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Library of the

Museum of

Comparative Zoology

‘LON

I

AND JOURNAL OF VARIA

EDITED BY

3:

JACOBS, F-R.E-

Se Ney

Vol. 84

i

Price £1.75 net

CONTENTS Ill

CONTENTS

Acherontia atropos L., Curious be-
haviour oF the “larva of. H. L.
O’Heffernan, 20, 207.

Acherontia atropos L., Curious be-
haviour of the larva of. D. G.
Sevastopulo, 114.

Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann
A Lycaenid new to Greece
and to Western Europe.
R. F. Bretherton, John Coutsis,
L. G. Higgins and C. G. M. de
Worms, 29.

Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann.
The food Plant of. John G.
Coutsis, 257.

Apamea lateritia Hufn. A Third
British Record. D. O’Keeffe, 289.

Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lep.
Saturniidae). Notes on the
African Lunar Moth. Jamieson
C. Little, 193

Argynnis selene (D. and _ Schiff.).
Second Brood. C. I. Rutherford,
143.

Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in
in Kent and Essex. E. S. Brad-
ford, 26.

Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in
Keniry os AvmSwain,.170:

Boloria polaris from Canada (Lepi-
doptera Nymphalidae). A New
Sr of. John H. Masters,
77.

Brahmaea japonica (Lep. Satur-
niidae). Early stages of. J. L.
Gregory, 77.

British Butterflies. Observations on.
A. P. Gainsford, 117.

)Burrense Maye ASTI bifhe >\wh. At
Sadler, 12, 44.

Butterflies. Early Spring. C. G. M. de
Worms, 170

Butterflies of the Isle of Wight. The.
T. D. Fearnehough, 57, 102

Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep.
Arctiidae). Further aberrations
of, R. W. Watson, 11

Calophasia lunula Hufn. in Hamp-
shire. R. Hayward, 144

Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibner. A. M.
Emmet, 286

Camberwell Beauty in Hertfordshire.
Alan Bell, 285

Canna Notes for 1970 ang 1971. Isle
of. J. L. Campbell, 196

Celerio galii D. & Schiff. (Rott.)
(Bedstraw Hawk) in Kent. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 286

Celerio galii Rott. in Kent. J. L.
Dyer, 290

Celerio galii Rott. Larvae in N. Lan-
cashire. J. Briggs, 290

Célerio galii Rott. in Suffolk. E H.
Wild, 225

Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille in the
British Isles, C. G. M. de Worms,
205

Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. at Woking.
C. G. M de Worms, 288

Clossiana selene (Schiff.) Second
Brood. A. S. Wheeler, 32

Clossiana selene (Denis & Schiffer-
muller: Second Brood Speci-
mens. George E. Hyde, 24

Clossiana selene (Denis & Schiffer-
muller) Second Brood Specimens.
J. H. Payne, 114

Coleophora sylvaticella Wood (Lep.
Coleophoridae) in Kent, J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 114

Collecting Trips in Europe during
1971. Two. C. G. M de Worms, 33,
98.

Correction (Ent Record, 83: 333), 50

Craneflies have long legs?. Why do.
Alan E. Stubbs, 140

Cupido osiris Meigen (sebrus Hiibn.)
Observations on the Cohabitation
of ssp. sebrus and ssp. bernar-
diana in the French Alnos. M. J.
Perceval, 215

Dechtiria turbidella (Zell.). D. J. L.
Agassiz, 114

Derbyshire Lepidoptera. Doubtful.
Derek C. Hulme, 180

Dermaptera from the Solomon Is-
lands. Descrivtion of a new
Species of. A. Brindle, 281

Distribution of Insects related to
Railway Embankments. The. L.
McLeod, 69.

Drepana curvatula Borkhausen in

Norfolk. C. G. M. de Worms, 79

Drepana curvatula Borkhausen. Was
there a Suffolk Svecimen? C. G.
M. de Worms, 203.

Endothenia hebesana (Walker 1863) a
member of the Fennoscanian
fauna. M. Opheim, 20.

Erebia youngi Holland. Designation
of a Lectotype for Cyril dos
Passos, 238.

Euchloe ausonia Hiibner from Greece
(Lep. Pieridae). The Larva and
Pupa of. John G. Coutsis, 73.

Eumenis semele (L.) thyone Thomp-
son (Lep. Satyridae). A Micro-
geographical Race. R. L. H.
Dennis, 138.

IV CONTENTS

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in South
East England. C. J. Luckens, 289.

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in the Isle
of Wight. H. C. Huggins, 195

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda.
Evidence of local migrations. E.
P. Wiltshire, 230.

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda. Un-
usual polyphagy of. E. P. Wilt-
shire. 230.

Eurois occulta L. in South West
Morland. Neville L. Birkett, 251

Eurois occulta L. The Great Brocade.
Breeding. J. A. C. Greenwood,
170.

Fruit Flies (Tephritidae: Diptera) of
India. Identification of Common.
V. C. Kapoor, 165.

Galatea. Regarding. Charles F. Cowan
124.

Gonepteryx rhamni L. An early
sighting. M. B. Longdon. 54.

Gonepteryx rhamni Linnaeus in Sur-
rey. An unusual gathering of. A.
G. M. Batten. 206.

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Late larvae of.
C. G. M. de Worms. 248.

Gortyna borelli Pierret: Fisher’s
Estuarine Moth. Notes on the
Discovery of the Larva and Puna
in Britain of. J. M Chalmers-

Hunt, 52.

Grecian Butterflies : Additional
Records. List of. John G. Coutsis.
145.

Greece: July 1971. Butterflies in
Northern and Central. J. V.

Dacie, 257.

G. rahmni (Lep.). On the egg of. C.
F. Cowan, 80.

Hadena compta D. & Schiff. T. N. D.
Peet, 207.

Hadena compta D. & Schiff. in North
Norfolk. Denzil W. ffennell, 144.

Heliothis armigera Hiibn. in Dorset.
Ej Wile, 2a:

Homoeosoma saxicola Vaughan (Lep.
Phycitinae). John L. Gregory, 231.

How I started collecting. R. Tomlin-
son,’ 13:

Immigrant lepidoptera on the Lin-
colnshire coast. R. E. M. Pilcher,
250.

Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stain-
ton (Lep Tineidae) in Surrey.
E. S. Bradford, 53

Interspecific Competition in Butter-
flies. D. G. Sevastopulo, 76

Inverness-shire in 1971. G. W. Har-
per, 65

Jamaica: September and October
1971. Collecting in. C. G. M. de
Worms and T. J. G. Homer, 219
242.

Joint Committee for the Conservation
of British Insects. British Macro-
lepidoptera. 210.

Kinensis Burr (Dermaptera Cheli-
sochidae). The Genus. A. Brindle,
199.

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalf
(Lep. Geometrinae). M. W. Har-
per, 115.

Lepidoptera in Britain during 1971.
Collecting. C. F. M. de Worms,
184.

Lepidoptera in Kincardinshire and
Aberdeenshire. Some unex-
pected. R. M. Palmer, 269.

Lepidoptera Pursuit. David Brown,
{52

Lepidoptera Review. T. W. Harman,
PATA

Leucania unipuncta Haworth and
Hadena compta D. & Schiff in
North Norfolk. C. G. M. de
Worms, 79.

Lithophane leautieri Boisduval in
West Somerset. H. M. Chappel, 25

Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col. Cur-
culionidae), a Weevil new to
Britain. A. A. Allen, 22.

Maniola jurtina L., Breeding. L .G.
F. Waddington, 79.

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire.
J. Newton, 278.

Microlepidoptera. Notes on the. H. C.
Huggins, 163.

Mont Ventoux and the Dentelles de
Montmirail 1968 and 1971. L.
McLeod, 156.

Moroccan Butterflies. On some.
Otakar Kudrna, 267.

Nepticula myrtillella Stainton (Lep.
Nepticulidae). J. L. Gregory, 538.

Nepticula sorbi Stainton in Kent. J.
M. Chalmers-Hunt, 204.

New Forest Mercury Vapour Light
Records for 1971. L. W. Siggs, 71.

Nomenclatural Corrections. V. C.
Kapoor, 51.

Nomenclatural Status of the Cotton
Jassid Amrasca devastans (Dis-
tant). V. C. Kapoor and A. S.
S$oh2,251.

Odonata Warwickshire. G. S. Vick,
198.

Oak Apples. The Inhabitants of. A.
E. le Gros, 170.

Ouropteryx sambucaria L. (Lep.) in
the New Forest. Aberration of.
L. W. Siggs, 248.

Palpita unionalis Hiibn. at Portland.
C. G. M. de Worms, 288.

Papilio homerus Fabricius A. G.. M.
Batten. 206.

CONTENTS V

Parascotia fuliginaria L. on the Mid-
land (Birmingham) Plateau. L. J.
Evans, 2382.

Pediasia contaminella, (Htibner) in
Middlesex. David Agassiz, 249.

Phyllonorycter rajella L. (Lep.
Gracillaridae) in Hampshire.
S. E. Whitebread, 232.

Phyllonorycter trifasciella Haw. An
upper surface mine. A. M.
Emmet, 205.

Phyllonorycter _ trifasciella Haw.
(Lep. Gracillariidae) an upper
surface mine. J. L. Gregory, 78.

Phytonomus meles (Col. Curcu-
lioniidae) in Britain. A contribu-
tion to the knowledge of. A. A.
Allen, 110.

Pieris rapae L. A Gynandromorph.
F. J. Renshaw, 250.

Pieris rapae L. Larvae throughout
the Winter. Brian O. C. Gardiner,
144.

Platychirus podagratus (Zett.) (Dip.
Syrphidae). Alan J. Brown, 250.

Plebejus argus (L) caernensis
Thompson. A Stenoecious Geo-
type. R. L. H. Dennis, 132.

Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen) (Lep.
Lycaenidae). A study of. C. D.
Quickelberge. 85.

Polygonia c-album L. in Flintshire,
North Wales. R. L. H. Dennis,
143.

Polygonia c-album L in Kent. J. M.
Chalmers-Hunt, 148.

Procus versicolor Borkhausen in
Derbyshire. F. Harrison, 286.
Pseudoagrion rubiceps Selys in tan-
dem with Pseudoagrion micro-
cephalum (Rambur) (Odonata:
Coenagriidae) Tandrib Ranjan

Mitra and A. R. Lahiri, 19.

Psilogramma jordana Bethune-Baker
(Lep. Svhingidae). Genital Stri-
dulation in Male. Gaden S.
Robinson, 213.

Purple Emperor in Surrey. J. A. C.
Greenwood, 266.

Pyrale. An early. D. J. L. Agassiz,
114.

Remarkable Aberration taken in the
ald Forest Another. L. W. Siggs,

ae owe in September. D. O’Keeffe.
Papi

Sifolina laura Emery (Hym. Formi-
cidae) in South Hants. P. J.
Attewell and D. Mackey, 251.

Sorhaugenia janiszewskae Reidl. in
Essex. A. M. Emmet, 249.

Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff. in
North Lancashire D. W. Kydd,
285.

Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher. F.
Harrison, 287.

Stigmella hodgkinsoni (Stt)? What
is. S.. C.: S.sBrown 2130.

Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt (Lep.
Nepticulidae). A. M. Emmet, 204.

Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt. (Lep.
Nepticulidae). J. L. Gregory, 77.

Suffolk. The 1971 Season in. Guy A
Ford, 54.

Sugaring. The Decline and Fall of.
G F. Waddington, 288.

Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen) (Lep.
Lycaenidae) with a Description
of a New Sub-species. Notes on.
C. D. Quickelberge, 233.

Thestor basutus (Wallengren) (Lep.
Lycaenidae). Observations on
and a description of a race of.

Cc. G. C. Dickson, 253.

Vanessa antiopa L. at Steeple Barton
Oxfordshire. H. B. D. Kettlewell,
80.

Wicken Fen Archives. John Smart,
283.

Worst June on Record: Light Trap
Results for Lepidoptera. The. R.
F. Bretherton, 22.

Xanthorrhoe fluctuata L. Early
Emergence of. H. N. Michaelis,
78.

Yponomeuta padella L. (Lep. Ypono-
meutidae). Abundance of. J. L.
Gregory, 54.

Ypso'ophus horridellus Treitschke. H.
E. Chipperfield, 78.

Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke in
Kent. E. S. Bradford, 19.

Yugoslavia 1971. Butterflies in. A. G.
Irwin, 6i, 97.

Zygaena Fabricius from Asia Minor
(Lep. Zygaenidae). On Two New
Races of the Genus. Hugo and
Gunther Reiss, 226.

Zygaena in 1972 and a Holiday in
West Scotland. Notes on. N. Gill,
PATI

CURRENT NOTES

Conservation of British Insects. Joint
Committee for the, 94.
Retirement of F. W. Byres. 176.

Warwickshire Lepidoptera Survey,
144.

VI CONTENTS

CURRENT LITERATURE

Army Ants—A Study in Social Or-
ganisation by TT. Schneilda.
Edited by Howard R. Topoff, 292.

Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de
Belgique. Edited by Jean
Leclercq, 27.

Australian Butterflies. Charies Mc-
Cubbin, 172.

British Arachnological Society.
Bulletins of the Flatford Mill
Spider Group and the British
Spider Study Group, 83.

Butterflies of Malta.
Valletta, 292.

Anthony

Butterflies of the Australian Region.
Bernard d’Abrera, 171.

The Desert Locust, Stanley Bacon,
174

Fundaments of Applied Entomoiogy.
Roberdt E. Pfadt, 115.

How to Begin to Study Entomology.
Anthony Wootton, 251.

Jamaica and its Butterflies. F. Mar-
tin and Bernard Heineman, 207.

Lepidoptera Genetics. Roy Robinson,
28.

Termites, Their Recognition and
Control. W. V. Harris, 82.

Woodlice. Stephen Sutton, 252.

OBITUARY NOTICES

Baynes, Edward Stuart Augustus, 209.
Cue, Percy, 26.

Farwell, Christopher Guy, 55.
Ransome, Algenon Lee, 56.

Editorial, 283.

Rossell, Colonel H. G. T., 175.
Smith Dennis Alfred, 291.
Sperring, A. H., 81.

AUTHORS

Agassiz, D. J. L., 114, 115, 249.
Allen A. A., 22, 110.
Attewell, P. J., 251.

Batten, A. G. M., 206.
Bell, Alan, 285.

Birkett, Neville L., 251.
Boswell, P. A., 292.
Bradtord, EE: 'S., 19; 26453.
Bretherton, R. F., 22, 29.
Briggs, J., 290.

Brindle, A., 199, 281.
Brown, Alan J., 250.
Brown, David, 151.
Brown, Ss: Co's:, 138.

Campbell, J. L., 196.

Chappel, H. M., 25.

Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 52, 114, 143,
204, 286.

Chipperfield, H. E., 78.

Coutsis) J-G.y 29) 731450251.

Cowan, C. F., 80, 124.

Daciers: Ve, 257:

Dennis) Re. H., 1, 38, 132,143)
Dickson, C. G: C., 258:

Dyer, J: L., 290.

Emmet, A. M., 204, 205, 249. 286.
Bwana, Yo2.

Fearnehough, T. D., 57, 102.
ffennell, D. W., 114.
Ford, G. A., 54.

Gainstord) AL Po At
Gregory, J. L., 53, 54, 72, 78, 231.

Harman, “PW. 272

Harper, G. W., 65.

Harper, M. W., 115.

Harrison, F., 286, 287.

Harrison, R., 114.

Higgins, h."G., 29°

Huggins, H. C.,'163, 195, 209)-282:
Hulme, Derek C., 180.

Hyde, George E., 24.

Irwint oa. G, 67.°9%

Jacobs, ‘S:!N. A., 27, 82,5115) aria,
174, 201, 251, 252, 292.

Kapoor V. ‘C., ‘0130165:
Kettlewell, H. B. D., 80.
Kudrna, Otakar, 267.
Kydd, D. W., 285.

Bahive yA. R., 19.
Le Gros, A. E., 170.
Little, JE: A193:
Longdon, M. B., 54.
Luckens, C. J., 289.

Mackey, D., 251.
Masters, John H., 177.
McLeod, L., 69, 156.
Micheelis, H. N., 78.
Nitra. Ih? R., 19.
Murphy, F. M., 83.

Newton, J., 278.

O’ Heffernan, H. L., 207.
O’Keeffe, D., 127, 289.
Opheim, M., 20.

Palmer, R. M., 269.
Passos, Cyril dos., 238.
Payne, J. H., 114.
Peet, PN: -D..207.
Perceval, M. J., 215.
Pilcher, R. E. M., 250.

Quickelberge, C. D., 85, 233.

Reiss, Gunther, 226.
Reiss, Hugo, 226.
Renshaw, F. J., 250.

CONTENTS

Robinson, Gaden S., 213.
Rutherford, C. I., 143.

Sadler, Es A., 12, 44.
Sevastopulo, D. G., 76, 114.
Siggs, L. W., 71, 241, 248.
Smart, John, 283.
Smithy. CLj8h:

Smiths Fee Nd 175,

Soh, An SiS):

Stubbs, Alan E., 140.
Swain, F. A., 170.

Tomlinson, R., 75.
Tremewan, W. G. T., 28.

Vick? ‘Gos 198:

Waddington, L. G. F., 79, 288.
Watson, R. W., 11, 55, 56.
Wheeler, A. S., 32.
Whitebread, S. E., 232.

Wild} “Beth 23225:
Wiltshire, E. P., 230.

Worms, C. G. M. de., 26, 29, 33, 79, 98,

184, 203, 205, 219, 242, 248, 288.

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The Entomologists Record and Journal of Variation

SPECIAL INDEX
VOL. 84, 19792

PAGE
LEPIDOPTERA
abbreviata (Eupithecia) sp: OD, bok
apmetelia: .CDIOPYCITia). «se... 278
abpsupearia (Menophra) . ... c+; 187
BMBeCISsahan( L@BECSIA) :. sp. afe 4: 279
absinthiata (EHupithecia) ........ 189
Beneige, (SOLEYIMON): el sta bie 161
seeiparon CHeodes) |. 46.) 5523 158
achemon (Cosmosoma) ........ 246
BeHeEONta > CHISLORIS) jos... .3 sc 243, 245
APIA aIAtas MOE TAIOLMISE yes «uo: «ass 247
acis (C. semiargus)
acontioides (Lyncestis) ........ 247
= oUsiece USEIA LS). 158
acteon (Thymelicus) 109, 122, 162,
211, 266

adippe (A. cydippe)
admetus (Agrodiaetus) 150, 258,
259, 260, 261, 265

agusra: .Chunnehtis) .{asewiS?). Ade 129
adustana (Endothenia) ........ 20
agustate Ctedia) | ..........0805 72
advenat(Orthosia) —.bsinegsishh).. ee,

aegeria (Pararge) 58, 69, 70, 97,
117, 120, 162, 196, 264, 268

aescularia (Alsophila) .......... 270
aethiops (Erebia) ...... 101, 123,211
ammipaca” (Perizoma)® “226.6 4... 152
agathina (Amathes) ...... 128, 192

agestis (Aricia) 97, 104, 119, 149, 265

aglaia (Argynnis) 63, 68, 76, 80,
120, 121, 122... 154..159, 1989:

191, 262, 274
alberganus (Erebia) ............ 99
albicosta (Coleophora) ........ .. 280
albimacula (Hadena) .......... 212
albiplaga (Manduca) ...... 221, 246
albipunctata (Cosymbia) ........ 187
albitarsella (Coleophora) ...... 280
aia GNola).. ... Keiecwnsrs! 212, 274
albulata (Asthena) ............ 152
alpplata. (Perizoma) ¢ 225 hth 5. Se: 45
alceae (Carcharodes) .... 35, 97, 266
alcetas (Everes) ...... 257, 259, 265
alchemillata (Perizoma) ........ 190
aleiphron (Heodes) ........ 161, 264
aleons (Maculineéa): ..cn032% . ncoees 148

alecyone (Hipparchia) 69, 158, 259,
260, 263

alexanor (Papilio) 33, 34, 35, 36,
158, 159
alexis (Glaucopsyche).... 36, 37, 161
algae (Nonagria) ........:. 212, 274

allous (Aricia) 97, 102, 149, 161, 265
ainueCApatelere wy cae. ees. 54, 152

PAGE
alniaria (Deuteronomos) .. 130, 155
MOPGHCETiBMyiS) (sodden lOS pees 246
aipium CVioma) ) 033). ters". 12 ems! 153
aiternaria (Semiothisa) ........ 153
aiveus (Pyreus) oo baler). 150, 266
amanda (Lysandra) .. 34, 35, 161, 265
amata (Calothysanis) .......... 241
ambippan(Caradrina) satc lisse Leu 189
anassa (Empyremna) .......... 246
andraemon (Papilio) 220, 242, 244
andromedae (Pyrgus) .......... 99
androna (Bomolocha) »::........ 247
anomala (Stilbia) 129, 154, 191, 275
antaeus (Cocytius) ........ 242, 246
anteros, (Aricia). \...... 37, 259, 265
anthalea (Pseudochazara) .. 37,
258, 259, 263
aniipenena (Cyaninisy .. Se 32
antiopa (Nymphalis) . a0, GG.

80, 101, 109, 159, 259, 262) 285

apollinus. -CArchon)es Saar, Sune 146
apollo (Parnassius) . 100, 146, 158
aprilina (Griposiay 7) Si tion 23
arcania (Coenonympha) .. 97,
101, 158, 264
areola. (xy locampay «2:4... 185, 186
arethusa (Arethusana) .......... 162
alone (PROewIS) . oo ae 243, 244
argentimaculella (Infurcitinea).. 53
argentula (Coleophora) ........ 183
argiades (Everes) 101, 102, 161
argiolus (Celastrina) .. 18, 36,

£06; °117,- 118, ‘954;°161, 1:70:
190, 265

argus (Plebejus) . 1, 104, 121,
132, 161, 188, 189, 190, 211, 265

arion (Maculinea) ees 1 2a ae
211, 259, 265
aristaeus (Hipparchia) .. 34, 37, 146
armigera (Heliothis) ........ 2o7
armoricanus (Pyrgus) .. 34, 150, 266
asella (Heterogenea) ............ 274
asina (Drepanodes) ............ 246
asteria :(Mellicta)s iy (evan) & 100
atalanta (Vanessa) .. 63, 68, 70,

124, 155, 162, 197, 198, 250, 262
athalia (Mellicta) .. 68, 99, 102,
120, 162, 211, 263
atriplicella (Scrobipalpa) ...... 183
atropos (Acherontia) ...... 114, 207
augur (Graphiphora) ...... ta, 19%
aurantiaria (Erannis) .. 155, 193, 271
aurella (Nepticula) ............ 205

DUS eee 35, 37

i)

PAGE
ausonia (Euchloé) .%.53.1.! 68, 73
australis (Colias) 68, 161, 259, 262
autumnaria (Ennomos) ........ 54
avellanella (Semioscopis) ...... 280
aversaia (Sterrhal 225. 2.1... 72
badiata (Rarophilayy ior: 186
badiipennella (Coleophora) .... 184
Baja “CA mathesyre eee) ee 128
balkanicus (Tarucus) .. 258, 260, 265
bankiana '(Eustrotia) 99"). 2 )% 219,
basutus. (TPhestory Oley! Boyes 253
Bathseba ,Geyronia) 290.4%) 25 162
Batis iAThyatma) Ae Seeis |) Sow 188
baton (Philotes).. 35, 97, 161, 261, 265
bavius (Philotes) ........ 35, 37, 148
belia « Amthocharisy 5 Vos Pe 157
belHastUitetheisa) WU oe. 2s 246

bellargus (Lysandra).. 105, 119,
120, 154, 161, 211, 261, 265

Denier (Eyres) «224. acres sens 162
berberata (Pareulype) .......... a2
bergmanniana (Croesia) ........ 49

betulae (Thecla)....104, 124, 155, 275
betularia (Biston) .. 28, 72, 188, 190

biecolorata; CHadena):...).32 1535200
bidentata (Gonodontis) ........ 130
bilunaria —(Selenia):... 4.2 eee 186
bimaculata, (Bapta). 2... duc nth e 187
bipunctaria (Ortholithay.. 4 ies 189
birivaata . CXanthorhoe)s 2%) +. a3. 144
biundularia (Ectropis) .... 185, 186
boeticus (Lampides) ........ 109, 161
Borel (Gortyna) oan or 6 Ey ale
bourkei (Heterosmaita) .... 243, 246
BGOWKELL CRARUIGUS) aussi k co ciettee 233
peactea: UPIUSIa So ec kee 154, 273

brassicae (Pieris) 68, 70, 106, 117,
157,.,161;.196, 262,, 267

brise1s’ (Chaxara) 2:1 7: 69, 258, 263
brontes (Manduca) .... 221, 242, 246
brumata (Operophtera) .... 78, 155
brunnea *CDiarsia) 802.195. BAL .. (2.
brunnearia (Selidosema) .. 154, 190
bEyonmiae (Pieris) i. 6. ee se 99
buetineri.(Sedinia) 4... 517) eee 5d
eacaliae. (PYyreus) oi ase3b-014- - 98, 100
ecaesarea (Phragmatobia) ...... 158
caesia (Hadena) 14, 17, 44, 46, 50, 197
caesiata (Entephria) ...... 191, 192
eazcus (Phryxus) © .....g¢sltleis-8? 246
eaja #Anetioan.....cargenatz; 158, 190

c-album (Polygonia) 37, 64, 70,
117, 143, 157, 190, 262
caliginosa (Acosmetia) ........ 2a
eambrica (Ventulsia)inaoe). . 22.600 273
camilla (Limenitis) 102, 121, 123,
180, 189, 190, 274

capsophila (Hadena) ........ 1a ove
captiuncula (Phothedes) .. 212, 273
capucina (Lophopteryx) ........ 128

cardamines (Anthocaris) 34, 65,
10; 107, 1138. 157,-170; 187

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
cardul (Vanessa) .... 63, 68, 70,
124. 157, 197, 250

carmelita (Odontosia) .. 65, 186, 269

carmmioli¢ea (Zygacna) “oes 159
carpinata (Trichopteryx) .. 185, 186
cassioides (Erebia) ... 333ee2 eee 99
eassius (Leptotes). <2...» - 222, 245
castanea (Amathes) ........ 128, 191
castaneae (Phragmatecia) ...... 212
eastrensis (Malacosoma) ........ 212
eceilia “(Pyronia) )* eee 37;. 162
celtis (Libythea).. 36, 37, 68, 260, 262
centifoliella (Stigmella) ........ 130
cerisyi (Allancastria) ...... 145, 261
cervinalis (Rheumaptera) .. 187, 272
cespitis, (Tholera) ~ 722 eae 197, 275
chamomillae (Cucuilia) .... 54, 73

charitonius (Heliconius) 221, 243, 245
chenopodiata (Ortholitha).. 191, 198

chi (Antitype) .). eee ae 129
ehiron’ (Eumedonia)> 124 7e=ae see 100
chloerata (Chloroclystis) ........ 205
chlorosata (Lithina) .. 225, 269, 271
chrysidiformis (Aegeria) ...... 211
chrysippus (Danaus)? te" 4 See 268
ehrysitis’*(Plusiqy’ ce eee 129, 191
ehryson. (Plusia). [o0sier- ee 212

cinxia (Melitaea) .. 34, 57, 60,
| Eee neuen nde 119;s16%, 2idear2

circe (Brintesia) ...... 158, 259, 263
circellaris (Agrochola) .... 129, 288
citrata (Dysstroma) .. 130, 191, 192
elathrata (Chiasmia) 74! 22) See 15
claudina .CMrebia). .. ‘Gaze 98, 99
elavis (Agrotis) “Si7"- e248 54, 182
cleopatra (Gonopteryx)..37, 157,
258, 262
cluentius (Neococytius) ........ eral
cocytius (Neococytius) ........ ppt
coelestina (Agrodiaetus) 29, 149, 251
cornata (Thera) ..2)4o) aes 17
colquhounana (Eana) .......... 16
columella (Thecla)e2b2h)) SHR 345
comes (Euschesis) .............. 128
comitata (Pelurga) (*2.44 S79 196
comma (Hesperia).. 97, 100, 123, 211
comma -(Leucania). .... 20758 270
complana (Bilema)* (v4). ee 154
compta (Hadena) .. 54, 79, 144, 207
econducta (Perigea) ......5..... 175
confusa’ (Plusia) ....7930"2 26
conjugata (S. promutata)
consonaria: (Ectropis)°>2). 303 273
conspersa (Hadena) ...... 153, 198
contaminellus (Pediasia) ...... 249
contigua (Hadena) .. 45, 129, 153, 188
convolvuli (Herse) ........ 192, 275

coridon (Lysandra).. 97, 101, 105,
123, 154, 158, 189, 190, 260, 265

corticea (A. clavis)

corylata (Electrophaes) .....:.. 188

SPECIAL INDEX 3

PAGE
Coryiieteoloecasia) 1208) . 524.1 \iie 187
coryly Chithocolletis)) » ec 3). a8: 183
costaesirigalis (Schrankia) ...... 196
crataegella (Stigmella) 2.2.0... 204
crataegi (Aporia) . 35, 36, 109,
159, 262
erataesi (Trichivra)sir.: 3.2". 128, 155
erapista ((Dasychira)sinaio dA. 206. 76
crenata (Apamea) .......... Tov bol
crepuscularia (Ectropis) ........ 45

eripraria /(Coseimia)i oli... 181, 211
cribrum (C. cribraria)
crinanensis (Hydraecia) ........ 129
croecus (Colias) .. 24, 35, 37, 68,
102: 107,., 124, 161, 262,. 268
Crudae(@renosia) | poy.ciel es). sce 186
cruentis (Neococtius) .......... 246
cuculla (L. cucullina)
cucullina (Lophopteryx) 54, 153, 274
culiciformis (Aegeria) .......... 272
Crlirariay (Orepana) ..... 4... i2t: 155
Pe lein (CIOSHCTA): vive sf ess. on 152
curvatula (Drepana) ........ 79, 203
cydippe (Argynnis .. 63, 68, 76,
P2125, 159. tSo 2os
dabanensis (Erebia) ............ 238
dati (DiaTsia) 2 5... 2 3 128;..215
Paiva Meroe) iil. ida. . aks) 223, 244
daphne <Brenthis) 0... ys... 159, 263
daphnis (Meleageria) 97, 101, 261, 265
daplidice (Pontia) .. 68, 161, 262, 268
debiliata Chloroelystis), ...... ..... 72
debilis, (huphydryas) . oe... ss 100
decolorata (Everes) 101, 257, 260, 265
decolorella (Blastobasis) .... 25, 170
agecorelia*GViommpha) *.. 2h). ere. 183
decrepitaria (Erastria) ........ 247
defoliaria (Erannis) 24, 78,
iy, 093 201, 275
degeneraria (Sterrha) .... 189, 212
BetOne, OMEMICta) so. ei. Pn se ese 162
eoMeata ALAS) oe ec ah oa 246
deplana (Eilema) ...... 73, 189, 274
depuncta (Amathes) ............ 128
Herivans (Paracolax) .. 2.0.2: 212
Herivatd sVAgiieled) oP rs 186
designata (Xanthorhoé) ........ 187
gia reelossianay ores A. 159, 263
diamina (Mellicta) .............. 158
Graphane (Greta) 8. YOIS. & 222, 245
didyma (Melitaea) 34, 35, 68,
LOZ, 1621/2638
didymata (Colostygia) 129, 153, 191
Aili -CASDNAlIA) mcwixda\stan css -dee! 155
Ge PAria oLSLOLPHA) rus 3.2 \« o oyasehs Be 212
ERTL wih BAT CINE bibl ces oye oe Shey> - 222, 244
ance: (EO1OBUrA) — . 409..s.4cia n Sen: 243
gispar (LycaGaa) «sic. . 22° - 122, 211
dissimilis (H. suasa)
dissoluta (Nonagria) ........ 54, 275
dodonaea (Drymonia) ...... 152, 188
aolapraria..(Plagodis) er. 188
golus (Agrodiaetus) ...........: 161

PAGE
domestica (Bryotropha)...... re es
dominula (Panaxia) ........ Pass TG
dorcas® (Mestra):) (S/o 0 Ae. 220, 245
dorus (Coenonympha) .......... 162

dorylas (Lysandra)

dromedarius (Notodonta) ...... 196
aryas ss (Mimoats) "3922: 97, 102, 158
duponehe! (Cocytius) ae 246
Guponcheli (Leptidea).. 259, 260,
261, 262
SOLA -CANAMISIS os) ms oe 34
esaea '(Dinamina)) A. Js... 221, 245
egea (Polygonia) .. 34, 36, 37, 68,
157,,. 262
epenaria: (Eupithecia): «osc. 4.50 212

elathea (Eurema) .......... 223, 244

elinguarian (Crocallis), 924 neu 189
ello (GEFINAYVIS ys aes ia aee 246
elpenor (Deilephila) ...... 188, 190

emortualis (Trisateles).. 212, 273, 274

ephialtes (Zygaena) fanictit’ss ie 28
epiphron (Erebia) 100, 102, 273
epistygne (Erebia) .../:....... 162
epomidion (Apamea) .......... 273
equitella (Glyphipteryx) ...... 183
eremita (Dryobotodes) guise 155
ergane (Pieris) .. 33, 37, 68, 102,
260, 262
evicata. (Sylecirariate Ss! . Seog 247
eroides (Polyommatus) 257, 259, 266
eros (Polyommatus) ...... 100, 161
erosaria (Deuteronomos) ...... 155
escheri (Lysandra) .. 37, 161,
260, 265
CSCW RS by MOM) rn a. gens totes ea 161
eumedon (Eumedonia) ........ 99
euphorbiae (Apatele) .......... 14
euporanor s(Papiliey ). i020 12,. £38 233
euphrosyne (Clossiana) .. 24, 36,
62765 ;"\68s (9956 118 "1205 152:
162, 187, 263
euryale (Erebia) ........ 98, 99, 102
eutyiehea, (Catocala) ors a. 2m 34
exanthemata (Deilinia) ........ 130
exclamationis (Agrotis) ........ 225

exsoleta (Xylena) .........: 129, 288

extersaria (Ectropis) ...... 152, 188
extensaria, (Eupithecia) ~....... 26
extimalis (Evergestis) .......... 275
extrema (Arenostola) .......... 211
exulans (Zy SaCHAI oe sok iy ee Hl
fagana (B. prasinana)
faicata:) (OPO PLer yee pus - ot lae t 72
fast HCHipparcenwa) 2 tue 69, 101, 162
farciw( Sta ropusiit haa wens» 153, 189
faleataria (Drepana).....>. 188, 198
farinosa (Gonopteryx) .. 33, 35,

37; 38; 258, -262
fasciana (Lithacodia) ...... 153, 188
fasélaria’ (HUG piIai wes). 188, 197
fatua (Hipparchia) .... 258, 261, 263

woe

PAGE
ferula CSaty rus).\.\.aeeaie ph ee ee 153
festiva (D. mendica)
festueae (Plusia)’?. yyeskie?: 54, 191
mieta (CASSANGra wed sn Re Re Se 247
filigrammaria (Oporinia) ...... 192
fililpendulae (Zygaena) 159, 277
fimbrialis (Thalera) ........ 212, 274
Hambriata’ Glamor) oc. desde 129
memata “CRBS rag se eae. We. eee 130
flammea (Meliana) ...... 26, 54,202
Mammea Ve aMOlS) Joos seo 65, 186
flavaso (Gortyne) oo... 4. 129, 155
flavescentella (Tinea) .......... 184
flavicornis (Achlyia) 65, 152, 184, 185
flavifimbria (Sericoptera) ...... 247
flavofasciata (Perizoma) .... 153, 197
flexi CGaaspey ria) ie FF. 154
Horestan ‘(Wandwuea)’*! 2 oA 242
floridensis (Callopistria) ........ 247
fluctuata (Xanthorhoé) ...... 78, 129
Hactwosa’ Utetheay yo FA. *. 188
THrGa: » LCribmineal) POLIS ON ohh A 76
formosa (Gy saenayeingk eee 226
foulquieri (P. bellieri)
fraternellum (Caryocolum) 183
frisia (Phycioides) .........-.. 245
fPritilarius(Pyreus) O72: nee a 162
fuciformis’ (Hemaris)\-. i 2.5) .00. 159
fuliginaria (Parascotia) ........ 232
fuliginosa (Phragmatobia) ...... 189
fulvata (Cidaria) . 153, 188, 190
funewris. (Pyrausta)) joo ieu lec - 278
furcata (Hydriomena) ...... 73, 129
furcula. CHarpy ia) cities be anes 154
iicves ApamMed) yo 2 2266 Flee 191
fuscantaria (Deuteronomos) .... 155
galathea (Melanargia) .. 59, 68,
101, 122, 124, 159, 189, 259,
260, 263
Saliaka Gapirrhoe) «oo. if 3 ke spec 188, 189
galii (Celerio) ww22oa, 290, 260, 290
gallicana (Laspeyresia) ........ 183
gamma _ (Plusia) S66.)7 22 129)
191, 197, 198, 251
gannascus (Amlypterus) 222, 242, 246
gardetta (Coenonympha) ...... 98
geminipuncta (Nonagria) ...... 54
geoffrella (Oecophora) ........ 184
2 M4162 IP ESL 2 | RRR ORE UO heat 246
gilippus (Danaus) . 221, 244, 245
SUVA, CITES eee yur: Ps 2io
Oiivarial GASPIAGES No icne ocr sre oe 211
Standon CASTIAGESI 1. ven riciss 100
glareosa (Amathes) .... 155, 191, 192
PnaphaliwCucwiita) 22)... . .o. 211
OOM A. CE MEOSIA) ee cies hoc e 128
gothica (Orthosia) 184, 185, 186
sraciis (Orthosia) Seer 65
STACHISOCE UISIA) Slane at eee 154
graminis (Cerapteryx) 129, 191, 198
granella (Nemapogon) .......... 184
vriseata (Lithostege) .......... Zii2
erisegin tKilema) (evince ony do

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
prossulariata (Abraxas) ........ 189
Srotiana (Epagoge))ysaeemr eae 279
grueneri (Anthocharis) .. 34, 35, 36
halterata (Lobophora) .......... 152
hanno (Hemiargus) ........ 220, 246
harpagula (Drepana) ...... 203, 212
hastata (Rheumaptera) .. 18, 127, 130
hastiana (Acleris)s 7 Ao yeetle Bet 279
haworthiata (Eupithecia) ...... 189
haworthii (Celaena) ...... 129, 192
hebesana (Endothenia) ........ 20
hecate. (Brenthis) "723 eee 146
hegesia (Euptoieta) ........ 222, 245
helena (Cyaniris) .. 29, 35, 36, 37, 149
helvola (Anchosceiis) .. 54, 129, 155
hepatica (Polia) .. 127/429. 272 ere
herrichiana (Pammene) ........ 290
herscheli (Erebia) ....0..2..200% 240
hexadactyla (Alucita) :......... 18
hippothoé (Paleochrysophanus).. 264
Girtaria’(Lycia) ose 186
Hispana (CLysandta) > eee 161
hispidaria (Apocheima) .... 152, 184
hodgkinsoni (Stigmella) ........ 130
homerus (Papilio). .206, 208, 219, 220
horridellus (Ypsolophus) .... 19, 78
hortulata (Eurrhypara) .... 114, 198
hucherardi (Hydraecia) ..-..... PAW
homilis (Elachistay” =e 183
huntera ‘CV anessa). ee 109
nyare (COllaAS) .\on a ae 102, 107, 161
hybernella (Stigmella) . 183, 204
ylascCNeptis):,:.. 0 22 eens 100, 101
hyperantus (Aphantopus). .60, 80,
122, 126, 148, 1538, 189, 259,
260, 261, 264
icarus (Polyommatus) .. 70, 97,
104, 118, 119, 161, 187, 189, 191,
198, 265
1preritia(Cirrhia) ..... eee 129, 155
icterodactylus (Pterophorus)..17, 163
idas (Lycaeides) ...... 258, 260, 265
ia (Apatura) ...°.- 68, 257, 259, 262
ilicifolia (Epicnaptera) ........ 212
ilicis (Strymon) .... 34, 37, 161, 264
illigerella (Epermania) 183, 280
imitaria (Scopula)i</!/iebeys 34, 72
immorata. (Scopula) .5.3 26ee 212
immutata (Scopula)s.2ianey. 152, 182
impuraGieucania) . ace 198
incarnatana (Notocelia) ........ 48
immcerta’ (Orthosia)®) \?) Sears 185, 186
ineonstans (Panula)”: 2% agen 247
indivata -(Eupithecia)* ae 130
ino (Brenthis)'*’.:. >) Pree 162
inornata (S. straminata)
insigniata (Eupithecia) ........ 27
imsulata (Ammialo),.....6r see 246
interrogationis (Plusia) .... 197.
198, 250

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
intimella (Dechtiria) .......... 183
intricata (Eupithecia))... ..22 20° 128
id (Inachis) .: 64, 68, 102, 117,
186, 196, 262
jak. tmathalis) ys... APRS: 222, 245
iota (P. jota)
iphis (Coenonympha) .......... 102
MESON ESTOLIS)® (LO) BL 72
iris (Apatura) FOLAVVOS, 7122;
189, 266
irregularis (Anepia) .......... 211
irriguata (Eupithecia) .......... 225
irrorella (Setina) 15, 18, 48,
196, 277
jacobaeae (Callimorpha)..11, 189, 190
jamaicensis (Callopistria) ...... 247
janiszewski (Sorhagenia) ...... 249
iamtminae - Choschesis) oo. 22. PS: 198
Japontea: \(Brahnmaea):)....... ..: ht
ieee Ce nabaxes) ... 0... % PAS ai | 3p
jacrophnae (Anartia) ....2..... 220, 245
foros CPsiloeramma) ~.. 60... 213
TONE Gen ICTY) ele allot 6 aimee teal bi 66
Vso CALETS iets... 2a. ee ee 196
julia.(Colaenis) ...... 220, 221, 245
ianEperata (Clhera), ....... .. ..y. 128, 130
juriimad OVaniola).. ...37,; .50,. 58,
70, 97. 120, 126, 162, 189, 259, 263
EMM OZIZCTA ie |. fata 4. Se 268
kozhantshikovi (Erebia) ........ 238
krueperi (Pieris) Boucle \ 200. 2A2
Luhnen (CArcema) ) cas atts) eyes 193
lacertinaria (Drepana)..152, 188, 269
leetearian(JomIs)irwee wd} . 2 ilees sy 188
album ‘CPolygonia) « ):4.)- 2 24, 189
lanestris (Eriogaster) ...... 45 Die
lapidata (Coenocalve) .......... 127
lapvonaria (Poecilopsis) .... 65, 127
larissa (Melanargia) .. 34, 37. 38, 263
Interttiay CA pamea))) aie). feast 289
lathonia (Argynnis) 34, 109, 162, 263
lavendulae (Zygaena) ........... 159
lavaterae (Carcharodus) 162,
257, 259, 266
Maviniia CP recisp uM ks) . 2 220, 245
leander (Coenonymnpha) ........ 148
leautieri (Lithophane) .. 23, 25,
Bi M2
fecmetla eC MeSIAS). ofc a se ee 129
Veperina, CA pAlele) wees a ae 54
leucavennis (Coleophora) ...... 183
leucographa (Gypsitea) 185. 186
leucophaeria (Erannis) 152, 184
leucostigma (Celaena) ...... 54, 129
menenea CERAMICS) os met. cee oe 24
ligea (Erebia) TOT. (G225.2:5'7.
259, 263
lignata (Orthonama) ...... 155, 275
lignea (Blastobasis) ........ 25.170
Moment LEeonistrayn On... . 6 Be 988
itgustri (Craniophora)© i)).). .wicabs 196

5
PAGE
igustrin. (Sphinx): ... teen) Lee 153
limitata (O. chenopodiata)
linearia (Cosymbia) ...... 190, 273
hinedia> (idaea)y der 8 te geeks 212
lineola (Thymelicus) ...... 124, 266
hisa’ (Harema)’ 2)... ere. oA 220, 244
itterana :(Aicleris)! £2.05 Ye 183
lithoxylea. (Apamea)”’ ®i')).. 2G 189
bittoralis: ‘((Lobestayse re! > oS iie 279
litural (Anchoseelisy /.). 2°) 2. 2 aN 129
liturata’ (Semiothisaye ott) 2m 188
lnvornies (Celerio) Aa), Bis 9000 26
lonicerae (Zygaena) .... 159, 276, 277
lophyrella (Sorhagenia) ........ 249
loreyi. (Leuecaniay’ 1ogt Sous, 175
Teta’! (A crocholay a2 UVa? “Be 23
loti (Zygaena) ........ 212, 21G P2171
lubricipeda (Spilosoma) .... 188, 224
Tucens (EHydraecia). (215) 202° 129, 192
lucina (Hamearis) .. 97, 103, 120,
162, 273
lucretia (Pseudoacraea) ........ 76
Tre hiracat CPU Via bo cues ck 212
hictwosa CACONLTIAy vee ae 211
luculella (Telephusa) .......... 289
MPM Tis * CHMVON. oc en tue eee ee 246
lonaria’*(Séeleniar o.oo. 14, 45
luneburgensis (Aporophyla) 129, 191
lunula (Aporophyla) ...... 129, 275
lunula (Colophasia) .... 24, 144, 211
lupinus (Hyponephele) 259, 263
lnridesla Chrlenm) coe. o. 190, 269
SUSE ay Gl gS 2 9 Phe geechator teen) Spa eha Meeks 155
futea “(Spriosomal ooo... ose 188, 224
Teteais: “CUbear nw aaa foes 198
luteolata (Opisthograptis) ...... 130
lutosa (Rhizedra) .. 24, 129, 197, 198
lycaon (Hyponenhel) .. 162, 259, 263
Iyehnidis (Agrochola)').") 2.52.24 270
bychnitis, (Cueathaye: 275 ts Le 212
lyside: (Sricogeniay ie. Se Bete 244
machaon (Papilio) .. 34, 68, 108,
159, 180, 211, 261
macilenta (Agrochola) Fue T2020
macularia (Pseudopanthera) .. 153
maculeum (Caryocolum) ........ 183
maculipennis (Plutella) ........ 72
maera (Lasiomata) .... 101, 162, 264
malella (Stigmella) .........04. 183
malvae (Pyrgus) .. 70, 108, 118,
119, 120, 162
malvella (Pexicopia) .......... 183
PWAMAEET pAOESEOTIS) | css odes a nas 4 37, 262
mantis (Erebia) ...dartas?> ..a: 99, 100
marginana (Eudothenia) ........ 183
marginaria (Erannis) ...... 154.272
marginea (Tischeria) .......... 205
marginellus (Dichomeris) ...... 183
marginepunctata (S. promutata)
marginicolella (Nepticula) ...... 183
marloyi (Erynnis) ....,..; 258, 266

6 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE PAGE
maura Viormo) .....eeaieee. eh 155 nigricans (BHuxoa) Si ae7-4) eee 72
megera (Pararge) .. 50, 70, 97, nigroplaga (Ecpantheria) ...... 246
118, 162, 264 nigropunctata (Scopula) ‘sec 212
melampus (Erebia)) .toces!: 99, 100 niobe\(Wabriciana) 2). .....5... al, 203
melanocephala (Lymire) ........ 246 nisa ‘(Hurema):.).. ... ape 220
mellinata Ciysrisier. +. fers 4 270 nivalis’ (hrebia)ocwn:. . /eaee: 99, 100
miendica (Cyenia)mierely.A). 13, 45 nobilitella (Cydosia) .......).. 247
mendica (Diarsiadiieecs.. .: 191, 224 noctuella (Nomophila) .. 72, 197, 198
menephron (Psilogramma) ...... 2S normalis (Auximobalis) ........ 170
menyanthidis (Apatele). .46, 127, 128 nostrodamus (Gegenes) .... 258, 266
meolans Cirebtia) s itietsnes.). Ac 162 nubeculosa (Brachyonica) ...... 65
mesomelia (ey pOsia) iin...) oh. 51: 153 nupta (Catocala))«..iqeeke. 155512 G5
metaxella (Nemophora) ........ 183 oblonga (Apamea) .............. 275
meticulosa (Phlogophora) ...... 23 obscura (Erinnyis) ........ 242, 246
mi Chpelidimera) ” Fosse. tT) be 270 obscurata. (Gnophos): ts a5n0e0 (ed
miata (Chioroclystay ¢letnns. 2... 130 obsoleta (Heliothis). + .caz—asee 51
nmucacea CdGortyna), . fanneeco 8). 129 obsoleta (Leucania) .... 54, 154, 274
microtheriella (Nepticula) ...... 184 obtusa (Pelosia) .............. 212
millefoliata (Eupithecia) ...... 212 occitanica (Melanargis) ...... 159
mimosaesGArgema)’. 20/062 !3 04: 193 occulta (Eurois) .. 129, 169, 191, 259
minimus (Cupido) .. 16, 48, 66, ocellaris (Cirrhia). 7... yaa eee 288
97, 100, 106, 118, 119, 120, 122, ochrata (Sterrha) cee eee pail,
161, 261, 165, 275 ochrearia (Aspitates) Be eae e3: 192
miniosa (Orthosia) ........ 152, 185 ochrodactyla (Platyptilia) ...... pe
missipus (Hypolimnas) ........ 244 ochroleuca (Eremobia) .......... fir
mittrei (Argema) .............. 193 oe Staats beet tte eee tenes re
mnemosyne (Parnassius) .... 35, 37 oculea (Hydraecia) ............
. odius (Historis) “2722. 243, 244, 245
monacha (Lymantria) ...... 155, 274
a odorata (Ascalapha) 221, 242, 244, 247
moneta o(POlyehrisia).. on... 5. 190 is (hinabiad 98. 99
monoglypha (Apamea) .... 129, 198 Feceesas Clie \ ae imi
cere ees eee so om oileus (Pyrgus) ............ 223, 246
a ea ibe olicet * 4 211 oleracea (Diataraxia) .......... 198
ei, BCOSLOLA) tat yh olivacea )(Oxydia)'*':.) steam 247
morsei (Leptidea) ............., 101 olivaceella (Coleophora) ........ 184
mucronellus (Ypsolophus) ...... 280 ononaria (Aplasta) 211
istrigaria (Colostygia) .. 65 Bn. | (ne
multistrigaria y , ophiogramma (Apamea) .... 54, 154
152, 186 optilete (Vacciniini) ............ 99
munmda ¢Orthosia) ..-.)152; 185,186 Orbiter (Spialia) </). 099). «ee 34
mundana (Nudaria) ............ 189 orbitulus (Albulina) ........ 99, 100
mundella (Mniophaga) ........ 18 orientalis (Carcharodus) 34, 35, 266
munitata (Xanthorhoé) .... 191, 273 orion (M. alpium)
miiimeata MSierrna)s: iis fA eo 153 orion (Scolitantides) .. 97, 101, 265
muscemlosa (Grip) 2.3 274 ornata (Scopula)'20¢228,2) ae eee 187
myellus (C. permutatellus) ornithogalli (Prodenia) ........ 247
Huy THM GORE A COMAS) Soh) len dso 102 ornitopus (Lithophane) ........ 23
myrtillella (Nepticula) ........ 53 osiris (Cupido) (o..208303h eee 3)
mysippus (Hypolimnas) ........ 245 osterodensis (Zygaena) ........ 227
‘ otognatha (Aglaonice) .......... 247
Foe ane toh oe “ag-_-—sootregiata (Lampropteryx) .. 115, 155
g BEd oc a ogg cae ottomanus (Heodes) .. 143, 260, 264
nanata (Eupithecia) .. 130, 151, 187 hella. (Sti ila) 76. 183. 204
naples @eoloria) ..o. 62.52 2502. 100 pry aCe LEME a hey ,
napi (Pieris) .. 65, 70, 107, 117, padella (Yponomeuta) ........ 54
161, 192, 262 palaemon (Carterocephalus) 66,
nebulesa(Polia)... .8i0P he. 188, 190 124, 211
nemorellus (Ypsolophus) ...... 78 paleacea, (Enargia)’ "eee 275
neoridas (Erebia) Ads. SEIS 162 palés' “(Boloria) .. .:.. 7 eee 99
neurica '(Nenagriay 2.0.0. .2 2a 212 palpina (Pterostoma) ...... 187, 188
at CPlusiae soHiOe ee. Meee 26 palustris (Hydrillula) .......... 212
nicippe: Churéetha) \. 0222 2°85 223, 244 pamphilus (Coenonympha) .. 60,
nickerlii (Luperina) .......... 212 69, 70, 97, 119, 162, 264

nigra (A, lunula) pandora (Pandoriana) .... 258, 262

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
pandrose (Erebia) ...2.10.....: 99
paphia (Argynnis) .. 63, 68, 101,

102, 121, 123, 159, 190, 262
pariana (Simaethis) a5: 40). 22 280
parthenias (Archiearis) .. 65,
152, 185,)-186
parthenoides (Mellicta) ........ 162
pastinum (Lygephila) .......... 154
pedaria (Phigalia) ...... 65, 151, 184
pellucida (Hipparchia) ........ 147
pavonia (Saturnia), .......: 187, 192
pelaus (Papilio) ...... 242, 243, 244
pendularia (Cosymbia) ........ 211
pennarian(Colotois).! x4 tsi). . ../11 155
Perla CrYPN1a ied ox corel T4 egy gel 270
perlucidalis (Pyrausta) ........ 225
permutatellus (Crambus) 269, 271
perpendicularis (Gerespa) ...... 247
peiastuis. (Gortyna)<. 234) <2¢iis)< 192
petropolitana (Lasiommata) 97, 162
pharte (Erebia) ........ 98, 99, 100
phicomone (Colias)). <..7.% <2) 99
phlaeas (Lycaena) . 24, 66, 70,

97, 106, 117, 119, 124, 161, 264
phoebe (Melitaea) .. 33, 35, 258, 263
phosphor (Bowkeria) .......... 85
phyleus (Hylephila) ............ 246
pierce (Childonia) i. .PP.0) 2. : 16
pilosaria (P. pedaria)
pinastri (Hyloicus) ........ 189, 190
pimellas: <(Catoptria) 2.42. .2 0.02. 271
piniaria (Bupalus) .... 130, 188, 196
pirithous (Syntarucus) 38, 97, 264, 268
piste(Ceramicaye SOs. 127, 129
plantaginis (Parasemia) .... 154, 273
plecta (Ochropleura).......... 224
plexippus (Danaus) 109, 248, 244, 245
plumbaria (Ortholitha) ........ 188
plumbella (Yponomeuta) ...... 249
pluto” “CX ylophaneés) fs. 2. 2. 246
podalirius (Iphiclides) 34, 68, 159, 261
Polaris UebOlOMIA) Yc as V7
polychloros (Nymphalis) .... 37,

38, 64, 102, 162, 211

polycommata (Trichopteryx) .. 186
polydamus (Papilio) ...... 43, 244
polyxena (Charaxes) .......... 34
populata (Lygris) .... 129, 191, 192
populi (Laothoé) 44, 128, 154, 188, 224
populi (Poecilocampa) ........ 55
porata (Cosymbia): } 2908-3 ye>) 152
porcellus (Deilephila) .. 54, 153, 187
189, 190

porphyrea (Peridroma) .. 24, 72, 128
portia (Anaea) ............ 221, 245
prasina (Anaplectoides) ........ 270
prasinana .(Bena)! 1 P4.). 22522249 153
proboscidalis (Hypena) ........ 129
profundana (Eudemis) .......... 279
proleprota (Dasychira) ........ 76
promissa (Catocala) .... 81, 155, 274
promutata (Scopula) ........ 34, 154
pronoe’ (Erebia) Sy 2NS), Peges 101

l
PAGE
pronuba (Noctua) ...... 24, 129, 154
191, 198
prosapiaria (FE. fasciaria)

proterpia (Eurema) ........ 222, 244
peoteus: (Urbanus)< ..... 2. 220, 246
prunatas (ayers) ic. Li gi 72, 154

pruni (Strymonidia) .. 124, 181,
211, 257, 259, 264
pubicornis (Cochleopvhasia) .... 48
pudibunda (Dasychira) 187, 188
pulchella (Utetheisa) ...... 26,4275
pulchellata (Eupithecia) ........ 277
pulchrina (Plusia) 188, 189, 224
pula Epichnoptery miei ye +) -at. 182
pulveraria (Anagoga) .:........ 45
oulniilio (GESENnesy\ ric"); 414 97, 162
punctalis’ (Synaphe) eid. : ar fee 274
punctaria (Cosymbiay e165 4. ak 187
punctinalis (Pseudoboarmia) 183, 188
punctulata (Aethulura) ........ 152
ponetum (Zygacnararjre. ajai2 34

purpuralis (Zygaena) 15, 17, 45,

47, 49, 159, 197, 212, 276, 277
pustulata (Comibaena) ........ 188
pygmaeella (Nepticula) 183, 204
pygmaeola (Hilema) ...... 20233 Qe
pygmina (Arenostola) ...... 129, 155
pylaon' (Plebejus) (Veh Peer EN. 37
pyralina (Cosma) ie ies | ee 274
pyri: (Saturnia Pena). sk). eee. 160
pyrina. (Zeuzeray ores. |. BIR. 189
quadra! CLithosrayent tsa.) . * 72, 290
quadripunctaria (Euplagia) 212, 230
quercifolia (Gastropacha) ...... 154
quercus (Quercusia) ...... 258, 264
auercus (Thecla).. 103, 148, 161,

190, 275
rajella (Phyllonorvcter) ........ Dee,
rapae (Pieris) 33. 68, 70. 106. 117,

144, 161, 170. 192, 250. 262, 267
ravida (Spaelotis) ...... 154 155, 285
FECENS: LOrayviany Pe Ar! PIN 212
reducta (Limenitis) .. 34. 36. 37,
68, 162, 262
repandaria, (Epioni)........-.-.. 130
repandata: (Alcts) 4% wey. 73, 188
resumens (Pachylioides) ........ 246
reticulata (Heliophobus) 154, 212
rhamni (Gonopteryx) 35. 54, 68,
FL 80,167) 581 71202 Th 2185;
190, 206. 248, 258, 262
rhamniella (Sorhagenia) ...... 249
rhomboidaria (Cleora) .. 189, 271
272
ribeata (Deiloptenia) . 189, 272
ridens (Polyplocadeiicwie).. 152, 187
ripartii (Agrodiaetus) 150, 161,
259, 260 261, 265
rivaiow (Epirrhoe) .... Vaya 153, 182
rivilaris, }ONeptis) (ear). Ate 68
roboraria (Boarmia) .. 153, 188, 190
roseana. (Cochylis) emia) ). pina 183

8 SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
rosella’ (Stigmella)! ifvu7...eae 183
roxelana (Pararge) 36, 258, 260 264
ruberata (Hydriomena) .... 128, 130
rubi (Cailophrys) 36, 103, 118,161

264
reabLe ( Diarsliaye ease este tk). Boe 128
rubi (Macrothylacia) 44. 128, 153
rupivinata Welemyria) ..... 12%. 212
rubiginea ' (Dasyceampa) . 220). 184
rabiginata=Gseepula)y 2s SO8Ke: 130
rubiginosana (Epinotia) ...... 279
rubricosa (Cerastis) ........ 152, 186
rufanal) GAcleris) acon. Baws 183
rufatayenesias) A Fare Owns 72, 182
rufieornis (Chania): & 186, 187
rufipenella (Caloptilia) ........ 286
rugosana (Phtheochroa) ....... 279
ruminal: (Zerynthie)) -2@ 9). B78 159
rupicapraria’ (Llheria) i). oU sry 151
russiae (Agapetes) ........ 126, 162
Sacitaca (Perizomea) 16195 ).6 1545212
sacitncera “<Pachetra)?:: /) eye 212
saliealis.(Colobochyilia)* <2...) 24. yak
Salicata (Colostygia) .. 14, 15, 45, 273
Ssalicicola ‘((Dyspessa)sy). sti a sane 34
salicis (Leucoma) 153, 154, 189
sambucaria (Ourapteryx) .. 190. 248
sannio (Diacrisia) .. 128, 153, 187, 273
sartata:, (GnopRos) pier"). eenl ie 34
satellitia (E. transversa) ........
Satyrata: (Bap ithecia) wedyrimy 8: . «cv 182
Raiurion. (C..Sardettalnvii!). 2kk
saxicola (Homeosoma) ........ 221
saxifragae (Stenoptilia) .. 46, 49, 287
scabiosae (Zygaena) «2.2... 62.6. 159
scabrellus (Ypsolophus) ........ 738
scalella (Pseudotelephusa) ...... 279
schmidiella (Telephila) ........ 280
schoenicolella (Glyphipteryx) .. 17
Scipio (Erebiay Aes. bee keel oS. 162
scoliaeformis (Aegeria) ...... 1B; 21d
scopulipes (Hemeroplanis) .... 247
secalis (Apamea) ...... 129, 191, 198

selene (Clossiana) 24, 32, 62, 66,

oo, 114) 119120" 198 143 153
187, 188. 196, 273, 275

semele (Eumenis) 1, 38, 59, 122

123, 132, 146, 162, 189, 211,
259, 263, 275

Semiargus (Cyaniris) 29, 34, 35,

100, 161, 265
semibrunnea (Lithophane) ...... 24
senectella (Mniophaga) ........ 183
sennae (Phoebis) ...... 220, 243, 244
serratulae (Pyrgus) .... 34, 97, 266
Ssertorius ~(Spialiady J erlos 162, 266
sexalisata (Mysticoptera) .. 153, 188
sextay (Mangucay o.oo. 242, 246
Sidaeneyrous) .. ist: 150, 259, 266
Sifaniens; (Pyreus) (eligi). ieee 109
sisnatana CE pinotialivaoh » . gives 279

simoenta (Teinoletis) ...... 221, 247

PAGE

simulans (Rhyacia) ........ 154, 191
Sinapis (Leptidea) .... 14, 34, 45, 48,
68, 101, 124, 161, 190, 262

siterata (Chloroclysta) ...... 73, 130
smaragdaria (Thetidia) ........ 212
socias(hithephane) .....225..5. ae 17
sOlidaginis (Lithomoia) .... 129, 155
sorbi (Nepticula)) 422 ten) eee 204
sororculana (Apotomis) ........ 184
sororiata, (Carsia)’) 2943!) See 182
sparganii (Nonagria) “25h. .2t8% 274
spini (Strymondia) .. 34, 97, 161, 264
sponsa, (Catocala)!* 27). . Rate ee 81
stabilis (Orthosia) 185, 186, 198
statilinus (Hipparchia) ...... 69, 162
statira _(Phoebis)'}.. 22.9 243, 244
stelenes (Metamorpha) .... 220, 245
stelenes (Spiroeta) .............. 208
stellatarum (Macroglossum) .. 72, 159
stirius. (irebia) ) 2... Ree 101
stolida (Grammodes) ............ 34
straminea (Leucania) .......... 275
straminata (Sterrha)? 22i2. fae 188
strataria (Biston) .. 26, 152, 184, 186
strigilis (Protambulix) ./...... 246
strigillaria (Perconia) .2:....40. 187
strigula (L. varia)

styx.:(Erebia). ... (staeh! haa. ae 101
suasa (Hadena) .ji<ien: See 54
subbimaculella (Dechtiria) ...... 184
sublustris (Apamea) ............ 273
subrosea (Caenophila) .......... 211
subsericeata (Sterrha) .......... 188
subtusa.(Zenobia). . ..c.jeweeeuene 54
subumbrata (Eupithecia) ........ 187
suffumata (Lamproprteryx) .... 152
suspecta (Parastichtis) .... 129, 189
sylvanus (O. venata)

sylvata (Abraxas) «<3. aeons 273
sylvaticella (Coleophtra) ...... 114
sylvestris (Thymelicus) .... 70,

108, 122, 162, 181, 266

15, 35, 66, 70,
108, 118, 162, 266

tages (Erynnis) ..

tantillaria (Hupithecia)) sspeaei 271
temerata (Bapta)) vs): eee 188
templi (Dasypolia) ............ 192
tenuiata (Eupithecia) .......... 72
terebrella (Euzophera) ........ 278
tersa (Xylophanes) ........ 221, 246

tesseradactyla (Platiptilia) .. 17, 163
festata CLygris) .... 81, 127, 229.

191, 192
tetralunaria (Selenia) .......... 187
tetrio (Pseudosphinx) ...... 222, 246
theophrastus (Tarucus) ........ 268

thersamon (Thersamonia) 34, 35,
258, 259, 264

thersites (Lysandra) .... 35, 258, 265

thespis' (Tarucus)icnwe. ayaa 237
thoas (Papilio) infohese tee 223, 244
thorasella (Bucculatrix) ........ 183

! SPECIAL INDEX u

PAGE
figerias CMUsINe Hs... . . 2: 76
menonus. (Pyronia) «csasie. 261, 264
tithonus (Maniola) .. 59, 80, 122,
126, £53,462, 275
pipes CHeodes) ......... 35, 264
fityus (Hemaris) cips77 4. . - - 48, 159
togata (E. pini)
mroauiella (Callisto) casinijay-ait- 183
irapealiseGimmedlia).« .. ce.ecek. Bie
tragopogonis (Amphipyra) -E.. 129
transalpina (Zygaena)...... 101, 159
transversa (Eupsilia) .. 185, 242, 246
trepida (Notodonta) ........ 2. Lar
ies (ings) 0) er 162
pens (Celamial . 02.5.5. .2 04. 164
trifasciella (Phyllonorycter) 78, 205
trifolii (Scotogramma) .... 192, 279
fEMOMieteySACNa) ...-.....-. 159, 182
trigemina (U. triplasia)
trigeminata (Sterrha) ...... 153) 488
trimaculella (Nepticula) ........ 183
rripasia (Uinea) ...... 154, 189, 273
irjpuneratus (Cynaenes) ........ 246
thistita CMEPITEMGe) 2. ke 48
ENON RGA) oo lies eee 2k 191
trivia (Melitaea) .... 33, 258, 260, 263
PtP EO EIS), ess oc cs ee 189
tullia (Coenonympha) 102, 124,
2h Zits
tumidana CAcrObasis) .......... 278
turpidella (Dechtiria) ....../... 114
typhae (Nonagria) .... 129, 154, 270
PypleaeenaeMia)y So. lc eee 197
Wbmelia (Buccalatrix) .......... 183
ourlejeek Ves iid 19) i i ae 189
mmbpresa, CHeliothis) ........2 02... 51
umbrosella (Mniophaga) ........ 18
unaneculata Ceuphyia) .......... 153
onecula Chustrotia) .......... 44, 188
unicornis (Thyrenteina) ........ 247
animals (Pahpita): + 6. 6. ee 288
mnipyneta Cheucania) .......... 79
urticae (Aglais) .. 37, 64, 65, 70,
PRT, 124. 152, 157,185, 192; 262
urticae (Spilosoma) ........ 181, 188
ustinana (Endothenia) .......... 183
waecemun CConistra) 6.2.0... 65, 288
vanillae (Agriades) .... 220, 221, 245
varia (Lycophotia) .*.. 191, 196, 198
venata (Ochlodes) .. 36, 70, 108,
120, 162, 188, 189, 266
MOMOSaN COlNy NA) 620.6 yh nes Zio
venosata (Eupithecia) ........ 14 47
weroase: (Cucullia) 22... 0060... 72
wersicolor (CProcus) ...22.:..- 72, 286
versicolora (Endromis) .. 65, 152, 212
vespertaria (Epione) .......... 212
wetiusia Cuylema)y . 2.6 ee 72, 129
waicatia (EFOGODSIS) .....6 5h. So00: 247
wicine (AvySaeMa) ) Lo. Vee enh oe 212
mierama CPHNOTES) oo. eee ks 37
SUIS EN REMOTELY 68 cou, 2! ola deco he a IS 272
viinalis (Bombyecia) o2 0.5.0 ..5. 129

PAGE
vinula (Caria oM Use... £5; 152
wioletia .(Charaxes);iiverY ascii 76
saretata CAcasis). . 2... See 196, 273
virgaureae (Heodes) .... 97, 148, 264
wmirnidana CLrortrixrd::.4 ae. Boles 76
viridaria (Phytometra) ........ 196
wirldata: (Chiorissa) »..... . eee 153

miriplaca (Heliothis) cepa! - ae 212

vitalbata (Horisme) ....s- big 187
virellima, Cleucaniay’. . 6 5... eee 33
vulneraria (Sphacelalodes) .... 247
vulpinaria (Sterrha))stsc<: . 2a bees 212
wakefieldi (Huxanthe) .......... 76

w-album (Strymonidia) 104, 122,
148, 259, 264, 274

Watraria (itame) 0 cee) aie 72
xanthographa (Amathes) 65, 191, 198
mip heres (CONATAXES)) 24.05.45 hie. 233
VOM! CRCAD IA) al tig a ese Liens 238
zaneis. (Calisto)... 220: 221, 242. 245
ZEA CEES MOP EERS 6) 008 cas Neti 51
ziczae (Notodentay $..\ 0 os ao as 188
ZONaArIia “CNVSSIA) woe ule ass @ pace: Al
zonariella. CKhlachista) 3.0.5.0 2.) 183
COLEOPTERA
Cétonia® arata sys aoe 160

Phytonomus arundinis, elongatus 110
meles, plantaginis 100-3

DERMAPTERA
Gressittolabis delicatula 281, 283
gurneyi sp.n. .. 281-3

Kinesis (Chelisoches) mounseyi,
DUBE AESY Sehr ae 199-203

Nesogaster mounseyi .......... 200
DIPTERA
Acanthiophilus helianthi ........ 168
iSO CC! 6 ie Map meee nae Ser ROW ets AA WE hi ik RES 140
Carpomyila vesuviana <2... 2... 168
CEICODODESG he. iis bake he eg eee 140

Dacus ciliatus, correctus, cucur-
bitae, diversus, dorsalis, tau,
POURS. ie, eee Ei eed 167

Dolichopeza albipes |. 2... 222665, 141

eplOlASteR! Oto ls se Sie a alan 140

Limnophila ‘pulehella 9.0 2302.63: 141

Myiopardalis pardalina ........ 168

Platychirus podagratus .=..:.... 250

Tipula pagana, vernalis ........ 141

igo 53 Fe {<a cent Pt ee 140-3

Trypetiaae, Indian. 25.0. v.26 165-9

Volucella inanis, pellucens, zon-
ries Career Mee eek Rs re ee STREET sR 69

HEMIPTERA

Amrasca bDiguttula biguttula,
GOVaAST aS ts farses ee gan bo

Cilorira, DLSwhhle ae = ee ns 5I

Empoasca devastans ............ 51

Ssundaptery= bisuttiaia 2.230045 ai

SPECIAL INDEX

PAGE
HYMENOPTERA
Dorylinae. (review)! "S29: . 292
asistniger : 2587 a cee eaten. eee Do
Leptothorax acervorum ........ 201
Myrmica scabrinodis y.)..* 2% 251
Olynx . skianeuros 7 42-2)... Bite 170
Scoliidae .:2s awe See: Ree 160
Sifolina | Jauraea eres 2. BS 251
Mey locopidaerss sears. . SPS: 160
ISOPTERA

(Termites, review) 2.0.5. ..0020. 82-3

PAGE
ODONATA
Ischnura elegans \82).. 4) = 198
Odonata of Warwickshire
Cappeal os. t Be eee 198
ORTHOPTERA
Empusa pennata "oe oe 160
Mantis ‘religiosa .. 208s) Biree™ 160
Schistocerca gregaria (Desert
Locust, review)? 3). PSs 174-5

ae
way kage

/OL. 84 No. 1 January 1972

QaaAAEREDEDERE DEQEAGAGASOEDE

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

ee AY eA alate AY

see S&S

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.£.s.
with the assistance of

Ay,

’ iS Gc 5
tite aie an 4 o

x
A

1 A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
_ NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.
, oJ. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. CULLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. HARPER, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S

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Cyril O. Hammond

ISBN 0 7232 0004 1
£2.75 net

This book, the only modern comprehensive survey in English
of the British Diptera, includes full accounts of structure and
the more interesting life histories and habits. More than 280
representative species are illustrated in 53 plates, many in
colour, and in numerous text figures drawn from specimens
collected by the authors. There is a section each on the
Nematocera, the Brachycera, the Cyclorrhapha Aschiza, the
Acalypterates, the Calypterates and the Pupipara. In addition
a long introductory section provides a detailed analysis of the
structure of the fly. The book contains a glossary, a bibliog-
raphy, and is fully indexed. 384 pp; cased binding, colour
jacket. |

‘The authors have aimed to provide a general survey of the flies
of Great Britain .. . with a keen eye for selection and a nice
awareness of what is likely to be looked for in a book of this
scope, they have been remarkably successful.’—Times Literary
Supplement.

40 Bedford Square

War>me toni weir sue

Eumenis semele (L) thyone Thompson (Lep.
Satyridae). A Microgeographical Race
By R. L. H. DENNIS

In a previous paper (antea 82, 1970) it was mentioned that
the aspect of size of E. semele thyone Th. would be dealt with
once representative samples of colonies had been taken in a
transect along the North Wales coast. This has now been
done.

To recapitulate on the situation, the following was re-
quired : —

(1) The average size of the subspecies thyone Th. In my
previous paper, it was mentioned that J. A. Thompson had
labelled it 47:7 mm. 3d, 51-1 mm. & 2; whilst E. B. Ford
had given 41 mm. doc and 43 mm. 2 °,—an obvious dis-
crepancy.

(2) The nature of the cline beyond the Great Orme’s Head
east to Prestatyn, and west to Anglesey, in an attempt to
solve the status of what E. B. Ford termed ‘normal speci-
mens.’

Sampling Procedure and Colonies

The accuracy of the results is dependent on the sampling
procedures utilized, and two facets are involved.

(i) Total spatial coverage.

The initial step was to demarcate the boundary area of each
semele colony. These generally followed two patterns. Those
colonies at Rhyd-y-Foel, Nant-y-Gamar, Moel Hiraddog, Aber
Valley and Bwrdd Arthur, were extremely restricted in areal
extension, being limited to precipitous escarpment faces and
steep slopes. However, sheep tracks and exposed bedding
along rock outcrops, afforded a means of covering each area
along the line of the escarpments, and continual transects were
taken, steadily covering the vertical face.

The remaining colonies were far more extensive (800 X 200
yds), but were usually represented by a more horizontal sur-
face. At Prestatyn, Aberffraw and Conway Morfa, the linear
pattern of the dunes was followed, and the examples taken
accordingly. The Great Orme was divided into 100 subdivisions
for each grid square, on a map scale 1:2.500; transects were
effected in late June 1970 covering the entire headland, and
the detailed distribution of E. semele and P. argus mapped. It
must be borne in mind that Figure 1 is a reduced scale version
for this Journal, and as such, a loss in accuracy must be
expected. Sampling transects were made along the whole
west sector of the Great Orme covering each vertical rise at
every arbitrarily noted return point.

(ii) Temporal coverage.

Sampling throughout the flight period was not carried out
to the same extent, for the obvious reason of the limited avail-
able time. The eleven stations have been sampled over the past
three years. It became apparent during the work that the

Told

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2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/7

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size of the semele populations varied little from one year to
the next in all the inlying stations.

More than twenty sampling days were spent collecting on
the Great Orme, and over ten days at colonies between Conway
Mountain and Rhyd-y-Foel, with only two days spent at each
of the outlying station, where samples were taken during the
mid-emergence period of both sexes. The inlying stations were
sampled throughout the flight period indicated in Figure 2.
The writer could not be in North Wales prior to the 18th June
each year, and so thyone was not sampled in its early flight

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DISPERSION FACETS OF E.SEMELE HUBNER

FLIGHT PERIOD 1970

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 3
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period. The date for its emergence is that provided by H. N.
Michaelis for 1970.

The final facet of the samples, the actual number of insects
utilized, is of course very important. At first, it was assumed
necessary to obtain 50 specimens of each sex from each
locality, but it was found that stabilisation of the mean began
after 15 insects and was attained with a standard error (S.E.)
0-2 to 0-4 mm. at 25-30 specimens. For instance, the Rhyd-y-

