, and such goodwill as at present exists will not be ex- tended to entomologists in general. | The committee urges all entomologists, of whatever depth of interest, to: | (a) give serious thought to their collecting reauirements and the need | to conserve our more local species, (b) encourage fellow entomologists to do likewise, (c) and, in the case of butterflies, to pursue their interests in all | stages of the insects with the aid of photography whenever pos- | sible. | All entomologists are invited to bring matters of conservation interest to the attention of the Committee. For further information contact: Dr. M. G. Morris (Hon. Sec. Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects), 41 Queen’s Gate, South ! Kensington, London, S.W.7. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (CamBERWELL Beauty) In NorTHERN IRELAND.— On 4th August 1969, a specimen of Nymphalis antiopa L. was seen flying in my garden here (Irish grid ref. J 397748). It appeared to be in good condition, and visited several flowers and also entered a neighbour’s greenhouse before flying off to the west. The day was bright and sunny with a light wind from the south. The time of the sighting was 12.30 G.M.T. The last recorded example of this butterfly in Ireland was in 1960.—AntTHony IRwin, Glen Eyre Hall, Glen Eyre Road, Southampton SO9 2QN. 294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 | The Correct Names for the African Blue Pansy (Junonia oenone L.) and the African and the | Oriental Yellow Pansy (Junonia hierta Fabricius) Butterflies (Lepidoptera : Nymphalidae) By T. G. HowartH (Department of Entomology, British Museum [Natural History]) There has been considerable confusion over the scientific names of | the two African butterflies, commonly known as the Blue and Yellow Pansies, the specific name oenone Linnaeus of the blue and black species ~ being transferred indiscriminately to the other. The original description of Papilio oenone Linnaeus (1758, Systema | Naturae Xth ed. Vol. 1. p. 473) reads ‘alis denticulatis: primoribus | albido-maculatis subbiocellatis; posticis basi cyaneis ocellis duobus.’ and there is no doubt that this refers to the African Blue Pansy though Linnaeus cited figures of the yellow species. As Corbet pointed out in 1941 (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 19 (2): 19 footnote) and again in 1945 | (Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 14 (7 & 8): 94) ‘It is evident that Linnaeus confused the two but the name must be reserved for the African species.’ | formerly known as clelia (Cramer). Corbet was dealing with Junonia hierta hierta (Fabricius, 1798) under Papilio lintingensis Osbeck (1765), which name has since been suppressed (see Bull. zool. Nomen. 1968, 25 (1): 6 Ovinion 842). Linnaeus (1764, Museum Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae p. 274) re- described oenone in detail and placed the African and Oriental species hierta (Fabricius) as ‘Varietas oenones’. Cramer (1775, Pap. Exot. 1, p. 33) re-named the Blue Pansy as Papilio clelia and wrongly associated the Yellow Pansy with the name oenone (Linnaeus). Trimen (1870, Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. p. 353) in a footnote when deal- ing with his Junonia cebrene, correctly summed up the situation but | was incorrect when he stated in the last part of his last sentence, “I suppose, therefore, that, in strictness, the name Oenone should attach to Cramer’s Clelia; but in that case Oenone, auct., would require a new nomination; and it will perhaps be better to let the recognised Oenone stand as “Oenone Fabr.,” the latter author’s description in Systema Entomologiae (1775) being unmistakeably that of the butterfly generally | known by that name.” Kirby (1871, Synonymic Catalogue Diurnal Lepidoptera) on p. 187 deals with the Blue Pansy under the name clelia (Cramer) and then later, on p. 648 of the appendix, corrects this so that clelia (Cramer) is placed as a synonym of oenone (Linnaeus) and oenone sensu Cramer as a synonym of hierta (Fabricius). Aurivillius (1882, K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 19 (5): 80) when dealing with the Lepidoptera described by Linnaeus in the Musei Ludo- vicae Ulricae, under the name oenone Linnaeus, was of the opinion that the specimen mentioned in the Xth edition which Linnaeus probably had in his collection was referable to a variety, as the word ‘black’ had been omitted from the description and goes on to say that he thought it THE CORRECT NAMES FOR AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 295 i ‘inadviseable to change the name from clelia because Clerck and other authors were of the same opinion. It is extremely unfortunate that Aurivillius still persisted in using the name oenone (Linnaeus) for the wrong species when writing the African section of Seitz (1913, Macrolepidoptera of the World, 13: 225, 226), as a number of authors have followed this standard and very often, ‘to them, the only available comprehensive work on the African butter- fly fauna. ! However, it is fortunate that this section of the Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) collection was correctly arranged many years ago, probably according to the appendix of Kirby’s Catalogue, by Sir Guy Marshall, so that authors such as Peters (1952, Provisional Check-list of the Butterflies of | the Ethiopian Region) who used this collection, were correct in the allocation of names, though the latter author should have given the date | for oenone (Linnaeus) as 1758 rather than 1764 and included var. oenones (Linnaeus, 1764) as a synonym of hierta (Fabricius) with cebrene Trimen as a subspecies of hierta, not as a synonym of that species. The following is a list of the aberrational, formal and subspecific -Mames associated with the two species, which, for the most part, were | described under the genus Precis. Junonia oenone (Linnaeus) Junonia hierta (Fabricius) oenone oenone (Linneaus 1758) hierta hierta (Fabricius 1798) =clelia (Cramer 1775) =oenone auct. ab. bipupillata (Strand 1912) hierta magna (Evans 1926) | ab. caeruleffugiens (Heslop hierta cebrene (Trimen 1870) 1962) ab. aeolus (Stoneham 1965) ab. posterior (Strand 1912) ab. conjuncta (Stoneham ab. subbipupillata (Strand 1965) 1912) ab. demaculata (Neustetter ab. subvirilis (Strand 1912) 1916) ab. subepiclelia (Strand 1911) © f.sudanica (Schultze 1920) ab. FeUENG gree (Strand hierta paris (Trimen 1887) 1912 ab. triocellata (Strand 1911) ab. viridata (Strand 1911) ab. virilis (Strand 1912) ab. vosseleriana (Strand 1911) oenone epiclelia (Boisduval 1833) | The author is extremely grateful to Mr H. Barlow for some trans- lations and to Mr N. D. Riley, Mr W. H. T. Tams and to Mr R. I. Vane-Wright for many helpful suggestions regarding this note. ) | An INTERESTING IMMIGRANT.—I am pleased to revort the occurrence of a female specimen of the rare immigrant butterfly Argynnis lathonia Ha (Queen of Spain Fritillary) at Tal-y-Wern, Machynlleth, Montgomery- ‘Shire on the 8rd September 1969. The time in question was 2 p.m. in bright sunshine, when the insect was fluttering over brambles in an open valley near coniferous woodlands. Mr Peter Crow informs me that he believes this to be the first record of this species from Montgomeryshire. . LEATHERDALE, Eastfield Lodge, Whitchurch, Oxon. 23.ix.1969. 296 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 Notes on Butterflies (Rhopalocera) in Crete in June, 1969 By R. F. BRETHERTQN, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S. The island of Crete, 160 miles long but only 36 miles from north to south at its widest point, consists mainly of a chain of limestone moun- tains, several of whose summits exceed 2,000 metres; the highest, Ida | (otherwise called Psiloritis) reaches 2,456 metres. On the north there is a narrow coastal strip; on the south the mountains generally fall almost sheer into the sea except in the centre, where the substantial Messara plain is connected with the north coast by relatively low saddles in the : mountain range. Rain hardly falls between the middle of May and) October and, though the winter’s snow lies long on the mountains and | provides plenty of water, this disappears into the limestone and can only be recovered for cultivation purposes by pumps and windmills or | from occasional springs. Most of the island is therefore very arid in summer. Vegetation on the hillsides is limited to a maquis of spiny, drought-resisting plants; rivers and water courses are almost dry by early June; and, except in a few favoured spots, there are few trees | larger than the ubiquitous olive and carob. The geologists tell us that | Crete has been an island for a very long time, and it is doubtless this combination of early isolation with a difficult climate which explains both the poverty of the lepidontera and the presence of a number of | endemic species and sub-species. A basic work on the levidoptera of Crete was published by the | Austrian entomologist Professor H. Rebel in 1916. This brought together | the results of his own collecting in eastern Crete from May to July 1904, records by half-a-dozen earlier writers (some of them British), and an | account of much unovublished material in Austrian and Hungarian museums. It includes a critical comparison of the Cretan fauna with | those of the Balkans and of Asia Minor, and a discussion of its probable origins. Other Continental writers, notably Hans Reisser and Edvard Troni¢éek, have made further contributions since then; but, apart from passing references, there have been no recent accounts by British collec- | tors. My wife and I with two friends, spent the first fortnight of June 1969 in Crete, staying for a week in Iraklion, in the centre of the north coast, and later in Aghios Nicolaos, a small vort and holiday resort some 60. kilometres further east. We did not explore the western half of the | island, and our expeditions south of the watershed were limited to a | visit to the archeological sites at Phaistos and Aghia Triada in the centre | and a few hours in and around Ieraptera in the east. I concentrated | upon the butterflies and did not attempt any serious night collecting. The other members of the party were not entomologists, so we used our hired Volkswagen for the mixed purposes of finding suitable collecting grounds visiting the many archeological sites, and taking us to bathe in the sea— | an activity which proved irresistible in temperatures which exceeded | 90°F. every day, often with a hot south wind blowing from Africa. We found the main roads, and some of the secondary ones, much | better than those we had used in previous years in mainland Greece. But there are still few of them, so that most of the mountainous inland and much of the south coast are still difficult or impossible of access by NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES (RHOPALOCERA) IN CRETE 297 ear. The available maps are unreliable, and are embarrassingly silent about the altitude of any places except the highest mountain tops. Each nome (county) does, it is true, post large maps of its road system at points of entry to it; but we were amused to note that the road classi- fications used differed greatly in the three adjacent nomes which we | visited. | Our attempt to visit the higher slopes of Mount Ida in search of the endemic Blue, Aricia psylorita Freyer, was frustrated by these uncer- tainties. The recently published official map of Crete which was handed to us on arrival shows a motorable road from the village of Anogia, 34 ‘kms. from Iraklion and about 750m. above sea-level, on for a further 16 ‘kms. to the high plain of the Nidha and the Idaean Cave, where a “tourist pavilion” is marked, at about 1,400m. The 1968 Blue Guide also stated that this point could now be reached by car. From it we thought ‘that it would be no great climb to the reputed haunts of A. psylorita ‘below the remaining snow-drifts. But when we drove up to Anogia we found that this road beyond it was a plan for the future, not a present reality. It might be possible to get a Land Rover up the existing first- class mule-track; but after a short distance we had proved it quite im- passable for our Volkswagen. I did myself walk on for perhaps three miles up the zig-zagging track to a bare plateau at the top of the steep escarpment, catching on the way a fresh male of Pseudochazara amalthea Friv., which is essentialy a mountain species in Crete. Besides striking black and white markings, it has a very distinctive wing shape; and I was able confidently to ascribe to it the butterfly represented on a Minoan brooch, dating from about 1400 B.C., which we saw later in the museum at Iraklion. On the plateau itself I explored a shallow gully where the vegetation looked thicker and less parched than elsewhere. though there was no actual water. This yielded plenty of Polyommatus icarus Rott. and a few Aricia agestis Schiff.; they seemed to be worn survivors of the first broods, which had disappeared altogether lower down, where both species were fresh and presumably showing their second broods. A fine Crambus, C. cassentiellus Zell., which looks very like our own C. chrysonuchellus Scop. was also common in this gully. But I could find no trace of A. psylorita, and the snow slopes were still so far away that I decided to abandon further attempts to find it and to rejoin the rest of the party, who had stayed around the foot of the escarpment. It was only after my return to England that my attention was drawn to E. Troniéek’s account of his experiences with A. psylorita in 1936. I then realised that, if I had persevered for a further couple of miles along the Nidha track, I should probably have found it commonly, without much further climbing, around some springs well short of the Nidha high plain itself, though that is its headquarters. In retrospect, this is a failure which rather rankles. In the afternoon and on another visit two days later, I consoled myself with some useful collecting in the ravine beside the road just before Anogia village. Besides many Gonepteryx cleopatra Ia fine Lampides boeticus L., and many common species, it yielded a fresh male Pieris ergane Geyer-Hubner, of which Rebel records only one specimen from Crete. It is clearly a rare species; I could find no more, either at Anogia or elsewhere. The high plain of Lasithi, further to the east, is much more accessible 298 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 | than the Nidha, as there is now a good road all the way up from the) | Iraklion side and another, not yet completely imvroved, but passable, : from Aghios Nicolaos. This circular plain, about six miles across at a’! height of perhaps 1,200m., is completely surrounded by a ring of bare limestone peaks, the drainage from which accumulates below the surface | of the plain. The water is pumped up for irrigation by some thousands | | of small windmills, whose sails, turning in the mountain breeze, give ai! fantastic touch to the landscape. From the village of Psychro in the) plain, we climbed several hundred metres to the Dicte cave, which is one of several claimants for the honour of being the birthplace of Zeus. | We thought it a singularly repulsive cavern, and the steep slopes around) it were too arid for most butterflies, though I did miss, in the very) mouth of the cave, a fine Polygonia egea Cramer, which we saw else- | | where only rarely and at lower levels. But when we descended again to the outskirts of Psychro I found, flying beside a damp path, a few) specimens of the lovely Zerynthia cerisyi cretica Rebel, which was one) of my principal objectives in Crete. They were still in good condition! there, though at, lower levels the flight begins in March and must have been long over. Unfortunately A. psylorita probably does not exist in| the Lasithi mountains, which are rather lower than Mount Ida and were | no longer holding snow when we were there. Rebel records that he \ could find no trace of it, and neither did I. Below the Lasithi plain the higher reaches of the road from Aghios. Nicolaos climb through several relatively well-watered and well- timbered villages, among which we spent a good day on 14th June. The highest of them all. Potami, provided some especially good collecting. It was the only place where we saw Lycaenopsis argiolus L., in a large and brilliant race with the females very heavily marked with black.) Lampides boeticus L. was commoner here than elsewhere, and I saw but| missed a Z. cerisyi which may have strayed down from the high plain. Between the villages the road was being reconstructed, and the newly | rolled surface attracted dozens of Hipparchia semele cretica Rebel | of both sexes. So intent were they that some allowed themselves | to be crushed by the slow-moving roller. I thought at first that the water used to consolidate the surface might be the attraction, but we | noticed on our second visit that they were still frequenting stretches of) the road which had been rolled four days earlier and seemed completely | dry. Possibly the butterflies were sampling some mineral deposit. There ” were a few Pararge megera L. and Carcharodus alceae Esp. among them, | but other species which were flying nearby, such as G. cleopatra, Maniola | jurtina, Polyommatus icarus, seemed not to be attracted. Whatever may | have been the case with the butterflies, we ourselves certainly felt the need for moisture. Each of the villages contained a hospitable “kafe- | neion”’—the Cretan equivalent of the village pub; and my companions} spent much of the time improving their knowledge of the Greek lan=- gauge in these while I was studying the fauna. Though the best ground was certainly in the mountains, butterflies r were abundant in the foot-hills wherever there was shade or the rem- i nants of water. As in mainland Greece, uncultivated and ungrazed ground around the archeological sites was often productive; a water- | course just beyond the palace at Knossos, for instance, was tenanted by large numbers of Pararge egeria L., Maniola jurtina hispulla Esp., Iphic- NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES (RHOPALOCERA) IN CRETE 299 lides podalirius L., Carcharodus alceae Esp., Thymelicus actaeon Rott. The excavated site at Vathypetro, which is delightfully surrounded by vineyards and flowery hillsides, was also very rich in common species, Vanessa cardui L. and Pontia daplidice L. being especially prominent. Even the dessicated maquis had its large quota of the endemic Coeno- nympha thyrsis Freyer, whose total population in Crete must be astro- nomical, P. icarus, and less commonly, H. semele cretica. The least productive area seemed to be the sea-coast, where butterflies were nowhere common; I did, however, find my only specimen of Hypone- phele lupinus Costa on a bare slope above the sea near Mallia, and rather similar ground west of Iraklion was tenanted by a large colony of an attractive Burnet, Zygaena punctum dystrepa F. de W. A promis- ing area of dried-up salt-marsh which we explored near Ierapetra con- tained no butterflies at all, apart from a few of the ubiquitous C. thyrsis. Despite the abundance of individuals, the range of species of butter- flies in Crete is very limited. Rebel listed in 1916 40 species, but these included three—Chilades trochilus Freyer, Parnara zelleri Lederer and Pyrgus maivae L.—of which the very early single records have never been repeated and were probably erroneous. In 1928 Warnecke added five species (Melanargia larissa H-S., Brintesia circe F., Chazara briseis L., Strymon acaciae abdominalis Gebh., Cupido minimus Fuessly) from a collection which had been made in the Aegean area; but there is doubt whether the specimens concerned were really caught in Crete, and these records have never been confirmed. Troniéek (1949) recorded as reliably determined, a male of Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthur, taken by himself near Anogia on 7th June 1936. Beuret (1955) discussed two specimens of the little Blue, Zizeeria karsandra Moore, taken in 1969 in not clearly identifiable localities in Crete. Reisser (1958) gave records of Charaxes jasius L. from Vukolies and Chania and, doubtfully, of Limenitis rivularis Stichel (reducta Stdgr.) from East Crete; he also points out that Rebel overlooked Lederer’s very early record of Spialia phlomidis in Crete, though no one has since seen it there. Finally, Mr John Coutsis of Athens tells me (in lit.) that he took an undoubted male of Pieris mannii Mayer in Crete recently in September. It seems, therefore, that the number of species of Rhopalocera reliably recorded from Crete within the present century is still only about 40, though more than 80 have been added to the moths since 1916. These now number about 370 Species. But large parts of the island, particularly the high Leukos Ori mountains in the west and much of the south coast, have hardly been worked at all; there may well be discoveries still to make. We ourselves saw 27 species, which was not bad for a single fortnight by no means wholly directed to entomology. It may be compared with 31 species found by Tronicéek and Stevanek from 22nd May to 21st June 1936, and the same number by Rebel over a rather longer period in 1904. Of those which we saw, Coenonympha thyrsis Freyer can claim to be a purely Cretan species, though some authorities attach it to C. pamphilus -L., which does not itself occur in Crete, despite the enormous differences between them in both appearance and habits. Three others, Zerynthia | cerisyi cretica Rebel, Gonepteryx cleopatra insularis Verity, Hipparchia | semele cretica Rebel, can certainly be accepted as endemic sub-species. Thymelicus actaeon Rott. (our Lulworth Skipper) which is locally common in Crete, is larger and more brightly marked than its cousins 300 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 from both mainland Greece and Cyprus; its status may repay further | investigation, as may also the fine race of Lycaenopsis argiolus L. Of | Pseudochazara amalthea Friv., Hyponephele lupinus Costa and Pieris | ergane G-H. I only obtained single specimens, but these all differ | slightly from the usual forms in mainland Greece. The Cretan Maniola | jurtina L. are magnificent creatures, especially the females; they clearly | belong broadly to the hispulla Hb. group of sub-species, but differ some- | what both in colour and markings from typical hispulla. Detailed notes and localities for these and other species which we saw are attached. The Heterocera noticed were mostly diurnal. Macroglossa stellatarum | L. was seen high up on the Anogia plateau, and the same locality pro- i duced Plusia gamma L., Crambus cassentiellus Zell., and a very large i Procris whose identity is still to be determined. We found colonies of | an attractive little Burnet, Zygaena punctum dystrepa F. de W. by the) sea near Gazi, in the Anogia gorge, and above Psychro; this is an alti- tude range of about 1,300m., yet all were about equally fresh. A striking Syntomid, Dysauxes punctata F. was caught at Phaistos, along with the) migratory Noctuid Tarache lucida Hufn. A minute example of Rhodometra | sacraria L. was taken in a salt marsh at Ierapetra, and worn examples | of Heliothis peltigera Schiff were seen in several places. Most of the) very small attendance at the lights round our hotel at Aghios Nicolaos) also consisted of migratory species, Laphygma exigua Hb. and Nomophila | noctuella Schiff. A brilliant form of our British Scopula imitaria Hb. was common both by day and by night. But the yield of such casual || moth collecting as we did was disappointingly small. Probably it was. too late in the season for most of the indigenous Heterocera, at least at) sea-level. RHOPALOCERA SEEN IN CRETE, 2nd/i5th JUNE 1969 Carcharodus alceae Esp. Widespread, but only singly. Knossos, Anogia, Vathypetro, Psychro. | Thymelicus actaeon Rott. Locally common in flowery places. Larger and more brightly coloured on both surfaces than specimens from the Greek mainland, Sicily or Cyprus; perhaps an endemic sub-) species. Papilio machaon L. Not common; always close to plants of fennel, and mostly worn. Iphiclides podalirius L. Widespread, especially near villages where) I) there were fruit trees; in some places very common, feeding ati Zerynthia cerisyi cretica Rebel. Psychro, ec. 1,200m., 10th June, one, male, three females, all in fair condition, taken and another’ missed; flying along a wet ditch among fruit trees. Potami, ¢.’ 900m., 14th June, one fresh specimen seen. | Pieris brassicae L. Few seen, mostly high up and worn. Probably) between broods. P. rapae L. Abundant, especially at low levels; females mostly worn,) males fresh, Search was made tor P. mannii Mayer, but none were seen. P. ergane G-H. Anogia gorge, c. 800m., 7th June, one fresh male, no more seen, despite considerable search. This appears to be only | the second record for Crete; Rebel records a single worn male in NOTES ON BUTTERFLIES (RHOPALOCERA) IN CRETE 301 the Lasithi mountains, 4th July 1904. Pontia daplidice L. Widespread and generally fairly common; all apparently of the 2nd generation. | Euchloe adusonia Hb. Several seen on the Anogia plateau, c. 1,000m., 5th June. Colias crocea Foure. Generally abundant, but only one f. helice Hb. seen, at Knossos. Gonepterya cleopatra insularis Verity. Scarce at first, males then be- coming common generally, females still few on 15th June; most numerous at moderate altitudes. My specimens are uniformly smaller than those from mainland Greece, and the males less heavily marked with orange, though more so than in ssp. taurica Stdgr. from Cyprus. Vanessa cardui L. Generally abundant up to 900m., especially in central Crete; less common in the east. V. atalanta L. Only three seen, at Phaistos, Knossos, Gournia. Polygonia egea Cramer. Iraklion, Archarnes, Potami, Dicte cave above Psychro, singly. Pararge aegeria L. Locally common among trees. The difference in | size between the sexes seems to be more pronounced than in the mainland form. P. megera lyssa Hb. Widespread, but usually singly; mostly worn. Hipparchia semele cretica Rebel. Widespread up to 900m., becoming very common. Apart from the attraction to a newly-rolled road, already discussed, we noted its habit of settling on the shady side of tree trunks. Each insect selected its own trunk, which it de- fended vigorously against intruders, whether of its own or human kind, as we discovered when we settled for lunch beneath an occupied tree. It is a brilliant and large race (up to 72mm in both sexes), outwardly rather resembling H. aristaeus siciliana Obth.; but there seems no doubt that structurally it belongs to H. semele L. Pseudochazara amalthea Friv. Anogia escarpment, c. 1,000m., 5th June, one fresh male. This resembles the Greek mainland ssp. amalthea, but the white markings are slightly more extensive, and there is a clear white spot outside the apical ring on the forewings. Maniola jurtina L. The race seems to be closer to hispulla Esp. than to fortunata Alpheraky, but is distinguishable from either. In the female, the usual colour of the underside hindwings is dove-grey, with a violet tinge, but in some examples the marginal band is bright biscuit colour. Generally abundant up to 900m. Hyponephele lupinus Costa Above the beach west of Mallia, 15th June, one female, fresh but damaged by a lizard. Found on extremely dessicated ground, accompanied only by a few C. thyrsis and M. jurtina. Coenonympha thyrsis Freyer. Found at all levels, generally abundant on dry, stony ground; not a colony insect like C. pamphilus. It flies jerkily in the partial shade of tall plants, but seems little attracted to flowers. It is probably short lived, as we saw hardly any worn examples among hundreds of fresh ones. There is some variation in the amount of spotting in the hindwings upperside. otherwise constant in markings but rather variable in size (30mm in small males to 38mm in large females). 