WING EXPANSE,

, Q NANT -Y-GAMAR,CREUDDYN PENINSULA; A THE WARREN, PRESTATYN

@ GREAT ORME (THYONE TH), OQ CONWAY MORFA

MM,

~~~ CREUDDYN PENINSULA WING EXPANSE, 207 LIMITS

GREAT ORME WING EXPANSE, 20 UPPER LIMIT.

FIG.2.

4 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD /1/sF2

Foel 3 ¢ of 13 insects in 1970, had a mean value of 51:3 mm.
(S.E. 0:57 mm.); with 32 insects (1971), the mean was still 51-3
mm. Details of the sample figures are given below: —

TABLE 1
Be 8 oe: a3) on
oO ae: (e)
a ie eee aie
ne $4) 8) rs es 2 es 8 os OL Lc
Localities Ss f & 8 O Eo 668
o So Siege eo ae
ig eo © Rm H =
BOBS eee (Bb 4 On Oe ee
of 2 276 8.8 « 2 sae
BS OO f24" 0 0 Be es. = ee
oS 12. 24) %5"29° 76 31 47, 12 32) Sa eee
Samples
QQ 6 [25 "51 45 22>+,28° 58. 17 72ers
eras)
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Lithology ie es 2 242) Saaee
(ay) D ve} (cd) io) vo} © © © © ue)
2.8 S48 2 8°88 2 Ree
Sod Oo Gan 4 ee) a ees

The Cline and Delimitation of the Microgeographical Race.

The means of all the populations sampled are given in
Figures 3 and 4. It can be seen at once, that the figures for the
Great Orme approximate very closely to those given by J. A.
Thomson (1944) (48:01 mm 3 d,51-:7 mm & 2). It would appear
instantly that E. B. Ford’s figures are anomalous, but the
difference here is in the manner of measurement. It would ap-
pear that G. Thomson and the writer take measurements from
the centre of the thorax to the apex, doubling the figure; while
E. B. Ford relies on a direct wing expanse measurement from
apex to apex. I have certified this by taking measurements
using both methods. It is important that the method of
measurement is entered with articles). I have G. Thomson to
thank for pointing out this dualism. It is preferable to follow
the method used here and in G. Thomson’s work on M. jurtina;
as the wing expanse procedure is dependent on the setting
whims and ability of the individual.

Isophenes (Figures ¥% and 4) have been placed at right
angles to the clinal change. It is however, important to bear in
mind certain points concerning the isophenes. They have been
used here as a discriminate measure between populations, and
it is readily noticed that they are correct on the basis of the
sampling points entered alone. For instance, on introducing
certain sampling points to the south of the Creuddyn Penin-

mis) ae
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EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON

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15/1/72

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD

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SAJIVW

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON t

sula, west of the Aber Valley, and in Anglesey or Flintshire,
these lines may well have to be altered. In reality, of course,
there is no gradual change between the Great Orme and Nant-
y-Gamar (or any other demes), but a sudden break established
by Llandudno; in fact it is more correct to assume that no
colony exists between presently marked demes, until they
have been recorded.

However, the isophenes are valuable in one respect. As
a distant measure, they give an appreciable visual impact of
the differences between the semele populations. Two features
are of importance :—

A. The marked clustering of the isophenes at three points
indicate a sudden break in the semele populations.

B. A wide area of general uniformity representing either
gradual change in the semele populations as to size, or
a general stabilization about a certain figure oscillating
in respect of environmental conditions.

(Al) The Great Orme'thoyne Th. Population

This break is extremely marked. The great Orme dod are
differentiated from the Nant-y-Gamar ¢¢ (X?,,, 60:6, P<0-001)
and the Conway Morfadd (X’*,, 118-9, P<0-001), the two
adjacent populations on a highly significant basis. The differ-
ence may appear to be not so great in the females (Great
Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar °°? X*, 34:04, P<0-001) this being
the result of the small numbers used in the Creuddyn sample,
- but the Chi figure is still highly significant. The area of the
subspecies is delimited to the west side of the Great Orme
(Figure I), yet the population is not totally isolated from
contiguous populations; certain gene flow perhaps increased
by anemochore dispersal, implicated by prevailing westerlies,
obtains between Conway Morfa semele, Llandudno West shore
semele, and Great Orme thyone. It is obvious even in face
of population contiguity, soon to be broken, that the lime-
stone-sand dune interface representing the environmental
break between thyone Th. and the Creuddyn Peninsula
populations is a real one, and though perhaps not providing
the reason for the racial differentiation is however a basis
for it. In more specific terms, it is not an inherent quality
of the limestone, nor possibly a major environmental facet
of it that provides a selective pressure on the thyone popula-
tion; yet whatever, there is an association of some selective
facet with the headland.

It was deemed important to assess the degree of differ-
entiation between the Great Orme population and those con-
tiguous members to it, and those along the whole transect.
For this purpose, a corollary of the 75% distance rule was
applied, Mayr’s coefficient of difference. This statistic relates
the difference of the means to a summation of the standard

8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

deviations (in this case +):—
xb—xa

CD=
cat+cb

When the value approaches 1-28, it is a marker of the
75% rule. (According to this, a subspecies is recognised if
75% of the individuals of one population differ from all (97%)
of a recognised subspecies, in this case nominotypical semele.)
Mayr points out, however, that even values of CD 1:9 are
demanded by some authorities for subspecific differentiation.

Using the above relationship, the following was noted :—

Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. d¢ CD 1-03
Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. °°? CD 0-82
Great Orme v. Prestatyn. dd CD1°8
Great Orme v. Prestatyn. °°? CD1-9

There is, however, a problem. If size alone is being com-
pared, what wing expanse value represents the normal sub-
species, if indeed such exists? It will be seen in a following
section that in the south of Britain, the insects are more akin
to the size of specimens at Prestatyn, and not as small as
those at Moel Hiraddog. There is a strong environmental
operative, since similar sized insects as those from the uniform
area over most of North Wales (dd 51-52 mm, 2 ° 55-57 mm)
are found in many localities in N.W. England. (Manchester
Museum specimens.)

However, deriving for a CD value of 1:28 for the thyone
population, the nominotypical semele would have to be
52:6 mm (1-8c) 3d, and 57:84 mm (2-4c) 2 9; at this level,
the subspecific category is determined by the 75% marker.

(A2) The Sand Dune Populations

It is apparent that the end member populations of the
cline are associated with a sand dune environment. Their
large size may well be attributed to ecophenotypic variation.
Whatever, they differ significantly from adjacent popula-
tions :—

Moel Hiraddog v. Prestatyn. dd X?®, 20-12, P<0-001
Bwrdd Arthur v. Aberffraw. dd X?, 27-23, P<0-001
Moel Hiraddog v. Prestatyn. °°? X?®, 29-06, P<0-001

This difference is most likely associated with selection
operating towards one end of a continuously variable sequence
determined by polygenic factors, for which size is a pleio-
tropic secondary effect. It is interesting to compare the
Conway Morfa figures, which should bearing in mind the
environmental relationship approximate the measurement
characteristics of Prestatyn and Aberffraw semele; that this
does not occur, reflects on the clinal situation in the vicinity
of the Great Orme, and is an essential feature in determining
the subspecific attributes of thyone Th.

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 9

(B) The Umformly Belt of semele along the N. Wales Coast.

Beyond the Great Orme geotype, and inside the sand dune
extremes, uniform semele measurements are a remarkable
feature (3d 51-1-52-3; 22° 55-1-57-3 mm). The greater range
noticed in the females is related to their correspondingly
higher standard deviations. The interesting point is that these
measurements are associated with five lithological environ-
ments. If it assumed that the sand dune semele demes are
related to envirenmental pressures producing higher figures,
and that outside Conway Morfa the semele populations are not
affected either by gene flow from the Great Orme, nor under
selective pressures approaching those of the Great Orme, then,
the uniform type along the N. Wales coast is indifferent to the
Great Orme population, and its size characteristics are endemic
to the region. It would have an overall mean of ¢d3 51-6mm
and °° 56-2mm. As then they would represent the environ-
mental equivalent of the nomino-typical semele (especially as
the majority are on limestone), the Mayr CD. 1-28 marker is
too high to endow true subspecific status on E. semele thyone
Th. However, it and P. argus caernensis Th. are microgeo-
graphical races .

In view of the above, and in attempt to provide some com-
parison, the writer was fortunate enough to have access to
Manchester Museum semele. Measurements were obtained of
semele from Winterton (Lincs/Norfolk?), south east localities
(Eastbourne, Folkestone), and from the Isle of Man. As only
a small number of specimens were available, these measure-
ments can only indicate broad trends. The Winterton (20) and
south east semele (24) were remarkably homogeneous. (dd
04°8 mm/54:°6; 22 59:8 mm). It was surprising to find
such small female figures with the large male measurements,
but this could very well be attributed to the small samples
available. It is perhaps a certain feature of the south east
that semele is large, and this is a definite trend on the Con-
tinent. The writer has been sent specimens from La Mare,
Vendée, and from Champigny, Maine et Loire, that are indi-
cators of this trend; (3 3 15, 57-6 mm; 2 2 11, 64-1 mm) those
from the east Pyrnees are even more extreme, or so it would
appear. 33 6, 60-1 mm; °° 6, 67:2 mm). It would be very
interesting to assess the factors behind these changes, yet, it
is not wise to ascribe them to maior environmental changes
such as alterations in heat. load or insolation without experi-
mental evidence. Finally, it was interesting to find that a short
series of dd semele from the Isle of Man measured 51-6 mm,
exactly the N. Wales average given above. These specimens,
and others from inland Lancashire corroborated the North
Wales uniform type to be unaffected by thyone Th. or similar
genetic endowments for dwarfed insects.

Spot Size Differences in North Wales E. semele
As this paper is concerned with meristic variation in E.

10 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD lo/i/i2

semele, the difference in spot size between thyone and other
populations can be dealt with here.

J. A. Thompson pointed out in his original description : —
33 “The forewing spots are smaller than in other races, with
the lower of the two frequently absent, and totally obsolescent
specimens are not very rare’... . ‘The tendency to obsoles-
cence is even more striking on the undersurface than on the
upperside.”

22 “obsolescence is less marked, although the spots are
smaller than in normal specimens.”

Initially, it must be pointed out that obsolescent specimens
have not been seen in the past three years. In fact, of the 73
3d specimens taken at random, only one displays the absence
of a single forewing underside spot. Yet, 1 d and 11 2°92 have
an extra spot. It seems extremely likely, that at the time J. A.
Thompson was collecting, the Great Orme population was ex-
tremely abundant, — he describes the butterfly as being in
‘Immense profusion’—and variable. This variability apparently
extended the trend of obsolescence in the forewing spotting.
Such periods of variability have been dealt with in detail by
Professor E. B. Ford (1964).

It was important to ascertain whether or not J. A. Thomp-
son was correct in his judgement of the reduction of the fore-
wing spots, and to assess the nature of any changes in the
population since 1944. It may be stated now, that the only
apparent change is that the insect is less abundant—it is
common but not in profusion—and less variable.

The two forewing underside and two forewing upperside
spots have been measured interneurally for each specimen, |
and the means of certain populations have been given
below :—

TABLE 2
SS 73 84 82 89 mm
QQ 97 11-2 11-4 12:1 mm

ef

3.6

a = ez Composite FW. UP. and UN.
fz] 0 > Pp spots measured interneurally,
a P S 5 via proximal—distal attitude
BiiEbn darchann a
gp fied Gane
FX alr

As the results for each population approximate a gaussian
relationship, a t. test was applied, and established the follow-
ing differences :—

Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar. dd t (117)=4-6, P<0-001
Great Orme v. Conway Morfa. do t (101)=3-4, P<0-001
Great Orme v. Nant-y-Gamar, 2? 2 t (84)=4:-3, P<0:001
Great Orme v. Conway Morfa. ° 2 t (78)=5-:07, P<0:001

Jed byaV IE 1

From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm.

Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae L.
1. ab. transparens Watson <6 3. ab. inversa Watson
2. ab. albescens Cockayne ¢ 4. sinis. ab. coneyi Watson dex. typical ¢

FURTHER ABERRATIONS OF CALLIMORPHA JACOBAEAE 11

These statistical facts convey an irrevocable message, that
J. A. Thompson’s judgment was correct. The differences
expressed statistically above are given in detail for the males
in Figure 2. The gradation of the forewing spot measure-
ments no doubt follows closely that of the wing expanse
measurements, and the dispersion diagram (Figure 2) reveals
this relationship.

(To be continued)

Further Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae
Linn. (Lep. Arctiidae)
By R. W. WATSON, F.B.A.A., F.F.A.A., F.C.1.S., F.COMM.A., F.R.E.S.

Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. transparens ab. nov.
Fore- and hindwings of normal pattern but so thinly scaled
that the colour is only just visible.
Thorax and abdomen dull black.
Type co bred Wootton, New Forest, June 1945, R. W.
Watson.
Watson Collection.

Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. albescens Cockayne
Originally described Ent. Record, 63: 263, 1951: “The
forewing is pale silvery grey with slightly darker
fringe and normal red markings. The hindwing is
red with a silvery grey border and fringe. The thorax is
dark grey and the abdomen is pale grey. Type male Loc.
incog. bred Meek 1875 (S. Webb, Horne Coll.) R. Adkin
coll. Allotype female Woodchester Glos. 18.5.1920, L.
Lacey. This is a beautiful albino.—E.A.C.”
The specimen depicted herewith is a male labelled “Witley
Sy. June 1911, Eastwood.” It was purchased for 5/- at the
auction sale of 10.11.1967, and reset by R. R. Watson.

Watson Collection.

Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. inversa ab. nov.

Forewings dull pink except for small blackish grey tips
and a dull grey patch extending from the outer margin
half way to the basal area on the lower half of the wing
only. Fringes dull blackish grey. Thinly scaled.
Hindwings dingy white with blackish grey fringes. Also
thinly scaled.

Thorax and abdomen dull pink suffused with blackish
grey. Type, 3 bred ex eoneyi stock June 1969. R. W. and
R. B. Watson.

Watson Collection.

Callimorpha jacobaeae, Somatic mosaic.
Sinis. ab. coneyi Watson, dex. typical.
3 bred June 1968 by A. W. Coney ex coneyi stock.
Watson Collection.

fy ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

Callimorpha jacobaeae ab. basirubra ab. nov.
Forewings typical except for red scaling in the basal area
between the costal and lower red streaks.
Hindwings typical.
Thorax and abdomen black with red suffusion.
Type, ¢ bred June 1969, Origin wild male from Bordon,
Hants. Xconeyi female. R. W. and R. B. Watson.
Watson Collection.
Paratypes 73¢ and 152° from same brood. Watson
collection.
This is the most beautiful of the aberrations so far de-
scribed. The amount of red varies from a rela-
tively small area increasing in some extreme examples
until the inner two thirds of the wing are affected. In all
cases the outer third of the wing is typical. This aberration
only occurred in the aforementioned brood in 1969.
Females from this brood were paired with typical males
ex coneyi stock and this aberration occurred again in 1970.
In 1971 further basirubra emerged from pairing between a
wild male from Portland, Dorset, and a coneyi female.
Acknowledgements
A. D. A. Russwurm: His excellent work continues.
Mrs R. B. Watson, F.R.E.S. Without her assistance, breed-
ing on the required scale would have been impossible.
A. W. Coney for donating the somatic mosaic.
Porcorum, Sandy Down, Boldre, Lyminton, Hants.
November 1971.

The Burren, May 1971
By E. A. SADLER

After many years impatiently awaiting a chance to visit
that unigue area known as The Burren of Co. Clare, I was
delighted to find such an opportunity in May this year, when’
modernisation of my work at last allowed me to get there,
and though my friends Peter Rogers and Pat Meredith, here-
after referred to as R. and M. respectively, who accompanied
me on this venture would rather have made the visit in June,
I was forced to confine it to the last week in May, which we
hoped, considering the earlier than usual spring, would give
us a fair chance of seeing the lepidoptera we were going for.

R. and I drove to Bristol airport on the 20th for our first
taste of civilian air travel, both having only previously been
up by courtesy of the Royal Air Force. The baggage arrange-
ments as far as we understood were the first 40 lbs. free, and
an excess charge of so much per pound. Having weighed my
luggage (which included a Honda generator) before setting
out, I knew it went about one hundredweight, and was far
from happy at the thought of what it would cost. R., whose
baggage was heavier than mine, also approached the weigh-
in with some trepidation. But we need not have worried, as

Plane: el

From the original watercolour drawing by A. D. A. Russwurm.

Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae L.
land 2. ab. basirubra Watson 33 3 and 4. ab. basirubra Watson 2°

ji

ta

THE BURREN, MAY 1971 13

all our 2 cwt. plus was accepted without question, and con-
veyed free of charge. An unexpected difficulty did arise, how-
ever, when our flight, scheduled for 12.50 was delayed uniil
14.15, when we at last took of for Cardiff in a Boeing 727,
where we touched down briefly before resuming our journey
to the Emerald Isle, or,more precisely, Dublin airport, arriving
there at 15.00 hours.

Due to the delay, we were now running a bit behind our
schedule, so to save time, R. went to collect the car, which
incidentally, is made available by the Irish Tourist Board free
to any two people spending a week there in the off season,
while I was left to shepherd our mound of baggage past the
customs. The junior officer, taking one look, called reinforce-
ments in the shape of a senior colleague who rather dis-
armingly started my interrogation with: “You seem to have
rather a lot of luggage, sir?” but after my brief explanation,
I was allowed through, classified as a harmless idiot if I read
the smiles on both their faces correctly.

We were pleased to find that the car awaiting us was not
a Mini as we had been led to believe, but a new Hillman
Avenger, which meant there was more space than anticipated
for our gear, and we crossed Ireland in comfort. I was in-
terested to see how deserted were the main roads once we
got out of Dublin. This coupled with the fact that until we
neared our destination, they were very wide, meant that we
suffered no hold-ups and made good time, arriving in the
Burren area just before 7 p.m.

Ballyvaughan was our first port of call, and we drove to
a small cottage along the coast road where BR. on a previous
visit had obtained permission to plug in a m.v. trap; we were
kindly granted the same facility so we speedily ran out the
cable and erected a portable trap R. had brought with him,
on the corner of what passes for a field in this region, for,
apart from the walls around the pavement-like ground with
sparse grasses growing in the crevaces, they bear little resem-
blance to the lush pastures of home. I wondered what our
herd of 200 dairy cows would make of such spartan surround-
ings; I am certain that those that did not immediately break
legs would only have died of starvation, yet cows and donkeys,
in admittedly small numbers, were looking amazingly healthy
in such fields.

With the trap in position and an assurance from our oblig-
ing host that he would switch on each evening at dusk, we
resumed our journey to Lisdoonvarna, where our hotel accom-
modation had been arranged, crossing the Burren completely
to do so, which gave me a good idea of the terrain we were
to work during the coming days. Apart from the numerous
stone walls, the hawthorn bushes everywhere with their
masses of white blossom were the most eye-catching feature
at this season of the year. I noted that though higher parts

of the ab. rustica form of Cycnia mendica Clerk, which we
shared.

14 ENTCMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

looked grey and bleak, there was a good deal more vegetation
and trees on lower areas than I had expected from descriptions
which I had read or heard, and in places some fields were
virtually rock-free and grass covered.

We were well received at our hotel in Lisdoonvarna, and
after a meal, we loaded our collecting gear aboard the car, and
drove the few miles to Fisher Street, and nearby Doolin Strand,
where along the rocky coast bordering Galway Bay, we in-
tended running our four m.v. light from our two generators,
our main quarry being Hadena caesia Borkh. After looking
out suitable sites for the night’s operations, I found there was
at last time, with the sun still not down, to appreciate the
natural beauty of this area, with the huge cliffs of Moher in
the distance, a small rocky island, known as Crab Island, just
off-shore covered in gulls assembling for roost, whilst around
us were beds of the commoner flowers, bladder campion
bird’s foot trefoil and sea thrift, overflowing from cracks and
wider faults in the rock pavement. Amongst these flowers, the
undescribable bright red of bloody cranesbill caught the eye,
though a good many of these were still unopened buds.

At 10 p.m. we arranged our lights along the rocky coast-
line, but found it was not until nearly an hour later that it
became properly dark in this most westerly part of the British
Isles. Soon after lighting we were pleased to get numerous
deep grey coloured Eupithecia venosata Fab. rapidly followed
by an increasing number of Hadena capsophila Dup., some
showing by their worn state that this species (or sub-species)
had not just commenced emergence even at this early date.
Plenty were, however, in immaculate condition, and we soon
had a series each. One caesia of the nice blue-grey Burren
form arrived early, but we had to wait until midnight before
three more arrived, to be followed an hour later by two more
just as we were about to pack up. Because of this, we stayed
half an hour longer, by which time, with no new moths arriving
we agreed to call it a night. We were back at our hotel by
2 am., well pleased with our first night’s work, which also
produced an Apatele euphorbiae sub-sp myricae Guen. for
each of us.

After breakfast the following morning we drove to Bally-
vaughan to inspect the trap, finding the intake quite respect-
able, consisting of a varied assortment of common species,
among which we were pleased to find several Calostygia
salicata sub-sp. latenaria Curtis, and I was particularly gratified
to see a number of Selenia lunaria Schiff., a species which,
apart from a single Scottish example, has until now managed
to elude me. Females of both these were kept for ova and duly
obliged over the next few days. From these eggs we both
reared a series of the former later at their second brood, while
I am over-wintering pupae of the latter. The only other species
of real interest to us from the trap were four nice white males

As the morning was sunny we visited the nearby Newton
Castle for Leptidea sinapis L., which fluttered before the car

THE BURREN, MAY 1971 lo

along the approach lane in numbers, and was even more
abundant on the hillside by the castle, the bramble-covered
slopes making a sharply contrasting habitat to the woodland
rides of its English localities, the vetches between the brambles
proving that this was a breeding ground. We each netted a
series of this attractive Irish variety, finding that females were
rather harder to come by than males. Our picnic lunch was
consumed here before driving along the coast to Fanore
Strand, which is a fairly small and isolated area of steep sand-
hills situated between Graggagh and Marroogh, where the
river Caher meets the sea. Even in this sandy place, the inevi-
table low flat areas of rock-pavement were present between
the dunes. We spent several hours there looking for Zygaena
purpuralis sabulosa Tremewan, but eventually had to give up,
returning to our hotel with only two full-fed larvae of Setina
irrorella L. to show for our trouble, which we had found on
lichen covered rocks.

Heavy rain began falling after dinner, and a strong wind as
well made it obvious that Doolin Strand would be unworkable
that night, so we drove to Ballyvaughan at dusk, hoping to find
some shelter from the wind along that coast, but though we
dangled one m.v. over the cliff in a fairly sheltered niche, the
response was so poor that we gave up, and were eventually
reduced to taking turns netting moths in the car headlights as
the other drove slowly along the road. This curious method of
collecting produced several C. salicata, and during one of my
spells outside, I even managed to net a Cerura vinula L., but
with net and clothes becoming saturated, we decided to call it a
night. On our return trip, we met up with the third member
of our party, M., who had flown over with his family earlier
that day. We found he had plugged in a trap a mile down the
road past ours, and was just packing up his portable light,
having reached the same conclusion as we had.

The following morning, which was brighter but with a keen
wind, saw us all at Ballyvaughan examining the traps, which
had again taken moths in good numbers despite the foul night,
though they contained a similar selection to that of the pre-
vious night. After sorting our captures, we tried walking up
the nearby stony fields, where I concentrated on flushing
salicata from the rocks, on which I understand, they are sup-
posed to rest, but on this and every other occasion neither of
us saw any in daylight and I noted later, when rearing this
species, that the newly emerged specimens remained closely
plastered to the wall of their cage, even when a pill-box was
pushing them along as I tried to coax them inside, so it may
well be that they sit tight in the wild, and rely on their camou-
flage to protect them. Our walking up did produce several
species of interest, however; Erynnis tages sub-sp. baynesi
being fairly common here and elsewhere on the Burren, as we
subsequently found. We each netted a few Chiasmia clathrata
sub-sp. hugginsi, though nowhere did we find this species com-
monly.

16 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/772

M., who was staying at Ballyvaughan, finding we were
carrying our lunches with us, now returned to his hotel to
collect his, while we drove along the coast to Black Head,
where the thrift plants growing on the rocks near the shore
were inspected for signs of larvae of Eana colquhounana Barr.,
but only managed to locate two each by looking for dead
patches on the plants, which we had been advised were feeding
signs. On a subsequent visit I realised that a fine silk tube
amongst the leaves, which was really an extension of the
resting and pupating tube of thicker silk which goes down into
the matted roots of the foodplant, was a more obvious guide to
a larva being present. On this occasion apart from the difficulty
of stopping these very active larvae from running down their
tubes and into the crevices out of which the thrift grew, whence
nothing short of dynamite would remove them, we obtained all
that we required. Later, however, for some unexplained
reason we only managed to get a few pupae each from them,
the majority disappearing without trace from our plastic boxes
though M. did report finding a few parasitic fly cocoons among
his, which, no doubt, accounted for some. Those which did
pupate emerged eventually without further trouble.

When M., rejoined us, we drove to the Gleninagh moun-
tain, and after lunching by the side of the river Caher, which
flows between this and the higher mountain, Slieve Elva, we
crossed the smail meadows, which are the lower slopes of the
former mountain, noting that the short-cropped turf was
studded thickly with the brilliant blue flowers of the Spring
Gentian, which grew here in greater abundance than anywhere
else in the Burren we had seen. As we progressed higher
several Cupido minimus Fuesl. were netted as they flitted
about behind the shelter of the stone walls, which offered some
protection from the keen wind. Eventually the walled fields
gave way to the usual rock-strewn slopes, where the gentians
were still fairly common, but now were swamped by the
creamy white, gold-centred flowers of mountain avens, which
covered the rocks, and turf between, in great clumps. This
attractive flower also grew at lower levels elsewhere. The
red of bloody crane’s bill and unidentified orchids and large
patches of yellow trefoil made a beautiful natural rock garden
of this mountain-side. In our search for less obvious plants we
noted several of the lone green flower-spikes of that very
rare plant, the dense-flowered orchid, in this, its only British
locality; we were to meet other examples of this plant in
other parts of the Burren later. Small moths were being
flushed from the herbage as we progressed upwards, but were
carried away so fast in the wind that we found it nearly
impossible to sample them. We did, however, manage to
secure three specimens of the large and attractive Childonia
pierci Obraztsov, finding subsequently that this species was
to turn up at the Ballyvaughan traps commonly. After walk-
ing by it on the way up, we eventually located the prostrate
juniper on the high slopes as we climbed back down, finding

THE BURREN, MAY 1971 17

that it hugged the rocks so closely that it was only with some
difficulty that we were able to lift it up enough to slide the
sheet we had taken up for the purpose, beneath the bushes.
This done, we beat a large number of Thera cognata Thunb.
larvae, from which we eventually reared a series each of this
large and rather purplish race. Mountain cudweed plants
were closely inspected, but there was no sign of Platyptilia
tesseradactyla Treits. nec L., of which we had hoped to find
imagines at rest on the flowers. Though we searched here
again and elsewhere where cudweed was located, over the
following days, we failed to see this species, or, for the
matter of that, another of the Burren plume specialities, P.
icterodactylus Mann, though cold winds and rain may have
been the reason for our failure. Bog rush seed-heads near the
river were also searched for Glyhpipteryx schoenicolella Stt.,
but with a strong wind blowing, it was not surprising that none
of these small moths was found. We returned to our respec-
tive hotels for dinner, and met up with M. again just before
dusk at Doolin, where we lined our six m.v. lights up along
that flower-bedecked coast on a rather windy night in which
we were to see only two caesia, a few venosata and capsophila
and little else. With nothing having responded to our lights
since midnight, we packed up at 1 a.m.

We mez as usual at the Ballyvaughan traps, to which M.
had added a third trap overnight, finding all the usual species
for this area in them plus a few capsophila, which was a rather
uncommon visitor here. Caesia failed to turn up at the traps
throughout our stay, even though these lights were within
sight of and fairly close to the coast. A bonus for R. and
myself, which we found sitting on a bracken frond near his
trap was a female Lithophane socia Hufn., which was unbeliev-
ably plump, considering it was so worn as to be devoid of
markings. Nevertheless, she laid a good quantity of ova during
the following weeks, and we both raised a series of a species
we had found very slow to come by nearer home, though M.
had just managed to complete his series elsewhere the pre-
vious autumn.

We again walked up the adjacent fields to see what we
could flush in the morning sun, but we had not gone far when
I spotted a fine fat Z. pupuralis larva sitting on a rock. A
closer search at this spot produced nothing more, so we agreed
to go on to Fanore Strand, where, we hoped, with a living
example before us, to find more. However, a long and deter-
mined search there proved fruitless, and it was more from
desperation than hope of success that I started plucking moss
where the thyme grew through, reasoning as I did so that if
larvae were not available, cocoons must be. I was pleasantly
surprised immediately to find two of these rather small oval
brownish cocoons, spun up among the moss just below the
surface. We returned to the attack with renewed vigour
after this lucky break, but after an hour of kneeling on the
spongy turf, which was becoming rapidly wetter as the odd

18 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD 15/572

showers which had been falling, changed to continuous rain,
and with only four more cocoons to show for our labour, we
were obliged to give up for the time being. We then turned
our attention to a small heap of sand nearby, which was
covered by a curious clinker type loose rock, which was easily
turned over without kneeling in the wet; beneath these we
found a number of irrorella pupae spun up in a loose web of
silk, together with a few larvae, and one newly emerged moth,
this being of a much deeper shade of orange than the insipid
specimens collected from the Isle of Wight a few years ago, as
indeed were all the specimens we eventually bred from Fanore,
R. also spotted several Mniophaga mundella Dougl. grouped
together under one rock and a careful scrutiny beneath other
rocks produced more specimens together with a few M.
umbrosella Zell.

With the rain now very persistent we adjourned to our
hotels to catch up on our setting late in the afternoon, and
again after dinner.

The following morning was no beiter, and we decided, after
a quick look through the trap’s poor intake, that this was an
opportune moment to make our only collecting trip away from
the Burren, to Killarney where we wanted to try for pupae
of Aegeria scoliaeformis Borkh. We had been informed that
they infest some of the birch trees there. We were soon on
our way and during a brief wait for the ferry to cross the
river Shannon M. beat an Orneodes hexadactyla L. from
bushes growing along the north bank. It was early afternoon
by the time we had located the birches near Killarney, but
though we found plenty of old scoliaeformis workings, no new
mines could be detected though we searched for several hours.
By now the day had brightened up, and we saw Celastrina
argiolus L. flying about some roadside hollies in fair numbers,
M. tried to catch some of these, but ended up netting
Rheumaptera hastata L.

A small shamrock plant was found growing on the trunk
of one large birch, causing us to look at the ground, where
we found we had been walking among these plants for some
yards without realising it. Some of the small and rather
delicate pale blue flowers were on them, and I mused on how
many thousands of people there must be who know exactly
what a shamrock leaf looks like, but I wondered just how
many of them could describe the flower, or say what colour it
is? Another plant we saw in a nearby spot was the bog violet,
whose single blue flowers, an inch or more across, were really
eye-catching against a drab background of dead grasses and
peat. With the afternoon nearly gone we suddenly realised
we would have to depart if we were to catch the next ferry
to get us back in time for dinner, and after a mad dash, we
just made it, though we left a few worried looking jaunting
cart drivers behind us in Killarney, I am afraid.

(To be continued)

PSEUDAGRION RUBRICEPS SELYS 19

Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys in tandem with
Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur) (Odonata,
Coenagriidae)

By TRipipn RANJAN Mitra and A. R. LAHIRI.
Entomology Laboratory, Deptt. of Zoology, Calcutta University

In nature examples of abnormal tandem flight of certain
Anisopteran and Zygoptearan Odonates have been recorded
by several workers (Corbet, 1962; Bick & Hornuf, 1965 and
Bick, 1971). But so far no report has been available as to such
examples in Pseudagrion damselflies.

This note reports two such cases when the males of
Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys were caught in tandem with fe-
males of Pseudagrion microcephalum (Rambur) in the morn-
ing of a rainy day in the month of September, 1966 in Calcutta.

In this connection it may be reported that no attempt to
copulate was noticed in either case, though prior to their
capture they were in tandem for a reasonable time.

In this connection it may also be mentioned that females
of Pseudagrion rubriceps are not represented in our collection
although both the sexes of the other species mentioned above
are there. Fraser (1933) perhaps correctly pointed out the
rarity of the females of P. rubriceps in the Indian sub region.

Thus from the above facts it appears that Moore’s hypo-
thesis (Moore, 1957 and 1960, in Corbet, 1962) on such ab-
normal behaviour, as also noted in these cases, in Odonates
perhaps holds good.

The authors are thankful to the Head of Department of
Zoology, Calcutta University for facilities, to Dr D. N. Ray
Chaudhuri of the same department for guidance and to Dr D.
E. Kimmins of the British Museum (Nat-Hist), London, for
conformation of our indentifications.

References

Bick, G. H. & Hornuf, L. E. (1965). Behaviour of the damselfly, Lestes
unguiculatus Hagen (Odonata: Lestidae) Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci.
75: 110-115.

Bick, G. H. (1971). Personal communication.

Corbet, P. S. (1962). A Biology of Dragonflies. pp. XVI+247; 115
figs and 6 pls. H. F. and G. Witherby Ltd., London.

Fraser, F. C. (1933) Fauna of British India. Vol. 1 Taylor and Francis,
Ltd., London.

YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE IN KentT.—Reading Mr
S. N. A. Jacobs’s note in the September issue of The Record has
prompted me to give another Kentish locality for this moth.
The larva (unknown to me at the time) was taken on black-
thorn in Chestfield, near Whitstable, in May 1971, and the
moth emerged on the 10th July of that year.—E. S. BRADForRD,
38 Oakwood Ave., Boreham Wood, Herts. 26.xi.1971.

20 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/i/f2

The North American Tortricid Moth, Endothenia
hebesana (Walker, 1863), a member of the
Fennoscandian fauna

By M. OPHEIM

Last summer (1970) in a collection of Microlepidoptera

belonging to Leif Aarvik, a high school boy, I noted a dark
Endothenia species, captured near the city of Gjovik (Os),
Norway, on 3rd June 1970. By dissection it was found that the
specimen, a female, has a broad and sclerotized ostium (fig. 4)
distinct from any of the palaearctic Endothenia species known
to me from the accessible literature. However, in a monograph
by Heinrich (1926) on the North American Laspeyresiinae and
Olethreutinae, I noted that Endothenia hebesana (Walker,
1863) had a similar ostium to that found in the Norwegian
female (Heinrich, fig. 188).

As it was necessary to obtain more material, especially of
364,I1asked Aarvik to try to collect more specimens this sum-
mer (1971). Subsequently, he made a search for the species
around Gjovik up to 5 km from the city, and had the very good
fortune to capture 3 dd and 5 2 2 between 16th June and 6th
July in forest clearings.

E. hebesana is according to Heinrich (1926) a very common
species in U.S.A., occurring from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Ocean. It is also found in the southern part of Canada. The
larva of the species lives on several different plants, of these
Solidago, Stachys and Vesbascum are commonly found around
Gjovik.

Recently, I noticed that Falkovitsh (1970) considers Endo-
_thenia adustana Krogerus, 1947, from the northern shore of

Lake Ladoga in Carelia, as a junior synonym of E. hebesana.
Falkovish also mentions that the species has been found in
Southern Siberia. As I had considered the Norwegian speci-
mens quite distinct from E. adustana due to the dark and
monotonous forewings of the latter as illustrated in fig. 2
(Krogerus 1947), and there also seems to be some differences in
their male genitalia, I asked my good friends at the Zoological
Museum, Helsingfors, Dr W. Hackman and Dr J. O. Kaisila, to
send me two specimens of E. adustana for inspection. I re-
ceived two females, one of which was dissected. The genitalia
were in full agreement with those of the Norwegian specimens
(figs. 4, 5).

However, I think that the Norwegian population should be
recognized as a new subspecies, E. hebesana toteniana nov. ssp.
(named after a district on the west side of Lake Mjosa).
Description: The forewings have grey ground colour, black
transverse markings, and many tiny orange-brown spots. These
spots seem to be more numerous in the Norwegian subspecies,
particularly in the female. On the costa they are also present
in the discal and basal areas, but absent in the Carelian speci-

NORTH AMERICAN TORTRICID MOTH, ENDOTHENIA HEBESANA 21]

Figs. 1-5. Endothenia hebesana toteniana nov. ssp. 1-3, male genitalia;
1, uncus, tegumen, socii; 2, same, lateral view; 3, valva. 4-5, female
genitalia; 5, signum.

mens. In the male genitalia the uncus has a shorter neck, 8 to
10 thorns on the outer edge, and several weaker ones on the
dorsal side (figs. 1, 2). Aedeagus short and broad, without
cornuti.

Expanse: 15-18 mm.

Holotype: Gjévik, Opland, Norway, 3 20th June 1971, Gen.
prep. 4843 (L. Aarvik leg., coll. Zool. Museum, Oslo). Para-
types: Same locality 2 dd 24th June, 6th July 1971, 2° 3rd July
1970, 3 22 16th June, 2 22 22nd June 1971 (leg. & coll. L.
Aarvik).

Endothenia hebesana which occurs commonly in North
America as mentioned above, seems to be extremely local in
the palaearctic region, but I am inclined to believe that by
persistent search the species can be discovered in several more
localities. _ We can probably leave out of consideration an
accidental introduction of the species from North America, as
the recorded localities are situated far from large communica-
tion centres.

The species has not been included in the new catalogue of
Fennoscandian Microlepidoptera (1971), because the above
mentioned part of Carelia was ceded to U.S.S.R. in 1944.

Acknowledgements
My sincerest thanks are due to Leif Aarvik for the loan of
specimens of Endothenia hebesana, and to the curators, Dr. W.
Hackman and Dr. J. O. Kaisila, Zoological Museum, Helsingfors,
for the loan of 2 °° of Endothenia adustana.

22 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

References

Falkovitsh, M. I. (1970). New and little known species of the genus
Endothenia Stph. (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae) in the fauna of the
U.S.S.R. Vestnik Zoologii, 4 (3): 68-76.

Heinrich, C. (1926). Revision of the North American moths of the
subfamilies Laspeyresiinae and Olethreutinae. Smithsonian Inst.
Bull., 132: 1-216.

Krogerus, H. (1947). Zwei neue Kleinschmetterlinge aus Fennoskandien.
Not. Ent., 27: 4-8.

Krogerus, H., Opheim, M., v. Schantz, M., Svensson, I, Wolff, N. L.
(1971). Catalogus Lepidopterorum Fenniae et Scandinaviae.
Helsingfors Entomologiska Bytesforening, Ed. |

Zoological Museum, Sarsgt. 1, Oslo 5, Norway. x.1971.

Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col., Curculionidae),
a Weevil New to Britain |

By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.

Whilst on a visit here recently, Mr P. J. Hodge, of Ringmer,
Sussex, showed me a very large black Magdalis that he had
taken off grass in Friston Forest, near Eastbourne, on 12th
June of this year, and which he and his friend Mr R. D.
Dumbrell of Polegate, Eastbourne, had made out from Reitter
(1916, Faun. Germ., 5: 125-6) to be M. memnonia Gyll.—a
species previously not known to inhabit Britain. I have since
fully satisfied myself of the correctness of this determination.
In the Continental keys the beetle at once ‘runs down’ to
memnonia among the rather numerous species of the genus, of
which at 5-9 mm. in length (without rostrum) it is, at least in
mid-Europe, easily the largest. Among our fewer species, its
size, together with other characters, should make it recognis-
able almost at a glance—only large specimens of carbonaria
L. normally exceeding 5 mm. Mr Hodge’s example of M.
memnonia is a female of 7 mm.

The salient features of the species are as follows: —

Entirely deep black above, surface between the punctures shiny.
Scape of antennae auite unlike that of M. carbonaria, being much
longer and thinner and strongly curved in the region of the apical
thickening (straight in carbonaria). Pronotum long, subconical, smooth,
thickly punctate, sides without trace of lateral tubercles or of constric-
tion towards base; posterior angles projecting backward but not side-
ways. Elytra a little widened behind, the base of each raised into a
curved compressed keel much stronger than in carbonaria; their sculp-
ture characteristic, the striae being catenate (chain-like) with deeply
impressed linear-oblong punctures well separated by transverse bar-
like shining intervals; interstriae with punctures irregularly uniseriate,
and so densely crowded as to leave only narrow raised rim-like shining
interspaces. Mid-femoral tooth larger than the others (at least in this
specimen).

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 23

M. memnonia belongs to the subgenus Magdalis s.str., the
members of which are practically restricted to Coniferae; but
which (though comprising the bulk of the genus) included only
two’ certainly known as British up to now, namely phlegmatica
Hbst. and duplicata Germ. These however are both dull dark
blue or greenish-blue species peculiar to the Scottish High-
lands. Quite apart from its superior size, the elytral sculpture
—which presents a strongly rugulose aspect—renders the
species under notice unmistakable.

Reitter (l.c.) records M. memnonia as general on diseased
pines throughout Germany, and Horion (1951) gives its dis-
tribution as all central and southern Europe up to Denmark—
where it is reported by Hansen (1965) as rare. The wood in
Sussex where the insect was taken is planted with conifers,
some of them in a sickly condition, so that its breeding there is
a high probability. The occurrence of a single example only is
without significance because the captor, unaware at the time
of the interest of his find, did not revisit the locality; but we
hope to establish the fact of its breeding next year. M.
memnonia must be regarded as an introduction or, possibly, a
natural immigrant, and like a number of such species may
well spread to other areas—indeed it may already have done
so. It need not, however, be feared as a potential pest, since
it does not appear to attack healthy trees.

1M. violacea L., as I shall show later, cannot be admitted to our list
without further evidence.

63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 3.xiu.71.

Notes and Observations

HELIOTHIS ARMIGERA HuUBN IN DorRsET. — The paucity of
moths in my trap in Surrey during October decided me to give
the West Country a try, despite the late date. I journeyed
down to Charmouth on 25th Oct. I stayed at a place I knew
well from my fossil hunting days, that overlooks the river
mouth and has grounds within’ 200 yards of the cliffs. There
are fine old Macrocarpus trees in the garden.

I ran a Robinson trap on the tennis court and found time
on arrival, to work out an ivy run.

Hopes of late Lithophane leautieri, Boise. were raised and
lowered by the irritating habit of L. ornitopus, which sat about
on the macrocarpus trunk as if they had just emerged.

Throughout the next three nights moths were plentiful to
both light and ivy. Phlogophora meticulosa Linn. averaged 50
per cent night and Agrochola lota Clerck. was also very
common. An unexpected visitor to the trap was Griposia
aprilina Linn. of which three were taken, though oak is very
scarce in the district.

24 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 13/1/72

On the first night the ivy yielded a fine Lithophane semi-
brunnea Haw., a single Lucania l-album Linn. and one huge
Rhizedra lutosa Hubn. Light produced nothing exceptional.

On Tuesday 24th the trap was moved to a more exposed
position, where, despite a stiff north-east wind, results were
much better, and I was able to complete a short series of L.
l-album, R. lutosa, Eumichtis lichenea Hiibn. and Aporophyla
nigra Haw. It was on this night that I took a beautiful male
Heliothis armigera Hubn. on ivy blossom.

The final night started clear and cold with a quarter moon,
but by 7.30 a ceiling of sea mist obscured the moon and the
temperature rose from 47°F to 52°F n half an hour. This was
another excellent night with most of the same species arriving
in numbers. An additional species was a lone Peridroma
porphyrea Schiff. Several Noctua pronuba Linn. were still
flying — a very late date, while a single Erannis defoliaria
Clerck. was exceptionally early.

During the daytime, in warm sunshine, I found third brood
Lycaena phlaeas L. flying, and saw a single Colias croceus
Fourc. coming in from the sea.

I returned home to Surrey on the 28th after a most ‘success-
fut trip on which I had recorded 39 species including armigera.
—E H. Wixp, 112 Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon Surrey.

CLOSSIANA SELENE DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER: SECOND BRoop
SPECIMENS.—I was very interested in Mr R. F. Bretherton’s
reference (Ent. Rec., 83: 325) to second brood examples of
this species, and agree that these are of rare occurrence. The
fact that the fresh female caught on the 27th August 1971 is
also considerably smaller than normal specimens is also of
interest. I do not claim to have seen any second brood
examples of this butterfly in the wild, but in September 1959,
Dr A. M. Heron and myself reared several in captivity. Ova
were obtained from a wild female taken near Aviemore in
June of the same year, and the larvae fed on a mixed diet of
wild violet and pansy leaves. Most of the butterflies were of
normal size, but two were slightly smaller. In the same month
and year we also reared a few examples of Clossiana
euphrosyne (Linnaeus). The female parent was taken in May
1959, at Silverstone, Northants., and again the larvae were fed
on violet and pansy. The butterflies are particularly fine, being
of normal size and in two or three examples, marked with ad-
ditional black near the wing base. I should add that the larvae
of both species were reared at normal room temperatures. On
subsequent occasions Dr Heron and I have attempted to
rear more of these two butterflies in late summer, but with no
success. The larvae resisted our efforts, even when higher
than normal temperatures were imposed. Frowhawk mentions
that although second brood examples of both species are re-
corded, they are few in number.—GerorcsE E. Hype, 26 Warning-
ton Drive. Bessacarr, Doncaster, Yorks. DN46SS. 20.xi.1971.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 25

LITHOPHANE LEAUTIERI BOISDUVAL IN WEST SOMERSET.—The
latest account of the distribution of Lithophane leautieri Boisd.
as a breeding species (1968, Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1:
73) states that it is confined in Britain to the southern seaboard
counties from Eastbourne to Torquay.

In view of this, some account of its occurrence in West
Somerset may be of interest.

A Robinson mercury-vapour light trap has been regularly in
operation on all suitable occasions since 1956. From 1956 to
1963 this was situated on the borders of the built-up area of
Minehead. From 1964 to 1971 it was operated in rural condi-
tions at Selworthy about three miles west of Minehead. In
Minehead there were two mature specimen trees of Cupressus
macrocarpa, probably planted when the house was built about
65 years ago, while there were, also, a number of these trees in
the vicinity. At Selworthy there are no large macrocarpa trees
in the immediate neighbourhood, the nearest being nearly a
mile away.

The first appearance of leautieri was in 1963 in Minehead
after seven blank years. It occurred at Selworthy in early
October and in small numbers (1-3) every year from 1964 to
1969, missed out in 1970, but turned up again this year (2).

If any conclusions can be drawn from these records it seems
to me probable (1) that leautieri breeds in the Minehead dis-
trict and (2) that it may only have commenced to do so in the
early 1960s.

There has been only one other report from Somerset, from
Shipham on the Mendips in 1966.—H. M. Cuappe., The Old
Rectory, Selworthy, Minehead, Somerset. 25.xi.1971.

BLASTOBASIS DECOLORELLA WOLLASTON IN KENT AND ESSEX.—
It has been a habit of mine during the past few years to collect
moss and lichen from walls, rocks, etc., in anticipation as to
what may emerge from it later on. This year was no exception,
and from moss growing on a wall at Folkstone, Kent, which I
gathered at the beginning of April, four specimens of this
moth emerged between the 6th and 8th of June.

As far as I know, this is the first time either ova or larvae
have been taken wild in this country, and the first time that
moss has been noted as a pabulum for the species. There is an
interesting article on this species by Mr S. Wakely in The
Proceedings and Transactions of the South London Ent. and
Nat. Hist. Society for 1947-48, when he first noted the species
in Britain. Here it is stated that dead insects as well as other
detritus formed the food substance of specimens reared by
him. There were quite good growths of moss and lichen on the
wall from which I gathered my supply, which contained its own
fauna of live and dead insects etc. Apart from the four speci-
mens of B. decolorella there also emerged from the moss one
very dark specimen of Blastobasis lignea Walsingham.

At the Stanford-le-Hope field meeting of the British Ent.
and Nat. Hist. Society on the 3rd of July 1971, I was invited to

26 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Ls /IyiZ

help myself to anything that took my interest from the M.V.
trap run by Mr R. Tomlinson in his garden the night before.
Included amongst a number of micros I took were five speci-
mens of B. decolorella.—E. S. BRADFORD, 38 Oakwood Avenue,
Boreham Wood, Herts. 8.xi.1971.

Obituary

PERCY CUE
(1877-1971)

With the death on September Sth 1971 of Percy Cue at the
remarkable age of 94, British Entomology has lost its oldest
collector, who was active in the field when he had passed his
ninetieth year. Born in Hammersmith as far back as July 1877,
the flair for butterflies and moths was manifested when he was
quite young. Soon after leaving school, he went into business,
which took him to Stuttgart in the early years of this century.

He made a fine collection of the lepidoptera of this rich
region. He remained in Germany to near the outbreak of the
war in 1914, when his firm opened a branch in Ashford, Kent,
which town and district were to be his home for the rest of his
long life. In the period between the wars, when he became
managing director of this large factory, he found little time for
entomology: it was after 1945 when he once more took up the
pursuit of lepidoptera with his former enthusiasm, an enemy
bomb having destroyed his foreign insects. For the next
quarter of a century he made a thorough collection of the
Ashford district, running a mercury vapour light trap nightly
in his garden on the outskirts of the town. Hamstreet and
Hoads Wood were also among his favourite haunts. Further
afield, he wielded his net mainly in southern England, though
he did quite a lot of collecting in north Lincolnshire when
staying with a member of his family.

In this way he got together a large and comprehensive
selection of most of the English macro-lepidoptera, including
several rarities. One of the most remarkable strokes of good
fortune was his finding a Plusia confusa Stephens in 1954 on a
fence outside his home. Other choice captures in his trap
included the striped hawk (Celerio livornica Esper), the ni
moth (Plusia ni Hiibner), the flame wainscot (Meliana flammea
Curtis), a great rarity in Kent, while an almost black example
of the oak beauty (Biston strataria Hufnagel) was probably his
best prize. That large genus of the geometers, the pugs,
always took his fancy, and he became an expert breeder of
many of them, even venturing to the Norfolk coast when he
was over 80 to obtain larvae of Eupithecia extensaria Freyer.
In 1961, that great year for the crimson-speckled footman
(Utetheisa pulchella Linné) he was lucky enough to secure a
superb specimen at Dungeness. Often in May in his apple

CURRENT LITERATURE pa

orchard, that scarce little insect, the pinion spotted pug
(Eupethecia insigniata Hiibner) graced his trap or his house.

All hs captures he used to set most meticulously, even when
he was 90, always in the continental style on high pins, and
most beautifully displayed.

Apart from entomology, he was in earlier days a keen
fisherman and an egg collector. He liked a good game of
bridge, and was an accomplished billiard player.

In 1964 he and his wife, whom he originally met in Stutt-
gart, celebrated their diamond wedding surrounded by many
descendants to the fourth generation, and they were the proud
recipients of a telegram from the Queen.

Percy Cue was perhaps best known to those collectors who
were frequent visitors to Kent, but he was always ready to
welcome all who shared his interests. Of the most kindly
nature, he was virtually indefatigable, right to the end of his
long and active life, and all sympathy goes out to his wife and
family.

C.G.M.deW.

Current Literature

Atlas Provisoire des Insectes de Belgique, edited by Jean
Leclercq.

I have already reviewed the file containing maps 1-100 (Ent.
Record 83: 28), and I have now received from Messrs E. W.
Classey Ltd., the distributors, three further files of insect maps
(101-200, 201-300 and 301-400), and maps 1-24 in a file desig-
nated ‘“‘Arthropodes non Insectes.”’

File 2 101-200, shows in 101, the agricultural regions of
Belgium, and 102 shows additions to maps 1-100 since their
publication. Maps 103-174 deal with Hymenoptera species and
175-200 Lepidoptera. _

File 3 (201-300) shows the grid system for Belgium on 201,
and on 202, the location of sand-loving plants Thereafter, 203-
278 deal with Hymenoptera and 279-300 with Coleoptera.

File 4 (301-400) shows a map of the forest areas of Belgium
on 301 and of the natural forest vegetation on 302. 303-377
deal with coleoptera and 378-400 with Lepidoptera.

The non-insect Arthropod file gives the grid system for
Belgium on 1 and a summary of all species recorded in this
part on 2. Thereafter 3-24 deal with Diplopoda species. This
part is edited by Jean Leclercq and Philippe Lebrun.

The files maintain the foolscap format and are priced at
£1.00 each for the 100 map files and £0.50 for the non-insect
file, postage extra. The postage rates quoted are one part
£0.12, two parts £0.18, three £0.23, and four or more £0.29.

It is good to see this important survey making such good
progress and the editors are to be congratulated on their
efforts.—S.N.A.J.

23 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

Lepidoptera Genetics, by Roy Robinson. International Series
of Monographs in Pure and Applied Biology. Zoology
Division, Volume 46, pp. ix, 687, text figs. Pergamon
Press, Oxford. Price: £10.00.

The lengthy introduction to this book deals with diverse
subjects, including colour and pigmentation, seasonal and en-
vironmental influences, discovery of aberrations, resistance to
insecticides, hybrids, nomenclature, reproduction, sex deter-
mination, sex ratio, gynandromorphism, intersexes, and par-
thenogenesis.

Chapter one deals with the elements of lepidopterous
genetics, chapter two with elementary biometry, and chapter
three discusses population genetics and polymorphism. This
is followed by a chapter on industrial melanism, this phenome-
non being chiefly illustrated by a classic example — the evol-
ution of the melanic forms of Biston betularia (Linnaeus).
Chapter five deals with the evolution of mimicry. Chapters six
and seven discuss in detail the genetics of the Rhopalocera and
Heterocera respectively, while the final chapter deals with the
karyology of Lepidoptera.

An extensive bibliography, and indexes of authors and sub-
jects, and species, subspecies and aberrations are appended,
the latter being arranged under genera and of limited use. The
species discussed in chapters 6 and 7 are arranged in alpha-
betical order according to genera, which is quite unnecessary
as each has been fully indexed.

On the question of nomenclature the author clearly indi-
cates that he is aware of the many shortcomings in his book
and states that the inclusion of authors in a review article
savours of pedantry! He states that the problem of name
changes is rather a nuisance for a work which deals with an
entirely unrelated aspect of entomological research, a state-
ment I find difficult to understand. However, some attempt
appears to have been made in bringing the nomenclature up
to date, as can be seen from Table 2 which lists a number of
name changes or synonymies. However, the value of the book
would have been enhanced if a list of the names used had been
checked by specialists and any changes correlated and adopted
throughout the work before its publication.

This book appears to be primarily a review or a collation of
the genetical studies that have been made on the lepidoptera.
There is no doubt that it will serve as a useful reference work
and should form a basis for future research on the genetics of
Lepidoptera. Few references appear to have been omitted
although it is extraordinary that there is no mention of Dryja’s
monographic work on the genetics of Zygaena ephialtes
(Linnaeus) (Dryja, 1959, Badania nad Polimorfizmen Krasnika
Zmienego (Zygaena ephialtes L.), Warszawa).—W.G.T.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT Gia)

mon, Mag., 1: 190). Cobham, May 26, 1912 (F. Grant).

7. Wigmore Wood, not common (Chaney, 1883-87). Hollingbourne, three,
May 11, 1997 (R. A. Jackson, Diary). Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). West-
well (Scott, 1936); 1946 (Bull, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1946-47:
169); one, August 8, 1951 (C.-H.); one, 1957 (E. Scott teste P. Cue).

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880); one, August 16, 1987 (A. M. & F. A.
Swain coll.). Stowting; Brook (C. A. W. Duffield). St. Margaret’s Bay,
one, August 21, 1890 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 1: 204). Dover, one, August 10,
1944 (B. O. C. Gardiner). Dover; Waldershare (E. & Y., 1949). Folkestone
Warren, one at light, August 15, 1946 (A. M. Morley). Wye Chalkpit, June
10, 1957, beat seven larvae from buckthorn, moths reared (P. Cue).

9. Broadstairs, one, March 30, 1920 (J. W. C. Hunt). Minster, March 27
(4), April 7 (5), 21 (2), 1921, all around gas lamps (H. G. Gomm). Clifton-
ville, one, September 10, 1951 (W. D. Bowden).

10. Brasted, occasionally (R. M. Prideaux).

11. Tonbridge, one, April 30, 1871 (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 79). Eden-
bridge, 1932, 1934 (F. D. Greenwood). Wateringbury, three in E. Goodwin
coll. (C.-H.).

12. Ham Street, April 9, 1933 (J. H. B. Lowe).

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan).

14. Tenterden, c. 1855 (Beale, Diary). Sandhurst, one, 1929, in G. V.
Bull coll. (C.-H.).

15. Dungeness, six at sallow blossoms, April 3-4, 1946 (A. M. Morley).

16. Folkestone, one, August 20, 1928, one, May 5, 1929, one at sallow,
March 25, 1945 (A. M. Morley).

First Recorp, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.

Philereme vetulata Denis & Schiffermuller: Brown Scallop.

Native. Wood borders, copses, hedges; on Rhamnus catharticus.

1. Lewisham (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 9: 59); abundant, 1861-62, one, 1863
(Fenn, Diary). Pauls Cray Common, fourteen, July 21, 1888 (Fenn, Diary).
Hayes (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40). Bexley (L. W. Newman, Wool Surv.,
1909); larvae common on one bush, 1943 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1943-44: 20). Chislehurst, 1909 (Sperring, Ent. Rec., 22: 13).
Farningham, a few larvae on R. catharticus (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley,
July 28, 1963 (1), July 22, 1965 (1), July 5, 1966 (1) (D. R. M. Long).

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards. Biggin Hill, larvae on R. catharticus,
June 3, 1958 and in 1965 (C.-H.). High Elms, several worn, July 23, 1963
(R. G. Chatelain).

6. Between Darenth and Dartford, four, July 13, 1888 (Fenn, Diary).
Greenhithe* (Farn MS.). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). Eynsford, near rifle
range, larvae on R. catharticus, June 4, 1965 (R. G. Chatelain). Wrotham,
July 20, 1965 (T. Peet).

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 261); 1864 (Meek, Ent. mon.
Mag., 1: 190); 1891 (James Entomologist, 25: 67); Buckell, Ent. Rec., 2:
190). Chattenden Roughs, not common (Chaney, 1883-87).

7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, 1883-87). Westwell (Scott, 1936); one, 1960
(M. Enfield). Bearsted, one, 1947 (G. Law). Molash Woods, one, July 3,
1949 (T. G. Edwards). Boxley (A. H. Harbottle).

-- 8. Brook (C. A. W. Duffield); common (M. Singleton). Alkham; Walder-
share (E. & Y., 1949). Woolwich Wood, one, July 2, 1950 (W. D. Bowden).
Lydden, larvae plentiful on R. catharticus, May 21, 1950 (C.-H.).

(76) ENIOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 LL T2

11. Hoads Wood, 8-10 flying by day, June 21, 1955 (P. Cue); numbers
“beaten from the undergrowth around the low branches of oak’, July 1959+
(M. Singleton).

12. Willesborough, one, August 2, 1954, one, July 21, 1956; Wye, two,
1954, one, 1956 (W. L. Rudland).

13. Tunbridge Wells* (R. H. Rattray in Knipe, 1916).

First RecorpD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.

P. tranversata Hufnagel ssp. variegata Lempke: Dark Umber.

Native. Wood borders, copses, hedges; on Rhamnus cartharticus.

1. Lewisham, five, July 4, 1862; Dartford Heath, one, July 24, 1893 (Fenn,
Diary). Chislehurst, one, August 3, 1907 (S. F. P. Blyth). Lee; Bexley;
Keston (Wool. Surv., 1909). Orpington, 1949 (L. W. Siggs). Abbey Wood,
1954 (A. J. Showler). West Wickham, one, August 9, 1963, in m.v. trap (R.
F. Birchenough). Farningham, a few larvae on R. catharticus, June 2, 1965
(R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, July 25 (1), 27 (3), 1964 (D. R. M. Long).

5. Farnborough* (Barnes, Wool. Surv., 1909). Downe (Barnes, loc. cit.);
1955 (C.-H.). Chevening, larva, May 16, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham
(R. C. Edwards). Chelsfield, 1951 (A. M. and F. A. Swain). Cudham, 1952
(L. W. Siggs). Biggin Hill (C.-H.). Sevenoaks* (see under Variation). High
Elms, two, August 10, 1962 (R. G. Chatelain).

6. Between Dartford and Darenth, July 13, 18, 1888 (Fenn, Diary).
Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Shoreham* (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40). Graves-
end (H. C. Huggins). Culverstone, 1922; Wrotham, 1924 (F. T. Grant). Eyns-
ford, several larvae, June 7, 1932 (Kidner Diary). (L. T. Ford); not common
(B. K. West). Pinden (FE. J. Hare). Otford (W. B. L. Manley); June 21,
1959 (Trundell, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1959: 89). Eynsfora
larvae on R. catharticus, June 4, 1965 (R. G. Chatelain).

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 260); (James, Entomologist, 25:
67, 28: 86).

7. Faversham (Barrett, Entomologist, 3: 331). Wigmore Wood; Darland
Hill (Chaney, 1883-87). Westwell, July 16, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes); one, 1959
(M. Singleton); two, 1960 (M. Enfield & D. Youngs). Soakham Downs
(Scott, 1936). Godmersham, 1938 (C.-H.). Kings Wood (Scott, 1950).

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Elham, five, July 4-7, 1934 (Busbridge,
Diary). Ewell Minnis; Shepherdswell; Whitfield; Wingmore (E. & Y.,
1949). Dover, very common 1945, seen most years 1945-52 (B. O. C.
Gardiner). Lydden, larvae fairly plentiful on R. catharticus, May 21,
1950 (C.-H.). Brook (Scott, 1936): one, 1959 (M. Singleton). Crundale,
larvae, May 17, 1937 (E. Scott). Wye (C. A. W. Duffield); one 1954, three 1956
(W. L. Rudland).

11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, one, July’ 17, “195i° (Ge Ave:
Davis).

12. Wye, one, 1954, three, 1956 (W. L. Rudland). Orlestone Woods, one,
July 27, 1967 (T. W. Harman).

16. Folkestone, one, August 5, 1954 (A. M. Morley).

VARIATION.—Lempke (Ent. Gaz., 19: 30) describes ssp. britannica as
having the ground colour of the wings of a “much paler brown than that
of the nominate form’, and illustrates a Kentish 9, Sevenoaks, 22.vi.1954
(plt. 3, fig. 6).

FIRST REcORD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (77)

Euphyia biangulata Haworth: picata Hubner: Cloaked Carpet.

Native. Woods; foodplant unknown.

1. Abbey Wood; Shooters Hill (West, Ent. Rec., 18: 199). Bexley (A.
H. Jones in Wool. Surv., 1909). Keston (H. Alderson in Wool. Surv., 1909).

3. Near Canterbury*, July (1871), a fine series (Parry, Entomologist,
5: 394). Canterbury*, July 1902(2), 1906(2), in F. A. Small coll. (C.-H.)
Wardwell Wood; Bysing Wood, not uncommon, 1913-14, about 3-4 an
evening; decidedly rare, 1924-26, about 3-4 per annum (H. C. Huggins).
Blean Wood, one, July 20, 1923, in R.C.K. (C.-H.). East Blean Wood, one,
July 7, 1921 (H. G. Gomm). Sturry, one, July 11, 1927 (H. G. Gomm).
Clowes Wood, one, July 7, 1945 (P. F. Harris). Little Hall Wood, one,
July 7, 1946; Broad Oak, one, July 20, 1946 (C.-H.).

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.).

6a. Darenth and its vicinity (Stephens, Haust., 3: 226). Darenth Wood,
1860 (Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 9: 59) (Dartford (V.C.H., 1908), may refer).
Darenth, one, July 2, 1903, in RCK (C.-H.). “Kent” [? Chattenden], one,
1859 (Allchin, Ent. week. Int., 8: 5). North Kent [Chattenden]—1874-75
(Porritt, Entomologist, 7: 181, 8: 219); 1875 (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8:
293). Chattenden (Chaney, 1884-87); QQ at rest on oak. July 26, 1888
(Fenn, Diary). Chattenden Woods, not uncommon (Porritt, Naturalist, 6:
119).

7. Faversham“, 1867 (Barrett, Entomologist, 3: 331). Wigmore; Mark
Oak Wood* (Chaney, loc. cit.).

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Reinden Wood, one, 1882 (Salwey,
Entomologist, 15: 197).

10. Sevenoaks, June 1868 (Gill, in Ent. Ann., 1869: 142); one, June 21,
1871 (Raynor, Ent. Rec., 17: 267). Seal Chart, one, July 5, 1885 (Fenn,
Diary); (Adkin, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1905-06: 39).

11. Wateringbury, 1904 (W. A. Cope); (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, one,
1954 (G. A. N. Davis).

13. Pembury, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 112). Tunbridge Wells (E.
D. Morgan).

14. Knock Wood, Tenterden, c. 1855 (S. C. Tress Beale, Diary). Ten-
terden, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 112). Sandhurst, one, c. 1935 (G. V.
Bull).

VARIATION.—In RCK are the following: Ab. albofasciata Gauckler, one,
“Folkestone Dist.’; trans ad ab. albofasciata Gauckler, one, Blean Wood,
20.vii.1923, W. Rait-Smith.

First RECORD, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.

E. unangulata Haworth: Sharp-angled Carpet.

Native. Woods; foodplant unknown.

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 225). Bromley neighbourhood,
1882 (Watchurst, Entomologist, 16: 19). [West Wickham], 1861 (Huckett,
Ent. week. Int., 10: 115). Farnborough, scarce, 1900 (H. Alderson, Wool.
Surv., 1909)..

3. Oldridge Wood, several, c. 1946 (J. A. Parry). Broad Oak, one at
light, July 26, 1946 (C.-H.).

5. Chevening, July 6, 1912, July 11, 1913 (Gillett, Diary).

6. Longfield, 1867 (Jennings, Entomologist, 4 (54): ii).

6a. Darenth Wood (Stephens, loc. cit.), [Darenth Wood] (Huckett, loc.
cit.).

(78) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15AL/ 72

7. Long Beech Wood, common (Scott, 1936); six at light, July 29, 1939
(C.-H.). Westwell, July 13, 1934 (A. J. L. Bowes). Boxley, 1953 (A. H.
Harbottle). Hollingbourne, odd ones, 1920-22 (H. C. Huggins).

8. Foikestone*, 1860 (Fereday, Ent. week. Int., 9: 136); 1912 (Rait-
Smith, Ent. Rec., 25: 174). Between Sandwich and St. Margaret’s Bay*
(1883) (Shepherd, Entomologist, 17: 137). Elham, two at acetylene light,
July 4, 1934 (Busbridge, Diary) (Wingmore (E. & Y., 1949) perhaps refers).
Elham Park Wood, July 8, 1953 (Wakely, Ent. Rec., 66: 110; idem, Proc.
S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1953-54: 45).

10. Westerham*, July 16, 1898 (Heasler, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent, nat. Hist.
Soc., 1898: 8). Sevenoaks, June 27, 1920 (Gillett, Diary).

11. Hoads Wood, one (P. Cue).

12. Ashford Town, two in garden, c. 1953 (P. Cue). Willesborough,
August 20 (1), 21 (2), 23 (4), 1955 (W. L. Rudland).

13. Tunbridge Wells district*, one, 1868 (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62): ii).
Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); three, 1958 (L. R. Tesch per C. A. Stace)t
Goudhurst, about six per annum, 1955-61 (W. V. D. Bolt).

14. Between Cranbrook and Hawkhurst, several (W. A. Cope).

16. Folkestone Town, one, June 1951 (A. G. Riddell per A. M. Morley).

First REcorp, 1831: Stephens, loc. cit.

Epirrita dilutata Denis & Schiffermiller: November Moth.

Native. Woods, parks, gardens, bushy places, etc.; on hawthorn, aspen,
elm, maple, sloe. Recorded from all divisions, except 7 (probably pre-
sent) and 15. “Generally common” (V.C.H., 1908).

D. R. M. Long records finding the larva at Bromley on hawthorn and
aspen, at High Elms (div. 5) on elm and maple, and at Eynsford on sloe.

VARIATION.—Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 93:
Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907: 11) exhibited a melanic ¢
taken wild in Bexley Woods, October 23, 1907, “the first melanic specimen
of this species reported from Kent’. In 1900, Buckell and Prout (Trans.
Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1909: 68) stated that the vast majority of
London examples belong to ab. obscurata Stgr.

In RCK are the following named abs.: pallida Prout, “Kent” (2); melana
Prout, Mereworth, bred 1904 (4); fimbriata Haw., “Canterbury Wacher
94” (1); disjuncta Lempke, “Kent” (1).

FIRST REcORD, 1720: The larva “was taken on the White-thorn ...
near Peckham” (Albin. Nat. Hist. Eng. Ins., facing Plt. XLV. As this may
refer to Surrey, the first positive Kentish record dates from 1809:
Phalaena fimbriata Haw., Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 2: 320.

E. christyi Allen: Pale November Moth.

Resident, perhaps native. Woods, copses; on maple, sloe, oak.

Note; Owing to the difficulty of checking genitalically much of the
recorded material, there are relatively few records of confirmed Kentish
occurrence, and unless so confirmed the following should be accepted
conditionally.

1. Farnborough, October 1938 (D. Marsh, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956:
87). West Wickham (E. Trundell, in de Worms, loc. cit.). Orpington a
feral larva, from which a 92 ab. was bred October 21, 1949, gen. det. D. S.
Fletcher (L. W. Siggs). |

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CONTENTS

Eumenis semele (L) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae), a Micro-
geographical Race. R. L. H. DENNIS

Further Aberrations of Callimorpha jacobaeae Linn. (Lep.
Arctiidae). R. W. WATSON

The Burren, May 1971. E. A. SADLER

Pseudagrion rubriceps Selys in tandem with Pseudagrion micro-
cephalum (Rambur) (Odonata Coenagriidae). TANDRIB
RANJAN MITRA and A. R. LAHIRI ; ae re,

Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke in Kent. E. S. BRADFORD

The North American Tortricid Moth Endothenia hebesana (Walker,
1863), a Member of the Fennoscandian Fauna. M. OPHEIM ..

Magdalis memnonia Gyll. (Col. Curculionidae), a Weevil New to
Britain. A. A. ALLEN

Heliothus armigera Hiibn. in Dorset. E. H. WILD

Clossiana selene Denis & Schiffermuller: Second Brood Specimens.
GEORGE E. HYDE

Lithophane leautieri Boisduval in West Somerset. H. M. CHAPPEL

Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in Kent and Essex. E. S.
BRADFORD

Obituary: Percy Cue. C. G. M. de W. .
Current Literature

Lepidoptera of Kent (Part III)

11

12

19

19
20

22

23

24

25

25
26
27

(75)

Se ny SS TI I SD,

T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND —

VOL.84 No.2 February 1972

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PERLBETERELEIEDERLGESEDE

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PLATE III

Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann and Cyaniris helena Stdgr.
1 A. coelestina Eversmann ¢ upperside 2 A. coelestina Eversmann 2 upperside
3. A. coelestina Eversmann ° underside
4 C. helena Stdgr. 3 upperside 5 C. helena Stdgr. 3 underside

6 C. helena Stdgr. 2 upperside 7 C. helena Stdgr. 2 underside

an

Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann (A.C.):

a Lycaenid new to Greece and Western Europe

By R. F. BRETHERTON, JOHN CouTsis, L. G. HIGGINS AND
C. G. M. bE Worms

The authors were fortunate to discover, in May and June
1971 on a mountain in the Peloponnese, a Lycaenid which
appears to be previously unknown both in Greece and in
Europe west of the Soviet Union. The first four specimens, two
males and two females, were caught by R.F.B. and C.G.M. de
W. flying beside a forest track along with large numbers of
Cyaniris helena Stdgr.; both species frequented the flowers
of a tall yellow vetch. They were at first assumed to be some
form of C. semiargus Rott., to which C. helena has itself been
often referred. However, J.C., seeing them on the setting
boards, felt doubts about this identification. When he caught
a single male himself a few days later he found that it differed
in its genitalia, as well as in its colour and markings, from C.
semiargus; and he suspected that it was a species entirely new
to him. Later still he and L.G.H. were able to take a short
series of both sexes. Though many of these were worn, they
made fuller investigation possible. On his return to England
L.G.H. was able after considerable search to determine them
as Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversman (A.C.), a species which is
little known and represented in few collections.

Agrodiaetus coelestina was described by Edouard Evers-
man in the Bulletin de la Société impériale des Naturalistes de
Moscow, 1843, and in his “Fauna Lepidopterologia Volgo-
Uralensis”, published in 1844. His description may be trans-
lated from the Latin as follows:

“Lycaena coelestina Evm. Wings with white fringes —
on the upperside blue with black margins (male), or
brown with tawny lunules on the hindwings (female);
on the underside grey, with a median streak and a
single row of black spots: the hindwings bronzy from
the base to the centre, marked in the female with up
to four tawny marginal lunules. The sea-blue colour
inclines to silver. Rather smaller than L. acis. In the
female the lunules overlap from one space to the next.
It inhabits bare, dry mountains near the rivers Sacura-
ram, Ic, Taschla, etc, in the province of Orenburg; it
flies in June.”

Our specimens, some of which are shown on the colour-
plate opposite, agree well with this description. The females,
however, vary somewhat in the number and distinctness of the
tawny lunules on both surfaces and in the darkness of the
ground colour on the underside. We may add that the super-
ficial features which best separate the species from C.
semiargus Rott. (acis Schiff.) are, first, the brilliant shining
blue of the males upperside; second, the heavy greenish
scaling on the underside in both sexes; third, the even align-

30 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/lH7i2

ment of the spot in space 3 of the underside hindwings with
its neighbours: in C. semiargus, and also in C. helena, this spot
is sharply set back towards the centre of the wing. This detail
is more obvious in the females of A. coelestina than in the
males because in the latter the spot in space 2 may be missing;
but the alignment of the spots in spaces 3 and 4 is still clear.
Brilliant colour in the males and some greenish tinge in the
scaling on the underside in both sexes may indeed be present
in some races of C. semiargus, though never to nearly the same
degree as in A. coelestina; but the even alignment of the spots
on the underside hindwings is never found in C. semiargus.
The male genitalia of A. coelestina are shown in the drawings
by J.C. below. They differ greatly from those of C. semiargus
and their form has caused modern authors to place the species
in the genus Agrodiaetus, widely separated from Cyaniris.

Male genitalia of Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversman
Upper figure’ side view of labides, falces, aedoeagus, etc.
lower figure Ventral view, omitting valvae, vinculum, etc,
which do not show good specific characters.

AGRODIAETUS COELESTINA EVERSMANN 31

Herrich-Schaeffer included excellent colour plates of the
upper and under sides of A. coelestina in his ‘“Systematische
Bearbeitung der Schmetterlinge von Europa’, though there
is no mention of it in his text, whose title-page is dated 1843,
before Eversman’s (A.C.) own work. The species was illus-
trated by Gerhard in his “Monographie” of 1853, and also,
almost unrecognisably, by Lan (1884). Seitz (1907) figured
the male upperside and the female underside, but in the
former the colour is too dark a blue, and in the latter the
greenish scaling is hardly shown. Of its distribution Seitz
said: ‘In the South Russian steppes, at Sarepta, Orenburg,
etc., and in the Caucasus”. He added that alticola Christ is a
smaller form from Armenia, with the ccelli of hindwings
beneath obsolescent, the verdigris dusting occupying nearly
the whole hindwing, with a broader border to the upperside
forewing. W.G. Sheldon (1914) found A. coelestina, commoniy
mostly in poor condition, between 19th May and 26th June
near Sarepta, on railway banks wherever there was a consider-
able growth of leguminous plants. Along with some of his
specimens there are in the British Museum (Natural History)
a few from Uralsk and Guberli, and a single worn male which
is labelled “Shar-Deresy, N. Syria: native collector, 1900’.
Subsp. iranica Pfeiffer (1958) was named from the Elzburg
Mountains in Iran, but we have not seen any examples.

The former Tsarist province of Orenburg lies at the south
east of the Ural Mountains, on the extreme fringe of geo-
graphical Europe. Sarepita is on the river Volga a few miles
below the city later made famous as Stalingrad. Even the
Caucasus is a thousand miles east of the Greek Peloponnese.
The discovery of A. coelestina there is therefore very sur-
prising. Since as yet we know of only one colony, in a re-
stricted locality where the species is apparently not abundant,
it seems wise not to publish its precise position at present.

The colour plate opposite illustrates both A. coelestina and
C. helena. The taxonomic position of the latter is still un-
certain. First described by Staudinger in 1862 from southern
Greece, it has been treated by most authors as a form or sub-
species of C. semiargus. No differences have been detected in
their genitalia, and the two are not known to be anywhere
sympatric. The superficial differences are, however, so great
that it is difficult to regard them as con-specific. C. helena is
smaller than most, if not all, races of C. semiargus: it ranges
from about 26 to 32 mms. in the males and from 25 to 30 mms.
in the female. On the upperside, the males are of a paler,
more violet, blue; and the females have four or more large
orange marginal lunules on each hindwing and frequenily
up to three, more or less pronounced, on each forewing. On
the underside, both sexes have a band of joined orange
lunules on the hindwings, and traces of a similar band on the
forewings are usually well developed in the females and fre-
quently present in the males. It is true that in C. semiargus
parnassia Stdgr. from the north side of the Gulf of Corinth

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 ISsji7~R

traces of yellow lunules are fairly frequent on the underside
hindwings of both sexes; but these never form continuous
bands as they do in C. helena. C. helena also has a weaker
and more hesitant flight and looks very different from C.
semiargus on the wing. Seitz, who treated C. helena as a form
of C. semiargus, linked it with C. antiochena Lederer, which
is found in the Lebanon and in Kurdistan. This has a similar
pattern and degree of lunulation on the underside, but in the
females the uppersides have a heavy suffusion of brilliant
blue, of which there is no trace in C. helena.

C. helena has been found in several mountain areas of
the Peloponnese, and has a considerable range of altitude,
from at least 700 m. to 1,700 m. We do not know of any
description of the larvae, and the food-plant is unknown.
Clearly, more field study is needed before its relationships with
C. semiargus or C. antiochena can be firmly established.

We are much indebted to Mr T. G. Howarth, of the British
Museum (Natural History), who arranged for the production
of the di-positive from which the colour plate has been pro-
duced.

References

Eversman (A. C.), Edouard. 1843. Bull. Soc. imp. Nat. Moscou 16:
535; 1844, Fauna lepidopterologica Volgo-Uralensis, 44-45. Casan.

Herrich-Schaeffer, G. A. W. 1843-1856, Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmetterlinge von Europs, 1, tab. 70. Regensburg.

Gerhard. 1853. Versuch einer Monographie der Europaischen Schmet-
terlings-arten. Hamburg. Plate 16, i (a)-(d).

Lang, H. C. 1884. The Butterflies of Europe, p. 130 and plate 21:6.

Seitz. ,1907....Palearctic,. Butterflies; trans. Dr, K.. Jordan® p alassele
plate 82 c and f.

Sheldon, W. G. 1914. In search of Russian butterflies (Entomologist
47: 233-242).

Staudinger, O. 1862. Stett. ent. Zeit. 265

Ellison, R. E. and Wiltshire, E. P. 1938, Fauna of Lebanon (Trans. R.
ent. Soc. Lond. 88: 1-56.

Higgins, L. G. 1958. Butterflies in Kurdistan Entomologist 91: 483);
1970, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, p.
291, plate 55, map 307.

CLOSSIANA SELENE (Schiff.): SEConD BRoop — Prompted
by the note by Mr R. F. Bretherton (Ent Record, 83: 352) I
write to report a brood of 29 specimens bred out in August
1971. A female was caught on 8th June 1971; eggs were laid
on or before 13th June and commenced hatching on 26th June.
The larvae pupated between 23rd and 31st July and emerged
between 3rd and 13th August. One larva did attempt to hi-
bernate in July, but dried up in August. — A. S. WHEELER,
Chelston, 18a Broadhurst, Ashtead Surrey. 27.xii.1971.

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 35

Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971

(1) GREECE: DELPHI AND THE PELOPONNESE, MAY TO
JUNE

by C. G. M. de Worms, M.A. Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

Greece has always proved to most collectors who are fortun-
ate enough to visit that lovely country, one of the richest and
most interesting in Europe as regards its lepidoptera, especially
as it is on the boundary where the eastern and western fauna
meet with a number of species from the Near East finding their
way into the mountainous regions of the Greek Peninsula. I
had sampled Delphiand some of the Aegean Islands in April
and May of 1963 (vide Ent. Record 75, (234-238) I had always
wanted to revisit this famous spot at a later date and the oppor-
tunity arose again in 1971. What made me especially keen to
see some more of Greek butterflies was the list published of
them by John Coutsis (Entomologist 102, (1969), 264-268) and
the illuminating accounts of his experiences in his correspon-
dence to me from Athens.

Accordingly I set out from London Airport on 17th May,
reaching Athens in the afternoon and having a small Volks-
wagen awaiting me, I motored the 120 miles to Delphi that
evening, arriving well after dark at the new Europa Hotel
which had kept me a most welcome late meal. This newly-built
hotel looks out to the west and had some open verandahs whose
walls were plastered with moths on my arrival to which I shall
refer later, but among them I was glad to see a very fresh
Leucania vitellina Hiibn. Little, however, had changed in this
resort since 1963, except that the hillside where the famous
ruins stand had been wired in, as I had been warned, which
made collecting on this ground far from easy. So, I concen-
trated on another area which had proved so fruitful before, a
rough and rocky stretch down the road from the Castalia Spring
and overlooking the Temple of Athene. This ground turned out
specially productive on the morning of the 18th which broke
with sunshine and warmth. Here Papilio alexanor Esp. was in
abundance and a remarkable spectacle to see this grand insect
careering over the rough terrain and occasionally fluttering on
valerian, but never remaining still. However, many had been
some time on the wing and it was by no means easy to obtain
perfect examples or for that matter to net them. By far the
commonest White was Pieris ergane Geyer readily distinguish-
able from its near relative Pieris rapae Linn. by its much more
leisurely flight. I noticed too several Whites hugging the rocks
obviously looking for egg-laying sites. In each instance these
proved to be females of Pieris krueperi Staud. and on one
occasion I actually saw one depositing on a species of arabis.
Gonepteryx farinosa Zell. seemed to be the prevalent Brim-
stone, with a fresh brood just starting. There were also quite
a number of Melitaea trivia Schiff., still quite fresh from the
first brood, though mostly females, while M. phoebe Schiff. was

34 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

also fairly prevalent. The vicinity of the Castalia Spring seemed
to be the usual beat for several Polygonia egea Cramer. The
single Grayling obtained, a female, was later identified as
Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli. On May 19th I saw the first
Iphiclodes podalirius Linn. and Papilio machaon Linn. as well
as Limenitis reducta Staud. (rivularis Scop.) near Delphi, while
an afternoon visit to Itea on the Gulf of Corinth provided some
Thecla spini Schiff. in a rough flowery field near Khrisso. After
my usual morning just east of Delphi, I motored after lunch on
the 20th via Arachova along the new road which was being
constructed up to the plateau just below Mt. Parnassus, but it
was quite an ordeal negotiating some very rough stretches on
this route. However, soon after I had ascended to the plateau
conditions on the road improved and I eventually found a
grassy bank where a lot of Blues were flying, especially among
a species of astragalus. These mostly proved to be a large and
very bright form of Plebicula amanda Schneider together with
a good many Cyaniris semiargus Rott. in a very small form.
Leptidia sinapis Linn. and Anthocharis cardamines L. were still
flying at this altitude of about 4,000 feet. The Skippers were
mainly represented by Pyrgus armoricanus Oberthur, by a large
form of P. serratulae Rambur and also Spialia orbifer Hiibn.
The following morning of the 21st on a slope near my hotel I
took the first Melanargia larissa Geyer and saw the first Thecla
ilicis Esp. on my usual collecting ground to the east.

Another glorious day broke on May 22 when John Coutsis
arrived from Athens before 9 a.m. and we drove via Amphissa
to the wooded slopes of Mt. Ghionia, but little was flying except
a few late Anthocharis gruneri H-S. and Issoria lathonia Linn.
We returned via Delphi to some ground among olive groves
near Arachova which was more productive with some late
Zerinthia polyxena Schiff., also Melitaea cinxia Linn., M.
didyma Esp., Melanargia larissa and we watched a P. alexanor
laying on the flowerhead of a large umbellifer. Our final venue
for the day was the Parnassus plateau which was again alive
with Blues and Skippers. On this occasion we saw Carcharodus
orientalis Reverdin, also a single worn female Thersamonia
thersamon Esp., altogether a very energetic and profitable col-
lecting tour for my last day at Delphi which, as already
mentioned, produced a good assortment of moths mainly at
the lights of my hotel. By far the commonest was the curious
little Cossid which appeared also in the daytime, Dyspessa
salicicola Mab. This insect appeared very numerous and in all
sorts of variations in size and markings. Another plentiful
visitor was the small Catocola eutychia Treits., a noted
wanderer, while a very widespread species was Grammodes
stolida Linn. Among the geometers were Scopula margine-
punctata Esp., S. imitaria Linn., Anaitis efformata Esp. and the
large Gnophus sartata Treits. The only Burnet noted was
Zygaena punctum Ochs.

On May 23rd in glorious weather I crossed the Isthmus of
Corinth to Aegion from Itea, and then made my way up the

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 30

fine new road to the small town of Kalavrita in the Pelopon-
nese which used to be reached by an 80-mile detour via Patras.

On the way up direct from the coast many P. alexanor were
noted fluttering at thistles, but all well past their best. Aporia
crataegi Linn. was abundant as also was P. amanda. The little
mountain railway built in the 1880’s still runs up the coast to
this delightful mountain resort at 2,000 feet, where I was joined
that evening by Russell and Jocelyn Bretherton who had come
through from a week’s collecting on the Island of Rhodes. As
the main hotel in Kalavrita, the Mount Chelmos was not func-
tioning we put up at the very nice Hotel Maria which was also
the haven of Dr Schurmann and a colleague from Klagenfurt,
but it meant taking all meals in the town. Another lovely day
welcomed us when we set forth on a voyage of discovery on the
24th. We had good fortune early in that vicinity when Russell
Bretherton caught a Philotes bavius hungaricus Dioszegy in
the very spot that Gen. van Straubenzee took the original
Greek specimen just 40 years previously. It was flying near
some species of Salvia on which its larva is said to feed. Later
on that day I secured two further examples of this rare Blue
somewhat further afield. This second locality was alive with
butterflies, including G. farinosa, G. rhamni Linn., Plebicula
dorylas Schiff., in plenty, also P. thersites Cantener as well as
the first Cyaniris helena Staud., that charming little Blue, at
one time considered a subspecies of C. semiargus Linn., but
easily differentiated on the wing by its much weaker flight
and its habit of fluttering near the ground. The main Skippers
were Carcharodes alceae Linn., and C. orientalis.

It turned out luckily a very fine morning on May 25 when
we all motored up the rough and tortuous road that leads from
Kalavrita up to the lower levels of Mt. Chelmos, the highest
mountain of the region rising to over 7,000 feet. We halted at
a spot among the fir forest and made our way on foot up a
winding path to the large stony plateau beneath the main peak.
During the hour it took to climb to this level of some 5,000 feet,
which we reached about 10.30 a.m. we observed a galaxy of
spring flowers, including several remarkable species of orchids
and also a carpet of the prickly astragalus, the larval foodplant
of that splendid insect, Colias aurorina heldreichi Staudinger.
But we were obviously too early for it and most of the other
high level species, though we saw a single Parnassius
mnemosyne Linn. Colias croceus Fourc., was very prevalent
and we took a few fresh Anthocharis gruneri H-S Melitaea
phoebe and Erynnis tages Linn. Among other flora noted was
large growth of the yellow tulip (T. sylvaticum) and a crocus
near the snow-line. We returned to our base in the late after-
noon. Yet another very warm day greeted us on the 26th when
we visited the famous Hagia Laura monastery and collected in
its vicinity. M. didyma was abundant on the grassy slopes with
an occasional Heodes tityrus Poda, also Philotes baton Bergst.
and another worn Thersamonia thersamon. The next day, the
27th, again very warm and sunny, Russell and Jocelyn Brether-

36 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 '5/117 72

ton kindly took me in their car southwards on the precipitous |
road over the Aronioa Neck which area was alive with Aporia
crataegi in a large form. We then descended to the charming
village of Aroania where a small watercourse provided 25
species of butterflies, including a lot of Limenitis reducta and
several Anthocharis gruneri with a few worn Cyaniris helena.
Near some further water along the road, west of Aroania we
came across several Libythea celtis Larch in very fresh con-
dition, altogether a very delightful day.

Eary the next day, May 28, we headed southward again via
Tripolis to cover the 100 miles to Sparta, seeing little of interest
en route. We then travelled a few miles westwards to stay at
the very well appointed Byzanteion Hotel at Mistras, noted for
the ruins of its mediaeval city. Almost the first butterfly to
greet was that grand Satyrid Kirenia roxelana Cramer flying
near our hotel. Heavy rain fell that night and the first grey
skies of my trip greeted us on the 29th, but these cleared about
midday when we visited the famous ruins and found them an
excellent haven for both sexes of K. roxelana which were
darting about the walls and kept diving into bushes at the
slightest provocation. Another feature of this remarkable
locality was the profusion of the spectacular larvae of Papilio
alexanor on a tall umbelliferous plant. They ranged from those
just hatched to the very handsome full-fed creatures, some of
which eventually pupated.

The weather improved considerably on May 30 when John
Coutsis arrived at an early hour all the way from Athens and
we set out soon afterwards up the Langada pass westwards
across the Taygetos range. Until recently the road had been
extremely rough and difficult to ascend, but we were delighted
to find a very good-surfaced and widened route right to the
summit at 3,000 ft. and on down the southern side. We broke
off from the top of the pass along some forest tracks to the foot
of one of the higher peaks. Here we found a torrent where
Clossiana euphrosyne Linn. was flying with a large number of
Cyaniris helena in which both sexes were fresher than in any
place where we had met this pretty little insect hitherto. On
the higher ground Glaucopsyche alexis Poda was flying with
a large Procris species. Later that day in a dry river bed near
Mistras we again found K. roxelana flying among high trees
with Celastrina argiolus Linn. and many Ochlodes venata B. &
G. The last day of May, John Coutsis conducted us up a steep
mountain road leading from Mistras into the Taygetos to a
village in one of the higher valleys where we saw a lot of
Polygonia egea and some late Callophrys rubi Linn. On the
way down I took a male K. roxelana flying on the cliff face.
John Coutsis motored back to Athens that afternoon.

June opened with a glorious day when I set out with the
Brethertons to the coastal resort of Gythion, en route we made
two stops first near a bush covered hillside, where Russell
Bretherton adroitly caught a fresh Nymphalis antiopa Linn.,
one of the most southerly records for this fine insect. Later

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 aT

at a dry river bed we saw a number of Gonepteryx farinosa
and G. cleopatra, a few Limenitis reducta, while Thecla ilicis
was flitting round ilex bushes. We noted a single Nymphalis
polychloros Linn. while males of Maniola jurtina were just ap-
pearing. After a refreshing bathe in the Aegean and lunch
in Gythion we motored westwards to near Areopolis where on
a bleak hillside Melanargia larissa was flying in a much paler
form than further north. This Marbled White is extremely
variable . We also saw Pyronia cecilia Vall (ida Esp.) and
Hipparchia aristaeus Bonelli and a single Philotes vicrama.
The following morning back in Mistras we parted company,
the Brethertons heading for Athens and England, while I made
my way again up the Langada Pass where on the summit near
the very nice small hotel I once more found C. helena flying
along most of the forest tracks. Then I made the steep des-
cent on the good but very winding road to Kalamata, thence
along the western coast road where I had to halt for a severe
thunderstorm to pass. My route took me to Megalopolis
and on over another steep road to the small town of Andrit-
saena. I put up in the very comfortable Xenia and went out
in the evening to see the famous ruined temple of Apollo at
Bassae perched high up in isolation on a mountain face.

Another very fine day welcomed me on June 3, when I des-
cended again stopping en route to sample the lepidoptera. At
one spot near Karitena I found a large concentration of Gone-
pteryx farinosa and swarms of Thecla ilicis, also a few L.
celtis, G. alexis and the first Argynnis niobe Linn. That
evening I returned via Tripolis to Kalavrita, staying once
more at Hotel Maria. A very fine day broke on the 4th when
I made my way up to the plateau of Mt. Chelmos. This time
Parnassius mnemosyne was about in force with an occasional
Aglais urticae Linn. and Polygonia egea Linn. Not much else
except Colias croceus, but no C. aurorina. Yet another warm
day on the Sth when John Coutsis motored over from Athens.

We had another very energetic tour revisiting our special
haunt of the first days in this region, again with very good
results. The first capture was a P. bavius as it rose from a
clump of salvia. The species we had not noted before in this
choice locality included Pieris ergane, P. krueperi, Plebicula
escheri Hiibn. also Plebeius pylaon sephyrus Frivalasky as
well as the first Pseudocharaza anthelea Friv. besides all the
other insects we had seen on our earlier visits. Later that day
we made another ascent to the Mt. Chelmos plateau fortunately
just as the sun reappeared after an overcast period. Once
more P. mnemosyne was in abundance and John Coutsis was
delighted to get a series of this local form, but in spite of
diligent search there was still no sign of Colias aurorina
which Dr and Mrs Higgins found in plenty there just over a
week later. Several species we had not observed before were
noted in particular Polygonia c-album Linn. Pieris manni
Mayer Aricia anteros Freyer, already worn and Syntarucus

38 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

pirithous Linn. On the way down John Coutsis took a fine
Nymphalis polychloros. He returned to Athens, some 140
miles that evening. I set out early on June 6 for that famous
city, collecting on the downward road to the Gulf of Corinth,
mainly a few more G. farinosa and M. larissa. After staying
overnight in the centre of Athens, I went the next morning to
see the very fine collection of Greek butterflies formed by
John Coutsis with almost every species represented. That
afternoon I flew back to England after a most delightful three
weeks in this superb country with almost unbroken sunshine
and a goodly harvest of lepideptera of which we had recorded
just 80 species of the butterflies.

Eumenis semeje (L) thyone Thompson (Lep.
Satyridae). A Microgeographical Race
By R. L. H. DENNIS
(Concluded from p. 11)

Aspects of the Great Orme Race

Two important points are associated with the Great Orme
and adjoining populations, the overlap of characteristics and
gene flow.

1. Gene Flow.—Gene flow between the Great Orme and
Creuddyn populations has almost been certain in the past.
Two features point in this direction. The first is historical.