302 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 Lycaena phloeas eleus L. Widespread at moderate altitudes, but usually singly. A brilliant race, with well-developed tails to the hindwings. Lampides boeticus L. Anogia gorge; Acharnes; Potami. About a dozen seen, mostly worn, flying round broom bushes and settling on flowers of scabious. Acriia agestis calida Bell. Anogia plateau, 5th June, Psychro, 10th June, a few worn; Potami; 14th June, fresh males. Polyommatus icarus Rott. Generally abundant; worn at high levels, fresh lower down. All small or very small; a few females have traces of bluish suffusion upperside. Lycaenopsis argiolus L. Potami, c. 900m., 14th June, males worn, some females still fresh. A fine form; females measure up to 40 mm., — and have heavy black borders on the forewings and a marginal © row of pale blue spots on the hindwings. On the underside, the spots are greatly reduced in number and size. This race needs more investigation: I have seen nothing quite like it elsewhere. REFERENCES Mathew, G. F. Notes on Lepidoptera from the Mediterranean. 1898. Entomologist, 31: 110-111. Rebel, M. Die Lepidopterenfauna Kretas. 1916. Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien, 30: 66-172; Z. Wien Ent. Ver., Nachtrag, Jahresbuch, 42-43, 1924; Iris, 52: 30-36, 1938. Warnecke, G. Lepidoptera, in Roewer C. Fr.: Zoologische Streifzige ... auf der Insel Kreta, Il. Abhandl. naturwiss. Ver. zu Bremen, 27. 1928. Tronicék, E. To the better knowledge of Lycaena psylorita Frr. 1938. Acta soc. ent. cechoslov., 35. Contribution to the knowledge of the Lepidopterological fauna of Crete. 1949. Acta ent. Mus. nat. Pragae. 26: 1-15. Beuret, N. Zizeeria karsandra Moore im O6stlichen Mittelmeer. Mitt. ent. Ges. Basel, 1955: 146. Reisser, N. Lepidopteren von den Aégaischen Inseln. 1946. Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 31: 44-59; Neue Heterocen aus Kreta. 1958. Z. Wien. ent. Ges., 43: 105-128 (Appendix). Johnson, Major General Sir. G. Greece, April 1964. Ent. Rec., 76: 187-189. Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. September 1969. Wessex Notes, 1969 By H. SYMES During the past few years, so much has been said (and rightly) about the scarcity of butterflies that it is a welcome change to record that 1969 has been a good year for them. In 1968 I did not see one hibernated Vanessid in my garden, but during the fine weather at Easter this year, I saw a Peacock (Nymphalis io L.) on 6th and 7th April, and ten days later, a Small Tortoiseshell (Aglais urticae L.) on Grape hyacinth (Muscari). May was a cold month, but the apnearance of a Painted Lady (Vanessa cardui L.) on 28th suggested that it was going to be a good year for this immigrant. Meantime, on 27th, an extreme form of Biston betularia L. var. carbonaria had emerged from pupa. I had found the larva on sycamore (Ent. Rec. 81: 60). On 5th June, Mr S. C. S. Brown and I met Brigadier Warry at his favourite locality near Wootton Glanville. Euphydryas aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary) and: Argynnis selene Schiff. (Small Pearl Bordered) were scarce, but fresh and only just beginning to emerge; the most WESSEX NOTES. 1969 303 plentiful species seen was Coenonympha pamphilus L. (Small Heath). Everywhere around us nightingales were singing, and I caught sight of one of the shy little birds slipping from branch to branch in an old sallow tree. I had not heard so many singing since the old days in Hell Coppice some forty years ago. I also saw the largest grass snake that I have ever seen, and without moving my position, an adder very close to it. On 17th June Mr. Brown and I returned to this locality, but the day was too cold and windy for butterflies. I was pleased to find a newly emerged Deilephila porcellus L. (Small Elephant Hawk), a beautiful sight low down on a grass stem, and a few eggs of Hamearis lucina, L. (Duke of Bergundy). During June I bred a nice series of Hadena serena Schiff. (Broad Barred White): the larvae. which I had never seen before, had been given to me by Mr. F. C. Stanley. A contributor to Tutt’s “Practical Hints” (II: 111) says that he found them difficult to rear: many died when nearly full fed, others in the pupal stage, and from more than 100 larvae only 18 imagines were bred. (Perhaps there had been overcrowding) My experience was happily the reverse of this as “no larvae died and from 15 pupae 14 good moths emerged. On 15th July Mr. M. T. Horwood, Assistant Regional Officer (Dorset) of the Nature Conservancy, arranged a visit to Morden Bog in which _ Brigadier Warry, Mr Brown and I took part, to try to find out whether Coscinia cribraria L. (Speckled Footman) still existed in this locality. It was an optimum date for this species, and with St Swithin in a benign mood, it was a very sunny day, actually the hottest of the year at Bournemouth. But we did not see cribraria. Twenty years ago it was quite common at Morden Bog. where I found three distinct colonies, separated from each other by about a cuarter of a mile. In the last ten years it has become increasingly scarce, and I have not seen one since 21st July, 1964. It may well be more than a coincidence that three other local species, none of them as plentiful at Morden as cribraria used to be, have also, as far as I know, not been seen there for five years. They are Lasiocampa trifolii Schiff. (Grass Eggar), whose larvae were found by Dr. H. King and me in 1950 and 1951, Heliothis maritima Grasl. (Marbled Clover) taken by Dr. King in 1951 and 1953 and by Brigadier Warry and me in 1956, ’58, and ’59, and Dasychira fascelina L. (Dark Tussock) taken by me as larva or imago in 1949, ’50, ’51, 60, and for the last time on 21st July 1964. There may be some ecological reason for all | this, due to the draining of part of the area to make it better for planting conifers (see Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. Vol. II, Part 2, pp. 31, 32). On 22nd July, Mr. Stanley took me to the marshes at Lymington, where we found ourselves paddling in warm but muddy water among | bulrushes and other reeds. Some of these contained larvae of Nonagria sparganii Esp. and N. typhae Thunb., and from my share I bred two _ sparganit (two other larvae had been “stung’’) and one typhae. On 27th July I visited an entirely different tyne of locality with a large party of members of the Dorset Naturalists’ Trust. The place was Green Hill Down, a reserve on the chalk overlooking Milton Abbey. An impressive list of butterflies including the White Admiral (Limentitis camilla L.) has been recorded there, and I was interested to see three Small Coppers (Lycaena phlaeas L.), a species of which I had seen very little this year. I was rather surprised not to see a Chalk Hili Blue (Lysandra coridon Poda), a Painted Lady, or a Comma (Polygonia c-album L.) which I had 304 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 || seen in my garden on 25th July. August is the great month for butterflies in the garden, when the | buddleias and the Vanessids are out, and on Ist V. atalanta L., A. urticae L., N. io L. and V. cardui L. appeared; they were joined by P, c-album on 4th. That evening I received a ’phone call from Mr. Fielding, of | Manchester, who was staying at Ringwood, and asked if I could tell him | anything about Hod Hill Our conversation ended by his inviting me to )) come with him and his friend Mr. Carter to Hod Hill on the next day. | The weather was ideal and butterflies were plentiful on the lower slopes ; as well as at the top of the hill. The protection of the food plants has © clearly had excellent results and L. coridon Poda especially was abundant. I did not see any varieties. It was quite like old times on i “the Hill”, and at its foot there was a glorious mass of thistles, nettles | and hemp agrimony, on which a P. c-album was taken. As we sat on } the ramparts eating our lunch, there was a delightful view of the surrounding country with its golden cornfields and green pastures, but I missed the little train that used to run along the railway line beside the Stour. Mr. Fielding took an enormous female Tettigonia viridissima L. (Great Green Grasshopper). I have never seen one approaching it in | size. Two days later we went to look for larvae of Cucullia lychnitis ) Ramb. (the Striped Shark) in its Dorset locality. but although there was plenty of black mullein we did not find any larvae. During the last week of August, the weather deteriorated and became windy and rather cold. P, c-album and V. cardui were not seen at all and only A. urticae was really plentiful. During the whole month atalanta was seen on 18 days, urticae on 17, cardui on 13, and most interesting of all, c-album on 10, both light and dark forms occurring. Highest numbers on any dav were atalanta 8 (Aug. 16th), urticae 11 (17th), io 5 (16th, 17th and 24th), cardui, | 3 (6th), c-album 2 (6th). Other butterflies seen in the garden were Pararge aegeria L., P. megaera L., Maniola jurtina L., Polyommatus icarus Rott., Gonepteryx rhamni li. and of course, Pieris brassicae L. and P. rapae L. on every ~ suitable occasion. The dipteron Volucella zonaria Poda appeared on |. August 7th and 16th, and like its relative V. pellucens L., preferred the » flowers of Eupatorium cannabium (hemp agrimony) to any other attrac- - tion, not even excepting buddleia. September was a disappointing month in the garden. The buddleias | were over and the Michaelmas daisies were not fully out. After two . good days. on 3rd, when 4 urticae, 1 atalanta and 1 Coenonympha pamphilus L. were seen, and on 4th, when 3 urticae, 1 cardui, 1 io, 1 rhamni appeared, there was an unsettled spell, and apart from one or © two urticae, the only vanessid I saw was a cardui on 24th. Two | nymphs 4G and © of T. viridissima were seen on roses on Oth, and the female appeared at intervals until 24th. Finally, on 2nd October, I saw an atalanta, and watched a hornet (Vespa crabro L.) flying to and fro along my privet hedge. It was only the second time I had seen this insect in Bournemouth NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 305 Notes and Observations COLIAS CROCEUS GEOFFROY (CLOUDED YELLOW) IN LANCASHIRE.—On 17th August 1969, my brother, Mr S. G. Kirby, took a male specimen of this species at Fulwood, Preston. It was a male in very fresh condition, still exhibiting the evanescent yellow scales on the nervures in the black margins of the forewings. This seems to indicate that this specimen is from a locally bred generation—M. A. Krrpy, 71 Loveday Road, Ealing, London, W.138. LYCAENA? DISPAR BATAVUS L. (LARGE COPPER)! IN IRELAND.—It may be of interest that on Sunday, September 7, about lunch time, we stopped by the roadside near Allentown in the Bog of Allen. There were very large numbers of Nymphalis io L. (Peacock) and other butterflies, but what caught my eye was a perfect female specimen of a large copper. No doubt it has been introduced recently, as in the Fens, but it is the only one I have seen in the British Isles. I watched it settling on flowers from a distance of a few feet, so there was no mistaking its identity.—J. E. Lyne, M.A., F.R.G.S., Oakwood, Chichester, Sussex. Notes FrROM East ANGLIA.—In my mercury vapour light trap on July 16, a specimen of Nycterosea obstipata Fab. (fluviata Hiibn.) (Gem) was found, and I had two more later in the month. From a female I have bred a nice series. I believe, at any rate in the 1937 edition of the Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust, it has only been recorded twice before. Laphygma exigua Hiibn. (small mottled willow) came to my trap on 2nd and 17th August, and another on the night of 11th September, surely not recorded so far east before: I took a few many years ago when resident on the Isle of Portland, Dorset. On August 14, a very dark specimen of Nonagria dissoluta Treits. (brown-veined wainscot) came to the trap. This species is not previosuly recorded from West Suffolk. I could not at first decide what this insect was, and thought that it was perhaps a freak “mouse” moth. In the very warm weather of August, I have had bigger captures than ever before, but apart from the foregoing, nothing of par- ticular note. In August I took a specimen of Galleria mellonella L., and I am told that this species is now considered rare. I have bred and caught many specimens of Nonagria typhae Thunb. in the past, but this year I bred a most striking example of var. fraterna— it is nearly coal black on the forewings, with white markings and deep red patches at the base. I took at mercury vapour light on September 11 what I consider a normal svecimen of this variety in which the forewings are of a uniform dark brown colour. The large thorn, Ennomos autumnaria Wernb. seems to be becoming almost common here; I saw several specimens on the nights of 12th, 16th, 17th and 18th September. Another exigua came in on the night of Sep- tember 18, and my biggest surprise, a huge example of Catocala fraxini L. on September 16. Again referring to the 1937 edition, the last Suffolk record was in 1905. On the lighter side, I recollect some semi-humerous experiences while collecting. Last year, for example, while on holiday in Scotland, the police (led by a woman sergeant drat it!) tracked me down about eight 306 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 miles to the hotel where I was staying in order to accuse me of stealing grouse chicks, having previously seen me in a field with a net. Is it not about time serious moth hunters could produce a good conduct pass of some sort? Again, I shall not forget when taking the only Epione ves- pertaria Fabr. I possess, in Yorkshire, being surrounded by a posse of police. I told them that whatever they wanted must wait until I had boxed my captive. They were most friendly and said they only wanted | to know what I was doing with a lamp near the roadside. I should be interested to read an article on the hazards of moth hunting, and inci- - dentally, how to cope with them. Finally, several collectors have said to me how rare to-day are some : of the common moths as for example the cream spot tiger and old lady © moths. I have only six of the latter in my collection after many years; | I took two at Horning Ferry in the Broads on a gate in August 1958 and one this year at light at exactly the same place; it even perched on the same gate. Can you beat it? — Guy A. Forp, The Rookery Farmhouse, Norton, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. PLUSIA GAMMA L. AND NOMOPHILA NOCTUELLA SCHIFF. IN SOUTH DEVON.