Prior to the 1860’s, Llandudno was a rudimentary point on
the map; the isthmus (16 ft. O.D.) consisting of sand blown
onshore to form the tombolo, is believed by Embleton (1961)
and Whittow (1965) to have taken place in historical times;
the sand itself being the estuarine product of the river Con-
way. Prior to the construction of the town Llandudno, the
sand dune formation would have allowed an unhindered
morphological connection between the Great Orme and thte
Conway Morfa and Nant-y-Gamar populations. It is important
to realise that with this connection, the Conway Morfa popula-
tion would still have approached greater contiguity with the
Great Orme population, the reasons being : —

_ (i) The Conway Morfa semele adjusted to the sand dune
environment would have covered the whole range of the con-
nection unbroken, but for the river break, from Conway Morfa
to the junction with the Great Orme. However, Nant-y-Gamar
semele adapted to the Limestone niche, would because of their
close adjustment to that environment, and because of their
colonial nature, have been unlikely to have contributed greatly
to the Great Orme population, especially when it is remem-
bered that a gap of 2,500 yards at least is involved, terrain
consisting of a semele population likely to absorb any speci-
mens from Nant-y-Gamar exposed by voluntary displacement.
The Conway Morfa semele would, however, have been in

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 39

continual contact with thyone, allowing introgression.

(ii) The prevailing westerlies on the basis of a Flandrian
climatic low zonal index (Willett), with a swing from south
of west to north westerly approaches, would have allowed
greatest interchange between the Great Orme thyone and the
Conway Morfa semele. As the Nant-y-Gamar population is
east of south from the Great Orme, anemochore dispersal
effecting removal of occasional thyone would have contributed
but little to that population.

In this way, the reduced characteristics of the Conway
Morfa population have developed with time; also the Great
Orme population must have acquired gene flow into its
population. Prior to investigating this situation, it is of value
to establish the length of time of operative gene flow, and
perhaps the initial isolation of E. semele population on the
Great Orme.

The thyone population is a geotype, highly adapted to con-
ditions on the Great Orme in a past period, and currently
also, though perhaps not to the same extent. As with P. argus
caernensis Th., their isolationary locality is undoubtedly the
Great Orme; the coincidence of these unrelated species
demands this alone, especially their identical distribution.
(Figure 1). In a future work on the ‘Establishment of North
Wales Rhopalocera’, it will be shown that it is significantly
improbable (if not impossible) that E. semele could have sur-
vived Zone III of the Late Glacial in North Wales (10.800—
10.200 B.P.), and certainly no glacial phase of the Upper
Pleniglacial, the last dating 16.800—11.750 B.P. (Bryncir,
Glanllynau, Lleyn Peninsula; Saunders 1968). This would
mean that semele arrived during the early Post Glacial, and
was isolated on the Great Orme in a subsequent period. B. P.
Beirne determined the necessity cf a glacial phase for this
isolation, an impossible suggestion, since the whole of N.
Wales was covered by ice, and the Great Orme was so in-
undated even in Whittow’s Stage III of the Weichselian
Glaciation (post 16.500 B.P.) (Whittow 1969).

A probable period of isolation can perhaps be dated to the
Flandrian optimum marine transgression (7.500—5.000 B.P.)
or to the periods preceding or succeeding this. During this
phase, (Zone VIIa Atlantic Period) the July mean was perhaps
4°F above the present value, and much of Britain was forested.
In fact, the tree line would have risen 900 ft. (corroborated in
certain pollen diagrams) or more. Whittow (1965) has estab-
lished on the basis of raised beaches along the North Wales,
Lancashire and Furness coasts, and on the important dated
Gareg Lwyd (Anglesey) section, that a marine transgression,
16 ft. O.D., occasioned during the Flandrian optimum along
the North Wales coast.

Embleton (1961) suggested that the old valley of the river
Conway, from Glan Conway to Penrhyn Bay (see line of
Creuddyn boundary in map, antea 82, 1970; p. 174) was flooded
by this rise in sea level, segregating the Creuddyn Peninsula

40 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/II/72

from the Silurian mainland. “It also seems possible that the
Great Orme’s Head again became insular at this time for to-day
the Llandudno tombolo stands at an average elevation of only
16 feet, and much of this height is due to the accretion of
several feet of blown sand within historic time.” (Whittow
1965). Yet ideas on the magnitude of this transgression may
be altered with future research.

This would establish isolation of the semele population
on the Great Crme, and perhaps the selection period, the
nature of which as yet cannot be ascertained with any cer-
tainty. However, it may well be related to subsequent des-
sication in the Sub-Boreal period, bearing in mind the pro-
nounced evapotranspiration associated with the west side of
the Great Orme. This would also necessitate spatial isolation.
This area, now occupied by thyone and caernensis on the Great
Orme was possibly one of the few areas without arboreal
coverage, due to strong westerly gales and the instability of
thin limestone soils on such steep slopes preventing tree
growth. The existence of H. nummularium (foodplant of P.
argus caernensis) is indicative enough that some part of the
Great Orme as well as adjacent limestone areas was not
forested. Gene flow was prevented by one or both of the
above factors during this period, and was only initiated at
some point in time post 5000 to 2500 B.P., once the tombolo
had been constructed, and once any vegetative barrier had
been reduced. This could mean that continued gene flow
has obtained between thyone and contiguous semele popula-
tions for 2500 years, but likely for far less than this span
of time. This function is now in the process of being swiftly
negated, the reason being the continued urban growth of
Llandudno along the west shore, and the utilization of the
sand dunes for H. sapiens’ recreation.

2. Overlap characteristics—The second feature providing
evidence for gene flow is contained in Figure 2. The disper-
sion diagram illustrates an almost complete segregation of
Great Orme and Prestatyn semele, exemplifying the expected
difference between such populations ensured by such an
effective distance barrier. There is, however, a marked over-
lap of thyone with Conway Morfa and Creuddyn semele in
all features; this is indicated by the zone between the 2c lines.
reduction of Conway Morfa semele characteristics, when it is
remembered that they should approximate those of Prestatyn
semele. The explanation has been given above,—the continued
genetic interchange along a contact zone throughout—at least
—historical times. It is assumed then that this phenomenon
has resulted in the overlap of characteristics between thyone
and Conway Morfa semele, reducing the differences between
those populations.

This has important repercussions for the Great Orme race,
as E.B. Ford makes abundantly clear :—

“It is especially to be noticed that even a trickle of indivi-
duals from some main area would hinder the accurate build-up

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 4]

of the gene complex required to fit a community to the
peculiarities of a small locality. In the face of such immigra-
tion this could only be achieved by very powerful selection.”
(1964, p. 66).

Yet, the Great Orme race has managed to retain its identity,
and it is important to assess the current ability of thyone Th.
to establish its unusual features. Certain possibilities present
themselves. |.

(a) Gene flow is a one way process towards Conway Morfa
and the Creuddyn Peninsula.

(b) Selection pressures retain the integrity of thyone
versus gene flow into the population.

(c) The gentic composition of thyone Th. presents a partial
barrier to incoming gene flow.

(d) A proportion of the population (0:5+0-2) with pure
thyone characteristics emerge earlier than semele elsewhere,
and retain their morphological characteristics by a process of
temporal subspeciation.

(a) The chance of a one-way gene flow process seems highly
improbable; not only is this thesis negated by pronounced pos-
sibility of anemochore dispersal into the thyone population via
strong westerly winds in June and July, but also a contact zone
would require voluntary displacement in either direction from
the contact. Yet, some argument may perhaps indicate a
thyone exodus excess, demanded perhaps by the higher fre-
quency of northwesterly gales, provoking unidirectionalism.
However, voluntary displacement would take place at a cons-
tant frequency along the line of junction, and is probably not
persuaded in either direction by wind directional preferences.

An important facet to be expanded later, is the relation-
ship of thyone’s morphological characteristics with sections of
the flight period. This association was discovered this year,
when the writer was able to sample the population in mid-June.
On addition of the 1971 values to the 1969/70 figures, the
means of spot size and wing expanse were reduced. In fact,
the differences between the mean wing expanse figures quoted
here, and those given by J. A. Thompson is probably associated
with the fact, that the writer has been unable to sample early
enough in the flight period. As the flight period progresses,
thyone specimens assume more the morphological characteris-
tics of Conway Morfa semele. This is a certain indicator that
gene flow enter the thyone population from Conway Morfa, and
would denounce any unidirectionalist theory.

(b) As mentioned above, in the face of gene flow, high
selective pressures would theoretically be required to stabilize
thyone racial features. This is a definite possibility, if not a
necessity. Prior to 1940, selective advantages were believed
to be no greater than 1%; they are now known to commonly
exceed 25% (Ford 1964, p. 32). It is certain that Great Orme
thyone are well adapted to the west side of the headland; the
distribution of both endemic races (Figure 1) indicates this.
Certainly there is a selective advantage for thyone, for

42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

neutrality or negative conditions would have reduced it to
extinction. Yet, it can only be suggested here what the
selective pressures might be, or might have been. They could
well have been related to extreme evapotranspiration on the
Great Orme. Certainly the distribution of the two races would
suggest this. First of all, the southwesterly and westerly sides
receive the greatest insolation in the Northern Hemisphere
(Geiger 1968), secondly, the isohyets are depressed markedly
from Snowdonia towards the Great Orme to give 30 inches of
rain each year on the headland; finally, the constant westerly
gales on this exposed west face, coupled with the limestone
lithology increases evapotranspiration, percolation and thus
desiccation of vegetation on the steep slopes. Yet, there is no
correlation of these factors with semele size east to Prestatyn
where the rainfall total, lithology and other factors are similar.
(Moel Hiraddog). However, the fact that there is no correla-
tion of semele facets with desiccation criteria does not preclude
this explanation entirely; since it may well have been that
semele became highly adapted by a unique genetic fixation to
extreme desiccation on the west sde of the Great Orme, where
it survived such a period; but that elsewhere, it became extinct
on the limestone, or has since become extinct. The retention
of its characteristics would then be explained by the slight
advantage offered to thyone on the west side of the Great
Orme, and its temporal segregation from the nominotypical
form. It is interesting, that semele colonies in North Wales,
and perhaps elsewhere, are invariably on west or south west
facing slopes, even in respect of the fact that they are thus
usually exposed to continual gale force winds. W. J. P. Mears
has also noticed this disregard or attachment to wind swept
slopes in South Devon.

Detailed work on the early metamorphic stages of thyone
and semele may establish the nature of the selective pressures
and the genetic situation, and would certainly test E. B. Ford’s
suggestions on the genetic factors involved.

(c) It is to be doubted that the genetic composition of

thyone Th. presents a partial barrier to incoming gene flow.
There is little evidence to suggest this. The genetic factors
that contribute to thyone are perhaps slight, and not of the
order to suppress hybridization.
_ (d) A central feature of thyone Th. is its early emergence,
and thus relatively early flight period compared to nomino-
typical semele. This means that for half its total flight period,
it is isolated completely from Conway Morfa semele. Emer-
gence on the Great Orme usually begins before the 10th June,
but when environmental factors interrupt the emergence
sequence there, a similar occurrence usually obtains on the
Creuddyn. This means that high selective pressures on the
Great Orme are not entirely necessary to retain the integrity
of thyone Th., for it can do so by a system of temporal sub-
speciation. This theory has been developed in an earlier issue
(antea 63, 207) by the writer and obviates repetition here.

EUMENIS SEMELE (L) THYONE THOMPSON 43

An important question demands the nature of the genetic
controls on this race. E. B. Ford, forwarded a simple monogenic
theory, involving a single gene that speeds up development, so
that smaller imagines emerge at an earlier date, the larvae not
having attained full growth; it was a suggestion based on an
understanding that dwarf thyone Th. on the Great Orme ‘‘com-
prises the whole population.”

It must be borne in mind that there is not just the matter
of reductionism involved in thyone; coloration and marking
facets are differentiated in addition, but are difficult to express
in an objective manner (antea 82, 104 and 168). Some of these
latter facets may, however, be purely environmental, but a
glance at a series from Rhyd-y-Foel, Moel Hiraddog, Nant-y-
Gamar and Bwrdd Arthur (limestone environment) suggests
that thyone coloration and markings are endemic to the race.

There are perhaps two possible explanations : —

(a) As E. B. Ford suggested a simple monogenic situation
may exist, which speeds up or breaks the ontogenetic sequence,
with composite effects, but creating an overlap with contiguous
populations in the manner held above. This is the more likely
explanation.

(b) There is the possibility of a polygenic situation involving
two or more genes, perhaps with close linkage. Certainly this
situation allowing selection to operate on continuous latent
variation would have allowed more rapid adjustment of thyone
to local conditions during the period of its formation.

It is, of course, all the more remarkable that P. argus
caernensis reveals an identical stenoecious limitation, indicat-
ing that both races have undergone the same selective pres-
sures during a past period. This gave the writer every reason
for seeking a general environmental factor such as the severe
desiccation of the food plants at some point in the year (May/
June), perhaps in the last larvae instar, a highly probable
occurrence on the Great Orme. This would select for gene(s)
establishing early emergence and reduced size in the two
species. Again, this suggestion reflects on the Boreal and
Sub Boreal periods, when the continental climate would cer-
tainly have reduced the Great Orme to more than its usual
desiccated appearance.

The writer is grateful to R. G. Payne for directing his
attention to another isolated colony of semele in the Malvern
Hills displaying dwarfism; the measurements of the males
being well below that of the thyone mean. This colony, and
perhaps one on Hutton Roof Crag in Westmorland discovered
by the Rev. J. V. Hall indicates that conditions producing
thyone sized populations can recur in different areas, though of
course, this does not suggest for a moment that the same
genetic factors are involved.

In the preceding paper on E. semele thyone Th., it was
indicated that G. Ellis pointed out, that a dwarf form of semele
occurred on the hillside above Glan Conway. It appeared un-

44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

likely to the writer that this population was referable to thyone
Th. However, Dr J. F. D. Frazer kindly informed the writer
that he had a series of these insects supplied to him by G.
Ellis, and that they were of the general size found on the
Creuddyn Peninsula.

I extend my gratitude to Dr J. F. D. Frazer, Mr W. J. P.
Mears, Mr H. N. Michaelis and Mr R. G. Payne for information
supplied; to Mr A. Brindle for kindly setting out series of E.
semele in the Manchester Museum for inspection; and to Mr
E. Drouet for providing me liberally with Grayling specimens
from various localities in France.

References

Dennis, R. L. H., 1970. Entomologist’s Record, 82: 104-110, 168-175.

Dennis, R. L. H., 1971. Entomologist’s Record, 83: 207-210.

Embleton, C., 1961. The Geomorphology of the Vale of Conway, N.
Wales. Trans. I.G.B., 29: 47-70.

Ford, E. B., 1969. Butterflies. Collins.

Ford, E. B., 1964. Ecological Genetics. Methuen. London.

Mayr., E., 1969. Principles of Systematic Zoology. McGraw Hill.

Saunders, G. E., 1968. Glaciations of a Possible Scottish Readvance Age
in N. Wales. Nature, 218: 76-78.

Thompson, J. A., 1944. Entomologist’s Record, 56: 65.

Whittow, J. B. The Interglacial and Post Glacial Strandlines of N.
Wales.

Whittow, J. B. and Ball, D. F., 1970. North-West Wales, in ‘Glaciations
of Wales.’ Ed. Lewis, C. A., Longmans. London.

The Burren, May 1971

By E. A. SADLER
(Concluded from p. 18)

That evening, we once again gathered at Doolin, where
what seemed to us a nearly perfect night, cloudy, wind-free
and warm, was in the offing, and with high hopes, we posi-
tioned our six lights along the by now familiar shore, but, as
all too frequently happens, what seemed an ideal night to us,
did not make the moths go wild with delight. Our intake by
midnight being very poor (though by then we had still man-
aged to take five caesia between us) and the cloud cover having
dispersed, we agreed to leave the lights burning the rest of the
night, hoping things might liven up before dawn. After mak-
ing sure our three generators had enough petrol, we left them
to their own devices while we returned to our hotels and bed.
R. and I were up early next morning and back at Doolin by
6 a.m., where we were disappointed to find that despite the
remainder of the night having remained calm and warm, the
only additions to our intake were a male Macrothylacia rubi
L., which must have been on an unusually early flight; two
Laothoe populi L. and an Eustrotia uncula Clerk, both of

THE BURREN, May 1971 45

which species seemed in a most unlikely spot with no trees or
marsh in sight. We packed up the lights and after breakfast
met M. at the Ballyvaughan traps, which, bewilderingly, were
crammed with moths. Among these were some nice dark
forms of Anagoga pulveraria L., several very pink Hadena
contigua Schiff., and a few Ectropis crepuscularia Hiibn,; and
the only example of Perizoma albulata Schiff. we were to see
during our stay. S. lunaria and salicata were common, and
C. mendica ab. rustica was for the first time in good numbers,
all being males, among which I took a specimen with a grey
suffusion over a large part of the hindwings.

We now made another visit to Newtown Casile, where
sinapis was again flying well in the sunshine. M., who was on
the lookout for such things, found a web of larvae on a small
blackthorn bush. Both larvae and web were fairly small but
a close inspection showed them to be of Eriogaster lanestris
L., which pleased him as he had not met this species before.
A closer look round this area produced more webs, all low
down on small hawthorn or blackthorn bushes standing alone
in the open, and not on hedges as they are in Dorset. We
noticed other webs elsewhere in the Burren after this, prob-
ably having previously dismissed them as small pieces of
sheep wool caught in the thorns, with which these as yet
undeveloped webs could easily be confused at a distance. We
took a web each, from which we now have numerous coccons,
and it will be interesting to see whether this species, when it
emerges, differs from English specimens, as so many other
Burren species do.

After lunch, with the sun siill shining, Fanore Strand was
revisited, where we hoped to find that a few early purpuralis
had been encouraged by its warmth to emerge, but after a
brief inspection, in which we saw none, we again resorted to
grubbing amongst the moss for cocoons, finding another half
dozen for a lot of effort over a long afternoon. After this, we
decided that there must be an easier way of obtaining our
series than this, and I could not help feeling that we had some-
how missed the main breeding ground, although we had by
now sampled all the areas where the foodplants, thyme and
trefoil, grew abundantly, and we pondered this problem with-
out arriving at a solution as we drove back to our hotels.

We descended on Doolin that evening at dusk, the nearby
local inhabitants having by now become used to our two
identical Avengers arriving each night, and their dogs, mainly
of collie-type ancestry, ceased nipping at the heels of the cars,
and continued their sleep, which, we found in the Burren area,
usually takes place in the middle of the road. Here they lie
as one drives around them or sit defying the car to touch
them, as if they believed it to be some kind of robot cow or
donkey. Considering the large quantity of both these animals
that seemed to make these narrow, walled lanes their home,
perhaps the dogs can be excused their attitude. The people

46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

of the area, I might add, were friendly without exception,
which we eventually found embarrassing, as we repeatedly
had to acknowledge the cheery waves of young and old as we
dashed about from place to place, in fact it became so arm-
tiring that R. and I, who were taking it in turn to drive each
other about, considered appointing a duty waver each day, as
well as a duty driver! At Doolin we found a stiff breeze was
blowing, but by carefully siting our lights in rocky hollows,
we were able to miss the worst, and get a fair intake for our
trouble, though unfortunately, our main quarry, the elusive
caesia, was again not really trying to grace our cabinets. We
packed up at midnight because of strengthening winds, with
only two specimens, and I also took the only Apatele menyan-
thidis View. of our holiday.

The following morning, as we had become accustomed to
expect, there had been another good intake at the traps over-
night, though we found little in them that interested us any
more. With the weather again bad, we decided to visit
Moheramoylan to try to locate the extensive beds of mossy
saxifrage, which we understcod grew thereabouts, on which,
I had calculated, we should perhaps be able to locate larvae
of the third plume specialty of Ireland, Stenoptilia saxifragae
T. B. Fletcher at this date. By following a lane marked
Moheramoylan on our map we found ourselves at a dead end
in someone’s farmyard, and though we had noted odd clumps
of saxifrage growing along the roadside verges on the way,
we now found ourselves surrounded by grassy fields, which
looked most unpromising. Suddenly, through the drizzle, we
saw a small figure at the top of a nearby mountain, who was
waving what appeared to be a black net. Without more ado
we hastened over the intervening fields and up the slope to
catch up with this supposed entomologist, who might well be
able to assist us. I was disappointed to see that the man was,
in fact, a local, the net being, of all things, a large umbrella.
As I approached I could hear him informing someone I could
not see, who was over the steep edge, that I was coming. I
passed the time of day with the gamp-wielder and explained
my mistake and asked him if he had ever seen collectors here
before. He had not, and neither had his companion, who by
now had clambered up to join us. Trying a different tack, I
asked if they could tell me where saxifrage grew, but it was
soon apparent that these two knew nothing of the local plants
when they pointed out some milkwort flowers at our feet as
a Burren specialty! While this unrewarding conversation was
taking place, I could see my friends inspecting an area covered
with white flowers, and thinking that they had discovered what
we were seeking, I hastily bid these curious characters adieu,
and left them to continue whatever they were supposed to be
doing on this mountain top in pouring rain, rather pleased to
think that we were not the only idiots to be in such a situation
On rejoining my companions, I found they were among exten-
sive beds of mountain avens, but as we wandered back across

THE BURREN, MAY 1971 AT

the top on our own way down, we discovered a few mossy
saxifrage plants growing under a low stone wall. M., more I
am sure, as a last restort, knelt heroically among the wet
plants, asking as he did so what saxifragae larvae looked
like. I had hardly finished explaining that it was green with
red stripes, when he pointed out a nice plump specimen
marching along the prostrate leaves, and R., who had been
examining another plant found a slender reddish pupa, which
was obviously of this species, but which had unfortunately
been flattened beneath someone’s foot. Throwing all thoughts
of future rheumatics aside, we were by now all on our knees,
R. finding a second and this time undamaged pupa attached
to a leaf. We both found a number of larvae in a wide
variety of sizes, and ranging in colour from yellowish green
to quite pink examples. M., on the other hand, after his
initial success, had only located a few more, and when R.
was heard to complain that the rain was misting up his
glasses, M. quickly retorted “you should worry”. We were
by now wet and cold, and as we had searched all the available
plants, we decided to go back and look at the plants we had
seen on the approach road, where on this lower level, we
could get some relief from the strong wind. Back at the
farmyard, we found the farmer peering from his doorway,
probably puzzled at our intrusion, but wet as we were, we
had no inclination to stop and chat, and diving gratefully into
our Avengers, we drove off to the roadside plants. These, at
first glance, seemed devoid of life, but I eventually spotted
a larva on a flower head, and we were soon finding them in
numbers, high up on the flower stems, and we quickly arrived
at the quantity we needed. We packed up and were soon on
our way back to our hotels and dry clothes, very pleased to
think we had managed to get one of the Burren’s plume
specialties. We each later bred a series from these larvae.

M. joined us at dusk at Lisdoonvarna, but it was obvious
such a cold and windy night would be hopeless at Doolin, so
we drove to Newton Castle, where I ran one token m.v. while
we searched for larvae, but we found nothing, and with noth-
ing at the light, either, we called it a day at midnight.

The traps at Ballyvaughan the following morning also
reflected the bad night, with a poor intake. As M. had to
leave for Dublin at dawn the following morning in order to
catch his plane, we assisted him to pack up his two traps.
Whilst doing this, I again found a purpuralis larva, which took
us to Fanore Strand as soon as we finished here, for yet
another try for this common Burren species, which was proving
so difficult to obtain. While we three were engaged in our
moss scratching routine for a few more cocoons, M.’s family
who had accompanied him, and who, we thought had gone to
the nearby beach, had instead hit upon the main purpuralis
colony, as we soon discovered when a representative arrived
clutching a pillbox, thoughtfully provided by M., which was
stuffed with cocoons and a few larvae, which they had found

A8 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 I5/f a2

with little effort. We hastened to their lucrative spot, find-
ing it similar to several other flat pavement areas we had
previously inspected without results. This one seemed little
different, except that it was larger, with, if anything, much
sparser covering of plant growth than most. A small amount
of trefoil grew from crevices, and thyme grew mainly on a few
ant hills dotted about, yet purpuralis cocoons were abundant
and only partially hidden beneath this spartan plant life, and
we quickly gathered all we required. Then one of us casually
turned over a loose stone, we were amazed to find it encrusted
with purpuralis cocoons and irrorella pupae, all jumbled up
together, and many other stones were found to be equally
infested. Imagines of the latter were also found on the wing,
but it was some days after returning home before purpuralis
began emerging from our cocoons. We all succeeded in rear-
ing a series of this rather poor looking burnet, which appears
worn even in mint condition.

Elated by our success, we now visited the nearby slopes of
Mount Gleninagh, where we netted a few more C. minimus
before the wind and rain, which had bothered us for most of
the holiday, started up again, and we retreated hastily to the
cars and lunch, after which M. left with his family to do some
shopping. As we sat deciding what our next move could be,
the bad weather rapidly cleared, and we spent a pleasantly hot
afternoon at Newton Castle, where sinapis was again every,
where, my companion doing particularly well, considering the
boulder-strewn terrain, by netting the only Hemaris tityus L,
we were to see, and Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Epirrhoe tris-
tata L. From a few specimens of each which we saw, the latter,
which was, luckily for me, a female, was kept for ova, and we
reared a series each of this very black and white form (which
was a new species for me) in July, only a few pupae overwinter-
ing. We also gathered spun burnet rose shoots here, from
which we reared a number of the pink flushed Notocelia in-
carnatana Hiibn., and a few Argyrotoza bergmanniana L.

A cold, windy night put any thoughts of m.v. work from
our minds, and the poor intake at the trap the following morn-
ing proved how right we had been. We reflected that M., who
was by now well on the way to Dublin, had not missed much.
We now had the unhappy task of packing our trap up as we
would be returning home ourselves early the following morn-
ing. Thanking our crofter friend for allowing us to plug in,
we bade him goodbye and departed, though we stopped to
walk up the field near his house before leaving the area, and I
was pleased to net a few examples of the local Cochleophasia
pubicornis Haw. here before we left to visit Blackhead for the
last time. Here we clambered about the shore line admiring
the clear rock pools, in which various coloured seaweeds, sea
anemones, and shells lived, and we noted a number of empty
purple-spined sea urchin shells lying about the rocks, whose
contents, we guessed, had been eaten by seagulls. R. and I
wandered apart as we explored, and looking back to where he

THE BURREN, MAY 1971 49

was I saw a coachload of American tourists stop and disem-
bark on the coast road just above him. He told me when we
joined up again, that several very determined elderly ladies
from this party had climbed down these dangerous rocks in an
attempt to take his photograph, mistaking him, no doubt, for
a colourful rock-hopping local, but he was not keen on being
immortalized in this fashion, and managed to thwart them,
(rather ungallantly I thought), by keeping large rocks between
himself and their lenses. While all this was going on 1 dis-
covered a marvellous piece of branched coral embedded as a
white crystalline fossil, hand sized with fingers extended in
a huge boulder. We watched a large dog stoat working in
agile fashion along this rugged shoreline, but were not for-
tunate enough to see any pine martens during our stay.
Several locals to whom I spoke had seen them within the past
few years. Indeed apart from a few Irish hares, we saw no
other wild animals on the Burren.

The sun came out at mid-day, and I seized this opportunity
for photographing Fanore Strand, where, in a fault in the flat
rocks I chanced upon a ringed plover’s nest, which was just
a shallow sandy hollow, decorated with small bleached snail
shells, containing three chipping eggs and a newly hatched
grey chick, with the parent bird watching anxiously near by, I
took a hasty picture and left. While I had been so engaged
my friend had been inspecting the main purpuralis colony for
a last check to see whether the species had started emerging,
but when I rejoined him, he had not seen any. So we left for
the flowers on Mount Gleninagh, which I also wished to photo-
graph before the sun disappeared. As we passed Slieve Elva,
I noted five black birds flying about a cleft near the top, which
at that distance looked like the nearest thing yet to a chough,
so we stopped to climb up to what I hoped would be a nest
site, but before getting half way I realized the birds were
ravens, and although we continued to climb in drizzle, we were
unable to negotiate the cleft in saftey because of wet foot-
holds so we made our way down. On the way down, we noted
some mossy saxifragae larvae in a locality some miles from
Moheramoylan, and we concluded from this that it is a wide-
spread species on the Burren, and could quite easily have been
transferred on plants removed from here to the gardens of
Dublin. We noted that a plant of a different species of
saxifrage, gathered in haste in mistake for the correct food
plant, to take home with us, was readily accepted as an
alternative, and we found that the larvae were particularly
partial to the white flowers of both species. Not realizing two
species of saxifrage grew in the area we had no chance of
checking whether this plume feeds on both in the wild, but
in the confinement of a garden, with closely allied plants
perhaps at hand, one could well imagine it doing so.

Returning to our hotel early, we did some packing, and
after dinner, I visited the impressive Cliffs of Moher where I
hoped I might see the elusive chough, but apart from a colony

50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

of kittywakes I saw nothing. I left for Doolin Strand to check
how bad the wind was, and in doing so saw perhaps the best
new bird of the holiday, when at around 9 a.m. two small
flights of rock doves followed each another past me and swept
low out to sea, heading in the direction of the cliffs I had just
visited, where I guessed they roosted at night. Though the wind
was very strong, I believed it would be possible to have one
last attempt at caesia that night, and reported this to R. on my
return, so dusk saw us again at Doolin where we ran four
m.vs. until 12.30 a.m. getting one more caesia for our trouble
from the few moths which came in, bringing our total for the
holiday to sixteen. This was not enough to give a series each,
but we felt this was only because of bad luck with the
weather. In any case we had an excuse, if one were needed,
to return again another year to this attractive area, to tie up
the loose ends of this and other species we failed to get to
grips with.

After only a few hous sleep, we were up again at 5 a.m.
leaving for Dublin an hour later and arriving at the airport in
good time to hand back the car and board the 11.30 aircraft for
Bristol, where we found the Easter holiday traffic bumper to
bumper on the roads, a sharp contrast with the empty roads
we had just left behind. We had observed, however, that even
in a remote place like the Burren, the wind of change was
blowing; an area of several acres of freshly bulldozed ground
at its centre showed where another section of typical Burren
had succembed to the interests of better farming. On amore
ominous note, perhaps, were dead roadside verges (in only a
few places, admittedly for the moment) where weed killing
sprays had obviously been used; a dangerous game to play with
such a unique landscape.

St. Chistopher, West Tisted, Alresford, Hants.

Correction

In the article on Maniola jurtina L. A Breeding Experiment
(Ent Record 83: 333) the penultimate paragraph on p. 335
should read :—

‘“‘All these pupae hatched towards the end of June and all
produced female butterflies, about one quarter of which were
excessa forms in varying degrees. There were no males and
no sign of ab. atrescens. The two larvae that failed to pupate
at the same time as the rest of the brood eventually died. In
desperation I tried to get a mating with the last two females
to emerge, using wild males, but I was unsuccessful, as no ob-
served pairing took place although the conditions were exactly
the same as for the previous summer.”

NOMENCLATURAL CORRECTIONS Bi

Nomenclatural Corrections

By V. C. Kapoor.
(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India.)

There is a wide confusion regarding the usage of the species
Heliothis armigera (Hubner), and Heliothis obsoleta (Fabricius).
Some consider that these two names belong to the same taxon.
In 1968 (Anonymous, Crop Protection Courier, Vol. 8, “Bayer’’)
Heliothis armigera and Heliothis zea Boddie were considered
as synonyms of Heliothis obsoleta. Hardwick (1965, Mem. Ent.
Society, Canada, 40: 9) erected the new genus Helicoverpa for
the type species Noctua armigera Hibner. Recently (1970,
Mem. Ent. Society, Canada, 73: 59) he treated obsoleta
Fabricius and wmbrosa Grote as synonyms of zea Boddie under
Helicoverpa. He differentiated Helicoverpa from Heliothis by
the possession of multi-coiled vesica in the male genitalia and
an alternately dilated and constricted appendix bursae in the
female genitalia of the former. So the present existing names
of the two species should be Helicoverpa armigera Hiibner and
Helicoverpa zea Boddie (=obsoleta Fabricius).

The Nomenclatural Status of Cotton Jassid,

Amrasca devastans (Distant)

By V. C. Kapoor, and A. S. SOHI
Department of Zoology-Entomology, Punjab Agricultural University,
Ludhiana, India.

Ghauri (1967) transferred the Indian Cotton jassid,
Empoasca devastans Distant 1918, to his newly proposed genus
Amrasca. Later Dworakowska (1970) proposed a new genus
Sundapteryx for the type species Chlorita biguttula Ishida,
1913. She has also synonymised Empoasca devastans Distant
with Sundapteryx biguttpla biguttula (Ishida), 1913, without
mentioning Ghauri’s new combination. When a new genus
Amrasca has already been accepted widely and Empoasca
devastans has many common characters enough to put it in
Amrasca, there is full justification that the cotton jassid should
be placed in Amrasca. Since the biguttula biguttula has prio-
rity over that of devastans, the correct name of the Indian
Cotton jassid shoud be Amrasca biguttula biguttula (Ishda,
1913).

References
Dworakoswka, I., 1970. On some genera of Typhlocybini and Empoas-
cini (Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae, Typhlocybinae). Bull. Pol.

Sci. biol. sci. ser., 18(11): 707-716.
Ghauri, M. S. K., 1967. New mango leafhoppers from the Oriental and
Austra-Oriental regions (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Proc. R. ent.

Soc. Lond. (B), 36(11-12): 159-166.

52 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 To/Ty/7z2

Notes on the Discovery of the Larva and Pupa
in Britain of Gortyna borelii Pierret : Fisher’s
Estuarine Moth

By J. M. Caatmers-Hunt

Mr J. B. Fisher was the first to find this species in Britain,
when he took a single specimen in an m.v.l. trap in September
1968, and in 1970 had the good fortune to take two more ex-
amples at light. It was not until 1971, however, that a record
of these captures was published (Fisher, 1971; Jacobs, 1971).

Kirby (1903) gives Peucedanum officinale L.: Sea Hog’s
Fennel as the foodplant of borelii on the continent. This is an
erect perennial umbelliferous plant with a very stout and
woody root. It occurs as a native in Britain, but is restricted
to a few localities only.

Mr Fisher kindy showed me a station where P. officinale is
locally numerous, and in early August 1971 I visited the locality
twice, and from the start soon found signs of larval feeding.

The larva feeds in the base of the stem and solid root, some-
times boring down into the latter to a depth of nearly a foot. It
ejects piles of coarse pale-straw frass, which forms in a heap on
the surface of the soil around the foot of the plant. Affected
plants showed distinct signs of wilt, and some appeared mori-
bund or actually dead from having been killed by the ravages
of the larva. Judging from the numbers of affected plants
seen, borelii appeared to be quite plentiful at this locality.

A single pupa was found situated head upwards in the
rhizome. It had no cocoon, nor was there any apparent sign
of silk covering.

In order to avoid the risk of any appreciable reduction in
the strength of the colony, I decided to collect only five larvae
and the one pupa already mentioned, and owing to the relative
scarcity of P. officinale in Britain, to select only from dead or
dying plants.

The roots containing the larvae I placed in cylindrical cages
and partly covered them with soil. I later offered one larva a
root of garden carrot. It fed well on this and indeed seemed
to relish it.

In September six moths emerged. The first appeared on
the 7th and the rest as follows: —17th 18th 25th (2), and 27th.
Apart from one which was crippled, their wing expanse ranged
from 48-57 mm.

I am indebted to Mr G. M. Haggett for the following
abridged description of one of my larvae when in its final instar
on August 5th: —

Length 50 mm. Body cylindrical, smooth, dully shining skin,
ground colour waxy cream, heavily suffused smoky purplish
along the dorsum, with heavily chitinised black lateral warts
and weaker black dorsal warts. Spiracles black. Head ginger-
red, prothoracic plate ginger-brown marked with black at each

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 05

side, anal plate black and heavily chitinised, a belt of black
chitin on the preceding ring. True legs black, prolegs cream
with a weak dark bar above.

References
Fisher, J. B. 1971. Gortyna borelii Pierret (ssp. lunata Freyer?): a new
British moth. Ent Rec., 83: 51-52.
Jacobs, S. N. A. 1971. Exhibit of coloured print of photograph by J. B.
Fisher of Gortyna borelii Pierret. Proc. Brit. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc.,
1971: 31.
Kirby, W. F. 1903. The Butterflies and Moths of Europe.

Notes and Observations

INFURCITINEA ARGENTIMACULELLA STAINTON (Lep. Tineidae)
IN SURREY.—On the 23rd of August 1971, I was in the vicinity
of Aibury, near St. Martha’s Hill, Guildford, when along the
edge of a road I noticed cavities and overhangs of sandstone
about which were growths of lichen. These aroused my at-
tention, and, having become well acquainted over the years
with the particular habitat of I. argentimaculella, I decided
that they were worth my inspection. After a while, and in
several places, I found almost certain evidence that the moth
is established in the area. The imago itself was not present,
it being a July insect, but the thin silken tubes were pretty
clear on the surface of the lichen. I know of nothing else
that produces these tubes.

I. argentimaculella has been recorded from Surrey in the
past, and probably exists in other suitable localities in the
area. I hope to confirm its presence by finding the moth this
year. This species is probably much more widespread in the
country, but is overlooked because of its secluded habits.—E.
S. BRADFORD, 38 Oakwood Avenue, Boreham Wood, Herts.
50x LO7d..

NEPTICULA MYRTILLELLA STAINTON (LEP. NEPTICULIDAE).—
Lieut. Col. Emmet in his notes on the Nepticulidae (Ent. Rec.,
83: 302 and 303) omitted to give Cornwall as a locality for this
species. I have found vacated mines at Hensbarrow Downs,
near St Austell at odd times between August and October both
in 1969 and in 1970. The mines are nearly always in a lower
leaf of a stalk of Vaccinium (bilberry), and they are usually
characterised by the purplish colouring of the leaf which he
describes. I suggest that this may be a new county record.

From several tenanted mines which I gathered in the
autumn of 1970, I succeeded in reading only one moth, which
emerged in May 1971.—J. L. Grecory, 17 Grove Road St
Austell, Cornwall. 3.xii.1971.

54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

THE 1971 SEASON IN SUFFOLK.—Your note (83: 252) caught
my attention. I have missed not having many observations to
read recently. From my experience his year, I should say that
the season has been so bad that there has been little to write
_ about, and several collectors have given me the same informa-

tion. I have had larger numbers of moths in my trap (M.V.)
run here this year than ever before, but the rarer species have
been almost completely absent.

Last year, I took some quite interesting species such as
chamolillae, alni, festucae, porcellus, leporina, cuculla,
flammea, corticea, leucostigma, dissoluta, compta, gemini-
puncta (1) possibly a new record for Suffolk, helvola and
subtusa. But this year the only species of note were obsoleta (1),
possibly new to west Suffolk, cuculla (1), porcellus, and dis-
similis. There were no signs of ophiogramma or autumnaria,
quite numerous in 1969. However, I took one moth this year
which, after forty years of collecting, I simply cannot identify.
If I do eventually find it to be something of real interest I will
send the information.

In conclusion, over the years I have collected a great
number of spare specimens which I would be very pleased to
dispose of. Some are moderately rare and most are in good
condition. I would gladly give them away, also some collectors
could offer me some specimens in exchange. There are quite
a number of fairly common species found in Surrey, Sussex,
Hants, etc., which I have never been able to obtain. One species
in particular of which I have taken two specimens is agathina.
I would also very much like to receive a few specimens of
praecox, nubeculosa, cannae, sponsa, promissa, coracina,
limacodes, asella, irrorella and rubricollis among other species
T have never taken any of these myself.—Rev. Guy A. Forp,
The Rookery Farmhouse, Norton, Bury St. Edmonds, Suffolk.
6.xi.1971.

GONOPTERYX RHAMNI L.: AN EARLY SIGHTING.—On Boxing
day, 27th December 1971, I observed a male G. rhamni flying
in my back garden. This is the first time I have seen rhamni
flying in December, and no doubt its appearance was due to
the mild weather conditions prevailing at the time. — M. R.
Loncpon, 158 Ravensbourne Avenue, Shortlands, Bromley,
Kent. 10.1.1972.

ABUNDANCE OF YPONOMEUTA PADELLA L. (LEP. YPONOMEU-
TIDAE): In May 1971, it was brought to my notice by Mr P.
Goddard, who was then on holiday in Cornwall that there was
a plague of Yponomeuta larvae at Polruan, so a few days later
I went to investigate. A local resident informed me that the
caterpillars were just above the “Washing Rock” where there

OBITUARY 5a

was a large area covered mainly by low, scrubby blackthorn
bushes. On arrival there I noted that perhaps about a quarter
of an acre of these blackthorns had been completely defoliated
and were covered by the characteristic silken webs of the
caterpillars, even the odd grass tufts and the wild cabbage
plants were shrouded with the web, giving the whole area a
frosted appearance when seen from a distance. The black-
spotted grey larvae were literally swarming everywhere in a
vain search for more food, all the available supply having been
consumed with the exception of a few very small bushes at the
edge of the area, on which grossly overcrowded larvae were
busily feeding. Walking down the steep path which leads to
the rocks one was forced to trample on the swarming hungry
caterpillars.

A similar phenomenon occurred above Whitsands Bay in
the summer of 1965, but on that occasion I was a little too late
in the season to see the larvae. This year the species has been
unusually common on blackthorns in other localities along the
south Cornish coast, several single “‘nests” of larvae having
been found near to Polruan, at Chapel Point, and Gorranhaven,
also a number of others around Portscatho. But none of these
single nests did much more than defoliate an odd branch or
two of the blackthorn.

It is a mystery why so many moths of this species should
choose to lay their eggs in one small area in one year and to
ignore it in another, when there is an abundance of available
food supply in the vicinity.—Joun L. Grecory, 17 Grove Rd.,
St Austell, Cornwall, 30,x.1971.

Obituary
CHRISTOPHER GUY FARWELL

On the Sth April 1971 Christopher Guy Farwell (affection-
ately known as ‘‘Pop’’) died at the age of 85.

Pop started collecting at a very early age. On moving to
London where he worked for 17 years he became interested in
foreign lepidoptera and became quite an authority building
an interesting and varied collection.

In 1919 he married and moved to Brockenhurst. At that
time he had the opportunity of breeding and collecting under
very different conditions than the New Forrest of the present
day. As his son, lan grew up showing the same interests
breeding and collecting continued on a larger scale but always
with the accent on conservation.

During the depression of the thirties he was forced to sell
his foreign collection and although this must have been a
terrible blow he continued helping and encouraging his son
and other entomologists particularly of the younger gener-
ation.

During the 1939-45 war he had the New Forest almost to

56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

himself acquiring some fine camilla and paphia abberations.
the latter now being in our collection. After the war he started
a local group of entomologists who met regularly for discus-
sions.

It was in 1945 that we first met Pop and my most vivid
memory is of Pop mounted on his faithful bicycle which he
propelled at high and often dangerous speed through the
rutted Forest tracks of those days, with net at the ready. Some-
how he never fell off as far as I know!

A regular visitor to the Annual Exhibition he retained his.
love of butterflies to the end. Only a few hours before his.
death he was agreeably surprised by a colour enlargement of a
valezina.

Pop was also a good field naturalist his secondary interest
being ornithology. He was a likeable man with a keen sense
of humour.

He is survived by his son (also an entomologist and ornith-
ologist) and daughter, to whom we extend our sympathy.

We shall all miss him.

R.W.W. 18.11.71.

ALGERNON LEE RANSOME C.B., D.S.O., M.C., F.R.E.S.
AN APPRECIATION

In May 1969 Algernon Lee Ransome died at the age of 85.
Following a distinguished military career during which he
attained the rank of Major-General he retired to Braishfield
where he resumed his early interest in British Lepidoptera,
forming a fine collection of butterflies.

A contemporary of the late S. G. Castle-Russell and K. W.
Self he collected in areas where L. corridon was in profusion.
Many fine aberrations were taken including a number of un-
usual alba-caeca forms and one of the few extrema males in
existence.

We first met the General in the early 1950’s and during the
next 17 years had many expeditions together usually after L.
coridon. A delightful companion in the field he had consider-
able energy for a man of his age and could keep going through
a strenuous day’s collecting which was usually followed by a
long drive home.

The General spent many hours examining our collection
and expressed a wish in 1962 that his collection should form
part of ours. A Deed of Gift was executed but of course the
collection remained at Braishfield during his lifetime.

It is fitting that we also acquired the collection of the late
K. W. Self so that the best aberrations taken by these two
friends should remain together.

We have lost a friend who was a gentleman in the truest
sense of the word.

R.W.W. 16.11.71.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (79)

6. Shoreham, larva beaten from oak, 1955, imago reared (R. G.
Chatelain). Pinden, ¢ taken by E. J. Hare, October 1961 (de Worms,
Lond. Nat., 1964: 32).

7. Westwell (Scott, 1950).

8. Wye Downs, two, November 3, 1938, det. L. B. Prout\(C. G. M. de
Worms); November 6, 1954 (de Worms, Entomologist, 88: 62). West
Studdal, scarce (E. & Y., 1949). Brook (Scott, 1950). Woolwich Wood,
October 16, 1971, gen. det. (C.-H.).

11. Great Chart, larvae on maple, c. 1953, imagines reared; Hoads
Wood, larvae on sloe (P. Cue).

12. Ham Street, 4 ¢¢, October 20, 1967, gen. det. D. O’Keeffe (D.
O’Keeffe).

16. Folkestone, one (A. M. Morley).

VARIATION.—Siggs’s Orpington specimen is strikingly aberrant, and
appears to conform to ab. intermedia Heydem.

First Notice, 1938: C. G M. de Worms.

E. autumnata Borkhausen: Autumnal Moth.

Resident, perhaps native. Woods, on birch.

Note: Owing to the difficulty of checking genitalically much of the
recorded material, there are relatively few records of confirmed Kentish
occurrence, and unless so confirmed the following should be accepted
conditionally.

1. Orpington, 1949 (L. W. Siggs, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 87).

7. Westwell (Scott, 1964). Eastwell (P. Cue).

8. Dover.—Here dilutata is not common, ‘and its place seems to be
taken by the more silky triangular-winged autumnaria” (Webb, Ent. Rec.,
8: 11). Brook (Scott, 1964).

10. Westerham, larva, May 8, 1987 (Coote and Jacobs, Proc. S. Lond.
ent. nat Hist. Soc., 1937-38: 37). Seal Chart (Fuller, Entomologist, 74:
70); I have a ¢ taken by J. L. Fuller, labelled “Seal Chart Oct./ 1941’,
gen. det. (C.-H.); several worn examples, October 29, 1963, gen. det.;
fresh examples, October 11, 1965, gen. det.; larvae beaten from birch,
May 20, 1965, from which a single example was bred, gen. det. (C.-H.).

11. Sevenoaks Weald, October 11, 1959 (E. A. Sadler). Hoads Wood
(P..€ue).

12. East Kent [Ham Street] (de Worms, Entomologist, 72: 124). Ashford
Town, two (P. Cue teste C. G. M. de Worms in litt., 15.xi.1961). Orlestone
Woods, 2 ¢d, taken October 20, 1967, by D. O’Keeffe, gen. det. D.O’K.
(C.-H. coll.).

14. Sandhurst, one bred October 21, 1945, by G. V. Bull from a larva,
is a fine ab., gen. det. (C.-H. coll.).

VARIATION.—The Sandhurst specimen is a large silvery white ¢ with
very distinct markings.

First RECORD, 1896: Webb, Ent. Rec., 8: 11.

Operophtera brumaia L.: Winter Moth.

Native. Woods, hedgerows, orchards, gardens, etc.; on oak, hawthorn,
birch, apple, elm, cherry, dog-rose, lime, sloe, sallow, hazel, maple,
bilberry, aspen, sycamore, cob-nut, currant, gooseberry (fruit and foliage).
In all divisions, and probably present throughout the county wherever
there are deciduous trees and shrubs. “Generally far too abundant”
(V.C.H., 1908).

(80) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

The larva has perhaps occurred most often in Kent on the first
thirteen of the above-mentioned foodplants, and there are numerous
records of its having been found on these. Regarding the others, D. R. M.
Long has taken the larva at Bromley on aspen, sycamore and currant;
and Theobald (Jnl. S.E. Agric. Coll. Wye, 1910 (19), 97) records the larva
at Stone-in-Oxney on cob-nut bushes, and at Rodmersham, where “they
attacked the young gooseberries as well as the leaves of the bushes”.

The imago is usually well out by about the third week of November,
and then continues throughout December and into January. In 1862,
Fenn (Diary) noted one at Lee as early as October 9, and I have a record
that in 1939, I saw several still on the wing in East Blean on February
10—an unusually late occurrence (C.-H.). In 1952, R. Cheesman took a
$ brumata which was flying in Larkey Valley Wood (div. 8) on July 6—a
most extraordinary date—and showed me the specimen (C.-H.).

One suspects that in nature many species occasionally lie over in the
pupal stage for more than one year, but to get positive evidence of this
is of course extremely difficult. However, we do know of one such case
with brumata where, though there is no actual proof of lying over, the
circumstances are such as to appear fairly conclusive. In December 1945,
Massee (Rpt. E. Malling Res. Stn., 1946: 127) noticed that very few 2 QO
were seen in a cherry orchard at East Malling which was partially
defoliated by larvae earlier in the year. He adds that in December 1946,
the moths were very prevalent at this locality though the previous spring
the larval attacks were negligible. Massee therefore concluded that in
1945, only some of the moths emerged in November and December, and
that in that particular season many remained in pupa throughout the
winter and did not produce moths until the autumn of 1946. -

In the past, the species has sometimes appeared in such vast swarms
in Kent as to reach pest proportions, the damage resulting being par-
ticularly noticeable in orchards. In 1909, Wakely reported that the oaks
at Tunbridge Wells and Goudhurst were ‘“despoiled of their foliage’; and
on June 2 the same year, N. T. Hillier complained that at Horsmonden,
“the fruit crop is doomed for this season ... many trees having barely
a leaf on them” (teste Theobald, loc. cit.). In 1907, according to Murdoch
(in Theobald, Jnl. S. E. Agric. Coll. Wye, 1908 (17), 101), many grease
bands on fruit trees at Linton contained 100 9° brumata; and at Rod-
mersham, Mercer (in Theobald, loc. cit.) said that “some three hundred
were found on one band”. So abundant, indeed, was the species in 1907,
and so severe were the effects of the attacks of the larvae, that in the
Sittingbourne and Faversham fruit districts, the “trees looked in sum-
mer as if it were in winter”. According to Colthrup (Ent. Rec., 30: 73),
1917 was another bad year for the fruit growers, larvae of brumata
doing an immense amount of damage to apple trees that year, with large
acreages in both east and west Kent practically devoid of foliage.

g brumata has been found in cop with 92 O. fagata and vice versa
(see under O. fagata).

VARIATION.—A. M. Massee told me he took eleven gynandromorphs at
Old Quarry, Burbridge Cherry Orchard, East Malling, c. 1940 (C.-H.).

Newman (Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1907-08: 88) recorded
“black aberrations’ from North Kent; and I have two ab. hueni Prout
from West Wickham, 1947, among a lot of normal specimens from there
€C.-H.).

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (81)

The following are in RCK: ab. hueni Prout, one, Bexley, 1905, one,
Herne Bay, 1933. A gynandromorph right side ¢ labelled “E. Malling
Research Station. Caught on the sticky band of a fruit tree 8.xi.1943
A. M. Massee”’.

FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1863: Jenner, Week. Ent., 2: 198. Though
doubtless first noticed in the county long before.

O. fagata Scharfenberg: boreata Hubner: Northern Winter Moth.

Native. Woods, commons, heaths, orchards; on birch, apple, plum,
cherry. Found in all divisions except 7, 16 (probably present in both), 15.
“Common” (V.C.H., 1908).

It appears the species chiefly occurs on birch, and at West Wickham,
both Wormald (Ent. Ann., 1869: 140), and Allchin (Ent. week. Int., 8: 4)
record taking it on this. In orchards at East Malling, the larva is recorded
as having been found on apple and plum (Massee, Rpt. E. Malling Res.
Stn., 1955: 143).

The species is occasionally found in great plenty; thus, Tutt (Ent. Rec.,
921: 139) recorded that on May 30, 1909, between Orpington and Chisle-
hurst, the larvae were in “almost incredible’ numbers. Fenn. (Diary)
states that at Petts Wood on November 12, 1887, the imagines were so
numerous on the birches that he could have taken 1000 jd had he so
wished, but that the 2 9 appeared very scarce.

Fenn (Diary) noted a © fagata in cop., with a ¢ O. brumata at Petts
Wood, November 12, 1887. The same observer (Ent. Rec., 1: 46) records
furthermore, that he had often found Q fagata in cop. with ¢ brumata
and vice versa, and added that the “progeny are not to be distinguished
from brumata”’.

VARIATION.—The following abs. are in RCK: ab. isaaki Isaak, Bickley,
Nov. 1922, W. Rait-Smith; ab. fasciata Peterson, one, Pauls Cray, 1889;
ab. fasciata Peterson “on dark ground”, one, West Wickham, 1887; also,
an ab. with “dark ground’, one, West Wickham.

FIRST RECORD, 1858: West Wickham (Stainton, Man., 2: 76).

Perizoma affinitatum Stephens: Rivulet.

Native. Woods, copses, lanesides; on Melandrium rubrum.

The July-August specimens may represent a partial second genera-
tion; on the other hand I have not examined any such examples, and the
species is sometimes confused with P. alchemillata L.

1. West Wickham, worn 9, May 14, 1860 (H. Tompkins, Diary, as
“alchemillaria’”). Abbey Wood (V.C.H., 1908). Bostall Heath (C. Fenn,
in Wool. Surv., 1909), may refer to the preceding (C.-H.). Eltham (A. H.
Jones, in Wool. Surv., 1909).

3. Bysing Wood, common 1913-14 and 1924-27; Wardwell Wood, common
1920-22 (H. C. Huggins). Bullockstone, two, May 26, 1922 (H. G. Gomm).
Clangate Wood, Sturry, May 28 (2), June 1 (2), 2 (3), 3 (3), 1932 (W. E.
Busbridge, Diary). Sturry district—of regular occurrence but never
plentiful in my experience in lanes at Broad Oak and in neighbouring
woodlands, e.g., Den Grove, E. Blean, W. Blean, and Kemberland (C.-H.).

4. Deal*, one worn, August 3, 1891 (Fenn, Ent. Rec., 2: 204). Ickham,
one, c. 1956 (D. G. Marsh).

6a. Darenth, one in Meldola coll. (Woodforde, Entomologist, 54: 288).
Near Upnor; Chattenden Roughs. Uncommon (Chaney, 1884-87). Chatten-
den, one taken by J. Ovenden, 1883, in Tutt coll. (Tutt, Young Nat., 11:

(82) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ti/ 7S

SHE

7. Boxley, 1953 (A. H. Harbottle).

8. Lady Wood (Knaggs, 1870). Folkestone, 1882 (Salwey, Entomologist..
15: 197). Reinden Wood, fairly common (Morley, 1931). Coombe Wood,
May 29 (1), June 3 (1), 19 (1), 1895, June 6 (3), 15 (1), 1896, June 6, 1897 (1);
Poulton, June 15, 1905; Kearsney, one very worn, June 10, 1932 (Stockwell,
Diary). Haddling Wood, one, May 24, 1936 (Busbridge, Diary). Ewell
Minnis; River; Whitfield (E. & Y., 1949). Dover, one, July 14, 1945, rather
worn (B. O. C. Gardiner). Wye Downs (Scott, 1936). Brabourne, larva
on M. rubrum (P. Cue).

11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Grove Green, Maidstone, one, 1893, H-
Elgar, in Maidstone Mus. (C.-H.). Wateringbury, several in E. Goodwin
coll. (C.-H.); (V.C.H., 1908). Aylesford, three, 1953, two, 1954 (G. A. N.
Davis)+

12. Chartham, one, June 16, 1951 (P. B. Wacher). Willesborough, in
garden, c. 1953 (P. Cue); one, May 1957 (M. Singleton). West Ashford,
May 12 (1), 16 (3), 17 (1 at light), 1960, May 20, 1961 (6) (M. Enfield, M.
Singleton and D. Youngs). East Ashford, one in a small wood near the
bypass, May 16, 1961 (D. Youngs). Hothfield Common, June 2, 1969 (de
Worms, Entomologist, 102: 135).

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan); 1956, 1957, 1958, occasional (L. R-
Tesch per C. A. Stace).

14. Tenterden, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 80); 1960 (C. G. Orpin).
Sandhurst, one, May 27, 1940, one, 1945 (G. V. Bull).

VARIATION.—Woodforde (loc. cit.) states that the Darenth example is
referable to ab. turbaria St.; and Tutt (loc. cit.) remarked that his speci-
men which Ovenden took at Chattenden has “the ground colour reddish-
brown”.

First REcorp, 1858: Stainton, Man., 2: 80.

P. alchemillata L.: Small Rivulet.

Native. Woods; on Galeopsis tetrahit agg.

1. Bostall Heath, one, August 4, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). West Wickham;
Dartford* (V.C.H., 1908). Eltham, rare (A. H. Jones, in Buckell and
Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1900: 68). Chislehurst, one,
July 17, 1908, one, July 9, 1924 (S. F. P. Blyth). Orpington, two, 1949 (L.
W. Siggs); one, 1961 (F. A. Swain). St Mary Cray, about ten, 1957 (R. G.
Chatelain). Bromley, 1961 (2), 1962 (1), 1963 (1), 1964 (3), 1865 (3), (D. R.
M. Long).

3. Thornden Wood, July 29, 1865 (Fenn, Diary). Little Hall Wood, one,
July 5, 1944 (C.-H.). Blean Woods, one (D. G. Marsh).

4. Ickham, one, 1954 (D. G. Marsh)y. Sandwich Bay, July 24, 1967
(T. W. Harman).

5. Chevening, July 21, 28, 1914 (Gillett, Diary). Halstead (R. E. Framp-
ton per S. Wakely). Knockholt (L. T. Ford). Westerham, fairly common,
1935, 1937, 1949 (R. C. Edwards). Andrews Wood, Shoreham, eight, July
15, 1956, several July 5, 1957 (C.-H.).

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Pinden, one, 1949 (E. J. Hare). Eynsford,
larvae on G. tetrahit agg., September 14, 1952 (Cox, Proc. S. Lond. ent.
nat. Hist. Soc., 1952-53: 87). Wrotham, one, July 20, 1965 (T. Peet).

7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, 1884-87). Hollingbourne, larva (H. C.
Huggins). Westwell (Scott, 1936); one, August 9, 1955 (C.-H.); two, 1960

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THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND

The British Entomological and Natural History Society
announces that, as a result of applications received by 30th
September 1971, awards have been made to Miss J. M. Ruse,
Department of Zoology, University of Manchester, to help her
research into the biology of leaf miners and their parasites on
Sorbus aucuparia and related host plants; and to Mr P. R. Cobb,
Editor of the Proceedings of the Heacham and West Norfolk
Natural History Society, for continuation of his work on the life-
cycle and distribution in Britain of the gall-wasp Andricus
quercuscalicis (Burgsdorff).

Further applications are invited for awards to be made after
3lst March 1972, for the promotion of entomological research
with particular emphasis on :—

(a) Leaf miners

(b) Diptera, particularly Trypetidae and Agromyzidae
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ii A
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ERT ET EE BT EE FET ERY AS EET I LP IE LT TT ETE I EL A aE a ae

THE LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE
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CONTENTS

Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann (A.C.): a Lycaenid new to Greece
and Western Europe. R. F. BRETHERTON, JOHN COUTSIS,
L. G. HIGGINS and C. G. M. de WORMS . i

Clossiana selene (Schiff.): Second Brood. A. S. WHEELER .

Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971. (1) Greece: Delphi
and the Peloponnese, May to June. C. G. M. de WORMS ..

Eumenis semele (L.) thyone Thompson (Lep. Satyridae) A Micro-
geographical Race. R. L. H. DENNIS :

The Burren, May 1971. E. A. SADLER .
Correction (Ent. Record, 83: 333) C. G. LIPSCOMB .. ,
Nomenclatural Corrections. V. C. KAPOOR ..

The Nomenclatural Status of Cotton Jassid, Amrasca devastans
(Distant). V.C. Kapoor and A. S. SOHI

Notes on the discovery of the Larva and Pupa in Britain of Gortyna

borelii Pierret: Fisher’s Estuarine Moth. J. M. CHALMERS-

HUNT

Infurcitinea argentimaculella Stainton (Lep. Tineidae) in Surrey.
E. S. BRADFORD

Nepticula myrtillella Statinton (Lep. Nepticulidae) J. L. GREGORY
The 1971 Season in Suffolk. GUY A. FORD
Gonopteryx rhamni L. An Early Sighting: M. R. LONGDON

Abundance of Yponomeuta padella L. (Lep. Yponomeutidae) J. L.
GREGORY ay Mt oy ie ie

Obituary Notices:
Christopher Guy Farwell j
Algernon Lee Ransome, C.B., D.S. O., M. C., F R. E. Ss.

23

32

33

38
44
50

51

51

52

53

53

54

54
54

55
56

Supplement: Lepidoptera of Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT (79)-(82)

EEE I SET PET SI POLS ITE

T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND

3 March 1972

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s.
with the assistance of

A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, 8.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINs, F.R.E.S.
_ J. M. CHaLMERS-Hunrt, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY

Major A. E. CoLLigER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.s.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S.
H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 84
£3.00 Post free, for payment in sterling.
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Is now due and should be paid to

Hon. Treasurer:
Mrs M. A. REDGRAVE, 2 Connaught Way, Tunbridge Wells, Kent

ISHED MONTHLY PRICE 30p

a

THE
FRESHWATER

“LIFE
OF THE
BRITISH ISLES

By

John Clegg

£2.25

ISBN 7232 0005 X

This third edition of the standard reference book on the
plants and invertebrate animals of ponds, lakes, streams
and rivers is intended both for the serious student and the
general reader. Among the subjects dealt with are the
physical and chemical conditions of life in freshwater, the
inter-relations of the rich variety of plants and animals and
the impact of freshwater biology on mankind. The greater
part of the book, however, is devoted to a systematic account
of the groups of aquatic plants and invertebrate animals.
Two chapters are devoted entirely to insects, and there is a
useful chapter on the collection and examination of various
specimens. The illustrations, comprising 16 plates in full
colour, 51 half-tone plates and 95 text drawings, depict most
of the groups of organisms described, as well as many
individual species.

WARNE 40 Beaford Square, London WC1B 3HE

Sap Hts a eg OP

57
The Butterflies of the Isle of Wight

By T. D. FEARNEHOUGH

In 1909 Frank Morey completed his comprehensive work “‘A
Guide to the Natural History of the Isle of Wight” in which the
lepidoptera were catalogued by H. F. Poole. He made refer-
ences to previously published lists: ‘The Victoria History of
the Counties of England—Hampshire” (1900); Venable’s “Isle
of Wight” (1860); and Dr Martin’s ‘Undercliff of the Isle of
Wight” (1849). William Fassnidge compiled a “List of the
Macrolepidoptera of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight” which
was published in the Entomologist’s Record (1923-1925). Since
1925 no list of the butterflies or moths has been published,
although a supplement to Morey’s Guide appeared in 1928
(Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist Soc.).

The present paper is intended to give an account of the
current position of the species of butterflies found on the Island,
with some reference to variation, and some comparison with
bygone times.

During the past twenty years numerous collectors have
visited the Island, but in most cases such visits were made for
the purpose of acquiring specimens of newly discovered lepi-
doptera such as Sedina buttneri and Lithopane leutieri, or of
older established local species such as Melitaea cinzia. Thus
small areas of the Island have been intensively worked, whilst
other areas have received little or no attention from collectors.
There may then be localities harbouring interesting species so
far overlooked.

The character of the Island is steadily changing. Agricul-
tural land is being rapidly eaten into by building developments;
roads and lanes are being widened and straightened to accom-
modate more traffic, bigger touring coaches and heavier lorries;
downland is being ploughed up for the growing of barley; and
deciduous woodland is being felled and replaced in some cases
by conifer plantings. Great damage has been done to insect
life in recent years by the extensive use of chemical sprays.
Woodlands have been sprayed to kill all undergrowth; lane
verges have been treated with hormone weed killers; agricul-
tural land has been similarly treated, sometimes by use of
aircraft, and even the banks of streams have not been spared.

The detailed geology of the Island is very complex but for
the purpose of the present paper the Island can be con-
veniently divided into three areas,

(1) The northern part of the Island; consisting of oligo-
cene and eocene formations, In this area there is
much heavy clay soil. There are extensive woods
such as Parkhurst Forest, Firestone Copse and Comb-
ley Great Wood.

(2) The southern part of the Island; consisting largely of
upper greensand, gault, lower greensand and wealdon.
The soil is generally lighter than that of the northern
part and the area is sparsely wooded.

08 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

(3) The Chalk. This forms a narrow range of downs
running right across the Island and separating the
other two areas. In West Wight the chalk meets the
sea at Tennyson Cliffs and in East Wight meets the sea
at Culver Cliffs. There is a small isolated area of
Chalk in the southern part of the Island, adjacent to
Ventnor, forming St Boniface and Rew downs.

SATYRIDAE

Pararge aegeria Linn. (Speckled Wood)

The status of this butterfly has not changed much over the
years, for Morey’s statement (1908) ‘“‘Common in woods and
lanes” still applies. It may be seen on the wing at any time
from early April to mid October during which period there are
several emergences. Although specimens may be encountered
almost anywhere, there are localities which the insect particu-
larly favours. These include; Parkhurst Forest, Firestone
Copse, Alverstone, Bonchurch Landslip, Bouldnor, and along
the southern base of the chalk.

No variation, other than normal seasonal variation, has been
recorded.

Pararge megaera Linn. (Wall Brown)

This species is widespread but does not occur anywhere in
abundance. The area of its greatest strength is along the
range of chalk downs, where it flies in May and again in August.
An occasional specimen has been seen in October.

On the chalk, specimens having atendency to extra spotting
below the forewing eyespot have several times been noted.

Maniola jurtina Linn. (Meadow Brown)

The Meadow Brown is generally common and might be
encountered anywhere on the Island. However there are areas
of concentration, mostly on the lower slopes of chalk downs.
Some of the wider rides in the woodlands are also favoured. In
these days of intensive farming there are not many pockets of
land in the agricultural areas which are left undisturbed, and
where jurtina might build up colonies of large numbers. The
normal flight period is from mid June to late August, but in one
locality on the chalk, a distinct second brood occurs in late
September and October. The specimens tend to be small and
have other interesting features. This occurrence was the
subject of papers by George Thomson (Ent. Rec., 83: 87) and
R. L. H. Dennis (Ent. Rec., 83: 207).

The variation of jurtina on the Island is extensive and
somewhat localised. On one chalk down specimens occur from
year to year having whitish areas replacing the tawny colour
on the forewings. In another restricted locality there is a
tendency for extra spots to be present on the forewings (ab.
addenda). Partially bleached specimens occur but are not
usually associated with any particular localities. Lobb recorded

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 59

the occurrence of bleached specimens in a locality in East
Wight in most seasons.

Maniola tithonus Linn. (Gatekeeper)

The butterfly is widespread but occurs in strong colonies
in a number of places including Parkhurst Forest, Firestone
Copse, Brading, St Boniface Down, St George’s Down, High
Down and Cranmore.

In his 1923 list Fassnidge gives the note; “I.W. ab. albida
and ab. minckii all shades of colour from white to type.” This
note, contributed by E. Cornell of Ventnor possibly gives a false
impression of numerous aberrations in the area. However,
Cornell recorded (Entomologist, 53: 1920) the capture of a
specimen of ab. albida on downs near Ventnor, 16th August
1920. Also, a fine example of ab. minckii was taken by J. Lobb
on the same downs in 1961. Another specimen of this rare
aberration was observed on St George’s Down by the writer in
July 1968.

A male tithonus captured in the Isle of Wight by L. W.
Newman in 1936 was described as having pale yellowish-white
ground colour. This was in the Stiff collection, and it was sold
at auction in 1957 for £3.

Extra spotted specimens are rather infrequent on the Island.

Eumenis semele Linn. (Grayling)

Both the heath form and the chalk form of this butterfly
occur on the Island. Unfortunately the species has declined
from a former condition of local abundance to one of scarcity
in recent years. Colonies of the chalk form on Brading Down,
Rew Down and Arreton Down have become extinct during the
last ten years. However it still occurs in West Wight. The
heath form occurs on Luccombe Down, St George’s Down,
Bleak Down, Bouldnor Cliff and Parkhurst.

On the heathy summit of St Boniface Down an aberration
has occurred from time to time having the lower spot missing
on the underside of the forewing. In this locality the formerly
thriving colony has been reduced to a scattering of individuals.

Melanargia galathea Linn. (Marbled White)

This species occurs in numerous places and in all three
geological areas of the Island. Sometimes, where small pieces
of agricultural land are left undisturbed for some years,
galathea builds up colonies of large numbers. Such a colony,
many hundreds strong, was found in the corner of a meadow at
Haven Street in 1964, but two years later the inevitable hap-
pened and the plough brought about its destruction. A similar
concentration occurred on a small area of ground at Cranmore
in 1962, but there rapid growth of scrub ended the colony. The
butterly is plentiful on the chalk in the more sheltered spots
and is also plentiful along the wider rides of Parkhurst Forest.
Other localities where it is to be seen in good numbers include:
Brading Down, Rew Down, High Down, St George’s Down,

60 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 190, aZ

Luccombe Landslip, Westover Down, Railway embankment
near Ashey station and Hamstead.

Variation is that normal for the species. In some colonies
fresh specimens of strong yellow colour can be seen, but this
colour seems to fade to cream rather quickly in the sunshine.
The females vary greatly in the colour of the underside mark-

ings. I have no record of any major aberration being taken on
the Island.

Aphantopus hyperantus Linn. (Ringlet)

The Ringlet is another colony-forming species, but it is also
widespread in small numbers and is not attached to any particu-
lar geological area. It is plentiful in the rides of the larger
woods such as Firestone Copse, Parkhurst Forest and Rowlands
Wood. It was formerly common in Whitefield Wood near
Ryde, but most of this wood has recently been felled. A very
strong colony occupies an uncultivated meadow near St Law-
rence. Here it has been closely observed for several years
and the chief feature is the uniformity of the specimens, of
which some hundreds have been examined.

The well known underside aberrations with diminished
spotting, ab. caeca and ab. arete, are remarkably scarce on the
Island, but ab. caeca has been captured at Rowlands Wood and
at Brading. I have no records of other major varieties.

Coenonympha pamphilus Linn. (Small Heath)

This butterfly is much less plentiful than it was in former
years. It declined generally through the 1960s but happily
there was evidence of a slight recovery in 1970 and further re-
covery in 1971. It is distributed throughout all three geological
areas.

There seems to be very little variation among Island speci-
mens and I have no record of any major aberration.

NYMPHALIDAE

Melitaea cinxia Linn. (Glanville Fritillary)

When F. Poole wrote of this insect in 1909 (A Guide to the
Natural History of the Isle of Wight) his tone was pessimistic.
The butterfly had declined in numbers and was restricted to a
few positions on the Undercliff. However, in 1923 Fassnidge
could report (List of Macrolepidoptera of Hampshire and the
Isle of Wight), “has increased considerably since 1909, many
new localities have been formed and the old ones re-
established.”

The true home of this butterfly is the southern coastline of
the Island where the conditions it requires arise through the
rapid erosion of the coast by the sea. Cinzia requires an
abundance of its foodplant Plantago lanceolata (Ribwort Plan-
tain) scattered over an area of short vegetation. It usually
chooses small stunted plants for the deposition of eggs. It is
the rapid coast erosion which gives rise to slopes upon which
such conditions obtain for a number of years. Further erosion

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 61
Class
destroys these areas but also produces new ones. Thus cinzia
survives by moving from place to place along the coast as con-
ditions dictate.

Records of cinxia colonies occurring away from the coast
have been numerous over the years but many of them have
resulted from artificial introduction. It has long been a prac-
tice of collectors interested in cinxia to collect large numbers
of wild larvae in the hope of rearing aberrations. In some cases
the surplus typical specimens reared have been released in
localities where cinxia did not naturally occur, and sometimes
colonies have formed which, after thriving for a few years,
declined and died out. There was a spate of this kind of activity
in the years 1950-1960. One entomologist informed me that he
had released about 1000 specimens in various localities on the
Island. An article by R. W. Watson (Ent. Rec., 81: 18, 1969) is
also relevant.

In the period 1955-1963 colonies of cinxia were known at
Cranmore, Cowes, Carisbrooke, Brading, Sandown, Ventnor,
Steephill Cove, St Lawrence, Binnel Bay, Niton, Blackgang,
Compton, Freshwater and Alum Bay. During the past four
years, surveys made by the writer and A. H. Greenham have
shown that of these only a few of the coastal colonies are now
extant. Thus the present condition of cinxia is much as it was
in 1909. No doubt cycles of scarcity and plenty will continue
in future years.

Aberrations of the butterfly are very rare in nature, but as
a result of the rearing of countless thousands of larvae by col-
lectors of the present and last centuries many fine aberrations
exist in collections. In order to gain some idea of the range of
aberration, a search of the sale catalogues of some great collec-
tions has been made. A selections is given below.

Collection Sold Description Price
Hope 1942 Black-banded underside £2 4 0
Bright 1942 Female, rayed forewings tis 0
Bright 1942 Melanic forewings (2) 210 O
Stiff 1943 Almost obsolete forewings 110 O
Marcon 1947 Female ab. obsoleta, Ventnor1922 1 4 0O
Marcon 1947 Horizontal fulvous bands, ,

forewings 15. 6
Marcon 1947 Melanic forewings, 1930 Or ae
Marcon 1947 Female albino oe OC
Marcon 1947 Female, figd. Frowhawk, Pl. 19 ie eee |)
McLeod 1950 Female, tawny coloured underside 3 10 0O
McLeod 1950 Female, melanic, 1931 Pere. 6
McLeod 1950 Female, obsolete underside 0.4570
McLeod 1950 Male, obsolete underside 1762: 0
McLeod 1950 Female, radiated underside At 7 Ay
McLeod 1950 Male, radiated underside PAA Aas U
McLeod 1950 Female, broad cream bands,

underside Fear 'O
Burton 1962 Female, ab. suffusa, 1929 3910 0

62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72

Woollett 1965 Male, chocolate colour, Ventnor
1935 PViIQiep

Euphydras aurinia Rott. (Marsh Fritillary)

The only locality given in Morey’s “Guide” in 1909 was the
western outskirts of Parkhurst Forest, although single speci-
mens had been recorded at Gurnard and near Newport. Fass-
nidge had nothing to add to this in 1923, but there was a record
for Newtown (Proc. I.W. Natural History and Archeological
Socy., 1922). In 1934 Frohawk (British Butterflies) stated “The
form from Cowes, Isle of Wight, is almost similar to the Irish
race.” The Cowes colony seems to have persisted for some
years but no recent records are available.

A very strong colony was found by Mr J. Wright in the
Cranmore area in 1947. He observed this colony for a number
of years and made the following records:

1947 abundant 1953 afew seen
1948 abundant 1954 afew seen
1949 fall in numbers 1955 none seen
1950 not common 1956 several specimens
1951 very few 1957 none seen
1952 none seen 1958 none seen

Mr Wright left the area but the writer, with his direction,
visited the locality every year, at the appropriate time, from
1962 to 1971, but no specimen of aurinia was found.

It seems probable that aurinia is now extinct on the Island,
but there is hope that it may return or that it may still exist
in some unvisited locality.

Argynnis euphrosne Linn. (Pearl-bordered Fritillary)

In the early part of the century the butterfly was wide-
spread and occurred in almost every wood on the Island. Today
it is restricted to the area north of the chalk. Here it may be
seen in most wooded areas including: Parkhurst Forest, Fire-
stone Copse, Hamstead and Bouldnor. One former locality in
the northern area, Whitefield Wood near Ryde, has recently
been felled.

A very beautiful melanic aberration (ab. edna Lobb) was
captured by J. Lobb in Parkhurst Forest, 19 May 1952. It is
now in the National Collection. (Ent. Rec., 65: 56, Plate 3).

Argynnis selene Linn. (Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary)

Less common than euphrosyne, this species also is restricted
to the northern area. It occurs in Parkhurst Forest, but its area
of greatest strength lies between Newtown and Yarmouth. In
recent years the numbers have become greatly reduced due to
the foodplant being smothered by growth of coarse grass and
scrub, and also much of its ground has been planted with
conifers.

I have no record of any aberration.

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 63

Argynnis aglaia Linn. (Dark Green Fritillary)

In the 1909 list this species was given as “local but not
particularly common”’’, the localities mentioned being; Fresh-
water, The Undercliff, Parkhurst, Haven Street, Ventnor,
Luccombe and St. Boniface Down, but in 1923 Fassnidge has
the note “very common on downs”’.

From 1945 to about 1960 aglaia had strong colonies on
Brading Down and St. Boniface Down but both colonies de-
clined rapidly after the latter year. No aglaia has been re-
corded on Brading Down since 1962, and very few have been
seen on St. Boniface Down. A single specimen was seen on
Rew Down in 1970. This decline is simply explained by the
present scarcity of foodplant (Dog Violet) which used to be
so abundant prior to 1960.

The butterfly has been recorded from Cranmore by J.
Wright in 1947 and it still occurs in numbers on the downs of
West Wight.

I have no records of aberrations.

Argynnis cydippe Linn. (High Brown Fritillary)

This species has always been a rarity on the Island. It may
still occur in Parkhurst Forest but there are no recent records.
It occurred sparingly at Hamstead in 1955 (J. Wright) and
was recorded in West Wight in 1947 (Dr K. Blair).

Argynnis paphia Linn. (Silver-washed Fritillary)

It is found only in the woods of the northern area of the
Island, the localities being; Rowlands Wood, Whippingham,
Firestone Copse, Parkhurst Forest, Newtown and Hamstead.
The butterfly appeared to be increasing in numbers from
1962 to 1969 but then declined rapidly to 1971.

Var valezina has occurred frequently. In one locality in
1969 about half the total number of females were of this form.

Vanessa cardui Linn. (Painted Lady)

This migrant species is seen almost every year in greater
or lesser numbers. It is sometimes recorded in the Spring as
in 1966 when the writer saw five on Brading Down, 25th May,
and 24 in the same locality 27th May. A large influx of
cardui was recorded by J. Wright during late February and
March in 1952. Both 1970 and 1971 were poor years for
cardui, only widely scattered individual specimens being seen.

Vanessa atalanta Linn. (Red Admiral)

Another migrant which occurs every year in varied num-
bers. The first specimens are usually seen in late May or
early June. From the end of August and through the Autumn
into November the butterfly comes to notice by its addiction
to various flowers, especially Buddleia, Michaelmas Daisies,
Sedum spectabilis, Dahlias and finally on overripe fruit of
various kinds.

64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72

Nymphalis pelychloros Linn. (Large Tortoiseshell)

Until recent years the Island was a stronghold of this rare
butterfly. Morey’s “Guide” gave the localities; Parkhurst,
Ventnor, Sandown, Brading, Shanklin and the Undercliff.

The species was recorded at Ventnor in 1921 by E. Cornell.
More recently it was noted in West Wight by Dr K. Blair in
1947, 1948, 1949 and 1950. Mr J. Wright has the following
records for the Cranmore district; 14th August 1946, 5th May,
1947, Ist July 1947, and 29th February 1948. He also found
a large batch of larvae on Wych Elm at Cranmore on 12th
June 1947, and a small batch of larvae at Ningwood on 16th
May 1948. Six specimens were recorded by Harris at Bem-
bridge in August 1946. A specimen was seen in Parkhurst
Forest by J. Lobb, 26th June 1955.

The last record is of two specimens at Quarr in 1962.

Nymphalis io Linn. (Peacock)

This species may be encountered anywhere but has years
of scarcity and years of plenty. Hibernated specimens are
usually frequent along the southern coastline in Spring, but
some of these may be migrants.

Aglais urticae Linn. (Small Tortoiseshell)

The butterfly is plentiful in most years and is double
brooded, so there are three main flights; hibernated specimens
in the spring months; first brood in July; second brood through
the Autumn. The flowering plant most attractive to this
species is Sedum spectabilis, flowering in late August and
early September.

In some years specimens of ab. polaris of greater or lesser
degree are not uncommon.

Polygonia c-album Linn. (Comma)

Although never locally common the butterfly occurs
throughout the Island. It is double brooded, appearing on
the wing in July and again in the Autumn. The hibernated
spring-flying specimens are not so evident. Second brood
butterflies are attracted into gardens by Michaelmas daisies
and Sedum in September, and by over-ripe fruit in October.
Away from gardens the butterflly is fond of over-ripe black-
berries in the hedgerows.

This species is one of the few which have an improved
position compared with that in the early part of the century,
when it was a very scarce insect.

Some of the July flying specimens are referable to var
hutchinsoni Robson.

(to be continued)

INVERNESS-SHIRE IN 1971 65

Inverness-shire in 1971
By Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. Retd., F.B.E.S.

The winter of 1970-71 was again an open one with few ex-
tremes of low temperatures or depth of snow. A mild Christ-
mas was followed by a cold frosty Hogmanay and New Year,
but the rest of January was very dry and mild, so that
Phigalia pedaria Fab. appeared on my local wooden posts on
17th , about the usual date. The emergence continued into
February, when some sharp frosts and snow stopped the ap-
pearance of immigrant birds as well as hibernating Lepidop-
tera.

In March, the first Calostigia multistrigaria Haw. emerged
in my Spinney, flying with hibernating Conistra vaccini L. on
mild evenings; immigrant plovers and oystercatchers however
were delayed until late in the month by which time the
Orthosias and Achlyia flavicornis L. were coming to m.v. light.
The last day of the month a fresh Panolis flammea Schf.
(piniperda Panz.) appeared in my m.v. light trap.

April came in quietly and continued a pleasant month,
with the emergence of the Spring Lepidoptera only a few
days late, and in quite good numbers. Mr B. Goater found
the first Brachyonica nubeculosa Esp. on a Kincraig Birch, on
2nd and I was pleased to find that the Laggan colony of Poe-
cilopsis lapponaria Bdv. was out in small numbers on 7th,
having survived the multilation of its habitat by the Forestry
Commision. The middle of the month including Easter was
fine and sunny, the sun-loving Aglais urticae L. and Brephos
parthenias L. taking advantage of it. A few male Endromis
versicolora L. were reported seen on Granish Moor. Mr
Wheeler had a surplus of F2 generation pupae of Aviemore
stock of this species, which I released for him in various loca-
lities in the area; no assembling was however noted: though
28 22,22 35 were so released during the month. The season
was by now earlier than usual, and the birches were shewing
green by the end of the month.

Beautiful Spring weather continued in May, and on 3rd
Odontosia carmelita Esp. appeared in my m.v. light trap, a
little early; at Nairn on 4th in brilliant sunshine on the Moray
Firth coast I found Pieris napi L. and Anthocaris cardamines
L. well out and flying together in numbers; this is the earliest
date I have ever seen the latter in Scotland, while on the
same day a few larvae of Amathes xanthographa Schf. found
feeding on coastal grasses were well grown in last instar. A
fresh Orthosia gracilis Schf. joined the small company in my
m.v. trap at Newtonmore that night. By 12th May, female
A. cardamines L. were busy ovipositing on C. pratensis
(Lady’s Smock) near Kingussie and P. napi also was flying
widely by this early date here. Butterflies continued to
emerge with Brenthis euphrosyne L. flying at Newtonmore
on 21st May; wind was however Easterly with cold and frosty

66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1/72

nights in the last week of the month resulting in very meagre
trap catches, no less than four nights being nil! I understand
that these very poor results also obtained in Southern districts
in England.

June came in with warm sunny days and butterflies con-
tinued to emerge well; on Ist my local colony of Cupido mini-
mus Fues. near Aviemore was emerging well, as also was
Erynnis tages L. As I have been feeling anxious about the state
of Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. I visited some of its stations
west of the Great Glen on 3rd June. I am glad to be able to
report that, although reduced in numbers by the rapid growth
of the Forestry Commission’s plantations this lovely and rare
little butterfly has survived in several spots. B. selene Schf.
was well out and flying in this area also. Back in Badenoch
B. euphrosyne L. was fully out in good numbers, and I was
very pleased to see again one or two Spring brood Lycaena
phlaeas L. Cold North-East winds still prevailed, so that the
appearance of the Summer moths continued as a thin trickle.
Trap catches were further decimated by a great increase in
the number of long-eared bats hawking low over the trap, and
frequently entering it leaving nothing but some wings. This
species seems to be the severest moth predator of all now in
this area. Sharp frost on 10th and bitter Easterly gale on
llth. The English warmth did not reach us until the end of
the month.

July started with warm and thundery conditions, the
usual Summer species flying in fair numbers, but Immigrants
were scarce again this year, the only Plusia gamma L. of the
year coming to light on 4th. But 28th was a very interesting
night, in which Mr Bretherton trapped at Kincraig a specimen
of Plusia iota, L., a male in fair condition, and probably a rare
vagrant. I have never seen this species in the Highlands be-
fore, where it is rare and sporadic in appearance. Between
these dates the weather was cold, wet and stormy with
northerly winds and my trap continued to be plagued by long-
eared bats on several nights! A few warm days and nights in-
terspersed with the cold gales showed the common Summer
species to be as usual.

August weather was rather mixed, with heavy rainfall
early in the month, unhappily at the same time illness severely
limited my entomological activities and necessarily also my
observations. This was particularly galling and during a won-
derful spell of hot “Indian summer” weather early in Sep-
tember, continuing fine and calm until mid-October when
sharp frost, snow on the hills, and delayed equinoctial gales
virtually closed a pleasant but unlucky season for me, with
little of interest to report.

Neadaich, Newtonmore, Invernessshire 10.1.72

BUTTERFLIES IN YUGOSLAVIA, 1971 67

Butterflies in Yugoslavia, 1971
By A. G. Irwin, F.R.E.S.

From July 10 to September 4, during the summer of 1971,
an expedition from the Department of Zoology, University of
Southampton, was in the Neretva Valley, Yugoslavia. Most of
the work was ornithological in nature, but some time was spent
collecting butterflies. To save time, both in Yugoslavia, and
in England, the butterflies were identified as soon as captured,
using Higgins and Riley’s ‘Field Guide to the Butterflies of
Britain and Europe.” Specimens which showed interesting
variation, or which proved very difficult to identify, were
killed and kept in papers.

This method of identifying butterflies is, of course, sub-
ject to mistakes, but any specimen which proved difficult was
kept until satisfactorily identified. The method (which was
impractible until the appearance of the field guide) is, how-
ever, very rewarding from two points of view. The first is
that, once identified, the specimen may be released, thus dis-
pelling any worries about the possibly precarious status of a
local population. Secondly, much more can be learnt about
the flight and other behaviour of a particular species. Field
identification of flying or settled insects therefore becomes
easier and more accurate. The collector, who recognises his
butterflies from purely morphological points, must surely be
at a disadvantage if he should just miss an odd-looking speci-
men.

The Neretva River flows from the mountains, just south
of Sarajevo, to the Adriatic Sea, near Metkovic. Most of the
rock of the surrounding country is limestone, but, in many
places, silt has filled in basins to form large areas of fertile
land which are intensively farmed. The mountain slopes are
covered with mixed woods or scrub, and the coastal vegetation
consists mainly of Mediterranean scrub, although large tracts
of marshland occur. The weather during the expedition was
mostly very hot and dry, with a few thunderstorms and tor-
rential downpours.

The area was very rich in insect life, including butterflies,
but also very rich in birds. The time spent collecting butter-
flies was therefore rather limited, and, accordingly, the
species list does not do justice to the wealth of the Lepidop-
teran fauna.

The following list gives details of localities mentioned in
the species list.

Heights are in meters.

Near Aleksin Han. Steep wooded hillside. 500m.
Boracko Jezero. Lake surrounded by step wooded hills
300m.
Borci. Alpine meadows and woods. 800m.
Deransko Jezero. Marshy lake surrounded by scrub-
covered and wooded hillsides, 20m.

68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72

Hutovo Blato. Marsh with wet woodland and scrub-
covered hills. 4m.

Kuti Jezero. Scrub-covered and wooded hillsides
(coastal). 140m.

Metkovic. Wet woodland and scrub-covered hills. 4m.

MoStrasko Blato. Cultivated valley. 200m.

Ostrazac. Wooded and cultivated hillsides. 250m.

Zeljusa. Arid scrubland. 100m.

Species of Butterflies recorded in the Neretva Valley, Yugo-
Slavia, from July 10 to August 30, at heights from Sea-levels
(S.L.) to 800m.

Species for which there are very few records have full de-
tails. Other species have the altitude range and dates shown,
together with an indication of frequency within the altitude
range.

An asterisk marks those species of which specimens were
taken.

Papilo machaon L. SL — 200m. July 11-Aug. 30. Widespread.
Iphiclides podalirius L. SL — 800m. July 11-Aug. 27. Wide-
spread.
Pieris brassicae L. SL — 800m. July 16-Aug. 30. Widespread.
*Pieris rapae L. SL — 500m. Juuly 10-Aug. 30. Widespread
Pieris ergane Geyer. Zeljusa, July 18 and Kuti Jezero, Aug. 2.
Pontia daplidice 1. SL — 100m. July 16-Aug. 28. Local.
Euchloe ausonia Hiib. Zeljusa, July 11 and Hutovo Blato,
July 16.
*Colias crocea Geoff. SL — 800m. July1l-Aug. 30. Widespread.
*Colias australis Verity. Borci, July 23.
Gonepteryx rhamni L. 20m-800m. July 10-Aug. 30. Widespread
Leptidae sinapis 1. SL — 800m. July 22-Aug. 28. Widespread.
Libythea celtis Laicharting. Bora¢ko Jezero, July9 and Deran-
sko Jezero Aug. 30.
Apatura ilia Schiff. Hutovo Blato, July 16.
Limentis reducta Staudinger. SL — 500m. July 14-Aug 28.
Widespread.
Neptis rivularis Scop. Near Aleksin Han, Aug. 6. (A late time
for this butterfly).
Nymphalis antiopa 1. Boracko Jezoro, July 9 and 27. MoStar-
sko Blato July 12
Inachis io 1. 100m-800m. July 10-Aug. 8. Widespread.
Vanessa atlanta L. SL — 500m. July 25-Aug. 30. Widespread.
Vanessa cardui L. SL — 800m. July 22-Aug. 30. Widespread.
Polygonia egea Cramer. SL — 150m. July 14-Aug. 30. Local.
Argynnis paphia L. 50m-800m. July 10-Aug 21. Widespread.
Mesoacidalia aglaja L. 250m-800m. July 24-Aug. 21. Wide-
spread.
Fabriciana adippe Schiff. 100m.-800m. July 22-Aug. 28. Local.
Melitaea didyma Esp. 20m-100m. Local.
Mellicta athalia Rott. Near Aleksin Han, July 10 and Zeljusa,
July ‘SY
Melanargia galathea L. 100m.-500m. July 18-Aug. 8. Local

INSECTS RELATED TO RAILWAY EMBANKMENTS 69

Hivparchia fagi Scop./H. alcyone Schiff. SL — 800m. July 18-
Aug. 30. Widespread.
*Hipparchia fagi Scop. Borci, July 24. (Jullien Organ:-5 rods
on each side).
*Hipparchia statilinus Hufnagel. Metkovic, Aug. 28.
Chazara briseis L. SL — 800m. July 14-Aug. 27. Widespread.
(to be concluded)

The Distribution of Insects related to Railway

Embankments

L. Mc LeEop, B.Sc. F.R.E.S.
(25 Sleford Close, Balsham, Cambridgeshire)

The recent request by the Croydon Natural History Society
for old insect records from northern Surrey stimulated me to
refer to my earliest entomological notes, which were made
during my early ‘“‘teens”’. While referring to these notes my
mind was full of memories of school days and of “prize” insect
specimens taken in a suburban garden.

During my childhood and until I left home in 1962, I lived
in a house in Streatham, South London. The garden was al-
ways full of flowers and fruit trees of several kinds. Insects
were also plentiful and I began recording them in 1950 when
my entomological interest began to show itself.

Our garden backed onto the main London—Brighton Rail-
way Line and even then I realised that many of the insects
were attracted to our flowers from the grassy railway embank-
ment at the far end of our garden. Nearby gardens, similar
to our own but which did not back onto an embankment,
posessed far fewer insect species.

It was in the early fifties that I witnessed the arrival and
increase in population of the syrphid fly Volucella zonaria
Poda. There were many present in the summer months, also
V. pellucens L. and V. inanis L. At this time I was not aware
that V. zonaria had previously been uncommon in England.

In recent years more insect species have been recorded in
this garden by my brother A. R. McLeod. Even the number of
butterfly species has increased. In 1970, the Speckled Wood
Pararge aegeria L. and the Small Heath Coenonympha pamp-
hilus L. were recorded for the first time. Both of these species
occur in colonies some miles distant and are separated from
Streatham by uninterrupted built-up areas.

This increase in butterfly species is perhaps connected with
a change in the maintainence methods employed by British
Railways. Until the early sixties, steam locomotives were
still in use and it was usual for the grass to be cut during the
summer months and, after drying for a few days, it was burnt
under supervision. This process was a reasonable method of
preventing accidental fires on the embankment. Fires were,
however, frequently caused by hot coals, despite the cutting
and burning.

70 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 1S/ALN/T2

With the advent of diesel locomotives, the frequency of
fires on the embankments has been greatly reduced and the
supervised cutting and burning of the grass has been delayed
until early autumn and sometimes completely abandoned.

The results of this change is the survival, throughout the
summer months, of many miles of wild grasses and flowers
which can provide refuge, feeding and perhaps even breeding
sites for some buiterflies (Watson 1969). On the embankment
opposite our garden occur Umbellifers, Daisies, Buttercups,
Plantains, Vetches and many Crucifers, as well as occasional
clumps of nettles and thistles.

Railway embankments with their assortment of wild
flowers and grasses are possibly of great importance in the
passage of insects from one suitable habitat to another. Agri-
cultural land with its lack of “natural” plants can be as much
a barrier to insect dispersal as are built-up areas, especially
when hedgerows are treated with herbicides or completely re-
moved. |

In recent years, the abandoning by British Railways of
many uneconomical lines has resulted in some embankments