— | Main migration peaks as recorded in my mercury vapour light trap | during the period Ist May to 24th September 1969 are as under: In May, there were 52 on 13th, 21 on 25th, 24 on 29th and 16 on 31st. No other date in May produced double figures: the total for May was 159. There were no peaks in June; numbers varied from 2 to 21 with a total of 159. July showed 34 on 28rd, 155 on 24th, 98 on 25th, 385 on 26th, 73 on 27th, 268 on 28th, 68 on 29th, and 86 on 31st with a total of 1373. On August 1st the trap was not in use, but on 2nd there were an estimated 6000 speci- mens, 57 on 3rd, 1150 on 8th, 560 on 9th, 700 on 10th, 174 on 12th, 107 on 15th, 347 on 16th, 184 on 17th and 180 on 18th, with a total for the month of 10,237. On September 1st there were 107, with nothing over 55 for the remaining period. I was away on 13th, 14th and 15th, making 21 days of trapping only, and the total for that period was 576. Nomophila noctuella Schiff. Between 5th August and 24th September peak migration numbers are as follows: 11 on 6th August, 9 on 7th, 10 on 8th, 39 on 10th, 9 on 11th, 19 on 12th. The total for August (27 days) was 181. In September there were 17 on 1st, 10 on 4th, 18 on 5th, 23 on 7th, 20 on 8th, 51 on 9th, 27 on 10th, 24 on 11th, 50 on 12th, 119 on 16th, 27 on 17th, 51 on 18th, 44 on 19th, 91 on 28rd, 26 on 24th. The total for the month (21 days) was 624. The total for the period was 805.—H. L. | O’HEFFERNAN, Thurlstone, Devon. 28.ix.1969. RHYACIA SIMULANS IN IRELAND.—During a recent trip to Ireland with Mr and Mrs Demuth, I was interested to take four specimens of Rhyacia simulans Hufn. ab. suffusa Tutt. This species does not seem to have been taken in Ireland since last century when some specimens were seen in Co. Sligo by Russ. Interestingly, they seem referable to ab. suffusa. Last year I took two ab. suffusa in Orkney, with two of the very black form, ab. latens Staud. Four specimens taken in 1967 in S. Harris and one in S. Uist in 1966 all appear to be of this latter form. My Irish specimens were taken at Kerrykeel, Co. Donegal 10-16 viii.1969. — AusTIN RICHARDSON, Beaudesert Park, Minichinhampton, Glos. 30.ix.1969. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 307 Two UNcoMMON FLIES IN West Kent. — Discomyza incurva Fall. _(Ephydridae): of this curiously squat, dumpy, rounded, short-winged little black fly I caught four examples (and missed one or two others) _while sweeping on one of the chalky slopes of Otford Downs, near Seven- oaks, on 16th July 1965. The species appeared to occur only in certain spots within a limited area, and I was inclined at the time, having no idea what it was, to associate it tentatively with harebell (Campanula rotundifolia L.) which was always most in evidence where the fly was met with. However, any such connection was seen to be excluded when Mr E. A. Fonseca kindly named it for me as above, pointing out that it is believed to be a snail parasite mainly attached to Helix pomatia L., and appears scarce and little-known in Britain. This feeding-habit | certainly accounts for its presence on Otford Downs, where in the past— if memory serves—I have noticed occasionally the large bleached empty shells of the Roman snail, and where such snail-feeding beetfes as Drilus flavescens Rossi and Lampyris noctiluca L. (the glow-worm) are, or were, not uncommon. In life D. incurva almost more resembles a small beetle or bug than a fly, at least when walking up the side of the net, from its trick of holding the wings curved against the body instead of projecting straightly behind in the normal way; which, presumably, suggested to Fallén the name he gave the species. I observed a similar habit in the allied but smaller Clanoneurum cimiciforme Hal. (det. E. A. Fonseca) at Faversham Creek, north Kent, in August 1968. Xanthocnemia pseudomaculipes Strobl. (Anthomyiidae): when collect- ing in Farningham Wood on 17th August 1966 I swept from bracken, etc., an unfamiliar Muscoid fly, black with yellow legs and yellowish wings. Mr Fonseca tells me that it is the above rare species, which used to be in the genus Pegohylemyia and is not in the 1945 Check List; he has a note on it in Ent. Rec., 69 (1957): 18, having taken specimens in Wool- wich Wood near Deal, and further informs me that the late Mr L. Par- -menter took it in the Blean Woods—also in East Kent. Mine may perhaps be the first West Kent capture, but I cannot be positive as to this. Otherwise the species, which develops in the flowers of Solidago vir- gaurea L., has only (or chiefly) been taken in East Anglia and the north by the late Mr J. E. Collin. — A. A. ALLen, 63 Blackheath Park, S.E.3. | -24.ix.69. PLUSIA ORICHALCEA Fas. (LEP.) IN HAMPSHIRE. — On 9th October 1969, Miss Kim Noble telephoned me to say that she had taken Plusia orichal- cea Fabr. in her mercury vapour light trap at New Milton, Hants. This morning, I found a specimen of this moth in my mercury vapour trap here. Both are in mint condition. So far as I know, these are the first records for Hampshire——L. W. Siaes, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants. 10.x.1969. PLUSIA AURIFERA HUBN. (ORICHALCEA FABR.) IN WEST SUSSEX.—A very fresh specimen of this species came to my static light tran during the night of 18th-19th August. Conditions were about this time of the sum- mer very poor for collecting at light, and although I made great efforts to try and get others, which, judging by the condition of my specimen, might well be about, I failed to get another. — A. J. WiGHTMAN, Pul- borough, Sussex. 30.ix.1969. 308 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 PLUSIA ORICHALCEA F'ABR., URESIPHITA POLYGONALIS SCHIFF, AND PALPITA UNIONALIS HUBN. IN S. CORNWALL.—On the night of September 13, I took my fifth specimen of Plusia orichalcea Fabr., along with the two Pyrales on the Lizard peninsula——AUSTIN RICHARDSON, Beaudesert Park, Minchin- hampton, Glos. 30.ix.1969. PLUSIA ORICHALCEA Fapr.—On the night of 13th-14th August this year, I had the good fortune to take a specimen of Plusia orichalcea Fabr. at mercury vapour light near Chulmleigh, in Devon. The specimen is a male in very fine condition, and was identified with the kind help of Dr ° Jeaffreson Harris, from Seitz. It may be useful to note here the features by which the specimen was identified, as it closely resembles P. intermixta. P. orichalcea: reniform stigma constricted, orbicular more nearly circular than in P. intermizxta, brassy wedge pointed at inner end and reaching to inner line. P. inter- mixta: orbicular stigma more elongated in shape, brassy wedge does not reach the inner line, and is blunt-ended.—C. W. D. Gipson, Lyon House, Sherborne, Dorset. 24.ix.1969. ORGYIA ANTIQUA AT LiGHT.—Baron de Worms and others have men- tioned the occasional capture of Orgyia antiqua L. at light in their traps. I have had two or three such arrivals in the past and this year on 20th September there was one vapourer moth in my trap in the garden here. I report this particularly because in fifteen years in this area I have never seen the moth flying in or near my garden, but some eight years ago, several males came to a bred female. However, perhaps they had to travel a long distance, because none appeared until the third day after the female had emerged. — J. A. C. GREENWooD, The Thatches, Forest | Road, Pyrford, Woking, Surrey. 6.x.1969. CORRECTIONS On a new Genus of Dermaptera from India by G. K. Shrivastava, | antea p. 246. For Famliy read Super-family; for Sub-family read Family, . and for Super-family read Sub-family. Current Literature Catalogus de Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera (Fifteenth Supplement). By B. J. Lempke. 1969, Tijdscrift voor Entomologie, Vol. 112, pp. 15-80, with 8 photographic plates of 112 historic specimens, 14 maps and | illustrations in the text. Serial publication of this great work on the Macrolepidoptera of the - Netherlands, has progressed steadily since the first part appeared in 1936. In this, the latest issue, the treatment of the family Geometridae is con- tinued by the conclusion of the subfamily Lerentiinae. With each species the following particulars are presented: time of appearance, biotope(s), new localities and variation. The nomenclature of the two species so far known as Eupithecia pini Retzius and E. bilunulata Zetterstedt is amply discussed and corrected; and the subspecific status in the Netherlands of CURRENT LITERATURE 309 E. icterata Villers, E. nanata Htibn., E. dodoneata Guenee. E. tantillaria Boisduval, Chesias rufata F. and Minoa murinata Scopoli is definitely settled by comparing these subspecies with the nominate forms. Two new subspecies are described: Eupithecia analoga europaea and Minoa murinata limburgia, besides a number of new forms. Lectotypes are designated for Eupithecia abietaria debrunneata Staudinger and E. dodoneata Guenee and the subspecific status of the Danish populations of the latter is dis- cussed. For convenience, the author has added English translations of the des- eriptions of the new subspecies and forms, as well as notes in English on some other aspects. As in the preceding Supplement, the nomenclature and classification adopted, is that of D. S. Fletcher, in the Lepidoptera portion of Kloet and Hincks, New Check List of British Insects (due for publication early in the new year). The excellent black and white plates contain figures of historic speci- mens reproduced from, photographs by J. Huisenger, and with each specimen the essential data are conveniently printed below. Finally, the histograms and distribution maps add appreciably to the interest of the work, which is well printed on good quality paper.—J.M.C.-H. British Shells by Nora F. McMillan, xii+196 pp.+80 pl. (32 in colour); F. Warne, 50/-. Shell Life by Edward Step was published in 1901 and reprinted in 1927 and 1947, but it was found necessary to bring the old book uv to date, and as it had been in existence for more than sixty years without revision, the task had become too cumbersome, and a new book was put in hand. In her preface, the author points out that in the British Isles and the shallow seas surrounding them, we have 780-800 species of Mollusca, of which about 600 are marine and 180 terrestrial or fresh water species. With the exception of 15 species of minute freshwater bivalves of the genus ‘Pisidium, all these are mentioned in the book and 231 are illustrated in black and white drawings and 124 in colour. The black and white draw- ings are by Bridget Finlow, and the coloured photographs by G. D. Hyslop. The Introduction gives a short history of the study of shells and a rough idea of the Mollusca. A short note on where to find mollusca, and another on their economic uses are followed by notes on their classification and structure, with a glossary of the terms used in the body of the book. The species are then described in systematic order, marine species being treated first and then freshwater and terrestrial species. The descriptions are followed by systematic lists of our species, treating the marine species first again. An index completes the book. Although this book has no connection with entomology beyond the fact that certain beetles prey on snails, it is certain to be of great interest to all nature lovers, being one of those books to which one likes to be able to turn for information on and identification of material seen on outings. Of course, to an amateur conchologist, the book is a must. It is well printed on good paper and strongly bound as one would expect of work from this publisher—S.N.A.J. 310 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs, edited by J. A. G. Barnes, M.A., from the three volumes of the Wayside and Woodland series, by T. A. Coward, M.Sc., F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., M.B.0,U, xvi+359 pp.