and tracks reverting to a completely wild state. The use of
these as nature trails and of the dramatic increases of insect
populations in these areas has been reported in several papers.
(eg. Whitehouse 1966).

It is hoped that more local Naturalist Trusts will take ad-
vantage of the availability of these disused railways by making
them into nature trails for educational purposes and thereby
help insect conservation in this country.

The following butterflies were recorded in Streatham,
London, S.W. 16. during May — August 1970.

Green Veined White Pieris napi L.

Small White P,.rapae L.

Large White P. brassicae L.

Orange Tip Anthocaris cardamines L.
Speckled Wood Pararge aegeria L.

Wall Brown Lassiomaia megera L.
Meadow Brown Maniola juriina L.

Small Heath Coenonympha pamphilus L.
Common Blue Polyommatus icarus Rott.
Small Copper Lycaena phlaeas L.

Comma Polygonia c-album L.

Small Tortoiseshell Aglais urticae L.

Painted Lady Vanessa cardui L.

Red Admiral V. atalanta L.

Large Skipper Ochlodes venaius Brem. & Grey
Small Skipper Thymelicus sylvestris Poda

It may perhaps be worth recording that the Grizzled Skip-
per Pyrgus malvae L. and the Dingy Skipper Erynnis tages L.
were once common in this area.

After the war and until the early fifties these two Hes-
periids were common on the London/Surrey border on the

NEW FOREST MERCURY VAPOUR LIGHT RECORDS FOR 1971 71

site which is now Norbury Park. Much of this site was divided
into allotments during and shortly after the war. These were
gradually abandoned and wild grasses and flowers grew
waist high in places. Both O. venatus and T. sylvestris were
common, but since the site was levelled and converted to a
park, I have not recorded these species in the area.

I consider that the above list of butterfly species is quite
remarkable for a south London suburban garden. Gonopteryx
rhamni L. can also be seen in some years. The number of
species listed is undoubtedly related to the presence of the
railway embankment.

Railways constitute a huge network throughout the country
passing through natural habitats, agricultural land, towns and
cities. The railway embankments with their wild plant species
can assist insect dispersal by providing passage ways through
otherwise ‘“‘sterile’” areas. With an ever increasing human
population, our towns, cities and roads spread alarmingly. The
importance of railway embankments to our insect life might
well be increased. Let us hope that the practice of burning
and use of herbicides on railway embankments is kept to a
minimum.

REFERENCES
Watson, R. W. 1969. Notes on Melitaea cinxia L. 1945-1968. Ent Rec.
81: p 18
Whithouse, S. J. 1966. New Habitats Bull. Amat. Ent Soc. 25: p. 41

New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records
for 197]
By L. W. SIGGs

During 1971, numbers were low in the trap at Minstead,
especially in June (a very wet month) and October. Nights
were generally cold; the minimum temperature at night never
exceeded 16°C (9th July) when the catch was 461 specimens
in 90 species.

Specimens Species
Nights Total Average Average
March 25 1423 62 8
April 28 3090 110 10
May a 1033 33 14
June 30 2285 76 27
July 31 5623 181 55
August 26 525i 202 40
September 29 2339 81 17
October 29 1416 49 13

November Vi 301 21 6

12 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

The number of species first recorded for the year in each
month was — February, 7; March, 16; April, 20; May, 73; June,
81; July, 91; August, 35; September, 19; October, 9; Novem-
ber, 5. The total of species recorded was 356. This is about
average.

There were again four additions to theMinstead list: —

Cucullia verbdasci L.

Lygris prunata L.

Chesias rufata F.

Eupethecia tenuiata Hiibn. (when this was previously
reported it was confused with E. plumbeolata Haw. but the
1971 specimens have been verified).

The following captures of species which are not common
here are worthy of note:—

Euxoa nigricans L.; Graphiphora augar F. (2); Orthosia advena
Schiff.; Eremobia ochroleuca Schiff. (2) — the third successive
year this unexpected visitor has turned up; Procus versicolor
Borkh. (2) — first recorded 1970; Moma alpium Osbeck; Litho-
phane leautieri Boisd. (6) — the local colony continues to pros-
per in its third year; Xylena vetusta Hiibn.; Scopula imitaria
Hubn.; Operophtera fagata Scharf.; Chloroclystis debiliata
Hubn.; Ligdia adustata Schiff. Gnophos obscurata Schiff.;
Itame wauaria L. (3) for the second successive year.

A scarcity worth recording is of Diarsia brunnea F. Only
one was taken whereas the usual annual catch is from 30 to
100.

MIGRANTS. An even poorer year than 1970.
Lithosia quadra L. (4); Agrotis ipsilon (28); Peridroma
porphyrea Schiff. (4); Plusia gamma L. (488); Nomophila
noctuella Schiff. (119); Plutella maculipennis Curt. (1). (The
only consolation was the sight of a Macroglossum stellartarum
L. hovering and feeding at Aubretia on the rockery on 9th
May, the first time I have ever seen it here).

POLYMORPHISM

Biston betularia L. Sterrha aversata L.
typical 25 (78%) remutata 134 (72%)
carbonaria 6 (19%) | aversata 52 (28%)

imsularia 1 (3%)
I append a comparative table of percentages for these two
species over the past few years for which figures are avail-
able : —

Biston betularia L.

1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
typical 93°35 86:8 91°1° 85-3. 87-6:89-4 895 84 e9h
carbonaria nil 13°2 6%. 4-8) 4:4 4e5)7 27 a 1
insularia 67!) ml Peaa 939. 8-08. Gil pA 8

1969 1970 1971
typical Baio, GS.’ ho
carbonaria 8 9 .19
insularia 9 3 3

PLATE IV Euchloe ausonia Hubner
above — larva, dorsal and lateral views.
below — vupa, dorsal and lateral views.

enlarged roughly x 3

LARVA AND PUPA OF EUCHLOE AUSONIA 713

Sterrha aversata L.

1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971
remutata To 5) FPO SOalie Foe NTN | 950.067 9507 gCH 2
aversata Fi NN 2510 SL 9225 6 29 5 i) GS 092a 2S
Eilema deplana Esp. 3 (all unicolor)
E. griseola Hiibn. 6 (Typical 5, flava 1)
Apamea crenata Hufn. 1 (alopecurus)
Cucullia chamomillae Schiff. 2 (both chrysanthemz1)
Chloroclysta siterata Hufn. 64 (Typical 59, fasciata 5)
Hydriomena furcata Thunb. 24 (Typical 23, obscura 1)
Alcis repandata L. 65 (Typical 60, conversaria 5)

Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants.

The Larva and Pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hubner
from Greece (Lep.: Pieridae)

By Joun G. COUTSIS, B.A., M.ARCH

The full grown larva of Euchloe ausonia has a length of
approximately 11, inches and is slightly stouter than that of
Anthocharis cardamines L. The head is yellow-green and has
a number of small shiny black warts, each with a short black
bristle. The body has a mid-dorsal dark blue-grey or violet-
grey stripe with the dorsal artery showing through in a lighter
shade; this is followed by a yellow sub-dorsal stripe; beyond
this there are two lateral stripes, the first relatively wide and
light blue-grey or green-grey and the second narrower and
yellow.

Ventral area green; pro-legs and true legs green. The
whole body and head covered with short whitish hairs; sides
and dorsum with prominent, shiny, black warts each with a
single black bristle. Spiracles brown. The dorsum of the
last abdominal segment with a darkened area reminiscent of
a saddle.

The pupa has a length of about 1 inch. At first it has an
overall purplish tinge, but this is gradually lost and the pupa
then becomes sand coloured with fine light brown speckling.
Body with a faint and narrow sub-spiracular light sand
coloured stripe extending the length of the abdomen, and
another sub-dorsal one, of the same colour, extending over the
abdomen and thorax, and reaching the base of the head. A
faint mid-dorsal grey-brown stripe extends from the head to
the tip of the abdomen, but is most obvious along the first half
of its length.

The head prominence, shoulders and leg cases, finely
speckled with dark grey-brown. Wing cases light grey, vena-
tion light sandy.

Inner margin of wing cases with a well defined dark brown
streak. Spiracles light brown. A few black dots interspersed
over most of the body surface. The head prominence is bent
downwards. Wing cases not particularly bulgy. Body stouter
than that of cardamines.

In captivity the larvae were fed on Isatis species.

74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/7

Denis & Schiffermuller: A Correction

My note (Vol. 83, pp. 266-268) on the 1775 Anktindung was
anticipated by a year in a most interesting and important
paper by Dr Klaus Sattler (1970, Das ‘Wiener Verzeichniss”
von 1775. Zeits. wien. ent. Ges. 54 (80) (1969): 2-7, pls. 1-3).

He found that the Linnean Society copy was sent to
Linnaeus by Schiffermiiller himself, with a covering letter
dated 11th September 1775 which mentioned the co-operation
of Denis. Its arrival in this way no doubt explains how it came
about that the work was catalogued under Schiffermiuller’s
name alone. Dr. Sattler also reproduces the Ankiindung title
page and shows that the accepted title, which I repeated, is
wrong in at least four places. It should read: —

Ankiindung eines systematischen Werkes von den
Schmetterlingen der Wienergegend

An earlier paper of great interest draws attention to a
collection of paintings now in the British Museum (Natural
History), and traces its history (Higgins, L. G., 1959. The
original larval figures of Schiffermiiller. Entomologist, 92:
49-60). Dr. Higgins shows that there were 54 plates towards
the planned continuation of the “Wiener Verzeichniss’, and
that after that project was abandoned they were passed to
Jacob Hiibner, who used them in his Geschichte europaischer
Schmetterlinge. Hiibner later mentioned both Denis and
Schiffermiiller, and their Ankiindung, on page 6 of his Lepzdop-
terologische Zutrage.

The opportunity is taken to remark that the Field Guide
to the Butterflies and Burnets of Spain by Manley & Allcard
(see vol. 83, p. 118) is one recent work which does restore to
Denis his proper place as co-author.

C. F. COWAN.

How I Started Collecting

By R. ToMLINSON

From the late thirties until just before he died, my father
was the steward of a local firm’s sports club near where we
lived at Uplands Estate near Purfleet in Essex.

In the late forties my mother and I used to go to the club
when the members and their guests had all gone home, and
help dad to clear up. He found it difficult to get around much,
could not do any bending or stooping because he was disabled,
having lost a leg in the battle of the Somme in the 1914-18 war.

This club was somewhat apart from the rest of the estate
and not far from a wood, known locally as the “First Woods”
or ‘“May’s Woods’. As one might guess, quite a crowd of moths
were attracted to the lights of the club and I became interested
as to their identity. It was not long before I bought the 1948
edition of the two volumes of “South”, and managed to des-
patch my captured specimens by means of a jam jar and some

HOW I STARTED COLLECTING 75

cottonwool in it moistened with some commercial cleaning fluid
known, as I believe as ““Thawpit’’, or something similar; I did
not keep a diary then. I used to set the insects up roughly
with “ill” pins, but did not keep my captures, throwing them
away once I had found out what they were. Shame upon me,
you might well say, but that is how it was those days. I can
remember Cream-Spot Tigers and Garden Tigers, but the one
which pleased me most was the Least Carpet, because South
made no mention of it being found in Essex, but stated that in
order to obtain the species, a journey would have to be made
to one or other of its special haunts in Kent, lying between
Greenhithe and Sheerness.

I had no friends in those days with natural history interests,
and did not know of the existence of natural history societies,
much less the existence of entomological societies, so my
findings, valuable though they might have been, found no
outlet to the ouside world.

A lot of water passed under the bridge, as the saying goes;
my father died in late 1956, my mother married again, and we
moved to my present address in 1958, and by then I had found
new interests, bird watching among them. It came to pass
that I received a letter in early 1965 from that doyen of Essex
bird watchers, Mr H. RB. Tutt, asking me to meet a certain Mr
Roger Smith, and show him round my area of East Tilbury. I
duly met him and we went birding on several occasions, and
one of the areas visited was ‘‘Golden Gates” at Mucking. He
was very impressed by the place and said “I'll bet this is first
class for moths’, and went on to say he had some sugar mix-
ture made up that was two and a half years old and should be
really good by now for attracting moths. To cut a long story
short, we did four sugaring excursions to “The Golden Gates’’,
and I can honestly say these were the most satisfying and
exciting moth collecting expeditions I have even taken part in.
On every occasion moths were elbowing one another off the
sugar, and it was he who took me to his home and showed me
the rudiments of setting up. He also introduced me to Don
Down and to the legendary Mr Huggins, and lent me several
different entomological magazines, The Record amongst them.
It was not long before I bought a Honda generator from a
local dealer and the rest of the gear from Watkins and
Doncaster, so that I too could collect lepidoptera. You see, all
those years the spark was still there, and it only needed some-
one like Roger to swiftly fan it into flame. Since then, I have
concentrated more on lepidoptera collecting, whilst Roger has
turned more to bird watching, and has travelled Europe in
fact in order to expand his “life list”; although I still take an
interest in birds and he still takes an interest in lepidoptera;
we seem to have swopped interests, so to speak. Not a bad
exchange. Even though his work has taken him to Dumfries-
shire, I still correspond with him and we exchange our respec-
tive news.

With regard to The Record, I can already hear the grumbles

76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/TII/72

about the increase in subscription, but I still think it is the
finest entomological magazine in the country; what other editor
would try to decipher my biro pen scrawl and turn it into an
acceptable article? Not many, I think. With The Record and
the latest “Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and
Europe” I can peruse articles on European collecting by Mr
J. A. C. Greenwood, Mr RB. F. Bretherton, the Baron de Worms
and others, and live again the joys of their discoveries.

51 King Street, Stanford-le-Hope, Essex.

Notes and Observations

INTERSPECIFIC COMPETITION IN BUTTERFLIES. — In his paper
“Observations on British Butterflies, 1970” (1971 Ent Record
83: 259-266) Dr Luckens writes with reference to a wood pre-
viously noted for the occurrence of Argynnis cydippe L. “All
the subsequent captures in the wood have proved to be A.
aglaia L. and I wonder if it has recently colonized the wood
and displaced the very similar A. cydippe by natural competi-
tion.”

Exactly what sort of natural competition does Dr Luckens
visualise? It can hardly be competition for the food-plant;
neither species is numerous enough to exhaust supplies of
dog violet in a wood. Does he suggest that whenever an
aglaia meets a cydippe it attacks and drives it away? Surely
a more likely explantion is some subtle change in the ecological
structure of the wood, which now renders it more suitable
for aglaia and less so for cydippe.

Here in East Africa, we do have real cases of food-plant
competition. The larvae of the Saturniid Citrina forda Westw.
live gregariously and often defoliate the food-plant, a small
tree Sideroxylon diospyroides (Sapotaceae), completely
starving not only themselves, but all other larvae feeding on
the same tree, which include Pseudoacraea lucretia Cr. (Nym-
phalidae), Dasychira proleprota Hamps., cratista Collnt. (Lym-
antriidae) and several species of Eutelia (Noctuiidae). Pre-
sumably the same thing happens in England with Tortrix
viridana L. and other oak-feeding larvae. On the other hand
the Nymphalids Euxnthe tiberius Gr. Sm. E. wakefieldi Ward
and Charaxes violetta Gr. Sm. all feed on the same food-plant
(Deinbollia spp. (Sapotaceae)) and all three coexist in the same
small patch of forest, although the imagines of tiberius
prefer a more shaded habitat than the other two. — D. G.
SEVASTOPULO F.R.E.S., Mombassa. 27.xii.1971.

STIGMELLA OXYACANTHELLA STT. (LEP NEPTICULIDAE): In his
‘‘Notes on some of the British Nepticulidae” (antea. 169), Lieut.
Col. Emmet states that there is some disagreement as to

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 77

whether this species is univoltine or bivoltine.

After having twice reared this species, the first time acci-
dentally, it is my opinion that oxyacanthella is bivoltine. During
the early summer of 1965 I was rearing a batch of hawthorn-
feeding noctuid larvae which went down to pupate during
July. About mid-August, two imagines of oxyacanthella
appeared at the top of the container, the absence of a fascia
from the forewings being the basis for the identification. Un-
fortunately, after a thorough search through the debris left
by the Noctuid larvae, I failed to find either the mines or the
empty cocoons, and I assumed that the former had been con-
sumed by the Noctuids.

On 11th October 1970 at Luxulyan, Cornwall, I gathered a
hawthorn leaf which contained two mines, each of which was
occupied, duly resulting in two pinkish brown cocoons a few
days later. One of the cocoons eventually produced a parasite,
but the other, after overwintering, produced a moth in June
1971. From this, it would appear that at least in Cornwall the
species is bivoltine, and that L. T. Ford’s time-table (no. 1286)
in his Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, is correct, 1.e.,
that moths emerge in May/June and again in August.—J. L.
Grecory, 17 Grove Rd., St Austell, Cornwall. 30.x.1971.

EARLY STAGES OF BRAHMAEA JAPONICA (LEP. SATURNIIDAE):
Livestock is not difficult to obtain from some of the British
entomological dealers and the larvae are easy to rear on a
diet of Ligustrum (privet), the green-leaved varieties being
best. The following notes are made from ova received in
March 1970.

Ovum. Smoky brown, smooth, about three quarters of a
sphere with a flat base; microphyle dark and conspicuous; a
series of concentric indistinct reddish brown circles, centred
about half-way up the side. Empty shell pale brown.

Larva: lst Instar: Head shining black, rings 1, 2, 3, 11 and
12, yellowish orange with black dots, two very long hairy horns
on rings 2, 3 and 12; a single central horn on ring 11. All
horns pale yellowish brown at first, becoming black. Rings 4
to 10 pale grey with black bands; underside and prolegs black.
Whole body adorned with small tufts of short hairs. 2nd instar:
horns shining black without hairs. Spiracular line yellowish
orange, body devoid of hairs or bristles. 3rd instar: Horns
on ring 12 reduced in size and black bands on body now broken
up into dots. 4th instar: Body uniformly whitish grey with
black dots along and just above spiracular line. All horns
except on ring 12 still long and slender with a tendency to
curve at the tip. Head now mainly black with vertical yellow
lines. Sth instar: Horns almost completely disappear and
body becomes more greenish. Head marked as in 4th instar.
The whole of the old skin is devoured, including the horns,
but not the head. On previous moults, the skin is not always
completely eaten. Legs black; prolegs bluish green with black
markings. The body as marked as in the previous instar but

78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72

the underside is dark brown.

A few hours before abandoning the foodplant the larva
becomes orangy brown dorsally (this may happen before or
after the last meal). After wandering about for a few days,
the larva makes a slight depression on the surface of the soil
and prepares to pupate; there seems to be no attempt to go
underground. The larval life is about six weeks.

Pupa. Dull blackish. The pupal state lasts from May or
early June until about the following February.—Joun L.
GreGcory, 17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 22.x.1971.

PHYLLONORYCTER TRIFASCIELLA HAw. (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE),
AN UPPER SURFACE MiNnE.—On 22nd October 1971 I noticed a
large “Lith’-type mine on the upper surface of a leaf of
Leycesteria formosa, Himalayan honeysuckle, growing in a
ditch, half smothered in nettles, at St. Austell. The plant was
little more than a seedling and only about one foot in height.
A quick search revealed one more mined leaf, but as this was
a normal underside mine of P. trifasciella it was not taken. I
took the upperside mine home for rearing and, on 18th Novem-
ber, a very diminutive moth emerged. It was not much more
than half the size of a normal specimen, although the colour
and wing markings were more or less typical.

I had kept the leaf in a small closed container in a warm
room, but this did not prevent the partial drying out of the
leaf. The pupa broke through the under surface of the leaf
for eclosion in the normal manner of the species. I would
be interested to hear of any other instances of Phyllonorycter
mines on the “wrong” side of the leaf.—Joun L. GREGORY,
17 Grove Road, St. Austell, Cornwall. 31.xii.1971.

EARLY EMERGENCE OF XANTHORRHOE FLUCTUATA L. A moth
was seen at a lighted window together with Oporophtera
brumata L. and Erannis defoliaria Clerck, on 21st December
last at Gatley, Cheadle, Cheshire.—H. N. Micwae.is, 5 Glan-
y-Mor, Glan Conway. 25.1.1972.

YPSOLOPHUS HORRIDELLUS TREITSCHKE.—Recent notes about
this species prompted me to look up my records, and I find
that the only two specimens I possess were bred from larvae
beaten from blackthorn at Monkswood, Hunts., on 16th June
1963. This partly answers the query of the Rev. David
Agassiz as to how much further north of Enfield the species’s
range extends. Meyrick states that it is found from Surrey
and Dorset to Wilts. and Northampton. Like Mr F. A. Swain
I see a few Y. scabrellus L. in Suffolk each August, but I have
only had one Y. nemorellus L. and have never seen Y. horri-
dellus in the county. According to the late Claude Morley,
Y. horridellus had never been recorded in Suffolk up to 1937
when he produced his list of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk.
H. E. CuHIpPERFIELD, The Shieling, Walberswick, Suffolk.
15.1.1972.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 719

DREPANA CURVATULA BORKHAUSEN IN NoRTH NORFOLK.—
While on a visit to Norfolk in early January of this year, I paid
a visit to Mr Patrick Kearney, who lives at Cley-next-Sea. After
an interval of many years, he ran a mercury vapour light trap
at the back of his house, which overlooks the marshes. He
only started it in August 1971, and by the end of the season
had amassed a fine assortment of species including some rari-
ties. On viewing his catch, my attention was at once drawn
to a male hooktip which seemed much darker than Drepana
falcataria L. of which he fortunately had a specimen for com-
parison. The insect in question was taken on 19th August and
had puzzled him not only by its darker hue, but by its mark:
ings, which differed notably from those of the pebble hooktip,
especially on the underside. There seemed no doubt about
its being the dusky hooktip (D. curvatula) which was borne out
by comparing it with authentic specimens in the Museum at
South Kensington, since fifteen were bred by the late Mr
Dudley Marsh from a female which was taken by Mr George
Youden at Dover on 13th August 1960 and at the time was
thought to be an abnormal D. falcataria. This is the only other
authentic British example (vide Ent. Record, 74: 44).

There must be a lot of speculation as to how this insect
came to be in this part of north Norfolk, whether a natural
migrant or through a possible accidental introduction of the
pupa in produce, or still more interesting, whether it might
have become a resident and is breeding in that vicinity. This
last possibility will have to be investigated in due course.—
G. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Horsell, Woking, Surrey.
1.11.1972.

LEUCANIA UNIPUNCTA HAWORTH AND HADENA COMPTA D. &
ScHIFF. IN NorTH NorFoLk. Another most interesting capture
at Cley by Mr Kearney was the white speck wainscot (L.
unipuncta) on 11th November 1971. Though this migrant
moth appears now regularly in the south-western areas of
England, it is still of very rare occurrence on our eastern and
south-eastern seaboard, and there are very few records for
the eastern counties.

The varied coronet (H. compta) has spread rapidly since
it was found to be breeding in Kent in 1948, but its appearance
at Cley in 1971, also recorded by Mr Kearney, is of special note
as I am not aware of it occurring as yet further north than
this, though it is now widespread in Suffolk, Kent and Essex,
and is turning up regularly in the London area, but its westerly
limit still seems to be Buckinghamshire —C. G. M. DE Worms,
Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 1.ii.1972.

BREEDING MANIOLA JURTINA L. I read Maj. Gen. Lipscomb’s
article on jurtina (Ent. Record, 83: 333) with much interest. I
have never actually tried to rear it from ova, as all my bred
specimens have been obtained by the easier, but neglected,
process of sweeping the herbage in suitable localities, late at

80 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

night towards the end of June.

Beside meadow brown larvae, I have had gatekeepers
(M. tithonus L.) and ringlets (Aphantopus hyperantus L.) and
an astonishing variety of other night-feeding larvae.

The point I wished to stress is that I have found the
meadow brown the easiest of butterflies to lay in captivity;
just put two or three in a two-pound jam jar with a spray of
grass, cover with paper, punch a few holes in this cover, and
leave them alone; they will readily jettison their cargo. I
have done this on a few occasions and then tipped the ovas on
to another site to try to extend the range.

I have, however, successfully reared difficult species like
Mesocidalia aglaia L. and Argynnis selene D. & Schiff. Alas,
my sweeping days are now over, but I can commend the method
to brother collectors, who, I am sure, will be gratified by the
results.—L. G. F. WappincTon, 9 Greenleafe Ave., Wheatley
Hills, Doncaster, Yorks. 18.1.1972.

On THE Ecc or G. RHAMNI (LEP.):—Most of our reference
books say that the eggs of the Brimstone Butterfly (Gonepteryx
rhamni L.) turn colour from “yellowish” to “purplish grey”,
or “deep grey’, shortly before hatching. Moreover, the larva
is merely described as “‘green”’.

The pale lime-green eggs laid for me on 28th June 1971
soon turned yellow and matured to a deep buttercup yellow
within a week. Keeping casual watch for the alleged colour
change, half of the hatch on 6th July was lost and only the
last few were observed next day. Here was no colour change;
simply a very slight fading as the bright yellow young larva
formed within its glassy shell, then ate its way out and left its
clear shell standing. The larvae remained bright yellow for
two days before donning the green.—C. F. Cowan, Little
Gaddesden House, Berkhamsted, Herts. 21.1.1972.

VANESSA ANTIOPA L. AT STEEPLE BARTON, OXFORDSHIRE.—On
the morning of 23rd October 1971 I saw an extremely large
butterfly fly past the window of the Vicarage, and shortly
afterwards my wife told me that she had seen a specimen of
this species at close range, sunning itself on the south side
of a cottage which is only fifty yards from here. Unfortunately,
I was unable to catch sight of it again, but my wife knows
this species very well as she has observed it on many occasions
elsewhere. It was also seen by one other person who had no
entomological knowledge, but who described it to me. I have
no doubt that this record is correct.—H. B. D. KETTLEWELL,
Steeple Barton Vicarage, Oxfordshire. 27.1.1972.

OBITUARY 81

Obituary

A. H. SPERRING

A. H. SPERRING died on January 17th, in his eighty-third
year. A Devon man by birth, he came to Hampshire at the
age of three months when his family moved to Southsea. He
was educated at Portsmouth Southern Grammar School and
Culham College, Abingdon. After leaving college he became
a schoolmaster by profession and taught at Blackheath until
volunteering for military duties in the First World War, spend-
ing three and a half years on the Western Front. In 1919 he
returned to Hampshire to resume his scholastic career, from
which he retired in 1951, having moved in the meantime to
Havant where he lived for the remainder of his life.

Lepidoptera seems to have held a fascination for him since
his childhood days when his mother took him to the doctor and
he noticed a case of butterflies decorating the surgery wall
and, encouraged by his elder brother, C. W. Sperring, also a
member of the ‘South London’ until his death almost twenty
years ago, the entomological interest began and was never
to be lost.

Although latterly A.H.S.used a mercury vapour lamp the
major portion of his collection was acquired the hard but
more rewarding way: the beating tray, the sugar patch,
acetylene lamp and pupae digging in the winter. Employing
these methods no doubt made him the first class and untiring
field worker he was. Fortunate enough to have lived within
easy reach of the then-unspoiled Havent Thicket he took there
C. sponsa, C. promisa, M. orion and many more of our rare
species.

In the thirties he joined the South Hants Natural History
Society, spending much of his time collecting with Fassnidge,
Castle-Russell and Parkinson-Curtis in the New Forest and
Southampton area. Many other expeditions were also made
with A. J. Wightman.

He joined the ‘South London’ in 1947 and for many years
never missed a meeting; he also took part in the field outings
occasionally accompanied by his family.

When collecting on Exmoor in 1939 he discovered a most
unusual aberration of Lygris testata which Cockayne named
sperringii.

The writer first met Sperring at Titchfield over twenty
years ago looking for H. nonagria. This chance meeting was
to be the prelude to numerous excursions together which were
to continue until eighteen months ago. His health had been
failing for several years and it was only his interest and his
enthusiasm that enabled him to carry on for so long.

He was an ideal companion to work with in the field and
the generosity and welcome which I was accorded when I
visited his home will always be remembered with pleasure.

He leaves a daughter, to whom our sympathy is extended.
E.G.S.

82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72

Current Literature

Termites, Their Recegnition and Control (Second Edition)
by W. V. Harris, O.B.E., D.Sc., F.1.Biol. xii+
186 pp. + 56 photographic illustrations, including
eight in colour.

This book is in the Tropical Agricultural Series published
under the editorship of D. Rhind, C.M.G., O.B.E., B.Sc., F.L.S.,
F.I.Biol.

After the lists of contents and plates the introduction to the
first edition is reprinted and followed by a short introduction
to the second edition, pointing out that although the scope of
the second edition is the same, chapters 5, 6 and 8 have been
rewritten to fall into line with new discoveries over the past
ten years. It also calls attention to the necessity for certain
changes in nomenclature.

Chapter 1 is headed ‘Termite Biology—The Individual’
and, after a short explanation of the life of termites under
headings concerned with external anatomy with sub-headings:
The Winged Adult, The Reproductives, the Worker and the
Soldier, with illustrations of the insects and portions of their
anatomy, enabling them to be distinguished, the heading
Development follows explaining the incomplete metamorphosis
of egg, nymph, imago. Details of the life cycle of the imago,
the worker, and the soldier are given. The chapter closes
with Foods and Feeding, with details of the alimentary canal.

Chapter 2 deals with the Termite society and is divided
into Colony Foundation, Caste Determination, The Nest, Ter-
mite architecture, Termitophiles, Some Enemies of Termites,
and Termites as Food for Man. Chapter 3 is concerned with
classification, with a key to the families, followed by draw-
ings of anatomical characters, mostly heads. A list of refer-
ences, Classified geographically for faunal lists and keys for
the determination of species follow and the chapter con-
cludes with a phylogenetic list of the genera of Termites
arranged in families and sub-families.

Chapter 4, Termites and the Soil, opens with a general
discussion of the habits of various groups of termite families,
based on the disposal of the spoil from the construction and ‘
maintenance of their nests, finally dividing them into three
groups. The next eleven pages are devoted to their effects on
the soil. Chapter 5 discusses Termites injurious to agricul-
ture, and concludes with a list of pest species classified under
the various crops affected, giving the geographical distribution
of each species mentioned, while Chapter 6 deals with forestry
pests, tabulating the species under the headings of In Nur-
series and Young Trees, and On Mature Trees. Chapter 7,
headed Timber, gives a list of termite-resistant commercial
timbers, followed by Wood Preservation viewed from the
standpoints of preservative chemicals and the suitability of
various timbers for treatment.

CURRENT LITERATURE 85

Chapter 8 is concerned with Termite damage to buildings,
mentioning the kinds of termites attacking buildings, and their
destruction. Measures to prevent Termite damage to build-
ings, divided into mechanical and chemical barriers are sug-
gested with information as to doseage. A list of species
injurious to buildings is given with the geographical range of
the species mentioned. These are listed under families, and
again under regions. Chapter 9 deals with damage to mater-
ials other than timber, listing under organic materials paper,
fabrics, leather and rubber, while under inorganic materials,
metals and plastics. The question of packaging materials and
cable insulations is discussed.

Appendix 1 gives notes on some chemicals used in termite
control. A bibliography of 175 titles arranged alphabetically
under authors, and the index conclude the work.

The book is well printed on good paper and bound in a
strong cloth, suitable for the handling which may be expected
for such a subject. its interest must be wide, covering as it
does, the entomologist and student, through various commer-
cial undertakings and agriculture, to ordinary householders in
the countries affected —S.N.A.J.

British Arachnological Society. Bulletins of the Flatford
Mill Spider Group and the British Spider Study
Group, 1959-1968. Pp. 365. Reprinted facsimile
cai Classey Ltd., Hampton, Middlesex, England.
Py... £10.

The Flatford Mill Spider Group was formed by a number
of people who met at the Flatford Mill Field Centre where,
during the 1950’s, several spider study courses were held.
They exchanged information of interest through these
bulletins and after five years the group (having grown very
considerably) changed its name to The British Spider Study
Group. After another five years—having grown even larger
and acquired a world-wide membership—the group became
The British Arachnological Society.

The articles in this collection cover a wide range. There
is a fair amount of practical advice for beginners about
methods of collecting, the making of useful gadgets and avail-
able apparatus, including the addresses of suppliers. There
is a great deal of ecological information, descriptions of places
visited all over the British Isles, together with lists of the
spiders found there. The refindings of long lost rarities are
triumphantly recorded, observations on behaviour noted and
difficulties in identification and nomenclature discussed.

Particularly useful are the New County Records, additions
to the county lists in volume I of Dr Bristowe’s “The Comity
of Spiders” (Ray Society, London, 1939). The B.S.S.G. began
to take an interest in other arachnids and there are several
articles on harvestmen (Opiliones) including a summary of
the keys available for identifying harvestmen.

84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/III/72

An introduction by Mr John Parker (secretary of the
B.A.S.) gives the history of the organisation.

Indexes of the titles of the articles and the arachnids
mentioned in the first 20 bulletins are to be found after the
introduction and those for bulletins 21-40 are between
bulletins 20 and 21. Unfortunately the pages of the bulletins
are not numbered consecutively and it is not easy to find one’s
way about in the volume. Nevertheless, there is a lot of sound
advice and fascinating information in this book and anyone
who is seriously interested in spiders will find it well worth
while.—F.M.M.

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CONTENTS

Butterflies of the Isle of Wight. T. D. FEARNHOUGH
Inverness-shire in 1971. G. W. HARPER

Butterflies in Yugoslavia, 1971. A. G. IRWIN

Distribution of Insects related to Railway Embankments. L.

MCLEOD

New Forest Mercury Vapour Light Records, 1971. L. W. SIGGS

The Larva and Pupa of Euchloe ausonia Hiibner from Greece (Lep.

Pieridae), JOHN G. COUTSIS
Denis and Schiffermuller; a Correction. C. F. COWAN
How I Started Collecting. R. TOMLINSON

Notes and Observations:
Insect Competition in Butterflies. D. G. SEVASTOPULO

Stigmella oxycanthella Stt. Lep. Nepticulidae. a's

GREGORY

Early Stages of Brahmaea japonica (Lep. Saturniidae). J. L.

GREGORY

Phyllonorycter trifasciella Haw. (Lep. Gracillariidae). J. L.

GREGORY

Early Emergence of Xanthorrhoe fluctuata L. hs We fe

MICHAELIS
Ypsolophus horridellus Treitschke. H. E. CHIPPERFIELD

Breeding Maniola jurtina L. L. G. F. WADDINGTON

Drepana curvatula Borkhausen in North Norfolk. C. G. M.

de WORMS

Leucania unipuncta Haworth and Hadena compta D. & Schiff.

in North Norfolk. C. G. M. de WORMS

The egg of G. rhamni (Lep.). C. F. COWAN

Vanessa antiopa L. at Steeple Barton, Oxfordshire. H. B. D.

KETTLEWELL

Obituary: A.H. SPERRING .. ae v rah Sil dle lias a rene

Current Literature

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89

A Study of Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen)
(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

By C. D. QUICKELBERGE
East London Museum

Ever since its initial discovery by J. H. Bowker roundabout
1864 on the Bashee River, eastern Cape Province, this intrigu-
ing and unique species has been the classic Lepidopterist’s
prize. Few there be that have tracked this brilliant, bronzy-red
little copper down in its rain-forest domain. Except perhaps
for K. M. Pennington who is fortunate enough to live on its
doorstep, this species is definitely one that nobody can confi-
dently expect to see at any particular place or time. Innumer-
able visits by the author to procure specimens in a spot near
Stutterheim, Cape Province, where L. Schroder had the good
fortune of netting the first specimen, were quite without result.
Then again, one year, when a spot nearby was eventually found
that appeared to support a strong colony, no more was seen
there again for many subsequent years.

From the time that Bowker caught the first three speci-
mens, all females, in the eastern Cape during the 1860s, a
period of over 50 years was to elapse before another specimen
was found. This was in 1921 when Higgins caught a female at
Eshowe, Natal. However, it was only after another 12 years
that the species was found in appreciable numbers when K. M.
Pennington discovered a colony in the Methley’s garden next
to his present home near Balgowan, Natal.

The only species of its kind to inhabit forests, it is evident
from observations that the secretiveness of phosphor is no
doubt attributable to its small size, rapid flight, wariness
(especially males) and the strong possibility that it keeps well
out of sight by haunting the canopy. Swanepoel and Pennington
record them sporting about tree-tops and the author has seen
them coming down to settle on roads and then depart again at
great speed for the heights. However their speed of flight and
smallness make it extremely difficult to tell from just where
they come and ultimately spend most of their time. Puddles
of water on forest roads, at times, attract specimens, mostly
females, and in this position they are quite easy to net but

Plate V. Bowkeria phosphor subspecies X1-95

1 and 2. Uppersides of male (holotype) and female (allotype) B. p.
borealis resp.

3 and 4. Undersides of male (holotype) and female (allotype) B. p.
borealis resp.

5 and 6. Uppersides of male (neallotype) and female B. p. phosphor
resp.

7 and 8. Undersides of male (neallotype) and female B. p. phosphor
resp.

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72

wandering males are another matter. They suddenly appear,
settle for but just a few seconds and then rocket off again to
quickly disappear from sight.

There is little doubt that phosphor must inhabit many of
our eastern montane forests from the east Cape through Natal
and up to the Transvaal but up until fairly recently there were
only about six spots over this vast stretch where the species
had been located. Recent collecting activities have only slightly
extended our knowledge of its distribution. In the east Cape
we now know of six spots, in Natal three, and in the Transvaal
one. Vast tracts occur between known localities. Coastal
forests are shunned. Although primarily a true forest dweller
it is evident that phosphor will on occasions follow water-
courses away from the main forest block provided these are
reasonably well wooded. Such a situation was encountered
personally at the foot of the Amatola mountains near Debe
Nek, Eastern Cape, where one April quite a few specimens of
phosphor were seen playing about along the tree-tops of a
narrow fringe of trees bordering a small stream which
emerged from a forest about half a mile away. Even more
surprising was the capture of a lone specimen near Fort Beau-
fort which not only represents the most westerly point known
to be reached by the species but also indicates just how far
phosphor may venture away from forests. According to Mr J.
C. McMaster, its captor, the nearest forests are on the Katberg
mountains about 15 miles away in a northerly direction. Pre-
sumably the insect, which was caught on the wooded banks of
the Kat River, had wandered down along this watercourse as
this river rises in these mountains. That they are attracted to
flowers, e.g. bramble, has been shown by both Swanepoel and
Pennington—such fortune has not been mine in spite of a pro-
fusion of brambles in flower along forest roads through its
haunts in the east Cape. At his home near Balgowan Mr K. M.
Pennington has also observed phosphor visiting the following
flowers:— Chrysanthemum, Mesembrianthemum, Dahlia,
Blackjacks, and Canary Creeper.

In common with other species of Poecilimitis, phosphor
appears to have a prolonged flight period and has been
observed during most months of the year. One male came
down to the road near Stutterheim during August when it was
clear, but wintery conditions and chilly winds still prevailed.

In keeping with the general dearth of knowledge concern-
ing this butterfly, the early stages and foodplant are likewise
unknown. All that is known in this regard is the appearance
of the egg which was squeezed from a female (see fig. 1).

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION

It has long been felt that the generic placing of phosphor is
unsatisfactory, but, apart from much speculation, no study-
based conclusions have been forthcoming which might allocate
the species to a more appropriate genus if such exists.

Most workers have seen closest kinship with Avziocerses

A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 37

Hiibner but nevertheless still follow general convention in
allowing phosphor to remain grouped under either Phasis
Hiibner, Poecilmitis Butler or Zeritis Boisduval. Others have
hinted at the possibility of a generic home for phosphor in
Chloroselas Butler, Desmolycaena Trimen, Aphnaeus Hibner,
Crudaria Wallengren and even Deudorix Hewitson.

Little study was necessary to reject Axiocerses as, taking
the species bambana Grose Smith as an example, it was found
that antennae, palpi, venation and genitalia all showed con-
clusively that there is no affinity to phosphor at the generic
level whatsoever, bar a resemblance of their tails. Similar

~ Sf

Figure 1. A andB Egg of B. p. phosphor (Trimen), 0-79 mm. in height

and 0-47 mm. in diameter

A—dorsal view, much enlarged.

B—ventral view, much enlarged.

C, D, E and F—genital structures showing comparison between B. p.
phosphor (Trimen) and the type-species of Poecilmitis, i.e. P.
lycegenes (Trimen).

C—Subunci of B. p. phosphor.

D—Subunci of P. lycegenes.

E—Lower fulture or anellus of P. lycegenes.

F—Lower fulture or anellus of B. p. phosphor.
v.p.=ventral process un.=uncus.

G and H—Forewing undersides of the two subspecies of B. phosphor,
illustrating different placement of black discal stripe (d. st.) and
cluster of three spots (3 s.c.) in relation to the discocellular spot
(d. sp.). In B. p. phosphor (H) these are positioned more
proximally so that the black discal stripe makes contact with
the discocellular spot. In B. p. borealis (G) both the discal stripe
and three-spot cluster are more distally placed. Note also fuller
development of spots in B. p. phosphor.

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD LS/TVI TZ

studies also made it quite clear that phosphor could not be
united with any of the other genera mentioned above, exclud-
ing Poecilmitis. Only when considering the latter genus do we
find some definite closer relationship and it was in this connec-
tion that more careful study was called for in order to ascertain
if phosphor was well placed in Poecilmitis or whether it should
be isolated generically.

The most compelling case for phosphor’s retention within
Poecilmitis is the apparent uniformity of the genitalia of the
species (vide Murray, 1958). However, a little closer study
does reveal a few fundamental differences not readily discern-
ible but sufficiently important in my estimation as to consider
discrete generic grouping for phosphor.

These differences in the genitalia, although small in them-
selves, do appear of sufficient magnitude when compared with
the much smaller differences that serve to separate other
Poecilmitis species. Figure 1 illustrates the genitalic differences
between phosphor and the type-species of Poecilmitis, P.
lycegenes (Trimen). The point to note in this connection is
that the shape of the lower fulture in lycegenes agrees in
essence with other Poecilmitis spp., especially chrysaor
(Trimen), aethon (Trimen), etc. The structure of this part in
phosphor however has no true counterpart in other species of
Poecilmitis studied, e.g. thysbe (Linnaeus), pyramus Penning-
ton, nigricans (Aurivillius), lyncurium (Trimen), etc. These
species also have the shorter ventral process to the subunci as
in lycegenes whereas that of phosphor is long and curved.
Oddly, phosphor is not entirely unique in this respect in that
the same process in chrysaor is somewhat similar but the sub-
uncus shows other divergences.

However, should the whole case for removing phosphor
from Poecilmitis depend entirely on the extent of dissimilarity
of its male genitalia then we could perhaps still harbour sus-
picions of doubt, but as will be appreciated from what follows,
the matter of phosphor’s generic uniqueness is put beyond
question.

1. Antennae conspicuously reddish-tipped from above in
males, at least last 4-5 segments—not so in other species,
lycegenes, etc.

2. Labial palpi. Terminal joint noticeably shorter than in
other Poecilmitis spp., including lycegenes.

5. Wing-shape quite different to lycegenes, etc. Whereas in
the latter species the outer margins are convex, in phos-
phor they are straight in sections or even concave.

4. The structure and presence of a tail again makes phosphor
unique when viewed together with other Poecilmitis
species. The few species that do possess tails have them
more rudimentary and of a different character as in the
case of chysaor where the whole configuration of this
structure is different. Thus chrysaor’s tail is much shorter
and clavate while that of phosphor is longer well deve-
loped, attenuated and acuminate and with a well de-

A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 89

veloped basal lobe.

0. Wing-pattern. In all Poecilmitis species there is a remark-
ably characteristic and uniform arrangement of the upper-
side black discal spotting over the reddish-coppery ground
colour. This is quite lacking in phosphor and although
there is in some specimens a greater or lesser develop-
ment of a sub-marginal row of black spots in the Hw. and
some Fw. discal spotting in some females, these are so
different in form, arrangement and position as to appear
not to be homologous at all. The unusually wide black
border of the UpFw., especially broad in the apical por-
tion of the male, is also a conspicuously unique feature.

6. Early stages. Although only the egg is known this does
give some positive indication that phosphor is not typical
of Poecilmitis. Referring to the interesting publication of
Clark & Dickson (1956) it will be seen that there is at least
one marked difference in the egg sculpture between
phosphor (see fig. 1) and that of the seven species of
Poecilmitis figured in this paper. In Poecilmitis the egg
surface is moulded into rather deep hexagonal identations
but in phosphor this is developed into a reticular or lace-
work pattern, the indentations also being far shallower.
This egg-pattern of phosphor actually places it closer to
that of an Aloeides, although it also bears some resemb-
lance to lycegenes (Clark & Dickson, 1971) but lacks the
vertical ribbing.

7. Finally, even in matters of habits and habitat phosphor
stands alone. In South Africa there is no other case of a
copper, let alone a Poecilmitis sp., being bound to a forest
habitat and, even more odd, favouring the canopy. The
extreme wariness of males and especially their tendency
not to return to resting spots also marks this species off
from its congeners.

Although this discussion has emphasized the points of dif-
ference between phosphor and the general run of Poecilmitis
species, the actual placing of phosphor in relation to its con-
geners in a taxonomic table or key certainly puts it easily
within the old Phasis group of Aurivillius (in Seitz, 1925). In
his breakdown of Phasis, phosphor would conveniently form a
third group, i.e. 2(c) to his second major subdivision thus show-
ing closest relationship to Aloeides and Poecilmitis. Of these
two latter genera phosphor obviously approximates closer to
Poecilmitis but nevertheless must have diverged from this
genus at a comparatively early stage, while still retaining
some visible ties with Aloeides as evidenced by the egg sculp-
ture. It is possible that upon taking to a forested habitat
phosphor became isolated enough to develop other notable
differences.

In choosing a generic title for phosphor no more appropriate
name than Bowkeria gen. nov. could be suggested as a fitting
tribute to the zeal of the intrepid Colonel James Henry Bowker,
who discovered this and many other interesting species during

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1IV/72

his pioneer, collecting activities about the eastern Cape and
Natal. I am indebted to Mr C. G. C. Dickson for proposing this
name.

During a recent study of a fair series of specimens of phos-
phor from the Cape, Natal and Transvaal it became obvious
that two taxa were involved. Murray did not suspect this when
he described a Balgowan male in his book of 1935. As his de-
scription of the female (ibid.) was only an adaption of Trimen’s
initial description of the holotype (a female of the nominate
subspecies) this left the curious situation of the borealis fe-
male and phosphor male as being as yet undescribed. This
defect is remedied herein.

Bowkeria phosphor borealis
ssp. Nn.
Phasis phosphor (Trimen) Murray, 1935. South African

Butterflies p. 109 (part.).

Holotype: Male, Yellowwoods, Natal, 24/4/1964 (K. M. Pen-

nington).

Allotype: Female, Balgowan, Natal, 18/4/ 1943 (K. M. Pen-

nington).

Paratypes: 8 males and 6 females consisting of 2 males and
1 female from near Graskop, Transvaal and the rest from

the type locality.

Description of Holotype male: Glittering orange-red with
black markings.

FwUp.: Almost half of the distal section is black, especially
broad apically, narrowing towards tornus and projecting
slightly inwardly along inner-margin. The boundary line
between black and orange-red reaches the costa near cell-end
where a black marking projects to close the cell.

HwUp: Orange-red, except for a black clouding at base and
along inner-edge, a blackish blotch on margin of area 7 and
evidence of submarginal black spotting reduced to areas 1, 5
and 6, the spot in area 5 being much smaller than the one in
6. A thin black line borders the outer margin. A lobed tail,
tipped white, extends from the tornus.

Un.: Varying shades of ferruginous brown liberally adorned
with metallic spots and streaks. Opposite the Up. orange-red
of the Fw. the underside is also similarly coloured, only lighter
and not glistening. Also in this area are some black markings
and a black discal stripe.

A male specimen of this race is figured in colour by Murray
(1935).

Allotype female: Paler, purer orange than male, not so
bright; wing shape more obtuse.

FwUp: Basal parts dusky-suffused. Discal areas bear 5
black spots, the one closing the cell the largest and the others
grouped into 2 pairs on either side but below discocellular
spot, the proximal pair more separated than the distal pair.
Cilia orange-suffused along hind-margin clearer from apex and
fading towards tornus, also narrowly fringed whitish but this

A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 91

is only really visible when viewed under a low power lens. Black
border not as broad as in males, in the apical area, but some-
what broader towards tornus.

HwUp.: Basal-costal area darker and more extensively
dusky-suffused than in Fw. or the male Hw. This suffusion
links up with the submarginal spotting to form a tapering
pointed downward curve, as in a half-crescent. Cilia variable.

Underside similar to the male but rather paler throughout.

Distribution: Known only from near Balgowan (e.g.
“Yellowwoods” farm), the Karkloof Falls area and from the
vicinity of Eshowe in Natal, extending up to the escarpment
forests of the eastern Transvaal as at Gaskop.

Remarks: Although this subspecies of phosphor has been
known since its discovery in Natal in 1921 and 1933 its dis-
tinctness was not suspected mainly because the male of the
eastern Cape form was not discovered until 1962 when L.
Schroder caught one near Stutterheim. In addition, very few
females of the latter form were extant and so it was only dur-
ing 1963 when the author began amassing a goodly number
from the neighbourhood of Stutterheim that the differences
separating these two subspecies became more clearly ap-
parent.

Transvaal specimens, of which I examined only two males
and one female, were found to be identical to Natal examples.

Bowkeria phosphor phosphor (Trimen)
Comb. n.

Zeritis phosphor Trimen. 1864. Trans. ent. Soc. London 3 (2):
178 Bashee River, Caffraria.

Neallotype: Male, Stutterheim, Cape Province, 22/8/1964
(C.D. Quickelberge).

Additional material: Six males of which four are from Stut-
terheim, one from Debe Nek and one from Fort Beaufort; also
eight females all from Stutterheim.

Description

Neallatype Male: Glittering reddish-orange with black bor-
ders and markings. Differs from the female in much the same
way as sexes differ in the above description of borealis (see
also Differential Diagnosis). Cilia whitish-fringed in Fw.,
brownish in Hw.

FwUp.: Discocellular spot large and prominent. Two minute
black spots in cell.

HwUp.: Basal black scaling extends as a black suffusion
(not altogether obscuring the orange ground-colour) well over
discal area nearly to the half-way mark. A faint black line
closes the cell. Submarginal row of black spots only absent
in areas 2 and 3 although under a lens some faint indication
of incipient spotting is visible in the form of dark individual
scales in these area, especially in area 2. hid

Un.: Very similar to female except that there is less metal-
lic ‘one of the Hw. spots, many lacking this feature alto-
gether.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72

Distribution: Found in the eastern Cape Province in forests
covering higher ground i.e. off the coastal strip and stretching
from Fort Beaufort through Debe Nek, Stutterheim and Ama-
-bele to the Tsomo and Bashee Rivers.

Remarks: Through the kindness of Mr G. E. Tite I was able
to examine colour photographs of the holotype female of
phosphor lodged at the British Museum. An examination of
these left no doubt that this specimen is one of the nominate
subspecies, thus necessitating the allocation of a new name
to the Natal/Transvaal subspecies. Unfortunately the holo-
type, a female caught by J. H. Bowker near the Bashee River,
bears no date of capture but from inference must have been
caught between the years 1860 and 1864. It is figured in colour
by Trimen (1866).

Owing to the apparent close resemblance between the two
subspecies of phosphor the following diagnosis was prepared.
Much time has been devoted to the study of these two forms
and I have no doubt that they constitute two distinct taxa. As
often is the case when studying allopatric populations no
surety was reached as to whether the two forms were only
subspecifically distinct or whether two species were involved.
Until more is known about this species and the matter can be
studied on a broader basis it was decided that it would be
safer to relegate the two taxa to subspecific rank, leaving the
way open to elevation to specific rank should evidence for this
come to light later. This possibility is by no means remote,
the differences appearing to me to be more of specific import.

Differential Diagnosis

Based on 29 specimens altogether, comprising 8 females
and 7 males of nominate phosphor and 8 males and 6 females
of B. p. borealis.

Male Up.: In general outline the wing-shape in borealis is
more angular or acute compared with the squatter, more ob-
tuse lines, of the nominate race. This difference of build is
even reflected in the markings or spots, which are narrower
and less rounded in borealis than those of nominate phosphor.
This is especially apparent in the markings of the Un. but on
the upperside the effect is also discernible in the shape of the
conspicous black spot closing the cell on the UpFw. which in
phosphoris a prominent spot whereas in borealis it is better
termed a bold streak. The tails also tend to differ along similar
lines in that in borealis they are long and straight, not as
twisted and short as in the east Cape form.

In general Up. appearance borealis is a more striking insect
due mainly to its crisp, more clear-cut lines. Nominate
phosphor is by contrast somewhat duller and more blackish-
suffused on the UpHw. about base, costa and inner margin. On
this wing there is also a more extensive development of the
submarginal row of black spots in phosphor and in one speci-
men even the veins of the UpHw. are suffused with black. In
phosphor these submarginal spots are usually only absent in

A STUDY OF POECILMITIS PHOSPHOR (TRIMEN) 93

areas 2 and 3, being always present in area 4. Borealis usually
has spots present only in areas 5 and 6 with a few specimens
having them in 4 as well.

Male Un.: The predominant brown coloration is darker and
of a somewhat different colour in borealis, ranging from
ferruginous along the hind-margins of the Hw. to lighter tints
of the same colour over the rest of the wing. Over these parts
phosphor is ferruginous on hind-margins, paling to greyish-
ochreous elsewhere, sometimes tinged with vinaceous. The
spots of borealis are more clearly defined and extensively
metallic-scaled especially on the Hw. where virtually every
spot glistens conspicuously. In phosphor the spots of the Hw.
are more diffuse and have no metallic scales except towards
the tornus. A few specimens, however, if closely examined
have some, but not all, of the discal spots faintly metallic-
scaled as well.

Female Up.: In borealis the wing shape is, as in the male,
more elongate, less square-cut, especially in Fw. which also
has the outer margin more convex and often less elbowed
than in phosphor. Also more rounded in borealis is the distal
margin of the orange ground colour. This margin is often
scalloped, this effect being produced by the black of the outer
margin penetrating along the veins for short distances. How-
ever, this character is variable and only faintly apparent in
some specimens which, when like this, are not unlike some
of the specimens of phosphor which show incipient trends in
this direction. Generally, though, phosphor lacks any such
scalloping.

Tails as in the male borealis, i.e. longer and straighter
than those of phosphor.

On the UpFw. borealis very often has at least some indica-
tion of black spotting over the orange discal areas besides
the ever-present well-marked spot closing the cell. Sometimes
there may even be 4 well-developed such spots arranged in two
pairs. In phosphor this discal spotting is either absent or only
faintly visible, never as well-developed as is normal for
borealis.

Female Un. In the Fw. the discal row of black spots
forming a stripe from areas 1b to 4 terminate against vein
9 at a position either halfway between discocellular spot and
the cluster of three spots situated distally towards apex or, as
is most often the case, at a point closer to these three spots
than to the discocellular spot (see illustration). In all females
of phosphor this black discal stripe makes contact at its anter-
ior end with the discocellular spot or, if not, very nearly so.

This tendency towards the bunching up together of the
above markings in phosphor and the greater spreading out of
same in borealis is also noticeable in males but is not as easily
described or obvious as in females.

Due to insufficient material no thorough examination of a
comprehensive series of genitalia dissections of both sub-
species has been possible for purposes of comparison. Although

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD L5/TV/72

some differences of anellus, valve and uncus shape have been
noted this can carry no weight until a greater series can be
studied to determine the extent of individual variation in the
genitalia of each taxon.

Abbreviations used for wing surfaces are: —Up.—upper-
side; Un.—underside; Fw. and Hw.—fore- and hind-wings;
UpFw. and UpHw.—uppersides of fore- and hind-wings.

Acknowledgments

My sincere thanks are extended to Mr G. E. Tite of Tring,
England, whose assistance in matters too numerous to mention
has been of inestimable value. For constant encouragement
and help thanks must also go to Mr C. G. C. Dickson of Cape
Town. For the loan of specimens I wish to thank Messrs K.
M. Pennington, Lionel Schroder, D. A. Swanepoel, J. C.
McMaster and C. G. C. Dickson. Finally, a special word of
thanks to Mr Pennington for sharing with me his rich fund of
knowledge, gained at first hand, of this beautiful and interest-
ing species.

Literature Cited
Clark, G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1956). J. Ent. Soc. S. Afr., 19 (2):
195-215.
Clark. C. G. and Dickson, C. G. C. (1971). Life Histories of the South
African Lycaenid Butterflies. Cape Town.
Murray, D. P. (1935). South African Butterflies. A Monograph of the
Family Lycaenidae. London.
Murray, D. P. (1958). Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 44 (6): 269-78 (plus 2 plates).
Seitz (Aurivillius, C) (1925). Macrolepidoptera of the World. 13.
Trimen, Roland (1866). Rhopalocera Africae Australis, 11. Cape Town.
Trimen, Roland (1887). South African Butterflies, If. London.

Joint Committee for the Conservation of British
Insects.

c/o Royal Entomological Society, 41 Queen’s Gate, London
S.W. 7

A CODE FOR INSECT COLLECTING

This Committee believes that with the ever-increasing loss
of habitats resulting from agricultural, industrial, urban and
recreationa! development the point has been reached where a
code for collecting should be considered in the interests of con-
servation of the British insect fauna, particularly macrolepi-
doptera. The Committee considers that in many areas this loss
has gone so far that that collecting, which at one time would
have had a trivial effect, could now affect the survival in
them of one or more species if continued without restraint.

The Committee also believe that by subscribing to a code of
collecting entomologists will show themselves to be a con-
cerned and responsible body of naturalists who have a positive
contribution to make to the cause of conservation. It asks all
entomologists to accept the following code.

Zee

2.3

2.4

3.4

CONSERVATION OF BRITISH INSECTS 95

Collecting — general

No more specimens than are strictly required for any pur-
pose should be killed.

Readily identified insects should not be killed if the ob-
ject is to ‘look them over’ for aberrations or other pur-
poses: insects should be examined while alive and then
released where they were captured.

The same species should not be taken in numbers year
after year from the same locality.

Supposed or actual predators and parasites of insects
should not be destroyed.

When collecting leaf-mines, galls and seed heads never
collect all that can be found; leave as many as possible
to allow the population to recover.

Consideration should be given to photography as an alter-
native to collecting, particularly in the case of butterflies.
Specimens for exchange, or disposal to other collectors,
should be taken sparingly or not at all.

For commercial purposes insects should be either bred or
obtained from old collections. Insect specimens should
not be used for the manufacture of ‘jewellery’.

Collecting — rare and endangered species.

Specimens of species listed by this Committee (and
published in the entomological journals) should be
collected with the greatest restraint. As a guide, the
Committee suggests that a pair of specimens is sufficient,
but that those species in the greatest danger should not
be collected at all. The list may be amended from time
to time if this proves to be necessary.

Specimens of distinct local forms of Macrolepidoptera,
particularly butterflies, should likewise be collected with
restraint.

Collectors should attempt to break new ground rather
than collect a local or rare species from a well-known
and perhaps over-worked locality.

Previously unknown localities for rare species should be
brought to the attention of this Committee. which under-
takes to inform other organisation as appropriate, and
only in the interests of conservation.

Collecting — lights and light-traps.

The ‘catch’ at light, particularly in a trap, should not be
killed wholesale for subsequent examination.

Live trapping, for instance in traps filled with egg-tray
material, is the preferred method of _ collecting.
Anaesthetics are harmful and should not be used.

After examination of the catch the insects should be kept
in cool, shady conditions and released away from the trap
site at dusk. If this is not possible the insects should be
released in long grass or other cover and not on lawns
or bare surfaces.

Unwanted insects should not be fed to fish or insecti-
vorous birds and mammals.

0.2

9.9

0.4
3.0

9.6

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/IV/72

It a trap used for scientific purposes is found to be
catching rare or local species unnecessarily it should be
resited.

Traps and lights should be sited with care so as not to
annoy neighbours or cause confusion.

Collecting — permission and conditions.

Always seek permission from landowner or occupier when
collecting on private land.

Always comply with any conditions laid down by the
granting of permission to collect.

When collecting on nature reserves, or sites of known
interest to conservationists, suvply a list of species
collected to the appropriate authority.

When collecting on nature reserves it is particularly im-
portant to observe the code suggested in section 5.

Collecting — damage to the environment

Do as little damage to the environment as possible. Re-
member the interests of other naturalists; be careful of
nesting birds and vegetation, particularly rare plants.
When ‘beating’ for lepidopterous larvae or other insects
never thrash trees and bushes so that foliage and twigs
are removed. A sharp jarring of branches is both less
damaging and more effective.

Coleopterists and others working dead timber should re-
place removed bark and worked material to the best of
their ability. Not all the dead wood in a locality should
be worked.

Overturned stones and logs should be replaced in their
original positions.

Water weed and moss which has been worked for insects
should be replaced in its appropriate habitat. Plant
material in litter heaps should be replaced and not
scattered about.

Twigs, small branches and foliage required as foodplants
or because they are galled, e.g. by clearwings, should be
removed neatly with secateurs or scissors and not broken
off.

‘Sugar’ should not be applied so that it renders tree-
trunks and other vegetation unnecessarily unsightly.
Exercise particular care when working for rare species,
e.g. by searching for larvae rather than beating for them.
Remember the Country Code!

Breeding
Breeding from a fertilised female or pairing in captivity is
preferable to taking a series of specimens in the field.
Never collect more larvae or other livestock than can be
supported by the available supply of foodplant.
Unwanted insects that have been reared should be re-
leased in the original locality, not just anywhere.
Before attempting to establish new populations or ‘rein-
force’ existing ones please consult this Committee.

13th September 1971

BUTTERFLIES IN YUGOSLAVIA, 1971 97

Butterflies in Yugoslavia 1971
By A. G. Irwin F.B.E3S.
(Concluded from p. 69)

*Minois dryas Scop. Near Aleksin Han, July 10-Aug.9. Boracko
Jezero, Aug. 22
Erebia euryale Esp. Boracko Jezero, July 25. (500m — a low
altitude for this species).
*Maniola jurtina L. SL — 800m. July 10-Aug. 50. Widespread.
*Coenonympha pamphilus L. SL — 800m. July 1li-Aug. 30.
Widespread.
(Intermediate between normal form and f. lyllus).
*Coenonympha arcania L. 150m.-500m. July 25-Aug. 30. Local.
*Pararge aegeria tircus Butler. SL — 800m. July 12-Aug. 30.

Widespread

Lasiommata megera L. SL — 800m. july 11-Aug. 29. Wide-
pread.

Lasiommata petropolitana Fabr. 100m.-500m. July 18-Aug. 2.
Local.

*Hamearis lucina L. Boracko Jezero, Aug. 10.

*Strymonidia spini Schiff. Borci, Aug. 8.

*Lycaena phlaes L. SL — 500m. July 18-Aug. 23. Local.

*Heodes virgaureae L. Borci, Aug. 8.

*Syntarucus pirithous L. Hutovo Blato, July 16-Aug. 23.

*Cupido minimus Fuessly. Borci, Aug. 24.

*Philotes baton Bgstr. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23.

Scolitantides orion Pallas. Borci, July 25 and Boracko Jezero,
July 25.

*Aricia agestis Schiff. SL — 800m. July 24-Aug. 28. Local.

*Aricia allous montensis Verity. Ostrazac, Aug. 20 (250m. —
low for this butterfly).

*Meleageria daphnis Schiff. Bora¢ko Jezero, July 25. (Fairly
late for this species).

*Lysandra coridon Poda. 250m-800m. July 23-Aug. 20.
Although described as ‘“‘rare and local’ in the Balkans,
this butterfly appeared quite widespread).

*Polymmatus icarus Rott. SL — 500m. July 12-Aug. 30. Wide-
spread.

*Pyrgus serratulae Rambur. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23-29 and

Ostrazac, Aug. 20.
(4m. — unusually low for this species).

*Carchardodus alceae Esp. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 17-23.

*Hesperia comma L. Borci Aug. 8.

*Gegenes pumilio Hffmsgg. Hutovo Blato, Aug. 23. (This near-
coastal region appears to be outside the known range
of this skipper.)

The specimens which were taken are to be deposited in
the Ulster Museum. It is hoped that some work will be done
on them, and an account of variations published in due course.

The full list of records is being sent to the European In-
vertebrate Survey.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72

Finally, the expedition members (i.e. the author, M. W.
Parry, J. S. M. Albrecht and O. R. Chamerlain) would like to
thank all those friends who helped them in England and
Yugoslavia.

Department of Zoology, University of Southampton, Highfield,
Southampton, Hants., SO9 5NH.

Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971
(2) THE ALPS OF AUSTRIA AND JUGOSLAVIA

July to August 1971

By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

In July 1964 I spent a period at Mallnitz, just south of the
Tauern Massif in Carinthia and was joined there by Mr Russell
Bretherton with whom I collected a large harvest of the Erebias
and other choice local species (Ent. Rec., 77 (1965): 55-60). But
when we tried for Erebia claudina Borkh. (arete Fab.), our
chief quarry on that occasion, we found most of them were
virtually over. We had been told that a cable car was to be
built up the mountainside we had arduously ascended, so that I
had promised myself to revisit the spot one day under these
new and easier conditions for reaching it. The opportunity
offered itself this year when Gen. Sir George Johnson invited
me to join him on the latter part of his tour in those regions.
I made arrangements to do so, but to return to Mallnitz before-
hand.

I accordingly set out on the morning of July 19, flying direct
to Salzburg where I took one of the expresses that landed me at
Mallnitz just south of the Tauern tunnel late that afternoon.
I stayed once more at the Karntnerof Hotel which had been a
very good haven for us in 1964. The next morning I set out
early by taxi up the valley towards the tunnel as far as the
Alpenrose Hotel, near which was the station of the cable car.
Instead of a weary climb of some two hours to its first stop at
the Hochalmblick, I was there in a matter of a few minutes,
but without any sun. However the clouds cleared about mid-
day and immediately the first small Erebias started to fly
among both short and long herbage just at 7000 ft. These nearly
all proved to be males of E. claudina in perfect condition, and
I was very pleased to see them in such profusion as there were
fears the site of the upper cable car station might destroy their
chief habitat. With them were also flying a few E. pharte Hiibn.
past their best, together with an occasional worn E. oeme
Hubn., and fresher Coenonympha gardetta de Prunner
(satyrion Esp.). The only Skipper was the high level Pyrgus
cacaliae Ramb. It was an encouraging start and the next day,
July 21 I revisited another of our haunts of seven years pre-
viously. This was the Housleralmblick just to the south of
Mallnitz and reached by rather a perilous chair lift up to just

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS IN EUROPE DURING 1971 99

600 ft. Fortunately it was sunny without much wind when I
explored a sheltered path where some long grass seemed to
harbour a host of Erebias, most of which proved to be E. pharte
with a sprinkling of E. euryale Esp. in a very dark form with
little markings referable to f. ocellaris Staud. Further near a
mountain stream there was a host of insects flying. Among
the most interesting were males of Pieris bryoniae Hiibn. in a
very heavily veined form. I teok fresh males of Vacciniia
optilete Knoch and Aricia eumedon Esp. while the only Skipper
obtained turned out to be Pyrgus andromedae Wallengren,
never a common insect. A few Boloria pales Schiff. were also
about. Later that day I thought I would revisit a luscious spot
under a tall cliff which had been the home of a flourishing
colony of Albulina orbitulus de Prun. (pheretes Esp.) but to my
dismay as I approached, I saw from afar a huge bull standing
in the very place where this little Blue flew in 1964. As it
espied me very aggressively, I beat a hasty retreat. My only
further captures were a few male V. optilete somewhat worn.
I was once more up the Tauern slopes on July 22, a lovely day
when the cable car took me to the second station at Hannover-
hiitte at a little over 9000 ft. but I was surprised not to see any
of the high level Erebias at this altitude. However, returning
lower to the Hochalmblick I found E. claudina now in greater
numbers than before with the attractive pale females just
emerging in which the white pupils on the underside of the
hindwings are more pronounced than in the darker male. But
an even more interesting member of this ubiquitous genus were
males of E. nivalis Lorkovic and de Lesse with its rounded fore-
wings and brilliant blue-grey underside. Mr B. C. Warren had
particularly asked me to look out for this species at this alti-
tude, since in 1964 some 1000 ft. lower down we took E. cas-
sioides Hohenwarth. A few worn E. pandrose Borkh. (lappona
Thunb.) were also also on the wing. I spent a final day in this
lovely alpine area on the 23rd in bright sunshine again among a
galaxy of these small Erebias, interspersed with an occasional
Colias phicomone Esp. careering over the slopes. For my last
morning, through a chance conversation with some tourists, I
tried some new ground to the east of the railway station among
a thick fir forest where E. euryale was swarming. At this lower
level of 5000 ft. Clossiana euphrosyne Linn. was still flying,
with some Mellicta athalia Rott. A little higher in the fringe of
the tree-line a small glade, some hundred yards square I netted
seven species of Erebia including E. claudina, E. alberganus de
Prun (ceto Hiibn.), E. melampus Fuessli, E. manto Schiff., E.
euryale, E. pharte and E. oeme.

A heavy thunderstorm ended the morning’s collecting and
had hardly cleared in the afternoon when Gen. Sir George
Johnson, who had come up from Villach, picked me up in
Mallnitz and we drove some forty miles westwards to Heiligen-
blut at the foot of the Gross Glockner. We put up at the very
well-appointed Ruppertihaus Hotel. We set out early on July
25 in brilliant sunshine for the higher alps, but it involved pay-

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15 /1IV7i2

ing a toll of about £2 for each journey up the big mountain
road to the Glockner. On halting near a promising grassy
slope half way up we found the area alive with butterflies in
the greatest profusion. Boloria napaea Hffmsg. was swarming,
skimming over the galaxy of flora. The two chief Erebias at
this level were E. pharte and E. manto, while the Blues were
mainly represented by Polyommatus eros Ochs. and Cyaniris
semiargus Rott. A few miles further up at just about 7000 ft.
we again stopped to sample the luscious slopes. On climbing up
a steep bank my first capture was the tiny fritillary Mellicta
asteria Freyer, apparently in the very area from which Mr B. C.
Warren had received specimens some 40 years previously. We
found this little insect seemed to hug the driest parts of the
slopes where the herbage was shortest and was never to be
seen among the longer grass. At this altitude Erebia nivalis
males were quite numerous while E. epiphron Knoch. and E.
melampus Fuessli appeared with Euphydryas debilis Oberthur,
the little mountain fritillary like a small edition of E. aurinia
Rott. The two high level Blues Agriades glandon de Prunner
and Albulina orbitulus de Prunner (pheretes Huibn.) were also
in fair numbers, but one of the most plentiful species was the
little Skipper Pyrgus sifanicus Gr.-Grsh. together with P.
cacaliae in less quantity. We revisited this glorious region with
its grand view of the Glockner glacier on the two following
days, the 26th and 27th. In addition to the species already
mentioned we recorded Parnassius apolio Linn. as well as
Hesperia comma Linn., Eumedonia chiron Rott. and Cupido
minimus Fuessli. Females of E. nivalis were just starting. We
had a very successful three days under ideal conditions and the
rediscovery of M. asteria in this area was the most important
feature.

A few weeks earlier Gen. Johnson had visited northern
Yugoslavia in the hope of seeing Neptis hylas Linn. But the
second brood had not appeared. So he suggested a return to
that country to make a further attempt to see this eastern
butterfly in its native haunts. I was naturally very agreeable
to this course. So we duly turned southwards on July 28 down
the valley to Villach, then on by the new motorway to Klagen-
furt. We crossed the Karawanken range by the Loibl Pass,
with its grand scenery and then emerged into Yugoslavia from
the mile-long tunnel at the summit. Just south of Lublijana we
got on to the Autoput which runs through the centre of the
country all the way to the Greek border. After some 250 miles
from our start we put up at the very comfortable Turist Hotel
at Brezice, some 20 miles west of Zagreb which was our venue
early the next day. After passing through the city we stopped
at the base of a wooded valley to the north to which Gen.
Johnson had been conducted by Prof. Lorkovic three weeks
before with very good results. As soon as we arrived, we spotted
Neptis hylas gliding round the bushes, a most attractive insect
which proved to be quite numerous, though some specimens
were already past their best. Another welcome species as we

TWO COLLECTING TRIPS. IN EUROPE DURING 1971 101

ascended the forest path overlooking the gorge, was Leptidea
morsei Fenton, readily distinguishable from its smaller relative
L. sinapis Linn. flying with it by its larger size and lighter mark-
ings. Many blues were settled on flowers or flitting about the
thick herbage. One special slope seemed to harbour the lovely
Meleageria daphnis Schiff. with blue females as well as Scoli-
tantides orion Pall. which needed selecting for good specimens.
Among the smaller Lycaenids were fresh Everes argiades Pall.
and a few worn E. decolorata Stgdr. The large Satyrid
Hipparchia fagi Scop. was dashing up and down the clearing
with a few Melanargia galatea Linn. We also saw Nymphalis
antiopa Linn. but Apatura iris Linn. which apparently had been
so plentiful during the first half of the month, did not put in an
appearance. I had, however, a stroke of good fortune in net-
ting a female Argynnis paphia Linn. in full flight which turned
out to be a remarkable aberration in which the silver bands on
the underside hindwings merged into a complete wedge of
silver covering half of the wing base, very similar to ab.
argyrorrhytes Alphéraki which is said to come from the
Caucasus. We revisited this fine locality the morning of July
30 and found N. hylas again quite numerous together with most
of the other insects already referred to, but the sky soon be-
came overcast and we motored up to the top of the local high
ground by a very tortuous road through beech woods but very
little was on the wing during the afternoon. We set out early
on July 31 back westwards, reaching the small town of Kranjske
Gora by mid-day. This spot, set in the Julian Alps in the corner
of Yugoslavia where it joins both Austria and Italy, had been
visited by Dr and Mrs Higgins in 1960 (vide Entomologist
(1961), 94: 82-83) when they were like us, in search of Erebia
styx trentae Lorkovic. Our haven on this occasion was the
very modern Prisank Hotel. Later in the day I surveyed the
fir woods just south up the adjoining valley. The area was
alive with butterflies among which Erebia ligea Linn. was most
prominent, though many were already imperfect. Other
Satyrids were Pararge maera Linn. and Coenonympha arcania
Linn., while Lysandra coridon Poda was quite numerous. The
chief burnet was Zygaena transalpina Esp.

August opened with a very fine and warm day when we
set out southwards to go over the remarkable Vrsic Pass with
its forty hairpins which has to be negotiated with great care
on the descent into the Trenta Valley. Near the base of the
southern side of the pass many Erebias were flying. Those
which hugged the rock faces lining the road were mostly male
E. stirius Godart which was just starting to appear. But in
spite of the sunshine and warmth there were on the whole very
few species of butterflies. Somewhat worn Erebia aethiops
Esp. were fluttering in the woods accompanied by fresh male
E. pronoé Esp. The only Blue was Lysandra coridon. We re-
visited this area the next three days crossing the pass by this
very rugged and tortuous route. On the 2nd we took the first
Erebia styx trentae with two fine females which were much

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1/72

brighter and with larger spots than those of E. sirius which
were also now on he wing. A few Melitaea didyma Esp. also
flying. On the 3rd we made a halt at the summit of the pass at
5300 ft. but only found E. epiphron and E. euryale. Pieris
ergane G.-H. was taken among the rocky wooded slopes. On
our final day, August 4, E. styx males were more numerous
and fairly easy to distinguish from E. stizrius. We also saw a
single Nymphalis polychloros Linn. and Aricia allous G.-H.

We set out on August 5 from Kranjske Gora on the main
road into the corner of Italy turning north at Tarvisio towards
Villach. We then followed the road that skirts the Worthersee
to the south, stopping near a small marsh which a week earlier
had been very productive of Coenonympha tullia Mull. On this
occasion this species was still on the wing and fresh with some
very well-marked females. In fact the whole population in this
very restricted locality had the undersides with large eyespots
somewhat similar to our Witherslack race which is very un-
usual for continental forms. Later that day, in very hot con-
ditions, we moved on to Klagenfurt and revisited a piece of
ground which had proved very productive in 1964 when I was
with Mr R. Bretherton. On this occasion it did not disappoint
especially as the species of broom (Cytisus) which is the food-
plant of Colias myrmidone Esp., was in much greater abun-
dance than seven years earlier. It was not long before we saw
this fine insect careering about the stubble together with a
number of C. croceus Fourcroy. They could only be distin-
guished when netted which was by no means an easy achieve-
ment. Colias hyale Linn. was also fairly numerous, mainly
patronising a patch of lucerne. Among the wealth of species
in this spot was Minois dryas Scop., Erebia euryale Esp.,
Argynnis paphia Linn., Mellicta athalia Rott., Inaches io Linn.,
Everes argiades Pall. We stayed overnight in Villach and re-
turned to this rich area the following morning, under equally
warm weather, seeing nearly all the butterflies of the pre-
vious day as well as quite a lot of Coenonympha iphis Schiff.
and more Colias of all three species. |

That afternoon we took the car train from Villach back over
the Tauern Tunnel thence through Salzburg to Cologne and
the Rhine valley, eventually reaching Ostend by midday on
August 6. Driving some 80 miles to Boulogne we took the boat
ferry to Dover and were back in Surrey late that night after
what had been a most enjoyable and successful visit to this
delightful part of Europe where we recorded just over 80
species of butterflies.

The Butterflies of the Isle of Wight
By T. D. FEARNCHOUGH
(Concluded from p. 64)

Limenitis camilla Linn. (White Admiral)
The localities for this butterfly given by Morey in 1909

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 103

were: Parkhurst Forest, Quarr Copse and Whitefield Wood.
Fassnidge added nothing to this in 1923.

Today the species is widespread and locally common. It
was still to be seen in numbers in Whitefield Wood until the
wood was recently felled. It occurs now at: Parkhurst Forest
Firestone Copse, Combley Great Wood, Rowlands Wood, AI-
verstone, Hamstead, Newton, Whippingham and Cranmore.

Several second brood specimens were seen on blackberries
by Miss Newnham in October 1969 at Luccombe.

Ab. semi-nigrina was recorded near Ventnor in 1921 by E.
Cornell.

Apatura iris Linn. (Purple Emperor)

Although there are no recent records, one likes to hope
the Purple Emperor may still occur in Parkhurst Forest or in
the likely looking area between Parkhurst and Hamstead.
Very old records are for: Parkhurst, Freshwater, Whitefield,
Brading and Yarmouth.

RIODINDAE

Hamearis lucina Linn. (Duke of Burgundy Fritillary)

This species has declined over the years to vanishing point.
The 1909 localities were: Borthwood, Combley, Quarr Copse,
Apse Down, Totland Bay, Parkhurst Forest and Haven Street.

Specimens were reported seen at Blackgang in 1928. In
1950 J. Wright discovered a thriving colony near Cranmore,
but unfortunately the piece of woodland containing it was
felled the following year and lucina was not seen there again.
In the mid 1950s the butterfly was found in Bullen Wood near
Ryde but no longer occurs there. This wood is now overgrown
and is used as a dump for waste. In 1960 J. Lobb found
lucina at Whippingham, but it has not been recorded there
again. The exact locality is not known so it may still be pre-
sent in the area. During the past few years A. H. Greenham
and the writer have made a survey of some of the lucina loca-
lities without success until June 1971, when the writer saw a
single worn female at Hamstead.

LYCAENIDAE

Callophris rubi Linn. (Green Hairstreak)

This inconspicuous butterfly is widespread but never seen
locally in quantity. It may be found in such widely differing
localities as, rides in Parkhurst Forest, chalk slopes on various
downs, heathland on Shanklin Down and by the shore at Comp-
ton Bay.

Theda quercus Linn. (Purple Hairstreak)

Present in most wooded areas including; Parkhurst Forest,
Firestone Copse, Combley Great Wood, Rowlands Wood,
America Wood, Hamstead, Cranmore, Bouldnor, Newtown,
Freshwater, Alverstone, Whippingham.

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1L5/TVSi2

The status of this butterfly seems to have changed little
over the years.

Thecla betulae Linn. (Brown Hairsteak)

The Brown Hairstreak has always been a rare species in the
Island. In old records are mentioned; Haven Street, Ryde,
Quarr, Whippingham and the Undercliff.

Shalfleet is given in the Proceedings of the Isle of Wight
Natural History and Archeological Society for 1928. In more
recent times J. Wright found larvae commonly at Cranmore in
1950. A single larva was beaten from blackthorn at Cranmore
by the writer 8 June 1964, and it was reared by A. H. Greenham
to give a female specimen.

Strymonidia w-album (White-letter Hairstreak)

This butterfly was not mentioned at all by Morey, but Fass-
nidge gave Cornell’s note “very rare, one locality only.” Cor-
nell’s favourite hunting ground was the area around Ventnor
and it seems likely that his w-album locality was near Ventnor
for it was reported there in the late 1940s.

The insect was taken at Whippingham by J. Lobb in 1951
(Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. Soc., 4: 188) and larvae of w-
album were found at Cowes by J. Lobb in May 1952. In the
years 1964-1966 the butterfly was common at Newtown and
presumably it still occurs there.

Plebejus argus Linn. (Silver Studded Blue)

Always a scarce insect on the Island, old records give: west
side of Parkhurst Forest (Poole 1902), newport (Owen), Ham-
stead (Bond).

Cornell recorded the insect occurring in the Ventnor area in
1921, and J. Wright rediscovered it at Hampstead in small
numbers in 1947.

Aricia agestis Schiff. (Brown Argus)

This butterfly has declined in numbers during the past ten
years. Morey gave as localities; St Boniface Down, Bembridge
Down and Brading Down which are on the chalk. Away from
the chalk he gave Yaverland, Whitecliff Bay and Haven Street.

At the present time agestis occurs rather sparingly at a
number of localities along the chalk range including; Culver,
Brading, Arreton, Brook, Compton and Freshwater. Away from
the chalk it was recorded at Cranmore by J. Wright in 1947
and at Alverstone in 1955. It also still occurs in the small chalk
area near Ventnor.

A fine aberration having all the lunules pale yellow in colour
was captured on the chalk by the writer, August 13, 1963, and
a similar specimen was captured in the same locality by oF
Johnstone in 1968.

Polyommatus icarus Rott. (Common Blue)
Icarus is widespread over the Island but its numbers have
become greatly reduced in recent years. The Island specimens

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 105

have no special features, and aberrations of any kind are
extremely rare. Even the commoner aberrations such as ab.
arcuata are infrequent.

Lysandra bellargus Rott. (Adonis Blue)

This is another species which has greatly diminished in
numbers. It is restricted to the chalk area. Morey gave as
localities: Bowcomb Down, Carisbrooke, Mottistone, Fresh-
water, St Boniface Down and Bembridge Down. Tutt (Brit.
Butts., 3: 379, 1908-09) gives most of the above localities and
adds Brading. Fassnidge in 1923 added no further information.

In 1921 it was so abundant in the Ventnor area that Cornell
was able to report the examination for aberrations of 2000
specimens. J. Wright recorded bellargus at Compton in 1926.

The butterfly was still to be found in small numbers at
Brading in 1969. On St Boniface and Rew downs near Ventnor it
lingered on to about 1960 but has not been noted recently. The
Rew Down headquarters was destroyed by refuse tipping. A
small colony existed on Westover Down to 1969 when most of
its ground was ploughed up for barley growing.

However bellargus still occurs in small numbers in several
very restricted localities on the chalk range.

In August 1970 a very fine underside aberration was ob-
tained by the writer which, using Leed’s nomenclature could
be described as caeca+ fowleri+ ante sagittata+ post albescens.

Lysandra coridon Poda. (Chalk-hill Blue)

Although Morey stated that this butterfly was common on
the chalk and upper greensand it now seems to be restricted to
the chalk for breeding grounds. Specimens do tend to wander
from breeding areas and may sometimes be encountered in
unlikely places. It has suffered great loss in numbers in some
of the former best localities such as Brading and Ventnor,
where it was once abundant, and attracted collectors searching
for aberrations. In both these places it occurs now in very
small numbers.

Tutt (Brit. Butterflies, 4: 101) gave the localities; near
Newport, Freshwater, Carisbrooke, Ventnor, St Boniface Down;
Brading Down, Bembridge Down, near Shanklin, Limpet Run,
Gurnard Bay. The last three localities are not on the chalk.

At the present time coridon occurs, generally in small num-
bers, in localities along the full length of the chalk range.

Over the years a number of fine aberrations have been
captured on the Island. A specimen of ab. radiata captured in
1928 was in the Burton collection when it was sold in 1962. J.
Johnstone obtained a beautiful specimen of ab. extrema in
1967. In 1970 the writer captured a female specimen of ab.
arcuata which also showed homoeosis on the underside and
inaequalis on the upperside. Other aberrations which have
been caught on the Island over the years include: discreta,
glomerata, obsolet, caeca, fowleri and albescens.

A feature of the island coridon is the absence of any ten-
dency to blue scaling on the uppersides of females,

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/IV/72

Celastrina argiolus Linn. (Holly Blue).

Morey described this butterfly as fairly common and gave
a short list of localities. The species might be met with any-
where on the Island as occasional specimens, but there have
been local concentrations from time to time. Through the
nineteen sixties argiolus was a rarity but in 1970 it became
evident in many places and in 1971 was still more frequent.
At Borthwood in mid-May about twenty of the insects were
flying around holly trees in blossom, a larger number than the
total number observed in the area during the previous ten
years.

Cupido minimus Fuess]l. (Small Blue)

This insect occurs in colonies and is very local. Morey’s 1909
localities were: Shanklin, Ventnor, Carisbrooke, Totland,
Freshwater, Bonchurch and Sandown. Tutt (Brit. Butterflies,
3: 146, 1908-09) gave Totland Bay, Niton, Carisbrooke and
Freshwater. Of these localities it is now known, with certainty,
to occur only at Freshwater.

During the nineteen fifties minimus was plentiful on Brad-
ing Down but at the present time its number is greatly
diminished. It was found at Compton Bay by J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt and was seen there in small numbers by the writer in May
1971. There are probably other localities on the Island where
the insect occurs but has so far been overlooked.

Lycaena phlaeas Linn. (Small Copper)

Phlaeas is yet another species which has greatly diminished
in numbers in recent years. It may be encountered singly
anywhere on the Island but it is no longer to be seen locally in
large numbers. There are however favoured localities, where
in small numbers it occurs ever year. These include; St
Boniface Down, Rew Down, St George’s Down, Bouldner and St
Helens Duver.

Few aberrations have ben recorded for the Island. A broad-
margined form captured in 1941 was in the Burton collection
when sold in 1962, and a specimen showing homoeosis is men-
tioned by South (Butterflies of the British Isles, p. 153).

PIERIDAE

Pieris brassicae Linn. (Large White)

This species is common in most years. It is not restricted
to gardens and cultivated land, but occurs also in open parts
of the woods, on downland and along the southern coastline.
The wild stock (Mathiola incana) grows profusely in places
on the sea cliffs and may possibly be used at a foodplant by
brassicae but as it grows in inaccessible places the possibility
has not been explored.

There seems to be no record of any unusual variation.

Pieris rapae Linn. (Small White)
Usually common and in some years abundant. Summer
brood specimens may sometimes be seen in large numbers on

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 107

the slopes of the chalk downs, presumably attracted from
nearby agricultural land by the profusion of flowers.

Specimens of ab. praeterita and ab. nigropuncta were
captured in August 1963.

Pieris napi Linn. (Green-veined White)

Widespread but not abundant anywhere. In Morey’s
“Guide” it is stated that strongly marked specimens occur at
Newchurch and throughout the valley of the Eastern Yar, but
such specimens have not been noted in recent years.

Anthocaris cardamines Linn. (Orange Tip)

This butterfly is widespread but less common than formerly
for it has suffered severely from the spraying of roadsides and
lane verges with hormone weedkillers. For several successive
years spraying was carried out in late May or in early June,
just when the eggs and young larvae were present on the main
foodplant, Hedge Garlic. Fortunately spraying has been much
reduced during the past two years.

A specimen having the forewing tips deep yellow in colour
rather than orange was bred from a larva found at Alverstone
in 1969. A specimen which appeared to be a complete gynan-
dromorph was observed briefly by Mr A. H. Greenham in his
garden at Shanklin in 1968 but it eluded capture.

Gonopteryx rhamni Linn. (Brimstone)

Generally common in the wooded areas in most parts of the
Island. Eggs and larvae are usually to be found on Alder
Buckthorn. Localities are: Alverstone (Borthwood, Firestone
Copse, Parkhurst Forest, Cranmore, Newtown.

In “Varieties of British Butterflies” by E. W. Frohawk an
aberration having orange suffused forewings is figured. It
was captured at Sandown 1873.

Colias croceus Foureroy (Clouded Yellow)

In Morey’s ‘‘Guide” the years 1859, 1876, 1892 and 1895 are
given as good ones for this migrant species. In the years
between 1895 and 1908 it was scarce. In more recent times Dr
K. Blair observed croceus on the Island every year from 1945
to 1952; Mr J. Wright recorded it in 1953, 1954, 1955 and 1957
but not in 1956 or 1958. The author saw specimens every year
from 1962 to 1969, but in 1970 and 1971 it was not recorded.
The most favoured years were 1947 when it was in great
abundance and more recently 1967 when it was common in the
autumn. The butterfly is not often observed in spring time
but two females were encountered on Brading Down in 1966 on
27th and 29th May respectively.

The pale female from ab. pallida was seen in 1967 and
in 1969. A specimen of ab. helice-excessa captured at Sandown
in August 1938 was in the Burton collection, sold 1962.

Colias hyale (Pale Clouded Yellow)
This migrant insect has visited the Island very infre-

108. THe ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/T2

guently. Morey’s “Guide” states: ‘Occurred in some num-
bers in 1900 and has been taken at Sandown (Prout), New-
port (Wadham), Parkhurst (Morey), Ventnor (Newman’s
Butterflies). The mosi recent record seems to be from Dr
Blair for 1945.

HESPERIIDAE
Erynnis tages Linn. (Dingy Skipper)

This species may be found anywhere in the chalk area and
in numerous localities away from the chalk. The usual flight
period is during May and June but occasionally second brood
specimens are seen in August in sheltered localities.

-. There is variation in ground colour among Island speci-
mens but no major aberrations are known.

Pyrgus malvae Linn. (Grizzled Skipper)

Morey’s remark “fairly plentiful” can no longer be applied
to the Grizzled Skipper, and it no longer occurs in some of the ©
localities he gave for it. However it does occur in rather small
numbers locally, and within the past few years has been ob-
served in the following. places: Brading Down, Compton Bay,
Freshwater, Hamstead, Cranmore and Whippingham.

Thymelicus sylvestric Poda (Small Skipper)

This butterfly is widely distributed. Morey gave a num-
ber of localities but his list could- be extended to cover most
of the Island.. There appears to have been very little fluctu-
ation in numbers over the years.

-The Small Skipper in Britain shows little variation and
major aberrations are very rare. An extreme aberration hav-
ing whitish forewings and melanic hindwings was captured by
the writer on the chalk 28th August 1968. In the following
year in the same locality an albinistic specimen with yellow
ground colour was obtained.

Ochlodes venata.B. & G. (Large Skipper)

_. A common insect, and sufficiently widely distributed to
make a locality list unnecessary. Venata seems to be con-
stant in numbers from year to year. No aberrations are known
from the Island.

ADVENTITIOUS SPECIES

-_ A number of species of butterflies have occurred abnor-
mally on the Island... Some of these may be very rare mi-
grants, but some may have occurred through accidental escape,
or through deliberate release.

Papilion machaon Linn. (Swallowtail)

Morey gives two-records: near Parkhurst Forest, 26th Au-
gust 1900, meadow west of Parkhurst Forest, 1902

Cornell (Fassnidge List 1923) gives: ‘two specimens seen
Ventnor, no doubt escapes’.

Five larvae were found feeding on carrot in a Newport:
garden in 1946 (Entomologist 79: 115).

THE BUTTERFLIES OF THE ISLE OF WIGHT 109

Aporia crataegi Linn (Black-veined White)

Morey gives the note; “Of great rarity and possibly now
extinct. The few captures appear to have all been made in
woods near Ryde”’.

A specimen was captured at Sandown 17th June 1922 by
W. G. St. John (Entomologist 80, 127).

Argynnis lathonia Linn. (Queen of Spain Fritillary)

Morey’s records are: Sandown 20th October 1865, Ventnor
21st October, 24th October, 4th November (2) 1865. Two re-
ported October 1865 by Owen (Entomologist 2, 340). One of
these specimens was in the Burton collection when sold in 1962.
Two specimens Ventnor August 1862 (Entomologist 6, 213).

A specimen was captured at Nettlestone 18th September
1943 (Entomologist 77, 9).

Nymphalis antiopa Linn. (Camberwell Beauty)

A specimen in perfect condition captured at Ventnor is in
a collection held in Shanklin library and was presented by Mr
Weston, but no date is attached.

Morey’s old records are: Ventnor and Seaview 1846, Bem-
bridge 1856, fourteen captured in the Island 1872, Shanklin
1876, Totland Bay 1888, one in 1903 and one in 1904.

Vanessa huntera F. (Scarce Painted Lady)

Two specimens have been caught on the Island, one at
Luccombe 20th September 1876 A.E.S. Bulletin No. 94, 219)
and one at Freshwater 19th August 1956 by Knill-Jones (Ent.
Record 69, 74, Plate 1).