+160 pl. (80 in colour). F. Warne, £2-75 (55/-). The present work takes the place of the three volumes mentioned. The coloured illustrations by Thomas Thorburn of the old books have been retained and their number is augmented by figures of newly added species, by Robert Gillmor. The black and white figures have been replaced by a series of exceedingly fine photographs by various photographers. The Introduction, headed Classification and the British List gives a line drawing illustrating the terms for various parts of a bird’s plumage and body used in the text of the book. A list of protected birds is given, and there is also a list of birds recorded from the British Isles less than five times. The main text goes systematically through the British list, giving a good account of the bird, its feeding and nesting habits and distribution; a des- cription of plumage follows and finally a reference to the appropriate illustrations. The order of these details is the same throughout the book. An index completes the work. Here again we have a book which, though not entomological, is one certain to be of interest to all naturalists, and particularly to the very large numbers of amateurs who “watch” and study birds. It is assured of an honoured place in the collection of identification books kept by most naturalists, whatever their particular interest may be. It is well printed in clear type on good paper and is well bound in boards. One can recommend it as a handsome present to a young (or not so young) enthusiast in the knowledge that it will last him throughout his active lifetime.—S.N.A.J. Two interesting separates have been received from Dr. H. B. D. Kettle- well: Gene Flow ina Cline: Amathes glareosa Esp. and its Melanic F. edda Staud. (Lep.) in Shetland, by H., B. D. Kettlewell and R., J. Berry: (Heredity, 24: 1-14), and Differences in Behaviour, Dominance and Survival within a Cline: Amathes glareosa Esp. (Lep.) and its melanic F. edda Staud. in Shetland by H. B. D. Kettlewell, R. J. Berry, C. J. Cadbury and G. GC. Phillips: (Heredity, 24: 15-25). The authors of these papers have made several expeditions to Shetland to investigate the phenomenon of decline in frequency of the melanic form edda from 97 per cent. in the north to 1 ver cent. in the south of the group, during which many experiments have been carried out and a considerable number of records made. These have consisted of light trapping, the release of marked specimens and their recapture, which have provided a multitude of figures. These figures have now been analysed and provide many interesting conclusions and indications which are set out in these two pavers, illustrated by charts and tables, with two maps. The interpretation of the data raises many points and when compared with data gathered about other melanic communities, some general rules for the subject may be forthcoming. These papers are exceedingly interesting to those outside the subject, but must be ex- tremely valuable to those working on genetics.—S.N.A.J. CURRENT LITERATURE 311 Proceedings and Transactions of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. Vol. 2, Pt. 2, 40 pp.+8 pl. (2 coloured). Published by the Society, 16/6. The Society’s meetings from 25th July 1968 until the Annual General Meeting on 23rd January 1969 torm the subject of the first portion of this issue. These include the Annual Exhibition and the account is illustrated by two coloured plates of aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. and two half tone plates illustrating fourteen varieties and insects of special interest. The exhibit of fungi is illustrated by a plate of four photographs by Mr. W. H. Spreadbury. As customary, the report of the A.G.M. contains the President’s Address. the scientific portion of which is a monograph of the variation of Agrotis exclamatis Linnaeus; Mr. Goater has dealt with his subject very fully and the paper is illustrated by three half tone plates showing 36 forms of the species from many parts of its range at home and abroad. Field meetings between 21st September 1968 and 25th April 1969 are reported.—S.N.A.J. The Insects. Structure and Function. By Dr. R. F. Chapman. xii+819 pp. The English Universities Press, 85/-. In this large work the author has set out to bring together morphology and physiology in one text book and to relate these to the behaviour of the insect in its natural surroundings. The first problem, before com- mencing such a large task must have been its organisation, and the author has managed to solve this by collecting several studies under six sections. which he has sub-divided into 36 chapters, in each of which from two to nine titles are dealt with. In Section A for instance, Chapter 1 covers Orientation, in which the various positioning of the heads of different insects and stages is mentioned. Then the grooves on the head are shown to represent the suture between two segments in some cases, and in others are for strengthening purposes and to afford attachments for muscles. The typical grooves are illustrated by anterior and lateral views of a grass- hopper’s head, and the appropriate names of these are given. The heading Areas of the Head is illustrated by a vertical longitudinal section of the head. The ventral region of the head, modifications of the head, and the tentorium are explained, with large text figures. The Neck forms the subject of the second part, antennae the third giving structural growth, variation of form, and functions, and the fourth part deals with the wide subject of mouth parts, again well illustrated. Chapter II on Feeding, beside the opening remarks deals with the subject under nine heads. Naturally, Chapter III follows with The Alimentary Canal in which the digestive tract is described and well illustrated. Maintaining the sequence. Digestion and Absorption is the title of Chapter IV. Chapter V is headed Nutrition, the Fat Body and General Metabolism deals with the fat body. luminescence, respiratory metabolism, end products of catabolism, metabolic rate and the control of metabolism. Colour is treated in Chapter VII under the heads of the nature of colour, physical colours, pigmentary colours, the colour of insects, colour changes, and the significance of colour. Section B is entitled The Thorax and Movement. Section C, The Abdomen, Reproduction and Development, D. The Cuticle, Respiration and Excretion, E. The Nervous System and Sensory Systems, and Section 312 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL., 81 15/X1/69 F. The Blood, Hormones and Pheromones. Each section is treated similarly to the method used in Section A. There follow some forty pages of references with about 1000 entries, a Taxonomic Index and a Subject Index. The superb organisation of the subject and the clarity of expression are, of course, what one would expect from a man of Dr. Chapman’s standing, but this is no reason for withholding the well deserved praise which they command. In all, this superb book brings together the subjects which, to use the author’s own expression, enable the student to understand what makes the insect tick. The book is bound in strong boards and is printed in very clear type on good paper. It should be a very welcome addition to the student’s library, and should find a place in the libraries of all museums and universities.—S.N.A.J. Obituary DUDLEY GRAHAM MARSH (1891-1969) Dudley Graham Marsh died on the 22nd day of March, 1969, after a long illness patiently borne. In his earlier days, he was a very keen collector of butterflies, spending much of his time on the Downs collect- ing varieties of blues. His patience, and that of his wife Norah, in search- ing the grass stems, was rewarded with some fine varieties. Two remarkable varieties of Lysandra coridon Poda, one of Aricia agestis Schiff. and one of Maniola jurtina Linn are plated by the late F. W. Frohawk (with whom he frequently collected) in his book, “Varieties of British Butterflies.” Later in life, he transferred his affection to the moths of the British Isles, and became a keen collector and after amassing a very representa- tive collection of the macro-lepidoptera, turned his attention to the micros, but too late, alas, to make a comprehensive collection. His ability to set an insect in perfect symmetry and casting aside anything but undamaged specimens, makes his collection a showpiece of precision and perfection. This is perhaps because of his profession, a Chartered Architect. Un- fortunately, his career as such was interrupted by the two World Wars, in both of which he served as an officer. In the Great War in the Royal West Kent Regiment and in the Second World War on the General Staff. In spite of the hard work involved in starting in private practice again after the war, he found time to relax in the pursuit of his hobby, spend- ing a number of his annual holidays in the most favoured haunts. He had a great fund of stories from the past, which he enjoyed relat- ing. He was a good companion, and will be sadly missed by all who knew him. Our sympathy goes out to his widow and a united family, who showed an interest in his entomological activities. ‘ G.H.Y. R. N. BAXTER Suppliers of EXOTIC INSECTS to Museums, the research worker, the amateur entomologist, etc. LEPIDOPTERA and COLEOPTERA a speciality. 16 Bective Road, Forest Gate, London, E.7, England. Mail Orders Only. In your Replies please mention “The Entomologist’s Record”. LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT, VOL. II This comprehensive work was completed with the instalment in our May issue and a limited number of separates, unbound, with stiff paper cover, is available for sale at 45/- per copy from The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE, Kent. (Postage extra) FOR THE ENTOMOLOCIST Apparatus, Books, Cabinets, and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time, so if you would like to receive regular issues please send me a postcard stating your interests L. CHRISTIE 137 Gleneldon Road, Streatham, London, S.W.18, England (Postal business only) Official agent for publications of the Amateur Entomologist’s Society THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 to cater especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For full details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 6d. stamp to cover postage) to:—R. D. HILLIARD, Hon, Advertising Secretary, A.E.S., 18 Golf Close, Stanmore, Middlesex. REVISED LIST OF YORKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA More than 50 years have elapsed since the publicaticz ef Porritt’s list of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire, and the need for a revised list has long been felt. Work on this has been undertaken by The Lepidoptera Committee of The Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and the new revised list is currently appearing in “The Naturalist”. Details and copies available from The Editor of “The Naturalist’, The University, Leeds 2. A eT SS DE a TID THE BUTTERFLY FARM LTD. (Founded in 1894) BiILSINGTON, ASHFORD, KENT, ENGLAND (Phone Hamstreet 513) We now have in stock over 4,000 species of butterflies, moths and other insects. Over the years we have built up our network of first-class suppliers, located in 82 countries of the world, so that we can offer an interesting and varied choice of British, Kuropean, Foreign and Exotic Papered (unmounted) and Set Specimens, as well as our well-known ranges of British and Overseas Butterfly and Moth Livestock. We also cater for the increasing interest in other unusual Insects. We offer our services to Entomological Enthusiasts wishing to expand their interests: we now have an excellent range of Apparatus, Books, new and second-hand Cabinets, Display Cases and Storage Boxes available; send your name and address for a selection of Catalogues (stating if you have a particular requirement). In your replies please mention THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD SPECIAL NOTICE BACK ISSUES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD THE RESPONSE to previous announcements regarding above has been so exceptional that the stock of most numbers has been reduced to the required level and the offer of “sale prices” has ow been withdrawn. However some issues are still in good supply, and the Editor will be pleased to quote prices in reply to enquiries. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would like to buy in a few clean complete unbound copies of Vols. 61, 62, 63, 77, 78 and 79, at 17/6 per volume. Please write to The Editor, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley BR2 9EE Kent, before sending. EXCHANGES AND WANTS For Sale or Exchange.—Butterflies and Moths. Many species from Afil.cu, Madagascar, India, Formosa, South America and other countries. Also species from Europe and U.S.S.R. Sometimes livestock. List on request by sending International Postal Coupon for 1/-.—Robert Keiser, Frederik van Eeden Plein 3, Antwerp 1, Belgium. For Sale-——Formosan butterflies, beetles, moths, dragonflies, cicadas, praying mantis, wasps and other dried Formosan insect specimens, living cocoons of Saturnidae, etc., prepared for collection, educational programmes, gift packings, premiums and art work in millions of specimens.—Taiwan Novelty Co., P.O. Box 860 Taipei, Formosa (Taiwan). Cabinet Wanted.—Forty drawer, side runners. Will collect from reasonable distance.—Offers to Richard Dickson, ‘Flagstones’, Catisfield, Fareham, Hamp- — shire. CONTENTS, Vol. 81, Part 11 An additional new Member of the Phasis wallengrenii (Trimen) Group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). C. G. C. DICKSON Berberia abdelkader Pierret and other Butterflies in Morocco. C. G. M. de WORMS Nymphalis antiopa L. Ke araberwall Beauty) in ’Northienn Ireland: ANTHONY IRWIN : Joint Committee for the Conceevation of British inset The Correct Names for the African Blue Pansy (Junonia oenone L) and the African and the Oriental Yellow Pansy (Junonia hierta Fabricius) Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) T. G HOWARTH An Interesting Immigrant. D. LEATHERDALE a Notes on Butterflies (Rhopalocera) in Crete in June 1969. 15%, JO BRETHERTON Wessex Notes. H. SYMES Notes and Observations: Colias croceus Geoffroy (Clouded Yellow) in Lancashire. M. A. KIRBY Lycaena? dispar hateuus IL, Guanes eoppen) in ineland! JE E, LYNE Notes from East Aunecliien. GUY ie FORD Plusia gamma and Nomophila noctuella Schiff. in South Devon H. L. OHEFFERNAN : Rhyacia simulans in Ireland. AUSTIN RICHARDSON Two Uncommon Flies in West Kent. A. A. ALLEN Plusia orichalcea Fab. (Lep.) in Hampshire. L. W. SiGGS Plusia aurifera Hubn. (orichalcea Fabr.) in West Sussex. A. J. WIGHTMAN : Plusia orichalcea Fabr., Uresiphita. aolnTerenns Schiff. amd Palpita unionalis Hiibn. in S. Cornwall. AUSTIN RICHARDSON ei ie se Plusia orichalcea Fabr. C. W. D. GIBSON ; Orgyia antiqua at Light. J. A. C. GREENWOOD Corrections Current Literature: Catalogus de Nederlandse Macrolepidoptera. B. J. LEMPKE British Shells. NORA F. McMILLAN aN a Li Birds of the British Isles and their Eggs. J. A. G. BARNES Gene Flow in a Cline: Amathes glariosa Esp. and its Melanic F. edda in Shetland. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL and R. J. BERRY f : Differences in Benaviour Dominance aad Survival wien a Cline: Amathes glariosa and its Melanic F. edda in Shetland. H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, R. J. BERRY, C. J. CADBURY and G. C. PHILLIPS Proceedings and Transactions of the British Te OMMolo nical and Natural History Society ahs ae are The Insects, Structure and Function. R. F. CHAPMAN Obituary: Dudley Graham Marsh (1891-1969) : : ae SUPPLEMENT: Butterflies and Moths of Kent, Vol. III. Bg IML CHALMERS-HUNT 2895 286 293 292 294 295 296 302 305 305 305 306 306 307 307 307 308 308 308 308 308 309 310 310 310 311 311 312 (31) ST a EC ED CHANGES OF ADDRESS S. F. Imber, Bellargus, Gadbridge Lane, Ewhurst, Surrey. M. J. Leech, 6 Craig View, Rhos-on-Sea, Collwyn Bay, Denbighshire, N. Wales. J. Muggleton, Dept. of Botany, The University, Bristol. R. M. Suydam, 133 Laurel Forrest Circle N.E., Atlanta, Georgia 30305, U.S.A. R. M. Williams, 5 Pandora Court, Ewell Road, Surbiton, Surrey. Se I LS WINTER CATALOGUE In November we publish our new Winter Catalogue listing pupae of exotic Swallowtails, Giant Silkmoths, British Hawks etc, with interesting books and equipment. Also a very fine selection of exotic set and papered Lepidoptera. Send now for a copy—free from: Worldwide Butterflies Ltd. pe eee DATA LABELS _ Neatly printed labels, available to any order, and on a variety of surfaces, to suit the requirements of most collectors These labels are frequently supplied to Museums and Research Establishments throughout the World. 100 250 500 750 1000 TL ROWDY}. Ras eee elt anv 3/6 4/6 6/6 8/3 10/- DB Tee gS S cee In Ree 4/6 5/6 8/- 10/— 12/6 MIGING Pee ciiere Sec cis ooie ss.5 5/3 6/3 9/6 13/3 15/- ob LATE Sie Siar eon ea 6/6 7/6 11/- 15/6 17/6 MOO SEX SIONS! 2. sei esis ole 3d. 123% discount on orders over 30/- Postage FREE On All Orders (Postal Business Only, Please.) A generous selection of sample labels is available free on request from:— P. D. J. HUGO 38 Cotswold Crescent, Chipping Norton, Oxon., OX7 5DT, England Please mention The Entomologist’s Record when replying J. J. HILL & SON LTD. Entomological Cabinet Manufacturers ; 10 DRAWER UNIT INSECT SECTIONS, STORE BOXES, ; INSECT DISPLAY CASES, MICRO SLIDE CABINETS, etc. Store Boxes now in stock at reduced prices YEWFIELD ROAD, LONDON, N.W. 10. Phone 01-459-0309 eR eT EE EF 7 IT OEE a EE BUTTERFLIES & MOTHS Large Selection of Papered Lepidoptera of the World iq : For price-list and quarterly supplementary lists, write ; DOUGLAS E. DODWELL, " 283 Summerleaze Park, Yeovil, Somerset, England THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) ALLEN, BSc; eee E Cc. M. diAsere raneeea. FRE, Ss. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine must be sent to the EDITOR at 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent. in ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to F. W. BYERS, 59 a7 Gurney Court Road, St. Albans, Herts. Specimen copies supplied by F. W. Byers on payment of 5s. 0d. or Sterling equivalent, which will be refunded or taken into account if person in question becomes a ae subscriber. oo? Subscriptions and Changes of Address should be sent to the Treasurer, P. N. CROW, Harvey House Flat 12, Westcote Road, Reading RG3 2DW, Berks., England. . Enquiries regarding Back Numbers, Volumes and Sets of Volumes to — S. N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, BR2, 9EE, Kent. on REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, # and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of corrected proof. ILLUSTRATIONS are inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. a Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. 4 All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., q but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND (. 81 No. 12 DECEMBER 1969 = # THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s. with the assistance of Aw A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. 265 baton (Philotes) .....---:----> 274 bavius (Philotes) ...... 287, 288, 291 belemia (Euchloé) .....------- 287 bella (Utetheisa) ....-------- 34, 38 pellargus (Lysandra) ED MID, A062 284, 288, 329 bembeciformis (Sphecia) .....- 81 bennetii (Agdistis) .....------: 249 berbera (Amphipyra) 62, 111, 123 berberata (Pareulype) ...----- 111 bergmanniana (CiOOSI) 5 sw ola cs 42 betulae (Parornix) ...---:----- 4 betulae (Thecla) 79, 109, 283, 330 pbetularia (Biston) 43, 60, 62, 95, 167, 265, 302 betulea (Neofaculta) ....-.-- Ameeast betulicola (Caloptilia) ....-- 4, 41 biblis (Didonis) ....--.----:---- 38 bibulus (Lachnocnema) .....--- 258 bicolorana (Pseudoips) ...----- 168 bicolorata (Hadena) .....-.----- 303 bicolorata (Mythimna) ....---- 140 bicruris (Hadena) .......------- 138 bicuspis (Harpyia) ...- 39, 44, 79 bidentata (Gonodontis) AS maui: SPECIAL INDEX PAGE bifasciana (Spatalistis) ........ 127 bikaciataln Cer! Zona) para ene 111 bigelovi)(Crambus) 25es- 0h... 32 billimeatay Ceuip lyase eta 171 bilunarial(Selenia) es ee eae yal bilunulata (Eupithecia) ........ 308 bimaculatals(Bapta)ieesse ee 62, 109 binotapennella (Coleophora) 139 bipantitay Gihaleractria)as aac: 140 bipunctaria (Ortholitha) ...... Talal bipunctidactyla (Stenoptilia) ie biren (H. bombycina) biriviata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 108 longillentay . Swe NE); 4 ess oboe ee 172 biundularia (Ectropis) ...... 62, 171 blandiata (Perizoma) .......... WHA blomeri (Discoloxia) ........ 79, 111 boeticus (Lampides) 260, 286, 291, 297, 298, 302 bombycina (Hadena) .... 39, 44, 110 bombycoides (lapara)) 2.2. (02... 72 [NOI NOTANCA CBO) Sanwe he econ seoe 258 bone (@eneis) eee eee BNA, BG bractea (Plusia) .. 110, 111, 168, 172 brassicae (Pieris) 42, 58, 68, 106, 169, 235, 237, 265, 280, 282, 284, 290, 300, 304, 323 brevicultata (Eupithecia) ...... 140 brevilinea (Arenostola) ........ 111 Jonciennrel (Odean) os 6 ooo boo sees 260 brisers \(Catocala) ian: eres 72 bisisersa (Chazanca) peste en 299 brooksi (Poecilmitis) .......... 186 brumata (Operophtera) 43, 114, 172 brunnea (Diarsia) 167, 233, 265 brunnealis (Actemia) .......... 140 brunnearia (Selidosema) ...... 62 brunneata (Itame) ........ NG, 23S lnAVOIMNAe PERS) So csboacedls oc 227 buqueti (Netheronia) 9. 0... .7- 257 caecaria (Semaeopus) ...... 34, 38 caenullean@erospallita) ee eerie: 191 CHesia’ CaACOMEe)\ oesckbhsbsecse 69 caesiata (Entephria) ...... 110, 171 Call alge CAC; Gta) sae ee 59, 69 c-album (Polygonia) » 285 BB 82, 150, 236, 237, 283, 303, 304 caleatrippe (H. rivularis) ealthella (Micropteryx) ...... 40 calyce (Nymphidum) .......... 39 cambrica (Venusia) .... 81, 110, 111 camelina (L. canucina) camilla (Limenitis) 128, 283, 303, 325 Canaya(Gy stan cura) ae eee 38 CanlolamGhilema) ene enrree 112 eaptiuncula (Phothedes) ...... 80 capucina (Lophopteryx) .... 62, 69 caradrinalis (Bleptina) ........ 38 earbonaria (Isturgia) ...... 76, 105 cardamines (Anthocaris).... 42, 105, 126, 235, 236, 275, 319 320, 326, 328 i] | } PAGE 1 cardui (Vanessa) .. 58, 68, 82, | 112, 169, 235, 237, 261, 274 | 280, 282, 299, 301, 302, 304, | 320, 324 | earlinella (Metzmeria) ...... 3, 126 carmelita (Odontosia) 105, 108, 130 | carphodactylus (Leioptilius) .. 139 | carpinata (Trichopteryx) ...... 172 || cassertiella (Crambus) 287, 300 | cassioides (Erebia) ............ 67 | ceassius (Cassionympha) ........ 257 | eassius (Leptotes) @2)9"). aa 39 - cassus (Tarsocera) ............ Ge | castanea (Amathes) 110, 112, 250 | eastigata (Eunpithecia) ........ 43 | eastrensis (Malacosoma) ...... 291 eatillus \(Polygonus) =. ae Bye) cebrene (Precis) eee 261m celtis (Libythea) .......... 236, 237 ecembrae (Scoparia) —--2 7s oa centaureae (Pyrgus) .......... 76 cerasana (Pandemis) .......... 42 eerisyi (Zerinthia) ........ 298, 300 cerogama (Catocala) .......... 73 cervinalis (Rheumaptera) ...... 111i cespitana (Argyroploce) ...... 172 CeSpruS i GEN Olea) eae 112 chariclea (Clossiana) ...... 317, 318 charlotta (A. aglaia) chenopodiata (Ortholitha) 111 chersis’ (Sphinx) eee eee 12 chi (Antity, oe) ene 82, 172 chiron (Eumedonia) .. 67, 326, 328 chloris (Mylothris) ............ 260 chlorosata (lLithina) ...... 43, 62 christyi (Oporinia) .... 113, 172, 200 chrysantas (Lepidochrysops) .. 100 chrysaor (Poecilmitis) . 258, 259 chrysippus (Danaus) .......... 257 chrysitis (Plusia) ..29, 69, 73, 324 chrysomuchellus (Crambus) .... 297 cilialish @Nascia) eee ee 127 cinietarial)(Cleora) nae 108 cinerea (Agrotis) .............. 109 cinereopunctella (Elachista) .. 3 cinerosella (Euzophera) 126, 149 cingulata (Agrius) ........ 34, 38 cingulata (Pyrausta) .......... 3 cinxia (Melitaea) .. 18, 273, 288, 290, 326 circe (Brintesia) .............. 299 cirntanay (Procris) eee 291 eissus (Cupidopsis) ............ 259 citrago (Tiliacea).......... 109, 170 citrata (Dysstroma) 62, 69, 171, 324 clathrata) (Chiasmia) eee eee 265 clavaria (Larentia) ............ 62 cleobaea (Lycorea) ............ 38 cleodora (Eronia) ............ 258 cleopatra (Gonopteryx) 235, 237, 286, 288, 290, 297, 298, 301 cloacella (Nemapogon) ........ 41 cloanthe (Catacroptera) ...... 261 clytus) (Dina) sae eee eee 261 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE c-nigrum (Amathes) .....- 44, 167 coccinata (Ephesia) ........---- 73 leoerulata (Hydriomena) ...... 43 cognatella (Yponomeuta) ...... 6 comariana (Acleris) ....-- 126, 129 combinella (Pseudoswammer- GleeraaiseD) | eae ere eae en nore 6 comes (Euschesis) 172, 265 comitata (Pelurga) .....-..---- 171 comptana (Ancylis) ......-.---- 3 concinnata (Dysstroma) .......-. 172 _concumbens (Cattocallay ee 72 iconfusa (Haploa) .........::--- Ue} fcontusa (Plusia) .....-----:--- 282 |confusalis (Celama) ....-. 44, 69 conjugella (Argyresthia) .....- 41 | consonaria (Hctropis) .....-.-.- 79 _conspersa (Hadena) 69, 109, 128 contaminana (A. rhombeana) contigua (Hadena) ........---: 109 conturbatella (Mompha) ...... 29 convolvuli (Herse) 17, 68, 324, 329, 337 conwagana (Pseudoargyrotoza) 127 copelandi (Microcrambus) 32 coracina (Psodos) ..----:-:°-: 106 cordigera (Anarta) ......-..... 105 ecoridon (Lysandra) 82, 283, 284, 303. 304, 312 eorinna (Coenonympha) .....-. 120 corsica (Polia) .....-.:+:::---> 138 corylana (Pandemis) ..-..- UO MTS corylata (Electrophaes) 43, 172 232 eoryli (Colocasia) ....... 44. 69 costipunctana (Epiblema) ...... nis eraccae (Lygephila) SO. 110), 125, 128, 129 cramera (Aricia) .) Dies BEB) Bau _eramerella (Glyphipterix)...... 4] crassalis (B. fontis) crataegi (Aporia) 275, 288, 290, 326, 327, 328 erataegi (Trichiura) ........ 62, 324 crenata (Apamea) 44, 62, 172, 250 creona (Belenois) .-.-------:: 258 eretacella (Homoeosoma) ....-- 5 cribraria (C. cribrum) eribrum (Coscinia) ....--.----- 303 cribrumalis (Zanclognatha) 109, 127, 232 erinanensis (Hydraecia) NAO, 1S) eristana (Acleris) ..-----: 125, 129 eroceago (Jodia) ....------ 37 109 eroceus (Colias) .- 112, 235, 237 274, 286, 287, 290, 301, 305, 320, 329 ero@escllamCAGela) rir). - pectic t 127 sara, (Oise arse ease 172 cuculata (Euphyia) ..---- 111, 128 cuculipennella (Caloptilia) 130 culmellus (Agriphila) ...--- Wl cuprella (Adela) .--------- 125 cupriacella (Nemotois) ...----- 128 cursoria (Buxoa) ..------- 69, 111 > ‘ PAGE curtula (Clostera) .....-----: 109, 112 curvistrigaria (Pero) ...... 34, 38 cyanea (Agrodiaetus) .....----. 59 cybele (Speyeria) ......------:: 71 cydippe (Argynnis) ......------ 288 cymochles (Parides) ....--.- Bis ake) cynosbatella (Eadie) ee eeeee 172 dabanensis (Erebia) .....----- 201 dactylina (Apatele) .......--- 713 Glalnlby DiiebesHe)) Goose k seed ose soo iy damon (Agrodiaetus) .......--- i damone (Anthocharis) .......- 235 daphne (Brenthis) .......... 66, 327 daphnis (Meleageria) ...... 66, 67 daplidice (Pontia) _ 274, 299, 301 dardanus (Papilio) .........--- 257 debiliata (Chloroclystis) ...... 62 deceptoria (Lithacodia) ........ 161 decolorella (Blastobasis) . 46; 129 definita (Anthene) ........-.--- 258 defoliaria (Erannis) ........ 43, 114 degeerella (Nemotois) ......-- 40 deione (Mellicta) .........----- 326 demodecus (Papilio) ........-- 258 dendrophilus (Meneris) ........ 257 dentina (H. nana) deplana (Eilema)” -....-.°=..- 111 deridens (Charada) .........- 32 derivalis (Paracolax) 110 derivata (Anticlea) ..........-- 171 desfontainii (Euphydryas) .. 287, 288, 290 designalis (Agathodes) ........ 38 designata (Xanthorhoe) A}. lial, 112) 172 diamina (Mellicta) 66, 326, 328, 329 dicksoni (Tarsocera) ....------ 153 didyma (Melitaea) ee 2388290 didymata (Calostygia) 104, 110, 170 Gitanisy (Cosma) ss) sews 233 dilucida (Autophila) .........- 140 diluta (Asphalis) .......------- 112 Gilutata (Oporinia) .......- 172, 200 dimidiata (Pheosia) .........- 73 diomus (Spialia) ........------: 262 dipsacea (H. viriplaca) dirce (Gynesia) .....--. By etsy 24a Ghisey CHEE). yoicadd oo be wae WB. CO dispar (Lycaena) -.....-.------ 305 dispunctella (Elachista) ........ 3 dissoluta (Nonagria) 82, 112, 305 distinctata (Bapta) ..........-- 108 diversana (Choristoneura) 96 djaelaelae (Hretis) ......:.---- 258 dodacella (Exoteleia) .......