Danaus plexippus L. (The Monarch)

The most modern record is of the forewings of a specimen
found in a greenhouse at Niton in 1948 (Ent. 82, 153). The old
records are: Ventnor 1885, Ventnor 1884 or 85, Shanklin 1887,
Shanklin 1895, Culver 1908.

A specimen was seen at Sandown 1947 (Proc. Isle of Wight
Nat. Hist. Soc. 1947).

Lampides boeticus L (Long-tailed Blue)

There are four records for the Island; Freshwater 1878
(Entomologist 12, 83), Dunnose 1945 (1946 Journal Soc. Brit.
Ent. 3, 9), Freshwater, captured by Knill-Jones 1949 (Entom-
ologist, 86), Luccombe, captured by Lobb 30th August 1952
(Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. Soc. 1953).

Thymelicus actaeon Rott. (Lulworth Skipper)

The few records of this butterfly are: A pair at Sandown
(Proc. Isle of Wight Nat. Hist. Soc. 1929, p. 81), one at Sandown
1921 (Entomologist 1953, p..56), one captured by Knill-Jones at
Freshwater 1949 (Entomologist, 86).

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/1V/72

A Contribution to the knowledge of Phytonomus

meles F, (Col., Curculionidae) in Britain
By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.

Regarding this weevil—always very scarce with us, as far
as records testify—Canon Fowler’s statement that “the species
appears to be very imperfectly known” (1891: 236) remains,
for this country, virtually as true to-day as when it was written.
As usual in such cases, it was (like the still rarer P. elongatus
Payk.) omitted by the late Dr Joy from his Practical Hand-
book of British Beetles (1932)—though oddly enough he in-
cluded P. arundinis Payk., the rarest of all and perhaps long
extinct. In reality, however, P. meles is quite distinctive, and
not difficult to recognise once its appearance is familiar. It
will be well, therefore, to set forth its characters more fully
than hitherto for the benefit of coleopterists, before bringing
the records as far as possible up to date. The former may
be most conveniently done by tabular comparison with that
species to which, in our fauna, it comes nearest and which
sometimes does duty for it in collections—namely the rather
common P. plantaginis Deg.

(Pronotum very obviously transverse, strongly dilated at
sides and strongly contracted to base, unlike all other British
spp.; elytra with scales bifurcate, and with raised setae mostly
towards apex; L. 4-5 mm.)

meles

Elytra on alternate inter-
vals towards sides and apex
more or less lineated, or tes-
sellated with small _ light
spots, but without large dark
patches or other conspicuous
marks.

Head between eyes narrow,
much less than greatest dia-
meter of eye seen from
above.

Rostrum in <& as long as
pronotum, in 9 longer; thinly
haired, very shiny, with at
least traces of a lateral furrow
or fine ridges (may be ob-
scured by the hairs).

Antennae with scape longer,
apical thickening smaller and
less abrupt; segment I of
funicle in © clearly longer
than 2 (in 9 less so).

Pronotum widest a little
behind middle, sides scarcely
sinuate before hind angles

plantaginis

Elytra with large dark
patches at sides behind and
small ones at base, but if
immature, uniformly pale
rufous or ochreous-brown
without distinct tessellation
or lineation.

Head between eyes wider,
little less than greatest dia-
meter of eye seen from above.

Rostrum about 14 shorter
than pronotum alone (< and
Q), thickly haired and thus
duller, with no trace of a
lateral furrow or ridges.

Antennae with scape short-
er (more so in Q), apical
thickening larger and more
abrupt; segment I of funicle
subequal in length to 2.

Pronotum widest a little, or
plainly, before middle, sides
sinuate just before hind
angles which thus tend to be
more marked.

KNOWLEDGE OF PHYTONOMUS MELES F. IN BRITAIN

which are very obtuse or
effaced.

Scales on elytra divided
nearly to their bases like an
inverted V, the arms hair-like,
plainly diverging; more even-
ly but less densely covering
the surface; those on the pro-
notal disc simple, fine, and
hair-like.

Setae of elytra weaker,
less outstanding, less numer-
ous.

The different form of the

111

Scales on elytra broader,
the two points only as long
as the body of the scale,
scarcely diverging (but when
immature, scales appear hair-
like throughout), thickly
covering the pale areas; those
on pronotum largely as above,
but the broader ones of the
mid-line short-pointed.

Setae of elytra stronger,
more outstanding, more
numerous.

scales in the two species, as

regards both pronotum and elytra, is sufficient to separate
them decisively under a moderate magnification—e.g., about
xX 40-50. (Scale characters are important in this genus;
Reitter (p. 101), Hoffmann (p. 572), and Hansen (p. 108) figure
the various types). A warning, however, is necessary here.
Immaturely coloured examples of plantaginis—far from un-
common—not only lack the pattern characteristic of mature
individuals but also have the scales undeveloped, appearing
simple and hair-like; and on both features thus somewhat more
resemble meles, for which they have been mistaken. Careful
attention to the various characters, however, will prevent
such errors. :

The colour-tone of the scales varies in both species: in
plantaginis it can be decidedly green, though more often ashy-
grey to brown. My pair of meles from Surrey both have a
strong coppery cast to the elytral scales, and the pronotal
scale-hairs are iridescent and present a beautiful crimson glow
when the light strikes them at a certain angle. In the Har-
wood specimen, however, a grey tint prevails. Fowler’s “grey-
ish or yellowish-brown”’ sufficiently describes the general im-
pression.

I have not examined the genitalia of P. meles, which may
well be somewhat characteristic, but they should scarcely ever
be needed for identification.

Most of what Fowler writes concerning this species (pp.
251, 236) appears correct, except for his statement (p. 236)
“second joint of funiculus not much longer than third joint”
which may be rectified by deleting the word “not”. He de-
scribes the rostrum as “nearly straight”, but this rather over-
states the case, it being merely a little less noticeably curved
than in the allied species. What is far more puzzling, Hoff-
mann (p. 583)! ascribes the longer rostrum to the male, remark-
ing (justly) that this is the exact opposite of the usual condition
in the family. I would certainly agree as to the differing
rostral lengths; yet on the other hand, from my material, I
cannot agree that Hoffmann has allotted them to the right
sexes, and, since he has correctly recognised the latter, can

2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 15/IV/72

only conclude that his attribution as above is erroneous—
especially as it is not supported by other authors.

Hansen (1965: III) figures the difference in pronotal shape
between meles and plantaginis, but that relating to the base is
not always marked in British specimens of the latter.
1Hoffman (l.c.) reverts to the name Hypera for the genus, formeriy in
wide use and in all British literature up to Joy (1932); giving seemingly
valid reasons, with which, however, I am not here concerned. Further,
he employs none of the almost unused names given for some of the
species by Kloet & Hincks (1945: 214), and which are not accepted on
the Continent. His names for the British species are as given by Joy
(1932) except zoilus Scop. (1763) for the large species long known as
punctatus F. (austriacus Schrk. in Kloet & Hincks). However, the two
names posticus Gyll. and venustus F., as used by the last-named, must
probably be adopted; though Hansen, writing 11 years later, still uses
the generally accepted variabilis Hbst. and trilineatus Marsh. respec-
tively for them, his nomenclature being wholly identical with Joy’s
for our species. I am strongly of the opinion that we should adopt,
here and elsewhere, those names which a consensus of Continental
usage—as far as it may be had—would dictate.

The foodplants of P. meles are typical of its genus: species
of Trifolium (clover), Medicago (lucerne, medick), and Lotus
(trefoil) are cited on the Continent. Despite its name, the
same would seem to be broadly true of P. plantaginis (cf.
Hansen, p. 119).

The only? published records of Phytonomus meles in Britain
that I have seen are given by Fowler (1891: 236):—‘Mickle-

2The Hypera trifolii Hbst. recorded by Stephens (Ill. Brit. Ent., 4: 99)
as “not infrequent within the metropolitan district; also found in Nor-
folk and Suffolk” may indeed—as some points in his description sug-
gest—have been P. meles, with which Herbst’s insect is believed to be
synonymous.

ham (Power); received from Ross years ago (S. Stevens); Selby,
near York, by sweeping a river bank in September (W. C.
Hey)’; by Donisthorpe (in Fowler & Donisthorpe, 1913; 308)
who adds ‘Yarmouth and Foxley Wood (Edwards)”’—both
localities in Norfolk—; and by Bedwell (1909: 164) who re-
ports his capture of “what I am told is probably Hypera meles
F.”’ by sweeping on the chalk downs near his house at Couls-
don, Surrey, early in July 1908. Bedwell’s specimen is most
likely genuine, though confirmation is desirable; its identity
was probably suggested by E. A. Newbery. I have inspected
the material standing over the name meles in the Power col-
lection and found that the two examples from Mickleham,
Surrey (see above) are no more than the deceptive pale (doubt-
less immature) form of plantaginis already referred to as
liable to cause confusion; they have now been separated and
labelled as such. Power’s Surrey record of meles must there-
fore be deleted. The other three are old specimens with
various labels but no locality, and are true meles.

There is in the Hope Dept., Oxford, a specimen (which I
have examined) taken by P. Harwood at Wicken Fen, Cambs.
(15.v.42). According to Donisthorpe (MS locality list), T. Hud-
son Beare swept a weevil of this genus from a patch of lucerne

KNOWLEDGE OF PHYTONOMUS MELES F. IN BRITAIN 113

in flower on the way to Wicken Fen from the village (18.ix.22)
which he (Beare) made out to be the present species, but
Donisthorpe told me he always thought it was only P.
suspiciosus (i.e. pedestris Payk.). In view of Harwood’s speci-
men, however, that opinion is perhaps questionable. Donis-
thorpe (MS list) adds for meles:—‘‘By sweeping in Stubby
Copse, New Forest, June 17 (J. J. Walker); several on Crymlyn
Burrows (Swansea List)’. Concerning Edwards’s Yarmouth
example he notes that it occurred under Ononis in August.

Finally I can add two further records for Surrey—the
latest British captures known to me. My interest in the
species was first aroused on finding an unfamiliar-looking
Phytonomus, set aside from the rest of the genus, in the late
H. Dinnage’s collection which J had acquired, and which
proved to be a male P. meles in very fair order; it was labelled
“Guildford 5.46”. Later I had the good fortune to take a
specimen at Oxshott Heath by sweeping heather (17.1x.58)—a
female in fine condition. Not far off was a moister spot
where grew red clover and large birdsfoot-trefoil, from which
it seems that the beetle may have strayed, but all attempts to
obtain further specimens were fruitless.

Whilst it is true that (as already pointed out) forms of the
variable P. plantaginis are to be found standing as P. meles
in collections, the reverse mistake is just as likely to occur,
since many collectors name their insects from Joy’s book and
meles would there at once key out to plantaginis with at most
a slight doubt. This renders it likely that some genuine cap-
tures of the former have escaped the records — especially
perhaps as the species is common in (e.g.) northern France
and widespread in Denmark.

References
Bedwell, E. C. (1909). Coleoptera captured in various localities in 1908.
Ent. mon. Mag., 45: 163-5.
Fowler, W. W. (1891). The Coleoptera of the British Islands, 5: 231,
236.
Fowler, W. W. & Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K. (1913). Ibid., 6: 308.
Hansen, V., 1965. Danmarks Fauna (Biller XXI: Snudebiller), 69:
108, 111, 119.
Hoffmann, A. (1954). Fauna de France, 59, (2): 570-572.
Joy, N. H. (1932). A Practical Handbook of British Beetles, I: 228-230.
Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. (1945). A Check List of British Insects.
214.
Reitter, E. (1916). Fauna Germanica: Kdfer, 5: 101, 104.
63 Blackheath Park, London, S.E.3. 8.ii.72.

114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 1l/1V/T2Z

Notes and Observations

Curious BEHAVIOUR OF LARVA OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.—
Mr O’Heffernan persists in describing the normal behaviour of
the brown larval form of Acherontia atropos L. as curious (Ent.
Rec., 83: 356-7). On no fewer than two occasions, commenting
on his similar records, I have pointed out that it is completely
normal for this form to feed at night and hide by day (1967
Ent. Rec., 79: 24 and 1968 Ent. Rec., 80: 60 and 212).—D. G.
SEVASTOPULO, F.R.E.S., Mombasa, 18.11.1972.

COLEOPHORA SYLVATICELLA Woop (LEP. COLEOPHORIDAE) IN
Kent.—At Ellenden Wood near Whitstable on July 10, 1971, I
collected into a bag some seed heads of Luzula sylvatica, and
on looking into the bag a few days later, noted a few small cases
of C. sylvaticella the larvae of which were crawling about on
the cloth sides. I revisited the locality of September 16, and
collected some more cases which were then fully formed.

This species has only once before been reported from Kent.
In early June 1935, H. W. Daltry took a single male imago in
Blean Woods (cf Entomologist, 69: 114).—J. M. CHALMERs-
Hunt, 7.111.1972.

CLOSSIANA SELENE (DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER) SECOND BROOD
SPECIMENS.—May I add the following notes: Second brood
specimens of this fine species are to be found in the county of
Cornwall. I suspect this to be a gene controlled character as I
have seen them freely, when on holiday there in August, during
past seasons. Dr F. H. N. Smith stated in 1965 (in litt.) that A.
selene is quite common in most suitable spots and is partly
double brooded.—J. H. Payne, 10.11.1972.

AN EARLY PyrRALE — On the 14th February 1972 I was in-
terested to see flying against the inside of a window at the
Bishop Stopford School, Enfield, a fresh specimen of the small
magpie moth (Eurrhypara hortulata (L.)).

I tend to think of the Pyrales as a group most strictly con-
fined to the summer months and the normal time of emer-
gence of this species is June to July.

The Editor has drawn my attention to a note by Dr C. G. M.
de Worms (Ent. Record 81:90, 1970) which shows that, al-
though unusual, this is not by any means unknown for this
species.

DECHTIRIA TURBDELLA (ZELL) — I would like to support
Col. Emmet in his observations that D. turbidella feeds on
Populus canescens and not Populus alb. Last autumn, just to
the south of Epping Forest, I was looking at a small tree of one
of these species, and found the mines plentifully. That tree
was found to be P.. canescens. A few yards away was a Sap-
ling of P. alba and this was not frequented by one mine of
this species. This seemed conclusive evidence that turbidella

CURRENT LITERATURE 115

feeds only on P. canescens. I believe that this may also con-
stitute anew country record.—REV. D. J. L. Acassiz, 1.iii.1972

LAMPROPTERYX OTREGIATA Metc (LEP: GEOMETRIDAE)—On
2nd September 1971, a single female specimen of Lamprop-
teryx otregiata Metc appeared at a lighted window of my
house in Ledbury, Herefordshire. This is the first record for
this species in this county, and appeared at first sight to be
outside the normal distribution range of this predominantly
south-westerly species. It is best known from Cornwall, Devon
and Somerset. It’s range extends to the New Forest, Hamp-
shire, in the south, while in Wales the species is most fre-
quently encountered in the western seaboard border, and ex-
tending as far north as Caernarvonshire. I was interested in
J. M. Chalmers-Hunt’s record (Ent. Rec., 83, 11) of Dr N. Hor-
ton’s only Breconshire specimen captured on 22/6/1971. The
only other record that I can trace for this area is in Gloucester-
shire, where Mr J. Newton has observed this species in the
Forest of Dean, initially in 1963. and also from 1965-1967 in-
clusive.

My specimen was in fair condition and proved to be a
fertile female as ova were subsequently laid. The newly
hatched larvae fed well on Galium saxatile (Heath Bedstraw)
and Galium palustre (Marsh Bedstraw). At no stage during
larval growth could they be induced to feed on other Bed-
straws i.e. G. verum (Lady’s Bedstraw),. G. mollugo (Hedge
Bedstraw), or G. odoratum (Sweet Woodruff). It is however,
known to feed on Gadium aparine (Goose Grass) in captivity,
although I feel that this is unlikely to be a natural foodplant
for this species.—Dr M. W. Harper, Cotham, Upperfields, Led-
bury, Herefordshire. 17.11.1972.

Current Literature

Fundaments of Applied Entomology, Second Edition, edited by
Robert E. Pfadt. x+693pp. Collier MacMillan, £6.75.

The preface of the first edition is repeated, and the scope
of the book explained, namely that the amount of available
data is so great that the authors have attempted to write text
based on principles. The first chapter, headed Insects and
Man is by the Editor and gives an account of this relationship
from biblical days with an outline of entomological history
from Colonial America to the present day, with accounts of
several American entomologists associated with applied en-
tomology. There follows a short account of entomology in
Canada, and another of entomological societies. There is
also an account of American laws concerning the manufacture
sale and use of insecticides. The final section, entitled “Why
this book?” mentions the principles followed by the Editor
and authors, pointing out that only four or five of the insects

116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD LoATVY 72

infesting a host are mentioned, but that the student can find
out, with the assistance of his teacher, the required details of
other pests, to his personal edification. Six selected re-
ferences are given for further reading on the subjects of this
chapter. This principle is followed at the end of each chapter.

Chapter 2, by Robert F. Harwood, is entitled Insect Struc-
ture and Function, and is well illustrated by figures, both line
drawings and photographs. 10 references are given. Chapter
3, by the same author, deals with insect growth, in the same
style, with 3 references.

Chapter 4, by Carl Johansen, the Classification of Insects
and their Relatives includes a key to the major economic
families of Acrina, the features mentioned being illustrated
with each step. There follows a table of imsect orders
illustrated with drawing of a representative species for each
order, with details of common name, matamorphosis, wings,
mouth parts, distinctive features, habitat and agricultural im-
portance. Table 3 tabulates the characteristics of the im-
mature insect of agricultural importance orders. There are
keys to the orders followed by keys to the major families in
each order, rendered easier by clear line drawings to illu-
strate them. There are 17 references.

Chapter 5, by H. C. Chiang, Insects and their Environment,
deals with the subject from many angles, and there are 20
refreences. Principles of Insect Control is the subject of
Chapter 6, by Carl Johnansen, and is also very thorough in
dealing with all aspects, with 35 references. Chapter 7 by
W. Don Fronk deals with Chemical control with 13 references
and Chapter 8 by the same author is on equipment for insecti-
cide application, with 10 references.

There follow chapters on the insect pests of various types
of host: Small Grains by the Editor, Corn by C. C. Burkhardt,
Legumes by Austin Haws and C. C. Burkhardt, Cotton by the
Editor, Vegetable Crops by W. Don Fronk, Tree Fruits by Car}
Johansen, Small Fruits also by this author, Floricultural Crops
by John A. Naegle, Stored Grain by Donald A. Wilbur, House-
hold Insects by John V. Osmun, Livestock by the Editor,
Poultry by Deane P. Purman, and Insects of Medical Import-
ance by Wm. Rogoff.

All these chapters are well illustrated by photographs
and line drawings, which will be of great assistance to the
student.

There is an appendix of common and scientific names, a
glossary of technical terms used in the text, and an index. The
printing and cloth board binding, also the paper are excellent.

While this book deals mainly with the subjects from the
American angle, the fact that it deals mainly with principles
makes it useful to students in all countries, giving them, as
the editor pointed out in the beginning, the added instruction
gained by adapting these principles to their own particular
problems. — S.N.A.J.

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CONTENTS

A Study of Poecilmitis phosphor (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Lycaeni-
dae). C. D. QUICKELBERGE

Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. A Code for
Insect Collecting

Butterflies in Yugoslavia 1971. A. G. IRWIN

Two Collecting Trips in Europe during 1971. (2) The Alps of Austria
and Jugoslavia. C. G. M. de WORMS

The Butterflies of the Isle of Wight .T. DL. FEARNHOUGH

A Contribution to the Knowledge of Phytonomus meles F. (Col.,
Curculionidae) in Britain. A. A. ALLEN

Notes and Observations:

Curious Behaviour of Larva of Acherontia atropos L. D. G.
SEVASTOPULO

Coleophora sylvaticella Wood (Lep. Coleophoridae). J. M.
CHAMERS-HUNT Ne ui ne ie wi

Clossiana selene (Denis & Schiffermuller) . J. H. PAYNE
An early Pyrale. D. J. L. AGASSIZ
Dechtiria turbidella (Zell) D. J. L. AGASSIZ

Lampropteryx otregiata Metc. (Lep.: Geometridae). M. W.
HARPER i. he f y

Current Literature:

Fundaments of applied Entomology. ROBERT E. PFADT
et al } nie ne os ate ate aes aS

85

94

97

98

102

110

114

114
114
114
114

115

115

| nn TS A SE, I a

T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND

THE
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A. A. ALLEN, B.S.C., A.R.C.S. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S.
NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. H. C. HuGGINS, F.R.E.S.
J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. S. WAKELY
Major A. E. COLLIER, M.C., F.R.E.S.
Commander G. W. Harper, R.N. (Retd.), F.R.E.S.
Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S
H. B. D. KETTLEWELL, M.A., M.B., B.CHIR., F.R.C.P., L.R.C.P., F.R.E.S.

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BEETLES OF THE
BRITISH ISLES

E. F. Linssen, F.Z.S., F.R.E.S., F.R.P.S.

These two fine, fully illustrated volumes give a
complete description of all the common species, and
most of the rare ones, found in Britain. The

beautifully executed illustrations are in colour and
in black and white.

Volume 1 deals with structure of the adult beetle;
metamorphosis; ecology; social behaviour; classifi-
cation; and descriptions of the Superfamilies
Caraboidea, Palpicornia, Staphylinoidea and Diversi-
cornia. Volume 2 begins with a synopsis of the
three latter Superfamilies, also describing Clavi-
cornia, Heteromera, Lamellicornia, Phytophaga and
Rhynchophora. There is a special chapter devoted
to Strepsiptera.

Both volumes contain a glossary, biblography, keys
to the suborders, superfamilies and families, and
descriptions of species. £1.75 net each

WARNE

40 Bedford Square, London WCI1B 3HE

85

Observations on British Butterflies in 1971
By A. P. GAINSFORD, F.R.E.S.

A cold and persistent wind from the south-east kept the
temperature down when the first bright days of March brought
Aglais urticae L. and Nymphalis io L. out of their winter
quarters, the former seen first at Looe in Cornwall on the 23rd
and the latter along the cliff path just west of Polperro on the
3lst. Despite haziness caused by a damp coast mist the power-
ful N. io sensed the warmth of the sun’s penetration and both
sexes were exercising freely and performing frequent courtship
flights high into the air. Beneath the partial shelter of a stretch
of overhanging Ivy I came across three freshly emerged male
Pararge aegeria L., and these were well ahead of schedule.

The 10th of April dawned bright and clear and by noon the
brilliant sunshine had encouraged scores of Gonepteryx
rhamni L. to venture forth from their long sleep amongst the
bushes and fly restlessly over the Gorse and Dandelions up and
down the steep south-facing slope of the Walkham Valley near
Tavistock in Devon where not many years ago a lofty stone
viaduct used to carry the Southern Railway main line high
across the river. The sulphur yellow butterflies and flowers
were fresh and gay beneath a deep blue sky flecked with small
white cumulus clouds. These perfect few hours of an early
Spring were short-lived however and the sun did not shine
again until the 14th.

Celastrina argiolus L. had been plentiful the previous year
after a long period of comparative scarceness and I decided to
pay a visit to my favourite locality for this delicate little butter-
fly on an exposed and windswept cliff near Downderry in Corn-
wall. A narrow footpath winds up to the top through Black-
thorn and Ivy dwarfed and twisted by the blast of the prevailing
south-west winds and some gentle beating of a few likely-look-
ing bushes soon disturbed several males. All told I saw twenty-
two males and three females between 10 a.m. and midday when
the sun was finally obscured by dense cloud and the breeze
strengthened to gale-force gusts. Subsequently C. argiolus
became quite common in many places in both the Spring and
Summer broods and we are indeed fortunate to be able to
enjoy such a dramatic increase in numbers of one of our
prettiest species in this age of pollution and decline.

On the morning of the 15th April a lone Pieris brassicae L.
drifted into my garden in Tavistock and a few days of unusually
warm and sunny weather resulted in the early appearance of
several Pieris rapae L. near Plympton and Plym Bridge and one
Pieris napi L. at Tavistock on the 19th. That same afternoon I
saw a single Lycaena phlaeas L. at Wembury Point near Ply-
mouth.

Several Polygonia c-album L. were out from hibernation in
a sheltered area beneath the trees at Genofen settling on the
dead leaves to sun themselves as early as the 10th April.

_ The second half of April had become generally sunny with

86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/72

the temperature rising quite rapidly as the cold wind died
down. Spring flowers in the banks bordering lanes and along
woodland tracks were prolific and the Primroses on the hill-
sides, the Bluebells in the woods and the Violets along the
coastal paths were the largest I can remember having seen.

Antocharis cardamines L. began to emerge on May Day and
I noticed three in a marshy field near Sampford Spiney on the
southern fringe of Dartmoor. Later in the month they were
plentiful at Grenofen and elsewhere and there seemed to be
considerably more females on the wing than usual. Pararge
megera L. used to be common at the coast near Wembury but
numbers were well down this year. The earliest I saw were
two males on the 3rd of May near the top of the footpath down
to the Point. They seemed to be more plentiful in the second
brood on the southern slopes of Dartmoor, and I took a nice
female aberration with the space between the central trans-
verse lines on the fore wings blackish. Also on the 3rd a few
Callophrys rubi L. were darting about on the low, rough cliff
near Heybrook Bay. A week later it was out early in its very
different environment of wooded river valleys on Dartmoor.

In this spell of unusually warm weather for early May I was
not surprised to find Erynnis tages L. on a cliff edge footpath
near Torquay on the 4th. It was so fine and bright, with the
Kidney Vetch already past its best, that I half expected to see
Cupido minimus F. on the rocky precipice which harbours one
of the very few colonies left in Devon, but this was somewhat
optimistic. The first I saw was on the 13th May, and I waited
patiently for over three hours to spot only two. Another visit
to the same locality on the 17th showed no real increase, but
by this time Polyommatus icarus R. was well out with plenty of
fresh males and a few females on the wing.

A brief stroll along the cliff path at Polperro on the 11th
May in warm sunshine after two days of damp mists resulted
in seeing C. argiolus in abundance, with many feeding on the
nectar in the bluebells and several pairs mating on the Ivy
bushes.

Pyrgus malvae L. was later than might have been expected,
but this was no doubt due to the cold mists which had enveloped
the coastal areas and kept the temperature down. I had been
watching a tiny habitat on rough, open ground near Wembury
Point no more than sixty yards long by fifteen or so wide, and
it did not appear here until the 12th of May. The species is
still widespread but by no means common and it is interesting
to note that a high percentage of specimens vary from partial
to extreme ab. taras in many of our Devon colonies.

Returning from Torquay via Newton Abbot on the 17th of
May I estimated that Argynnis euphrosyne L. would be emerg-
ing and stopped at the new Forestry plantation on the west
side of Stover Lake near the village of Teigngrace. In fact it
was fully out and exceedingly abundant, jostling for space on
almost every blossom of the plentiful Bugle. It was evident
from the worn condition of quite a number of specimens that

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 87

they had been on the wing for at least a week to ten days. I
have never seen the species quite so common. Two days later
I returned to see some very fine and large individuals, both
lightly and heavily marked with black, and flying among them a
few P. malvae from the old ab. taras colony in the nearby re-
mains of Great Plantation. Closer behind its near relative than
is customary Argynnis selene S. appeared on the 20th of May in
the close confines of its Walkham Valley habitat near Sampford
Spiney. The weather continued hot and sunny and the butter-
fly was about a fortnight earlier than average. Numbers in this
small colony were later found to be low and the females did
not show themselves until the end of the month. The species is
widespread here in Devon and Cornwall, but never really com-
mon in any one place. Also on the 20th investigation of a small
field beside the River Tavy, near the village of Marytavy, was
rewarded with the sight of several Euphydryas aurinia R. Their
movements are swifter than some authors describe and when
they attack each other they are capable of darting off in any
direction with extreme alacrity. The very much lazier females
began to emerge before the month was out. The variation in
pattern and colour of this butterfly is extensive and our Devon
specimens show a marked predominance of brick-red markings.
The day was noteworthy for yet another insect, Coenonympha
pamphilus L., of which I saw my first for the season.

On the 28th of May, which coincided with Half-Term, I took
my wife and two younger sons to Ventnor in the Isle of Wight,
and in the late afternoon there were sufficient sunny intervals
to stir Melitaea cinxia L. of both sexes at St Catherine’s Point,
Niton. The next day I formed the impression that they were
not as plentiful as they had been for the last few years, but as
the weather was patchy and my time short this may or may
not have been a fair assessment. Despite very little sunshine
and a cold wind on the 29th there were strong colonies of
Aricia agestis S., P. icarus, C. pamphilus and L. phlaeas flying
at the foot of St Boniface Down.

I spent the 2nd of June on Hod Hill near Blandford Forum,
and though the sunshine was continuous a fresh breeze pre-
vented it from being too hot. My favourite blue butterfly,
Lysandra bellargus R., was on the wing — but very scarce
indeed. During the morning I met Major General C. G. Lips-
comb and like me he deplored the scarcity of this lovely species.
He told me of the difficulty the Dorset Trust had in controlling
collecting within the reserved areas and mentioned that, as a
Warden, he had already encountered and dealt with a North
Country collector whom he had found stuffing everything he
could catch into a killing bottle with complete disregard for the
many Trust notices. P.icarus was abundant and the males so
large and bright that I found myself constantly mistaking them
for bellargus. The old E. aurinia colony on the west side of the
hill was badly down in numbers, and all that I saw of any real
interest was a nice L. phlaeas female ab. obsoleta and a L.
bellargus male ab. striata. Only one solitary C. minimus showed

%

88 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 18/V/72

up. The following afternoon a quick trip to Westbury White
Horse Hill in Wiltshire was no more enlightening. L. bellargus
and C. minimus were very low and Hamearis lucina L. already
worn.

It remained fine and warm for several days and must now
be high time this early Summer for the trek into the woods and
thence up an overgrown lateral valley commencing from a
bend in the Tamar to a tiny hump of isolated heathland where
some Cow-Wheat supports a colony of Melitaea athalia R. This
is a Cornish Trust Reserve and fortunately in some ways it is
extremely difficult to find. It was as yet only the Sth of June
but both sexes were out with a few indicating by their condition
that they had already enjoyed a week or so of their short lives.
I was alarmed to find that nearly three-quarters of the habitat
had recently been burnt off and only a few pathetic remnants
of the formerly prolific food-plant remained. I estimated that
the butterflies were down in numbers by about five-sixths. A
discouraging situation for another of our critical species. We
have, however, at least one other and larger colony in Devon
not far from Brent Tor and on the 7th of June, after the con-
siderable walk involved, I was treated to the splendid sight of
M. athalia in abundance. This habitat is areally good one and
after some persuasion I am advised that steps will be taken to
protect it, with the co-operation of the Forestry Commission,
while the opportunity remains. Flying with M. athalia were A.
euphrosyne, A. selene, P. malvae and P. aegeria, some of the
latter beginning to approach the true aegeria. Just before
leaving in the late afternoon I saw a beautifully fresh A. selene
male aberration with confluent hind-wing spots and a yard or
two away, partially hidden by some long grasses, one of the
largest Adders I have had the good fortune not to tread upon.

I noticed the first Ochlodes venata B. & G. on the 5th and, as
always, it subsequently became common almost everywhere.

The big Fritillaries have always held a special fascination
for me, and this year their woodland habitat on the left bank
of the River Walkham near Grenofen, untouched for a year or
two, looked more like it used to be way back in the 1930’s when
I was a schoolboy in Tavistock. June had not lived up to its
reputation and had turned dull and cold with only a few sunny
periods from time to time. These butterflies do not appear in
overcast conditions and when I went down to this favoured spot
on the morning of the 9th of June I was surprised to see a
perfect and freshly emerged male Argynnis aglaia L. during a
very brief glimpse of watery sunshine. Two more wet days
followed but the 12th showed a welcome improvement and half
a dozen or so of these splendid creatures were beating up and
down the fringe of the wood settling occasionally to imbibe the
nectar from tall Field Thistles. An unusual sight was a short
but spirited tussle in mid-air between one of them and an
elderly male G. rhamni still bravely on the wing.

A lone Maniola jurtina L. flopped about in the grass at
Grenofen on the 9th of June.

A

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 89

Some very heavy rain then ensued and only a few weak
gleams of sunshine were able to break through the almost
impenetrable cloud until the end of the third week of the
month. There is no doubt that Argynnis adippe L. would have
appeared sooner had the weather been better, but as it was I
did not see the first butterfly until the 25th. From year to year
one cannot tell which of the two species is going to be most
abundant. Last year A. aglaia was really common once again
and very dark and heavily bronzed females similar to the
Hebridean form were to be seen in numbers amongst them
scattered about in the grassy strip between the woods and the
river. This season they were once again extremely scarce with
A. adippe in greater strength. With the heat of true Summer
beginning to break through at last Argynnis paphia L. began to
emerge on the 4th of July and soon the glade was alive with
these three magnificent relatives utterly dwarfing the little A.
selene which had temporarily ceased to come out due to the
weather and was consequently now still fresh and in excellent
numbers.

Despite what has been written by some well-known authors
we have had Limenitis camilla L. in Devon for many years and
there are several thriving colonies as far west as Bovey Tracey,
Stover and the Yarner Wood Nature Reserve. This year it was
late and did not show itself until the 5th of July. Not far away
on Bovey Heath Plebejus argus L. was flying, but the females
had not yet begun to join the males.

By the 5th of July the weather was set fair and it was high
time to drive to the rugged north coast of Devon and Cornwall
between Hartland and Bude to look for that most elusive and
fast disappearing butterfly, Maculinea arion L. One can climb
down the steep, overgrown and often precipitous sides of many
very similar valleys to the streams at their depths which cas-
cade into the sea over the rocky shores, and it is only the
constant if faint hope of seeing a single insect that staves off
exhaustion until four p.m. after which time it no longer flies.
Despite its apparent ability to hang on in very small numbers
it is an infuriatingly fastidious creature, flying only for a few
hours each day and requiring ideal conditions of sun and wind.
Unless one may have the greatest good fortune to see a stray,
despite plenty of Wild Thyme and seemingly ideal surround-
ings, there is nothing for it but to visit the two so-called
“secret” habitats in the National Trust which are patrolled
throughout the flight season by active Wardens to ensure that
not one single specimen is taken. In three whole days of well
nigh perfect conditions, the 5th, 7th and 9th, I had only six
sightings, but I cannot say definitely that this figure is accurate
as the same butterfly might have passed by more than once.
The areas in which they fly are extremely confined and they
have a habit of disappearing before their true identity can be
confirmed. I was fortunate in securing good photographs of a
female with her wings more than half opened and several
undersides. A well-known local entomologist stumbled upon

90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 lo/ VIZ

a pair in cop. shortly after I had left the site and succeeded in
obtaining a number of shots of this very lucky fortuity. It
would be an understatement to say that this butterfly is in
danger of extinction here. As things are it would indeed be a
miracle if it were to survive. A great deal more has to be done
to save it than has so far been put into effect, and so much is
involved, commencing with the rehabilitation of the ant-hosts
having first determined once and for all which species are vital,
that I cannot now believe that it is not already too late. Ad-
verse weather conditions during the month of July next year
could be the end, and in my opinion this would be our greatest
loss since Lycaena dispar dispar H. in 1848.

The first Melanargia galathea L. were noticed at Lydford
in Devon on the 28th of June, and they became common in
many places especially on the rough south-facing slopes of the
north Devon and Cornish coasts. Some Aphantopus hyper-
anthus L. were in evidence in North Devon on the 2nd of July,
and Thymelicus sylvestris P. darted about amongst a few
Eumenis semele L. on the stony tracks and in the moorland
grass beside them.

Maniola tithonus L. ventured forth about the 8th of July
and very soon became abundant wherever there was sufficient
Bramble to support a colony.

July continued sunny and hot and so many butterflies were
on the wing that for the second season running I left too late
my trip to a tiny, secluded habitat near Dorchester where
Strymonidea w-album K. is firmly established. On the late
afternoon of the 16th the sun was already sinking, but several
large Bramble bushes were still bathed in its rays between long
shadows cast by several old Wych Elms nearby and upon the
blossoms sat scores of these rather drab little butterflies. When
disturbed some would fly swiftly up into the trees while others
returned almost at once at could even be picked up between
finger and thumb. They were all more or less ragged and
torn and had obviously been out for a week or more. This was
the first day of our family Summer Holiday and we drove on to
our destination at Studland Bay whence I had planned to make
a few fairly local expeditions while my wife and three sons
enjoyed the swimming and sunbathing. On the 17th I drove
over to Durlston Head at Swanage and walked down into Light-
house Valley. It was full of Thymelicus acteon R. and T.
sylvestris together with several C. minimus which were ex-
amples of a second brood of this species. Up on Ballard Down,
the other side of Swanage, were A. aglaia, M. galathea and M.
tithonus in profusion, aglaia careering about tirelessly and
pausing only occasionally on the thistles. I always find it some-
thing of a relief to get out into the wide open spaces after being
robbed of my blood by the pestilential insect Draculas of the
woods and left with painful lumps on face, neck and hands
which irritate for weeks afterwards.

On the 19th I set off early for Brockenhurst and a day in the
New Forest. Apaturairis L. did not condescend to meet me at

OBSERVATIONS ON BRITISH BUTTERFLIES 91

Whiteparish Woods en route, but as I spent less than half a
hour at this well-known place it would have been something
of a coincidence. I wanted to see A. paphia ab. valezina, and
was not disappointed. It showed up about mid-morning flying
along aride at Ladycross and I saw a second at Park Hill, near
Lyndhurst, during the afternoon. A. paphia and L. camilla
were abundant and my day would have been made if ab.
nigrina had chanced to cross my path, but it did not.

A return to Hod Hill on the 23rd July was rewarded by
Lysandra coridon P. well out and plentiful despite cloudy
conditions with very little sunshine. Several auite striking
underside aberrations were seen.

Having returned home I was glad to able to confirm on
the 30th that my favourite colony of E. semele on the heather-
clad moorland around an old tin mine near St Anne’s Chapel,
Gunnislake, was thriving, and many large and very fine fe-
males were among the healthy population.

I had arranged to meet my friend Mr A. D. A. Russwurm
and his co-collector Mr. H. G. M. Middleton in Westmorland
on the 3rd of August for a couple of days to study Erebia
aethiops E. I left Tavistock early that morning in heavy rain
and with decidedly poor weather prospects ahead to arrive in
the afternoon having driven the 330 odd miles in a great deal
less time than [ had anticipated, the motorway for more than
two-thirds of the distance being the reason for my decidedly
excessive speed. It was still raining and there was nothing for
it but to hope for an improvement the next morning. However
it dawned wet, but by 10 a.m. there was a slowly increasing
brightness in the sky which encouraged some reconnaissance.
By 10.45 a.m. the rain had stopped and — once again con-
trary to what has been written — well before the sun finally
succeeded in breaking through E. aethiops had begun to fly.
The place selected supports a very extensive colony and I
set about taking my short series without need for too much
concern over its welfare. The female is dimorphic, the two
distinctly different grey-blue and ochreous’ undersides
occurring in about equal numbers. Within less than an hour
torrential rain set in again, but the sky cleared by early after-
noon and I was able to see the wonderful setting of this place
and the magnificent view across the estuary northwards to the
Lake District. An interesting race of A. adippe also thrives
here.

My last expedition of the season before being smitten by a
somewhat late-in-life attack of Measles was to Dorking in Sur-
rey on the 13th of August to hunt for Hesperia comma L., and
again rain accompanied this time by gale force winds
hampered my chances of success. However, the rain gave place
to bright sunshine by mid-morning on the 14th, though the
wind continued unabated. The most diligent and energetic
searching on Box and Lodge Hills resulted in seeing no more
than seven specimens all day. None could be found on the
old Pilgrims’ Way and none at Pepper Box Hill near White-
parish on the way home the next day.

92 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/7T2

The Autumn butterflies during an almost continuously fine
and warm September were prolific in some species and un-
commonly scarce in others. By the 20th Vanessa atalanta L.
was in good numbers, especially along the coast between
Bovisand and Heybrook Bay, and Aglais urticae L. was
adundant everywhere. Also in this locality the later brooded
L. phlaeas were now very plentiful and I took a nice female
ab. discoelongata. One large and fresh female Vanessa cardui
L. visited my garden on the 16th, and this was one of no more
than half a dozen seen throughout the whole summer. I
hunted in vain for Colias Croceus F. 1969 was a good “Clouded
Yellow Season” and I counted over three hundred in October
when it became increasingly abundant along the coast near
Plymouth right up until the 21st when the weather broke and
it disappeared at once. In September and October, 1970, I
saw only seven. Despite the weather remaining dry and warm
until early November the season had closed abruptly and in
some respects disappointingly.

Of the species I was unable to observe due either to the
distances involved or the inability to get away at the right time
I have heard encouraging reports, and these include
Thymelicus lineola O. near Salisbury, Leptidea sinapis L. near
Exeter, Strymonidia pruni L. and Thecla betulae L. near
Oxford to mention some, but I would welcome any informa-
tion upon the localities and status of Carterocephalus palae-
mon P. and Coenonympha tullia in England.

Mulberry House, Whitchurh Road, Tavistock, Devon.

Regarding galathea
By CHARLES F. COWAN

I was stationed at extra cover and my best friend was at
square leg. It was my last game of cricket at school at
Newnham, on the outside of the horse-shoe bend of the river
Severn below and west of Gloucester. Suddenly, as a ball was
about to be bowled, a butterfly passed diagonally across the
pitch and I shouted “Marbled White”! The game resumed,
but I was later given a two-fold reprimand, for inattention and
for spreading false reports.

Now that was in July 1926; Melanargia galathea L. had
“never” been known in the neighbourhood, and I had never
seen one before. Yet my friend supported me, and I was
vindicated (in part, at least) in the following year when I heard
that the species was common round that field. It was still
there in 1939, and it is shown as still in the same “square”
(32/61) in 1960, in the fascinating Provisional Atlas published
in 1970. But, sadly, it is not shown in 1971 by A. D. R. Brown
(vol. 83: p. 107).

Why should such changes occur? Is galathea vulnerable?
On what does it feed, and what are its ecological require-
ments? Two grasses are generally listed as its natural food;

REGARDING GALATHEA 93

Phleum pratense and Dactylis glomerata, the former having
been given by Stephens in 1827 and the latter soon afterwards.
Both these are shown in the Atlas of the British Flora to be
distributed abundantly throughout Britain. Yet galathea has
always been restricted, certainly since Edward Newman’s
British Butterflies of 1870, to the chalk and limestone south
of a line Tenby to the Wash, with an outpost in the Yorkshire
Wolds. Moreover, within these bounds it is confined to small
perennial enclaves. In captivity it has been found to eat
“any” kind of grass. Why is it so local?

Its ovipositing habits will bear examination. E. Newman
(1870: 78) quoted the observation of G. C. Bignell of Ply-
mouth: ‘settles indiscriminately on any leaf or stalk that may
be nearest at hand, and drops her eggs at random, careless of
what species of grass may happen to receive it; only one egg
is extruded at a time, [then] the female flies a few inches or
a few feet and repeats the operation”. These observations
were made from watching a number of females, apparently
in the wild. Except by Frohawk, these details do not seem to
have been repeated since, later authors being content
cautiously to say that the eggs “are not attached to anything”’.
However, within the last four years a well illustrated book
with rather sketchy text states: “The females have the
peculiar habit of dropping the eggs quite casually amongst
the grass and herbage as they fly”. This is a very different
method, which must be difficult to observe. Precise details
would be interesting.

In captivity, my female was alternately fluttering and feed-
ing in the sunshine of the afternoon of 17th July 1971, ina
large perspex tank inverted over a black tray with some
grass and flowers. A cloud hid the sun and she settled on a
stem, with wings closed. After 25 seconds she shifted her
legs and, 15 seconds later, with a loud and satisfying ‘“‘click,
click’, an egg bounced on the tray and rolled away. After
another 25+15 seconds of the same routine a second egg
followed, and in all four eggs were dropped from the same
perch with exactly the same procedure before the sun re-
appeared and she resumed fluttering. The instant hardening
of the eggs is a remarkable adaptation; they actually do
bounce. Being above the insect, I was unable to observe the
nature of the slight but definite shift closely, nor the process
of extrusion.

I would not agree that the female drops her eggs either
“casually” or “regardless of where they fall’. Nature is wise,
and “Mother knows best” and I suspect she has a very shrewd
instinct that her seed will fall on suitable ground. There was
certainly a good steamy scent of hay in the tank where my
female laid, an atmosphere which may act as one of her
“releasers’”. The restricted range of the species despite its
ability to live on almost any kind of grass may indicate very
circumspect laying habits.

This method of ovipositing is a specific character. The

94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/72

related M. russiae suwarovius (=japygia) used to be found at
Puszta Peszer in Hungary, and Frohawk & Rothschild (1913,
Entomologist 46: 275-278) observed it, the former giving a
beautiful sketch. Alighting near the tip of a grass blade
which bends over with her weight, the female swings under-
neath sideways by her hinder legs, curls her abdomen up in a
circle and lays on the upperside of the blade between her
feet. As she flies away the blade jerks upright and the eggs
(up to four) remain fixed. Various plants were so used, but
the larvae were found in this case to prefer Poa annua.

The eggs of galathea are adapted for free-laying in that
they are both hard and round. Mine were much more nearly
spherical than in any illustration I have seen of them, with
minute flat faces and two almost imperceptible flat “ends”
(which could have been formed in bouncing). Minute golf
balls were immediately thought of. The Ringlet (A. hyper-
antus L.) also lays free eggs. My two were prolific in the same
tank with galathea. The eggs were easily identifiable, as those
of galathea are at least double the size of any other of our
Satyridae, and chalky white. Those of hyperantus are normal
in size and pale greenish white, and I am not sure that they are
immediately hard, not having observed actual laying. Inci-
dentally, the ‘adhesive’ of several other of our Satyridae is
very weak. In particular my specimens of the Gatekeeper
(M. tithonus L.) and the Meadow Brown (M. jurtina L.), which
all showed a marked preference for laying on the inverted
bowl instead of on the plants of grass provided, used so weak
a fixing agent that the eggs were easily removed with a paint-
brush.

Everything in the garden is not invariably lovely. With
several other males I was attracted to a female galathea on
the sunny afternoon of 13th July 1971, at Ivinghoe Beacon.
About a dozen of us converged on her, then all but me hurried
on. I picked her up. Her feebly agitated wings were fully
grown but still limp, and the tip of her abdomen was pierced
by the beak of a very large immature brown Hemipterid,
which must have caught her very soon after emergence. She
did not recover. The bug changed in captivity to its penulti-
mate instar but then unfortunately died, and has not been
identified.

To complete the record, my female was observed in cop.
on 12th July 1971 and was captured when the pair parted.
Eggs laid on 16th-17th July hatched on 9th-11th August, re-
maining identical in appearance during those 25 days. The
first indication of hatching was a tiny black dot which rapidly
increased in size as the larval head emerged. Half the shell
appeared to be eaten. The larvae were immediately released
onto “grass” (regardless of the species) in the corner of my
garden. The Marbled White is not one of the 21 species seen
flying in my garden during the last six years, nor have I seen
one within a mile of here.

SCOTLAND IN SEPTEMBER 95

Scotland in September
By D. O’K&EEFFE

Few collectors seem to visit the Highlands in September,
probably because most of the species on the wing at that time
of year can be obtained in better condition at the end of
August. However, for those who wish to see and collect
Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. in its native haunts, the trip is
essential. 7

In September 1970 Dick Chatelain and I made the journey,
but were largely unsuccessful due to the very cold weather
conditions we encountered (vide Ent. Record 83:45). On the
evening of September 11th, 1971 I again headed north in
company with Bernard Skinner and Peter Rogers, and we were
fortunate to hit a period of weather as unseasonably warm
as the previous one had been cold.

After an all night drive, we arrived at Struan in the early
morning sunshine, and as it was too early to seek out ac-
commodation we set to work searching and sweeping the bog
myrtle beside the well-known posts on which Lycia lapponaria
Boisd. occurs in the spring. Larvae were scarce, however, and
an hour’s work yielded only a few Acronicta manyanthidis
Esp., Rheumaptera hastata nigrescens Prout, Ceramica pisi
L. and very small Polia hepatica Clerck.

Luckily we obtained accommodation at a farmhouse near
Trinafour, where we received royal treatment throughout our
stay, and. we soon set out our traps on thelapidata ground.
By mid afternoon it had become very warm and the tempera-
ture was high in the seventies when we started to patrol the
rushy ground on the lookout for female lapidata. Just after
5.00 p.m. the first one was taken and in all we took 13 females
up to 5.00 p.m. when the flight ceased. We also kicked up
two males, but unlike the females they do not appear to fly
during the daytime unless disturbed.

The female lapidata did not fly as freely as we had ex-
pected, however, nor was it possible to walk them up, because
when disturbed they feigned death and fell straight down into
the rushes. We found the best way to take them was to
stand still or sit on a rock carefully surveying an area of
rushes; suddenly a lapidata would appear for a few seconds
only, fly a few yards close over the rush heads and settle on
top of one of them, when it was then easy to net. Eulithis
testata L., being very common, was at first quite a pest, but we
soon learned to differentiate the two species in flight; testata
flying much higher and for a greater distance than lapidata,
and appearing much paler on the wing.

As darkness approached, the sky clouded over and it be-
came obvious that the night was going to be warm. We had
carefully sited our static traps among patches of rushes and
were hopeful that these would provide us with the night-
flying male lapidata we still needed. After dark we decided
to search the area where we had been successful in the after-

96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/12

noon. At about 8.00 p.m. the first male lapidata was taken
fluttering up a rush stem, and during the next hour we found
a further 15 in this manner.

The following morning we were surprised to find only one
male lapidata in one of our M.V. traps in spite of it having
been a very good night, the traps containing many hundreds of
moths. In addition to those at Trinafour we also had two traps
installed at Struan, where we also had a big catch, but fith-
out any lapidata although the only specimen taken the pre-
vious year had been at this site.

The remainder of the morning was spent sweeping bog
myrtle with similar results to those of the previous day. After
lunch we beat Salix aurita high up on the hillside above Trina-
four obtaining larvae of Hydriomena ruberata Freyer quite
commonly.

At 3.30 p.m. we again took up stations among the rushes
and succeeded in taking a further 22 female lapidata by 5 p.m.
That evening searching the rushes produced 27 males and four
females. Our best hopes had been exceeded and we were each
able to select a perfect series, releasing those not required.

That night again proved a very good one for light with
many hundreds of moths in the traps at Trinafour and Struan
including 2 male lapidata at Struan. The two successive good
nights enabled us to record an astonishing range of species for
the time of year, the main flight period of many of them
having ended weeks earlier.

Our final afternoon was spent beating juniper at Aviemore
in pouring rain for pupae of Thera juniperata Scotica White
and larvae of Eupithecia intricata millieraria Wnuk. in which
we were successful. We returned early to Trinafour to pack
up our equipment so as to make a prompt start home the
following morning after a highly successful and immensely
enjoyable three days in the Highlands.

Species noted from 12th to 14th September 1971 were: —

Diacrisia sannio L. Larvae on bog myrtle, Struan.

Pheosia gnoma Fabr. 1 at Struan.

Trichiura crataegi L. Fairly common at Trinafour.

Ptilodon capucina L. Larvae on Salix aurita Trinafour.

Loathoe populi L. Larvae on Salix aurita Trinafour.

Trichiura crataegi L. Fairly common at Trinafour.

Macrothylacia rubi L. Larvae at Trinafour.

Acronycta menyanthidis scotica Tutt. A few larvae at Struan
and Trinafour.

Amathes agathina Dup. A few at Trinafour.

Engnorisma depuncta L. Several at Struan and Trinafour.

Amathes castanea Esp. Larvae on bog myrtle, Struan.

Amathes baia D. & Schiff. 1 at Trinafour.

Diarsia dahlii Hiibn. Fairly common at Struan and Trinafour.

D. rubi View. 1 at Trinafour.

Lycophotia porphyria D. & Schiff. Larvae at Struan on
heather

Noctua comes Hiibn. Several at Trinafour.

SCOTLAND IN SEPTEMBER 97

N. pronuba L. Several at Trinafour
N. fimbriata Schr. 1 at Trinafour.
Polia hepatica Clerck. Larvae at Struan on bog myrtle.
Eurois occulta L. One grey 9 at Trinafour.
Lacanobia contigua D. & Schiff. 1 larva at Straun.
Cerapteryx graminis L. A few at Trinafour.
Cleoceris viminalis Fabr. Several at Trinafour.
Blepharita adusta Esp. I larva at Struan.
Apamia monoglypha Hufn. Fairly common at Struan and
Trinafour, mostly black.
Mesapamia secalis L. A few at Trinafour and Struan.
Antitype chiL. A few at Trinafour and Struan.
mainly still fresh
Aporophyla nigra Haw. Common at Trinafour and Struan.

A. lunebergensis Frey. Several at Trinafour and Struan.
Amphipoea lucens Frey. Common at Trinafour
and Struan. | ayes
A. crinanensis Barr. Common at Trinafour and genitalia
Struan. | checked.

A. oculea L. Common at Trinafour and Struan.

Celaena haworthu Curt. Common by day at Trinafour. Less
so to M.V.

C. leucostigma scotica Cock. Common at Trinafour.

Hydrecia micacea Esp. Common at Trinafour and Struan.

Gortyna flavago D. & Schiff. Fairly common at Struan.
Few at Trinafour.

Rhizedra lutosa Hiibn. 1 at Trinafour.

Ceramica pisi L. Larvae at Trinafour and Struan.

Nonogria typhae Thunb. 1 at Trinafour.

Photedes pygmina Haw. Common at Trinafour and Struan.

Stilbia anomala Haw. A few at Trinafour.

Amphipyra tragopoginis Clerck. Fairly common at Trinafour
and Struan.

Parastichtis suspecta Hiibn. A few at Trinafour and Struan.

Agrochola circellaris Hufn. Fairly common at T & S..

A. macilenta Hiibn. Fairly common at T. & S.

A. litura L. Fairly common at T. & S.

A. helvola L. A few at Struan.

Xanthia icteritia Hufn. Fairly common at Struan.

X. togata Esp. Fairly common at Struan.

Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn. Common at T. & S.

Xylena vetusta Hiibn. Common at Trinafour. a few only at
Struan.

E. exsoleta L. 1 at Trinafour.

Plusia chrysitis L. A few at both T. & S.

Autographa gamma L. A few at both T. & S.

Hypena proboscidalis L. Several at Trinafour.

Xanthorrhoe fluctuata L. A few at both T. & S.

Perizoma didymata L. A few at Trinafour

Chesias legatella D. & Schiff. Several at Trinafour.

Eulithis populata L. 1 at Trinafour.

E. testata L. Very common at both T. & S.

Hydriomena furcata Thunb. A few at Trinafour.

98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/72

H. ruberata Frey. Larvae common on Salix aurita at Trinafour.

Rheumaptera hastata nigrescens Prout. A few larvae on bog
myrtle at Trinafour and Struan.

Chloroclysta citrata L. Common at both T. & S.

C.. miata L. Fairly common at both T. & S.

C. siterata Hufn.. Several at both T. & S.

Plemyria rubiginata D. & Schiff. 1 at Trinafour

Coenocalpe lapidata Hiibn. Common at Trinafour, 2 to M.V.
at Struan. (see text).

Thera juniperata scotica White. Larvae and pupae fairly
common on juniper at Aviemore.

T. firmata Hiibn. Several at Trinafour.

Eupithecia nanata angusta Prout. A few at both T. & S.

Eupithecia intricata millieraria Wnuk. Larvae common on juni-
per at Aviemore.

E. indigata Hubn. Larvae on pine at Aviemore.

Ennomos alniaria. Common at Struan.

Epione repandaria Hufn. 1 at Trinafour.

Odontopera bidentata Clerck. A larva on bog myrtle at Struan

Opisthograptis luteolata L \ few at both T. & S.

Cabera exanthemata Scop. Larvae common on sallow.

Bupalis piniaria L. Larvae on pine at Aviemore.

What is Stigmella hodgkinsoni (Stt.)?
(Lep. Nepticulidae)
By S. C. S. BRowNn

In April 1884, J. B. Hodgkinson, of Leyland, near Preston,
Lancs., reared three specimens, two males and a female of a
Nepticulid from mines found the previous autumn on garden
rose. He at first thought that they were centifoliella Zell., but
as he had some doubts, he sent them to Stainton for his
opinion. Stainton had no hesitation in determining that they
were not centifoliella, but a new species. He was so positive
about this that he writes: “The very first glance I had of Mr
Hodgkinson’s specimens satisfied me (as it did also Mr Boyd)
that it was a very different species from centifoliella”’. The
following is his description: ‘““Tuft of the head black. Anterior
wings with the entire basal portion rich golden-brown (with
no tinge of purple before the fascia), fascia placed beyond the
middle, nearly perpendicular. bright pale golden; beyond the
fascia the apical portion is deep purple, with the cilia grey.
There are two specimens exactly alike, which both appear to
be males. The third specimen is a female, which has the basal
portion of the anterior wings paler, more bronzy; the fascia
is more of a silvery lustre, and rather obliquely placed’. In
the autumn of 1884 Hodgkinson found further mines in the
same locality. According to Tutt, Threlfall had bred a Nepti-
culid, which agreed to Stainton’s description, in 1881, from
mines found the previous August at Preston. Meyrick in 1895
considered hodgkinsoni to be a good species, but Tutt, in 1899,
expressed his doubts. His views were shared by W. H. B.

WHAT IS STIGMELLA HODKINSONI STT. ? 99

Fletcher, with whom he had been in correspondence on the
matter. Staudinger and Rebel in 1901 listed it as a distinct
species. E. G. R. Waters in 1924 made a passing reference,
but considered it most likely that hodgkinsoni was the same
species as centifoliella. In 1928 Meyrick put hodgkinsoni as
a synonym. In 1937 Prof. Martin Hering considered them to
be distinct. L. T. Ford, in 1949, lists the two as distinct species,
but says of hodgkinsoni: ‘‘Habits similar to those of N. centi-
foliella; possibly only a form of that species’. By 1957 Prof.
Hering had changed his opinion, for he now considered
hodgkinsoni to be a synonym of centifoliella. In 1969 I paid
a visit to the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) to see if there were
any specimens of hodgkinsoni there. The General Collection
had 8 specimens labelled hodgkinsoni, bred from mines found
at Leyland, Lancs. They came from the Hodgkinson collec-
tion which was sold at Stevens in 1897. There were no hodg-
kinsoni in the Stainton Collection, so it appears that Stainton
did not keep any of the three original specimens he received
from Hodgkinson. In the Bankes Collection were 8 specimens
labelled as bred by Hodgkinson from Leyland, Lancs., circa
1890 from rose. Included in the series were two empty cocoons,
one brown, one black. I was given permission to take three
specimens, two males and one female, out of this collection
for a detailed examination. Firstly, as regards the coloration
of the head: This was blackish-brown, and agreed with Stain-
ton’s description. Taking into consideration that these three
specimens were about 80 years old, and could have become
faded, nevertheless, the colour of the fore-wings did not tally
with either the original description nor with a series of centt-
foliella bred from Portland in my own collection. In centi-
foliella the basal half of the forewing before the fascia is
rather a dull, purplish-brown colour, somewhat heavily scaled.
In hodgkinsoni the basal half is of a shining purplish-brown,
with some silvery scales at the extreme base. In the original
description Stainton emphasises the absence of a purplish
tinge in the colour of the forewings before the fascia. To my
mind, hodgkinsoni has a brighter, more glossy appearance
than centifoliella. I examined the genitalia of the two males,
but I could not detect any difference between those and males
of centifoliella from Portland, nor did they differ from the
figure and descriptien of the genitalia of centifoliella as given
by Brian P. Beirne. Now that interest in the Nepticulids has
revived after an almost total neglect for so many years, it
is to be hoped that mines could be looked for in the original
locality and the problem perhaps solved. My thanks are due
to the Trustees of the British Museum for permission to
examine the three specimens.

References
Stainton, H. T. (1884). Note on a New Nepticula bred from Rose in
Lancashire by Mr Hodgkinson. Ent. mo. Mag., 21: 103.
Hodgkinson, J. B. (1884). A Nepticula New to Science. Ent. 17: 281.

100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/72

Meyrick, E. (1895). Handbook of British Lepidoptera. 719.

Tutt, J. W. (1899). Brit. Lep., I: 183, 269.

Staudinger und Rebel (1901). Catalog der Lepidopteren IL: 224/4353.

Waters, E. G. R. (1924). Tineina in the Oxford District. Ent. Mo.
Mag., 60: 98.

Meyrick, E. (1928). Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera, 856/30.

Hering, Martin, Prof. (1937). Die Blatt-Minen Mittel- und Nord-
Europas, 4: 444/2215.

Beirne, B. P. (1945). The Male Genitalia of the British Stigmellidae
(Nepticulidae) (Lep.) Proc. Royal Irish Academy 05, Section B, 9

Hering, Martin, Prof. (1957). Blattminen von Europa. II: 4395.

Ford, L. T. (1949). A Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. 198/
1312.

Plebejus argus (L) caernensis Thompson. A

Stenoecious Geotype
By RB. L. H. DENNIS

In a recent work on Eumenis semele thyone Th., the writer
pointed out the remarkable parallelism of the distributional
and morpho-reductionalist criteria connecting this sub-species
with P. argus caernensis Th. He explained that any historical
reconstruction of their origin must take into account the
nature of both subspecies, and that certain points were fore-
most in any discussion : —

(i) The remarkable sympatric distribution on the west side
of the Gt. Orme of two totally unrelated sub-species.

(ii) The certified parallelism in their genetic endowment
such as the early emergence and dwarfed nature of both sub-
species.

(iii) The final facet, though not perhaps as remarkable as
previous authors have held it to be, is the unusual environment
of P. argus on limestone slopes, and its adopted foodplant—
Helianthemum nummularium.

This paper is not intended as an all inclusive work on the
subject of this race, but provides a stop-gap covering two
aspects of some importance. The first is a brief account of
the distributional and morpho-criteria of the race, pointing out
some of the changes that have occurred with time in the
colonies; and dealing with aspects of caernensis that would
reflect upon conclusions concerning the origins of both races
dealt with in an earlier account on E. semele thyone Th. These
form topic headings. The second feature of the article, and
one that will re-emerge from time to time in the discussion,
is the correction of misinterpretations and information given
on caernensis.

The Distribution of P. Argus caernensis Th.

The information available to most readers on this subject
is contained in Ford’s ‘Butterflies’. He was provided with
this information by J. A. Thompson, and the latter has of him-

PLEBEJUS ARGUS. (L) CAERNENSIS THOMPSON 10]

self written a short paper on the subject. Yet the data con-
tained in Ford’s volume is surprisingly misleading : —

“P. argus caernensis is to be found at a considerable eleva-
tion on limestone cliffs at several places on the north coast of
Caernarvon” (Ford 1945, 1957, 296).

THE DISTRIBUTION OF P.ARGUS IN THE DULAS VALLEY.

LLANDDULAS |

A.55(T)
My
\
<7 W \

[| ‘DISTRIBUTION OF P.ARGUS.
;

|

/’ | ESCARPMENT FACE.

; Wt WOODLAND.
Y, ROADS. ;

a | URBAN AREAS.

It is in fact only to be found on the Gt. Orme and in the
Dulas Valley at Rhyd-y-Foel. G. Ellis (1949) did report (pre-
sumably from his own records) an occurrence of the race on

102 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V/72

the Creuddyn limestone at Pabo; this however indicates on the
absence of Gloddaeth records, that dispersal from the Gt.
Orme had miraculously avoided the most northerly limestone
ridge on the Creuddyn, that adjacent to the Gt. Orme, or that
the insect had been extinguished there prior to his observa-
tions.

The 1940’s represented an exceptional period in every way.
Comparison of the writer’s records over the past 4 years with
those of G. Ellis and earlier recorders indicates that many
species once seen on the Creuddyn are no longer to be found
there. It is quite possible that in this period P. argus
caernensis spread beyond its markedly limited zone on the
Gt. Orme. Even now in a period of climatic deterioration, the
numbers of the insect are prodigious, to the extent that in
some areas on the Gt. Orme it is difficult to walk without
stepping on them; J. A. Thompson describes them as being in
proliferation in the 1940’s. This means that with every chance
of favourable anemochore dispersal provided by constant
north-westerly winds and gales in June, some of the number
exposed to occasional displacement, and presumably many
must be lost from the colony in this manner, could well have
reached and colonized the Creuddyn Peninsular.

It must, however, be stressed that the Creuddyn Peninsular
is neither a distributional zone for the subspecies, nor its loca-
tion of origin. Constant surveying of the limestone areas
along the N. Wales coast by the writer has shown that it is
absent from the Creuddyn to Prestatyn, but for the important
Rhyd-y-Foel colonies.

Its presence on the limestone slopes at Rhyd-y-Foel (maps
3 and 4 antea pp. 5 and 6 and Fig. 1) is easily explained. In
1952, Thompson mentioned the fact that he and Merchant had
introduced P. argus to the Dulas Valley in 1948. Yet he neither
mentioned the balance of numbers involved nor the loca-
tion of this artificial introduction. (It is of crucial importance
to have this data.) However, the current distribution is con-
tained in fig. 1 (1971), and indicates that the species has now
established three colonies on the east side of the valley, and
that on the western side it has a more continuous spatial
setting, yet its numbers are always low.

It is, of course, of much greater importance to know the
exact confines of the insect’s distribution. This information
has been covered in fig. 1 here, and in fig 1 of the preceding
article on E. semele thyone Th. Yet this information is not
particularly valuable without environmental data.

A remarkable feature of the race on the Gt. Orme is con-
tained in the widespread distribution of H. nummularium—
which is to be found everywhere on the headland but for the
enclosed farmland areas on the summit table area—and the
narrowly defined distributional zone of P. argus on the western
side, with smaller colonies to the south. It is obvious, then,
that the insect does not occupy the total area provided by the
foodplant, and that other factors limit its distribution. It

PLEBEJUS ARGUS (L) CAERNENSIS THOMPSON 103

vertical extent on the headland is equally revealing. In the
quotation given above, E. B. Ford gives the impression that
the species is only found at considerable elevation on the Gt.
Orme. In fact, it is found along the total length of the Marine
drive from 20 ft. above O.D. through the contours to well over
400 ft., and its abundance at these elevations is only affected
by the spatial magnitude of habitats provided for it. It is not
the difference in altitude on the Gt. Orme that controls argus
distribution, but the alterations in topography, and dependent
factors. The actual confinement of the subspecies is contained
within shallow, well-vegetated recesses on the limestone
slopes, below the sheer escarpment faces. On more exposed
slopes bounding the hollows, and on thinly vegetated slopes
towards the summit in the absence of rock outcrops, popula-
tion density is reduced markedly, and finally to zero.

In many ways. similar optimum conditions for the sub-
species appear to present themselves on the east side of the
Gt. Orme, yet the grass cover is generally thinner, and the
only cover provided is bracken and a thick crop of dwarf
furze. On the west side, the subspecies avoids the areas of
furze, where the vegetation is presumably too dense for H.
nummularium; yet it has a strong preference for the path
along which the telegraph poles have been placed, and along
similar stretches where cover is provided in clusters of fern,
rubus ssp., juniper and Cotoneaster, and where the grass is
thicker, and H. nummularium in greater density. During
cloudy weather they become lost within this vegetative
blanket. The restricted colonies at Rhyd-y-Foel are easily ex-
plained in terms of breaks effected by grazing (between
Colonies 2 and 3), thick vegetation (between Colonies 1 and 2),
and at high elevation above the escarpment faces where vege-
tation becomes extremely thin. The colonies in the Dulas
Valley are neither large in areal extent, nor in terms of
population numbers. As the insects, especially the males, are
so evident while resting on the vegetation, it may well be
presumed that insectivorous birds, of which there are many in
the Dulas Valley, select heavily upon the species there. The
differences between the Dulas Valley and Gt. Orme localities
can perhaps be gauged from the alterations in frequency of
certain morphological facets over the past 23 years. In this
way the two populations perhaps act as indicators of different
selective pressures.

It must perhaps be asked how unusual this environment
is for P. argus. Elsewhere in N. Wales it was known on sand-
hills in the Lleyn Peninsular (Abersoch. G. Smith 1949) and on
heathland in Anglesey (Trearddur Bay 1971). The Baron de
Worms (1949) has indicated its eurytopism well enough:—

“In this country Plebejus argus affects large heathy tracts.
mosses in the North, downlands, chalk cliffs, limestone cliffs,
and even sandhills. Of these types of terrain it produces
several local forms and many more abroad”.

Its calcareous environment is then not so unusual. In

104 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 | 15/V/72

Kent, f. cretacea, and in Hampshire a downland population,
both occupy chalk areas. It may well be that P. argus is then
not only eurecious but also euryphagous, and this is adequately
displayed in the lists of foodplants provided for it by many
authorities. One feature is certain, and that is the ability of
the species to occupy totally different environments and to
produce local races. This is explained by the isolation of the
colonies and the adaptability and variability of the species’
gene pool.

The Morphocriteria of the Micro-geographical race caernensis
Th. Samples.

Over the past three years, the writer has exctraceedl a sample
of argus from the Gt. Orme. The method of doing this is con-
tained in the previous article on E. semele thyone Th. The
means for various features were calculated for each annual
sample, and very little variation was obtained between the
individual samples, indicating that the phena were stabilized
over that period.

During the last two weeks in June this year, a sample was
taken from Rhyd-y-Foel Colony 1, perhaps the site of the
artificial introduction in 1948. Also on the 20th July this year,
as a measure of comparison, a sample of P. argus was acquired
from Trearddur Bay near Holyhead, Anglesey; in the following
discussion it must be continually borne in mind that this sample
is the product of a day’s sampling alone, and that this may
well affect the statistical tests. The total area of each colony
was covered by continual transects.

Samples !

Gt. Orme
Rhyd-y-Foel
Trearddur

co Bay

+0 Oy
+0 Oy
enon
SS
eM)
o>
me DO

Lst.
Grassland

Lst.
Grassland
Mica-schist

Heath

Features

The main aspects of the race are well known. The butter-
fly merges earlier than P. argus elsewhere, very often before
E. semele thyone Th., and it is again a dwarfed race.

E. B. Ford has qdeateel that the males are pale blue and
their black marginal borders are much reduced. “The females
are always marked with blue”, and “The orange lunules: are
inconspicuous or absent, never well developed”.

PLEBEJUS ARGUS (L) CAERNENSIS THOMPSON 105

Emergence date.—The race caernensis Th. is often on the
wing in the second week of June, and certainly in full numbers
by the 15th June. Its flight period is often considerably pro-
tracted, and the writer has seen it though in a somewhat piti-
ful condition, in early August (1970). In the Dulas Valley, the
insect emerges slightly later than on the Gt. Orme; for in-
stance this year P. argus was out on the Gt. Orme before the
15th June, and the females were on the wing, though in
smaller numbers on the 18th June. In the Dulas Valley at
Colony 1, on the 17th June, the males were just in the process
of emerging and a single female was noticed by Mr J. Richens
on the 20th June. - Also the flight period comes to an earlier
halt in the Dulas Valley, being at an end on the 17th July.
P. argus at Treaddur is a July butterfly, and is separated
temporally from the race caernensis perhaps in a similar way
that thyone Th. is segregated from nomino-typical semele.

_Size—As measurements here follow the procedure
described in an earlier article on thyone Th., no comparison
can be easily made with figures given by E. B. Ford. The
means of the various populations are given below: —

o
: sl :
S iG = Wing
© = ayes expanse
o £ Ba
oo 27-6 28-8 29-1 min.
ome 26:3 ~ 27-2 27-9 mm.
Various tests were applied and indicvated the following
relationship :
Gt..Orme v Trearddur Bay. 96 xs) 12:54. P<0:01>0-001.
ee: Significant.

Gt. Orme v Rhyd-y- -Foel. Oo x23) 7:0. P<0-1>0-05. Not significant.
Gt. Orme v. Rhyd-y-Foel. 9 9x2) 3:37.. P>0-1. Not significant.
_(The Trearddur female sample was too > small to = a chi

fooe ) "

~ Certainly, the test would indicate that caernensis is
significantly smaller than argus elsewhere, exemplified in this
case by the Trearddur population. Yet it is not separated toa
significant level from its related population in the Dulas
Valley. Though the Rhyd-y-Foel figures are not perhaps large
enough, nor have been collected over several years, yet a
shift in the mean size of this population from typical caernensis
is suggested by the actual figures themselves, and by the
statistical tests; though on the other hand the difference may
be no greater than that controlled by chance.

Markings and coloration.—It is not proposed to give a
detailed analysis of these P. argus populations here; yet cer-
tain distinctive features can well be appreciated. <

It is difficult to express the difference that exists in the

106 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 —15/V/T2

coloration of blue in the males between the caernensis and
Trearddur series, except to confirm this without a subjective
assessment; in the same way it may be added that the black
border certainly appears to be reduced in caernensis speci-
mens.

Some real differences can however actually be expressed
objectively :—

2 9—White/bluish spots on the HW. UP., distal to the black
marginal spots. These range in number from 0-7 in Trearddur
argus. Sometimes they are absent (5/19) and usually 6 or 7
are present (9/19). The important fact is that in caernensis
females, they are usually not to be seen, or are heavily sup-
pressed and hardly noticeable.

2 2—Orange lunules HM. UP., sub-marginal. It was men-
tioned above that E. B. Ford described the absence of the
spots as one of the conspicuous features of the race caernensis.
If indeed this was so in the 1940’s, a marked change has
occurred in the population both on the Gt. Orme and in the
Dulas Valley. The means are given below: —

2 9—Gt. Orme 4:8; Rhyd-y-Foel 4:2; Trearddur Bay 3-05
(the orange lunules of the Trearddur series are a redder
orange).

They indicate to the contrary that the orange lunules are
perhaps a central feature of the race; and this is amply dis-
played in the results given below: —

Gt. Orme v Rhyd-y-Foel 99 ,%2) 7:9. P<0-:05>0.-01.
Gt. Orme v Trearddur 9 9 22) 12:54. P<0-01>0-001.

As the writer would not question J. A. Thompson’s assessment
of the race, nor the information that he supplied to E. B. Ford,
the above can have only one indication. This case exemplifies
the nature of a complete shift in genetic frequencies; one
that is probably related to current selective pressures operat-
ing within the maximum limits of a span of thirty years or so.
It will be of great interest to follow this situation, and to see
whether it is connected to a temporary period of variability
(as those of E. aurinia described by E. B. Ford 1964) or to a
new level of stability, and one of greater permanence.

22 Extension of violet on FW. UP. As a final compari-
son here—though there are additional features that can be
assessed—nominal data of the extension of the blue area on
the FW. UP. of the females can be tabulated in the manner
shown below :—

ty
is)
E =
°
oD >
~ Hy ©
o) H AQ
None 4 ff
Discal confinement ae 11
Discal and marginal zones iy 1
Extensive coverage 6 0

PLEBEJUS ARGUS (L) CAERNENSIS THOMPSON 107

A glance at the figures will reveal an immediate asymmetry
in a comparison of the data sets; but it also indicates that the
amount of blue on UP of caernensis is perhaps not as great as
is often assumed. A corollary of this may be included here.
Whereas the area not covered by blue scales on the caernensis
upperside tends towards a black-brown coloration, the Trear-
ddur equivalent is a more true brown.

Overlap Characteristics, Population Changes and a
Historical Reconstruction

There are two reasons for the above discussion. The first
is to illustrate that the somewhat different habitat of caer-
nensis is not as unusual as some authorities (B. P. Beirne,
1947) have assumed; that its fixation on the limestone head-
land and its choice of foodplant is perhaps well within current
adaptability, negating Beirne’s suggestions of glacial refugium
in N. Wales.

Secondly, the overlap characteristics and population
changes both on the Gt. Orme and in the Dulas Valley experi-
ment, illustrate that not one of the discriminate features
separating caernensis from argus populations is entirely suc-
cessful. A dispersion diagram of the flight period and mor-
phological characteristics would display a marked overlap of
caernensis with the nominotypical populations (even in the
absence of contiguous argus populations). Certainly caer-
nensis may appear somewhat more unusual than other argus
races, but it must be borne in mind that it and ssp. masseyi
(Westmorland) are at the northerly limit of their range in
Britain, and are very likely under more severe selective pres-
sures.

In view of Weichselian geomorphological data briefly given
in the previous article on thyone Th., and in respect of the
thermal limits of P. argus in Britain and Scandinavia (South
of July + 59°F), B. P. Beirne’s suggestion of isolation and
formation of this race on the headland during the Upper Pleni-
glacial is totally unrealistic.

It is more likely that arboreal confinement in one of the
drier periods of the Flandrian (Boreal; Sub-Boreal) forced an
argus population probably existing on the dune areas or
Ericaceae covered boulder clay zones below the Gt. Orme, on
to the limestone Headland, where it was well able to adapt
itself to the hardy foodplant H. nummularium-characteristic
of open places; ecological bounds well within the eurytopism
of the species. It is likely that in this drier period, the Gt.
Orme was desiccated to a greater extent than is at present
usual; even in June (1970/71), the grass takes on a parched
brown appearance. In the Boreal or Sub-Boreal drier climatic
conditions, the insect may have been selected for rapid
ontogeny in the manner described for thyone Th. Yet the
difference cannot be great, since even in the absence of con-
tiguous populations, the marked overlap of characteristics

108 _ ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 18/V/72

with usual argus populations is indicative of the few factors
involved, perhaps a single gene as E. B. Ford suggested.

References

Worms, Baron C. G. M. de. An account of some of the British forms
of P.argus L. Raven Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1949: 28-30.

Ford, E. B. Butterflies. Collins, London, 1957. |

Dennis, R. L. H. E. semele thyone Th. A Microgeographical Race.
Ent. Rec., 84, 1972.

Beirne, B. P. The Origin and History of British Miacrolepitemteres
Trans. Ent. soc., 98, 1947, 275-372..

Why do Craneflies have Long Legs?
By ALAN E. STUBBS

Taxonomically one may regard Craneflies (Tipulidae) as
primitive diptera, but in many respects they are quite advanced
and their wide range of ecological adaptation and abundance
shows them to be a successful group of insects.. But.one of
the oddities about Craneflies is their long legs, surely not a
‘primitive’ character, which seem so cumbersome yet must
have an advantageous role in the life of the adult cranefly.

Craneflies belong to the group of diptera called Nemato-
cera and it may be as well to review the length of legs found
in the various families. Craneflies consist of the large family
Tipulidae, plus the small families Trichoceridae, Anisopidae
and Ptychopteridae, but for the purposes of the main discus-
sion, only Tipulidae are considered, since information is
sparse on the other small families. They are all elongate
insects with relatively long wings, though Anisopidae contains
more robust insects with relatively shorter legs. Among other
Nematocera, the Culicidae (mosquitoes), Cecidomyiidae and
Chironomidae have fairly long legs. In the latter family the
forelegs are often particularly long, suggesting an adaptive
role, but in the small dumpy species, such as Cricotopus
females. the legs are correspondingly shorter. A similar situa-
tion is found in Ceratopogonidae where the squat biting
species have short legs. Simulidae are short dumpy flies with
short legs and broad short wings and Psychodidae fit into a
similar pattern though less robust. The Mycetophilidae are
a very varied group with some species not fitting the above
pattern.

As a gross generalisation the picture emerges that long
legs seem to be found when the insect is elongate and often
the wings are also relatively elongate and narrow.

- In some other groups of diptera, for instance Leptogaster
(Asilidae) and Baccha (Syrphidae), there are elongate insects
without unduly long legs (both examples are capable of hover-
ing flight, unlike the Craneflies), so the Nematocera probably

WHY DO CRANEFLIES HAVE LONG LEGS? 109

have long legs for reasons other than ideal geometric pro-
portions.

One must accept that the length of legs is but one of a
number of integrated factors and, therefore, possibly cannot
be considered in isolation. However, one can at least view
in theory the possible advantages which might be gained.

If one watches a large cranefly in flight the legs are splayed
out like feelers and in its apparently clumsy flight there must
be some advantage in steering itself and avoiding damage
to the wings as it tries to fly and fight (blunder?) its way
through vegetation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that
some species are mainly active at dusk or during the night
so that sensors beyond the wings might be very useful.

The elongate body and aerodynamics of flight might make
it very useful to have long spread legs for balance. ‘The
importance of balance is indicated by the modification of the
hind pair of wings into halters (gyroscopic stabilisers) and in
such a primitive group of diptera, additional balancing aids
may be advantageous. The flight is relatively slow and un-
suited to hovering. Either the flight is direct with little appar-
ent ability to change course, or a bouncing along flight or a
complex highly erratic flight (an up and down dancing flight
is achieved during swarming in some species).

Hemmingsen (1952) who has studied the oviposition of
Tipulids (rarely seen in most species) found that the females
of some Tipula species hold their abdomen vertical as they
bore into the ground tail first, the long legs being necessary
to support the body in this position and assist in raising the
abdomen from the burrow. They cannot manage if one of the
hind legs is missing. This was the fundamental reason for
long legs in his opinion. It may be pointed out, however, that
species which do not adopt this burrowing posture have
equally long legs, e.g. Tipula vernalis Mg., and one must take
account of species such as Tipula pagana Mg. and Limnophila
pulchella Mg., where the male is fully winged and the female
brachypterous. In the latter two species the male has longer
legs than the female, surely an indication of advantage in
flight.

Wesenberg-Lund (in Hemmingsen, op. cit.) had earlier
suggested that long legs enabled Tipulids to hang between
grasses but it would possibly be better to consider their advan-
tage in moving through vegetation since some species crawl
up through vegetation when they emerge and the females
crawl down to lay their eggs—the ease with which harvestmen
(Arachnida: Phalangida) walk through vegetation is a parallel.

Long legs may also be useful in avoiding predators. There
is something very strange about a large cranefly being diffi-
cut to follow with the eye as it flies. The long legs somehow
help delude one as to the location of the body, and this is
carried to the extreme in Dolichopeza albipes Stroem. where
one often only sees six widely spread white tarsi which dis-

110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 la/ Vi i2

tract one’s attention from the rest of the sombre-coloured
insect.

Some craneflies are well camouflaged with mottled wings
folded over the body as they rest on tree trunks. The splayed
legs are often similarly camouflaged with light and dark rings
so a predator may attack the wrong part of the insect even if
the fly is detected. If the insect flies off from a camouflaged
position, the predator is likely to be startled by finding an
insect deceptively larger than it had bargained for, the long
legs helping to ghost a large outline.

Some species bob up and down on their legs (a sort of fast
springy knees bend) at such a speed that the outline of the
insect is blurred. A predator may well miss or have second
thoughts about attacking when it cannot see what manner of
beast is involved. Hemmingsen referred to this behaviour as
a vacuum activity (just to pass the time away) but my own
observations show that bobbing can be instigated by disturb-
ance as one approaches and the action generally stops if one
remains still. Such bobbing is only effective on long legs.

The long legs are relatively easy to grasp by a predator,
and they are fragile and readily break off, an escape mechanism
very reminiscent of lizard tails.

Whilst craneflies are quite frequently found in spiders
webs, one may suppose that a long outstretched leg to be the
part of the fly most likely to engage with the web. Since the
leg is slender, only a small area of the leg will be stuck to the
web relative to the insect’s strength, so there should be a good
chance of breaking free, or only losing a fragile leg if in
greater difficulty.

Some species of cranefly, especially when sitting in camou-
flaged or exposed positions, seem to be excessively sensitive
to sound as one approaches. Presumably the legs or leg
bristles are sensitive to vibration, in which case a broad splay
of sensors would give particularly good reception.

Oldroyd (1964) refers to the habit of some craneflies of
attracting a mate by waving the hind legs whilst hanging by
their fore or fore and middle legs (a mainly tropical habit?).
This, and other types of mating display, is essentially a second-
ary function and cannot be regarded as a primary reason for
long legs.

As disadvantages, one might regard long legs as fragile,
clumsy and of little strength, and whilst there seems to be no
direct parallel in our native British insect fauna, reference
has already been made to the harvestmen which demonstrate
admirably that long legs can be an asset, at least in some
circumstances.

Many of the possible advantages discussed do not apply to
all craneflies because of differences in habit, particularly when
one takes wingless ones into account. There is probably no
single reason for long legs, but distinct advantages must exist
for the group to be so successful.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS lil

REFERENCES
Hemmingsen, A. M. (1952). The oviposition of some cranefly species
(Tipulidae) from different types of locality. Vidensk, Medd. fra
Dansk naturh. Foren., 114: 365-430.
Oldroyd, H., 1964. The Natural History of Flies, London.
91 Clitherow Avenue, London, W.7, 2BL.

Notes and Observations

ARGYNNIS SELENE (D. & Scuirr.): SECOND Broop.—Mr
Bretherton’s note (Ent. Rec., 83: 325) of a wild second brood
specimen of the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary in Sussex on
27th August 1971 reminds me to report a similar occurence.
On 25th August 1971 I also took a specimen of the second brood
of this butterfly, at Harlech in North Wales among the sand
dunes. Unlike Mr Bretherton’s capture, mine is a male, paler
and considerably smaller than any of my normal specimens. It
measures 36 mm. against 40-42 mm. for my first brood speci-
mens of the same sex.—C. I. RuTHERFoRD, Longridge, Maccles-
field Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire. 193.111.1972.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L. IN KENT.—Judging by the number of
reports I have received from various observers, this butterfly
appears to be more numerous this spring than for some years
past. I first noticed the butterfly this year in my garden here
on 15th March, and on 9th April watched another at the edge
of a wood between Hever and Chiddingstone as it was imbibing
from sycamore blossom.—J. M. CaatmMers-Hunt. 10.iv.1972.

POLYGONIA C-ALBUM L. IN FLINTSHIRE, N. WALES.—Mr John
Richens of Abergele has recently taken Polygonia c-album L. in
Flintshire and has permitted me to record the following
observations:

Rhydlydan SJ.33, 135736, 7 miles approximately north of
Moel Famma; (1) Last week in August, one specimen; (2) Early
September, two specimens; (3) Mid-September, four or five
specimens observed.

He has also recorded the species at Abergele, SH.23, 935770.
—R. L. H. Dennis, 93 Abbey Road, Rhos-on-Sea, Colwyn Bay, N.
Wales. 11.iv.1972.

112 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 la/V/tZ

CALOPHASIA LUNULA HuFN. IN HAmMpsHIRE.—On 13th May
1971 I was surprised to detect among the rather sparse gather-
ing of late spring moths in my mercury vapour light trap here,
a fine specimen of Calophasia lunula Hufn. I think that this is
possibly the first record of this insect in Hampshire.—R.
Haywaprbp, 40 Laurel Road, Locks Heath, Hampshire SO3 6QR.

HADENA comPTA D. & Scuirr. IN NortH Norro.ix.—With
reference to the note by Dr De Worms (antea: 79) on the
occurrence of Hadena compta D. & Schiff. in North Norfolk, I
have been remiss in not previously recording the capture of six
specimens at light at Burnham Overy between 25th and 29th
July 1963. I should also have published the capture in Ran-
worth Broad, on 23rd July of the same year, of four specimens
of Xanthorrhoe biriviata Borkh.—DENziL W. FFENNELL, Martyr
Worthy Place, Nr. Winchester, Hants. 10.iv.1972.

PIERIS RAPAE L. LARVAE THROUGHOUT THE WINTER.—The
extraordinary mild winter of 1971-72 has led to the survival of
larvae of this white right through to 20th March. As a result
of using a fairly large number of cabbages (variety “January
King’’) for various feeding purposes, several larva of P. rapae
have been noticed in each of the months December 1971 and
January, February and March 1972. Curiously enough all the
larvae were about the same size—early Sth instar, and ap-
peared to be buried deep inside the cabbages, which came from
various areas of Cambridgeshire.—Brian O. C. GARDINER, 18
Chesterton Hall Crescent, Cambridge. 21.11.1972.

Current Notes

WARWICKSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA SURVEY

During 1957 and 58, in the pages of this and other entomological
journals, the late Trevor Trought appealed for records of Warwickshire
Lepidoptera for a new county list. This remained incomplete at his
death, but the material gathered found an appropriate home in the
County Museum.

With the setting up of the Biological Records Centre’s National Data
Bank and more recently the Warwickshire Trust for Nature Conserva-
tion, a new opportunity has presented itself to continue the Warwick-
shire Lepidoptera Survey in co-ordination with the work of both
podies.

Records for the survey would be gratefully received and fully
acknowledged.

Full details may be obtained from The Recorders (David Brown
& Roger Smith), WLS/RH, c/o The County Museum, Warwick.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (83)

(M. Enfield). Bearsted, 1949 (G. Law). [Chilham, June 16, 1957 (Grove,
Bull. Kent Fld. Cl. 3: 7, may refer to P. affinitatum—C.H.)].

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Near Alkham, 1930 (Morley, 1931).
Wye* (Scott, 1936). Brook; Elmsted (Scott, 1950). Whinless Down, 1933
(E. & Y., 1949). Elham, one, July 4, 1934 (Busbridge, Dairy); one, 1953
(D. G. Marsh).

9. Margate, one on fence, July 17, 1923, in H. G. Gomm coll. (C.-H.).

10. Sevenoaks, July 26, 1919, July 17, 1920 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham,
larva on G. tetrahit, September 19, 1945 (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat.
Hist. Soc., 1954-55: 14).

11. Yalding (V.C.H., 1908). Wateringbury, one (E. Goodwin MS.);
(V.C.H., 1908). Shipborne, one, 1910, in P. A. & D. J. A. Buxton coll.
(C.-H.). Aylesford, five, 1951-54 (G. A. N. Davis). Hoads Wood, ec. 1953
(P. Cue). Sevenoaks Weald, one at mv.l, July 3, 1959, five, June 30-
August 17, 1960 (E. A. Sadler).

12. Ham Street (Scott, 1936). Long Rope, Orlestone, one, July 27, 1951
(C.-H.). Potters Corner (Scott, 1936). Ashford, c. 1953 (P. Cue). Chart-
ham, five (P. B. Wacher). West Ashford, one at light, August 1959, two,
1960, (M. Enfield). Orlestone Woods, July 28, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton).
Willesborough, one, 1957 (M. Singleton).

13. Pembury, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 80). Tunbridge Wells, fairly
common (Knipe, 1916). Goudhurst, common (W. V. D. Bolt, 1961).

14. Knock Wood, seven, c. 1855 (Beale, Diary). Sandhurst, one at
light, 1928 (G. V. Bull). Tenterden, 1960 (C. G. Orpin).

15. Dungeness, July 27, 1956 (R. F. Bretherton); one, July 2, 1968 (R. E.
Scott).

16. Folkestone, four at light, 1951 (A. M. Morley).

VARIATION.—One of my Andrews Wood specimens is referable to ab.
interrupta Boldt (C.-H.).

FIRST RECORD, 1859: Stainton, loc. cit.

P. bifaciata Haworth: unifasciata Haworth: Barred Rivulet.

Native. Chalk downs and rough chalky and sandy fields, waste places,
ete.; on Bartsia odontites.

1. Birch Wood (Stephens, Haust., 3: 300). Lewisham, 1947 (Stainton,
Zoologist, 1915). Lee, 1861 (Fenn., Ent. week. Int., 10: 196). West Wickham,
one (Forbes, Entomologist, 8: 41); one, August 1958 (C.-H.). Forest Hill,
two, 1861 (McLachlan, Ent. week. Int., 10: 102). Eltham, one at light (A.
H. Jones, in Buckell and Prout, Trans. Cy. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1900:
68). Mottingham (C. Fenn, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Beckenham (V.C.H.,
1908). Keston, 1928 (W. A. Cope, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 96).
Sydenham, two larvae, 1934 (Attwood, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc.,
1934-35: 44). Petts Wood, 1947 (E. Evans). Orpington, 1954 (L. W. Siggs);
three larvae on B. odontites, October 5, 1968 (D. O’Keeffe). Sparrow
Common, Crofton, 1965, plenty of larvae on B. odontites, all sizes, October
10, with still more, October 23 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, one, August
8, 1966 (D. R. M. Long).

2. Faversham (H. C. Huggins).

3. Herne Bay, on ragwort flowers, September 1867 (Buckmaster, Ent.
mon. Mag., 4: 133). Whitstable, one, 1935, two, 1937, one, 1949 (P. F.
Harris).

4. Westbere, one, August 3, 1946; Sandwich, a larva on B. odontites,

(84) LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT 15/V7iZ

September 24, 1949, imago emerged August 1951 (C.-H.). Worth, 2 at
m.v.l., August 13, 1969 (T. W. Harman).

5. Westerham (R. C. Edwards). Downe, larva on B. odontites, Sep-
tember 3, 1955; Biggin Hill, larva on B. odontites, 1956 (C.-H.). Chelsfield,
one, August 23, 1951, in A. M. & F. A. Swain coll. (C.-H.).

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Gravesend* (Button, Entomologist, 4: 129,
5 393). Eynsford, not common (S. F. P. Blyth); larvae, 1933 (Wakely,
Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1933-34: 42; idem, Entomologist, 67:
147). Fawkham; Pinden (E. J. Hare). Otford, one flying, July 7, 1956 (A.
A. Allen).

6a. Chattenden (Chaney, 1884-87); in one hour’s search, 60-70 larvae,
October 11, 1890 (Fenn, Diary).

7. Wigmore Wood (Chaney, loc. cit.). Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins).
Boxley, one, 1908, in E. Goodwin coll. (C.-H.). Westwell, larva, Septem-
ber 1945 (E. Scott)

8. Near Dover (Stephens, loc. cit.). Dover (Curtis, Br. Ent., 623);
1849 (Grant, Zoologist, 2583); annually (E. & Y., 1949). Deal* (E. & Y.,
1949). Near Walmer* (Shepherd, Entomologist, 17: 137). Folkestone*
(Ullyett, 1880). Folkestone Warren (Morley, 1931). Alkham, larvae, Sep-
tember 30 1934 (J. H. B. Lowe); imago taken, August 1936, and a good
many larvae taken between 1936 and 1947 (A. M. Morley). Brook, larvae,
1956, 1957 71GP. Cue):

10. Near Westerham* (see First Record).

11. Tunbridge Wells district* (M. M. Phipps and R. H. Rattray in Knipe,
1916). Aylesford, August 4 (1), 7 (1) 1955 (G. A. N. Davis).

12. Ham Street, one at m.v.l., July 1951 (C.-H.). Wye, one August 2
1955 (W. L. Rudland). Ashford Town, 1956, in garden (P.Cue).

14. Sandhurst, bred 1943, 1945 (G. V. Bull).

16. Folkestone Town, one, September 1 1949, one, August 20 1951 (Mor-
ley, Ent. Rec., 64: 171); 9 August 11 1956, 9, August 21 1957, one, August
9 1959 (A. M. Morley). Morley told me he considered these were strays
from the downs (C.-H.).

FIRST RECORD, 1809: Phalaena unifasciata Haw.; “Imago i Aug. syl-
vaticis prope Westerham in Cantio” (Haworth, Lep. Britannica, 2: 335).
This is also the original reference to unifasciata.

[P. blandiata Denis & Schiffermiiller; Pretty Pinion

Questionably Kentish.

This is the Phalaena trigonata of Haworth, 1809, who has: “Imago i Aug.
Sepibus apud Westerham at rassime.” “Exemplarium solum vide” (Lept-
doptera Britannica, 344). Stephens (Haust., 3: 299) has: “Found near West-
erham”; and Curtis (Br. Ent., 623): “Beginning of August, Westerham,
Kent”. It would be interesting to know if Stephen’s and Curtis’s records
were based on Haworth’s sole occurrence, or whether the moth was found
on more than one occasion near Westerham. That Haworth’s example
was blandiata I have no doubt, but I do question its origin since Haworth
gives no clue to this and he was in the habit of accepting alleged Wester-
ham insects from Plasted who was suspect (C.-H.)].

P. albulata Denis & Schiffermuller: Grass Rivulet.

Native. Chalk downs, railway banks, wet meadows, etc.; on Rhinan-
thus crista-galli.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (85)

1. Grove Park, fifteen, June 13, 1885, one, August 30, 1886 (Fenn,
Diary). Lee (V.C.H., 1909). Bexley, abundant, 1900 (L. W. Newman, in
Wool. Surv., 1909); (L. T. Ford); by the Cray, a few, June 5, 1921 (Kidner,
Diary). Petts Wood, 1951 (A. M. & F. A. Swain). Joydens Wood; West
Wickham (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 96). Farningham*, 1954 (A. S.
Wheeler). Orpington, one, 1958 (R. G. Chatelain). Bromley, one, June 6,
1960 (D. R. M. Long).

4. Worth, taken by Mr Solly, June [1905] (R. A. Jackson, Diary,
26.1.1906). Marshes near Deal, four, June 12, 1905 (Stockwell, Diary).
Deal*, seven, June 17, 1906 (Stockwell, Diary). Sandwich, one, June 4,
1911, in F. A. Small coll. (C.-H.); (E. & Y., 1949).

5. Chevening, May 25, 1912, May 16, 24, June 1, 1914 (Gillett, Diary).
Biggin Hill (E. H. Wild); abundant May 17, 1952, and subsequently; full-
grown larvae plentiful in seed-heads of R. crista-galli, July 27, 1971 (C.-H.).

6. Cuxton (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 4: 229). Eynsford (W. A. Cope); (L. T.
Ford); (de Worms, loc. cit... Shoreham (W. A. Cope); (S. F. P. Blyth);
several, May 21, 1933 (Kidner, Diary). Fawkham (E. J. Hare).

6a. Chattenden (Chaney, 1884-87).

7. Hills between Sittingbourne and Maidstone, “‘the fields are full of
E. albulata”’ (1880) (Green, Young Nat., 1 (34): 267). Hollingbourne (H.
C. Huggins). Westwell (Scott, 1936).

8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs, 1870). Folkestone, “swarmed”, 1881
(Tugwell, Entomologist, 14: 215); 1892 (James, Entomologist, 26: 50);
plentiful, June 19, 1910, at the foot of downs (Bell, Ent. Rec., 22: 175); (A.
M. Morley). Dover, 1883 (Coverdale, Entomologist, 16: 220); one, Elms
Vale Bank, June 30, 1903, two, Elm Vale Slopes, June 14, 1905 (Stockwell,
Diary); one, September 2, 1942, one, May 30, 1946 (B. O. C. Gardiner).
Deal*, Ewell Minnis; Whinless Down (E. & Y., 1949). Brook* (C. A. W.
Duffield).

10. Seal Chart, one, June 18, 1887 (Fenn, Diary). Sevenoaks, June 7,
1919 (Gillett, Diary). Brasted (R. M. Prideaux).

11. Wateringbury (V.C.H., 1908). Ightham Mote, (Morgan, Lep, Tun-
bridge Wells Dist.).

12. Lenham (H. C. Huggins).

13. Pembury (see First Record). Goudhurst, two, 1955 (W. V. D. Bolt).
Bidborough (Morgan, Lep. Tunbridge Wells Dist.).

16. Folkestone, one in m.v. trap, June 1, 1952 (A. M. Morley).

First REcoRD, 1859: Pembury, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 81).

P. flavofasciata Thunberg: Sandy Carpet.
Native. Woods, lanesides, railway banks,etc.; on Melandrium album.

1. Lewisham (see First Record) Noted in many parts of this division
since. Recently from: Shooters Hill Golf Course, one, June 11, 1947;
Footscray, one, June 15, 1947 (J. F. Burton). Lewisham, on railway banks
(D. F. Owen). Petts Wood, one, 1948, one, 1950 (E. Evans). Dartford, very
common among campion (B. K. West). Joydens Wood (de Worms, Lond.
Nat., 1956: 95). Well Shave Wood, West Wickham, larvae in seed-heads
of M. album, 1947, imagines reared May 1948; several imagines, June 30,
1954 (C.-H.). Bexley, 1952 (A. Heselden). Abbey Wood, 1953 (A. J.
Showler). Blackheath, fairly rare, at street lamps, 1955 (A. A. Allen).
Orpington, 1955 (L. W. Siggs). Bromley, two, June 16, 1959, one, June 16,
1965, one, August 15, 1966 (D. R. M. Long).

(86) LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT 15/V/1Z

2. Dartford (B. K. West).

3. Bysing Wood (H. C. Huggins). Clangate Wood, Sturry, May 28 (4),
June 1 (4), 2 (1), 3 (1), 1932 (Busbridge, Diary). Ridgeway, July 25, 1933
(A. J. L. Bowes). Broad Oak, several, May 22, 1953 (C.-H.). Eddington,
©, at light, May 26, 1953 (D. G. Marsh, Diary).

4. Ickham, one, c. 1956 (D. G. Marsh). Sandwich Bay, July 24, 1967
(T. W. Harman).

5. Green Street Green, 1898; Farnborough*, 1904 (W. Barnes, in Wool.
Surv., 1909). Farnborough* (de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1956: 95). Westerham
(R. C. Edwards). Downe (de Worms, loc. cit.). Chelsfield, 1950 (A. M.
& F. A. Swain). Andrew’s Wood, Shoreham, July 15, 1956 (C.-H.).

6. Shoreham (Carr, Entomologist, 33: 47). Eynsford (Adkin, Proc. S.
Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1891: 122); (G. V. Bull). Gravesend (H. C.
Huggins). Pinden (E. J. Hare). Farningham Road, one, June 26, 1964;
Eynsford, one, July 14, 1964 (R. G. Chatelain).

6a. Darenth Wood (Leigh, Week. Ent., 2: 134); one, June 6, 1925 (F. T.
Grant). Cobham, June 4, 1915 (F. T. Grant).

7. Faversham; Sittingbourne (H. C. Huggins). Westwell, June 3, 1950
(E. Scott).

8. Folkestone* (Ullyett, 1880). Brook* (C. A. W. Duffield); 1954 (P.
Cue per E. Scott). Wye* (Scott, 1936). Chilham, June 10, 1951 (W. D-
Bowden). Dover, singletons, May 5, 11, 1945 (B. O. C. Gardiner).

9. Margate, common (H. C. Huggins).

10. Brasted, a few in garden (R. M. Prideaux).

11. Tonbridge (Raynor, Entomologist, 6: 74). Wateringbury; Yalding
(V.C.H., 1908). Edenbridge, 1933 (F. D. Greenwood). Sevenoaks Weald,
one, June 21, 1960 (E. A. Sadler).

12. Kennington (Scott, 1936). Chartham (P. B. Wacher). Willes-
borough, two, May 25-30, 1954 (W. L. Rudland); one, 1957 (M. Singleton).
West Ashford, common in an alder wood, May 1960 (M. Enfield).

13. Tunbridge Wells (Knipe, 1916).

14. Sandhurst (G. V. Bull).

16. Near Hythe, common (Morley, 1931). Folkestone, one, June 195i,
one, May 28, 1952 (A. M. Morley).

First REcorRD, 1861: Lewisham (Fenn, Diary).

P. didymata L.: Twin-spot Carpet.

Native. Woods, copses; foodplant unknown. “Locally common”
(V.C.H., 1908); to which I should add that in Kent it is mainly if not
entirely a woodland species, with seemingly a preference for those woods
that contain an abundance of Anemone nemorosa (C.-H.).

1. Dartford Heath (Jenner, Week. Ent., 2: 197). Bostall Wood, 1862;
Shooters Hill Wood, 1862; Eltham, 1864; Courtfield Wood, Erith, very
common. 1884 (Fenn, Lepidoptera Data MS.); “Lee” (C. Fenn, in Wool.
Surv., 1909), may refer. Bexley district, rare (Newman, in Wool. Surv.,
1909). Farnborough* (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley (Carr,
Entomologist, 32: 40, 34: 108); 1911 (Kidner, Diary); (B. K. West). Sidcup,
1910, 1926 (Kidner, Diary). Chislehurst (S. F. P. Blyth). West W-ckham,
very common, 1926 (S. Wakely); 1950 (E. E. J. Trundell); plentiful in Well
Wood, 1948 and since; plentiful very locally in Spring Park, 1970 (C.-H.).

3. Bysing Wood, common (H. C. Huggins). Den Grove, Sturry, 1939-40,
abundant at dusk, July 13, 1941; Broad Oak, 1944 (C.-H.). Oldridge Wood

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CONTENTS

Observations on British Butterflies in 1971. A. P. GAINSFORD
Regarding galathea. CHARLES F. COWAN.
Scotland in September. D. O’KEEFFE

Plebejus argus (L) caernen Thompson. A Stenoecious Geotype
R. LR DENNIS).

Why do Craneflies have long legs? ALAN E. STUBBS

Notes and Observations:

Argynnis selene (D. & Schiff.) Second Brood. C. I.
RUTHERFORD

Polygonia c-album L in Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Polygonia c-album L. in Flintshire, N. Wales. R. L. H.
DENNIS

Calophasia lunula Hufn. In Hampshire. R. HAYWARD

Hadena compta D. & Schiff. in North Norfolk. DENZIL
W. FFENNELL

Pieris rapae L. Larvae throughout the Winter. BRIAN
O. C. GARDINER ..

Current Notes:
Warwickshire Lepidoptera Survey

Lepidoptera of Kent

85
92

95

100

108

111
111

111
112

112

112

112.

(83)

SE PE SE I a aE SY EE a I TS a TT

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June 1972

_ THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
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é AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION
653 Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.£.s.

& with the assistance of

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145

List of Grecian Butterflies: Additional Records
1969-1971
By Joun G. Coutsis, B.A., M.Arch.

\
Stratoniki a i f a Xi Eee
Naussa * ¢:
= a oan =~, PA)
igh Mt Olympus
C —
ea? et ’ a et,
fo! x = Ae
a? . a’ ‘South Pindus “Gg? bist }ahodI Ets

Mts

“OTA ee
° ma: B®
Zachlorou oe sh, As SN, d¢& , Mt Parnassus
Kalavryta © LS Seow. wh, | Mt Parnis
_ ; > | Woe coe Mt Hymet tus
Mt Cheimo ; “ aS _Cape Sounicn

Tripolis

Mt Taygetus

4 ‘4-Aghios Nikolaos
e

@

In 1969 I presented in the Entomologist (102: 264-268) a list
of Grecian butterflies captured by myself in the years 1960-
1969. The records now being listed represent additional
species taken between 1969-1971.

Whenever necessary identifications were either confirmed
or established by an examination of the male genitalia.

I am greatly indebted to Dr. L. G. Higgins for his invaluable
help in matters of identification and nomenclature and to Prof.
B. Kiortsis, of Athens University, for having put at my disposal
the equipment used in preparing, studying and drawing the
genitalia.

PAPILIONIDAE
1. Allancastria cerisyi Godt
April. 300-500 m., Mt Rhoditis, Lesbos island.

146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

2. Archon apollinus Herbst.
April. 300-500 m., Mt Rhoditis, Lesbos island. Com-
mon in olive groves with lush undergrowth.

3. Parnassius apollo L.
July. 1400-1500 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
Locally abundant. A large race, somewhat resembling
sub-species rhodopensis Markovic, but with smaller
red ocelli.

NYMPHALIDAE

4. Brenthis hecate Schiff.
July. 1400-1500 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
Local and scarce; all specimens worn.

SATYRIDAE

5. Hipparchia semele L. ?ssp.
A single male captured June 15th, 1971, at 1350 m. on
Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus. Identified by genitalia
(Fig. la). Dr. Higgins has informed me that he has
in his possession a male from Mt. Chelmos, June 25th,
one from Naussa, Macedonia, July 31st, and one taken
at Tripolis, Peloponnesus, August 27th.
The specimens from the Peloponnesus are relatively
small and dark, with very little orange above, and
they probably represent a definable subspecies.
Males of the superficially quite similar Hipparchia
aristaeus Bon. have been taken by myself at the
following localities and on the following dates: Cape
Sounion, Attica, Central Greece, 24th May; Mt. Hy-
mettus, c. 800 m, Attica, Central Greece, 27th May;
Mt Parnassus, c. 1000 m., Central Greece, 22nd June;
Mt. Parnis, c. 1000 m., Attica, Central Greece, 6th-15th
June. Dr Higgins tells me that he has a male aris-
taeus taken at Tripolis, c. 1000 m., Peloponnesus, June
18th-20th.
The genitalia of male semele from the Peloponnesus
are larger than those of Grecian aristaeus (Fig. 1b),
and have different proportions. In semele the uncus
and falces are relatively heavy and long, and the for-
mer is about equal in length to the valva. In aristaeus
the uncus and falces are relatively weak and short
and the former is decidedly shorter than the valva.
In semele the falces extend downwards and distinctly
outwards; in aristaeus they extend downwards and
slightly outwards. The valva of semele is slightly
longer than that of aristaeus and it has a longer dis-
tal ventral prominence.
The Cretan Hipparchia semele cretica Rebel has a
genitalic structure (Fig. lc) that differs from that of
Peloponnesus semele by its considerably longer uncus
and falces (both approximately 113 times longer),
while the valvae are about equal in size and have a

GRECIAN BUTTERFLIES: ADDITIONAL RECORDS 1969-71 147

a. Hipparchia semele L.
Mt Chelmos, Pelopon-
nesus.

b. Hipparchia aristaeus Bon.
Mt Parnis, Central Greece.

c. Hipparchia semele cretica
Rebel.
Aghios Nicolaos, Crete.

d. Hipparchia pellucida
Fruhst.
Mt Pentadactylos, Cyprus.

All drawings done with
aid of camera lucida and
drawn to same scale.

Fig. 1

similar shape.

The superficially similar Hipparchia pellucida Fruhst.
from Cyprus has somewhat smaller male genitalia
(Fig. 1d) than cretica and the valvae are shaped very
differently, being heavier and broader and lacking the
distal dorsal prominence. Anatomically pellucida
from Cyprus seems to be the most differentiated
species in this group, possessing valvae that seem
unlike those of the other members of the genus
Hipparchia.

148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V1/72

6. Aphantopus hyperantus L.
June. 800 m., Mt Olympus, Northern Greece. Very
local in wet places.

7. Coenonympha leander Esp katarae ssp. nov. (Fig. 2)
July. 1400-1500 m., near Katara Pass, South Pindus
Mts., Central Greece.
Both sexes above similar to Bulgarian specimens of
leander. Both sexes below distinguished from other
known populations of leander by a regular and well
defined white postmedian band on hindwings. Other-
wise similar to Bulgarian specimens.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3) seem to differ slightly from
those of Bulgarian specimens by the somewhat more
steeply domed tegumen.

Male Holotype, female Allotype, four male and one
female Paratypes in author’s collection. Two male
and one female Paratypes in collection of Dr L. G.
Higgins.

LYCAENIDAE
8. Quercusia quercus L.
June, July. 800-1400 m., Mt Parnassus and South
Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
9. Strymonidia w-album Knoch.
July. 1100 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
10. Heodes virgaureae L.
July. 1400 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
11. Heodes ottomanus Lefbr
August. 500 m., Hills north of Stratoniki, Khalkidiki
Peninsula, Northern Greece.
12. Maculinea alcon Schiff.
July. 1400 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece. A
single male captured in 1971; probably a first record
for Greece.
13. Philotes bavius Eversmann
June. 600 m., near Zachlorou, Peloponnesus. Singly;
apparently quite rare.

PLATE VI

Cc d

Fig. 2. Coenonympha leander Esp. katarae ssp. nov.
a. ¢ Holotype, b. 2 Allotype, upperside.
c. ¢ Holotype, d. @ Allotype, underside.

PLATE VII

a. Aricia allous ? montensis Vty. ¢ upperside Mt. Taygetus, Peloponne-
sus, c. 1400 m., 14.vi.

b. Aricia allous ? montens?s Vty. 4 upperside Mt. Taygetus, Peloponne-
sus, c. 1400 m., 14.vi.

c. Aricia allous ? montensis Vty. ¢ underside Mt. Taygetus, Peloponne-
sus, c. 1400 m., 14.vi.

d. Aricia allous ? montensis Vty. y upperside Mt. Taygetus, Pelopenne-
sus, c. 1400 m., 14.vi.

e. Aricia allous ? montensis Vty. Y underside Mt. Taygetus, Pelopenne-
sus, c. 1400 m., 14.vi.

a. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. ¢ upperside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1450 m., 26.vii.

b. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. ¢ upperside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1450 m., 26.vii.

c. Agrodiaetus ripartii Freyer ¢ underside, Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus,
1450 m., 26.vii.

d. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. © upperside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
2000 m., 26.vii.

e. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. 2 underside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
2000 m., 26.vii.

b

Fig. 5

CORRECTED CAPTION FOR PLATE VII, FIG. 5

a. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. ¢ upperside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1450 m., 26.vii.

b. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. $ uvverside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1450 m., 26.vii.

c. Aricia allous aloina Stgr. $ underside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1450 m., 26.vii.

d. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. 2 upperside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
2000 m., 26.vii.

e. Aricia allous alpina Stgr. 2 underside Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
2000 m., 26.vii.

GRECIAN BUTTERFLIES: ADDITIONAL RECORDS 1969-71 149

14. Aricia allous Geyer ?ssp.

A small series of about a dozen males and four fe-
males (Fig. 4) taken near Langadha Pass, c. 1400 m.,
Mt. Taygetus, Peloponnesus, in June, in company with
Aricia agestis Schiff.
Both sexes larger than aegestis (Fig. 6).
Male: length of forewing 14-5-15-0 mm. Wings more
pointed than agestis. Upperside darker brown than
agestis. Black discoidal spot on forewings upperside
less prominent than in agestis. Forewings above
with at least some traces of orange lunules. Hind-
wings above usually with a complete row of orange
lunules. Fringes of forewings above nearly always
with some brown. Wings underside grey-brown but
not quite as brown as second brood agestis. Orange
lunules below almost as large as in agestis and equally
brilliant as those of agestis.
Female: length of forewing 14-5-16-0 mm. Similar
to male but with more rounded wings, a more often
than not complete row of orange lunules above and
a somewhat browner underside.
This population seems to bear a superficial resem-
blance to ssp. montensis Vty.
Specimens of allous taken on Mt. Parnassus (Fig. 6) at
1400-2000 m. together with agestis may be described
as follows:
Both sexes larger than agestis but smaller than Mt.
Taygetus allous.
Male: length of forewing 13:5-14-5 mm. Wings more
pointed than Taygetus allous. Upperside as dark as
agestis but black discoidal spot not as prominent as
in agestis. Forewings above most often without any
traces of orange lunules. Hindwings above usually

- with an incomplete row of small and rather dull
orange lunules. Fringes of forewings upperside nearly
always pure white. Wings underside cold grey with a
faint light brown tinge, orange lunules smaller and
fainter than in both agestis and Taygetus allous.
Female: length of forewings 13:5-15-0 mm. Similar
to male but wings more rounded, upperside most
often with an incomplete row of dull orange lunules
on both fore- and hindwings and underside browner.
This population has been named by Staudinger ssp.
alpina (Hor. Ent. Ross. 22: 305).

15. Cyaniris helena Stgr
May, June. 600-1500 m., Zachlorou, Kalavryta, Mt
Chelmos, Mt Taygetus, Peloponnesus. May be locally
abundant.

16. Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann
June. Mts of Peloponnesus. Confirmed by an ex-
amination of the male genitalia, Discovered as a new

150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI1/72

Western European butterfly in 1971 by R. F. Brether-
ton, L. G. Higgins, C. de Worms, and myself.

HESPERIIDAE

17. Pyrgus alveus Hbn.
July. 1100 m., South Pindus Mts, Central Greece.
Identified by examination of male genitalia (Fig. 8a). A
rather large and dark race. The genitalia of the
superficially similar Pyrgus armoricanus persica
Reverdin (Fig. 8b) are included for comparison.

Fig. 8. a. Pyrgus alveus Hiibn. Right valva. South Pindus Mts., Central
Greece. b. Pyrgus armoricanus persica Reverdin. Right valva. South
Pindus Mts, Central Greece. Both drawn to same scalewith camera lucida

18. Pyrgus sidae Esp.
June, July. 1100-1500 m., South Pindus Mts., Central
Greece. Not very abundant.

In conclusion I should also like to mention that about half
the Agrodiaetus ripartii Freyer captured on Mt Chelmos lack
the white streak on hindwings below (Fig. 7b), while the other
half possess it in various degrees of clearness (Fig. 7c). Series
caught on Taygetus and Parnassus do not exhibit this tendency.
The often sympatric Agrodiaetus admetus Esp. (Fig. 7a) is al-
ways readily distinguishable from the unstreaked riparti by
the presence on the underside of both fore- and hindwings of
faint but definable submarginal brownish lunules.

ec

PLATE VIII

a. Aricia agestis Schiff. $ upperside, Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus, 1400 m.,

24.vii.

b. Aricia agestis Schiff. ¢ upperside Zachlorou, Peloponnesus, 600 m.,
HWA.

c. Aricia agestis Schiff. ¢ underside, Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus, 1400 m.,
24. vii.

d. Aricia agestis Schiff. 2 upperside, Mt. Parnassus, Central Greece,
1800 m., 17.vii.

e. Aricia agestis Schiff. 9 underside, hills north of Stratoniki, Khalkidiki
Peninsula, Northern Greece, 500 m., 2.viii.

a. Agrodiaetus admetus Esp. ¢ underside, Mt. Taygetus, Peloponnesus,

1000 m., 18.vi. ‘
b. Agrodiaetus ripartii Freyer S$ underside, Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus,

1400 m., 24.vii.
c. Agrodiaetus ripartii Freyer ¢ underside, Mt. Chelmos, Peloponnesus,

1400 m., 24.vii.

LEPIDOPTERA PURSUIT 1971 151

REFERENCES

Bretherton, R. F. (1968). More about Greek Butterflies, June 1968. Ent.
Rec., 80: 273-281.

Bretherton, R. F. (1969). Notes on Butterflies (Rhopalocera) in Crete
in June 1969. Ent. Record 81: 296-302

Bretherton, R. F. (1970). Butterflies in Central Greece, June 1970. Ent.
Rec., 82: 277-285.

Bretherton, R. F., Coutsis, J. G., Higgins, L. G. and de Worms, C. M. G.
(1972). Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann: A Lycaenid new to
Greece and Western Europe. Ent Record. 84: 28-32

Coutsis, J. G. (1969). List of Grecian Butterflies. Entomologist, 102:
264-268.

Dacie, J. V. and M. K. annd P. Grammatikos (1970). Butterflies in
Greece, May 1969. Ent. Rec., 82: 54-58.

Fountaine, M. E. (1902). Butterfly Hunting in Greece in 1900. Ent.
Rec., 14: 29-35, 64-67.

Graves, P. P. (1918). Collecting in Athens, Mytilene, Tenedos. Ent.
Record 30: 62-65

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. (1970). A Field Guide to the Butterflies

of Britain and Europe.

de Lattin, G. (1949). Uber die Artfrage in der Hipparchia semele L.
Gruppe. Enton Zeitschrift, Stuttgart, 59: 15-17

Rebel, H. Lepidopteren aus Morea, gesammelt von Herrn Martin Holz
in jahre 1901. Berl. ent. Z., 1902: 83-110; 1903: 243-249; 1905:
291-314.

Rebel, H. Studien tiber die Lepidopterenfauna der Balkanlander: II
Bosnien und die Herzegowina. 1904, Ann. K. K. Nat. Hofmus.
Wien., 19: 97-377; Nachtrag (mit Schawerda, K), 1910, Verh. Ges.
Wien, 60: 19-27.

Rebel, H. Die Lepidopterenfauna Kretas, 1916, Ann. Naturh. Mus. Wien,
30: 66-172; Z. Wien ent! Ver., NachtragJahresbuch 1924: 42-43
1938. Iris 52: 30-36

Rebel, H. Griechische Lepidopteren. Z. oest. ent. Ver., 1934, 19: 55-56,
63-66; 1937, 22: 65-67; 1938, 23: 93-95; 1939, 24: 7-10.

Lepidoptera Pursuit 1971
By Davin Brown

My moth season opened on February 3 with a most unusual
species for such an early date, Eupithecia nanata Hiibn. at rest
on the dining room ceiling! The unusual place and time for
this moth was explained by the presence of some heather which
my mother had brought from Brockenhurst the previous sum-
mer.

My first outing of the year was to nearby Loxley Wood on
the mild evening of 7th February. On searching the hawthorn
shrubs and hedges with a torch Theria rupicaparia D. & Schiff.
was very plentiful plus a single Erannis marginaria Fabr.
Another visit to this wood on the 12th February produced the
Same species with the latter more common and a solitary
Phigalia pilosaria D. & Schiff.

Another local wood at Ryton (more commonly referred to as

152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

Princethorpe Woods) was visited on the 14th February and
although a very strong wind prevailed the two blacklights pro-
duced five species of Macros including 2 Erannis leucophaeria
D. & Schiff., 3 Apocheima hispidaria D. & Schiff and an early
Cerastis rubricosa D. & Schiff. Conditions were excellent at
this same wood on the 19th and I was very busy until my
departure at 10.30 p.m. A. hispidaria was very common as was
P. Pilosaria (Including 10 Melanic). Also 22 E. leucophaearia
turned up with some nice forms.

On March 14 I spotted my first Butterfly of the year here at
Charlecote—Aglais urticae L. A visit to Oakley Wood on the
sunny afternoon of March 20 resulted in the sighting of three
Archiearis parthenias L. Another visit to Ryton Wood with the
Heath traps on March 28 produced 14 different species. Biston
strataria Hufn. and Orthosia munda D. & Schiff. were very
common, together with a single Achlyia flavicornis L. the
latter being common at Oakley Wood on April 4.

I had a nasty experience at Wappenbury Wood on April 6.
While blacklighting I was rather alarmed by the roars and
crashes of some unknown creature approaching rapidly through
the undergrowth. Being on my own I lost little time in gather-
ing my parephenalia to make a rather hurried getaway! This
experience in the darkness did not altogther encourage night
collecting! Although I was to learn later from my friends that
the noises came from munt jac deer.

On April 13 I journeyed over to the Wyre Forest, Worcester-
shire, my quarries being Endromis versicolora L. and Orthosia
miniosa D. & Schiff., but I had no luck although A. parthenias
L. was extremely common and specimens frequently came
down to bask on a bright gravel track and were easily caught.
That night also, blacklighting on the disused railway embank-
ment near Bewdley proved fruitless, but Polyploca ridens Fabr.
and Calostygia multistrigaris Haw. were the best moths. I tried
again for my target moths at the Wyre Forest on the 17th and
18th April but weather conditions were terrible and I aban-
doned my quest. Back in Warwickshire on May 11 blacklighting
in Oakley Wood produced a few Aethalura punctulata D. &
Schiff., Drepana lacertinaria L., Lampropteryx suffumata D. &
Schiff. etc.

On May 22 I set off for the Wyre Forest once more. It was
very pleasing to see Argynnis euphrosyne L. so exceptionally
common. On this occasion I was kindly allowed to run my M.V.
trap from the house where I was staying. The best moths
caught were :—2 Cerura vinula L., 6 Drymonia dodonoea D. &
Schiff., 2 Apatele alni L., 3 Cosymbia porata L. and Lobophora
halterata Hufn. A heath trap placed further in the forest
produced Clostera curtula L. and Notodonta trepida Esp.

On the wet afternoon of May 30 beating the herbage in
Cubbington Wood near Leamington Spa produced Scopula
imutata L., Asthena albulata Hufn., Perizoma affinitata Steph.
and Ectropis extersaria Hiibn. and the searching of tree trunks
found L. halterata extremely plentiful.

LEPIDOPTERA PURSUIT 1971 153

I motored down to Brockenhurrt on 24th June and ran a
heath trap at the top of Hollands Wood in a clearing bordered
by ancient oak and beeches, on every night of my stay. The
following were the best catches:—June 24—4 Cybosia meso-
mella L. and one Boarmia roboraria D. & Schiff., 25th June—
Moma alpium Osbeck, June 26—Sphinx ligustri L., many C.
mesomella L. and Lithosia griseola Hiibn. (ab. flava). 27th
June—1 Bena fagana Fabr., 2 B. roboraria, June 29—2 Stauro-
pus fagiL. June 30—1 S. ligustri, 2 B. roboraria, July 3—1 S.
ligustri L., 1 Lithacodia fasciana L.

At the camp lights throughout my stay B. roboraria and
Semiothisa alternata D. & Schiff. were very common.

Disturbing the heather in the mosses and on the hills at
Rhineland on 25th June produced Chlorissa viridata L., and
numerous common species. In Hollands Wood Argynnis
selene D. & Schiff. was quite abundant as was the day flying
Pseudopanthera macularia L. and solitary specimens of
Epirrhoe rivata Hiibn. and Cidaria fulvata Forst. On the 29th
June I watched Macrothylacia rubi L. dashing wildly about a
heath near Lyndhurst. Attempts to net the mates proved a
little too energetic! The following day however I found large
batches of ova smothered on a wall. The resulting larvae are
now hibernating in bulb fibre at home

A different part of Rhineland was searched on June 30 and
a few hours of thrashing heather produced hundreds of
Diachrisia sannio L. and singles of Hadena contigua D. & Schiff.
and Sterrha muricata Hufn. Dusking at this spot on July 2
produced nothing of note except a freshly emerged female
Deilephila porcellus L. at rest low down on the heather.

I made tracks for home on July 4 and en route called at a
locality in Wiltshire and found Panaxia dominula L.

I was dismayed on a visit to local Tysoe to find the hillside
covered with conifers, not only wiping out a strong colony of
Aphantopus hyperantus L. in which ab. caeca and other nice
forms were fairly frequent not so long ago, but also obscuring a
wonderful panoramic view across this part of Warwickshire.
On July 10 the blacklights in some damp woodland at Hasley
Knob attracted 24 Euphyia unangulata Haw. and a single
Mysticoptera sexalisata Retz.

July 15 found me in Cambridgeshire staying at Swaffam
Prior. Calostygia didymata L. was very common in a nearby
wood at dusk. The Heath trap that night produced 36 species
of macros including S. ligustri, Leucoma salicis L., Sterrha
trigeminata Haw. and Perizoma flavofasciata Thunbg. I was
lucky to be allowed to run my M.V. trap at a local farm. On
July 16 this produced a fine specimen of Lophopteryx cucullina
D. & Schiff.,2 Hadena conspersa D. & Schiff. and 3 H. bicolorata
I visited Chippenham Fen on 17th but as my collecting permit
had not arrived, I was unable to do any collecting there. It was
surprising to find S. ligustri so very common here—in Warwick-
shire it is very rare. I searched the local part of Devil’s Ditch
on the 18th and cannot recall ever seeing Maniola tithonus L.

154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

so plentiful. We had planned to return home on the 19th, but
a blown gasket forced us to stay another night. The M.V.
light on this bonus night attracted over 1000 moths comprising
65 different species including 2 L. salicis, Heliophobus reticulata
Vill., Unca trigemina Werenberg and Lygephila pastinum
Treits. The blacklight was operated on a small piece of marshy
ground by a disused railway embankment. It attracted 45
different species the best being Leucania obsoleta Hiibn. and
Perizoma sagittata Fabr. These catches were adequate com-
pensation for the breakdown.

Back in Warwickshire, the M.V. trap at Oakley Wood on
July 24 produced a perfect specimen of Rhyacia simulans Hufn.,
also Spaelotis ravida D. & Schiff., Laspeyria flexula D. & Schiff.
and Gastropacha quercifolia L.

After over ten years of hard searching for Celastrina
argiolus L. at Charlcote, I was surprised to spot a female of this
species feeding on the bramble blossom provided for the pur-
pose in my wild garden away to the rear of the house. Indeed
this butterfly came into this vicinity in a big way for it was
common and widespread throughout the summer. On July 28 I
was further surprised to find a female Argynnis aglaia L. feed-
ing on the garden Buddliea, this being another new species for
the area. I journeyed over to Crickley, near Cheltenham, on
July 29 and this provided a third surprise, for on this unusually
late date a solitary Parasemia plantaginis L. was found at rest
on a grass stem.

The M.V. trap at Hampton Lucy Wood in Warwickshire that
night produced 2000 moths, including 12 Laothoe populiL., 5 S:
ravida and Apamea ophiogramma Esp.

On August 2 I was in North Wales staying near the village
of Penbontfawr at a lovely isolated farm tucked away in the
hills. The farmer was kindness itself and allowed me to plug
in my M.V. trap each night. Moths were plentiful, but only two
are worth mentioning Lygris prunata L. (August 2) and Plusia
bractea D. & Schiff. (August 4).

I headed south again on August 19 and arrived at Lulworth
shortly before dark, and set off immediately for the downs with
my blacklight and sheet. It was as if there was a sudden
rendezvous of Noctua pronuba L. on the sheet, for it was soon
covered with them. Thirty-three other species were attracted
that night including the local constable. My credentials having
been approved, I stayed on to receive large numbers of Harpyia
furcula Clerck and Selidosema brunnearia ssp. scandinaviaria
Stgr. and a single Lithosia complana L. I operated the black-
light most nights on the downs overlooking the sea, and the
only visitors of note were Stilbia anomala Haw. and Plusia
gracilis Lempke. During sunshine hours, it was pleasing to see
Lysandra coridon Poda and L. bellargus Rott. so plentiful.
Curiously perched on a lamp post in Swanage I found a very
fresh Nonagria typhae Thunb. during the evening of August 22.
On August 26 I travelled east to the New Forest. Blacklight
that evening produced Scopula conjugata Borkh. and

LEPIDOPTERA PURSUIT 1971 155

Lampropteryx otregiata Metcalfe. During this stay Mr L. W.
Siggs kindly received me at Minstead and I was enchanted to
look through his impressive collection and to hear his advice
and experience.

Blacklight that night, August 28, produced Asphalia diluta
D. & Schiff., Drepana cultraria Fabr. and Paradiarsia glareosa
Esp. Sugar had at last produced Catocala promissa D. & Schiff.
The following night was spent at Park Hill near Lyndhurst,
where 5 lbs of sugar only produced a handful of common
species. The blacklights produced a single Orthonama lignata
Hiubn. among 16 other common species. A further 1 lb. of
sugar in Hollands Wood and another blacklight had produced
little or any interest by 2.00 a.m.—a most disappointing night’s
(or morning’s) collecting.

The night of September 1 once again found me in Ryton
Wood where a single Lymantria monacha L. (a rare insect in
Warwickshire) visited the blacklight together with a few
Trichiura crataegi L.

My next trip was to Brindley Heath in Cannock Chase. Con-
ditions were poor on 4th September with a very bright full
moon. Only two moths visited my Heath trap—surprisingly
both were Lithomoia solidaginis Hiibn!

I arrived home on September 5 where I was received by
Mormo maura L. flighting along the garden path in front of me.
It seemed quite unbelieveable that for the third time in suc-
cessive years this species has been there to welcome me after a
late summer’s outing. It is otherwise a very elusive species in
this vicinity. The following morning I spotted the first of a
very few Vanessa atalanta L. that visited the garden this year.

Once again I ran my M.V. trap at Oakley Wood on Septem-
ber 14. About 1500 moths were counted, including S. ravida, 2
Anchoscelis helvola L., 14 Cirrhia gilvago D. & Schiff., 6 Citria
lutea Strom., 35 Cirrhia icteritia Hufn., 4 Gortyna flavago D. &
Schiff., 1 Arenostola pygmina Haw., 10 Catocala nupta L., T.
crataegi, 6 Deuteronomos alniaria L., 4 D. fuscantaria Steph.
and 2 D. erosaria D. & Schiff. The next night the trap at
Hampton Lucy Wood had very similar results, but in addition
were 8 Dryobotodes eremita Fabr.

On September 19, I had an interesting excursion to the
borders of Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire, mainly to locate
Techla betulae L. It was most satisfying to find this insect in
such splendid numbers, especially as I have experienced com-
parative scarcity in my local Warwickshire haunts despite find-
ing it in two new areas recently.

My final outing of the year took me once again to Ryton
Wood on the wet but mild evening of November 26. The
herbage was covered with Operophtera brumata L., Colotois
pennaria, Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. and E. defoliaria Clerck.
The blacklight also produced these species plus half a dozen
Poecilocampa populi L.

Charlecote, Warwickshire.

156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

Mont Ventoux and the Dentelles de Montmirail

1968-1971
By L. McLeop, B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

For the past five years my work as an agricultural ento-
mologist has taken me to southern France for the months
March to October. Three of these visits were spent investigat-
ing various pest problems in the Carpentras region of
Vaucluse. This area is the centre of fruit and vegetable pro-
duction in southern France. All orders of insects were excep-
tionally abundant and hardly a day passed when I wasn’t
busy with a net and camera at some time or other.

In his account of the Trans Alpine Insect Safari 1970,
Thomson (1970) briefly mentioned his visit to Mont Ventoux.
This account prompted me to write up some of my collecting
experiences on Ventoux and in the surrounding area.

My favourite insects are the Rhopalocera to which I de-
voted the majority of my spare time, and I will restrict my
account mainly to this group. However, like many other en-
tomologists, I could not help but stray into the studies of other
insect groups.

To the east of Carpentras lies Mont Ventoux, a mountain
of 6273 ft. (1912 m) which rises abruptly from the Vaucluse
Plateau, the broad Rhone Valley and Carpentras Plain. Ven-
toux lies on the extreme western edge of the Basses Alps and
it was on and around this mountain that I concentrated my
collecting and observing.

No-one can claim to know Provence if he has not looked
down on it from the summit of Mont Ventoux. The panorama
is superb especially on a clear day when it extends over a
quarter of France. If one is lucky one can see the Italian
Frontier (Alpes Maritimes, Dauphine, Savoie), to the Cevennes,
the Lyonnais Mountains and the Pyrenees.

The vegetation ranges from typical mediterranean plants
on the lower slopes to alpine flowers at the summit. On the
flanks of the mountain are forests, the dominant trees of
which are the Green Oak (Quercus ilex L) and the White Oak
Quercus lanuginosa Lamk. Scots Pine Cedar, Beech, Firs and
Larch occur up to 5250 ft.

My favourite collecting grounds were the grassy slopes
just above the “Massif des Cedres” forest on the south facing
side of the mountain. Here, the alpine insect species could be
found together with many of the low altitude species.

The summit of the mountain is covered with limestone
shale and from a distance the mountain appears to be capped
with snow because of the reflection of the sun from the white
stones.

The average difference in temperature between the summit
and the plain is 12 degrees C. The annual rainfall at the
summit is double that of the plain. Between December and
the end of April snow is always present above 4250 ft,

The N 573 road ascends from Bedoin, 1017 ft., to the sum-

MONT VENTOUX AND THE DENTELLES DE MONTIMIRAIL 157

mit 6273 ft., in 14 miles and is well known throughout the
western world for its ardous testing of cyclists in the Tour
de France. It was here that the British cyclist, Simpson died
in 1967.

In 1968 I made my headquarters in a delightful little hotel.
the Auberge du Beffroi, in the village of Caromb. This hotel,
recommended by a friend, turned out to be far beyond ex-
pectations for atmosphere, comfort and cuisine.

After my marriage in 1969, I decided to change from
hotel accommodation to a private house. I moved my base to
Gigondas, a mediaeval village situated on the western edge of
the Dentelles de Montmirail, a range of jagged peaks which
are the western extremities of Mont Ventoux. It was here that
I spent the 1969 and 1970 seasons, living in a “‘Gite de France”
or holiday house, overlooking the plain of the Ouveze River
and backed by the pine forests of the Dentelles.

Being resident in the area from March until October
enabled me to observe and record much of the sequence of
biological events during the majority of the insect season.

The earliest event of interest was the appearance of
Melitaea cinxia L larvae. These could be found feeding on
plantains on the first sunny days of the year, sometimes even
before the earliest butterflies were on the wing. I can only
assume that this species overwinters in the larval stages. On
a quick visit to Gigondas in March 1971, I found the ground
swarming with these full-grown larvae while temperatures
were still cool and only a week after snow had fallen. This was
despite the exceptionally cold winter and heavy snow so
unusual for Provence.

Even in years when winter continued later than usual, e.g.
1970 and 1971, several species of butterfly could be seen on
the wing on the Carpentras Plain and lower slopes of Ven-
toux during the last week of March. Vanessa Cardui L. and
Pieris brassicae L. were usually the first, followed by the
brimstones Gonopteryx cleopatra L. and G. rhamni L.

In April the Southern Comma Polygonia agea Cr. could
also be seen basking on old stone walls where the heat of
the sunlight was trapped. .This comma, unlike P. c-album L.
appears to be an insect of the villages. I have found it common
in both Gigondas and Caromb but have never seen it in open
country. This observation has also been noted by Birkett
(1964). Aglais urticae L. could also be seen on road surfaces,
which retain the warmth of the sun until early evening and are
therefore attractive to this species during the spring.

The orange tips Anthocaris cardamines L. and A. belia
euphenoides Stgr. also appeared during early April.

By mid April many more species had appeared and from
this time until October, butteries were abundant everywhere.

On one occasion I witnessed a butterfly migration in the
area. This was at Sarrians on the 22nd and 23rd April 1970
when V. cardui L. were migrating in a north-easterly direction.
The weather was sunny and hot, 27°C. with little or no wind.
Flight was extremely rapid and at about 6 ft. above the

158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V1/72

ground. A cardui passed me every 15 seconds and they would
be traversing the road on average 5 yards apart.

These migrating cardui were difficult to net because of
their speed and contrasted greatly with the occasional indivi-
dual of the same species feeding on a flower. Perhaps the
latter were of the local population and the migrating indivi-
duals were from Spain or even Africa. When caught, a mi-
grating cardui would, on its release, fly off rapidly in the
same NE direction. Unfortunately the migration was arrested
by the Mistral, a very strong wind characteristic of the Rhone
Valley, and no insects were flying for two days. After this time
the migration had apparently passed.

Each year at about the end of April, fully developed larvae
of the Garden Tiger Moth Arctia caja L. were often to be seen
scurrying across the roads. Many hundreds must be killed
when they “run the gauntlet” of traffic on a well-used road.
This mortality can have little effect on the population which
is sometimes so large that they become pests of many of the
vegetable crops and vines grown in the area. Occasionally
larvae of Pharagmatobia caesarea Goez. could also be found
on the roads but these were much less common.

Another victim of the roads was Brintesia circe Fab. In
this instance it was adult butterflies which suffered because of
their size. Smaller butterflies were swept aside unharmed by
a passing car but I counted as many as thirty circe killed on a
journey of twenty miles when driving at 50 mph. When multi-
plied by the number of vehicles the figure for total killed must
be very high, but again this mortality appears to have little
effect on the huge population.

Even in early May the snow had only just retreated from
the higher slopes of Ventoux. The alpine pastures and rocky
terrain above the forest line were still barren and brown. In
June, Parnassius apollo L. were flying well and larvae could
be found feeding on Sedum. This race ssp. venaissimus Frhst.
is large and the ocelli vivid red, but specimens with orange
ocelli and sometimes lacking one ocellus can occasionally be
taken. This attractive butterfly could also be seen soaring and
gliding on the steep slopes of the ‘“‘Gorges de la Nesque,” a
most magnificent deep river valley remeniscent of the Cheddar
Gorge in Somerset, but much more spectacular. These gorges
are only ten miles from Ventoux and well worth a visit. -

Mont Ventoux was at its best in late June and early July.
Hundreds of flowers decorated the ground and some of the
typically high altitude butterflies were to be seen. eg.
Parnassius apollo L., Papilio alexanor Esp., Melitaea diamina
Lang., Erebia spp., Hipparchia alcyone Schiff., Satyrus actaea
Esp., Satyrus ferula Fab., Minois dryas Scop., Heodes acciphron
gordius Sulz., Coenonympha arcania darwiniana Stdg.

At the end of July when conditions were very dry,
Lycaenidae were attracted to moisture and on one occasion
in 1969 in the Gorges de la Nesque, Lycaena coridon Poda
occurred on every patch of moisture available to them. Even
animal faeces were covered with these butterflies.

MONT VENTOUX AND THE DENTELLES DE MONTIMIRAIL 159

On the slopes above the forest line Aporia crataegi L. oc-
curred every year in their thousands together with several
species of Zygaenidae, These included Zygaena purpuralis
Brunn., Z. scabiosae Esp., Z. lonicerae Schev., Z. transalpina
Esp., Z. filipendulae L., Z. carniolica Scop., Z. lavandulae Esp.,
and Z. trifolit Esp.

Many species of fritillary also abounded here including
Mesoacidalia aglaja L., Fabriciana adippe Schiff. and
Argynnis paphia L. which could all be found feeding on
clumps of the Red Valerian Centranthus ruber L. and Rosebay
Willowherb Epilobium angustifolium L. Lower down the
mountain they fed at flowers of blackberry and some of the
larger thistles. Brenthis daphne Schiff. was also common at
lower altitudes.

Three species of swallowtail occurred on the mountain.
Iphiclides podalirius L., Papilio machaon L., and P. alexanor
Esp. The last named was uncommon but the two former
species were very common, especially podalirius, larvae of
which could be found feeding on apricot and apple foliage in
the cultivated areas of the Carpentras plain.

A large proportion of Melanargia galathea L. occurring on
Ventoux were of the very dark form procida Herbst. In 1970
more than 50% of specimens taken above 4000 ft. were of this
form. On the plain and lower slopes the normal form occurred.

Only twice have I recorded Melanargia occitanica Esp.
Both occasions were in 1968, and perhaps by coincidence the
two localities were both next to old chateaux: those of
Chateauneuf-du-Pape and Le Barroux, the former being slightly
outside the area under consideration but of sufficient interest
to mention here. Although I searched thoroughly during 1969
and 1970, I failed to find a single specimen of this species.

From Malaucene a small road through Beaumont-de-Ven-
toux and Les Valettes brings one to a small valley situated at
the northern side of the mountain. In this valley runs a stream
bordered by large willow trees. Here I was surprised to find a
colony of Vanessa antiopa L., a species usually uncommon in
this area of Provence (Dufay 1965-1966). Again many species
of fritillary were found including Clossiana dia L., and
Euphydryas aurinia provincialis Bsd. Zerinthia rumina
australis Esp. could also be taken on the wooded slopes. In
May, some of the fields bordering the stream were filled with
the flowers of wild narcissus and other meadow plants. Many
Lycaenids and Hesperids were present, also the hawkmoths
Haemorrhagia tityus Poda., H. fuciformis L. and Macro-
glossum stellatarum L.

Only a few yards from our house at Gigondas were the ruins
of an old chateau. In the summer these ruins were floodlit
every night and at weekends only during the remainder of the
year. Two of the lamps were of the mercury vapour type
and these provided convenient moth traps. I kept the grass
trimmed around them and laid cotton sheets for easier cap-
ture of moths. As well as myself there was another who was
also very keen on catching moths. He was an extremely large

160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V1/72

toad, the largest I have ever seen. He arrived each night
without fail to feed on the hundreds of insects attracted to the
light. Perhaps the regular supply of unlimited food without
any effort involved in its capture accounted for his large size.

Also present at the lamps were several praying mantids
Empusa pennata Thun. These were several inches long, very
narrow and possessed feathery antennae (<‘). The mantids
also gorged themselves each night on the abundance of in-
sects. Perhaps they too were originally attracted to the lamps
as were their prey. Mantis religiosa L. was also occassionally
seen.

I will never forget the first occasion my wife and I saw the
Giant Emperor Moth Saturnia pyri Schiff. Two of these moths
were flying around a street lamp in Gigondas. They were so
large that at first we though that they were bats, but we re-
alised their identity after stopping the car. They were too
high to observe properly but the following morning, much to
my wife’s alarm and to my surprise, a large female pyri was
resting on one of my shirts which had been left hanging on
the washing line overnight.

Mont Ventoux and: the Carpentras area are famous in the
entomologist world because J. H. Fabre, the French entomo-
logist, taught biology at the Carpentras High School. The
modern lycée is named after him and not far away in the
village of Serignan, his house and garden where he wrote
his ‘Souvenirs Entomologiques,” are open to the public. The
insect collection on show leaves much to be desired and is
greatly lacking in Lepidoptera, but a visit is well worthwhile.
Fabre was very familiar with Mont Ventoux and its insects. In
fact it is sometimes called “‘Fabre’s Mountain”’’.

Little has changed in the way of life in the small villages
since Fabre’s time. In the heat of the day. most of the
villagers take a siesta after lunch. At this time I usually set
out in a straw hat and shorts, armed with a net and camera.
Cicadas sang incessantly in the trees. Large black Xylocopid
bees buzzed from flower to flower together with large black
and yellow Scoliid wasps. Hornets too, were frequently seen.
These often nest in the small stone cabins dotted among the
vineyards and farms.

On some afternoons when the sun blazed down, even the
butterflies had to take shelter from its heat, and it was best to
return to the coolness of the house or a deckchair in the shade,
to write up notes. Even here the insect life was active. House
flies attracted by a donkey which lived in a neightbour’s
cellar were numerous and very annoying when one dozed for
five minutes. Bright metallic green chafers, Cetonia aurata
L. flew to the vase of flowers on the windowledge. Small black
scorpions could be found curled up under this vase every
morning even though they were always ejected out of the
window when found. On the garden wall, large green lizards
skuttled from stone to stone.

In the early evening, swallows chased each other in circles

MONT VENTOUX AND THE DENTELLES DE MONTIMIRAIL 161

around the house until darkness came. Their place was then
taken by bats who also seemed to enjoy their powers of
flight. The incessant noise of the cicadas during the daytime
was replaced by that of frogs, and glowworms lit up ithe
garden walls.

Provence has a wonderfully unique atmosphere. The
food, the wine, the history, and last but not least the insects
and wild life, make this area of France more than attractive
to me. One can live a peaceful tranquil existence away from
the hustle and bustle of modern life and in a most pleasant
climate. I look forward to returning to the area in 1972 and
adding to my list of species and knowledge of Fabre’s Moun-
tain.

The following 117 butterfly species were taken during 1968-
1971 on and around Mont Ventoux. The list does not con-
stitute all butterfly species known to occur on the mountain.
PAPILIONIDAE Iphiclides podalirius L.
Zerinthia rumina australis
Papilio machaon L. Esp.
papilio alexanor Esp. Parnassius apollo L.

PIERIDAE

Gonopteryx rhamni L. Anthocaris cardamines L.
Gonopteryx cleopatra euro- Euchloe ausonia cramer
paea Vrty. Btl.

Aporia crataegi L.
Colias australis Vrty.
Colias crocea Geoft..
Colias hyale L.
Anthocaris belia
noides Stdgr.

euphe-

LYCAENIDAE

Heodes tityrus tityrus Poda.
Heodes alciphron Rott.
Lycaena phlaeas L. f. elea
Fab.
Lampides boeticus L.
Everes argiades Pall.
Cupido minimus Fuess.
Celastrina argiolus L.
Philotes baton Berg.
Maculinea arion L.
Plebicula amanda Schn.
Plebicula dorylas Schiff.
Plebicula escheri Hueb.
Plebejus argus L.
Cyaniris semiargus Rott.
Polyomatus eros Ochs.
Polyomatus icarus Rott.

Pontia daplidice L..
Pieris napi L.
Pieris rapae L.
Pieris brassicae L.
Leptidea sinapis L.

Lysandra coridon Poda
Lysandra amandus Sch.
Lysandra bellargus Rott.
Lysandra hispana H-Sch.
Agrodiaetus. dolus_ dolus
Hb.
Agrodiatus damon Schiff.
Agrodiatus riparti Frey.
Glaucopsyche alexis Poda.
Aricia allous Gey.
Callophrys rubi L.
Quercusia quercus L.
Nordmannia ilicis Esp.
Nordmannia acaciae Fab.
Nordmannia esculi Hb.
Strymonidia spini Schiff.

162
NYMPHALIDAE

Limenitis reducta Stdg.

Euphydryas aurinia pro-
vincialis Bsd.

Melitaea didyma meridion-
alis Stdg.

Melitaea cinxia L.

Melitaea diamina Lang.

Mellicta deione Gey.

Mellicta parthenoides Kef.

Mellicta athalia Rott.

Clossiana euphrosyne L.

Clossiana dia L.

Brenthis ino Rott.

Brenthis daphne Schiff.

SATYRIDAE

Pararge aegeria aegeria L.

Lasiomatta megaera
megaera L.

Lasiomatta maera L. f.
adrasta Illig.

Lasiomatta petropolitana
Fab.

Melanargia russiae cleanthe
Bsd.

Melanargia galathea gala-
thea L. + f. procida

Melanargia occitanica Esp.

Coenonympha arcania dar-
winiana Stdg.

Coenonympha dorus Esp.

Coenonympha pamphilus L.

Maniola jurtina hispulla
Esp.

Pyronia bathseba pardilloi
Sag.

Pyronia tithonus L.

HESPERIIDAE

Pyrgus fritillarius Poda.

Pyrgus foulquieri Obt.

Pyrgus malvae malvoides E.
& E.

Erynnis tages L.

Gegenes pumilio Hoff.

Carcharodus lavatherae
Esp.

NEMEOBIIDAE

Hamaeris lucina L.

ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84

15/VI/72

Fabriciana adippe Schiff.

+ f. cleodoxa Och.
Mesoacidalia aglaja aglaja
L

Argynnis paphia paphia L.

Fabriciana niobe L.
+f. eris Meig.
Issoria lathonia L.
Vanessa cardui L.
Vanessa atalanta L.
Polygonia egea Cr.
Polygonia c-album L.
Nymphalis antiopa L.
Nymphalis polychloros poly-
chloros L.
Aglais urticae L.

Pyronia cecilia Vall.

Hyponephele lycaon Kuhn.

Satyrus ferula Fab.

Satyrus actaea Esp.

Brintesia circe Fab.

Minois dryas Scop.

Arethusana arethusa den-
tata Stdg.

Hipparchia fagi Scop.

Erebia meolans de Prunn.

Hipparchia alcyone Schiff.

Hipparchia statilinus Hufn.

Hipparchia semele cadmus
Frhst.

Erebia ligea ligea L.

Erebia triaria de Prunn.

Erebia epistygne Hb.

Erebia scipio Bsd.

Erebia montana de Prunn.

Erebia neoridas Bsd.

Carcharodus alceae Esp.

Ochlodes venatus faunus
Turati

Thymelicus sylvestris Poda.

Thymelicus acteon Rott.

Spialia sertorius Hoff.

NOTES ON THE MICROLEPIDOPTERA 163

REFERENCES
Birkett, N. L. (1964). A Continental Holiday 1963. Ent. Rec., 76, p. 126.
Dufay, C. (1965-1966). Contribution a la Connaissance du Peuplement
en Lepidopteres de la Haute Provence. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. de
Lyon.
Thomson, G. (1970). Trans Alpine Insect Safari 1970. Ent. Rec., 82, p.
289.

Notes on the Microlepidoptera

By H. C. Huaerns, F.R.E.S.

THE BURREN PLUMES
I have read with much interest Mr Sadler’s account in the
January and February issues of his party’s Burren trip and of
their lack of success with Platyptilia tesseradactyla Treits. nec
L. and Aciptilia icterodactyla Mann s/sp. phillipsi Huggins. Mr
Sadler suggests that they were too early, from 20th May on-
wards, and this is certainly true as regards icterodactyla.

As regards tesseradactyla, the trouble was almost certainly
the weather. The earliest Burren specimen in my series was
taken on 29th May 1956, and I have seen it earlier. I have
known this moth for well over fifty years, and except by one
method, always found it rather difficult to get except on a
calm warm afternoon, which is a rarity in the Burren in the
last week of May and the first two in June. On such a day, and
also in the early evening, it may be disturbed or occasionally
seen flitting or seated on the flowers of the Antennaria. It is
also in the habit, like many of its genus, of sitting on the
flower-heads after dark, when it may be found with a torch.

P. ochrodactyla Hibn. has this same habit: there was, some
forty years ago, a lot of tansy clumps on the Ludham road at
the back of the old Ferry Hotel at Horning (destroyed by a
bomb in the last war). I often stirred these up hoping for
ochrodactyla without result, but one night in July 1923 I went
there with a torch after dinner, about 10 p.m. and almost every
flower-head had an ochrodactyla, the males just sitting there
and the females with their ovipositors thrust deep into a flower.
I expect road improvements have done away with all the tansy
today.

Tesseradactyla is, or was, commoner locally in the Cooks-
town district of Tyrone, on the eskers than in the Burren,
though at the moment I should not recommend anyone to look
for it there, in Miss Devlin’s constituency !

In 1938 my late friend Tom Greer took me to its locality
near Lissane, on 8th June, the weather being dull, cold and
miserable, we saw none. I suggested we should try again on the
9th which was even more wretched, and took my bee-smoker
with me. We stirred the vegetation and saw nothing; I then
got the smoker going under Greer’s pitying eye, and fetched
out at least 30 in an hour.

164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

Tesseradactyla is widely spread in the Burren, and with a
bee-smoker could, I think, be found anywhere there where the
Antennaria grows. Of course both it and icterodactyla come
to M.V.

Two of my own series, given to me about sixty years ago,
were taken by Kane at Clonbrock and have been kept for that
reason. My old mentor B. A. Bower had half a dozen given him
by Kane from the same place. Clonbrock was quite a good
locality, as a careful study of Kane’s and Mr Baynes’s books
will show, aS many quite scarce Irish insects were taken there
by Kane himself. Praeger, annoyed by the futilities of Dillon
and his gamekeeper, went much too far to the other extreme
in condemning it.

I regret I could not find my way now to the Tyrone locali-
ties as I went in Greer’s car and did not observe the road.

Icterodactyla was first found by the B.M. expedition at the
end of July 1952. I went for it in July 1953 and found it in
mid July in rather poor condition. However, it has a very
long emergence period; 1953 was a very early year in the
Burren and I found my first Calamia tridens Hufn. in very
worn condition on 27th July, and on 3lst July, when boxing
tridens, near Ballyvaughan, I found a very large newly
emerged female icterodactyla sitting on the grass. Further
experience taught me that in a normal year it begins to emerge
about the end of the third week in June; my earliest specimen
is labelled 19th June 1956. If I were going especially for it I
should go in the first week in July, and it is a nice easy thing
to put up at any time of the day in reasonable weather.

I do not think the larva has yet been found in Ireland; I am
certain it feeds on wild thyme, but when I went to find it or the
pupa in early May 1956, I was suffering from a recently dis-
placed cartilage, and after half an hour decided that if I kept
on, it would ruin the whole trip.

The Irish icterodactyla is a distinct sub-species, quite unlike
the southern European one. I dealt with this at length in The
Entomologist’s Gazette, 6: 124-6, and my types are at the
British Museum.

I feel slightly envious of Mr Sadler and his friends in being
able to run about in their cars visiting their M.V. traps: my
own experiences for many years were of padding the hoof with
what equipment I could carry on my back, and when after the
war Ireland had settled down and I had a car, I could not drive
because of a crippled hand, and my son, who acted as my
chauffeur could not get away on holiday when I wished to go.
I am not grumbling, even as late as 1956 I more than once
walked from Ballynalachan to Fanore and back, and doubtless
found a number of things I should have passed by in a car.

IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON FRUITFLIES OF INDIA 165

Identification of Common Fruitflies
(Tephritidae : Diptera) of India

By V. C. KAPoor

Department of Zoology—Entomology, Punjab Agricultural
University, Ludhiana (Punjab).

Fruitflies are of great economic importance. They are
serious pests of vegetables, fruits and ornamental plants. They
lay eggs in living healthy plant tissue and the larvae feed in
the stalks, leaves fruits and flower heads or seeds. In India
fruitfly pests mainly belong to the sub-family Dacinae. A list
of the host plants of Indian fruitflies has already been pub-
lished by the another (1970).

A lot of taxonomic work is being undertaken on these flies
in other countries while in India this group is largely neglected.
Moreover, work relating to the identification of common fruit-
flies is not available at one place. Keeping in mind the needs
of the field workers, easy keys are being provided for separ-
ation of the common species.

Collection

Fruitfly adults can be collected by insect net or by baiting.
These should be immediately pinned and kept in the insect box.
The specimens reared from infested vegetables and fruits
must be kept alive at least for 4 days and fed on 25% honey
from a cotton swab. The freshly emerged adults are soft-
bodied and their wings are folded. They must be given time
to expand their wings, harden their bodies and to develop
colour so that it may be possible to identify them.

The specimens when preserved wet, must be kept in 70%
alcohol. All specimens whether pinned or preserved in alcohol
should carry appropriate label indicating name of the col-
lector, host, locality, date etc.

To study the taxonomic characters more clearly it is always
desirable to take dry specimens. The specimens preserved in
alcohol can be mounted on pins employing the technique of
Sabrosky (1966).

Identification
The identification of the species involve many characters
but here only the important ones are given.
The family characters are presence of lower orbital bristles
(fig. 1) and the subcosta is bent forward at approximately right
angle and fading out before reaching costa (fig. 3).

Important characters used in identification
Head (fig. 1). The bristles are important in taxonomy. Cheeks
broad or narrow. Face with or without brown or black spots
which vary in shape. Antennae short or long; Ist and 2nd seg-

166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI/72

ments usually short, 3rd slightly or distinctly longer than
broad and rounded or pointed apically.

Thorax (fig. 2). Dusty or dustless, with or without pubescence;
here also the bristles are taxonomic characters. The anterior
supra-alar bristle is inconspicuous. It is present on the side of
the dorsum, a little in front of the root of the wings. Spots on
the thorax are also important. A yellow lateral stripe is pre-
sent on either side on the dorsum behind the suture and, some-
times a median one is also present; the scutellum is usually
pale yellow sometimes provided with dark spots.

Abdomen (fig. 4). Dusty or dustless with or without pubes-
cence; cylindrical or petiolated. The tergites may be free or
fused; when free each tergite overlaps the preceding one and
when “fused” (fig. 5) they are united firmly along their
adjacent margins. Third tergite ciliated or non-ciliated. Ovi-
positor short or long (fig. 6).

Wings: Hyaline except the costal margin which may be narrow
or broad, ending between R4+5 and M1-+2 (fig. 3), apically
the costal band may be broadly dilated; sometimes the costal
band is very narrow and ends at or near RI and in this case a
small isolated dark spot usually present covering vein R4+5
at both ends. Anal stripe is narrow, wide, or absent; pale, black,
or brown; extending from the cubital cell to the point of di-
lation of the cell or up to Cu+IA; the apical dilation of the
Cubital cell may also be absent, the wings may be banded or
reticulate i.e. dark ground colour with numerous rounded small
hyaline spots. |

IDENTIFICATION OF COMMON FRUITFLIES OF INDIA 167

A dark pale, brown, or black, narrow stripe may cover the
cross-vein ‘m’ or r+m, also dark spot sometimes present in
between the cell ‘M’ and base of the radial sector.

Dacinae

The fruitflies belonging to the subfamily Dacinae are
serious pests of fruits and vegetables and occur throughout
India. In India this subfamily is represented by three genera,
of which Dacus Fb. is the most important.

The members of this group are medium to large sized;
brown, ferrugineous, pale-yellow, or black. The chaetotaxy is
reduced and the enlarged 2nd basal cell in the wing is im-
portant for separating the species.

Separation of species

(A) Large sized; scutellar bristles 2 or 4; costal band broad and
anal stripe well developed.

(a) Three pairs of lower orbital bristles and one pair of scut-
telar bristles; costal band broadly dialated at the apex;
hind cross-veins thickly margined with brown ...............

cucurbitae (Cocquillett)

(b) Two pairs of lower orbitals and two pairs of scuttelar
bristles; costal band thick nearly of equal thickness
throughout, hind cross veins not margined ..................

tau (Walker)=hageni

(B) Small to medium -sized; scutellar bristles always 2; costal
band narrow or incomplete; anal stripe narrow or absent.

(a) Tergites fused and look like a hemispherical capsule; an-
terior supra-alar bristles absent; oval black spot present
on either side of 3rd tergite .................. ciliatus (Loew)

(b) Tergites free; anterior supra-alars present; oval spots not
present on 3rd tergite.

(1) Costal band narrow, nearly of equal width up to the end;
anal stripe narrow.

(i) Thorax greenish black, also with a yellow middle
stripe; male without cilia on 3rd abdominal tergite; ovi-
positor very lon and thin’ (g.’6) ieee BS

diversus (Coquillett)
(ii) Thorax ferrugineous, without yellow middle stripe;
male with cilia on 3rd abdominal tergite; ovipositor short
ARG P HIE Leee ss, U. YEEY 2 ETN OTe dorsalis (Hendel)

(2) Costal band incomplete with an isolated spot at the end of
the wing; anal stripe absent; pleural region with usual
yellow markings.

(i) Body yellowish-red, facial spots rounded and always
distinctly isolated; in 9, ovipositor red but with black end;
pale yellow band on third tergite ...... zonatus (Saunders)
(ii) Body blackish-brown, facial spots very close to each
other or more or less joined in the middle to form a trans-
verse band; ovipositor red ...............0. correctus (Bezzi)

168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ Vi7 72

Trypetinae

Chaetotaxy complete; wing with dark cross bands or spots,
sometimes with hyaline incisions but never reticulate; 2nd
basal cell small, 6th abdominal tergum shorter than Sth in the
female, scapular bristles present.

Myiopardolis pardalina Bigot and Carpomyia vesuviana
Costa are the most important and common species of this sub-
family. The former is a serious pest of melons, while the latter
is serious pest of ber. These can be easily identified as below.

Cheeks narrow; ocellar bristles absent; no median black
line on thorax; two oval spots, very much approximated to
each other, present posteriorly on scutellum; basal part of
wing from cubital cell to one-third of 2nd costal cell black ......

C. vesuviana

Cheeks broad; ocellar bristles present; median longitudinal
line on thorax present; only one medio-posterior axe-shaped
spot with semi-circular posterior margin on scutellum; Ist
costal cell and basal part of Ist basal cell hyaline ..................

M. pardalina.

Tephritinae

Chaetotaxy complete; wing reticulare; 2nd basal cell small;
6th abdominal tergum as long as the Sth or longer, scapular
bristles usually absent.

In this subfamily one species, Acanthiophilus helianthi
Rossi is widely distributed in India. It is a serious pest of
flower heads of the plants belonging to the family Compositae
especially sunflower and safflowers. This species can be easily
distinguished by the following characters:

Black; 3rd antennal segment pointed at the end; frons
brownish-yellow, about one and a half times as long as broad;
bristles black except yellow occipitals; thorax and abdomen
with grey pubescence; dorso-central bristles just behind suture;
wings hyaline except outer half tending to become reticulate
and with rays apically (more distinct in ©); ovipositor very
long, basal three-fourth part provided with white hairs.

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to Dr O. S. Bindra, Prof. & Head,
Department of Zoology—Entomology for providing the facili-
ties for this study.

References
Kapoor, V. C. 1970. Indian Tephritidae with their recorded hosts.
Oriental Ins., 4 (2): 207-251.
Sabrosky, C. W. 1966. Mounting of Insects from Alcohol. Bull, Ent.
Soc. Am. 12 (3): 349.

Abbreviations

A D—Apical dilation of cell Cu; A L-Axillary lobe; A N—Antenna; A
R—Arista A S—Anal stripe; A S A—Anterior supra-alar bristle; C—

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 169

Costal vein; C B—Costal band; C C 1, C C 2—Costal cells 1, 2; C H—
Cheeks; C I—Cilia; Cu—Cubital cell; Cu+I A—Cubital vein combined
with first anal vein; D C—Dorso-central bristle; E—eye; F CS P—Facial
spot; h—Humeral cross vein; H M—Humeral bristle; H M C—Humeral
callus; I V—Inner vertical bristle; L S—lateral stripe; m—Medial cross
vein; M (1+2; 3+4) Medial veins; M—2nd basal cell; 1 M 2—Discoidal
cell; 2Mz—2nd posterior cell; Ms—8rd posterior cell; m—cu—Medial-
cubitus cross vein; M S—Median stripe; N P C—Notopleural callus; N
P L—Notopleural bristles; O C—Ocelli; O C C—Occipital bristles; O R
I—Inferior orbital or lower orbital bristles; O R S—Superior orbital or
upper orbital bristles; O V—Outer vertical bristles; O V I—Ovipositor;
P RS C—Prescutellar bristles; P S—Praesutural bristle; P S A—Pos-
terior supra-alar bristles; P V T—Postvertical bristles R(1; 2+3; 4+5)
—Radial veins; R—I1st basal cell; Re—Marginal cell; Rs—Submarginal
cell; Rs—1st posterior cell (inside wing); r—m—Radio-medial cross vein;
R S—Radial sector; S C—Subcostal vein; S C P—Scapular bristles; S C
T—Scutellar bristles; S P—Spot; S U T—Suture.

Notes and Observations

BREEDING EUROIS OCCULTA L. THE GREAT BrocapE.—Although
some species which hibernate as larvae are quite easy to breed,
others seem to be difficult and casualties are often heavy.

On the 15th August 1971 Mr R. F. Bretherton gave me 42
ova of that fine moth E. occulta L., the great brocade, from a
female taken in Scotland. These hatched the same day and
began feeding quite freely on sallow and birch. They were
kept indoors in a warm room. Growth however was extremely
slow, except for one larva which grew very rapidly and was
soon many times the size of the others.

On the 6th November this larva pupated, the remainder (38
in all now) still being very small.

By now birch and sallow were almost unobtainable and I
had the choice of allowing them to go into hibernation or of
trying more drastic methods. I, therefore, switched the food
plant to bramble and kept the larvae very close to a radiator
where the temperature was 65° to 70° by day and 55° by night.
They were kept in plastic sandwich boxes, initially 12 to a box
and later 6, the boxes being well lined with tissue changed
daily.

This atmosphere clearly suited the larvae as they began to
grow rapidly, though at very varying rates. There were,
however, occasional casualties.

On the 18th December a moth emerged from the larva
which had pupated on 6th November. A number of other larvae
were now almost full fed and the second and third pupated on
28th and 3lst December respectively.

From then onwards further larvae pupated at intervals of a
few days the last doing so on 27th January 1972, when four
rather sickly larvae were still feeding. All these died during
February.

170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI1/72

Moths emerged from 4th February until the last on 6th
March when I had in all 23 moths from the original 42 eggs,
all are perfect full sized specimens.

All the larvae chose to pupate in folds of tissues, seeming
to prefer this to anything else.

Pupation was therefore spread over a period from 6th
November until 27th January, and emergence from 18th
December until 6th March.—J. A. C. GREENwoop, The Thatches,
Forest Road, Pyrford, Woking, Surrey. 26.iv.1972.

THE INHABITANTS OF OAK APPLES.—To complete my account
of the rearing of insects from oak-apple galls (Ent. Record, 83:
391) I must add that the Chalcid parasites overwintering as
larvae emerged in the last two weeks of March and the first
week of April. They were all of the species Olynx skianeuros
(Ratzeburg) (Eulophidae), 24 females and 19 males.—A. E. LE
Gros, 155 Glenfarg Road, Catford, London SE6 1XW. 15.iv.1972.

BLASTOBASIS DECLORELLA WOLLASTON IN KENT.—The note on
this species by E. S. Bradford (antea: 25) was of special interest
to me as I was engaged in conversations about that species with
Mr S. Wakely at the time the note was published. The main
topics of the conversations were the large increase in the num-
bers of the species at light in my house at Orpington over the
past four years, and the appearance there of only obviously
recently emerged individuals in perfect condition from 25th
November to 15th December 1971. In previous years I had
noted the species in two broods only, viz. in June and July and
in September and October. Mr Wakely told me that he had
received reports that the species is now widespread, that he
had observed it in profusion in reed beds in Norfolk, and that in
his view my November and December 1971 visitors represented
a third brood. It thus appears that in suitable climatic condi-
tions—the autumn of 1971 was propitious in this respect—tthis
almost certainly introduced species can be many-brooded and
that Meyrick’s prediction in his Revised Handbook of British
Lepidoptera that members of this family in addition to B.
lignea Walsingham and Auximobasis normalis Meyrick, has
again proved to be well founded.

I first recorded decolorella from Orpington in 1965. It was
uncommon there at the time, and I doubt whether it occurred
there earlier as it was not among the species contained in my
local collection of the larger micros which came to light, which
Mr Wakely had so kindly named for me a few years earlier.—
F. A. Swain, 17 Ridgeway Crescent, Orpington, Kent. 8.v.1972.

EARLY SPRING BUTTERFLIES, 1972.—On 16th April, a gloriously
sunny day, I saw in the chalkpit at High Down, near Worthing,
the home of Lady Stern, the Small White (Pieris rapae L.), the
Orange Tip (Anthocharis cardamines L.) and the Holly Blue

CURRENT LITERATURE 171

(Celastrina argiolus L.) quite an early date for these species.—
C. G. M. DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 19.iv.1972.

Current Literature

Butterflies of the Australian Region by Bernard d’Abrera
F.R.E.S. Lansdowne Press Pty. Ltd. Large 4to 405 pp.
£15.00 (E. W. Classey Ltd., distributors).

The advances made in colour photography and printing
resulted in the production of many “picture books” of insects,
and although some beautiful insect photography was printed,
many of them were no more than that. One or two were pro-
duced by highly reputable entomologists, and dealt with the
subject of entomology broadly, and so were of great use for
instruction; the others, as I have said, were but picture books.
It caused me some considerable distress that such beautiful
work and the outlay of so much money could be made to in-
clude more detailed systematic work.

In the work under discussion, it seems that the author has
been able to marry the appreciation of beautiful colour work
with scientific usefulness, greatly to the advantage of scientific
entomology.

He commences with a short foreword in which he explains
the absence of keys by pointing out that these would confuse
the non-scientific reader, and would render the work prolix,
while the coloured figures would give detail to the scientific
reader to enable him to identify material with reasonable
certainty. He also points out that species of which no suitable
specimen could be found for photographic purposes are com-
pared with a closely allied species to assist in identification.

In his acknowledgements he gives full credit to those who
have assisted him, in both senior and junior capacities, in his
preparatory work of research and photography. He points
out that where they have been suitable for photography, type
specimens have. been selected for illustration. These are
marked with a red dot for types, and the customary yellow
ring for paratypes.

A page of “Some Notes for the Guidance of the Reader”
explains the general layout pattern of the text ,and explains
abreviations used. The various sub-regions composing ‘the
Australian Region” are also explained clearly in very few
words: with maps of Australia, and of the Pacific Isles con-
cerned in the area, to illustrate the point. There follows a
survey of the butterfly’s place in nature, explaining the differ-
ences between butterflies and moths. The structure of the
imago, its diet, respiration, circulation, venation, senses and
habits, metamorphosis are all shortly mentioned. Two pages
are then devoted to mimicry and protective resemblance,
another to variation, and another to nomenclature; in this
the author stresses the advantage of using scientific names

172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 LS/VI-AT2

and explains their structure and universal application (in
spite of periodical necessary changes).

In explaining classification, the author divides the Lepi-
doptera into the three super-families of Hesperioidea,
Rhopalocera and Heterocera, and points out that the present
work deals only with the Rhopalocera.

There follows an interesting account of the study of
Australian entomology, with portraits of several entomologists
concerned in its development, and notes on their personal
efforts. A glossary of terms used completes the introductory
section, which is illustrated throughout by colour and half tone
photographs appropriate to the pages on which they appear.

The systematic text of the book now commences, each
family is introduced by a note giving details of its main
features, faced usually by a greatly enlarged photograph of
a more or less typical species of that family. The following
pages deal with the genera, species at the side of the relative
illustrations. The illustrations are laid out in the manner
of a collection. The bare relative details are given, the idea
being that the marvellous illustrations should supply the
description. Where possible, the upper and undersides of
both male and female are shown. Sometimes, coloured photo-
graphs of early stages also accompany the imagines. ‘This
laying out of the figures in the manner of a collection, and
not in crowded “plates” renders comparison with specimens
very much easier and more Satisfactory.

After the main text, five pages of selected bibliography, a
page of corrigenda, and an index conclude the book. The
author is to be congratulated on the skill and patience used
in the preparation of the photographs, and this has been
backed up by the makers of the colour sets and the printers
who have brought them into being in the book. The produc-
tion team is mentioned on the fly leaf, and the highest con-
gratulations are due to all concerned. .

The book is printed on art paper and bound in cloth
boards with gilt lettering on the spine, and will make a hand-
some addition to the collections of all lovers of beautiful
books, and a very important addition to the bookshelves of
those, amateur or professional, interested in the butterflies
of the South Pacific. In these days of air travel, the book
will also be a pleasant reminder to those interested in natural
history, who have visited the area——S.N.A.J.

Australian Butterflies by Charles MecCubbin, large 4to,
xxx +206 pp. Nelson (E. W. Classey Ltd., Distributors)
£12.50.

In a foreword the Rt. Hon. Sir Robert Menzies gives a
short account of the McCubbin family and its history of com-
bining their painting with various aspects of nature.

After a list of contents, the acknowledements show this
book to be practically exclusively an Australian effort. In his
preface, the author explains certain matters of arrangement of

CURRENT LITERATURE 173

species and. genera, some of which may seem out of
place in the book. These were delayed owing to his not having
the material for drawing at a time when the other material was
ready for printing, and were added as soon as they could be
completed. He also explains the difficulties experienced in
identifying food plants before they were in flower or fruit,
pointing out that he has illustrated these plants as he found
them, which should help the reader to obviate some of the
difficultties which he himself had experienced.

In his Introduction, the author has gone to some trouble to
explain the origin of nomenclature, and the great advantage of
adhering to the scientific names rather than using vernacular
names. He then explains in outline the division of insects into
orders, families and species. After explaining the various
kinds of Type specimens, a view of the Insect World occupies
two pages, their main characters being mentioned, with a line
drawing of a representative of each order mentioned.

The division of the Lepidoptera is then explained, followed
by an outline of the structure of insects, working up to the
butterflies whose wing venation is explained. Life history
follows, and finally notes on collecting, and anybody contem-
plating an expedition to collect Australian butterflies would
do well to read these notes carefully Killing, relaxing, setting
and storing complete the Introduction with a page of illustra-
tions of net making, storage papers, and setting.

The main treatise follows, lavishly illustrated by the
author’s beautiful drawings of the insects, embellished in many
cases by equally fine drawings of their food plant and a back-
ground of entrancing sketches of various aspects of Australian
life in the particular district favoured by the insect under dis-
cussion. On the plates, each insect is named, with the number
of the page on which it is described added.

The text deals systematically with the family, noting its
main characters, then dealing similarly with each sub-family
and the genera in each follow with descriptions of the species,
and sub-species where they exist, and their distribution and
habits. All the species known from Australia and Tasmania
are included, and with the exceptions mentioned earlier, they
are arranged working down from the most highly specialised
to the most primitive.

After the species have been treated, there is a double page
map of Australia followed by a list of localities mentioned with
a grid reference to each. Fourteen pages of bibliography
follow and finally there are indices of butterflies and of plants.

The book is printed on art paper and bound in strong buck-
ram with gilt lettering on the spine. The type is good and clear,
and in the treatise, the descriptive matter is printed in two
columns, thus avoiding the subject of my only adverse criticism:
the long lines of the Introduction pages are not easy to read
without the use of a straight edge.

To any book lover this book would make a very desirable

174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/V1/72

addition to his library, but to the collector of Australian
butterflies it is indispensible, the information supplied together
with the foodplant drawings surpassing anything else available
to him. The artistic presentation must appeal to everyone. The
artist has taken no liberties with nature, and if his model were
chipped, those chips appear in his drawing, without any guess-
ing as to the nature of the missing parts, and the colour work
has been excellently reproduced by the printers.—S.N.A.J.

The appearance of these two books at the same time might
prompt one to ask why such a thing should happen, but on
further consideration one is impressed by their differences in
the handling of the subject. The texts of both are scientifically
accurate, but I would liken The Butterflies of the Australian
Region to a more easily transported museum collection for the
identification and study of the species, while Australian Butter-
flies is more for the field collector; it is of course not portable
on his expedtions, but is most useful both before setting out
and on returning home from an expedition. The inclusion of
the Hesperioidea gives it an advantage over the Australian
Region book, but their inclusion for a so much wider area
would have enlarged that book to unwieldy proportions.
Ideally, I would suggest both books, but even in these affluent
days, the cost might be considered too much, so failing this, to
the collector I would recommend Butterflies of the Australian
Region, and to the field worker Australian Butterflies, but I do
repeat both if at all possible —S.N.A.J.

The Desert Locust by Stanley Bacon, xiv+228+16 pl. Eyre
Methuen, London, £3.50.

The author of this book is a journalist with a strong interest
in entomology who has been working with F.A.O. He has
written in a way that should interest both the student and the
intelligent layman.

His first chapter follows the desert locust through history
from biblical days, with even earlier mentions, up to the pre-
sent day. Chapter 2 cites the desert locust as an international
enemy. The life cycle is dealt with in chapter 3 and chapter 4
deals with the strange “phase change” when the insect changes
from a Solitary life to a gregarious one. From then on, the
author describes his journey through the Sahara area to make
a survey of the locust population, a difficult matter in its
solitary phase. His experiences in various parts of this journey
are written up vividly and he carries the reader’s interest
wherever he goes. The final chapters deal with “The
Future” and “Methods and Morals” discuss the advantages
and disadvantages of various control methods.

The main illustrations are photographic, with distribution
maps and maps showing migration patterns. The book is
printed on good paper and bound in cloth boards.

Whereas the scientific accounts of locust control projects

OBITUARY 175

are obviously works of reference, I take it that the present
book is for reading by those interested in the subject though
not actually working on locust control. It must, however,
prove to be of great interest also to the more scientific, if only
to feel how the less scientific feel towards the matter. I say
again, it is a most interesting book to read.—S.N.A.J.

Obituary

Colonel H. G. T. Rossel, known to his many friends as Chris,
died at Fowey on 10th December, 1971, after a year of in-
creasingly poor health. He was 77. Educated at Felsted and
Sandhurst, he was commissioned into the Indian Army in 1915,
and served in Mesopotamia during the first world war. Between
the wars he spent much of his time on Departmental work on
the North West Frontier, and at the beginning of the second
war he raised and trained a battalion of Engineers in Ceylon,
later serving throughout the war in Burma. He was mentioned
in Despatches in both wars. After being invalided out of the
service in 1946. he came to live in Cornwall, at Bodinnick,
where his charming house overlooked the estuary of the river
Fowey. Many a good moth took this route into England, and
his most noteworthy capture was the only specimen of Perigea
conducta, a North African Noctuid, ever to have been recorded
in Britain. Other visitors to the mercury vapour lamp at
Bodinnick were H. celerio, U. pulchella, L. loreyi and several
of the very rare Plusiid species. As a raconteur, Chris Rossel
was unsurpassed. He used to tell of a holidaymaker, crossing
the river by ferry one evening, who noticed the light of the
lamp on the hillside. The ferryman’s reply to his enquiry about
it was “‘Oh, that’s the Colonel’s moth lamp.” To which the irate
answer was ‘‘My God, you Cornish are all the same — I can
never get a word of truth out of any of you!” Chris Rossel’s
interest in Lepidoptera began as a schoolboy. His collection
contained many species from Burma, India and Ceylon, in ad-
dition to those taken in this country. More recently he made
some trips to the Continent, and his knowledge of the European
butterfly species was considerable. He loved his garden, steep
and difficult to cultivate as parts of it were, and he had ‘green
fingers.’

Chris Rossel had a decidedly military appearance, with
small clipped moustache, shortish light hair, fresh complexion,
and was about “average” height. In spite of a troublesome
leg (the cause of his being invalided out of the Army) his bear-
ing matched his appearance. But his friends will remember
him above all for his personality, which was a mixture of great
good humour, courtesy and generosity. He was also extremely
modest about his achievements, which included a fine series
of watercolours painted over the years in India, and many
hundreds of feet of superb film of animals in their jungle sur-
rounding. On one occasion he had been left on his own near

176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VV72

a remote pond in the Ceylon jungle, in order to photograph
such animals as came along. After he had been there some
time, and had taken several photographs, there was a sudden
snapping of branches above him, and a large leopard landed
on the groundsheet beside him. It snarled in his face, then
turned round and ran off. He believed that the leopard had
been quietly stalking him, and until the last moment had been
under the impression that he was some new sort of khaki deer.
On the subject of snarling, one of his favourite recollections
was of a taxidermist in Calcutta, whose advertisement ran
“Let us have your trophies. We will mount them expertly,
snarling in English style.” After pitching camp one day in
Burma, he went to collect the local butterflies, taking with
him his old bearded shikari, Mohammed Khan. The latter had
not seen a lepidopterist in action before, and followed in a
mystified manner. At last light dawned, and he exclaimed
“Ah, Sahib, now I understand — it is a form of shikar after
all. You are killing something.

Chris Rossel’s first wife, Connie, died in 1959 after a long
illness, through which he nursed her devotedly. Subsequently
he was on his own for many years, but in spite of this his
hospitality was unbounded. Even after returning from moth-
ing well into the small hours, he would be up in good time to
cook breakfast for his guests. He will be greatly missed, and
to his second wife, Jean, whom he married only a few years
before his death, but who brought him such happiness, goes
our deepest sympathy.

F.H.NSS.

Current Note

After more than twenty years of his very active help to
The Record, in managing the advertisement pages and cover
material, Mr F. W. Byers has decided that it is now time that he
retired and handed his work over to a younger man, on account
of the increasing demands of his domestic life.

We cannot allow him to go without expressing our
very deep appreciation of the work which he has done for so
long, and which has often made the difference between The
Record paying its way and incurring a loss.

It will be remembered that on the death of our treasurer
Leonard Parmenter, he also carried on the work of treasurer
until a replacement could be found.

Mr Byers’s place will be taken by Dr I. A. Watkinson of
Windrush, 2 Fairleas, Sittingbourne, Kent, as from Ist July of
this year, and new enquiries should be addressed to him,
though Mr Byers will finish outstanding matters which he al-
ready has in hand.

We wish Mr Byers happy years of retirement, and we thank
Dr Watkinson for his willingness take over from him. We
look forward to years of happy co-operation.—S.N.A.J.

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CONTENTS

List of Grecian Butterflies: Additional Records 1969-1971. JOHN G.
COUTSIS

Lepidoptera Pursuit 1971. DAVID BROWN
Mont Ventoux and the Dentelles de Montmirail. L. McLEOD
Notes on the Microlepidoptera, The Burren Plumes. H. C. HUGGINS

Identification of Common Fruit Flies (Tephritidae: Diptera) of India.
V. C. KAPOOR

Notes and Observations:

Breeding Eurois occulta L. The Great Brocade. J. A. C.
GREENWOOD Ne ig ; :

The Inhabitants of Oak Apples. A. E. Le GROS ..
Blastobasis decolorella Wollaston in Kent. F. A. SWAIN
Early Spring Butterflies. C.G. M. de WORMS

¢
Current Literature:
Butterflies of the Australian Region. BERNARD d’ABRERA

Australian Butterflies. CHARLES McCUBBIN ..
The Desert Locust. STANLEY BACON

Obituary:
Colonel H. G. T. Rossel ..

Current Note

145

151

156

163

165

169
170
170
170

171
172
174

175

176

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VOL.84 Nos. 7 and 8 July/August 1972

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ESO

THE
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PLATE XI

177
A New Sub-species of Boloria polaris trom
Canada (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

JoHn H. MASTERS
P.O. Box 7511, St Paul, Minnesota, U.S.A.

Boloria polaris (Boisduval) is usually quite rare in collec-
tions, but is a widespread circumpolar species of the high arc-
tic. It does not occur south of 68°N in Europe (Higgens &
Riley, 1970), but in North America occurs as far south as 96°N
(The Belcher Island Group in Hudson Bay). Most collections
containing the species have a fairly large series from one
locality, but seldom have representation from numerous lo-
calities. This has probably obscured the geographic variation
that occurs in the species and, surprisingly, for a species with
such a wide range only three names have been proposed. In
addition to the nominate subspecies from North Cape Norway:
these include ssp. gronlandica (Skinner) from the west coast
of Greenland and ssp. americana (Strand) from Jones Sound,
Ellesmere Island.

I recently had the opportunity to examine intensively the
drawers of Boloria polaris in the American Museum of Na-
tural History in New York City. Although this collection lacks
Asiatic material, it is undoubtedly the most complete collec-
tion of this insect in the United States. Geographic variation
appears to be discrete and three primary populations are
discernable, one of them unnamed. The unnamed population
seems to have its centre of distribution on the west coast of
Hudson Bay in Canada and is described below:

Boloria Polaris Stellata Masters, new subspecies
Male (Fig. A and B). —-The same general appearance as-
sociated with all population of Boloria polaris but somewhat
smaller and with a darker-redder ground colour and with a
distinctly different appearance to the ventral hindwing. The
expanse of one forewing (base to apex) is 15 to 17 mm (aver-
age 16 mm).

LEGEND OF FIGURES
Plate IX. males: A. Boloria polaris stellata new subspecies, holotype
male, Churchill, Manitoba, 30 July 1933, A. V. Harper; B. underside of
A; C. B. polaris polaris (Boisduval), male, Eagle Summit, mile 109
Steese Highway, Alaska, 20 June 1955, P. Ehrlich; D. underside of C;
E. B. polaris polaris, male, Maalselvin, Lapland, Norway, 23 June 1937,
P. Haig Thomas; F. underside of E. Females: G. Boloria polaris stellata
new subspecies, allotype female, Churchill, Manitoba, 4 July 1947, T. N.
Freeman; H. underside of G; J. B. polaris polaris (Boisduval), female,
Toklat River, Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska, 1 July 1955, P.
Ehrlich; K. underside of J.; L. B. polaris polaris, female, Finland (no
other data); M. underside of L. All figures are natural size. Specimens
figured are in the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ VIE 72

Upperside (Fig. A): A marginal row of spots, at the vein
terminuses, are greatly enlarged, quite rounded and touch the
submarginal row of both wings. Heavy dark scaling on hind-
wing from anal margin thru basal area almost completely
occludes cell. Long androconial “hairs” cover this basal area.

Underside (Fig. B): A somewhat orange ground colour to
the forewing and a deep chestnut brown on the hindwings.
White markings on hindwing with sharply distinct shape and
with no apparent median or submedian band composed of
whitish scales. Rows of submarginal and postmedian spots on
forewing of approximately equal size.

Female (Fig. G and H).—The same appearance as the male,
except having a more ashen (less reddish) ground colour and a
slightly larger size. The expanse of one forewing (base to
apex) is 16 to 22 mm (average 19).

Upperside (Fig. G): Appearance of male but lacking, of
course, the androconial scales.

Underside (Fig. H): Appearance of male. White markings
in basal area of hindwing are not as discrete as in the male;
these combine with a band of lighter scales to provide a faintly
discernable white band in the median area.

Holotype male.—Churchill, Manitoba, 30 July 1933, A. V.
Harper, collector. Expanse of forewing 16 mm. In collection
of the American Museum of Natural History, New York City.

Allotype female.—Churchill, Manitoba, 4 July 1947, T. N.
Freeman, collector. Expanse of forewing 19-5 mm. In collec-
tion of the American Museum of Natural History, New York
City.

Paratopotypes. — 38 males and 28 females, American
Museum of Natural History, N.Y.C.; 4 males and 4 females
Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, Manitoba;
4 males and 2 females, author‘s collection, Hudson, Wisconsin
and 7 males, 6 females, collection of Patrick J. Conway, Chi-
cago, Illinois.

Other localities — Paratypes were restricted to specimens
from the type locality. Other populations that I consider be-
longing to this subspecies include specimens from the follow-
ing localities: District of Franklin, N.W.T., Canada: Belcher
Islands (Hudson Bay), Flaherty Island (Hudson Bay), South-
ampton Island; District of Keewatin, N.W.T., Canada; Eskimo
Point, Chesterfield Inlet, Baker Island; District of Mackenzie,
N.W.T., Canada: Coppermine.

" Brief descriptions of the three subspecies of Boloria polaris
ollow:

Boloria polaris polaris. Arctic Europe north of 68°N, pre-
sumably all of arctic Asia and extreme northwest North
America including Alaska, Yukon, portions of the District of
Mackenzie and British Columbia south to Atlin and Summit
Lake. These are large lightly coloured populations. Expanse
of male forewings (apex to base) 19 to 24 mm for Alaskan
males and 18 to 22 mm for Norwegian males; 20 to 24 mm for
Alaskan females and 20 to 23 mm for Norwegian females.

A NEW SUB-SPECIES OF BOLARIS POLARIS 179

Males and females with marginal row of spots (dorsal sur-
faces) smaller and only rarely (Alaskan females) touching the
submarginal row on the forewings. Ventral hindwings with a
very distinct whitish submedian band. Basal ground colour
of ventral hindwings not a deep chestnut brown, as in ssp.
stellata. There are a number of minor distinctions between
European and American examples of this subspecies. It would
be, however, impossible to describe the Alaskan population
as a distinct subspecies without examination of Asian popula-
tions.

Boloria polaris stellata. Arctic North America west of Hud-
son Bay (including many islands in the Bay) and west to Cop-
permine (District of Mackenzie) on the fringe of the Arctic
Ocean. The males of stellata are distinguishable from any
other population by the chestnut brown background colour on
the ventral hindwings and the lack of a discernable median
or submedian white band.

Boloria polaris gronlandica (=B. polaris americana).
Greenland, Ellesmere Island, Baffin Island and, probably, the
northern portions of Labrador and Quebec. A small dark
subspecies, males having forewing length of 15 to 18 mm and
females 17 to 22 mm. Upperside much like stellata but slightly
darker and with ground colour having a more yellowish cast.
Undersides are more like stellata than nominate polaris but a
submedian white band is usually discernable in both sexes
and the basal ground colour of the hindwings does not have
the rich chestnut red hue of stellata.

Boloria polaris stellata is biennial in the type locality and
has recorded here only in odd-numbered years (e.g. 1933, 37,
39, 41, 43, 47. 51, 61, 63 and 67). Quite likely the species will
turn out to be biennial in other localities as well.

Acknowledgements

Y am very grateful to Dr F. H. Rindge of the American
Museum, Mr Harry K. Clench of Carnegie Museum, Pittsburg,
Pennsylvania and Dr Robert W. Nero of the Manitoba Museum
of Man and Nature, Winnipeg, for allowing me to examine the
collection in their care.

REFERENCES

Higgins, L. G. and N. D. Riley, 1970. A field guide to the butterflies
of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. 380 pp.

CORRECTION: It is regretted that the pagination of the May
issue (85-112) has been repeated from the April issue. The May
pages should be altered to 117-144, and these pages will be
indexed by these revised numbers.—Ed.

180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIW/72

Doubtful Derbyshire Lepidoptera
By DEREK C. HULME

Perhaps an apology is in order! It may seem unusual to
publish an article on the doubtful records of a county but the
writer feels it is time to put the record straight as regards many
lepidoptera that have been long accepted—some for over a
century—as genuine Derbyshire insects when the evidence is
inconclusive or far from satisfactory.

This article mentions the 58 doubtful Derbyshire species that
have appeared in print; not the rejected unpublished records
submitted for the new Derbyshire list. It should be read in
conjunction with the author’s paper in Entomologist’s Gazette,
19: 65-72 entitled “The History and Bibliography of Lepidop-
terous Entomology in Derbyshire.” Briefly, the important
dates, relevant to this article, are 1863 when Edwin Brown’s
list “The Fauna and Flora of the District surrounding Tutbury
and Burton-on-Trent” appeared; 1866, the year of the Rev. F.
M. Spilsbury’s ‘‘The Wild Flowers of Repton, with a list of I The
Birds; Il The Moths and Butterflies”; part one of “The Lepidop-
tera of Burton-on-Trent and Neighbourhood” was published in
1885, part two following in 1892; 1895 was the date of the first
macrolepidoptera list for the whole county of Derbyshire and
also saw the publication of Edward Meyrick’s “A Handbook of
British Lepidoptera”; The Victorian County History of Derby
was published in 1905; and H. C. Hayward compiled full lepi-
doptera lists in 1919 and 1926.

D.A.J. is the abbreviation of the Journal of the Derbyshire
Archaeological and Natural History Society; D.E.S., the ab-
breviation for the Derbyshire Entomological Society and The
Gnat is their privately printed bulletin. The nomenclature
adopted is that of I. R. P. Heslop’s Revised Indexed Check-List
of the British Lepidoptera (1959/61).

Papilio machaon L., Swallowtail. Though probably indigen-
ous in earlier times, this species has now no claim to be re-
garded as a Derbyshire insect. Stephen Glover, in the 1829
edition of The History and Gazetteer of Derby, stated that it
appeared from May to September but gave no further details.
The Rev. F. C. R. Jourdain thought that it possibly occurred in
the marshes of the River Trent and Sinfin Moor in the early
19th century. Hundreds were turned out, chiefly in the Mat-
lock district, by John Wolley in the spring of 1843 and 1844 and
these most probably account for the capture of two specimens
near Matlock by T. Lighton recorded in Zoologist, 1: 944.

Limenitis camilla L., White Admiral. A specimen in the D.E:S.
collection at Derby Museum is labelled ‘““Repton Shrubs, August
1910”. Inthe D.A.J. 1913, H. C. Hayward wrote that one “was
taken by a lad in the village—enquiries have not succeeded in
tracing its origin from turned out larvae, pupae or bred speci-
mens” and in his 1926 list he stated ‘this can scarcely be re-
garded as a survival, though honeysuckle is so abundant in the
wood, but must presumably have been in some way accidentally

DOUBTFUL DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 181

introduced”. Arthur Henry Turner, compiler of Lepidoptera
of Somerset (1955) was born at Repton and resident there until
1919. He submitted a list of lepidoptera recorded prior to 1919
and on subsequent visits. A record of camilla was included and
he turned out to be the lad Hayward referred to. In reply to