-.- 127 dodonaea (Drymonia) ......-- 109 dodoneata (Eupithecia) ........ 309 dolabraria (Plagodis) ...... 43, 232 dominula (Panaxia) 111, 161, 284 dorantes (Hudamus) 315), aie dorcana’ (Grapholita))- 2 te? dorus (Coenonympha) 327, 328 dorylas (Lysandra) 328, 329 doubledayi (Colotis) 100 PAGE GOxORM CD I seo eee eee 38 lundana (A. badiana) lunosa (Omphaloscelis) ...... 69, 324 lunula (Aporophila) ........ 1S see lunwillay (Colophasia) iss. eer ee 113 lupinus (Hyponephele) 200, 300, 301 lupulina (Hepialus) ............ 40 luridata (E. extersaria) lurideola (hilema)a sae 148 lutarea (M. modestella) lutea (Cita) pa eee eee jblsy aly luteas(Spilosoma) ieee ee 266 luteailis! (Ud ea) ies nana 172 luteolata (Opisthograptis) ...... 43 luzella (Lampronia) ............ 12% lychnidis (Agrochola) .......... 170. iychmitise (Cuculllta) ieee 304 machaon (Papilio) 126, 235, 236. 274, 300, 329 macilenta (Agrochola) ........ 336 macmasteri (Phasis) ........ 260, 285 macularia (Pseudopanthera) .... 48 maculeum (Caryocolum) ........ 5 maculipennis (Plutella).. 41, 62, 172 maculosana (Hysterophora) .... 42 SPECIAL INDEX 11 | PAGE ‘TaACICA (ODE) Y Soe cusiciote eeoloie 274, 287 ‘magus (Pseudonympha) ........ 261 mahellokoaena (Eicochrysops).. 260 Mmialan@Hemileuca)l 2s. 2. 22 pmalvace (Pyneus) {22.0 ) 2... 126, 299 mannii, (Pieris) 5.2... 235 2a 29 “margaritata (Campaea) ........ 172 marginana (Endothenia) .... 42, 128 marginaria (Erannis) .... 107, 150 marginata (Lomaspilis).... 172, 32 MmManoiuted=sGuScheria) = 2% we... 40 marginepunctata (S. promutata) marginicolella (Nepticula) 6 maritima (Bucculatrix) ........ 5 ManavinMamCTelTOtaIS) Mas. se = 303 rameueyevor. (VE\oat EY) ee siaweoee ees 235 marmorea (Eurhodope) ........ 5 mianoessau (@Neptis) sa... .-.---- 257 marshalli (Cacyreus) .......... 260 martialis (U. ferrugalis) matheri (Microcrambus) ...... 32 maturna (Euphydryas) ........ 65 maura (Mormo) .. 81, 107, 220, 249, 280 mauritanica (Fatmocelina) .... 139 meander (Prepona) ........ 354 Soo mediifascia (Parallelia) .......-. 193 ramneehisey (aie@lolie)) Sone socceuseos 318 megacephala (Apatele) ........ 62 megara (Tithorea) ............ 38 megera (Pararge).. 15, 42, 150, 235, 237, 274, 280, 287, 291, 298, 301, 304 melaleuca (Sympista) ........ 75 mellonella (Galleria) .......... 305 melpomene (Helioconius) ...... 38 igoveraararorn (CPB yoINO)) sbeoeseeoccc 122 mendica (Argyresthia) ........ 6 -mendica (Cycnia) .......... 44, 109 menaphron (Psilogramma) .... 136 menyanthidis (Apatele) 39, 44, 81, 110 meolans (Erebia) . 826, 328, 329 mercuriana (Eucosma) ......-. 104 merdella (Paratinea) .......... 149 messaniella (Lithocolletis) 41 methymna (Lepidochrysops) 97, 259 meticulosa (Phlogophora) .. 29, 59 metis (Metisella) .........-.--- 262 meton (Thecla) ........-.-- 36, 39 metophis (Brephidium) ........ 260 mi (Euclidimera) ........-. 44, 274 miata (Chloroclysta) 108, 113, 17 micacea (Gortyna) .......- 69, 324 microdactylus (Adaina) ........ 3 mimetica (Euproctis) .......... 196 minimella (Neurotois) .. 128, 129 minimus (Cupido) 235, 237, 284, 288, 299, 327, 329 ministrana (Eulia) <.......-:-- 42, missipus (Hypolimnas) .......- 257 mnemosyne (Parnassius) 325, 328 modesta (Pachysphinx) ........ 72 modestella (Metriotes) ........ 41 PAGE mokeezi (Celaenorrhinus) ...... 257 monacha Giymanitria)™ 222.25 111 moneta (Polychrisia) 29, 73, 168, 265 monogiypha (Apamea).. 69, 167, 172, 265, 324 monogramma (S. fixa) montanata (Xanthorhoé) .. 43, 170 MontantiswGHnelbila)) pa eae ee 67 montensisy Ati cla) sen ae ee 327 monusta (CAscia)y 25233 34, 38 morniqiab, C(Aizaniis) nee ee 260 morosa (Aristotelis) .......... 126 morpheus (Caradrina) ........ 265 mucronata (Ortholitha) 43, 114, 172, 233 MUN cana CN wWelarle) aes cee 110 mundissima (Concana) ........ 38 multistrigaria (Colostygia) .... 172 munitata (Xanthorhoé) 56 DUO) A724 muralis (Cryphia) Le TAGS a2 jan baeanay (Shraiaelaey pede saeco 6c 110 lanobanaeyiel GMIbMOE)) . oS eock oe. 43, 309 murinipennella (Coleophora) .. 41 musculana (Syndemis) ...... 42, 172 myellus (C. permutatellus) maylitanCDsyaamaniaa))) eee eye 38 myops (Calasymbolus) .......... 72 mayatilllanay Am cys) Raa eee 42 MAAC AULT (CAVOEVAIEY) Wo Siocu cool coe 5 112 mete! CSRGCEY) Gopooosc sur 44, 69, 324 manatae (MUupitheciay ies sae 309 nandarivata (Dasychira) ........ 195 nanelilayGRecunvaria) is se aene se 128 mMapacas ,CS0loria) rau. sa aie ee 317 napi (Pieris) 42, 68, 76, 105, 126, 169, 225, 235, 237, 274, 282, 323 mastesy (Colas) as ase eee Os oie naxiancAdelpha) sa seanecdoer a: 37, 38 nNebullosam(Polia) meee see 69, 80 nemoralis) CAisrotera)) a eass ee 161 nemoralis (Zanclognatha) ...... 232 nemorella (C. pratellus) neobula: \((Acraea)iess. bees 259 neurica (Nonagria) 7.225 2.--= >: 111 neustria (Malacosoma) .......... 138 nig Gelusia) saree eee 6, 17, 110, 112 TMiavaluUses CAMauTGS)) Seep eee 251 nicelli (Lithocolletis) .......... 6 meee. (CAEN) goo ccee eos dooec 67 mickerlit \Gcuuperina) sees ore see 321 nigra (A. lunula) nigrella "Gilachista)) sera... 3 Migricansw CHUxOa) een eel 82 nigricella (Coleophora) ........ 41 nigricomella (Buccalatrix) ...... 128 nigrilineana (Acleris) .......... 123 nigropunctata (Scopula) ........ 161 miluse(Calephelis) seer weer 39 MITeCUsH (LaplliO) manera 257, 258 ranean (ABibbevOAE)) coc cecosaecouuanoc 251 niveicostella (Coleophora) ...... 181 noctuella (Nomophila) 62, 68, 96, 236, 300, 306, 320, 324 Horna (@Oenels)s ieee ee eer 317 12 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE MOONE (GENES) 2555 505005ecuc 258 nubeculosa (Brachyonica) ...... 108 r@bloss) (Uae) so5505¢s60555005 39 nubiferana (Hedya) ............ 42 nubilalis (Ostrinia) ............ 140 numilia (Catanephele) Bt, 38 imo, (CEWOCEHIE) so5cch0cs0csu 72 Oloalbig@e, CRUDOG) .o5c55-c00a00¢ 69 obeliscata (Thera) ...... 29, 43, 172 Oberthuri COmia) ese ctee 291 obesalis (Hypena) .............. 336 oblonga (Apamea) ........ 111, 233 obscurata (Gnophos) .......... 113 obsoleta’ (ueucaniia)) 25. 454-.55- 232 obstipata (Nycterosea) .. 62, 113, 305, 324 Obtusanay. CAmecy lis) | eee 127 obtusella (Coleophora) ........ 5 Ocaleam Galypolenia) seer sn ne eee 38 @eewilcn CURIS) 2b ssss5535550555 82 ocellata (Smerinthus) .. 72, 167, 265 ocellatella (Scrobipalpa) ........ 126 ochileam@Am aun) (ane ec ee 251 ochrearia (Aspitates) ...... 112, 179 ochroleuca (Eremobia) .. 82, 168, 281 Octavaal @25ECs) an eeareeenenne 261 oculea (Hydraecia) .... 120, 170, 198 oditis (L. hispida) oedippus (Coenonympha) ...... 65 OeMlenGEie ia): ey es ee ee 326 CGNOiaD (winomigy) ssdcss geese 5 294 oleracea (Diataraxia) 44, 69, 167, 172, 324 olivaceella (Coleophora) ...... 5, 126 Olin alasm(Widlea) haere a Wi) olivata (Colostygia) ............ 111 Olivaellal @Dasvicera)) -enarae see 128 onaeum (Nymphidium) ........ 39 OnopordiGey resus) see 291 OO (DIVE) 32255556582 20008 130 ’ ophiogramma (Apamea) ........ 233 oporana (Anchips)iee.-5.- ase 42 oppressana (Gypsonoma) ...... 127 optilete (Vacciniina) ............ 317 orana (Adoxophyes) ........ 95, 179 Oran CROCS) ssoccocagaass2 06 291 Onrana (Aycaena) ieee enone 289, 291 orbitulus! CAllbulina)eessaee oa 67 orichaleea (Plusia) 307, 308 Owencliz: GUCCI) 2. 555566558255e0 39 orientalis (Euchloé) .......:.... 237 ornata (Scopula) ...... 111, 139, 291 ornitopus (Lithophane) .... 108, 113 ortygia (Lepidochrysops) ...... 259 osteodactylus (Oideematophorus) 3 ‘OthomCPolites) ieee see eae 39 otregiata (Lampropteryx) .. 109, 111 ottomana (Erebia) ...... 66, 328, 329 oxyacanthae (Allophyes) 113, 265, 336 oxyacanthella (Stigmella) ...... 6 Ophei ODI) Sasoscasscenvocsos 261 palaemon (Carterocephalus) 325, 326 ipalaenoudColias) paeeee eae 76 paleacea (Enargia) ............ 83 PAGE palemon (Cacyreus) ............ 260 pales™ (Boloria) eae 66 pallens (Leucania)..... 69, 167, 172 pallida (Biyophilla) eee eee 138 pallida (Witlesia) ............ 127 pallidactyla (Platyptilia) ...... 172 pallidata (Evergestis) .......... 233 palmus (Poecilmitis) .......... 259 palpina (Pterostoma) .......... 44 paludana\ (CAneylis) = aes 21 paludis (Hydraecia) 120, 179, 199, 249 palustrana (Olethreutes) ...... 172 palustris (Hydrillula) .......... 109 pamphilus (Coenonympha) ..15, 43, 68, 126, 169, 235, 237, 274, 284, 291, 299, 303, 304, 327, 328, 329 pan! ((Thecla)! 2) aaseaere eee 251 pandora (Pandoriana) 274, 290, 334 pandrose (Erebia) .......... Ty. Sim panzerella (Borkhausenia) ays LDH panzeriella (Nemophora) ...... 40 paphia (Argynnis) . 128, 283e2m parallelaria (Hpione) ........°. 306 parasitella (C. woodiella) parianus (Parides) 9......-- 3p. yao parthenoides (Mellicta) 326, 329 parva (Eublemma) 75....-- 110, 130 parvidactyla (Oxyptilus) ...... 128 pavonia (Saturnia) 43, 62, 170;, 322 pectinataria (Colostygia) 43, 62, 112, 170, 233 pectinatella (Tollia) .......... 139 pedaria (Phigalia) ........ 151, 171 pedella (Stathmopoda) ........ 128 peleides (Morpho) ........ 3D, 08 pelidnodactyla (Stenoptilia) .. 139 pellucida (Ithomia) ............ 38 peltigera (Heliothis) 28 polls 82, 111, 235, 291, 300 penningtoni (Lepidochrysops) .. 97 perlellus (Crambus) ..........- 172 perlepidana (G. jungiella) perlepidella (Acrolepia) ...... 187 permutatellus (Crambus) ...... 180 persicariae (Melanchra) 59, 265 petasitis (Gortyna) ........ 79, 82 petropolitana (Dira) .......... 316 pfeifferella (Antispila) ........ 125 pharte) @irebia) eee eee nee 66 pherusa (Agapetes) ....-. 289, 291 phicomone (Colias) :........... 67 phidyle (Sarangesa) .......... 261 philinna Cihecla) ie) ee eeree 39 phlaeas (Lycaena) 7, 42, 149,° 169, 235, 275, 287, 291, 302, 303, 328 palonmiGisw(S piallila) ieee een 299 phoebe (Melitaea) 273, 288, 290, 326, 334 phoeniceata (Eupithecia) .. 112, 140 pholus (Daropsa) .............. 72 piceana’ /CArchips) ee eeeeaee 127 | PAGE jorenas CNl@sicles) “25. Sees see ec 261 feisnag (Clostera)) .....-.-..--.-- 109 pilosaria (P. pedaria) pilosellae (Oxyptilus) .......... 128 -pinastri (Hyloicus) C2, Wilt, Way prMellusi(Catoptmia)) ) 4. 22. 22ch- 233 _jpiliadt | (BU homndatereite Deans een 308 Ppiniaria _(Bupalus) .....29, 43, 171 -pinicolella (Batachedra) ..:..- 127 -pirithous (Syntarucus) ..... 260 | pisi (Ceramica) ........ 44, 62, 170 ‘plagiata (Anaitis) .... 43, 232, 233 -plagicolella (Nepticula) ........ 6 plantaginella (Scrobipalpa) 4 plantaginis (Parasemia) 78, 110, i7v plecta (Ochropleura) 29, 44, 62, 167 plexippus (Danaus) 34, 35, 38, 64, 71, 255 plumbella (Yponomeuta) ...... 4} plumigera (Ptilophora) .......- 114 jolltuti@ ~©Caneelonle) oo ecb poneee esac 67 podalirius (Papilio) 273, 274, 299, 300 podana (A. ovorana) Dolarism (Clossiama) gee. fe s)-- oe 317 polita (Nepheloleuca) ...... 34, 38 pollinalis (Titanio) ............ 291 polychloros (Nymphalis) .... 63, 275 polycommata (Trichopteryx) 107, 324 polygonalis (Uresiphita) ........ 308 polyxena (Zerynthia) ...... 235, 236 populana (Pammene) ........-- 41 populata (Lygris) .........- aK i populeti (Orthosia) ............ 108 populi (Laothoé) .... 43, 69, 167, 265 populi (limenitis) ........-..... 65 populi (Poecilocampa) ........ 172 poGatal Cosymbia) yy . 3. -- 22 ae 112 porcellus (Deilephila) ...... 167, 303 porphyrea (Peridroma) ...... 62, 68 postvittana (Austrotortrix) .... 129 potatoria (Philudoria) ...... 19, 250 praecocella (Argyrethsia) ...... 125 praecox (Actebia) .............- 69 prasina (Anaplectoides) .......- 69 pratellus (Crambus) .... 42, 172, 234 proboscidalis (Hypena) ........ We procellata (Melanthia) ........ 233 promissa (Catocala) ...........- 111 promutata (Scopula) ........ 62, 140 pronuba (Noctua) 29, 69, 107, 167, 170, 265, 324 pronubana (Cacoecimorpha) .... 2 propinquella (A gonopterix) 41 prosapiaria (E. fasciaria) proteus (Eudamus) ........---- 39 prunaria (Angerona) .......... 110 prunata (Lygris) ........-- 82, 111 pruni (Strymonidia) ...... 109, 330 pruniana (Apotomis) .......--- 42 pseudoalpestrana (Dichrorampha) 127 pseudospretella (Hofmannophila) 171 DSinCAoalele) saree ssc =<. - 5 BY) psylorita (Aricia) ........------ 297 pudibunda (Dasychira) .....- 44, 232 SPECIAL INDEX 13 PAGE pulchella (Utetheisa) .......... 34 pulchellata (Eupithecia) ........ 43 pulchrina (Plusia) ...... 44, 69, 172 pulveraria (Anagoga) .... 43, 62, 109 pulverea (Heterocampa) ........ 32 pumilata (Gymnoscelis) ........ 172 punctariay (Cosymbia) ears 62 punctata (DySaUxes)ie area 300 punctatissima (Pardopsis) ...... 259 punctidactyla (Amblyptilia) .... 172 punctifer (Xyleutes) ........ 34, 38 punctifera (Lysandra) .. 288, 289, 291 punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) .... 250 punctulata (Aethelura) ........ 43 punctum (Zygaena) ........ 299, 300 pupillanay (2ucosma)shs--.-- ee 149 puppillaria (Cosymbia) ...... 34, 335 purdeyi (Clavigesta) ..........-.. 2 purpuralis (Zygaena) .......-.- 106 Dusabiay (Cabera)) Soseeereee ce Ay Te pustulata (Comibaena) ........-- 232 Puta A SOS). hy eee 44 putrescens (Leucania) ...... 111, 128 putEisy CAs lia) ie paren 27, 44, 167 pygmaeella (Argyresthia) ...... 41 pygmina (Arenostola) .......... 172 Dyralima’ (Cosma). 4c 168 pyraloides (Oblima) ...........- 38 pyramidea (Amphipyra) .. 62, 73, 112, 123, 265 pyramidoides (Amphipyra) 73 pyrella (Swammerdamia) .....-. 41 pyroeis (Poecilmitis) .......... 259 pyrrhulipennella (Coleophora) .. 125 quadra (Lithosia) )...2----.J..- 170 quadrifasiata (Xanthorhoé) .. 81, 232, 233 quadrimaculella (Scoliaula) .... 128 quadripunctaria (Euplagia) Halal. 112, 129 quercana (Carcina) ........---- 127 quercipolia (Gastropacha) .. 168, 233 quercinaria (Ennomos) ........ ial} quercus (Lasiocampa) ...... 18, 170 quercus (Thecla) .. 111, 119, 320, 329 quieta (Schéyenia) ..........-- ra radiatellus (Ypsolophus) ........ 130 Teaanoeey (/NGREE)) Sooo cr eo cabetcoe 259 rapae (Pieris) .. 42, 58, 169, 225, 235, 275, 280, 290, 300, 304, 329 raschkiella (Mompha) .........