my query on this record, he thought that though it was “pos-
sibly, an escape, or a train passenger’, he was pleased the
specimen was still preserved.

Strymonidia purni L., Black Hairstreak. Insufficient evi-
dence for admission to the county list even though accepted
as the northern limit of this species by Edward Meyrick in
1895. One found by J. R. Hind in a box of specimens collected
locally at Chesterfield prior to 1869 was recorded in Intelli-
gencer, 9: 27. and quoted by Edward Newman. Alfred W.
Richards, of Tibshelf (later Farnborough, Hants.), found a
specimen “thought to be of this species” on the edge of a
wood at Ault Hucknall in 1922.

Thymelicus sylvestris Poda, Common Smail Skipper. Could
well occur and is occasionally included in recent lists submitted
for the new Derbyshire list but never confirmed with a speci-
men. Edwin Brown listed it as fairly common at Burton (Staffs.)
prior to 1863. F. W. G. Payne included this record in his A
Catalogue of Macro-Lepidoptera of Derbyshire (1895) altered
to a misleading “not uncommon in the south [of the county]”’.

Coscinia cribaria L., Black-speckled Footman. Edward
Meyrick (1895) gives the distribution as “‘Hants., Dorset, Derby
(?), very local’. No further information traced.

Spilosoma urticae Esp., Water Ermine. Edwin Brown found
larvae once near Burton, prior to 1863. Jourdain added a query
mark in the Addenda of his 1905 V.C.H. list, though whether
this was for its probable occurrence on the Staffordshire side of
the border or that he doubted the record was not made clear.
Hayward repeated this record in the form “Larvae once, near
Burton?” in his 1926 list. The locality of Burton is still given
in the 1961 edition of South, Series II, page 55.

Panaxia dominula L., Scarlet Tiger. There are four speci-
mens in the Tring Museum labelled “Mill Dale, North Staffs,
1914, Vauncy Harper Crewe” (see Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist.
Soc., 1942-43, Part I: 11). Milldale is here described as ‘‘a
narrow path between limestone cliffs on the north-east border
of Staffordshire between Alstonefield and the River Dove’’.
“Mill Dale” should read “Milldale’”, ‘“Alstonefield”’ should be
“Alstonfield” and the collector was Sir Vauncey Harpur Crewe
of Calke. As Milldale is shared by the two counties, a fairer
description of the dale would be “a narrow limestone gorge
with a riverside path on the boundary between Staffs. and
Derbys.” Sir Vauncey was a rather eccentric character who
employed collectors to obtain specimens in various places. The
writer has been told tales of employees releasing bred and
transported rarities on his estate of Calke Abbey for netting in
the company of “the old man” (he was 68 years old in 1914 and
78 when he died).

182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VITI/72

Epichnopteryx pulla Esp., Transparent Sweep. H. C. Hay-
ward recorded two dd and several 2 2 bred from cases found
in Repton Shrubs in 1916, adding “not at all a probable locality
for this species”. The record was mentioned in D.A.J. but not
included in his 1926 list, so one must presume he had second
thoughts on his identification.

Zygaena trifolit Esp., Broad-bordered Five-Spot Burnet.
Frequently recorded throughout the county from 1943 onwards.
The writer himself published a record in D.A.J. of 20 specimens
at Stenson in 1949 but examples taken at this locality in subse-
quent years proved to be Z. lonicerae Scheven and expert con-
firmation is necessary for the other localities.

Agrostis clavis Hufn., Heart and Club. Fred. Payne re-
marked that he took this moth commonly at sugar at Chellaston
in 1894. The V.C.H. repeats this single record. Hayward in
1926 queried the record with the comment ‘certainly not now
common at this place and probably recorded in error’’.

Scopula immutata L., Lesser Cream Wave. John Hill, of
Little Eaton, recorded this species in the 1895 list without de-
tails. Jourdain remarked that this was recorded in error and
I presume John Hill himself gave this information in his con-
tribution to the 1905 V.C.H. list.

Epirrhoe rivata Hiibn., Wood Carpet. Ernest A. Price
recorded a series of very beautiful gradations in markings from
Coombs Dale prior to 1954 and noted the species as commoner
in the Bakewell district in 1955. The writer examined his col-
lection after the recorder’s death in 1956 but found no ex-
amples of this species. It was recorded as common on a D.E:S.
excursion to Langwith Wood on 6th July 1968 in The Gnat, 15:
12.

Chesias rufata F., Broom-tip Chevron. Included in both the
1905 V.C.H. and Hayward’s 1926 lists but the single record of
one taken at a Burton light by Dr P. B. Mason, prior to 1885,
refers to Staffs.

Carsia sororiata Hiibn., Manchester Treble-bar. J. T. Harris
stated that it occurred “sparingly” in Dovedale prior to 1885.
The record was accepted by P. B. Mason, F. C. R. Jourdain and
H. C. Hayward; the last-named compiler commenting that the
species occurs at Charley Moss, fifteen miles to the S.W. in
Staffs. H. W. Daltry, however, in North Staffs. Field Club
Transactions, 85: 56, states that “‘this is probably an error by
an inexperienced collector, or due to mixing up insects from
two localities. It is a species of wet bogs... and the food-plant
Cranberry could not possibly occur in Dovedale’. Harris was
a reliable collector but the second possibility is feasible and
this record therefore requires confirmation.

Eupithecia satyrata Hiibn., Satyr Pug. A record of two
taken at Matlock in 1936 by F. R. Larkin was published in
D.A.J. N. Blackwell Wood showed me F. R. Larkin’s annotated
copy of the 1926 list and the locality was entered in the latter’s
handwriting. I found specimens in Mr Larkin’s collection, pre-
sented to the D.E.S. after his death in 1945, but none bear a

DOUBTFUL DERBYSHIRE LEPIDOPTERA 183

label with a Derbyshire locality.

Pseudoboarmia punctinalis Scop., Pale Oak Beauty. The
writer recorded one attracted to electric light, at Littleover on
3rd August 1954. The specimen was carefully checked before
release and the record published in the D.A.J. Had I been aware
that the species was new to the county list at the time, the
specimen would have been taken for confirmation.

Cochylis roseana Haw., Rosy Conch. This species was ad-
mitted erroneously to all Derbyshire lists. Only one Staffs.
record is involved and yet this has been altered in divers ways.
It is worth giving the complete history of this one record to
show how a simple observation can become distorted with the
passage of time, rather like in the children’s whispering game
of “Passing a Message’. In the 1863 list Edwin Brown gives
simply “The Oaks”. F. M. Spilsbury in 1866 extends Brown’s
record to “At The Oaks near Burton”. J. T. Harris and P. B.
Mason in their 1892 list alter the record to “Burton (E.B.),
Repton Shrubs and Findern (F.M.S.)”. Jourdain in the 1905
V.C.H. list gives “Near Burton; Repton Shrubs, Findern (?)”—
not giving observer’s names and rightly querying the Findern
locality. Hayward‘s 1919 list gives “At The Oaks near Burton
(W.G.)” i.e., the original record correctly quoted with the
observer given as Dr William Garneys, compiler of the 1881 list
(a revision of Spilsbury’s 1866 list). In Hayward’s 1926 list
the record finally appears as “Repton Shrubs (W.G.)”—locality
and recorder both incorrect!

The following microlepidoptera fall into mainly two cate-
gories. For completeness and to avoid tedious reading these
are listed with all the known details under headings.

Burton district, prior to 1863 (Edwin Brown):
Acleris rufana Schiff., common; A. literana L., rare; Las-
peyresia gallicana Guen.; Epinotia nanana Treits.;
Endothenia marginana Haw., rare; E. ustulana Haw.,
rare; Mniophaga senectella Zell.; Bryotropha domestica
Haw.; Pexicopia malvella Hiibn.; Scrobipalpa atriplicella
F. R.; Caryocolum maculeum Haw.; C. fraternellum
Dougl.; Dichomeris marginellus F.; Mompha decorella
Steph.; Glyphipteryx equitella Scop.; Elachista humilis
Zell., queried without comment in the V.C.H. list; E.
zonariella Tengst.; Coleophora argentula Steph.; C.
leucapennis Haw., record queried by Mason and Harris
in 1892; Callisto torquilella Zell.; Epermenia illigerella
Hiubn.; Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb.; B. ulmella Zell.;
Nemophora metaxella Hiibn.; Stigmella hybnerella
Hiibn., Repton and Repton Shrubs also given in 1905
V.C.H. and 1926 list respectively—no records traced for
these localities; Dechtiria intimella Zell.
Burton, prior to 1892 (John Sang):

Lithocolletis coryli Nic.; Stigmella malella Staint.; S.
rosella Schrank; S. oxyacanthella Staint.; Nepticula
pygmaeella Haw.; N. trimacullella Haw.; N,. marginico-

184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

lella Staint.; N. microtheriella Staint.; Dechtiria sub-
bimaculella Haw.
Burton district, prior to 1863 (Edwin Brown) and Burton, prior
to 1892 (J. T. Harris):
Oecophora geoffrella L.
Burton district, prior to 1863 (Edwin Brown) and Burton, prior
to 1892 (John Sang):
Coleophora badipennella Dup.
Burton, prior to 1892 (P. B. Mason):
Tinea flavescentella Haw.
Burton, prior to 1892 (J. T. Harris):
Nemapogon granella L.

All the above microlepidoptera records have been published
in Derbyshire lists and, though an indeterminable number
may refer to the Derbyshire side of the county boundary near
Burton upon Trent, most probably refer to Staffordshire.

Two further species are also doubtful. Apotomis sororculana
Zett., Little Eaton, common prior to 1905 (John Hill and G.
Pullen)—Hayward, in his personal Record Book, considered
that this species was recorded in error. Coleophora olivaceella
Staint., Derbyshire, prior to 1895 (Edward Meyrick)—original
citation not yet found.

Kyle & Glen, Muir of Ord, Ross-shire.

Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1971
By C. G. M. de Worms, M.A., Ph.D., F.R.E.S.

After the first white Christmas for a great many years the
new year opened with a very bleak spell which soon gave way
to avery mild period with the thermometer at nearly 60°F on
10th January, a possible record for the first half of this month,
the whole of which was well above the average in temperature.
The early geometers started to appear well before the month
was out, in particuar Phigalia pvedaria F. and Erannis leuco-
phaearia Schiff. February followed suit with equally con-
genial weather with no really wintry periods, with the result
that the spring noctuids began to emerge soon after the
middle of the month Orthosia gothica L. and Achlya flavicornis
L. Even Dasycampa rubiginea Schiff appeared from hiber-
nation at this very early date for this insect. The coldest
snaps ushered in March, but by the 9th spring conditions were
supervening with some quite warm days. The middle
of the month which saw a big emergence of insects,
especially among the Orthosias, but two days in the Blandford
area of Dorset starting on the 19th brought a blank owing to
very chilly weather. However, back in Surrey there was
quite a spate at light on the edge of Chobham Common on
the night of 24th March. A. flavicornis was in great plenty
with several Apocheima hispidaria Schiff and Biston strataria

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 185

Hufn. as well as Orthosia munda Schiff. and Eupsilia trans-
versa Hufn. But two most welcome visitors were females of
D. rubiginea, both of which eventually laid freely and the
larvae were bred up.

The sallows were in full bloom two days later, when I
motored to Kent on the 26th. A really warm day greeted
me on the 28th when I went over to Mr Michael Tweedie, near
Rye. En route I called in at the Hamstreet woods where
Archiearis parthenias L. was in numbers round the tops of
the birches. Gonepteryx rhamni L. was well on the wing the
the last day of March together with Aglais urticae L. .

The first few days of April were distinctly unseasonable but
conditions improved considerably by the 6th when Mr J.
Messenger and I set out northwards to spend the Easter period
in the Lake District. We made our headquarters at the very
spacious and comfortable Heaves Hotel which had been a
previous haven for us, situated as it is only a few miles from
Witherslack to the west, and Kendal to the north. There was
virtually nothing on the wing by day when we toured Langdale
and the Coniston area on 7th April. But night operations
in the woods just north of Witherslack proved very rewarding
with quite a spate of insects at our portable m.v. lights. Dusky
forms of Ectropis biundularia Borkh. were quite numerous as
also was Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens in a melanic form.
We saw a single example of Gypsitea leucographa Schiff.
Achlya flavicornis L., Orthosia miniosa Schiff., O. munda
Schiff., O. incerta, Xylocampa areola Esp. and deep grey
Trichopteryx carpinata Hiibn. were the chief visitors, among
eleven species of macros noted. Orthosia gothica L. and O.
stabilis Linn. were the only patrons of the sallow bloom.

The next day the 8th, we visited General Sir George
Johnson at Brampton and then continued westwards to Orton
Moss where in 1953 larvae of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. had
been abundant, but we gathered it was in a very flooded con-
dition and this insect has probably disappeared from that
locality. We returned via Inglewood Forest and the Shap
Wells Hotel, but saw no sign of insect life. We dined with
Dr Neville Birkett and his family at his home on the high
ground above Kendal. He had quite a number of visitors to
his static trap, mainly the common spring noctuids. Good
Friday, 9th April, broke much finer and the increasing sun-
shine tempted forth Aglais urticae L. in the Cartmel area.
We also saw it later that day near Wharton Marsh, Arnside,
but nothing favoured the sallow at Witherslack that evening.

After a trip through the main lake region on the 10th to
visit Mr N. G. Wykes near Cockermouth we once more resorted
to the Witherslack woods after dark. They were again fairly
productive of the species seen on our first night there. How-
ever, Easter Sunday, the llth, turned out a really glorious
day, when we negotiated the famous Kirkstone Pass, en route
to Ullswater and on to the rather isolated Haweswater. A.
urticae was again even more in evidence. That night the

186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VITI/72

Witherslack woods were alive with lepidoptera and we saw
no less than 20 species at light. Besides most of those pre-
viously enumerated, we noted a further G. leucographa, a
large number of Orthosia munda Schiff., also Anticlea derivata
Schiff., Selenia bilunaria Esp., further dark T. carpinata, Colo-
stygia multistrigaria Haworth and Earophila badiata Schiff.
We found several Trichopteryx polycommata Schiff., just
emerged on ash saplings and also had a couple of this species
at light. The 12th of April, part of which we spent on Holker
Moss was very much a blank day. However, the 13th improved
with another very warm occasion with the thermometer
topping 60°F when we motored via Thirlmere and Derwent-
water to Rosthwaite, thence over the Honister Pass to Enner-
dale Water and back over Ulpha Fell, but we saw nothing of note
on the wing. That night we were once more in the Wither-
slack woods where, we had a further concourse to light in-
cluding a good many Biston strataria Hufn., E. biundularia
and S. bilunaria. Two more G. leucographa came to our sheet
together with A. derivata and Lycia hirtaria Clerck.

Our final day on 14th April was spent on Holker Moss again,
this time in warmth and sunshine which enticed out quite a
number of Archiearis parthenias L., which as usual were very
difficult to net as they dashed around the birch tops. Several
Inachis io Linn. were also flying. We were again in our wooded
locality after dark when we found several more T. polycom-
mata on the small ash as well as a few of the little females. We
ran out static m.v. trap in the grounds of Heaves Hotel during
nine nights to very good advantage on the whole, recording just
on 590 moths, though only covering thirteen species. The
commonest of these was Orthosia munda in a great variety of
forms. Cerastis rubricosa Schiff. was also well to the fore with
many O. stabilis, O gothica, O. incerta and O. cruda Schiff.
There were several very dark examples of Xylocampa areola
Esp. On our last night, 14th April, we had the first Drymonia
ruficornis Hufn., a very early date for this species in this
northerly parts.

On 15th April we set out in dull weather via Skipton and
Ilkeley to Leeds where Mr Messenger took the train south,
while I went on to Sheffield to stay with Mr W. Reid whose trap
that night was a mass of moths, quite 500 individuals, chiefly
the common spring noctuids. Panolis flammea Schiff. was
already out among the host of visitors. On the 16th I proceeded
to Nottingham for a weekend meeting of the Ornithologists’
Union. En route I halted near Ollerton, but it had turned too
cold for anything to be flying round the birches, and nothing
appeared of note during the next two days. I finally returned
to Woking, on 19th April, after a very pleasant sojourn in the
northern counties.

Some very welcome warm weather greeted me on my return
south with the temperature rising to the 70s. I had quite a
concourse in my sister’s garden at Virginia Water on 20th April
when I was surprised to have two Odontosia carmelita Esp. at

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 187

light, just freshly out. Other visitors included several Polyploca
ridens F. and Drymonia ruficornis as well as Xylocampa areola
and Eupithecia abbreviata Stephens.

The fine spell continued for the next few days. On 2l\st
April Saturnia pavonia Linn. was flying freely on Horsell Com-
mon. But the last week of the month was much cooler. How-
ever, on the 29th again at Virginia Water P. ridens and D.
ruficornis were once more in evidence at light with Rheumap-
tera cervinalis Scop. which was unusually numerous just at this
period. The warm weather returned with the start of May.

On the 2nd, a lovely spring day, I surveyed the area between
Chiddingfold and Petworth. Many butterflies were on the
wing including a spate of Brimstones and Orange-tips. Even
the females of the latter species were flying at this early date
for them. Another glorious day greeted me when I set out for
the New Forest on 8th May. I had just had a female S. pavonia
out from Surrey stock and she duly attracted a number of very
fresh and fine males on Beaulieu Heath that afternoon. I went
on to stay with Admiral Torlesse, but we saw nothing of note
at light in Rhinefields owing to a near frost, while his trap at
Sway only produced a few Orthosias and Menophra abruptaria
Thunb. On 11th May the shade temperature touched 77°F.
That night among 19 species at light on the edge of Chobham
Common by far the commonest was Colocasia coryli Linn. The
Prominents were represented by Pterostoma palpina Clerck,
Notodonta trepida Esp. and Drymonia ruficornis Hufn.
Geometers were well to the fore with Bapta bimaculata,
Cosymbia punctaria L., C. albipunctata Hufn., Selenia tetra-
lunaria Hufn. and Eupithecia nanata Hiibn. The very warm
spell went on well into the middle of the month, though it was
much less hot on the 16th when Mr Messenger and I were in
the Chiddinfold region again. Clossiana euphrosyne L. was
fairly numerous with further Anthocharis cardamines L. The
next day, 17th May, I set out for Greece, only returning to
England on 7th June.

But unlike the similar period in 1970 the start of June was
far from propitious with very wet and comparatively cold
spells. However I joined Mr Russell Bretherton and other
members of the British Entomological Society in an evening’s
collecting on the downs between Ranmore and Gomshall. In
spite of quite cool conditions several interesting species came
to light including Deilephila procellus L., Dasychira pudibunda
L., Eupithecia subumbrata Schiff., Horisme vitalbata Schiff. and
Xanthorhoé designata Hufn., while a number of Scopula ornata
Scop. were found at rest together with Diacrisia sannio L. in-
cluding females, flying at dusk. 13th June was a reasonably
fine day when I surveyed part of Chobham Common where I
found Perconia strigillaria Hiibn. flying in numbers with
several females, though the males were predominant. That
afternoon I was pleased to see Clossiana selene L. in great
plenty in the Chiddingford district with a good many Polyom-
matus icarus Rott.

188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

On the 19th I travelled to Kent and tried the well-known
Hamstreet woods that night to fair advantage under quite
congenial conditions. Among 30 species seen up to midnight
were Pterostoma palpina Clerck, Drymonia dodonaea Schiff.,
Thyatira batis L., Notodonta ziczac L., Dasychira pudibunda L..,
Deilephila elpenor L., also the geometers Sterrha subsericeata
Haworth, Iodis lactearia L., Bapta temerata Schiff., Plagodis
dolabraria L., Ectropis extersaria Hiibn., Pseudoboarmia punc-
tinalis Scop. and Biston betularia L. Both the White and Buff
Ermines (Spilosoma lubricipeda L. and S. lutea L.) were late-
comers. The next two days, though warm and sunny, provided
litte of|note either near Wye or Folkstone by day. However, I had
another even better night session in the Orlestone Woods at
Hamstreet on 2lst June, when, though comparatively few
species came to light, their quality was high. For among only
15 species the only two examples of Tethea fluctuosa Hiibn.
which came to the sheet were melanic, one of them an extreme
form which is a great rarity in this insect (vide Ent. Rec., 83:
524). I was also amazed when the only Ermine which came
was the dead white Water (Spilosoma urticae Esp.), seldom
seen in this wooded region. The other few species were virtu-
ally the same as I had seen on the earlier occasion, except for
Electrophaés corylata Thunb. I returned to Surrey the next
day, the 22nd, when a much warmer spell started. I was again
in the Chiddingford area on 27th June when C. selene was still
about in fair numbers together with a lot of the Large Skipper
(Augiades sylvanus Esp.)

July opened with another warm day which heralded one of
the hottest continuous spells during recent summers. Plebeius
argus L. was already well out in the Chobham area on the Ist.
The night of 2nd July was quite productive near Bisley with
just over 40 species to light by 12.30 am. A huge female
Laothoé populi L. was an early arrival. But Notodonta ziczac
L. was the only Prominent. Both the Pebble and Scalloped
Hooktips appeared (Drepana falcataria L. and D. lacertinaria
Ties) Among the few noctuids were Polia nebulosa Hufn.,
Hadena contigua Schiff., Lithocodia fasciana L. and Plusia
pulchrina Haworth. It was geometers which were by far in
the ascendancy. No less than four Boarmia roboraria Schift.,
all melanic, were among 20 other species of this group. The
next commonest was Comibaena pustulata Hufn. Other more
interesting species included Sterrha inornata Haworth, S. tri-
geminata Haworth, S. subsericeata Haworth, Cidaria fulvata
Forst., Mysticoptera sexalisata Hiibn., Semiothisa liturata
Clerck, Ellopia fascianaL., Plagodis dolabraria L., Cleora repan-
data L. and Bupalus piniaria L. 4th July was a very warm and
sultry day, with 77°F in the shade, when I went to visit Dr J.
Holmes near Bordon. But a local marsh only produced one late
Euphydryas aurinia Rott. which had been fairly numerous a
few weeks earlier. Eustrotia uncula Clerck was on the wing by
day with a few Ortholitha plumbaria F. Later that afternoon
we found Plebeius argus L. flying in some numbers on a nearby

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING L971 189

heath with a lot of Polyommatus icarus Roitt., Augiades
sylvanus L. and Maniola jurtina L.

The next few days were quite phenomenal with the thermo-
meter well into the 80’s on each occasion and it was extremely
warm on 10th July when I revisited the Petworth and Chidding-
fold area, but saw on the whole comparatively little on the
wing, except for a few Limenitis camilla L. and Aphantopus
hyperanthus L. However, the temperature was just touching
90°F when I set out for then New Forest on the 11th. I called in
at Alice Holt Forest but no Apatura iris L. had been seen. The
heat was intense when I surveyed Burley Enclosure in the
Forest, where I was pleased to see a number of Argynnis adippe
L. careering over the bracken, an insect which has been absent
from many of its former haunts in that region.

I travelled on to Portland later that day putting up at the
Pennsylania Castle Hotel where I was given special facilities
for setting up my static m.v. moth trap. It turned out to be a
remarkable night. I ran my portable light for two hours over-
looking Church Ope Cove. Among the first arrivals of 22
species was Epirrhoé galiata Schiff. and Ortholitha bipunctaria
Schiff. with several Sterrha degeneraria Hiibn soon following.
Late-comers included Deilephila porcellus L., Phragmatobia
fuliginosa L., Callimorpha jacobaeae L., Agrotis trux Hiibn.,
Apamea lithoxylea Schiff. and Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. But
the following morning I found a host of insects in the trap run
in the hotel garden with no less than 275 individuals represent-
ing 61 species of the macros. By far the most numerous was
Agrotis trux of both sexes, each showing considerable varia-
tion. A very welcome visitor was Leucoma salicis L., by no
Means common in that region. There were also a few Nudaria
mundana L. among the noctuids. Besides A. trux the next most
plentiful insect was Leucania l-album L. Other species included
Caradrina ambigua Schiff., Parastichtis suspecta Hibn., Pyrrhia
umbra Huin. and Unca triplasia L. The chief geometers were
Epirrhoé galiata Schiff., Eupithecia haworthiata Doubl., E.
absinthiata Clerck, Abraxas grossulariata L., Crocallis elingu-
aria L., but only single examples of Sterrha degeneraria Hubn.
and Zeuzera pyrina L.

The morning of 12th July was again very sunny, but less
oppressive than the previous day. Butterflies were very
numerous among the rocky clearings, mainly at the top of the
hill at Portland. Lysandra coridon Poda was just appearing
with some very fresh males, while there was a good showing
of Plebius argus L. I had a stroke of good fortune in taking a
female P. argus with almost spotless underside, a great rarity
in this species. Ewmenis semele L., Melanargia galathea L. and
Argynnis aglaia L. were also well in evidence. That afternoon
I motored to Lyndhurst putting up in the Lyndhurst Park
Hotel, formerly the Grand. That evening I joined Admiral
Torlesse in Rhinefields where it turned out rather a cool night.
However, we saw Hyloicus pinastri L., Stauropus fagi L., Eilema
deplana Esp., Plusia pulchrina Haworth, Deileptenia ribeata

190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIl/72

Clerck (abietaria Schiff.), also several Cosymbia linearia Hiibn.
and Boarmia roboraria Schiff. The hotel at Lyndhurst had given
me facilities for running my static trap in the spacious garden.
It attracted just a hundred insects comprising 36 species of
macros which included a dozen Deilephila elpenor L. also D.
porcellus L. and a couple of H. pinastri L. Other visitors com-
prised Arctia caja L., Hippocrita jacobaeae L., Eilema lurideola
Zinck., Polia nebulosa Hufn., Polychrisia moneta F., Plusia
chrysitis L., Cidaria fulvata Forster, Perizoma alchemillata L.,
Biston betularia L. and Ouropteryx sambucaria.

Another warm and sultry day broke on 13th July which
saw me in woods south of Salisbury where Limenitis camilla L..,
Argynnis paphia L. and Polygonia c-album L. were on the wing.
I returned to Surrey in the evening. A further extremely warm
week followed. On the 15th many butterflies were flying at
Witley with the Ringlet in great plenty. It was cooler on 18th
July when I joined Mr and Mrs J. A. C. Greenwood in Alice Holt
Forest. They were accompanied by Mr Sidney Pooles who had
come specially from Eastbourne in the hope of seeing some
Purple Emperors of which, fortunately, several appeared dur-
ing the morning, including more than one female. That after-
noon the Silver-studded Blue was abundant at Chobham. I set
out the next day, 19th July, for Austria and Yugoslavia only
returning on 7th August.

Rather dull weather greeted me back in Surrey, though
a few late P. argus were still about at Chobham on 8th August
and I flushed an occasional Selidosema brunnearia Vill. The
subsequent week, though very mild, did not produce much by
day or night. But the middle of the month saw a change for
the better with the thermometer touching the 70’s once more.
Quite a number of Peacocks and Commas appeared on local
buddleia. It wasa glorious day on 17th August when I accom-
panied the Rev. Anthony Harbottle and his two young sons
to the Chiddingfold area and on to the vicinity of Petworth.
In these two localities we saw no less than 20 species of
butterflies during that lovely day (vide Ent. Rec. 83: 324).
The Wood White (Leptosia sinapis L.) was quite’ numerous as
also was the Brimstone (Gonepteryx rhamni). We caught
site of a Purple Emperor flying high over the dense oak
forest. There was also several Argynnis paphia L. and White
Admirals still on the wing, together with Thecla quercus L.
and Celastrina argiolus L. Peacocks and Commas were seen
near Petworth. After a reading of 82°F in the shade on
19th August, the temperature dropped considerably on the
20th when I travelled to Blandford to visit my relations, but
little of interest was on the move in that vicinity. On my
way home on the 22nd I halted at some downland, near Salis-
bury, which used to be good ground for L. coridon. But it
was dull and cloudy and I only flushed a single male of this
insect. To my astonishment on examining it in the net I
found it was a very fine ab. fowleri with pure white borders.
I had not seen this scarce form for well over twenty years in

COLLECTING LEPIDOPTERA IN BRITAIN DURING 1971 19
that area.

The next morning I set out for the Orkney Isles which I
last visited in 1969. I had, as it turned out, a most adventurous
journey. Our plane just made Dyce Airport at Aberdeen
owing to fog which came down very thickly, so that further
flights north were cancelled. After waiting a couple of hours,
the authorities gave several of us free vouchers to continue
our journey by train. We got to Inverness in the late after-
noon and then continued by that most picturesaue route up
the east coast of Scotland, eventually reaching Thurso about
10 p.m. Fortunately the Royal hotel was able to put me up
for the night before embarking next morning at Scrabster
on the St Ola for a 2!2 hour sea trip to Stromness, passing en
route the huge cliffs of Hoy with their galaxy of sea birds,
fulmars, razorbills, black guillemots etc.

I was met on the quay by Mr Jan Lorimer and his family
whom I had been able to advise of my delay in reaching them.
We were soon in their manse at Scorradale, near Orphir, which
had proved such a delightful centre two years previously.
Conditions were very mild and it turned out possibly a record
night for numbers in Mr Lorimer’s static trap and in the Heath
trap he placed on the moors behind his house. We noted
almost a thousand visitors in both traps comprising 40 species
of the macros. Next to some 300 Proctna pronuba L. were
over 200 Amathes glareosa Esp. with a large proportion of
the melanic f. edda and many integrades between this form
and the normal pale type, a most interesting local cline.
Besides over 100 each of Amathes xanthographa Schiff. and
Apamea secalis L. other noctuids included a single Eurois
occulta L. of the pale form, a couple of Rhyacia simulans
Hufn. of the small dark form, several Apamea furva Schiff.
including a female, always rare in this species. Aporophyla
luneburgensis Freyer was very fresh, all the jet black type,
while Amathes castanea Esp. were mainly very dark. There
were a few late Diarsia festiva Schiff. of the dark race, f.
orcadensis and pale Apamea crenata Hufn. late Lycophotia
varia Vill also dark Stilbia anomala Haworth. The Plusias
were represented by anumber of P. gamma L. and P. chrysitis
L. and a single P. festucae L. Among ten species of the geo-
meters were no less than twenty Ortholitha chenopodiata L..,
some very dark with several of the very well-marked local
race of Dysstroma citrata L., also afew each of Lygris testata
L., L. populata L., Entephria caesiata Schiff., Xanthorhoé
munitata Hubn. and Colostygia didymata L. It was altogether
a most memorable occasion with such remarkable numbers
for these northerly regions.

A fine day greeted us on 25th August, when my host and
I visited a small local loch and flushed a large number of D.
citrata, all just out. Back at Orphir we saw fresh Polyommatus
icarus Rott. and worn Argynnis aglaia L. The afternoon saw
us on South Ronaldshay where the Burray sandhills provided
some Euxoa tritici L. and Cerapteryx graminis L. from rag-
wortheads. That night some 300 insects visited the two traps

&

192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

They mainly comprised the species of the previous night, with
the addition Scotogramma trifolii Hufn. in a very pale form,
also Celaena haworthii Curtis and Hydraecia lucens Freyer.
A. glareosa was again very numerous.

August 26th was a very blank day with continuous rain
which prevented any collecting and even the traps were
attended by a much sparser assemblage. However, conditions
improved the next day when we surveyed several good local-
ities on the mainland, but it was too windy for any captures
by day and again smaller number at the m.v. lights. It was
much milder on the 26th when we revisited the Chair of Lyde,
seeing some late A. aglaia and P. icarus and finding several
large S. pavonia larvae. That night we tried our m.v. portable
apparatus and the Heath trap on Hobbister Moor to very
good advantage. The chief feature was the abundance of
Amathes agathina Dup. which came freely to our lights. There
was also quite an attendance of geometers, especially D.
citrata and E. caesiata with a few L. testata and L. populata
still fresh. The only newcomer was Oporinia filigrammaria
H.-S., while in the static trap we had the first Dasipolia templi
Thunb.

It was dull again on 29th August, when Mr Lorimer and
I penetrated to Eavie on the north coast of the Orkney main-
land opposite the island of Rousay, where there was a large
growth of butterbur but little was on the move, though a few
late Pieris napi L. were seen. Some 250 moths were in the
trap at Scorradale, mainly the usual common noctuids with a
good admixture of A. glareosa. My last active day, the 30th,
was again rainy and overcast when we went into Kirkwall to
view a male Herse convolvuli L. which a local tradesman had
found at rest on his premises. That evening we were once
more at Eavie in the hope of seeing Gortyna petasitis Double-
day, but none were forthcoming and it is very doubtful if
this large noctuid occurs as far north as Orkney. So ended
a very pleasant and successful week in these delightful sur-
roundings. The last day of August I had a smooth flight from
Kirkwall via Inverness and Glasgow back to Heathrow.

September opened with some glorious weather, with
temperatures well into the 70’s, but butterflies were not as
plentiful as might have been expected. On the 4th, another
very warm day, I travelled to Kent, making my headquarters
at Folkestone, but little came to light or sugar that night at
Dungeness, though Aspitates ochrearia Rossi was flying well.
The thermometer stood at 76°F in the shade on Sth September
when I went over to visit Mr Michael Tweedie near Rye. Many
Aglais urticae L. were patronising his buddleias together with
Pieris rapae L. and P. napi L. I returned to Surrey that
evening and was greeted with a similar temperature the next
day, the 6th, when many small Tortoiseshells were flying.

On 7th September I flew out to Jamaica where I stayed
two weeks before going on to New York and then to Toronto,
only getting back to England on 15th October to find a very

NOTES ON THE AFRICAN LUNAR MOTH, ARGEMA KUHNEI 193

fine and mild autumn awaiting me. A. urticae L. was still on
the wing and a good many Whites. Some remarkably mild
weather with very high temperatures were the feature of the
last half of this month. On 22nd October and again on the
24th it was just over 70°F, while during the rest of October it
was over 60°F almost daily and this high level of warmth
continued well into the first week of November. But con-
ditions were much cooler when I visited Kent on the 12th.
I tried light at a well-known locality near Wye, but it was too
cold for anything of note to be attracted. The whole of
November passed without any really cold spell. On the 21st
several Erannis aurantiaria Hiibn. came to light at Virginia
Water. Even in December the level of temperature was well
into the 50’s for most of the month, almost reaching 60°F on
the 21st. Even over the Christmas period many of the winter
species of moths were to be seen, especially Erannis defoliaria
Clerck in all its variety of forms.

So ended a year which, though blessed with some remark-
ably fine weather, was like its predecessor very disappointing
as regards migrant insects, with very few of the regular
species being recorded. Butterflies were reasonably plentiful,
but apart for another good year for the Holly Blue, there was
no really outstanding abundance of any particular species,
and similar observatons can be made of the moths as well.

Three Oaks, Woking.

Notes on the African Lunar Moth, Argema
kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera : Saturnidae)

JAMIESON C. LITTLE

On 10th September 1968 a yellow male lunar moth was
taken at mercury vapour light in Mbala, Zambia. The moth
was sent to Dr E. Pinhey, Curator of the National Museum,
Bulawayo, who described it (1969) as a new species, Argema
kuhnei, after its discoverer, K. W. Kiihne, Director of the In-
ternational Red Locust Control Organisation.

I took two more specimens (one of each sex) at mercury
vapour light in Mbala in 1970 on 25th August and 3rd Sep-
tember respectively. Pinhey (1972) has subsequently described
the female (Plate X).

In April 1971 I noticed an old cocoon fastened to a twig.
It appeared to be similar to cocoons of Argema mimosae
(Bsd) and of Argema mittrei (Guer). I considered the pro-
bability of its being a cocoon of A. kuhnei Pinhey. Later I
found another empty cocoon lying on a path just over a mile
from Mbala. Kiihne sent these two cocoons to Pinhey who
agreed that they were probably those of A. kuheni (Plate X1).

The tree on which the first cocoon was found was indentified
at the International Red Locust Control Herbarium as Monotes
katangensis (de Wild). According to Delevoy (1929) this tree

194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIL/72

is common in Katanga Province of Zaire, except in the north
where it is replaced in the valleys by allied species. Itis a tree
of wooded savannah and is most frequent in regions of poor
soil.

After an intensive search on M. katangensis around Mbala
I found about thirty cocoons. Only twelve were heavy, indi-
cating living pupae within. The help of villagers was enlisted
in the Lunzua district approximately fourteen miles from
Mbala. About sixty cocoons were found in this area but all
were empty. Kiihne also searched for cocoons in Mbala and
found approximately thirty but only two were viable.

On 19th August 1971 the supposition concerning the nature
of the cocoons was confirmed when two male A. kuhnei
emerged, indicating M. katangensis as a definite foodplant.

In the Mbala district there were seldom more than two
cocoons on one tree. Dr J. Scheven and N. S. Irving (in per-
sonal communication) stated they experienced heavy losses due
to virus when rearing A. mimosae. It is possible that A. kuhnei
is also very virus-prone in some of its early stages. Bush fires
may also taken an annual toll of cocoons. From approximately
one hundred and twenty cocoons gathered by Kiihne, Lunzua
villagers and myself, only fourteen yielded moths.

In an attempt to obtain a pairing two moths were kept
alive in a muslin charaxes trap. Between 9th and 13th Sep-
tember one hundred and ten eggs were laid. No larvae emerged
and all eggs collapsed (Plate XI). An unsuccessful search
was made for larvae in September and October.

It appears from the number of cocoons found that A.
kuhnei is well distributed in the Mbala and Lunzua areas.
There are few lepidopterists in Zambia and it is possible that
this moth (see Fig. 4) would be found in other parts of the
country if a search were made.

Emergence from cocoons 1971: August 19th (2 dc), 26th
(1 3), 27th (1 3), 28th (1 2), 29th (1 2), 30th (1 3), September
Ist (1 2), 2nd (1 2), 3rd (2 9 — K. W. Kiihne), 4th (1 @), 6th
(1 2), 8th (1d). All these moths emerged during the after-
noon period.

Acknowledgements
{ am indebted to my wife, Renate, and to Mr Soft Simwila
for their efforts in searching for cocoons. K. W. Kiihne and Dr
E. Pinhey kindly read the manuscript and made helpful sug-
gestions. K. W. Kiihne supplied the photographs.

REFERENCES
Delevoy, G. La Question Forestiere au Katanga, 2: 329-333
Pinhey, E. C. G., 1969. A new African Lunar Moth (Lepidoptera Satur-
niidae) Arnoldia Rhod. 4: (22): 1-3.
, 1972. The female of Argema Kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidoptera:
Saturniidae). Arnoldia Rhod. 5 (23): 1-2

PLATE X

‘
Argemea kuboei

AS
Ss

— x

EUPHYDRYAS AURINIA ROTT. IN THE ISLE OF WIGHT 195

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in the Isle of Wight
By H. C. Huaeins, F.R.E.S.

I was greatly interested in Mr Fearnehough’s article on the
butterflies of the Isle of Wight (57) and particularly in
the account of aurinia.

Mr Fearnehough quotes Frohawk’s statement that the form
at Cowes is almost similar to the Irish race.

In the winter of 1949 I wrote to my late friend Dr K. G.
Blair, who was then living at Freshwater Bay to ask him
whether he would like me to try to get him some Irish aurinia
in 1950, as I proposed spending six weeks at Glengarriff, and
the butterfly seemed to be returning there after a long ab-
sence. Blair replied that he did not want any as praeclara
Kane was found in the island, and sent me four which I still
have. These are all labelled ‘Isle of Wight Cranmore” three
1948 and one 1949. Although slightly duller than the brightest
praeclara, they are certainly of that form and indistinguish-
able from specimens I have from Sir Charles Langham, taken
in Co. Fermanagh.

Aurinia is a strange insect; when I first knew Glengarrift
in 1914-1919 it was generally distributed in the district. The
only surviving specimen I have, taken in the Coomerkane
valley, is the brightest praeclara of my series.

When I returned to the locality in 1948 Philip Graves in-
formed me that it was quite extinct there, but I saw a few in
1949 and in 1952 it had established several little colonies, but
these were all scotica Robson. Aurinia then had also two or
three colonies on the road to Mizen Head.

I think Frohawk is a bit vague in referring to the Irish
race; I have taken aurinia in several Irish districts, and in
most of these the local races differ and in some cases are like
those from English colonies.

I am sorry to hear that the Island is becoming built up
and fitted for motor traffic. I have not been there since the
outbreak of the war in 1939, but about fifty years ago. the
late L. T. Ford and myself collected a good deal for micros
in the narrow overgrown lanes between Yarmouth and Fresh-
water. I suppose these have all been “improved.”

Should aurinia still exist on the Island, it may turn up any-
where again. In my experience it has two phases which I call
static and dynamic. I have known a small colony of half a do-
zen remain in a hollow perhaps thirty yards in diameter, and
gradually become worse and worse in condition until its mem-
bers died of old age. On the other hand I have seen it flying
rapidly across the Caha plateau at Glengarriff twelve hundred
feet above sea level, and at least two miles from the nearest
colony, and in 1949 I saw one on the road up Mount Mangerton,
Killarney, 800 feet up. I wanted to see what it was like, and
pursued it for about 200 yards without gaining an inch, when it

196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VI11/72

rose and flew over a belt of firs. I should perhaps mention that
in those days I could run down hyale on the wing and had not
yet become in the graphic words of Surtees: “a worn out old
devil that could do nothing but eat.”

Isle of Canna Notes for 1970 and 1971

By J. L. CAMPBELL

Additions to ‘‘Macrolepidoptera Cannae’’, see Record
September 1970 et seq.

268. P. viridaria Clerck (Small Purple Barred). One in m.v.
trap on 9/6/70. (157a in list).

269. C. ligustri Schiff. (The Coronet). A worn specimen in
m.v. trap on 20/7/71.

270. S. costaestrigalis Steph. (Pinion-streaked Snout). A worn
specimen in the trap on 2/8/71. Identified by Mr E. C.
Pelham-Clinton.

271. L. viretata Hiibn. (Yellow Barred Brindle). One in trap
on 29/9/71.

272. P. comitata L. (Dark Spinach). One in trap on 13/7/71.
(Previously taken on Canna by Dr Michael Harper in

1957 and by J. L. C. on Barra).
273. C. jubata Thunb. (Dotted Carpet). One in trap on 31/7/71
274. B. piniaria L. (Bordered White). One in trap on 3/6/71.

Other records of interest

1. P. brassicae L. A freshly emerged male was found below
the wood east of my house on 23/4/71. I do not re-
member seeing brassicae here in April before .

5. V.io. Still absent from Canna, but I was glad to see a
specimen on the east side of Loch Awe in Argyllshire
near the south end of the loch on 14/10/70.

9. A. selene L. was seen again in the Haligary gulley in
June 1970 and 1971. In 1971 it also appeared in clear-
ings in the wood planted between the gulley and my
house in 1956-57 for the first time.

11. P. aegeria L. Not seen in 1970, but appeared again in
1971 on 30/7/71 in the wood behind my garden (in the
same patch of sunlight where specimens were seen in
1968 and 1969) and in my garden on 2/8/71. An ob-
viously different specimen was seen in my garden on
12/8/71. The woods were all searched around this time,
but no other specimens were seen.

25. N. .dromedarius L. Specimens were taken in the trap on
25/5/71 and 28/7/71, the first since 1956.

43. E. irrorella L. Many larvae noticed sunning themselves
on the low south-facing cliffs at Sgorr nam Ban Naomh
on 14/4/71, several taken home, two emerged June Ist.

58. A. strigula Thunb. (porphyrea Hiibn.) 262 specimens out
of a total of 402 moths on 28/7/71; 169 specimens out

ISLE OF CANNA NOTES FOR 1970 AND 1971 197

of 345 moths in the trap on 3/8/71. Total for 1971, 545,
the highest yet. Is this species a migrant? compare
earlier sudden large trap catches in 1956, 1963, 1964 and
1965.

64. N. augur (Fab). Another specimen in the trap on 31/8/71.

90. D. caesia (Borkh.). Nine specimens of the Grey turned
up in the trap in 1971. the first on 25th May, the last on
24th August.

94. T. cespitis Fabr. One specimen on 21/8/71.

116. N. typica L. One specimen in the trap on 30/7/71, the
first since 1964.

123. C. lutosa Htibn. The Large Wainscot turned up again
on 16/9/71 and 3/10/71.

164. P. interrogationis. L. A very good specimen taken in the
trap on 1/8/71. Only once before, in 1966.

210. P. flavofasciata Thunb. 15 specimens were taken in the
trap in 1971, of which 8 on May 25th.

241. E. prosapiaria L. This turned up again in 1970, one being
taken in the trap on July 27th and another seen outside
(sitting in my car!) on the 3lst. The moth was not seen
at all in 1971.

263. Z. purpuralis Brun. In 1970 the weather broke on June
21st and was very bad until July 23rd. The burnets must
have had a terrible time; the same period had bad
weather in 1969. In 1971 I visited the isolated western
colony at Iolasgor (accessible only by sea) on July 17th.
Not a burnet was to be seen. The rabbits had increased
and the ground was eaten bare, except for patches of
ragwort and nettles. One can only hope that this in-
teresting colony of purpuralis will revive eventually.

Migrants In 1970 V. atalanta L. made a very early ap-
pearance on May 9th (one specimen seen in my garden
and another on Sanday) and was seen a number of times
between then and June 8th. In July 1 found a number of
full-grown larvae on nettles amongst the trees in my gar-
den: some of these were reared. Atalanta was around
in the Autumn again, the last date being September
22nd. Cardui did not appear until the middle of June,
four or five specimens being seen then and again in
September. Gamma first appeared on June 10th and not
again until August. Only a few specimens were noticed..
Noctuella appeared in the trap on June 2nd and not
again until September 16th, four on the 18th bringing
the season’s total up to seven.

General Notes. Except for two and a half weeks of
brilliant weather prior to midsummer, the summer of 1970
was a very bad one. May is noted in my diary as the wettest,
foggiest May I could remember. July was no better; there
were a few fine days in August, but September was wet and
stormy. I only found it worth while putting the trap on on 26
nights, the total caught being 1,813.

There was far more dry weather in 1971, but also a great

198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

deal more wind. A consequence of the bad autumn of 1969
and bad summer of 1970 was that, apart from the whites,
butterflies were scarce again. The trap was on on 55 nights
catching a total of 4.309 moths, but the ten nights the trap was
used in June produced only 236 of these, the June nights being
cold and clear with northerly winds. Of the total of 4,309
moths, six common species produced 2,348 — T. pronuba 965,
A. strigula 545, A. secalis 264, X. monoglypha 208, T. stabilis
197 (April was fine and warm)-and T. ianthina 179. The most
remarkable thing about 1971 was the fact that the trap pro-
duced six new species. I may add that Canna too has been
colonized by the collared dove in the last two years.

In 1971 here was a total absence of migrants until July
10th, when the first P. gamma appeared. Gamma was there-
after much commoner than in 1970, a total of about 67 being
seen or taken in the trap in which E. hortulata (Small Magpie)
made its first appearance on July 13th. Noctuella did not re-
turn up until August 21st, atalanta not until September 26th
and cardui not until October 4th. During several days of
warm weather and strong southerly winds between October
24th and October 29th, single specimens of atalanta, and
cardui were seen, usually around veronica at Tighard. This
is unusually late, though in 1955 atalanta was seen in early
November. C. lutosa Hiibn. and P. interrogationis L. mentioned

earlier are probably to be classed as migrants.

Heiskeir. Expeditions were made to Heiskeir on 6/6/70,
when no lepidoptera were seen, though the number of wild
flowers on this low and rocky isloated islet wis impressive; on
28/7/70, when a pair of P. icarus Rott. was seen in cop., as well
as several specimens of O. limitata; and on 23/8/70, when a
specimen of V. atalanta was seen, and a large number of P.
lutealis Hiibn. The Head lighthouse keeper this year produced
specimens of M. oleracea L., D. conspersa Esp., X. monoglypha
Hufn., A. xanthographa D. & Shiff., P. gamma L., and a large
number of C. graminis L., also a specimen of Ischnura elegans
of which he said there had been an invasion in June.

In 1971 an expedition was made there on August 17th, when
the Head Lighthouse keeper produced specimens of X.
monoglypha, C. gaminis, L. impura, P. gamma and O. limitata.

WARWICKSHIRE ODONATA—I am engaged, in conjunction with
Warwick Museum, in evaluating the status of all dragonflies
found in Warwickshire. Their distribution in the county is
being plotted on a 1 km. square grid. Owing to the size of this
task, I am appealing to readers with Warwickshire records of all
species to send them to me at my address below, giving the 4
or 6 figure grid reference, the date, and whether the record is
for specimen or sighting, larva or imago.—G. S. Vick, 93 Manor
House Lane, South Yardley, Birmingham 26, . 9.v.1972.

THE GENUS KINESIS BURR (DERMAPTERA: CHELISOCHIDAE) 199

The genus Kinesis Burr (Dermaptera :
Chelisochidae)

By A. BRINDLE

The genus Kinesis is distinguished from all other genera
of the Chelisochidae by the short elytra, each elytron having
a well marked lateral longitudinal explanate margin or ridge;
wings are absent. The genus was erected by Burr (1907:126)
for one species, Chelisoches punctulatus Burr, 1897, which was
described from a single female. Burr (1911:63), however, in-
cludes a description of the male forceps in his citation of the
genus, and this appears to be due to a record of a male and a
female of the same species in the Vienna Museum (Burr,
1912:92). The appearance of another name, Kinesis mounseyi
Burr, in an account of the male genitalia of the Dermaptera
(Burr, 1916:9), presents a puzzle, since, whilst no indication is
given that this represents a new species, no previous descrip-
tion of this species can be found. It has not been traced in the
Zoological Record.

Apart from the original description of punctulata and a
very short description and figure of the male genitalia of
mounseyi, nothing has been published on these species, so it
was felt useful to re-examine the available material of the
genus and to publish descriptions and figures of both species.
The types of punctulata and mounseyi, and the recorded speci-
mens of punctulata in the Vienna Museum, have been
examined; for these I am indebted to Mr J. Huxley of the
British Museum (Natural History) and Dr A. Kaltenbach, of
the Vienna Museum, respectively. Apart from the descriptions
and figures given in the present paper, a key to the species is
included and notes on the specimens.

The specimens from Vienna consist of one male and one
female, but although (Burr (1912:92) lists the male from Java
and the female from Celebes, both are from this latter island,
and the mention of Java is an error. The specimens are
clearly conspecific with the type of punctulata on external
characters.

Regarding the confusion about the status of mounseyi, it
is worth noting that Burr regularly used the usual “sp.n.”
when describing any of his numerous new species, and the
lack of this indication in the case of mounseyi appears to be
due to the author being engaged on business other than entom-
ology when the paper was in press. The three parts of the
paper on the male genitalia of the Dermaptera were published
in 1915 (parts 1 and 2) and 1916 (part 3), and it is in this last
part that the name Kinesis mounseyi appears. The paper was
communicated to the Royal Microscopical Society by Mr John
Hopkinson, and evidently only the first two parts were checked
in proof form by the author, for a footnote on the last page
of the 1916 paper reads “‘As Captain Burr is with H.M. Forces
somewhere in the East, and has been unable to correct the

200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

revise (sic) of this part of his paper, it has been submitted to
Mr Hopkinson ......’”. This evocative sentence conceals
Burr’s adventures in the Middle East during the first World
War, when he appears to have developed such an interest in
in that region that his work on Dermaptera almost ended; very
little was published by Burr on Dermaptera after that date.
His interest in the Middle East or at least Eastern Europe,
however, dates much further back than the first War, as re-
lated by him in his book “Slouch hat’’, but the interest seems
to have become more dominant after that time, ending tragi-
cally in his death in a street accident in Istanbul.

The unfortunate result of this cessation of work on the
Dermaptera is that a number of queries have remained un-
answered, amongst them the case of K. mounseyi. No sub-
sequent correction has been traced, but, in spite of the lack
of indication in the 1916 paper, the name and the date must
stand. The short description of two and a half lines entirely
refers to the male genitalia, which is figured on plate II, figure
9, but this seems to be sufficient for the name to be valid. It
may also be noted that Burr (1914) described Nesogaster
mounseyi, also from the Philippine Islands, and collected by
the same collector from the same locality as Kinesis mounseyi,
and it is not known why this latter species was not described
at the same time.

Key to species
1. Pronotum transverse (fig. 1); abdominal puncturation
somewhat weaker; paler species, smaller in size, body
length less than 10 mm. Philippine Islands ..................
mounseyi Burr
— Pronotum longer than broad (fig. 22); abdominal punctur-
ation rather stronger; darker species, larger in size, body
length usually over 10 mm. Celebes...... punctulata Burr

Kinesis mounseyi Burr

Kinesis mounseyi Burr, 1916, J. R. micr. Soc. 1916: 9, fig. 9 pl.
II (cholotype, dparatype, Philippine Islands; British
Museum (Natural History)).

Head reddish-yellow; antennae yellowish-brown, first seg-
ment darker; pronotum brown, lateral margins yellowish;
elytra brown, somewhat translucent; legs yellowish; abdomen
and forceps reddish-brown. Cuticle of head almost smooth
and impunctate, that of pronotum and elytra coriaceous, im-
punctate; cuticle of abdominal tergites, except last, punctured
on basal two-thirds or more, leaving a smooth posterior border,
the punctures large and deep, separated by about their own
diameter, and more marked on basal half of tergite, distal
part having shallower punctures; last tergite almost smooth.
Cuticle of head, and abdomen shining, that of pronotum and
elytra duller.

Male (fig. 1): head transverse, swollen on occiput behind
each eye, the swollen areas not touching on vertex but leaving

THE GENUS KINESIS BURR (DERMAPTERA: CHELISOCHIDAE) 201

Kinesis:

fig. 1, K. mounseyi, male type; figs. 2, 3, K. punctulata, female type;
fig. 4, K. punctulata, male forceps.

a depressed area separating each area; eyes small. First an-
tennal segment nearly as long as distance between the
antennal bases, second segment transverse, third segment
twice as long as broad or rather longer, fourth segment one
and half times as long as broad, fifth segment intermediate
in length between third and fourth; distal segments elongated,
two and half times as long as broad, evenly narrowed to bases,
apex rounded. Pronotum transverse, lateral margins slightly
rounded, and with a rather wide explanate lateral margin; a
well marked longitudinal median furrow present on anterior
half of pronotum, the furrow much less marked on posterior
half; two shallow circular depressions occur towards the an-
terior margin on each side of the disc. Elytra short, exposing
a scutellum, each elytron with a well marked lateral explanate
margin forming a lateral ridge. Legs with femora broadened,

202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

second segment of tarsi produced beneath the third, tarsal
segments with numerous short ventral hairs.

Abdomen broad, lateral tubercles on third tergite very
small, those on fourth small; last tergite transverse, depressed
medially near posterior margin, posterior margin slightly
oblique laterally. Penultimate sternite with posterior margin
almost evenly rounded, but with apex slightly truncate. Each
branch of forceps elliptical in cross section basally and
broader, arcuate, glabrous, and with a dorso-median tooth
before midpoint. Pygidium short, transverse, declivent,
postero-lateral angles slightly produced. Genitalia with short
parameres, broader medially and narrowed towards apex,
virga long and associated with two elongated dark sclerites.
Length of body 9:75 mm., forceps 3-3-25 mm.

Female: unknown.

Material examined: co holotype, ¢ paratype, Mindanao,
P.I., Iodayi District, IX/X11 (Mounsey) (British Museum
(Natural History)).

The paratype has longer forceps, and the genitalia figured
by Burr (1916) is from the paratype.

Kinesis punctulata (Burr)

Chelisoches punctulata Burr, 1897, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)
20:315 (2 holotype, Celebes; British Museum (Natural
History )).

Kinesis punctulatus (Burr): Burr, 1912, AnnIn naturh. Mus.
Wien 26: 92 (Java (in error); Celebes).

Generally dark reddish-brown, lighter when somewhat
immature; antennae yellowish, first segment dark brown; legs
yellowish-brown to dark brown. Cuticle similar to that of
mounseyi but abdominal puncturation rather stronger.

Female: head transverse, lateral margins of occiput behind
eyes slightly swollen; eyes small; proportion of antennal seg-
ments as in mounseyi. Pronotum slightly longer than broad,
anterior lateral angles marked, somewhat acute; pronotum
almost parallel-sided, posterior margin convex; elytra short
(fig. 2). Abdomen broad, lateral tubercles on third tergite
almost absent, those on fourth very large; last tergite trans-
verse, small depressed near posterior margin between the
branches of the forceps. Penultimate sternite extended in
type, showing from a dorsal view-point (fig. 3). Each branch
of forceps elliptical in cross section, excavated at base, evenly
narrowed distally, inner margin slightly crenulated for basal
half; apex curved medially; pygidium short, declivent, bluntly
triangular (fig. 3). Length of body 11 mm., forceps 2:25 mm.

Male: similar to female; occiput behind eyes more swollen;
abdomen broader, widened to last tergite which is very broad;
each branch of forceps elliptical in cross section, arcuate, with
small inner teeth and smaller isolated crenulations; pygidium
not visible (fig. 4). Length of body 13-5 mm., forceps 3 mm.

Material examined: 2 holotype, S. Celebes, Lompa-Battau,
5000 ’ Marz, 1896 (British Museum) (Natural History)). Other

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 203

material: S. Celebes, Bua-Kraeng, 5000 ’, Feb., 1896 (H. Fruh-
storfer) (Coll. Br. V.W. 20-870) 1 3; Celebes, Loka (Sarasin) 1
2 (Vienna Museum).

The male from the Vienna Museum is large and dark,
whilst the female is smaller (body length 10 mm) and lighter
in colour, apparently being somewhat immature; the female
specimen has lost the branches of the forceps but is otherwise
in good condition.

REFERENCES

Burr, M. (1907). A preliminary revision of the Forficulidae (sensu
stricto) and of the Chelisochidae, families of the Dermatoptera,
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 1907: 91-134.

Burr, M. (1911). Genera Insectorum 122: 1-112, Bruxelles.

Burr, M. (1912). Die Dermapteren des k.k. naturhistorisches Hof-
museums in Wien. Annln naturh. Mus. Wien, 26: 63-108.

Burr, M. (1914). Notes on the Forficularia, XXIII, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist.
(8) 14: 420-428.

Burr, M. (1915-1916). On the male genital armature of Dermaptera.
Parts 1-3, J. R. micr. Soc., 1915: 413-447. 521-546; 1916: 1-18.

Manchester Museum.

Notes and Observations

DREPANA CURVATULA BORKHAUSEN: WAS THERE A SUFFOLK
Recorp?—Further to my note in this journal (antea: 79) on
the occurrence of a specimen of the Dusky Hooktip in North
Norfolk in August 1971, I have come across an interesting
reference to an alleged example of the Scarce Hooktip (D.
harpagula Esp.) in the Memoirs of the Suffolk Naturalists’
Society (1937). The compiler, Claude Morley, in his final
catalogue of the Lepidoptera of Suffolk (p. 98), quoting from
W. H. Harwood of Colchester, mentions that ‘‘that careful col-
lector, Dr Free had a specimen in his collection which he said
he took at Stowmarket: we all thought it was a variety of P.
falcula until Mr Meek detected it when he purchased Dr Free’s
collection”.

It seems extraordinary that such a “careful collector” as Dr
Free should not have been able to distinguish between the
Scarce Hooktip (harpagula) and the Pebble Hooktip (falcula)
whereas the Dusky Hooktip (curvatula) could have been easily
confused as a possible variety o fthe Pebble Hooktip, as I
pointed out in my earlier note.

Suffolk also seems a most unlikely region for D. harpagula
though Mr Morley says that its usual pabulum, the small-leaved
lime, is found sparingly in the county.—C. G. M. bE Worms,
Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey. 19.iv.1972. |

204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

NEPTICULA SORBI STAINTON IN KENT.—On 29th May, I accom-
panied Col. Emmet and his wife to Goodley Stock near Wester-
ham, to search trunks for the imagines of N. sorbi where Col.
Emmet had last year noted the mines in plenty on Pyrus aucu-
paria. We only succeeded, however, in finding two moths, one
at rest on a trunk of P. aucuparia, the other on a trunk of wild
cherry. Both specimens appeared to have been out some time,
so we concluded that a week or ten days earlier would have
been about right for optimum emergence.—J. M. CHALMERS-
HMuwie levaloge.

STIGMELLA OXYACANTHELLA STT. (LEP. NEPTICULIDAE).—Mr J.
L. Gregory (antea, p. 76) states that he bred two of this species
in August 1965 from larvae taken earlier in the same year, and
a further example in June 1971 from a larva taken the previous
October. He therefore concludes that oxyacanthella is
bivoltine at his home in Cornwall. He kindly sent me the mine
from which the 1971 moth was reared, and in my opinion it was
undoubtedly made by Nepticula pygmaeella Haw. He is now
of opinion that the pair he bred in 1965 are also pygmaeella.
The two imagines can easily be confused unless both are
present for comparison, when the deep purple of oxyacanthella
contrasts strongly with the bronzy grey of pygmaeella. Mr
Gregory says that he was misled by a passage in my Notes on
some of the British Nepticulidae (Ent. Record, 83: 164) which
suggested to him that oxyacanthella was our only unfasciated
Nepticula on hawthorn, and I must apologize for having drawn
him into this error. I am writing this note at his suggestion.

Last year I first found the mines of oxyacanthella on the
29th of September and they continued until late October. I am
still of the opinion that the species is univoltine and that the
belief that it was bivoltine arose from the false attribution to
it of the mines and larvae of Stigmella crataegella Klim. This
year, after previous failures, I have succeeded in rearing
twelve specimens of crataegella, which is a fasciated species
closely resembling S. hybnerella Hiibn. S. crataegella is also a
univoltine species, but its larvae feed up two months earlier
than those of oxyacanthella. It is a particularly hard species to
get through, and most entomologists have failed. Hence they
had no imagines to demonstrate to them that these earlier
larvae produced an entirely different moth from the one they
bred so easily from very similar October larvae. My crataegella
emerged from the Sth to the 25th of May, whereas the first
oxyacanthella appeared only two days ago (30th May). The
crataegella were kept out of doors and so were unforced, while
the oxyacanthella have been indoors and may be early. I doubt
whether oxyacanthella flies before June or July in the state of
nature. — A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens,
Saffron Walden, Essex. 1.vi.1972.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 205

PHYLLONORYCTER TRIFASCIELLA Haw. (LEP. GRACILLARIDAE)
AN UPPER SURFACE MINE.—I was interested in Mr J. L. Gregory’s
note (antea, p. 78), since I have had a similar experience. In
mid February of this year I had a brief holiday in the Isles of
Scilly and found the mines of P. trifasciella locally plentiful in
honesuckle. Amongst them were three upper surface mines.
These puzzled me and on my return I exhibited them at a meet-
ing of the British Entomological and Natural History Society. I
am ashamed to confess that I kept them in the same container
as the normal trifasciella mines. From this material only
trifasciella emerged, and it is reasonable to assume that my
moths came from both varieties of mine.

The only other leaf-miners noted were Nepticula aurella
Fab. and Tischeria marginea Haw. The latter species has not
previously been recorded from Scilly—A. M. Emmet, Labrey
Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 1.vi.1972.

THE OCCURRENCE OF CHLOROCLYSTIS CHLOERATA MABILLE IN
THE BRITISH IsLES.—This little insect which might aptly earn
the soubriquet of the Sloe Pug, was first detected as a British
species by Mr E. Pelham Clinton who bred out a couple of speci-
mens from larvae beaten from sloe blossom in April 1971. This
remarkable discovery naturally encouraged field collectors beat
blackthorn blossom during April 1972 with the result that the
very characteristic stumpy larva, almost white with a short
red dorsal line, was found to be widespread in most areas
where sloe was plentiful, ranging from Hampshire to Kent as
well as occurring in some of the eastern counties. This clearly
proved that the species had always been with us, but had ap-
parently been overlooked owing to its similarity to C. rectangu-
lata L. After I had my first specimen emerge on 16th May I
compared it with my series of the latter species and to my
astonishment found that I had in it four examples bred from
Salisbury in May 1944 which seemed to conform in markings
with C. chloérata. I duly took them to the Natural History
Museum where Mr D. S. Fletcher confirmed my suspicions.
Referring to my notes for 1944 I find I visited a large bank of
sloe in Clarendon Park on 22nd April of that year, only arriv-
ing after dark so that I must have beaten the larvae using
torchlight and designated them as C. rectangulata among
which the imagines have remained undetected for 28 years.
It would be most interesting if other examples of this little Pug
are brought to light in this way, though as yet none appear to
have been taken on the wing. The distinguishing features
between the two species are best shown by the Danish author
Henning Hansen in “Lepidoptera” (i:167, June 1969). Here
the regular and rounded median band on the forewing of C.
chloérata is shown as compared with the irregular and kinked
one in rectangulata in which the line on the underside of the
hindwing is much more acutely angled than the similar line in
chloérata.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 18.v.72,

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ VIM/72

An UNusvuAL GATHERING OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI LINNAEUS IN
Surrey.—A friend of mine, Mr Harry Hutchinson, reported an
unusual local occurrence recently. He lives at Wanborough,
just north of the Hog’s Back and just west of Guildford. He is
a reliable observer and, while he does not claim to be an
entomologist, he does know the common butterflies of this
country.

Over the Easter weekend (lst to 3rd April) he saw what
must have been a most unusual sight at Wanborough. This is
a rural area. His garden abuts on to about 100 acres of land
which was originally a brickworks, long since disused, and said
to have been the subject of litigation over many years. Hence
not even grazing has taken place. The area is mainly grass
with many weeds of many kinds and which has probably never
been treated with any pesticides. There is a considerable amount
of buckthorn and blackthorn as well as oak and ash, elm and
hawthorn.

On this occasion, a cloudy bright morning, just before
lunchtime, Mr Hutchinson was walking across this derelict land
when he saw what he describes as a whirling mass of butterflies
which he is sure were brimstones proceeding in the form of a
cloud from south to north along a neglected hedge. The im-
pression was one of a moving ball about the size of or a little
larger than a football. He watched it proceed the whole length
of the hedge before it disappeared from view. I have examined
Mr Hutchinson very closely as to the number of butterflies he
then saw. He is convinced that there were some twenty to
thirty but, as he says, moving insects are not easy to count.
However,. after discussion we agreed that probably ten to
twenty could have produced this effect.

The first thought was, of course, that this being a fine and
warm morning a number of rhamni had emerged simultan-
eously and were enjoying the sunshine. But rhamni emerges in
July and August and hibernates during the winter to be seen
again the following spring. It is also unusual to see more than
one or two of these butterflies at the same time—indeed the
writer has never done so.

Could these frolicking insects have been rhamni and if so
what were they doing. Could a single female have been the
cause of the assembly. If so it is strange that, since so rarely
are more than one or two seen at the same time, as many as,
perhaps, ten had come together. Why?.—A. G. M. BATTEN.

PAPILIO HOMERUS FABRiICcIUS.—We reported (Ent. Record, 80:
5) our having seen this species at Good Hyde, near to the so-
called Cockpit Country in the north of the island. We also said
that we had seen the same insect come to exactly the same
place at the same time of day for seven consecutive days.

I have now received a letter from Mr John Johnstone of
Toronto, an amateur entomologist from this country, in which
he writes as follows:—‘‘We stayed at the Upper Deck Hotel,

CURRENT LITERATURE 207

Montago Bay, which is about 200 yards from the main road
upon the hill overlooking the harbour. The first morning I got
in the car and went a mile north where they had cleared
ground and were building houses. The scrub had grown up and
a few large trees still left. I found quite a few butterflies here,
and over the week totalled about thirty species with three more
seen but not taken. It was to this spot that I returned each day
as it was easy to get to and from. It was at this spot that I
caught a worn female Papilio homerus. She had not laid all
her eggs and was duly released. She turned up again two days
later at the same spot. I never saw a male, which was a great
disappointment.”—A. G. M. Batren, Littledale, Cedar Road,
Hook Heath, Woking, Surrey. 15.v.1972.

HADENA ComPTA D. & Scuirr.—I noted the Baron de Worms’s
comment (antea 79) on a northerly record of H. compta, the
varied coronet. An interesting note on this species appeared
in the News Lettter of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists’
Society for September 1969. In this, Mr Alec Bull had noted
the varied coronet at Cranworth in 1963, and at Foxley, twelve
miles north west of Nerwich in 1969. I have taken the species
both here, right in the centre of Norwich, and also at Surling-
ham, five miles to the east of the city in 1971. Doubtless the
moth is widely distributed all over the county now.—T. N. D.
Peet, la Glebe Road, Norwich, NOR 55F. 13.iv.1972.

Curious BEHAVIOUR OF LARVA OF ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.—
Mr Sevastopulo comments (antea 114) on my observations of
the behaviour of the brown larval form of Acherontia atropos
L. This season, in Cape Town, I had six brown and ten yellow
larvae under observation during their final instar. None of the
brown ones showed the slightest inclination to hide during
daylight—they rested more frequently than the yellow ones
(which fed day and night non-stop) but remained at their feed-
ing positions throughout the day.

Less than 4 per cent of the brown form observed over a
period of some years buried themselves during the daylight
hours, and therefore, to me, such behaviour cannot be classed
as normal. Possibly climatic differences between Cape Town
and Mombasa may account for the discrepancy in our observa-
tions on this subject.—H. L. O’HEFFERNAN, Salcombe, Devon.
9.vi.1972.

Current Literature

Jamaica and its Butterflies by F. Martin Brown and Bernard
Heineman. Quarto, xv+478+11 Colour Plates, E. W.
Classey Ltd., £16.50.

The long list of acknowledgements for assistance received
by the authors shows that this book has not been brought into
being lightly, but with all the available sources of information
used to full advantage. There is a short foreword by Lord
Caradon, a former Governer-in-Chief of Jamaica, on his

208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 ~— 15/VIII/72

acquaintance with Bernard and Mrs Heinemann. The Author’s
introduction mentions many interesting facets of Jamaican life
and mentions some butterflies said to have been seen in the
island, but which have not yet been caught to establish their
true determination.

Chapter I is headed The Jamaica Scene, and first mentions
the West Indies and Jamaica’s position in the group. The island
is then described both as regards its division and its physical
characters. Temperature and rainfall are mentioned, followed
by vegetation and animals. Chapter 2 mentions a list of early
collectors, commencing with the discovery of the island by
Christopher Columbus and its early history. The collectors
commence with Hans Sloan in 1687, followed by Peter Cramer,
Philip Henry Gosse, E. Stuart Panton, George P. Longstaff,
Lilly Perkins, Frank E. Watson, W. J. Kaye, C. C. Gowdey, A.
Avinoff and N. Shoumatoff, and Ernest L. Bell. Present day
collecting is the subject of Chapter 3, and localities for many
species are mentioned.

After this, Chapter 4 gives a short note on butterfly anatomy
and biology, with drawings showing wing areas and venation.
Chapter 5 makes mention of the chief butterfly habitats with
maps showing the wet and the dry season rainfall, an altitude
chart and a vegetational map of the island.

The Zoogeography, is dealt with in Chapter 6, and there is a
map of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea, showing the
main currents and the prevailing winds. There is a check list
of the butterfly fauna of the Greater Antilles, the species being
listed in families with notes of their presence in or absence
from Central America, Cuba, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and
Jamaica with comments at the end of eachfamily. The chapter
closes with two tables, Table 1 showing the number of species,
totally endemic in Jamaica, and the numbers held in com-
mon with the various Antilles, and Table 2 showing the aréa
and total number of taxa of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica and
Puerto Rico.

Chapter 7 is the main treatise, the families and sub-families
being dealt with in turn, followed by their species. The details
of the families and sub-families are explained with their taxon-
omy, and the species are dealt with with a few remarks on
distinctive features, a good account of the taxonomy, their
habits and habitats, life history, and distribution with a list of
records. Dr J. L. Campbell has pointed out to me that no
mention is made of his recording of Spiroeta stelenes L.
from St Ann’s (Ent. Record, 75: 73-76) although he presented
the specimen to the Jamaica Institute on request, and a reprint
of his article to the author. A short list of abbreviations used
in the distribution records follows the text.

The ten plates follow, which, with the frontispiece, illustrate
116 species with 169 figures, all of them with the exception
of Papilio homerus Fabricius on the frontispiece, illustrate
the upperside on the left and the underside on the right. Sex

OBITUARY 209

dimorphism and variation are shown where necessary. These
beautiful plates are the work of Mrs Marjorie Statham
Favreau and I would imagine that the printer has done justice
to their excellent quality in the reproduction. One can well
imagine the skill and patience displayed by Mrs Favreau in
their drawing, and her attention to detail is truly remarkable.

After the plates come 29 pages of bibliography, a glossary,
a checklist, and the index.

The book is printed in good clear type on good paper, and is
strongly bound in grey-green buckram with gilt lettering on
the spine. The front and back cover papers show a map of
Jamaica with its counties, parishes, and principal collecting
grounds.

The authors have set out to serve the interested layman as
well as the scientific lepidopterist, and they have done very
well for both causes. It is a book which must find its way into
all institutions concerned with entomology, and into the hands
of all interested lepidopterists likely to visit the island. With
modern travel facilities, I should think many collectors may be
persuaded to sample the Jamaican insects. Congratulations are
due to all concerned; authors, artist, colour printers, printers
and publishers.—S.N.A.J.

Obituary

EDWARD STUART AUGUSTUS BAYNES O.B.E.,
F.R.E.S.

By the death of Edward Stuart Augustus Baynes, which
took place after a long illness at his home at Glenageary, Co.
Dublin on 14th May, British Entomology sustained a sad, and
Irish possibly, an irreparable loss.

It is true that he had reached an advanced age, but he
showed no signs of this, and in appearance and energy until
last winter had not seemed to have altered for the past twenty
years. The writer had the pleasure of lunching with his wife
and himself last June, on his eighty-second birthday, and
noticed how little he had altered in the ten years we had been
visiting Dingle together; further, he thought nothing of driving
the 200 miles from Dingle to his home in one day.

Baynes was the son of Edward Neil Baynes, and grandson
of Sir William J. W. Baynes, Bart, of a very old Yorkshire
family. He was educated at Cheam and Radley, and after
passing through the School of Architecture was working under
Lutyens at the outbreak of the first world war. He at once
enlisted in the Inns of Court O.T.C. and was commissioned to
the Kings Royal Rifle Corps, but after being twice wounded was
invalided home in 1916. After his recovery, he was attached
to the Foreign Office, and travelled over most of the world. His
thoroughness and gift for organisation caused him to be placed
in charge of several exhibitions, notably at Johannesberg in
1936, Glasgow in 1937, and New York World Fair in the same
year.

210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/ Vi T2

After the second world war he was attached to the British
Embassy at Dublin as a Commissioner for British Trade. from
1946 until his retirement in 1954.

Baynes began to take an interest in lepidoptera when at
school at Radley and continued collecting both at home and
abroad all his life. His Dublin appointment was, however, the
critical point in his entomological career; he resolved to devote
himself in future to Irish species, and sold his fine collection of
British and European insects.

Apart from every year compiling a list of Irish immigrants
for the Irish Naturalists’ Journal, in which he enlisted the help
of numerous correspondents, he early decided that it was time
for a new book on the Irish macro-lepidoptera, on which no
work had appeared since Donovan’s Catalogue and supple-
ment, which brought the data up to December 1936. Baynes
went to work with his usual patience and assiduity. He not
only went through all published sources, but also advertised
in all the journals for information. All records sent in were
most carefully checked, and when necessary, the insects seen.

In all his records he was as critical of others as he was
modest over his own; any insect that seemed unlikely, or of an
unusual form, was submitted to the B.M., the late Dr Cockayne,
or the writer.

When he had finally collated his work, he submitted the
entire type-script, which included spaces for notes, to Dr B. P.
Beirne and myself, with instructions to point out any errors or
make any additions necessary. I do not think I altered more
than three entries, though I was able to add a few.

The final work appeared in 1964 and a supplement of
additional records in 1970, and I think it gave general satis-
faction.

Until last summer, Baynes was as keen as ever in the field,
he was an ideal companion to collect with, never interfering
or wishing to pack up early, and possessing a dry humour that
amused if things were slow.

For several years after his retirement his wife and he spent
the late winter and spring in the Canaries, and here also, he
made many interesting captures.

His collection is to be presented to the Irish National
Museum, so will always be available to future workers. He is
survived by his widow and son, to whom the sympathy of all
who knew him will go-—H.C.H.

Joint Committee for the Conservation of British
Insects
BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA : Rare and

Endangered Species and Forms

The following list of species and named forms of British
Macrolepidoptera includes those insects which the Joint

CONSERVATION OF BRITISH INSECTS AB |

Committee for the Conservation of British Insects considers
should be collected with restraint because they are rare and
endangered. The list should be read in conjunction with the
recent Code for Insect Collecting, issued by the Committee.
The list contains one species, Maculinea arion, the Large Blue
butterfly, which should not be collected at all. The Committee
recommends that the other species and forms listed should be
collected with the greatest restraint and suggests that a pair
of specimens is sufficient. A few species are rare and en-
dangered in only part of their range in the British Isles; these
are noted in the list. Names of species follow the most recent
editions of ‘South’; they are listed alphabetically. More infor-
mation is required on the status of many of the species men-
tioned.

BUTTERFLIES:
Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas). Chequered Skipper.
Coenonympha tullia (Miill.). Large Heath. In England.
Erebia aethiops (Esp.). Scotch Argus. In England.

Eumenis semele (L.) f. thyone Thompson. Grayling. This form
only.

Hesperia comma (L.). Silver-spotted Skipper.

Lysandra bellargus (Rott.). Adonis Blue.

Maculinea arion (L.). Large Blue. Not to be collected.

Melitaea athalia (Rott.). Heath Fritillary.

Melitaea cinxia (L.) Glanville Fritillary.

Nymphalis polychloros (L.). Large Tortoiseshell.

Papilio machaon (L.). Swallowtail.

Plebejus argus (L.) f. caernensis Thompson, and Plebejus argus
(L.) f. masseyi Tutt. Silver-studded Blue. These forms
only.

Strymonidia pruni (L.). Black Hairstreak.

Thymelicus actaeon (Rott.) Lulworth Skipper.

N.B. Collection of Lycaena dispar Haw., Large Copper, at

Woodwalton Fen is forbidden by the Nature Conservancy-

MOTHS:
Acontia luctuosa (Schiff.). Four-spotted.
Acosmetia caliginosa (Hiibn). Reddish Buff.
Aegeria chrysidiformis (Esp.). Fiery Clearwing.
Aegeria scoliaeformis (Borkh.). Welsh Clearwing.
Anepia irregularis (Hufn). Viper’s Bugloss.
Aplasta ononaria (Fuessly). Rest Harrow.
Arenostola extrema (Hiibn.). Concolorous.
Arenostola morrisii (Dale). Morris’s Wainscot.
Aspitates gilvaria (Schiff.). Straw Belle.
Calophasia lunula (Hufn.). Toadflax Brocade.
Coenophila subrosea (Steph.). Rosy Marsh Moth.
Colobochyla salicalis (Schiff.). Lesser Belle.
Coscinia cribraria (L.) Speckled Footman.
Cosymbia pendularia (Clerck). Dingy Mocha.
Cucullia gnaphiliu (Hiibn.)- Cudweed.

212 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

Cucullia lychnitis (Ramb.). Striped Lychnis.

Drepana harpagula (Esp.). Scarce Hook-tip.

Emmelia trabealis (Scop.). Spotted Sulphur.

Endromis versicolora (L.). Kentish Glory.

Epicnaptera ilicifolia (L.)- Small Lappet.

Epione verspertaria (F.). Dark Bordered Beauty.

Eriogaster lanestris (L.). Emall Eggar.

Euphyia luctuata (Schiff.). White-banded Carpet.

Eupithecia egenaria (H.-S.). Fletcher’s Pug, Pauper Pug.

Eupithecia millefoliata (Roéssler). Yarrow Pug.

Euplagia quadripunctaria (Poda). Jersey Tiger.

Eustroma reticulata (Schiff.). Netted Carpet.

Eustrotia bankiana (F.). Silver Barred.

Gortyna boreli (Pierret).

Hadena albimacula (Borkh.). White Spot.

Heliothis viriplaca (Hufn.). Marbled Clover.

Hydraecia hucherardi (Mab.). Giant Ear.

Hydrillula palustris (Hiibn.). Marsh Moth.

Idaea lineata (Scop.). Black-veined.

Lithosia pygmaeola (Doubl.). Pigmy Footman.

Lithostege griseata (Schiff.). Grey Carpet.

Luperina nickerlii (Freyer). Sandhill Rustic.

Malacosoma castrensis (L.). Ground Lackey.

Meliana flammea (Curt.). Flame Wainscot.

Nola albula (Schiff.). Kent Black Arches.

Nonagria algae (Esp.). Rush Wainscot.

Nonagria neurica (Hiibn-). White-mantled Wainscot. .

Nyssia zonaria (Schiff.). Belted Beauty. In England and Wales.

Orgyia recens (Hiibn.). Scarce Vapourer.

Pachetra sagittigera (Hufn.). Feathered Ear.

Paracolax derivalis (Hiibn.). Clay Fan-foot.

Pareulype berberata (Schiff.). Barberry Carpet.

Pelosia obtusa (H-S.). Small Dotted Footman.

Perizoma sagittata (F.). Marsh Carpet.

Phothedes captiuncula (Treits.). Least Minor.

Phragmataecia castaneae (Hiibn.). Reed Leopard.

Plusia chryson (Esp.). Scarce Burnished Brass.

Scopula immorata (L.). Lewes Wave.

Scopula nigropunctata (Hufn.). Sub-angled Wave.

Scopula rubiginata (Hufn.). Tawny Wave.

Sterrha degeneraria (Hiibn.). Portland Ribbon Wave.

Sterrha dilutaria (Htibn.). Silky Wave.

Sterrha ochrata (Scop.). Bright Wave.

Sterrha vulpinaria (H.-S.). Least Carpet.

Thalera fimbralis (Scop.). Sussex Emerald.

Thetidia smaragdaria (F.). Essex Emerald.

Trisateles emortualis (Schiff.). Olive Crescent.

Zygaena exulans (Hoch. & Reim.). Scotch or Mountain Burnet.

Zygaena loti (Schiff. & Denis). Slender Scotch Burnet.

Zygaena purpuralis (Briinn.) f. segontii Tremewan. ‘Trans-
parent Burnet. This form only.

Zygaena viciae (Schiff. & Denis). New Forest Burnet.

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (87)

(J. A. Parry). Pine Wood, common (D. G. Marsh).

4. Minster, four beaten from bushes, etc., July 9, 1915 (H. G. Gomm,
Diary).

5. Chevening, July 12-21, 1913 (Gillett, Diary). Westerham (R. C.
Edwards). Holwood (W. Barnes, in Wool. Surv., 1909). High Elms, July
26, 1964 (R. G. Chatelain).

6. Shoreham* (Carr, Entomologist, 32: 40). Snodland*, 1908 (Ovenden,
Ent. Rec., 21: 32). Birling, 1911; Vigo Hill, 1924; Clay Lane Wood, 1912
(F. T. Grant). Gravesend (H. C. Huggins). Pinden district* (E. J. Hare).

6a. Darenth, 1865 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.); (H. C. Huggins). Chatten-
den (H. C. Huggins). Cobham Wood, 1912 (F. T. Grant).

7. Rochester district* (Chaney, 1884-87). Westwell (Scott, 1936).

8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs, 1870). Near Nonington, 1912 (J. W. C.
Hunt). Reinden Wood, abundant (Morley, 1931). Stowting; Brook*; Wye*
(C. A. W. Duffield). Coombe Wood, Dover, one, June 26, 1895 (Stockwell,
Diary). Alkham; Poulton; St. Radigund’s; Whitfield (E. & Y., 1949). Eiham
Park Wood, three, July 6, 1926; Atchester Wood, 1931; Haddling Wood,
June 29, 1938 (Busbridge, Diary).

10. Near Westerham*, abundant (Stephens, Haust., 3: 214). Seal
Chart, very common, July 20, 1888 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). Otford, not
uncommon in willow plantation, July 7, 1956 (A. A. Allen).

11. Harrietsham, 1840 (Stephens, Entomologist 1: 200). Yalding (V.C.H.,
1908). Aylesford (G. A. N. Davis).

12. Ham Street (Scott, 1936). Willesborough, 1956 (W. L. Rudland).
Potters Corner, common; West Ashford, common (M. Singleton, M. Enfield,
DY Younes).

13. Tunbridge Wells district (Cox, Entomologist, 4 (62): ii). Tunbridge
Wells, 1891 (Beeching, Ent. Rec., 2: 229).

14. Hawkhurst, two, 1952 (B. G. Chatfield).

VARIATION.—The two sexes are quite dissimilar in appearance, and the
normal ¢ and © forms occurring in Kent seem to be represented by abs.
brunnescens Lempke and lutescens Prout respectively, and the greyish
nymo-typical didymata is apparently absent.

The following are in RCK:—ab. flavescens Lempke, 5 © 9, Sevenoaks,
1892, one ©, Dover, 1909; ab. brunnescens Lempke, 8 ¢ ¢, Sevenoaks, 1892,
one <6, Dover, 1909.

First REecorp, 1830: “Kent” (Curtis, Br. Ent., 296).

P. sagittata Fabricius: Marsh Carpet.
Resident?

It is hard to account for the appearance of this moth in the Dover-
Folkestone area as there is no knowledge of any Thalictrum sp. there.
On the other hand its occurrence near Wye appears significant, since of
the few Kentish stations for Thalictrum flavum, several are located there-
abouts in the valley of the Stour. Indeed, the possibility that sagittata
may still persist there and to have been overlooked seems possible, for it
is well known that the species is subject to long periods of decline during
which it survives for many years at a low density level. The imago is
extraordinarily retiring moreover, and despite its very striking appear-
ance, is seldom seen in nature even in its most favoured haunts and
during its years of optimum larval abundance.

8. Near Folkestone*, one, taken a year or two previous to 1888 (Mayor,

4

(88) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VIII/72

Entomologist, 60: 209). Dover, one “was taken in a back garden of a
house in Maison Dieu Road, Dover, by myself in 1888” (Tulloch, Entom-
ologist, 60: 163); ‘cone specimen at Dover in 1885, according to Mr Webb”
(V.C.H., 1908), probably refers to Tulloch’s capture, despite discrepant
dates (C.-H.).

12. Near Wye* (V.C.H., 1908).

FIRST PUBLISHED (A. C.) RECORD, 1908: Goss, in Victoria County History
of Kent, 1: 192.

Eupithecia tenuiata Hubner: Sallow Pug.
Native. Woods, carr; on sallow.

1. Shooters Hill (J. W. Tutt, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley district (L.
W. Newman, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bromley, July 28 (1), 30 (1), August 2
(1), 1962; 1964 (8), with max. (3) on July 16; 1965 (1); July 3, 1966 (1) (D.
R. M. Long).

3. Wardwell Wood, larva; Bysing Wood, larva (H. C. Huggins). Pine
Wood; Hospital Wood; Church Wood, larvae abundant in sallow catkins
(Jick. se arey).

4. Ham Fen, one, July 3, 1960 (C.-H.).

6a. North Kent [Chattenden] (Tugwell, Entomologist, 8: 293). Chat-
tenden Roughs, rare (Chaney, 1883-87). Cobham, July 14, 1912 (F. T.
Grant).

7. Syndale Old Gravel Pit, imago (H. C. Huggins).

11. Hoads Wood, one bred, c. 1953 (P. Cue). Shipborne, imagines
emerged June 1969, from sallow catkins collected in the spring (G.
Haggett).

12. Ham Street (Scott, 1936); one, July 2, 1962 (de Worms, Entom-
ologist, 96: 55); one, in Long Rope, July 28, 1962 (C.-H.).

14. Sandhurst, one in my coll. taken by G. V. Bull, June 26, 1946
(C.-H.).

15. Greatstone, two, July 23, 1963 (C.-H. and Wakely, Ent. Rec., 76: 94).

FIRST RECORD, 1861: Cox, Ent. week. Int., 10: 123. A more reliable
record, however, dates from 1875: Tugwell, loc. cit.

E. inturbata Hubner: Maple Pug.
Native. Wood borders, hedges, copses; on maple.

1. Bromley, August 8 (1), 10 (1), 16 (1), 1964, August 13 (1), 15 (1), 17
(1), 18 (1), 19 (1), 24 (1), 1965, August 12 (1), 25 (1), 1966 (D. R. M. Long).

4. Ickham, one, c. 1956 (D. G. Marsh)}+.

5. Westerham, several, 1947 (R. C. Edwards)+t. High Elms, larva on
maple (D. R. M. Long).

6. Greenhithe (Farn MS.). Fawkham, three, July 20, 1947 (G. Law)?+.
Pinden, one, August 12, 1953 (E. J. Hare)+. Shoreham, two, August 26,
1956 (C.-H.). Farningham, larvae fairly common, 1958 (A. J. Showler).
Trottiscliffe (Wakely, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1962: 49).

6a. Chattenden, two larvae, May 25, 1962 (Showler, Ent. Rec., 74: 246).

7, Westwell, two at m.v.l., August 9, 1955 (C.-H.) Note: The record
in Scott (1964: 39) that I took larvae at Westwell, August 9, 1953, is mani-
festly erroneous (C.-H.).

8. Canterbury*, July 1864 (Piffard, in Ent. Ann., 1865: 113). Wye (C.
A. W. Duffield). Crundale, about 50 larvae beaten from maple, May 1947,
reared; Bridge, larvae, c. 1947 (J. A. Parry). Ewell Minnis (E. & Y., 1949).

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT (89)

Brook, one, July 1959 (M. Singleton); a larva, June 3, 1968 (de Worms,
Entomologist, 102: 136). Chilham, numerous larvae beaten from maples,
May 29, 1971 (R. F. Birchenough, C.-H., P. & C. Renshaw).

11. Aylesford, two, 1955 (G. A. N. Davis)7.

16. Saltwood, six or seven, 1862 (Knaggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 983;
Knaggs, 1870); Hythe (V.C.H., 1908), may refer. Sandling Park, about 36,
July 27-August 2, 1865. (Knaggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 93; Knaggs, 1870);
Folkesstone (V.C.H., 1908), may refer. West Hythe, one, July 23, 1947
(Morley, Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 1947-48: 33). Saltwood, two,
Juiy 23, 1947, one, July 21, 1949, several larvae, May 22, 1950 (A. M.
Moriey).

First Notice, 1862: Knaggs, Ent. mon. Mag., 2: 93.

E. haworthiata Doubleday: Haworth’s Pug.
Native. Copses, wood-borders, hedges, gardens; on Clematis vitalba.
Frequent on the chalk in 5-8, 6a.

Note: This species may be readily recognised in the imaginal stage,
by the suffused pale reddish patch towards the base of the abdomen.

1. Old Park Wood, 1865; Bostall Wood, 1865; Dartford Heath, 1890
(Fenn, Diary). Forest Hill (Cansdale, Ent. Rec., 2: 69). Westcombe Park,
common in gardens (Tutt, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bexley (L. W. Newman,
in Wool. Surv., 1909); (L. T. Ford). Birch Wood (C. Fenn, in Wool Surv.,
1909). Sidcup, two, 1910, singletons 1913, 1920, 1922, 1931, larva, Septem-
ber 4, 1920 (Kidner, Diary). Dartford (B. K. West). Abbey Wood, 1957
(A. J. Showler). Blackheath, several, at m.v.l., 1959 (A. A. Allen).
Orpington, 1956 (Siggs, in de Worms, Lond. Nat., 1959: 124). Bromley,
1959 (1), 1960 (1), 1961 (2), 1964 (6), 1965 (1), 1966 (1), with earliest date
June 26, 1959 and 1960, latest date August 12, 1965, and maximum daily
total (2) July 20, 1963 (D. R. M. Long).

2. Cliffe* (VCH., 1908). Dartford (B. K. West).

9. Margate, many from C. vitalba growing in garden. 1932, 1933 (P. F.
Harris).

10. Sevenoaks, June 11, 1922 (Gillett, Diary).

12. Ham Street, one at light, July 1951 (C.-H.). Goldwell Quarry,
larvae common on C. vitalba, many bred (P. Cue MS.).

13. Tunbridge Wells (E. D. Morgan).

15. Greatstone at m.vl., July 20 (1), 23 (1), 1963 (C.-H. and Wakely,
Ent. Rec., 76: 94). Boulderwall, Dungeness, July 1, 1966 (1) (R. E. Scott).

16. Folkestone (A. M. Morley).

First REcorRD, 1862: Strood, July 27, 1862 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.).

E. plumbeoclata Haworth: Lead-coloured Pug.
Native. Woods; on Melampyrum pratense.

1. West Wickham, one, June 1, two, June 29, 1861; Lee, June 12, 1861;
Browns Woods, one, July 11, 1885 (Fenn, Diary). Bostall Wood, 1862
(Fenn, Lep. Data MS.). Hayes, 1901 (Hewitt, in Wool. Surv., 1909). Bex-
ley, 1926 (L. T. Ford); fairly common (B. K. West).

3. West Blean Wood, June 10, 1865 (Fenn, Lep. Data MS.); one, May
29, two, June 2, 1866 (Fenn, Diary). Faversham* (Morris, Br. Moths, 1:
225). Blean Woods (H. C. Huggins); two, June 11, 1934 (T. G. Edwards,
Diary); many, July 7, 1957 (R. F. Bretherton). Great Hall Wood, one,
June 19, 1949; Thornden Wood, three, June 13, 1957; Church Wood, one,

é

(90) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/VHO/ FZ

June 15, 1957 (C.-H.). Thornden Wood, eleven larvae on M. pratense,
August 4, 1962 (G. M. Haggett).

6. Greenhithe* (Farn MS.).

6a. Between Dartford and Darenth Wood (see First Record). Darenth
Wood, May 31, 1863, May 20, 1865 (Fenn, Diary); common, 1902-1910 (H. C.
Huggins). Mark Oak Wood* (Chaney, 1883-87). Chattenden, one, June
18, 1884, three, June 20, 1891 (Fenn, Diary). [Chattenden] (Tugwell,
Entomologist, 8: 293); May 27, 1890; June 30, July 5, 1893, “undoubtedly
second brood” (Tutt, Ent. Rec., 1: 64, idem, 4: 249); 1908 (Ovenden, Ent.
Rec.) 21:31).

8. Folkestone Warren (Knaggs, 1870). Near Swingfield, ¢, June 9, 1928
(Morley, 1931).

12. Ham Street, one, June 2, 1956 (R. C. Edwards); July 2, 1962 (de
Worms, Entomologist, 96: 55). Aldington, larvae on M. pratense, July
26, 1963, and in 1965 (P. Cue MS.).

14. Tenterden, common (Stainton, Man., 2: 85).

FIRST RECORD, 1831: “Found the end of May and beginning of June in
abundance in the lanes leading from Dartford to Darenth-wood” (Stephens.
Haust., 3: 287).

E. abietaria Goeze: pini Retz. nec L.: tegata Hubner: Cloaked Pug.

Suspected importation. Ornamental gardens.

1. Lee, 1861 (see First Record). Bexley District (L. W. Newman, in
Wool. Surv., 1909).

6. Rosherville Gardens, Gravesend, one (in 1871) (Button, Entom-
ologist, 5: 393).

7. Sharsted, one, in 1925 or 1926 (H. C. Huggins).

{11. Marden (Morris, British Moths, 1: 246). This is the basis for its
inclusion in Knipe (1916); however, it is questionable whether this record
refers to Kent as there is also a Marden in Herefordshire and a Marden in
Wiltshire (C.-H.).]

FIRST RECORD, 1861: At Lee in 1861, “we were surprised to take a
splendid specimen of this insect in Burnt-Ash Lane, on the 18th of June,
mothing” (C. & J. Fenn, Ent. week. Int., 10: 196).

E. linariata Denis & Schiffermuller: Toadfiax Pug.

Native. Waysides, railway banks, waste places, etc; on Linaria
vulgaris, “Antirrhinum”. Locally numerous and recorded from all divi-
sions (except 4, 10, 16), but doubtless overlooked and likely to occur
wherever L. vulgaris grows in any plenty.

The moth appears on the wing in June and early July, with appar-
ently a second generation in late August and September.

As might be expected from its name, the normal foodplant is Toad-
flax (L. vulgaris), and there are many records of the larva on this in
Kent; indeed, the species is most easily obtained by collecting the seed-
heads into a bag in September and examining them a few days later for
larvae. In addition to L. vulgaris, Chaney (1883-87) states that in the
Rochester district it has occurred at New Brompton on Antirrhinum—
presumably the introduced A. majus commonly found in gardens (C.-H.).

VarRiaTION.—In RCK is ab. nigrofesciata Dietze, one, bred Bexley, June
1905.

FIRST (PUBLISHED) RECORD, 1825: Castle Hill, Dover, 1820 (Curtis, Br.
Ent., 64).

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CONTENTS

A New Sub-species of Boloria polaris from Canada (Lepidoptera:
Nymphalidae). JOHN H. MASTERS

CORRECTION (Pagination of May Issue)
Doubtful Derbyshire Lepidoptera. DEREK C. HULME
Collecting Lepidoptera in Britain during 1971. C. G. M. de WORMS

Notes on the African Lunar Moth, Argema kuhnei Pinhey (Lepidop-
tera: Saturniidae). JAMIESON C. LITTLE

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in the Isle of Wight. H. C. HUGGINS
Isle of Canna Notes for 1970 and 1971. J. L. CAMPBELL
Warwickshire Odonata. G. S. VICE

The Genus Kinensis Burr (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae). A.
BRINDLE

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS:

Drepana curvatula Borkhausen: Was there a Suffolk record?
Cc. G. M. de WORMS a % af wy fie

Nepticula sorbi Stainton in Kent. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT

Stigmella oxyacanthella Stt. (Lep. Nepticulidae). A. M.
EMMET vik

Phyllonorycter brifiseietl Taw: en Graciliariaaen: se M.
EMMET Ne

The Occurrence of ie locaplosite chinerate Mabille in tiie
British Isles. C. G. M. de WORMS

An Unusual Gathering of Gonepteryx rhamni Linnaeus in
Surrey. A. G. M. BATTEN , :

Papilio homerus Fabricius. A. G. M. BATTEN

Hadena compta D. & Schiff. T. N. D. PEET ie

Curious Behaviour of Larva of Acherontia atropos L. H. L.
O’HEFFERNAN

CURRENT LITERATURE:
Jamaica and its Butterflies. F. MARTIN BROWN and
BERNARD HEINEMANN
OBITUARY: Edward Stuart Augustus Baynes, O.B.E.

British Macrolepidoptera: Rare and Endangered Species and Forms

LEPIDOPTERA OF KENT

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PLATE XI

1 sec. 3

Fig. 2. Single burst of noise,

50 cps wave for scale below. Fig. 3. Dorsal surface of valve of P.

Fig. 1. Oscilloscope track of stridulation.

jordana showing a group of plectrum scales — ScEM x50. Fig. 4.

Normal valve scale surface — Scale surface — ScEM x6000. Fig. 5.

Plectrum-scale surface — ScEM x6000. Fig. 6. Normal valve scales —
ScEM x600. Fig. 7. Plectrum-scales — ScEM x600.

213

Genital stridulation in male Psilogramma jordana
Bethune-Baker (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae)
By GADEN S. ROBINSON
(Dept. of Zoology, University of Durham, England)

AND

Hucu S. ROBINSON
(P.O. Box 5090, Raiwaga, Suva, Fiji)

Abstract
A recording of stridulation of a male Psilogramma jor-
dana is analysed and characteristics of the sound are related
to the morphology of the stridulatory organ. Stridulation is
suggested to be of primary use in courtship behaviour, and as
a defence reaction.

Keywords: Courtship, Behaviour, Stridulation, Lepidoptera,
Genitalia.

Introduction

In a previous paper, (Robinson, 1969) the life history of
Psilogramma jordana Bethune-Baker (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae,
Acherontiinae) was described and a note made of its habit of
stridulation. Subsequent to the publication of this observa-
tion, our attention was drawn to a paper by Van Doesburg
(1966) in which observations by Muir (1908) and Mell (1902) of
stridulation in Psilogramma menephron (Cramer) are quoted.
Van Doesburg describes the stridulation mechanisms of a num-
ber of species of Sphingidae, amongst them P. menephron, and
he gives excellent illustration of the stridulatory organs of the
latter. We have examined the stridulatory organs of both