- 29 ratzeburgiana (Zeiraphera) 5 ravida (Spaelotis) .........-----. 233 reaumurella (A. viridella) maaan (GiewIE)) “a sbacaccsscacs ce 192 rebeli (Maculinea) ..........--.- 327 recens; (@xugyla)) sessed 79, 110 rectangulata (Gonophora) ...... 73 reerenubhaveee) (Eb Ade) csecccsscocce 106 relictam (Catocalay se sei Tee renatalis (Evergestis) .......... 139 repandaria (Epione) ........--.. 29 Repand aici CANCIS) Secreted 69, 171 resplendella (Heliozela) ........ 128 14 PAGE KReELUSas (ZenG)) ia) meee ae eee 62 revayana (Nycteola) ............ 81 rhamni (Gonepteryx) 28, 42, 288, 290, 304, 319 rhamniella (Sorhagenia) .... 20, 128 rhombana (Acleris) ........ 42, 148 ribeata (Deileptenia) .......... 108 TACHA CHEN COMIUS) meee eee 38 ridens (Polyploca) ........ 108, 231 Tp aew CALLOUS) ae ee eee iil Givata. (HMlGynOG)sss. sia. Peo slaty rivulana (Olethreutes) .... 128, 172 rivularis (Hadena) ........ ile 2s} rivularis (L. anonyma) roporellam@2hycita) isan eee 5 rolandi (Lithocolletis) ........ 123 TOSanayCATehioS) aa wees Ee 96 ROSCA CSticiM ella) haan ae ne 6 rotundatay) CDiiomea)is ae. 5s 194 rubi (Callophrys) ..68, 76, 288, 291, 326 eulon (DIESE) Yo. nb ss oe oe .. 44, 321 Pullon (UMEeaoaEVOE)) ono oacss6s 170 rubiginata (Plemyria) .... 111, 232 rubricollis (Atolmis) ...... 80, 110 rubricosa (Cerastis).... 44, 67, 324 RirrataeChesias) ss ee 108, 309 ruficiliana (Falseuncaria) ...... 42 rufimitrella (Adela) .......... 40 rufocinerea (Elachista) ........ 41 rumicis (Apatele) .......... 44, 172 rumina (Zerynthia) ....278, 288, 290 ruptifasciata (Timochares) .... 251 ePEVbIS|. Celene). sn o5 556 3 42, 282 moreningasy (CUS OSIS) soccer soe 2 russiae (Agapetes) ........ 326, 327 sacraria (Rhodometra) .... 233, 300 Sainltiza CBIGVCIUS) 2.5 +:600000048 Zoi salicalis (Colobochylia) .. 110, 161 Ssaligna (Phyllocnistis) ........ 127 samoset (Amblyscirtes) ........ 31 sangiella (Stomopteryx) ...... 181 sarcitrella (Endrosis) ...... 41, 17 Sevackormnpx CRINSIS), sos ag000s55- 313 satyrion (Coenonympha) ...... 66 saucia (P. porphyrea) saundersii (Chlosyne) ...... 35, 38 saxicola (Homeosoma) ........ 140 schalleriana (Acleris) ........ Wi schoenicolella (Glyphipteria) 128 schrankiana (Titanio) ........ V7 schwarziella (N. panzeriella) scolapacina (Apamea) ........ 111 Scombeatans (ElOyaSii0 Cc) Mei iene 138 seniosa CaEioWMGMSs)) F2555-5decc- 339 scutulana (Epiblema) .......... A} secalis (Apamea) 69, 167, 172, 265, 324 selene (Argynnis) 68, 76, 169, 302, 323, 326, 329 semele (Eumenis) 15, 68, 169, 283, 298, 299, 301 semiargus (Cyaniris) 291, 326, 327, 329 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE semibrunnea (Lithophane) 109, 114, 130 semifasciana (Apotomis) Oy 1 semifusca ((Argyresthia) ...... 6 seminella (Secrobipalpa) ...... 4 sempiternus (Anastrus) ........ 251 senecionana (Clepsis) ......._... 42 Senexa|(Comacla) aan 232 sequellus (Ypsolophus) ........ 130 serena (H. bicolorata) Sericealis™ (ivula) ae 62 serpyllatorum (Coleophora) .... 3 sexstrigata (Amathes) ........ 170 Sifanican) (Bolonia) eee 66, 328 signatana (Epinotia)” 2)... 777" 42 silaceata (Ecliptoptera) 43, 69, 106, 233 SHeEnesia GEio1 a) ie 140 Sihenvlhigy Cdoinesiey) 25 .555--.....- es Simulisy (Gi Wp ro cts) seen 44 simulans). CRihvacia) 81, 306 sinapis (Leptidea) .... 126, 235, 236 sirene) (Atotis)) jaye ae eee 39 siterata (Chloroclysta) ~.. 7.2) 172 sobrinata (Eupithecia) ........ 172 socia (Lithophane) ........ 113, 114 SOlmNeGin(SCrobipalioa) eee 337 sokotokai (Giaura) ............ 192 solidaginis (Lithomoia) ........ 82 Solitam (Ueucania) esa 38 Sondaria (Gnophos) eee 76 sordens (Apamea) .2..59.25" 44, 265 Sordiday(Catocala) ae ea 73 sordidana (Hpinotia) =. 4} sororculella (Gelechia) ........ 128 southeyae))(Garsocera)ess eee Tihs spadicearia (Xanthorhoé) .. 43, 170 sparganii (Nonagria) .. 111, 233, 303 spartifoliella (Leucoptera) .... 41 Spleidactylay(@Aciptiliia) eee 139 Spilodactyla (Alucita) ........ 1 Spini(Siy,mon) ae 327 Splmitenam: CAlsro tis) ie 140 Splo ga GSyolalla)) eee 262 Spissicornis (Coleophora) ...... 6 splendana (Laspeyresia) ...... 5 splendidulana (Pammene) .... 41 stabilis (Orthosia) “1Gi, Wainer Stalbic esa (50 Cis] S) nae 106 SAMs CNCWUSHS) sosscces55556- 126 stelenes (Metamorpha) stellata (Disclisioprocta) stellatarum (Macroglossum) 235, 288, 300, 320 sternipennella (Coleophora) .. 5° stigmatica (Amathes) .. 81, 82, 111 stipella (Microsetia) .......... 4 straminea (Leucania) ...... By iLils} Strataniay @Bi1Ston) see ee 107 striata (Mecodina) ............ 195 striatipennella (Coleophora) .. 5 strigana (Lathronympha) ...... 41 Sweyeslbisy CPCS) Gacss shoo s555- 199 Stroemiana | (Epinotia)) (222... I) PAGE suaedella (Scrobipalpa) ........ 126 /subalbidella (Elachista) ...... 41 subfuscata (E. castigata) |subnigrella (Elachista) ........ 3 /subocellea (Elachista) .......... 3 _subocellea (Thiotricha) /subpurpurella (Mnemonica) .... 40 -subrosea (Caenophila) 108, 111, | 179; 2165 250) 275 -subsequana (Acrolita).......... 126 succedana (Laspeyresia) .... 41, 172 moudetica (Erebia) i ia) 2-22! 66, 326 -suffumata (Lampropteryx) 48, 108, 172, 231 sulphurella (Dasycera) ........ 41 swammerdamelia (Nemophora) 172 awlhyaie CNoebS)) ose souen cee 265 sylvaticella (Coleophora) 4) sylvicola (Carterocephalus) .... 316 syrichtus (Hesperia) .. 34, 38, 3 Shicmaeeyale (CUs\joeiee) Fane oecuee 4 € 43 syringella (Caloptilia) ........ 41 taenialis) (Schrankia)! 2. 22-2:-.: 111 taeniolella (Stomopteryx) .... 4 (ages Caanails) on aes. 42, 170, 326 tagis (Euchloé) 274, 288, 289, 290, 334 tantillaria (Eupithecia) . 48, 309 tarsipennalis (Zanclognatha) 232 TeGellam@EoiMoOtia)eee occa a. 41 telecanus (S. pirithous) i@oneraia, CRAIGIE)) Sobcecaaoseeo- 109 templi (Dasypolia) 67, 108, 113, 114, 179 tenebrata (Panemeria) ........ 44 - tentaculella (Ancylolomia) 139 Tenellaw CBigyOtrophaye ose... =: 41 ‘icanin (Se@omwiley) saceceaugsece 110 esa Celis) 6 docuceqene oe 138 testacear Giaupenina)) 2225. 22-2.-)- 324 testaria (Amygdelaptera) ...... 291 Testa Cy STIS) ee seme se es 172 tetradactylus (Pterophorus) 2 tetragramma (Giaura) ........ 192 tetralunaria (Selenia) 108, 231 thalassina (Hadena) 44, 172, 232 theseus (Dynamine) .......... 38 thersites (Lysandra) ...... 288, 291 thersites (Papilio) ............ 251 thespism@banueus)) 3-5. )-5-0-- 56: 260 thoasmaCeapiliO) es sacs ce. 35, 38 thonem(Glosstana)) \-42-.-2--- 3 317 thulia (Coleophora) .......... 123 thunbergella (Micropterix) 40 thyrag@Aloeides)) 923.------=-- 260 thyrsis (Coenonympha) .... 299, 301 ubia® CMbIEIS) “Secesscoe56 167, 265 tinctella (Borkhausenia) .... 6, 127 titania (Clossiana) 6, 328, 329 tithonus) (@Vaniola) 9.....2---.:- 15 mas (CBIGOCKes)) Soccaccoce 275, 328 inves Caleneias) eo e5scocosc6 80, 291 tragopogonis (Amphipyra) 69, 172 transversa (Eupsilia) .......... 172 SPECIAL INDEX PAGE transversata (Philereme) ...... 109 imnapezina, | (Cosma) sa ae eiee re 69 tremula @2heosia) ena: 44, 73 trepida (Notodonta) ...... 108, 109 triatomea (Elachista)? 52-2222: 3 tricolorellum (Caryocolum) .. 5, 125 HeMKOMb (PASO) oo nc cous on ome 40 trifolii (Lasiocampa) ...... 112, 303 tricrammical) GVeristis)i Sse 44 trimaculana’ (Epindtia)! ....2..: 4] trinotella i Gihinea) see 6, 41 trpantita (Uinca)issseaeae a. 44, 69 fripoliana, (Hucosmia) Psa ses5 ae 8) tripuncta (Schiffermuelleria) .... 6 tripunctaria (Eupithecia) ...... 43 tripunctulana (Acleris) ......-. 148 TAMSIN (Dp onberelaVNrD) Soocuocooc 43, 110 tristellus (Agriphila) ...... 148, 171 Henao, (AB EXOEY) cucbosadcosoce 69, 82 trochilus (Macroglossum) ...... 299 troglodyta (Anaeéa) 2522227. 22: 251 truncata (Dysstroma) 48, 69, 172, 265, 324 trux (Agrotis) ..80, 81, 110, 128, 249 tulbaghia (Aeropetes) .......... 259 tullia (Coenonympha) 80, 110, 169, 282, 316 furcal GViytihimmna) jee eee 80 turfosalis (Hypenodes) ........ 127 typhae (Nonagria) .... 112, 303, 305 joer) CONGUE) Son gdoadgcooescc 69 tibalduss CAizanus)) sane eee 260 uddmanniana (Notocelia) ...... 41 witenhaga Ghsitana)! secretin: 258 ulicicolella (Lithocolletis) ...... 127 ulmifoliella (Lithocolletis) ...... 4 uke! Caja) ssocecsocaecor 73 bhanloree (AWAEMEN) ooccoacsoude 62, 232 Umbratieas (eucuillliia) sae eer 168 Unanimis® CApamea) a5 -eeeee sc 109 unculanals CA Cys) eee 127 undulata (Rheumaptera) ...... 110 undulosa (Ceratomia)) eases asse 72 unguicella (Ancylis) ........ 42, 172 unigenella (Coleophora) ........ 123 wnijucan(Catocala) meer eeee rrr: 72 Unionalism ¢2allipita) eee eee 308 unipuncta (Mythimna) ........ 140 urticae (Aglais) 15, 58, 68, 82, 118, 150, 169, 274, 276, 280, 284, 290, 302, 304, 320, 323 urticae (Spilosoma) ........ 128, 266 vaccinii (Conistra) ........ 105, 172 valerianata (Eupithecia) ........ 62 vallina (Hypothyris) ...... Tab), 245) vanillae (Agriades) .......... 34, 38 varanes (Charaxes) ...........- 257 noe (MIGIRCE)) sloceceeccoessne 67 variata (Mecodina) ............ 194 Wace, (Uae) scoocacoecoe 43, 95 variegana (Acleris) ........ 129, 172 vaucheri (Coenonympha) .. 289, 291 wemeta (OCMOCleS) s¢scccecctcose 149 Temes (Siaaywee)) onocccakecesccud WAR 16 PAGE venustal <@iurema)) 25.) 34, 38 verbascella (Nothris) .......... 126 vVeroasciae(Cucuillliia) eerie eee 231 verhuella (T. verhuellella) verhuellella (Teichobia) .. 40, 63, 148 werxcsicolkore CRyROCwS) 52555-55065 200 versicolora (EKndromis) ........ 105 versurella (Coleophora) ...... 5, 139 WiespertaliSis CXecle) any so eels ae 140 vespertaria (E. parallelaria) vestigialis (Agrotis) ........ 69, 179 vetulata (Philereme) .......... 109 vetusta (Xylena) ............ 67, 108 vialis (Amblyscirtes) .......... 32 wibex CRolites) maser) rar 34, 38 vigilans (Stygionympha) ........ 261 Willies) (UAMIACHIEY) soc bsssansenoc on 10 villosella (Pachythelia), ........ 322 viminalis (Bombycina) ........ 69 wibaallley CMVenswiOe)) 5555555006555 128 wana (Cenuna) i: see ee eee 168 viretata (Acasis) .......... 111, 234 VWaieeenre, | (OMISSIONS) 555555500005 111 virgaureae (Coleophora) ........ 5 virgaureae (Heodes) ............ 329 WAIR® (UNOeTONASHS) 50505310050 495 73 viridaria (Phytometra) ...... 44,17 wivaickalliiey (AGCIBIE)) 32. 35554ha05ee- 40 viriplaca (Heliothis) ...... 288, 291 SPECIAL INDEX PAGS vitalbata (Horisme) ............ 232 VALS) CP HOS) pane eee 34, 38 vulgata (Eupithecia) .......... 43 vulgata (Staphylus) .......... 39 vulpinaria (Sterrha) ............ 233 w-album (Strymonidia) 79, 108, 126, 283 wallacei (Heliconius) .......... 38 wallengrenii (Phasis) ...... 259, 285 © williamsi (Apantesis) .......... 3) 4 Wwilliana (Phaloniia)) 9s... 2.0008 1268: w-latinum (Hadena) ........ 44, 232 ! woodiella (Cediza) aaa eee 5 xanthographa (Amathes) 69, 138, 250, 320, 324 | xanthomista (Antitype) ...... 81, tia xerampelina (Atethmia) 82, 112, 168 xiphares (Charaxes) ............ 257 xylosteana (Archips) ........ 42, 178 xylostella (P. maculipennis) younsia(hrebia) ieee eee 201 ypsillon (Apamea) .............. 62 Zanes) (Calisto) see 251 Zeleris Garnana) eee eee 299 zetterstedtii (Sympistis) ........ 77 zicezae (Notodonta) .......... 44, 320 Zochalial (Selenois) ieee eee eee 257 Aone (Ciera). 5.2.55... 289, 291 zonaria (Nyssia) .... 67, 78, 108, 111 aN ‘A ‘ aN St Der iy b>) SMITHSONIAN seen NVINOSHLINS S31YVvYa!1 S LIBRARIES NO NI INSTITU saiuvugid Lil eS é LE #4 s z i \ 4 syiuvugit Li INSTITUTION NO SaIUVUGIT LI INSTITUTION ES SMITHSONIAN NOILNLILSNI = NVINOSHLIWS SIlUVR “Gr NVINOSHLINS 5 NVINOSHLIWS saiuvaas LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SMITHSONIAN NVINOSHLIWS SN 'ES SMITHSONIAN NON pc. NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI! LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI NVINOSHLINS S3I1YVe S3IUVYGIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION NOILNLILSN = z r re) ro) 2 NS a SE : : > eS ry Yj = iy: a) wo k = | = ys s, i SNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYUEIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITU Z. n Zz wee wn z we aS = B < AS ee = < NS : = 24 Z (SY 4 > AWN iy & t Uff FNS F BW i GIS 2X 8 2 NX ne = “yy = S12 Ee = > = > = (Tp) Zz i) ~ za (7p) IES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLILSNI (7p) 3 op) S WY) = oe a n = (oan = of - oc x % = > ra i> ~ i a r , a Lv m Oo = a = (ap) L1ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNLIILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31uV ~ ma w w = < = = 4 Kz 5 = a Yy WW © 7%) wn n i; S re) e) Up NE = 2) SO qe = S > S 2 ” es Ss Se LISNI NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYd!) LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTIT! — y VMLNLILSNI SS ON LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN NOILALILSNI NOILNLILSNI i 21ES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILANILILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31u\ Uf ILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31IYVYEIT LIBRARIES S3IYVUGIT LIBRARIES INSTITUTION Viify &, fits INSTITUTION INSTITUTION Cee NE SS SMITHSONIAN INSTIT NVINOSHLINS S3!1u¥vVuall = @ Zz = ons Hes = es < : 3 = = 3 Be a Nia = ge i Bip 3 é ee; > E 2 Gy = : : Sa. 3 RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILNIILSNI NVINOSHEINS n > 3 Re 7 4 a RA a 7 “a S “ XS z a 5 c c N : = C c SA co = aa) = . o i Z S) a O Bh Ba) Wd cle Z aL ILSNI_ NVINOSHLINS S3IYVYGIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN _INSTI1 a Ah 5 is S us w xo rea 190] an My ee a N 5 2 5 $y, 2 NS Er Vy, y es 2) \w ca = UP ke a aS ap) + : See = a z p RIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NOILALILSNI NVINOSHLIWS S3i4u z z zZ g z = ee 4 4, oO = ZS) oc : a 2 ag Ez a E= 2; y 5 = ~ >" = > “Sy wy) _ oS Zz tap) Zz f VINOSHLINS SStIYVYSIT LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTIT . Se bis uf 5) Uk N oi an UST SRE we? // a a I 08 if ll | 3 9088 00908 70