menephron and jordana and can find no significant difference
between the two.

The morphology of the stridulatory mechanism

Examination of a male jordana reveals one cluster of
plectrum-like scales on the dorsal surface of each valve (pl.
fig. 3): both clusters are brought into contact with a comb of
spines on the posterior edge of the eighth tergite by lateral
movements of the genital armature with the production of a
characteristic ‘“‘tss ..tss..tss..tss..’’ noise. Bursts of noise
have a frequency corresponding to that of movements of the
genitalia.

A translation of Van Doesburg’s comments on menephron
reads as follows:

“The: grater-scales of Psilogramma menephron Cram. are
inserted on a very narrow spot on the dorsal vaulting of the
valves and constructed as a rough rasp (figs. 17-18). The
scales are symmetrical and flattened (fig. 19). The pars stri-
dularis of the stridulation-comb consists of a large number of
small, hard, needle-like spines which are inserted and ar-

214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1TX/72

ranged in regular fashion in rows on the posterior edge (of the
eighth tergite) (fig. 21-22).”

On February 7th, 1970, H. S. R. recorded a male jordana
stridulating, using a portable tape-recorder. The specimen
had been attracted to black-light the previous night at Nan-
darivatu, Viti Levu, Fiji, and was resting on a wall. The senior
author received the tape recording and the specimen some two
months later.

Characteristics of the sound output

The tape recording made by H. S. R. was analysed using an
oscilloscope. Plate fig. 1 shows a continuous recording of
stridulation recorded from the oscilloscope screen on slow-
moving film. Plate fig. 2 shows a single burst of noise recorded
from a triggered sweep of 50cm./sec .. From the continous
recording, bursts of noise were found to have a frequency of
2:77/sec .. One burst ‘‘cycle” lasted a mean of 175m sec. of
which 38m sec. was silence before the next burst of noise.

On the high-speed photographs it was possible to count
individual peaks within a single burst. In six photographs
(of which pl. fig. 2 is one) the number of peaks per burst of
noise ranged from 140 to 230 with a mean of 193.

The noise output from a stridulating P. jordana is thus in
the region of 193 peaks in 135m sec. corresponding to a fre-
quency of 1,430 c.p.s. emitted in bursts of 135m sec. duration,
each burst separated from the next by 38m sec. of silence.

Discussion

We believe that each peak within a burst represents a
single tergal spine being struck by a plectrum-scale. In the
preparation examined there are about 110 tergal spines of
which 25 are set back and 85 which it is theoretically possible
that a scale could hit. Presuming that the uppermost scale
of each scale-patch strikes a spine, each spine would be hit
twice in each lateral movement of the genital armature. This
would give an expected output of 170 peaks per burst, con-
sistent with the observed mean of 193.

We can add but little to the observations made in 1969 as
to the reasons for stridulation in Psilogramma. The purpose
of stridulation could be either defensive or it could normally
be part of courtship behaviour.

Our translation of Van Doesburg’s quotation of Mell’s ob-
servation throws a little more light on the subject, at least with
regard to P. menephron:

“T twice observed how the male flew round the female as
an introduction to mating and made a perceptible noise. It
(stridulation) may be interpreted causally as a noise of excite-
ment which has later become an introduction to mating. It
has no protective effect. I saw stridulating Psilogramma eaten
by giant tree frogs..., birds. .., shrews ..., and bats.” Mell’s
conclusions seem perfectly plausible although we are inclined
to the opinion that stridulation is of a more defensive character

CUPIDO OSIRIS MEIGEN (SEBRUS HB.) vA

than Mell suggests. Jordana nearly always stridulates if pro-
voked by rough handling and in this situation stridulation must
be a defensive reaction. We have only Mell’s observations
on menephron as testimony to the ineffectual protection af-
forded by stridulation.

It is perhaps worthy of note that the surface sculpturing
of normal scales on the genitalia of jordana and that of the
modified plectrum-scales is dissimilar. Plate figures 4 and 5
are electron micrographs of the ridges on normal and plec-
trum-scale surfaces respectively at a magnification of 6000.
Plate figures 6 and 7 show the scales and their ridges at 600
magnification.

Acknowledgements

Miss Linda Field gave invaluable help and advice during
oscilloscope analysis of the tape-recordings. Mr Eric Hender-
son of the University of Durham Zoology Department Photo-
graphic Unit helped with photography. Dr Klaus Sattler of
the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology Depart-
ment provided the scanning electron micrographs. Mlle
Dominique Frenot translated Van Doesburg’s paper.

This paper was prepared during the tenure of a Science Re-
search Council studentship by the senior author.

References
Mell, R. (1902). Biologie und systematik der sudchinesischen Sphin-
giden. Beitrage zur Fauna Sinica (2). Biologie und Systematik
(Berlin, Friedlander).
Muir, F. (1908). Proc. Hawaiian ent. Soc. 2:12-13.
Robinson, G. S. (1969). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 81: 136-7.
Van Doesburg, P. H. (1966). Zoologische Mededelingen 41: 161-170.

Cupido osiris Meigen (sebrus Hb.)
Observations on the Cohabitation of ssp. sebrus

and ssp. bernardiana in the French Alpes
By M. J. PERCEVAL

Two subspecies of Cupido osiris Meigen occur in France,
the larger more northern ssp. bernardiana Beuret and the
smaller southern ssp. sebrus Hb. Bretherton (1) gives the res-
pective ranges of bernardiana as the Alps and pre-Alps of
Savoy and spreading into Switzerland in the Jura, Valais and
Ticino, and of sebrus as the Basses Alpes and Alpes Maritimes,
and reaching west of the Rhone into Ardeche, Gard and
Herault.

The distribution, ecology and possible evolution of the two
subspecies have been discussed at some length by Descimon (2).
While he does not deal with the point of contact between them,
he says that their taxonomic relationship should be looked at
and that it would be interesting to study their intergrading and

216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1TX/72

possible co-habitation in the middle valleys of the Basses Alpes.

As a meeting point and the resultant population appear not
to have been previously recorded or studied, the following
observations may be of interest, especially in view of the rather
unexpected results.

During July 1970 I took a short series of osiris from one
restricted locality at a height of about 1750 metres some two
miles to the south west of Col du Lautaret in the Hautes Alpes.
An examination of these showed an unusual size distribution, 6
specimens being uniformly small and 11 much larger. I was
able to return to the locality again in July 1971 and over a six
day period I took and examined a further 74 specimens. These
ranged in wing span from 22 mm.-35 mm. but again fell into
two quite distinct size groups. Although the area is somewhat
north of that suggested by Descimon, it appears that the
population in this locality is a mixed one containing both ssp.
sebrus and ssp. bernardiana.

My total sample of 91 specimens taken over the two years
comprised 78 males and 13 females. The size distribution of
the males is shown in fig. 1 (76, 2 having been removed for
examination of genitalia). It can be seen that they fall into two
distinct categories, 22-27 mm. and 29-35 mm., the average size
in each being 25:4 mm. and 31-8 mm. respectively. The larger
group appear to be typical bernardiana and the small group
sebrus, although they are somewhat smaller than some sebrus
from the Basses Alpes. Apart from the obvious size difference
between the two subspecies, the only other distinction in the
males is the degree of spotting on the underside hindwings.
In this species some spots are almost always present, these are
the single spot in 1b, the double spot in Ic, the discal spots in
4,5 and 7 and the basal spot in 7. The discal spots in 2, 3 and
6, and the cell spot are much more variable often very much
reduced or absent. In this population the tendency for in-
complete spotting was however much more marked in sebrus
than in bernardiana, in fact only two specimens in the sample
of sebrus (10%) had the full compliment of spots compared
with 27 specimens in the sample of bernardiana (50%). As
would be expected. an examination of the genitalia showed
no differentiation. The organs of bernardiana were slightly
larger but without any material distinction.

Turning now to the much smaller sample of females, the
size distribution is shown in fig. 2. Again they fall into two
separate size groups, 26-28 mm. and 31-33 mm. The bernardiana
females appear typical, although all of them have weak blue
scaling at the base upper side extending in some cases to the
middle of the forewings. The sebrus are however untypical.
Sebrus generally has perhaps one of the bluest females of any
osiris subspecies. Specimens without trace of blue scaling
are rare and I was unable to find any in the B. M. collection
which has quite an extensive series from the Basses Alpes.
In my small sample however, of only 5 specimens 4 are com-
pletely black-brown, with no trace of blue, they are in fact

CUPIDO OSIRIS MEIGEN (SEBRUS HB.) OAT

much more like the females of the Spanish subspecies pseu-
dolorquinii than typical sebrus.

SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPTE
FIGURE I : MALES

of specimens

Number

Wing span in mm.

FIGURE II : FEMALES

Number of specimens

povtes PaeOS5 26 “a7 aa 2g 30 al sh.0ae. GA “se se

Wing span in mn.

It is clear from the foregoing description of the sample
that sebrus and bernardiana seem able to co-habit and yet re-
tain their independence. I can find no evidence to suggest the

218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1X/72

existence of the intermediate population that one might ex-
pect in such circumstances. The two subspecies appeared
evenly distributed in the small locality and were flying to-
gether. Both subspecies exhibited the same proportion of
worn and fresh specimens indicating that no difference ex-
isted in their time of emergence. A number of individuals
were observed in copulation but always with members of the
same subspecies.

The sample was taken over two years but mostly at one
time. It is therefore an indication of the status of the two
subspecies in the locality only at a point in time. It shows
the population as 73% bernardiana and 27% sebrus. Although
bernardiana predominates in a ratio of almost 3-1, both ap-
pear well established. Further examination of this popula-
tion will be needed to show if the relationship between the
subspecies is static or in a state of change.

It would seem from the evidence of this population that
these two subspecies of osiris, while obviously closely related,
do not produce a cline or even any recognisable intermediate
population where they meet. They can coexist together, both
Maintaining their independence and separate identity. Al-
though they seem to have every opportunity they appear
either not to interbreed, or if they do, with insufficient ferti-
lity. This unusual situation would appear to merit further
consideration.

It may be noted that my measurements are different from
those given by Beuret (3). He gives sebrus as 22-26 mm. in
the males and 23-25 mm. in the females as against 27-30 mm.
and 25-27 mm. respectively for bernardiana. Bearing in mind
that my sebrus were somewhat smaller than average, the dif-
ference would be accounted for if Beuret’s measurements were
taken on the basis of direct wing expanse rather than the me-
thod I adopted, apex to centre of thorax X 2.

Finally a note on nomenclature. Higgins and Riley (4) by
suppressing sebrus as the specific name seem to have left the
subspecific nomenclature in some confusion. As Hubner gave
no type locality for his sebrus, that of Boisduval’s later work,
namely St. Maximin Var, was accepted. However, as Meigen’s
osiris probably came from Vienna, it now seems incorrect
to continue to consider ssp. sebrus as the type, especially, as
according to Beuret the subspecies from the two areas differ
markedly. I have thus continued to refer to the subspecies
from the South of France as sebrus.

I should like to thank Mr R. F. Bretherton for his invalu-
able help with information from earlier works on this species,
especially that of Beuret and Descimon. I should also like to
thank Dr L. G. Higgins who examined the genitalia of speci-
mens from both subspecies in my sample.

References
Bretherton, R. F. A Distribution List of the Butterflies (Rhopalocera)
of Western and Southern Europe. 1966 Trans. Soc. Br. Ent. 17: 56

COLLECTING IN JAMAICA; 219

Descimon, H. Nouvelles Donnes sur la Repartition en France de Cupido
sebrus Hubner. 1965 Alex. 4: 38-44.

Beuret, H. Die Lycaeniden der Schwiez Mitt, Ent, Ges. Basel. 1957:
145-150.

Higgins, L. G., and Riley N. D. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of
Britain and Europe. London 1970: 258.

Holmesdale ,Cottage, Holmwood Common West, North Holmwood
Dorking, Surrey. RH5 4EY

Collecting in Jamaica: September and October
1971
By C. G. M. de Worms and T. J. G. HoMER

Part I by Dr de Worms:

Having sampled the lepidoptera of two of the most prolific
islands in the Caribbean chain, Grenada and above all Trinidad,
in the spring of 1968 (Ent. Record, 81: 33), I had an urge to visit
some further rich regions in that delectable part of the New
World. Jamaica was an obvious choice what with its very
luscious and wild vegetation and stories of the fabulous
endemic Papilio homerus L. by far the largest and in many
ways the most spectacular true Swallow-tail in the Americas.
The opportunity to visit this wonderful island arose through
the most kind and cordial invitation of Dr Charles Goodall and
his wife who had recently migrated there from England to take
up a medical practice at Port Antonio on the north-east coast.
Mr Theodore Homer, who had already been to Jamaica by sea
on two previous occasions, arranged to coincide with my arrival
in early September by travelling out in one of the banana-
carrying ships which also accommodates a few passengers.

I flew out from Heathrow on the morning of 7th September
direct to Bermuda where after a brief stop we continued the
3500-mile journey to Kingston, arriving there at 4 p.m. local
time with the thermometer standing at 92°F inthe shade. Dr
Goodall had kindly sent a car to meet me at the airport situated
on a tongue of land reclaimed from the sea on the south side
of the famous harbour. We then travelled by the coastal road
the 80 miles to Williamsfield some three miles east of Port
Antonio where, as dusk was falling, I had a warm welcome
from Charles and Helen Goodall as well as from Theodore
Homer who had arrived the previous day. En route we had
seen the devastation wrought in the cocoanut groves by the
virus disease which affects the stem and causes the whole tree
to wilt and die.

Williamsfield House which was to be my haven for the next
fortnight was situated on an eminence at the edge of the
former virigin forest within half a mile of the sea. It was
almost surrounded by an orchard of bananas and other fruit

220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 64 15/1X/72

trees, some bearing delicious grapefruit, with a grand
panorama in the background of the whole range of the Blue
mountains. But from the collecting stand point a bank at the
bottom of the garden some 150 yards long which had been
allowed to get covered with thick low vegetation and flowers,
seemed to attract most of the butterflies in the vicinity. In
fact of all the spots we visited in that neighbourhood it ap-
peared to have the biggest concentration of day-flying species.
We were able to sample them first on the morning of 8th Sep-
tember under a blazing sun and with a temperature of some
90°F inthe shade. It was interesting to observe the behaviour
of the several different butterflies. Among the commonest was
the large yellow Phoebis sennae L. with its paler female dash-
ing about over the herbage and bushes accompanied by the
glorious large orange Colaenis julia F., known as the Flambeau,
skimming at great speed and most difficult to net. Another
spectacular insect was the delicate green and almost black
Metamorpha stelenes L. as it sailed round the larger trees,
usually settling high up on a leaf and often returning to the
same perch. But the aristocrats of this large assemblage were
Papilio andraemon Hiibn., a black and gold, a species which
apparently invaded Jamaica from Cuba as recently as about
1945 and has now displaced several other species of Papilio in
some regions of the island, since the larvae infest citrus trees.
This fine butterfly used to flutter momentarily over a spike of
small blue flowers and was by no means easy to catch. Other
Nymphalines included swarms of Precis lavinia L. which sped
about close to the ground and again were most dodgy to net as
was also the biscuit-coloured Anartia jatrophe L., a widespread
species throughout the Caribbean, like the fiery Agraulis vanil-
lae L. looking something like a European Fritillary. Other
regular inhabitants of this rich spot was the small endemic
Nymphaline Mestra dorcas Cr., several species of the small
Pierids, the Euremas E. lisa Bov. and E. nise Cr. and the large-
tailed Skipper, Urbanus proteus L. That afternoon our hosts
took Theo Homer and myself by car to Moor Town at the foot
of the Blue Mountains near to one of the localities for P.
homerus, but this grand insect was not forthcoming. However,
butterflies which we had not seen earlier that day included
Calisto zangis F., the only Satyrid on the island, and an endemic
Jamaican species flying with the well-known and widespread
small Blue, Hemiargus hanno Stoll.

For night operations we discovered a remarkable source of
attraction for the local moths in the shape of two powerful
mercury vapour standard lamps with the light only five feet
from the ground. These and other lights were the main illu-
mination of the luxurious Dragon Supermarket, recently con-
structed, which was floodlit nightly as a precaution against
pilfering. This most fortunate site was virtually at the foot of
the garden at Williamfield House and could also be reached by
a Short walk down the drive and along the main coastal road.

COLLECTING IN JAMAICA: FEL

It served as a wonderful source for night-flying species and in
particular the large Sphingids. On our first evening, September
8, we found several Manduca brontes Drury and the smaller
Xylophanes tersa L. There was also a fine assortment of noc-
tuids and Pyrales together with many species of the Bombycid
families. One especially prevalent outsize member of the
Ophderinae group of Noctuids was Teinoletis stmoenta Guen.,
a species virtually confined to the northern islands of the
Caribbean. Ancther very good venue for moths were the lights
on the verandah at our host’s house and also those in rooms
when lights were left on after dark. A full list of captures at
these various spots is given at the end of this account.

On 9th September I explored the rough forest country down
the drive from Williamsfield House. A charming little butter-
fly which was notably prevalent in this region was the small
Nymphaline Dynamine egaea F., an endemic Jamaican species
in which the sexes are remarkably dimorphic. So much so that
they were at one time considered to be separate insects. The
male is iridescent green, while the female is brown with broad
white bands. The 10th was another blazing day when we saw
the first Heliconius charitonius L., that graceful purple and
yellow insect which glides round trees and bushes and especi-
ally on the slope at the base of Dr Goodall’s garden where Mr
Homer also took a Danaus gilippus berenice Cramer, by no
means common in this terrain. That afternoon we accompanied
our hosts first into Port Antonio and then on inland to Mount
Pleasant where on some virgin ground Agraulis vanillae was
swarming.

The next two days, which were again very hot, were spent
in and around Williamsfield House where Papilio andraemon
and Metamorpha stelenes had become increasingly numerous,
while some traps containing squashed mango and banana
attracted the tailed Anaea portia F. and the huge black noctuid
Ascalapha odorata L. September 13 saw us exploring forest
ground above our hosts’ garden where other local residents had
large villages and bungalows. Most of the butterflies already
mentioned were well to the fore, especially H. charitonius,
while Mr Homer found a pair of C. julia in cop. That evening
we found no less than five species of Hawkmoths including
some of the largest insects in the New World such as
Neococytius cluentius Cr. measuring nearly 7 in. in expanse
with the not much smaller Manduca albiplaga Wkr.

On 14th September Charles Goodall conducted Theo Homer
and myself on an all-day expedition into the Blue Mountains.
After travelling some distance along the northern coast road
which crosses the Rio Grande by an imposing bridge, we struck
inland up a narrow winding road through wild country with a
gradual ascent. At a promising spot en route we made a halt
by the roadside where we found some long grass alive with
Calisto zangis which were very dodgy to catch. Two Euremas
which we had not come across previously, were also flying with

2ae ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1X/72

them. They were the handsome orange E. proterpia F. with
small tails, E. dina Doey and the small Natholis iole Bdv. all
usually associated with high altitudes. But unfortunately the
weather deteriorated when we reached the divide at Hardwar
Gap with the road descending direct to Kingston. But during a
short interval of sunshine we distinctly saw the very local
transparent Ithomiine, Greta diaphane Drury sailing about
among very thick herbage. The next couple of days, which
were again very warm with very heavy rainstorms, were de-
voted to collecting in the vicinity of Williamsfield House where
butterflies seem to be becoming increasingly plentiful. We
found the tiny Blue Leptotes cassius Cr. quite numerous, but
very difficult to follow among the thick vegetation. Again
moths were also in quantity at the Supermarket lights includ-
ing a spectacular Hypsid which had large “windows” in ail its
wings. Apparently several have been taken in various parts of
Jamaica, but as yet it has remained undescribed. It is unlike
any other species of this large family. On 17th September Theo
Homer and I concentrated on some open ground in a field
running alongside the drive to the main road. This spot pro-
duced a lot of P. andraemon, C. julia and Dynamine egaea. The
afternoon we accompanied our hosts once more to the further
side of Port Antonio in the direction of Mount Pleasant. We
found some rough ground bordering a side road where the
Fritillary-like Euptoieta hegesia Staud. was_ especially
numerous gliding over and settling on flowers along the road.
In the more wooded parts of this area H. charitonius was also
in comparative plenty with several of the littke Dynamine
egaea and many C. zangis.

The next day, the 19th, under rather dull conditions we were
driven by our host in a jeep into the afforested parts of the
Sansan estate bordering the coastal road southwards. Here
again we saw a goodly assortment of nearly all the species with
which we had become familiar, especially C. charitonius, and
C. julia and A. vanillae. In a local garden we found several
spectacular larvae of Pseudosphinx tetrio L., nearly full-fed,
devouring hibiscus. That night at the Supermarket lights we
saw two of the huge hawkmoth N. cocytius, also the beautiful
Sphingid, Amplypterus gannascus Cr. of which the Jamaican
race f. jamaicensis is much more heavily marked than the
forms found on the South American Continent. I spent my last
full day at Williamsfield House, on 20th September, surveying
the usual run of butterflies in and around the garden, in parti-
cular the various species of Eurema, of which E. lisa Bdv. and
E. nise Cr. were the most prevalent.

Early on 21st September I left this lovely region with a
heavy heart after its wealth of lepidopterous fauna and the
kindness of Charles and Helen Goodall who drove Theo Homer
and myself to a spot along the coast road south called Rosselle
Falls, about half way to Kingston. Here we were met by Dr
Tom Turner of the University of the West Indies, probably the

“THE WORST IUNE ON RECORD’’: 223

leading active collector in the island. He took us to some
glorious ground just off the main road where we collected in
ideal conditions. The wooded region was alive with butterflies
including several species we had not previously met with. Early
in the proceedings we took three new Euremas, the grand large
orange E. nicippe Cr. and two very similar kinds. E. elathea
Cr. with a straight dark bar on its pale yellow forewings, while
in its close relative E. daira Godart the bar is distinctly curved.
A fine inhabitant of this rich locality was Papilio thoas L., while
Anaea portia was to be seen dashing about the high trees, and
plenty of H. charitonius were sailing about the lower herbage
with a good many C. julia and A. vanillae. Blues and Skippers
were also very much in evidence, especially Pyrgus oileus L. A
very well-marked form of the White Ascia monuste eubotea
Godart was also on the wing. In the afternoon we went to Dr
Turner’s house where he showed us his superb collection of
Jamaican butterflies. We all then went on to spend the evening
with Mr David Hopwood at his home among the hills overlook-
ing Kingston. He too showed us some of his fine captures in-
cluding P. homerus. After being lavishly entertained by our
hosts the Goodalls and Theo Homer set out for Port Antonio,
while I repaired to the Mona Hotel in the capital, the garden
of which was full of Pierids on the morning of 22nd September,
chiefly Phoebis sennae.

That afternoon I flew to Montego Bay whence after a brief
halt I continued my flight to New York, eventually going on to
stay with Mr Cyril Dos Passos, the eminent American collector,
in New Jersey, then to Toronto the first days of October. I got
back to England the middle of that month after a most success-
ful and enjoyable round trip. Mr T. Homer, who stayed a
further two weeks in Jamaica, appends his narrative for the
period after I left.

(to be continued)

“The Worst June on Record”: Light Trap

Results for Lepidoptera
By R. F. BRETHERTON, C.B., M.A., F.R.E.S.

A great dearth of lepidoptera has been obvious to the most
casual observer in southern England in June 1972. For night-
flying species the records of my light trap at Bramley, give
some measure of this dearth in relation to past years.

The table below shows the average numbers of individuals
and species of Macro-lepidoptera and Pyrales recorded nightly
for the four “quarters” of June from 1964 to 1972. The trap
has been operated throughout the period in the same spot,
amid surroundings which have changed very little, and stan-
dard techniques have been used for counting and recording
attendances and for noting the maximum and minimum tem-
peratures between dusk and dawn, together with cloud, wind
and moon conditions. The records are thus comparable from

224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1TX/72

year to year as far as they go. There are, however, in some
years lengthy gaps, so that no averages can be given for some
quarters. Between these, a few nights have been missed for
accidental reasons in other quarters. These latter amount,
however, only to 26 in all — about 12% — and in no quarter
exceed three nights. The nightly averages for each quarter
shown are therefore not likely to be far wrong.

AVERAGE NIGHTLY NUMBERS OF MACROLEPIDOPTERA AND
PYRALES

Recorded in light trap at Bramley, Surrey, in June, 1964-1972.
Individuals and (in brackets) species

Whole
Ist to 8th 9th to 15th 16th to 23rd 24th to 30th month

1964 85 149 105 248 140
(37) (50) (36) (65)

1965 n.a. 118 144 243 —
(42) (36) (49)

1966 58 131 107 78 96
(30) (52) (39) (44)

1967 68 55 72 106 10
(32) (21) (31) (33)

1968 78 167 n.a. nar —

(33) (49)

1969 N.a. aye 102 138 _—
(31) (44)

1970 231 563 n.a. Tea. —

(60) (79)

1971 84 vite 91 147 92
(30) (27) (29) (37)

1972 22 22 29 33 26
(15) (14) (16) (21)

It will be seen that for all four quarters of June 1972 the
nightly numbers both of individuals and of species fall far
below those of the corresponding quarters — and, indeed, of
any quarters — in all other years since 1964. The numbers of
individuals were only between a third and a quarter, and of
a species about half, those of 1971, which was itself rather a
poor year. For 1970, which was generally one of the most pro-
lific years of modern times, records are only available for the
first half of the month. For this the contrast with 1972 is
spectacular; more than forty times as many individuals and
four times as many species. The year most resembling 1972
was 1967; but even this averaged thrice as many individuals
and twice as many species per night. The best single night
scores in June 1972 were 72, of 40 species, on 30th June and
58, of 25 species, on 21st. These may be contrasted with the
record of 790 moths, of 102 species, on 11th June 1970.

Within the puny total of 800 moths recorded in the whole
of June 1972 (less than in March or April) it could not be ex-
pected that any species would show a good year; but some of
the usually common species seem to have been much less re-
duced than others — notably Laothoe populi L., Spilosoma
lubricipeda L, and S. lutea Hufn., Diarsia mendica F. (festiva
Schiff), Ochropleura plecta L., Plusia pulchrina Hubn., Lithina

“THE WORST IUNE ON RECORD”: 225

chlorosata Scop. The only local rarity seen was a battered
and barren female Eupithecia irriguata Hubn.; this species has
has never visited the trap before, and its nearest haunt known
to me is 5 miles away. On the other hand, it has been a relief
that Agrotis exclamationis L., which usually provides about
a third of the total attendance in June, this year scored only
93 examples, with a maximum of 17 on 2\Ist.

Maximum (usually dusk) night temperatures in all quarters
in June 1972 were below those of the corresponding quarters
in all other years, in most cases by substantial amounts. The
average for the whole month was only 50-0° F., as compared
with 56-3° F. in 1966 and 58-4° F. in the first half of June
1970. Average minimum temperatures, at 43-9° F. for the
month, were also lower than in other years for each quarter
except for the third quarters of 1967 and 1969; but the defi-
ciencies in the minima were less than in the maxima because
of the very frequent cloud cover in 1972.

It would be rash or, at least premature, to conclude that
the extremely low trap attendances in June 1972 reflect a real
decline in the moth population. Certainly over short periods
trap results do not necessarily reflect its size at all closely:
the moths may be there, but they do not come to the trap be-
cause of low mean night temperatures, the presence of a moon,
wind, etc. Moreover, it is clear that the low temperatures of
June 1972, by day as well as by night, following upon a very
unfavourable May, have held back emergences of most species:
it does not follow that it has prevented them altogether. Never-
theless, the effects on the future population of the continuous
bad weather in May and June may well be disastrous. If
moths do not come to the light-trap, this is because they are
not flying freely or far; and if they do not fly they cannot feed
or pair. Further, even if emergences are merely delayed ab-
normally, this means for many species that second broods
will be small and for others that the appropriate stage of
larval or pupal development will not be reached before the
winter. It will be interesting to see how far such effects can
be traced in trap recordings or by other means later on.

Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Surrey. 3/7/72

CELERIO GALII ROTT. IN SUFFOLK. — While collecting at Wal-
berswick on 14th July 1972, in company with Messrs R. Bir-
chenough,; G. Chipperfield and P. and C. Renshaw, I caught a
fine specimen of Celerio galii Rott. fluttering along the path
through the reeds, near the pilot light of my generator at
0030 hours. The wind was N.E. force 2-3.

Mr C. Renshaw took a second specimen at his m.v. light
about ten minutes later. He also caught Pyrausta perlucidalis
Hiibn. near the landward side of the reed beds, the deter-
mination being confirmed by Mr Chippenfield.—E. H. W1LD,
112, Foxearth Road, Selsdon, Croydon CR2 8EF. 19.vii.1972.

226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1X/72

On two new races of the genus Zygaena Fabricius
from Asia Minor (Lep. Zygaenidae)+

By Huco Reiss & GUNTHER REISS

1. Zygaena (Agrumenia) formosa Herrich-Schaffer ssp. hern-
haueriana n. ssp.

Zygaena formosa H.-S. (1852; 1851. figure) is illustrated in
Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde 2 (1907) and is dealt
with further by H. Reiss in the Supplement to the work of Seitz
(1930) 2:22 and (1933) 2:269. H. Reiss (1935), in describing
the ssp. kotzschi Reiss from Khash Khash Dagh, Aghri Dagh,
3,200 m, West Armenia, quoted the original description of
Zygaena formosa Herrich-Schaffer from Amasia, Pontus; there
the date of the original description is erroneously cited as 1845,
which should be corrected to 1852. The ssp. malatiana Rebel
(1901) from Malatia, Taurus was also dealt with by H. Reiss
(1935). Haaf (1952) figured the male genitalia while those of
both sexes were figured by Alberti (1958; 1959). We do not
possess specimens of ssp. hadjinica Holik & Sheljuzhko (1958)
(=hadjinensis Holik & Sheljuzhko (1956)) from Hadjin,
Taurus; it was described from 63d, leg. Manissadjan, 1886, in
coll. Staudinger, as follows: “These examples approach the
west Armenian subspecies but differ in the red coloration which
is more inclined to carmine. Quite characteristic is the basal
half of the hindwings which is more thickly scaled than the
apical half. The hindwing border is better developed than that
in the nominate race and in specimens from Malatia. The
abdominal belt is simple, partly reduced.” Tremewan (1970)
described the ssp. eximia from Ankara: Bala, south of Ankara,
ca 1000 m, 1306, 4 29, 11-13.7.1969, and from Ankara:
Beynam, south of Ankara, ca 1000 m, 304d, 12-16.7.1969, leg.
Tremewan and Cottrill. Wingspan 3 22-26 mm, 2 24-27 mm.
We have for comparison 23d 19 of the type series. Further,
13 12 of eximia from Beynam, 14.7.1971, leg. K. Bernhauer, in
coll. H. Reiss.

From eastern Turkey, north of Tunceli, ca 25 km south of
Puliimiir, 1500m, 25-29.6.1971, leg. D. & K. Bernhauer, we have
63 that differ from all known subspecies. We name this race
after the collectors: hernhaueriana n. ssp. Wingspan dd 25-
26 mm. Compared with eximia Tremewan the patagia is more
whitish. The whitish surrounding of the tegulae is hardly
evident. The abdominal belt, which in eximia is distinct light
carmine red on two segments, is in all specimens strongly
restricted and dusted with dark scaling; in 4d ¢ the abdominal
belt is quite lost on the upperside and on the underside it is in
the form of only a very narrow red band. Compared with
eximia, the legs are distinctly darkened. The red of the fore-

*The systematic arrangement follows Reiss & Tremewan (1967).

Corrected lines 7 and 8 for page (88) of Lepidoptera of Kent

First (PUBLISHED) REcorD, 1908: Goss, in Victoria County History of
Kent, 1: 192.

PLATE

XII

Fig.

Fig.

Zygaena formosa kotzschi Reiss, Holotype ¢, wingspan 26 mm.
Z. formosa bernhaueriana n. ssv., Holotype ¢, wingspan 25
Z. formosa bernhaueriana n. ssp., Paratype ¢, wingspan 25
dS, wingspan 26
S$, wingspan 31
, Wingspan 32

Z. formosa bernhaueriana n. ssp., Paratype
Z. osterodensis ikizderica n. ssp. Holotype
Z. osterodensis ikizderica n. ssp., Allotype

Fig. 7. Z. osterodensis ikizderica n. ssp., Paratype
Fig .8. Z. osterodensis ikizderica n. ssp., Paratype

d
2

>
b)

wingspan 34
wingspan 32

mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.
mm.

ON TWO NEW RACES OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 227

wing spots and the hindwings is a warm light carmine, hardly
different from that of eximia. The yellowish white edging of
the forewing spots is distinctly narrower, compared with
eximia; in 2d 5 it runs along the costa from spot | to 3. A light
carmine red spot 2a is found in 5d 4d, and in 1d the spot 2a is
yellowish. This spot (2a) is placed against the dorsum through
the yellowish white line, as in eximia. The underside is similar
to the upperside. Holotype 3, wingspan 25 mm, and 5 para-
types dd in coll. Reiss.

The figures show the form and size of the antennae, the
wing shape, the spot size and edging, likewise the hindwing
border.

Zygaena formosa ssp. bernhaueriana n. ssp. is different:

(a) from formosa formosa H.-S. from Amasia through the
darker legs, the strongly reduced red abdominal belt, the less
marked white edging of the tegulae and the narrower edging
of the forewing spots;

(b) from formosa hadjinensis Holik & Sheljuzhko from Hadjin,
Taurus, and malatiana Rebel from Malatia, Taurus, through
the darker legs, the reduced abdominal belt and the somewhat
colder red coloration;

(c) from formosa kotzschi Reiss from Khash Khash Dagh,
Aghri Dagh, 3200 m, of which the holotype ¢ is figured,
through the light blue sheen on the forewings, the more
whitish appearance of the tegulae, the warmer carmine red
spots with well represented, not rudimentary, edging; further
by the enlarged spots 3 and 4 which are not separated by the
dark ground colour.

2. Zygaena (Zygaena) osterodensis Reiss ssp. ikizderica n. ssp.
Following the genitalia studies by Tremewan & Reiss (1964),

the distribution of Zygaena osterodensis Reiss (scabiosae auct.)
was shown on a map which also shows the distribution of
Zygaena romeo Duponchel and Zygaena nevadensis Rambur.
Z. scabiosae Scheven is a race of Zygaena purpuralis Briinnich
from Regensburg, Germany. From Achalzich, Adshara Moun-
tains, Georgia, Transcaucasus, ssp. caucasi Burgeff (1926)
(=caucasica Spuler (1906), locality Caucasus) was desribed.
Whether the original series of caucasica Spuler actually belong
to osterodensis Reiss or to Zygaena mana Kirby (=erebus
Staudinger) can no longer be ascertained, as the types cannot
be found. H. Reiss (1930) dealt with ssp. caucasi Burgeff in
Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supplement 2:10
under scabiosae and figured a 3 ex coll. Burgeff on plate 4n.
Holik & Sheljuzhko (1955) give under scabiosae a description
of caucasi from 17 33,3 2° without collecting data from the
neighbourhood of Borshom, Georgia: “As large as central
European specimens but with broad very rounded apexes of
the wings. The pattern is almost identical with that of the
German races. The inclination towards broken streaks is only

228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 1SAIX/Tz2

small (1d). The hindwing border is evenly broad. The scaling
is fairly dense, the red a dull carmine. Antennae thick, with
strong rounded clubs.” In addition Holik & Sheljuzhko (1955)
wrote that these specimens were not different from those that
Burgeff described from Achalzich. The thickened antennae
that. both authors described could not be confirmed by us.

In coll. Reiss is 1d labelled Caucasus, that belongs to ssp.
caucasi Burgeff. Wingspan 29 mm. The thorax and abdomen
show no visible hairs. The antennae are thin and weakly
clubbed. The wings are rounded at the apexes. The black
ground colour is without gloss. The light carmine red streaks
are separated from one another by the black veins. The car-
mine red coloration of the hindwings is scarcely luminous. The
hindwing border is broad and fairly even to the tornus.

From a locality about 20 km south of Ikisdere, south of Rize
in north-east Turkey, 1900 m, we have 150d, 29 9, 6-10.7.1971,
leg. D. & K. Bernhaver and 1¢, 1°, end of July, 1971, leg.
Schubert, that we name after the locality ssp. ikizderica n. ssp.
Holotype 3, wingspan 31 mm, allotype °, wingspan 32 mm, and
paratypes in coll. Reiss.

Wingspan 13 29 mm, 76d 31mm, 53d 32 mm, 1d 335 mm,
13 34mm, 1¢d (crippled); 1° 30 mm, 22 9 32mm. The ground
colour of the antennae, head, thorax and abdomen is black with
a light blue gloss; the abdomen is distinctly haired. The an-
tennae in the dc are distinctly more strongly clubbed than
those of the 2°. The legs are black with bluish gloss; the hind
legs lack the medial spurs. The dull ground colour of the fore-
wings is almost without gloss. The dark hindwing border is
broad, strongest at the apex and reaching the tornus. The
fringes are black, darker than the ground colour. The fore-
wings are rounded at the anex. The red of the forewing streaks
and of the hindwings is darker in the males than in the females.
The streaks of the forewings are similar in shape and size to
those of central European osterodensis. Streak 1 extends along
the wing as far as spot 3, but remains separated from both
spots 2 and 3 by the dark veins. The streak comprised of spots
2-4 is often somewhat narrower in the middle and remains
separated from the streak comprised of spots 3-5 by the dark
ground colour. The apical streak (spots 3-5) has the elongate
spot 3 connected to spot 5 in almost all specimens. In 3d¢,
22° the apical streak (3-5) is completely broken by the dark
ground colour. The underside of the wings is as the upperside,
the streaks are sometimes somewhat diffuse.

The genitalia of 135 were prepared by Mr Fr. Heller of the
Museum of Natural History in Stuttgart, and agree with the
genitalia illustrated by Alberti (1958: 1959) under scabiosae.
We are most grateful to Mr Heller for his work.

The illustrations show especially the size of the wings and
antennae, the forewing streaks and the breadth of the hind-
wing border.

ON TWO NEW RACES OF THE GENUS ZYGAENA FABRICIUS 229

The new subspecies differs from ssp. caucasi Burgeff from
Achalzich in Georgia in the larger wingspan, stronger
pubescence of the thorax and abdomen and the forewing
streaks.

Holik & Sheljuzhko (1955) record under scabiosae 1d 1%
from Sarykamysh (formerly Province Kars), 17.6.1913, leg.
Tkatshukov (coll. Sheljuzhko) for the West Armenian zone of
the Asia Minor region.

We thank Messrs Dieter and Konrad Bernhauer for collect-
ing the material and presenting it to us. It is their special
efforts which has made these two new subspecies available to
us. Likewise we thank Mr Schubert for his friendly help.

References

Alberti, B. (1958). Uber den stammesgeschichtlichen Aufbau der
Gattung Zygaena F. und ihrer Vorstufen (Insecta, Lepidoptera).
Mitt zool. Mus. Berl. 34: 297, 315; 1959, ibidem, 35.

Burgeff, H. (1926). Kommentar zum palaarktischen Teil der Gattung
Zygaena Fabr. des friiher von Ch. Aurivillius und H. Wagner,
jetzt von E. Strand herausgegenbenen Lepidopterorum Cata-
logus. Mitt miinch. ent. Ges. 16: 19.

Haaf, E. (1952). Uber die Genitalmorphologie der Zygaenen (Lep.).
Veroff zool. Staatsamml. Miinchen. 2: 149, 151, 153, pl. 6.
Herrich-Schaffer, G. A. W. (1852). Systematische Bearbeitung der
Schmetterlinge von Europa, 6: 45; 1851, ibidem, 2, plate 14 fig.

99 (non-binominal).

Holik, O. & Sheljuzhko, L. (1955). Uber die Zygaenen-Fauna
Osteuropas, Kleinasiens, Irans, Zentralasiens und Sibiriens. Mitt.
miinch. ent. Ges. 44/45: 107, 108; 1956, ibidem, 46: 131; 1958,
ibidem, 48: 273.

Rebel, H. (1901), in Staudinger & Rebel, Catalog der Lepidopteren des
Palaearctischen Faunengebiets, p. 387.

Reiss, H. (1930), in Seitz, Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, Supple-
ment 2: 10, 22, pl. 4n; 1933, ibidem, 2: 269.

Reiss, H. (1935). Zygaena formosa H. Schaff. subsp. kotzschi n. subsp.
Int. ent. Z. 28: 489-491.

Reiss, H. & Tremewan, W. G. (1967). A systematic Catalogue of the
Genus Zygaena Fabricius (Lep. Zygdenidae). Series ent. 2:
Dr W. Junk, Publishers, The Hague.

Seitz, A. (1907). Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde, 2: 28, pl. Ti.

Tremewan, W. G. & Reiss, H. (1964). The Silvicola Group of the genus
Zygaena Fabricius (Lep. Zygaenidae). Entomologist’s Rec. J.
Var. 76: 1, 3, 53, 54.

Tremewan, W. G. (1970). Zygaena Fabricius (Lep. Zygaenidae) from
Turkey... (Proc. Br..ent: nat: Hist. Soc.3:> 74

Hugo Reiss: 7 Stuttgart 1, Traubenstrasse 15 Bl.
Dr Gunther Reiss: 7 Stuttgart-Vaihingen, Barchet 23.

230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/1X/72

Notes and Observations

EUPLAGIA QUADRIPUNCTARIA PoDA: EVIDENCE OF LocaL MicRa-
TIONS.—lhe Jersey Tiger is perhaps most usually caught
fluttering in broad sunlight around flowers or bushes in late
August or September in Europe, often in small congregations
of up to a dozen. In the Le Havre district (North Central France)
I have in two successive years taken it to light in damp habitats
at the foot of southward-facing cliffs between Le Havre and
Tancarville: on the second occasion (mid August 1971) as many
as ten individuals came to the sheet in a single hour. In these
two localities, which were comparatively sheltered and warm,
searching at night for the larvae in early summer 1971 and
1972 was fruitless, but on 5th May 1972 a larva was found on
nettle at night on rough weedy ground near the sea below the
cliffs of Cap de la Héve; this site is exposed, bleak and quite
treeless, and is separated by five and fifteen miles respectively
from the two localities where the adults flew. Though I worked
Cap dela Héve in August and September I never took the adult
there.

Most collectors who have reared this species have done so
from ova obtained from females; a few, however, have found
the larvae wild, but those whom I have questioned say they
have not found the larvae in the same place that they found
the imago plentiful in. It would be interesting to know whether
this is invariably so, which might be considered evidence that
throughout its range this moth tends to congregate for sexual
maturation and mating in localities widely separated from its
breeding-ground, as in the extreme case at Rhodes. Its
behaviour there has only been solved recently: it congregates
in masses at Petaloudes, after migrating inconspicuously from
its breeding grounds 26 km. away, as established, after a 15-
month research, by RB. Elger. (See R. Elger, 1969: Frieland-
studien zgur Biologie und Oekologie von Panaxia quadripunct-
aria (Lep., Arctiidae) auf der Insel Rhodos. Oecologia, 2:
162-197: Berlin; reviewed by Naumann (1968) 1969 in Zeits.
Wien. ent. Ges., 53: 99-100.)—E. P. WILTSHIRE, 23 avenue Foch,
Le Harve. 30.v.1972.

EUPLAGIA QUADRIPUNCTARIA Popa: UNusuAL POLYPHAGY.—
The food plants given by various authors for the Jersey Tiger
are nearly all herbaceous: Taraxacum officinale, Lamium
album, Urtica sps., Nepeta hederacea, Senecio jacobaea,
Borago officinalis, Plantago sps., Epilobium sps., and so on;
bushes mentioned by some authors are Rubus idaeus, Saro-
thamnus scoparius, and Ribes grossularia. The recorded
foodplants have, to my knowledge, not hitherto included forest
trees.

On Sth May 1972 I found a larva of this species at night
feeding on stinging nettle (Urtica dioica); Rubus and Senecio
grew near by but no trees. The larva was put in a cage with a
fine upstanding stinging nettle and aso a yellow archangel,

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 231

(Galeobdolum luteum), and some sprays of oak (Quercus sp.)
and beech (Fagus sylvatica), all in water pots to maintain fresh-
ness. The floor of the cage was of earth and still strewn with
fallen ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) seeds from 1971, in a dry con-
dition. On the first day of captivity the larva ate only these
seeds, but on the six subsequent days it ate large amounts of
oak and beech foliage and nothing else, despite availability of
the foodplant on which it was found feeding. On 12th May it
ate a little Urtica and Galeobdolum but quickly returned to
beech leaves on which it fed copiously. On 14th May it became
restless and stopped feeding; it buried a few days later. This
larva’s preference for two hitherto unrecorded foodplants, not
available where it was found, seems to merit publication. The
larva’s polyphagy appears to be even wider than hitherto
suspected.—E. P. WILTSHIRE, 25 avenue Foch, Le Havre.
SO ViAO EZ:

HOMOEOSOMA SAXICOLA VAUGHAN (LEP. PHYCITINAE)—In late
June 1964 I noticed signs of larval feeding in the flowers of
Chamomile plants growing near the harbour wali at Par. In
these I found two kinds of larvae, the one dipterous and the
other lepidopterous. Over the next two weeks I collected a few
further flowers for rearing purposes.

I noticed that while the diptera seemed to occur indis-
criminately in all parts of the flower except the petals, the
lepidoptera seemed to prefer the middle of the flower, and,
when resting, in the hollow at the top of the stem just below
the flower.

During August 1964 moths and flies began to emerge to-
gether, and with the help of the key in Beirne’s British Pyralid
and Plume Moths, I was able to determine the moths with rea-
sonable certainty as saxicola.

In the summers of 1965 to 1970 I frequently searched
chamomile flowers on many parts of the Cornish coast, but
failed to find saxicola larvae again for six consecutive seasons,
Whether the larvae were really absent, or whether I had just
failed to find them for reasons of time or place, I do not know.
However, in late July 1971 and throughout August I was
pleased to re-discover larvae in quite a number of coastal lo-
calities, all within a few feet of the sea and some actually on
the shore. Larvae were particularly abundant at Kiberick
Cove, near Nare Head, and at Constantine Bay on the North
Coast.

The larvae varied from light greenish to purplish brown,
with dark dorsal and sub-dorsal lines, the dorsal being darker
than the sub-dorsal. The under surface varied from pale
green to pale brown.

The 1971 larvae had all become purplish brown and ap-
peared to be full-fed by late August or early September and I
was able to photograph them at this stage. Each larvae con-
structed a substantial blackish coloured cocoon with a few
supporting strands of black silk, reaching about half an inch

IEW) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 19/1X/72

away. Mosi of these cocoons were at the top or bottom of the
jars in which the larvae were housed, only a few spinning up
amongst the flower heads. During the winter of 1971-72, several
of the cocoons produced hymenopterous parasites.

In May 1972 I was surprised to find a small greyish-green
larva walking about in one of the jars. It was only about half
the size it had been when it ceased to feed at the end of the
previous summer, and had reveried in colour to that of a half-
grown larva. Within the following three weeks other larvae
had abandoned their winter cocoons, by which time the first
larva had constructed a second cocoon, light greenish grey
this time, more compact and without the supporting strands.
One by one, the other larvae did likewise, after refusing the
fresh chamomile which I had offered to them. Some of these
second cocoons were quite substantial, while others were so
flimsy as to be almost non-existant so that the light yellowish
brown pupa could be easily seen inside. The first moth ap-
peared on Ist or 2nd July and others are still appearing.

My observations agree with Ford in his Guide to the
Smaller British Lepidoptera, but it seems that the species may
be either univoltine or bi-voltine in Cornwall; a subject for
further investigation. — JOHN L. GREGORY, Lepidoptera House,
Bodelva, Par, Cornwall. 9.vii.1972.

PHYLLONORYCTER RAJELLA L. (LEP. GRACILLARIIDAE) IN HAMP-
SHIRE — On the 6th of November, 1971, I was in the vicinity
of Petersfield. At the bottom of a steep-sided chalk pit, I found
several trees of Alnus incana heavily mined by a species of
Phyllonorycter, several leaves containing two or three mines.
I took 40 mines, and earlier this year, I was pleased to have 22
moths duly emerge. The moth was unknown to me, but was
identified by Mr S. N. A. Jacobs as Phyllonorycter rajella L.
This is I believe, a new county record for Hampshire. — S. E.
WHITEBREAD, Grove Farm, Higham, Kent. 13.vi.1972.

PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. ON THE MIDLAND (BIRMINGHAM)
PLatTEAU — I should like to put on record the capture of a fe-
male specimen of the Waved Black Moth (Parascotia fuligin-
aria L.) which came to m.v. light on the night of 24th July 1971
at Randan Wood, Worcestershire, and from which I obtained
eggs. This capture surely confirms the very early, but pre-
viously unconfirmed report of this species being taken circa
1860 at Croome in Worcestershire, which is only 17 miles from
the forementioned locality. It would appear from other re-
cords that this species occurs all along the Severn Valley in
suitable places from the Shropshire/Worcestershire border
southwards. I puposely withheld the information until I had
looked for larvae in the area in which it was captured, but al-
though I have searched several times for it since April, I have
been unlucky. I am now looking forward to bred examples of
the moth from the three hammock-like cocoons, and three
nearly full-fed larvae which I have at the time of writing. —
L. J. Evans, 73 Warren Hill Road, Birmingham B44 8HA.
15.vii.1972.

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CONTENTS

Genital stridulation in male Psilogramma jordana Bethune-
Baker (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). GADEN S. ROBERTSON

Cupido asiris Meigen (sebrus Hb.). Observations on the
Cohabitation of ssp. sebrus and ssp bernardiana in the
French Alps. M. J. PERCEVAL

Collecting in Jamaica: September and October 1971. C. G. M.
de WORMS and T. J. G. HOMER ool i a ea

‘The Worst June on Record”: Light Trap Results for Lepidop-
tera. R. F. BRETHERTON «1 ydol Uk eee

On Two New Races of the genus Zygaena Fabricius from Asia
Minor (Lep. Zygaenidae) HUGO REISS and GUNTHER
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS:

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda: Evidence of Local Migra-
tions. E. P. WILTSHIRE

Euplagia quadripunctaria Poda: Unusual Polyphagy
E. P. WILTSHIRE a Bee iat ae a me

Homoeosoma saxicola Vaughan (Lep. Phycitinae). JOHN
L. GREGORY

Phyllonorycter bajella L. (Lep. Gracillariidae) in Hamp-
shire. S. E. WHITEBREAD iin. a ae

Parascotia fuliginaria L. on the Midland (Birmingham)
Plateau. L. J. EVANS

T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND

213

215

219

223

226

230

230

231

232

232

SS SEE CES TE IIR EATS ERSTE PG TIE IE TOO ISIE SEES IO LEE SEES TEM SIERRAS EE IE EET BEIT RAISES IE ELD PIE ODIO ETD

=

VOL.84 No. 10 October 1972

RENEE EDEEMEE

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

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NEED ESED CSD ES DED CHD CID SED CLI CIE CSE FLIED EIEN OSI CIED ORIEN 6
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EBUDEUPS SOUS ESI ASAP SSSGO GIs SESesas

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s.
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233
NO. 3
Notes on Zarucus bowkeri (Trimen) (Lepidoptera:
Lycaenidae), with a description of a New

Subspecies

By C. D. QUICKELBERGE
East London Museum

Discovered by J. H. Bowker in 1881 near Inchanga, Natal,
this interesting “blue” has generally been considered local and
uncommon. Although its classic habitat is the uplands of
Naial, it has only comparatively recently been found to have
a much wider distribution in South Africa, ranging from the
far northern parts of the Transvaal and down along its eastern
escarpment, then on through Natal, finally reaching as far
south as Port St. Johns in the eastern Cape Province. The most
recent discovery of T. bowkeri by C. W. Wykeham in December
1970, on the Blaauwberg Mountains about 170 miles further
north of its nearest known Transvaal locality on the Drakens-
berg mountain range, came as a great surprise. This is because
the intervening country between the Drakensberg and Blaauw-
berg is unsuitable to the species and, although the Blaauwberg
and the nearby Zoutpansberg mountains are at present iso-
lated ranges, this discovery gives every indication of former
links between these and the Drakensberg escarpment of the
eastern Transvaal along which bowkeri occurs.

However, our present knowledge of its entire distribution
is stiil rather sketchy and its known localities are few and
far between. Even in well-known spots the species cannot
always be relied upon to show itself. Certain unfavourable
seasons seem to reduce populations of colonies to such low
levels that the collector somtimes fails to locate specimens.

From information gathered a somewhat clear picture of
the ecological requirements of T. bowkeri has emerged. Some
altitude (perhaps only well above 1,000’ a.s.l.), rather preci-
pitous, rocky ground and some proximity to forests appear to
constitute the most favoured habitat. Here it may be found
singly and flying about at random, attracted to flowers grow-
ing amongst the herbage or between rocks. According to Mr
C. G. C. Dickson (in litt.) bowkeri does not stray far from its
foodplant; at least this was his experience with the species
near Inchanga. Generally considered only to occur about in-
land spots, it came as an interesting surprise when in Septem-
ber 1964 the author found bowkeri on the summits of the high
cliffs at Port St. Johns situated within a mile or two of the
sea. However, this area is unusual in that other species nor-
mally only associated with inland mountainous areas also oc-
cur here, such as Papilio euphranor Trimen and Charaxes
xiphares (Cramer). A possible explanation accounting for
this phenomenon lies in the existence of a high-lying area of
ground, referred to as the Pondoland coastal plateau, which

254 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 1B R/T

projects right down to the coast at Port St. Johns. The even-
tual linking up of this fairly high table-land with more elevated
mountain chains of the interior, has no doubt enabled such
inland butterfly species to so closely approach the sea at this
point.

T. bowkeri is muiti-brooded and so has a prolonged flight
period, extending practically throughout the year, but doubt-
less occurring in lesser numbers during the colder months.

The early stages of T. bowkeri have been well documented
by Clark and Dickson (1971) in their monumental work “Life
Histories of the South African Lycaenid butterflies.”

Tarcus bowkeri transvaalensis SSP. NOVA
Lycaena bowkeri Trimen. Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1883: 351.

Material

Holotype: Male, Kawyn’s Pass, Graskop, Transvaal, 26 De-
cember, 1970 (J. C. McMaster).

Allotype: Female, Kawyn’s Pass, Graskop, Transvaal, 26 De-
cember, 1970 (J. C. McMaster).

Paratypes: 7 males and 4 females, of which 5 males and 3
females are from the type-locality, collected 19/12/63
and 26/12/1970, and one male and one female from
the Blaauwberg, Transvaal 12/12/1970. The remaining
male was caught by Mr K. M. Pennington at Mnt. Sheba,
Transvaal on 3/2/1968.

The holo- and allo-types are in the Transvaal Museum’s
collection, while 4 male and 2 female paratypes (also topotypes)
are in Mr W. Henning’s collection. A further pair of topo-
types is in Mr McMaster’s collection, while the Mnt. Sheba
male is in Mr Pennington’s collection.

Description

Holotype: Upperside blue more extensive and saturated than
in the nominate subspecies; also rather purer in hue,
less tinged with violaceous. Blue areas of wings are
immaculate except for marginal markings and slightly
darkened veins whereas in the nominate race there are
some specimens displaying a varying development of
discal spotting, while dark markings closing the cells
of each wing are a constant feature of all specimens.
Veins not quite as clearly demarcated as in nominate
bowkeri and the underside colouring is colder. Under-
side markings show through wings.
UpFw.: Blue covers nearly the entire wing surface
except for a narrow hind-marginal blackish edging
which is irregular and narrowing at veins. This bor-
der, hardly a millimetre in width T. b. transvaalensis,
is generally about twice as wide in T. b. bowkeri. Cilia
checkered with white in the internervular spaces. No
dark spot closing the cell as in T. b. bowkeri.
UpHw.: Blue covers most of the wing area except for
the inner margin and costa, these parts being dusky

NOTES ON ''TARUCUS BOWKEBRI 250

but liberally dusted with greyish-white on inner-margin.
Hind-marginal dusky spots are present in areas Ic to 6
of which the largest and darkest is in area 2. Except
for the cilia, no sign of white markings on the wing,
whereas in most specimens of TI. b. bowkeri there is a
white irregular marking on the margin of area 7 and
sometimes an indistinct similar one in the same posi-
tion in area 6. In addition most of the specimens have
all or some of the marginal spots in areas 1 to 3
variously bounded with white.

Short white-tipped tail at end of vein 2. No spot
closing the cell.
Underside: Asin nominate subspecies but the creamy
ground colour is lighter, almost white, while the spots
are distinctly greyer, not so warmly brownish-tinged.

=-
==
ad
ol
=
-_

Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Tarcus bowkeri bowkeri trom the type-locality

Allotype.: As in the male, upperside blue is also more ex-
tensive, saturated and less violaceous-tinged than in
nominate subspecies. Less discal white marking on Fw.
than in T. b. bowkeri but none at all on Hw. in trans-
vaalensis.

UpFw.: Ground colour bluish, whereas in T. b. bowkeri
the ground colour is white. White quadrate markings
limited to areas bounding the dusky discal band of con-
tiguous spots. Although there are whitish streaks on the
costa the main areas of white are reduced to about 4
spots, 3 on the distal side of the discal band in areas 4-
6, and 2 on the proximal sides of the Sth and 6th dis-
cal spots. Except for the white spot on the proximal
side of the 5th discal spot, the rest of the white mark-
ings are small and indistinct. In some paratypes these
are larger and clearer but there is considerable varia-

256 ENTOMOLOGIST S RECORD, VOL. 34 Loy XY 12

tion. There is a broad hind-marginal dark border on
which an indistinct row of spots is made more notice-
able by being bounded proximally with blue lunular
markings. A large dusky or blackish spot closes the
cell. Cilia as in male.

UpHw.: Same as in T. b. bowkeri except that there are
no white markings other than the cilia and the blue
covers all the wing surface except beyond area 5 which
is dusky, also the inner marginal area which is mostly
hoary-grey. The difference mentioned in blue shading
also, of course, applies here.

Underside: The differences separating the males of the
two subspecies of T. bowkeri as listed in this description
also apply to the females with respect to underside
colouration.

Paratypes: In males there is little to no variation while that
in the females is limited mainly to the extent and size
of the white markings.

Habits and distribution: According to Mr Ken Pennington (7n
litt.) there would appear to be no substantial differences
in habits or choice of habitat between nominate bowkeri
and transvaalensis. Further, Pennington states that this
northern subspecies occurs on the tops of rocky hills
and mountains along the Drakensberg escarpment from
about Graskop and Pilgrim’s Rest up to Mariepskop in
the eastern Transvaal. Being local, its distribution
would, no doubt, be largely disjunct. Its further re-
appearance on the Blaauwberg mountain in the
northern Transvaal has already been discussed.

Remarks: This is a well-marked subspecies and the differences
in the available material are quite constant. On dis-
section, of a limited number of specimens (1 trans-
vaalensis and 3 bowkeri), there were no readily obser-
vable differences in the male genitalia. This finding
was confirmed by Mr C. G. C. Dickson.

Material of T. bowkeri bowkeri available for com-
parison emanated from Port St Johns, the type-locality,
Garden Castle, Game Pass and Balcomb’s Hill, all ex-
cept the first mentioned being situated in Natal. Alto-
gether there were 14 males and 12 females; thus the
total number of specimens of T. bowkeri available for
study amounted to 21 males and 16 females.

One remarkable feature of the males of bowkeri
from the type-locality, Inchanga, is the apparent con-
stant possession on UpHw. of a transverse arc of 4 mid-
discal, dusky spots in areas 2 to 5. No other known
population of this species shares this character and it
would have been tempting toregard this as another sub-
species were it not for evidence of some instability in
upperside discal spotting. For example the type-spec-
cimen(s) described by Trimen apparently lack(s) these

_ 4 discal Hw. spots as his 1887 description makes no

NOTES ON TARUCUS BOWKERI 237

mention of this feature. It is hardly likely that an astute
observer like Trimen could have missed such an obvious
character. Then too at least one Port St. Johns male
shows incipient upperside discal spotting, even on the
Fw.

The possibility exists that the original specimens
described by Trimen were not taken at precisely the
same spot from which subsequent collectors have ob-
tained their material when attempting to collect at the
type-locality. Should this be true it would make the
population containing males with UpHw. spots even
more unusual and restricted in range.

Finally, as a further argument against this form be-
ing recognised as a subspecies it must be pointed out
that the variation it displays does not accord with the
general paitern of geographical variation as outlined
in this paper. For the present then, this population,
inhabiting the flat-topped mountain overlooking the
Inchanga Valley, must be dismissed as a local aberrant
form or mutant, no doubt maintaining its genetic in-
tegrity through isolation from normal populations.

Note

During the course of this study the question of the affinity
of T. bowkeri to its nearest ally, T. thespis (Linnaeus) had, as
a matter of routine, to be considered. Examination of facies
and the male genitalia led to the conclusion that the two
species are more closely related than is perhaps realised and if
it was not for the fact that there are no differences in the
genitalia, between the two obvious subspecies bowkerz and
transvaalensis, I would have regarded T. thespis as only sub-
specifically distinct from T. bowkeri, as the genital differences
are not at all striking. Thus it appears that the genitalia are
very stable and that the differences between these two species
although small, are of sufficient magnitude in this case to war-
rant their recognition as different species. As a matter of in-
terest, and seeing the genitalia of bowkeri have apparently
not as yet been examined and compared with those of thespis
(apart from a brief diagnosis by Murray (1944)), I give the
following account (see also illustration) : —

1. The most obvious difference lies in the uncus which in
bowkeri is consistently broader than in thespis.

2. The aedeagus is differently tapered in that the thin apical
section is longer in thespis due to a narrowing further from
the apex than in bowkeri.

5. There are differences in the structural formation about the
basal parts of the valve. The most easily seen difference
in bowkeri is a large conspicuous lobe in these parts which
in thespis is much smaller and more weakly developed.
This could be homologous with the tectorius or virgae ex-
citatae (vide Stempffer, 1967) but this is open to question.

238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 18/X/72

Abbreviations
UpFw. and UpHw.=uppersides of fore- and hind-wings. Hw.=
hind-wing. Fw.=fore-wing.

Acknowledgments

My grateful thanks go to the following people who were
kind enough to forward specimens on loan: — Messrs K. M.
Pennington, C. G. C. Dickson, C. W. Wykeham, W. Henning,
and J. C. McMaster.

I must also thank Mr C. G. C. Dickson of Cape Town for
his generosity in allowing me to do the present revision as
we had both independently come to the conclusion that two
taxa existed among the extant material of T. bowkeri. Mr
Dickson must also be thanked for reading and criticising the
MS. |

Literature References
Clark, G. C. and Dickson, C. G. C. 1971. Life histories of the South
African Lycaenid butterflies. Cape Town.
Murray, Desmond 1944. J. ent. Soc. S. Afr. VII: 82-95, figs.
Stempffer, H. 1967. The genera of the African Lycaenidae. Bull. Brit.
Museum (Nat. Hist.) Suppl. 10: 212-16.
Trimen, R. 1887 South African butterflies. Vol. I1: 88-90. London

Designation of a Lectotype for Erebia youngi

Holland
By Cyrit F. pos Passos! LL.B., D.Sc., F. R. E. S.

My friend, Mr B. C. S. Warren, in a recent paper (1969,
51:201) published in this journal, has suggested the desig-
nation of a lectotype for Erebia youngi Holland, 1900, and
shown the necessity therefor. This is due to the fact that
since the description of that species, another very similar
Asiatic species, E. dabanensis Erschoff, 1871, has been dis-
covered in Alaska, and there is the possibility that a third
species, E. kozhantshikovi Sheljuzhko, 1925, may occur there
also. However, the latter species is more easily distinguished
from the other two on superficial characters. The first two,
dabanensis and youngi, are difficult to separate by such
means. Usually the genitalia must be resorted to. They also
fly together at about the same time and are doubtless mis-
identified in many collections. It is important, therefore, to
determine whether these species have been confused in
Holland’s type-series of youngi, since he never dissected any
of his types. However, he was not unaware of this problem.

Holland proposed the name Erebia youngi in a paper
(11: 388) on Alaskan insects saying, ‘“‘This species is not far

1Research Associate, Department of Entomology, The American Museum
of Natural History and Research Associate, Section of Insects and
Spiders, Carnegie Museum

PLATE XIV

DESIGNATION OF A LECTOTYPE FOR EREBIA YOUNGI HOLAND 239

3?

from E. dabanensis Erschoff . . . His type-series consisted
of “3 55,1 @ [actually 2 5d, 2 22] [from the] mountains
between Forty-Mile and Mission Creeks, N.E. Alaska, July
20th [Young].” It is not known whether all syntypes were
taken in exactly the same place or along a rather long road.

Before the publication of the second edition of Holland’s
Butterfly Book (1931), he must have discovered his error in the
sex of the type-series because he figured (pl. 61) two female
syntypes. Since that time the present author has seen all
four syntypes and has dissected the two males. The first
male syntype dissected (slide no. 246, 12.V.46) proved to be
a specimen of E. dabanensis, but the second (slide no. 520,
20.VI1I.99) turned out to be E. youngi as that name has been
used since it was proposed. These two dissections are figured
(figs. 1 and 2).

A word must be written also concerning Holland’s use of
the word “type” lest it be thought that he has already desig-
nated a holotype or lectotype in his references to “type” and
“allotype” both in the text and on the plate of the Butterfly
Book. This problem was examined by L. P. Grey and the
present author in our Systematic Catalogue of Speyeria (1947,
p. 2), and it was concluded that such use by Holland of the
word “type” was of no effect whatsoever. The present Inter-
national Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1964) does not
change that conclusion, so the ground is now prepared for the
designation of a lectotype of Erebia youngi. This second male
syntype is hereby designated the lectotype of Erebia youngi.
It is in the collection of Carnegie Museum and will be so labelled.

This second male syntype of youngi is figured by Holland
(1931, pl. 61, fig. 28). It bears the following labels: “E.
youngi 3 Type/Mts. near Mission Creek/Alaska/July 20, 99,
Young”, “Butterfly Book/pl. 61, fig. 28”, “d genitalia/slide
520/made 30.1.72 C. F. dos Passos” to which another label will
be added reading ‘‘Erebia youngi Holland, 1931, Lectotype d
Ent. Rec. 1972, p. ?? C. F. dos Passos”’.

The dissection of the second male syntype of young (slide
520, fig. 2) agrees well with Warren’s figure (1936, pl. 42, fig.
385) of a male in his collection ex Canadian National Collec-
tion taken at Nansen Creek, Placer Mineral Camp, Yukon
(Caines), a locality in the same general region as the type
locality of that insect.

Explanation of Plate XIV ;
Erebia youngi Holland Male genitalia X about 23
Fig. 1. Erebia youngi syntype No. 1, slide No. 246=E. dabanensis,
Carnegie Museum
Fig. 2. E. youngi syntype No. 2, slide No. 520, lectotype, Carnegie
Museum
Fig. 3. E. youngi rileyi, slide No. 238, holotype, =E. dabanensis. The
American Museum of Natural History
Fig. 4. E. youngi herscheli, slide No. 257, holotype, The American
Museum of Natural History
(All slide numbers are preparations of the author)

240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X/72

Holland had actually labelled one of his male syntypes a
“female” at or about the time that he wrote the original de-
scription, and that error, although corrected unannounced in
the Butterfly Book (1931), remained unknown to the time that
that insect was dissected. A label is now attached to that
specimen stating that it is a male.

Distribution of E. y. youngi. Alaska, Arctic Circle, August,
slide 256; Slana area 5200’, 28.VII.65, slide 462; Mt. McKinley
Nat. Park, 5.VII.58, slide 465 (paratype E. y. rileyz); Mt Mc-
Kinley Nat. Park, 19.VI.12, 20.VI.32, 28.VI.32, slides 469, 471,
and 475; Death Valley, Seward Peninsula, nr. Nome,
10-30.V1.68, slide 493; and the lectotype herein before referred
to.

Erebia youngi rileyi dos Passos (1947, p. 3) was named from
a series of 16 males and 16 females taken on various dates at
Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska. The holotype was taken
June 19th, 1932, and is in The American Museum of Natural
History. It has been dissected and proved to be a dabanensis
(slide 238), so this name falls as a synonym. All paratypes have
not been dissected, but from those thus far examined, it is
evident that the series is mixed. The name may be used, how-
ever, for a subspecies of dabanensis inhabiting Alaska if that
population proves sufficiently distinct from the one existing in
Asia. Nothing further can be said on that subject at present
for lack of sufficient material, especially from the type locality
of dabanensis.

Erebia herscheli Leussler (1935, p. 51) was named from
three males taken on June 20th, 1930, on Herschel Island in
the Beauford Sea, lat. 70°N., long 139°W., only a few miles
from the international boundary between Alaska and the
Yukon. Leussler suggested that it might prove to be a local race
of youngi which is now confirmed by the genitalia of the holo-
type (slide 257, 20.VII.30, Herschel Island, Yukon, fig. 4), which
is in The American Museum of Natural History.

Distribution of E. y. herschelt. Aklavik, N.W.T., 11.VII.31
(O. Bryant), slide 253; Cape Thompson, Alaska, 23.VII.64, slide
468; and Herschel Island, Yukon, 20.VII.30, slide 243 have been
referred to this population.

So far as presently known, the distribution of dabanensis
and youngi in Alaska and the Yukon are quite similar. Distri-
bution of dabanensis. Mt. McKinley National Park, Alaska,
3000’, 19.V1.32, slide 457; 17.VII.32, slide 476; 15.V1I.32, slide
470; 20.V1.32, slide 472; 1.VII.37, slide 466. Headwaters Wheel
Cr., Seward Pen., 22.V1.69 (leg. D. G. Roseneau), slide 495; mi.
18 Teller Road, Seward Pen., 13.VI.70 (leg. D. G. Roseneau)
slide 494; ridge east of Harris Dome, dry rocky area, 2.VII.71
(leg. K. W. Philip), slide 518; Okpilak Lake, 7 mi. NE Mt.
Michaelson, 28.V1I.58 (leg. W. Malcolm), slide 477; Mt. Fitton,
Yukon, 4.VII.70, slides 505, 506; Seward Pen., 4.VII.71, slide
517; mountains between Forty-Mile and Mission Creek, Yukon,
12.V.46, slide 246 (E. youngi syntype no. 1); Mt. McKinley Nat.
Park, 19.V1.32, slide 238 (holotype of E. y. rileyi); Mt. McKinley

DESIGNATION OF A LECTOTYPE FOR EREBIA YOUNGI HOLAND 241

Nat. Park, 9.VII.32, 14.Vi.32, 17.VII.32, and 19.VI.32, slides
247, 458, 473, and 474; Aklavik, N.W.T., 22.V1I.31 (O. Bryant),
slide 239.

Thanks are expressed to my friend, Mr B. C. S. Warren, for
his generous assistance in solving the above problem and for
reading a draft of this paper, which met with his approval; also
to my colleague, Mr Harry K. Clench, Assistant Curater,
Division of Insects and Spiders, Carnegie Museum, for his co-
operation in the loan of the syntypes of youngi. Without his
generous aid, it would have been difficult, if not impossible, to
write this paper.

Bibliography

dos Passos, Cyril Franklin (1947). Erebia youngi Holland, its subspecies
and distribution. Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 1348.

dos Passos, Cyril Franklin and Lionel Paul Grey (1947). Systematic
catalogue of Speyeria (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) with desig-
nations of types and fixations of type localities. Amer. Mus. Nov.
No. 1370.

Erschoff, Nicholas G. (1871). Diagnoses des quelques espéces nouvelles
des Lépidoptéres appartenant a la faune de la Russie Asiatique.
Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross. 8:315, nl. 8.

Holland, William Jacob. (1900). Alaska insects. Parts I-II. Ent. News
11:381-389, 416-423.

Holland, William Jacob (1931). The Butterfly Book (Rev. Ed.). Garden
City, New York, Doubleday, Doran & Co., xii+424 pp., 77 pls.
mostly coloured, 198 figs.

International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1964). Adopted by the
XVth International Congress of Zoology, London, International
Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, xx +176 nv.

Leussler, Richard August (1935). Notes on the diurnal Lepidoptera of
the Canadian Arctic collected by Owen Bryant in the summers
of 1929 to 1932. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc. 30:1-10, 42-62, 115-118.

Sheljuzhko, Leo (1925). Neue Erebien aus Sibirie. Ent. Anz. 8:1-3,
9-10.

Warren, Brisbane Charles Somerville (1936). Monograph of the genus
Erebia. London, Adlard & Son, Ltd., 407 nv., 104 pls.

Warren, Brisbane Charles Somerville (1969). Notes on three little-
known species of the Alberganus-groun of the genus Erebia. Ent.
Rec. 81:201-203.

ANOTHER REMARKABLE ABERRATION TAKEN IN THE NEW
ForEst—On the morning of the 3rd September 1972, I found a
male of Calothysanis amata L. ab. nigra Rebel in my m.v. light
trap. It agrees with that described by Barrett (see South, 1961
edition, Vol. 2, p. 90) except that the cross lines are just barely
discernable, and the amount of pink at the tips of the fringes
is very slight indeed. These differences, however, may be due
to the fact that my specimen is a little worn.—L. W. SIGGs,
Sungate, Football Green, Minstead, Lyndhurst, Hants.
5.1x.1972.

242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/K/ 72

Collecting in Jamaica: September and October

1971

By C. G. M. pE Worms and T. J. G. HOMER
(continued from p- 223)

Part II by THEopoRE Homer who continues the story:—

At the termination of my stay at Williamsfield House and
having decided to remain in Jamaica to await the next sailing
of the ‘Camito’, I obtained accommodation at the ‘Bonnie
View’, a hotel situated in a magnificent position on a 500’ hill
overlooking Port Antonio in one direction and looking up at
the distant blue Mountains in the other. I had been well cared
for there on two previous occasions and in 1965 on the one
night’s stay in February, lepidoptera including five species of
Sphingidae readily came to the verandah strip lights. This
isolated attractant is alas less potent than formerly owing to
the erection since of a line of high powered street lights the
whole way up the very steep hill from the town. I would add
that visiting these lights which are very high somehow seems
to draw simultaneoulsly every vocal dog in the neighbour-
hood!

This second portion of my stay commenced with about
three days of very heavy rain which might have been influen-
tial in encouraging out both butterflies and moths in the after-
math but clear moonlight nights and much dew kept moths to
a minimum. Arrangements were made for a taxi to take me
the four miles to Dragon Plaza M.V.s on suitable evenings.
There is little further to report on activity there which was
thin but on two separate evenings I recorded one hawk moth
only but happily each was a new species for us and in mint
condition. They were Erinnyis obscura F. and Cocytius antaeus
Drury, the Giant Sphinx, the latter, a female with a wing span
of 63,”. Fortunately I had handy a fine large sweet jar found
for me by the hotel proprietress and this aided in gathering
and killing in good condition. On one journey a number of
previously recorded species were present but obviously
battered by an earlier downpour and on another trip nothing,
but a nice male Manduca sexta L. on a lamp standard at the
bottom of my hill was a welcome addition. The commonest
species was Manduca brontes Drury in a smaller and browner
better defined form which indicates the apparent earlier emer-
gence of a paler female three of which we took about a fort-
night earlier which we mistook for Manduca florestan. Two
more Eumorpha satellitia L. were recorded one of which in
good order turned up at the hotel light in the storm, and an-
other Amplypterus gannascus with its attractive pink under-
wings. The giant Noctuid Ascalapha odorata L. was also fre-
quently recorded, some with distinctly blue sheen.

The commonest butterfly at and around the hotel was the
Satyrid Callisto zangis Fab. and though several Papilio
andraemon Hiibn and Papilio pelaus F. were netted, the latter

COLLECTING IN JAMAICA 243

not having appeared around Drapers, they were all in shocking
condition and it was fortunate that andraemon were fresh
around Williamsfield House earlier. As the days went by
Papilio polydamas R & J began to make its appearance and I
was able to secure two in good order prior to my departure. |
took also in a nearby private garden the beautiful lycaenid
Heterosmaitia bourkei Kaye. Dr Goodall reported also the
presence of polydamas on Navy Island and together we
watched them flying around there while we took refreshment
at a party and following an abortive visit the previous after-
noon. That day whilst waiting on the mainland for the ferry
we observed several Danaus plexippus Linn. and it was easy
to find the ova and indeed some young larvae.

Earlier, on Sunday 26th September, I visited Dr and Mrs
Goodall at their home. He had kindly kept for me a specimen
of Historis acheronta Fab. which had so far eluded us but had
entered his trap the previous day. Also whilst there and
shortly after the timely arrival of Dr Tom Turner from Kings-
ton I netted a Historis orion Fab. as it settled on the outside of
the trap netting. At that time there was a large number of
Phoebis sennae Linn about the garden as indeed elsewhere and
it is probable that a migration was in progress and comment
was made during the following week of the many yellow
butterflies flying around the fishing craft at sea, it being the
occasion of over fifty boats competing in the Annual Port
Antonio Marlin Tournament during the Southerly migration
of these and other fish through the Windward Passage.
Amonst the sennae I was glad to take a specimen of Phoebis
argante Rob.

Dr Turner then conducted us over a lesser road into the
East foothills of the John Crow Mountains. All was quiet, the
weather delightful and the scenery glorious and though we
were unable to find a track to the summit we had some sport
taking specimens of Phoebis statira Cram. and later we were
shown a colony of young larvae of Colobura dirce Linn. at work
on the large leaf of its foodplant. A few days later he took
me for a day’s drive into the hinterland of Hope Bay and
despite the wet and overcast conditions one cannot fail to be
impressed with the grandeur and vastness of the Blue Moun-
tain scenery and from viewpoints seldom seen by tourists.
There was little on the wing and in the neighbourhood of
Fruitful Vale quite late in the afternoon I noticed a swarm of
about thirty Heliconius charitonius Linn. flying around a bush
at the roadside. My familiarity with this striking insect
dressed in its yellow and black striped ‘warning’ livery and its
tendency to be both local and colonial did little to diminish my
surprise on this occasion.

The morning I was due to leave for the ship, one of the
hotel staff drew my attention to a P. pelaus with which he
knew I had been having misfortune and bravely suggested I
mount the roof of the lounge. I dared. There must have been
some rich smelling attractant around as I beheld the sight of

244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X/72

5

the butterfly in question, a fine H. orion and a male Hypo-
limnas misippus Linn. flying together. Although I necessarily
frightened away the latter I caught the pelaus and it was
freshly emerged. The ‘Camito’ was delayed until the following
afternoon and in the morning I wandered across the rough
land near the ship watching a number of D. Plexippus. I
casually swept at one that looked rather undersized and
anaemic and found I had caught a nice Danaus gilippus berenice
Cram. and strangely not seen for nearly four weeks. Despite a
search I was unable to locate another. It is interesting to record
that I have now taken this species in Sao Paulo, Brazil, Trinidad
and now Jamaica and all three races are quite different.

Prior to sailing, receipt of a large box containing a good
live specimen in cabinet condition of Ascalapha odorata sent
down by Mrs Arnett, proprietress of the ‘Bonnie View’ and a
personal farewell on board by Dr and Mrs Charles Goodall all
of whom were so kind to me during my stay were gestures
cherished and appreciated.

T. J. G. Homer, M.A., M.C.LT., F.R.E.S.

JAMAICA 1971 LIST
We have considered it of interest to give a full list of our
joint captures among the butterflies and moths which were
mainly of the macro-lepidoptera. All the moths, however,
were recorded at Williamsfield House (designated as W.H.) or
within its immediate vicinity.

BUTTERFLIES:

PAPILIONIDAE
Papilio thoas Linn. Only seen in the region of Rosselle Falls.
Papilio pelaus Fab. Observed near Bonnie View Hotel.
Papilio andraemon Hiibn. Numerous around W. H. and several
seen in the streets of Port Antonio.
Papilio polydamus R. & J. At W.H. and on Navy Island off
Port Antonio.

PIERIDAE

Phoebis sennae Linn. Very prevalent in all areas visited.

Phoebis statira Cram. Only seen in the Wild Crow Range.

Phoebis argante Rob. One taken in Port Antonio.

Kricogonia lyside Godart. One or two in the grouds of W.H.

Ascia monuste eubotea Godart. Only a few noted near W.H.

Eurema lisa Boisd. The commonest of this genus and seen
everywhere.

Eurema nise Cram. Less prevalent than the last species.

Eurema dina Poey. Seen only in Blue Mountain region.

Eurema elathea Cramer. Also seen at Rosselle Falls.

Eurema daira palmyra Poey. Noted only at Rosselle Falls.

Eurema nicippe Cram. This fine species taken only at Rosselle
Falls.

Eurema proterpia Fab. Worn specimens taken in the Blue
Mountains.

CULLECTING IN JAMAICA 245

Nathalis iole Boisd. This small insect also taken in the Blue
Mountains.

SATYRIDAE

Calisto zangis Fab. This endemic and only member of this
large Family seen in most afforested areas.

DANAIDAE

Danaus plexippus Linn. Seen in vicinity of Port Antonio. |
Danaus gilippus berenice Cram. One taken at W.H- and
another near Port Antonio.

HELICONIDAE

Heliconius charitonius Linn. A few at W.H. More on San San
estate and at Rosselle Falls.

Agraulis vanillae Linn. Abundant round W.H., also near Mt.
Pleasant and at Rosselle Falls.

Colaenis julia Fab. Numerous round W.H. and at Rosselle

Falls.
ITHOMIIDAE
Greta diaphane Drury. Distinctly seen on the wing at Hardwar
Gap.
NYMPHALIDAE

Anaea portia Fab. A few in trap at W-H. and many seen at
Rosselle Falls.

Historis acheronta Fab. At least one in the trap at W.H.

Historis odius orion Fab. One in trap at W.H. and another at
Bonnie View.

Euptoieta hegesia Staud. Fairly numerous near W.H. and near
Mt. Pleasant.

Hypolimnas mysippus Linn. One seen at Bonnie View.

Anartia jatrophe Linn. Very plentiful almost everywhere we
collected.

Precis lavinia Linn. Abundant round W.H. but not many seen
elsewhere.

Mestra dorcas Fab. This endemic species quite plentiful at
and near W.H. and at Rosselle Falls.

Metamorpha stelenes Linn. Sparsely distributed at and near
W.H. also on Sansan Estate.

Dynamine egaea Fab. A few round W.H. at Mt. Pleasant and
Rosselle Falls.

Phyciodes frisia Poey f- gyges Hewitson. One taken at Port
Antonio.

LYCAENIDAE
Thecla columella cybara Hewitson. A few seen in Blue
Mountain region.
Leptotes cassius Cram. Fairly common at W.H. and in most
othér areas.

246 EN'TOMOLOGIS'I’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X/72

Hemiargus hanno Stoll. Only seen at Moortown.
Heterosmaitia bourkei Kaye. One taken near Bonnie View
Hotel.

HESPERIDAE

Urbanus proteus Linn. Numerous at W.H. and at Roselle Falls.
Cymaenes tripunctatus H.-S. A few seen round W.H.
Hylephila phylaeus Drury. One or two near W.H.

Gesta gesta H.-S. A few observed near W.H.

Pyrgus oileus Linn. Common almost everywhere.

MOTHS:
SPHINGIDAE

Cocytius antaeus Drury. Two recorded.

Cocytius dunponchel Poey. One taken at lights.

Neocoytius cruentius Cramer. Several noted.

Manduca sexta Linn. Several at the lights.

Manduca albiplaga Walker. Only two seen.

Manduca brontes Drury. A number at the lights.

Protambulix strigilis Linn. About half a dozen recorded.

Amplypterus gannascus Cram f. jamaicensis. Only three noted. _

Pseudophinx tetrio Linn. Larvae seen in Sansan Forest area. |

Erinnyis alope Drury. Only one noted.

Erinnyis ello Linn. Two specimens seen.

Erinnyis oenotrus Cram. A few at W.H. and supermarkeet
lights.

Erinnyis obscura Fab. Only seen at Bonnie View.

Phryxus caicus Cram. A few noted.

Pachylioides resumens Wkr. Two seen.

Enyo lugubris Linn. Several seen at W.H. and Supermarket.

Eumorpha satellitia Linn. Two or three recorded.

Xylophanes pluto Fab. Fairly numerous at light.

Xylophanes tersa Linn. Probably the commonest Sphingid.

SYNTOMIDAE

Empyreuma anassa Forbes. This large dark insect only seen
sparingly.

Cosmosoma achemon Fab- Only one taken of this semi-trans-
transparent species.

ARCTIIDAE
Lymire melanocephala Wlkr. A few at light.
Idalus delicata Moschler. A few at the supermarket.
Ammalo insulata Wlkr. Fairly numerous at W.H. and super-
lights.
Utetheisa bella Linn. A few seen by day near W.H.
Ecpantheria nigroplaga Wlkr. A few seen at light in W.H.

DREPANIDAE -
Drepanodes asina Druce. One or two at W.H.

COLLECTING IN JAMAICA 247

SARROTHRIPINAE
Cassandra filifera Wlkr. Two or three at Supermarket.

NOCTUIDAE

Lyncestis acontioides Guen. A few at the usual lights.

Ascalapha odorata Linn. This huge black insect numerous in
bait trap and a few at the lights.

Teinoletis simoenta Guen. Another very large noctuid fairly
common at supermarket lights.

Aglaonice otognatha Hamps. Only one or two recorded.

Callopistria floridensis Guen. Occasional at W.H.

Callopistria jamaicensis Moschler. One or two noted.

Hemeroplanis scopulipes Haworth. A scarce visitor to light.

Amynta octo Guen. Fairly common.

Gerespa perpendicularis Guen. A few at light.

Cydosia nobilitella Cram. This curious small noctuid of
Lithosiid appearance, quite numerous at the lights.

Bomolocha androna Druce. The only Snout species recorded.

Panula inconstans Guen. The commonest noctuid.

Prodenia ornithogalli Guen. A few seen.

GEOMETRIDAE

Sericoptera flavifimbria Wlkr. One at W.H.
Erastria decrepitaria Hibn.

Sylectra ericata Cram.

Sphacelalodes vulneraria Cram.

Thyrinteina unicornis Rindge.

Irodopsis vicaria Wlkr.

Oxydia olivacea Wlkr. A few at W.-H.
Semiothisa acidaliata Wlkr.

In addition there was the remarkable Hypsid already re-
ferred to, but as yet unnamed, of which a few have been taken
in the Island in recent years. Also an undescribed species of
Syntomid as well as an unknown member of the Noctuids. A
tiny white Megalopygid proved to be new to science, while
among the many Pyrales taken it is possible that few species
may also be undescribed. Very few microlepidoptera were
observed.

The nomenclature used for the butterflies is largely that
used in the forthcoming publication “Jamaica and its Butter-
flies” by Dr Martin Brown and Mr Bernard Heineman. In it
they enumerate 133 species of the Rhopalocera for the Island.

Finally we would like to accord our warmesi thanks to all
who most kindly helped in the identification of our captures.
These included Dr Charles Goodall and Dr Tom Turner in
Jamaica and in this country from the Natural History Museum
at South Kensington the following :—Dr J. D. Bradley, Mr D. S.
Fletcher, Miss M. A. Grogan, Mr Alan Hayes, Mr T. G.
Howarth, Mr N. D. Riley, Mr M. Shafer, Mrs Kathleen Smiles
and Mr W. H. Tams.

Three Oaks, Woking, and St Timothée, Maidenhead, 1.111.72.

248 ENTOMOLOGIST ’S RECORD, VOL. 384 }S/ 20/2

We apologise for the lateness of the September issue due
to circumstances beyond our control and of this issue owing to
a postal failure. —ED.

~Notes and Observations

ABERRATION OF OQURAPTERYX SAMBUCARIA L. (LEP.) IN THE
New Forest. — On the morning of 24th July 1972 | found a
remarkable specimen of this normally consistent species in
my m.v. trap at Minstead. Unfortunately one of the “tails”
was damaged, possibly by a Great Tit, which had got into the
trap, but otherwise the specimen, a male, is in good condition.

The ground colour appears a greenish-tawny, but examina-
tion under the microscope shows it to be composed of orange-
tawny, pale yellow and pale grey scales In the forewings the
colour darkens towards the outer edge. The hindwings are or
the normal pale yellow at the base and streaked with the dar-
ker colour towards the outer edge. The costa is darker grey.

The cross lines of the forewings (grey in type specimens) are
more orange, the first line bordered internally and the second
line externally with a narrow yellow band. In the hindwing,
the cross line appears chiefly in the yellow portion of the wing.
The norma! striguiations and discal mark do not appear ex-
cept under the micrescope, when it can be seen that they
are formed by rows of light grey scales. The borders of the
wings are pale yellow with the cilia orange tawny.

The head, body and orange and black marks on the tail are
as in typical specimens.

Dr de Worms has kindiy consulted the RCK Collection at
the British Museum (Natural History) where there is a similar
specimen referable to ab.olivacea Standfuss, but says my speci-
men is considerably more extreme with a deeper ground
colour. — L. W. Siecs, Sungate, Football Green, Minstead,
Lyndhurst, Hants. 28.vii.1972.

LATE LARVAE OF GONEPTERYX RHAMNI L.: As evidence of the
lateness of the 1972 season, on 24th July in a well known wood
south of Salisbury, when in company with Dr John Eagles of
Corsham, I found a small bush of Rhamnus frangula harbour-
ing a number of Brimtsone larvae. Nearly all were quite small,
and none more than half grown. Normally these larvae are
full-fed quite a month earlier than this date and the imagines
are often on the wing by early August. Now it does not look
as if the summer brood of the Brimstone will be flying until the
end of August or well on into Septemebr this year.—C. G. M.
DE Worms, Three Oaks, Woking, Surrey, 27.vui.1972.

(On 22nd July 1972 at Hindleap Warren, Ashdown Forest,
I noticed a female G. rhamni ovipositing on a small stand of

Rhamnus frangula at about 1600 hours in bright sunshine.—
Ed.).

4
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249

PEDIASIA CONTAMINELLA (HUBNER) IN MIpDDLESEX—On the
night of 27th July 1972 I operated an m.v. trap near the river
Lea at Enfield Lock and was pleased to find in it four speci-
mens of an unfamiliar Crambid which sat with its abdomen
up like an Argyresthia. These were identified as P. contamz-
nella. Two nights later a trap in the same position yielded
more than ten specimens satisfying me that the species is
resident there. Being now familiar with the species I have
found that I took one last year at Winchmore Hill, N. 21 about
five miles away, and on the night of 7th August I have taken
one specimen in my garden here, about a mile from the river.

Beirne says of this species “It may be widely distributed
in England on coastal sandhills and on light sandy soils in-
land.”’ It was found fairly commonly at Buckingham Palace
(Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 1963 p. 67). The Enfield
Lock locality is on London clay, it is also a few yards from
the Essex county boundary and only a mile from that with
Hertfordshire and it can be assumed that it could be found
inland in both those counties. — Davin AGassiz, St James’
Vicarage 144 Hertford Road, Enfield, Middx. 8.viii.1972.

SORHAGENIA JANISZEWKAE REIDL IN ESSEx. — During the
field meeting of the British Entomological and Natural His-
tory Society held on the 15th July 1972 at the Backwarden,
Danbury Common (one of the reserves of the Essex Na-
turalists’ Trust), I noticed that many of the terminal shoots
of Frangula alnus Mill. were dead. The cause was a larval
mine filled with frass with a small exit hole at the side. This
was clearly the feeding of S. janiszewskae. As far as I am
aware, this is the first record of that species north of the
Thames, the previous reports having been from Kent, Sus-
sex, Surrey and Hampshire.

It appears likely that Stainton’s description of the larval
feeding of “Laverna rhamniella’ is in part descriptive of
janiszewskae and in part of S. lophyrella Dougl. and/or S.
rhamniella Zell. He writes: ‘The young larva mines down
the stems of the young shoots of Rhamnus catharticus and R.
frangula, thereby causing the terminal leaves to droop (just as
the young larva of Hyponomeuta plumbellus by a similar
habit, causes the young shoots of Euonymus Europaeus to
drop); it is then very small, and soon quits the stem to feed
on the young leaves, which it slightly rolls up and then eats
from the interior.” (Natural History of the Tineina, XI: 220.
1870). The larvae of lophyrella and rhamniella do not mine
or cause the terminal shoots to droop while that of janis-
zewskae does not spin the young leaves, for it completes its
growth in the stem of the shoot—A. M. EmmMEt, Labrey Cot-
tage, Vittoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. _1.viii.1972.

250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X/72

NEw LOCALITIES FOR PLATYCHIRUS PODAGRATUS (ZETT.).
DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE. — In his Royal Entomological Society
‘Handbook’ Coe classifies this species as uncommon, and re-
cords its distribution as Scotland, Lancashire, Cheshire, Derby,
Leicester and Gloucester. However, whilst on holiday in North
Devon in 1971, I found specimens in two localities. It was
present in quite large numbers in Clovelly on 15th August, and
in smaller numbers on Exmoor on the following day.

On returning home, I was pleased to find that my collecting
companion, Chris Searle, had found the same species in East
Dorset on 7th August — ALAN J. Brown, 12 Riverside Court,
West Moors, Dorset. 20.vii.1972.

IMMIGRANT LEPIDOPTERA ON THE LINCOLNSHIRE COAST — On
the morning of July 16th, on one of the few really hot, sunny
days of the year and after a period of light south-westerly
winds, a number of Vanessa cardui L. and V. atalanta L. were
seen at the foot of the coastal sandhills. On the night of July
18th a male Celerio galii Rott. in perfect condition was taken
in a light trap by my friend Geoffrey Wright some five miles
from the coast and I am informed that a second, a female,
was taken at about the same time at honeysuckle flowers
near Scunthorpe. On the night of the 29th July, two specimens
of Plusia interrogationis L., with a third on the 3lst, appeared
in my m.v. light trap here. They are very different in ap-
pearance from those occurring in the nearest locality that I
know of, some fifty miles away, and from any that I have taken
in other parts of Britain—R. E. M. Pitcuer, The Little Dower
House, South Thoresby, Alford, Lincs. 13.viii.1972.

A GYNANDROMORPH PIERRIS RAPAE L. — Whilst holidaying in
Devon this year, the family visited Dawlish Warren on the
2nd of August, more for pleasure than for collecting. How-
ever, as the day was very warm and sunny, I decided to see
what was flying, so with my son Christopher and my daughter
Sandra, we walked the length of the Warren. On the return
journey, alongside the golf course, my daughter brought me
a small white she had caught. This turned out to be a perfect
halved gynandromorph, right side male. This is the reverse
way round to the illustration by Frohawk on page 305 of his
Complete Book of British Butterflies. — F. J. RENSHAW, 93
Links Road, West Wickham, Kent. 12.viii.1972.

EUROIS OCCULTA L. IN SOUTH WESTMORLAND. — The‘ occur-
rence of E. occulta in this district appears to be dependant
on immigration. There was a big influx of the species here
in 1954 (Ent Record 66: 240) but few records since. On 2nd
August 1972 I was very pleased to take a male of the species
in my trap here at Kendal Wood on the outskirts of Kendal.

CURRENT LITERATURE 251

The specimen is of the usual pale form which I associate with
specimens of continental origin.

It has been a poor year for lepidoptera and migrants in
general have been noteworthy by their absence. In spite of
regular trapping I have had only one Plusia gamma L. so far
this year—on June 25th!—Dr NEvitLe L. Birkett, Kendal
Wood, New Hutton, nr. Kendal. 28.vii.1972.

THE FOOD PLANT OF AGRODIAETUS COELESTINA EVERSMANN—
In early June 1972 I visited the Peloponnese, Southern Greece
in order to try to obtain a small number of A. coelestina,
which was only recently discovered as a new Western
European butterfly (Ent. Record, 84: 29-352). The butterfly
was found to be closely associated with a certain species of
vetch, and eventually two females were cbserved ovipositing
on the stems of the plant. The plant was subsequently taken
to the Goulandris Botanical Museum, near Athens, and was
identified as Vicia dalmatica Kerner.—JoHn G. Covtsis,
Athens, Greece. 26.viii.1972.

SIFOLINA LAURAE EMERY (Hym. FoRMICIDAE) IN S. HaNts.—A
new county record was made for this rare, workerless parasitic
species in South Hampshire, at Avon Common near Hurn, on
25th August 1971. This record is interesting in that it is the
second only for Great Britain. The first record was from near
Wareham, Dorset, in1965 , and was made by Dr M. V. Brian of
Furzebrook, who informed us that the nest has since been
overrun by Lasius niger L., and that the Hampshire nest now
represents the species in this country. Dr Yarrow informs us
that there are now no inhabited sites known on the continent,
but that present research by Kutter may show a synonymy
with two other continental species.

Two females were taken from the nest which was also
occupied by Leptothorax acervorum Fab., and Myrmica
scabrinodis Nyl., the latter also being present as host species in
the original nest. One of the specimens is now in the British
Museum collection.

Thanks are due to Dr M. V. Brian who positively identified
the specimens, and to Dr I. I. H. Yarrow of the British Museum
(Natural History).—P. J. ATTEWELL and S. D. MAcKEv. 3.ix.1972.

Current Literature

How to begin the study of Entomology by Anthony Wooton,
15p; British Naturalists’ Association, 18p post paid.

The author of this little pamphlet has set out his subject in
a way to avpeal to intelligent would-be entomologists in the
first place, and even to more advanced entomologists as a quick
means of reference to other orders than those with which they
are familiar. _ He achieves this by setting out with the idea that
his readers are intelligent people. This is a pleasant deviation

252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X/72

from the “aint Nature wonderful” syrup ladelled out by so
many to budding naturalists.

The pamphlet commences with practical advice under the
headings: What are insects; insect structure; metamorphosis;
insect senses, food of insects; insect classification; when and
where to see insects and describing and recording.

This is followed up by a list of the Insect Orders, each
accompanied by a short but succinct paragraph explaining its
main characters. After this, there is a short bibliography sub-
divided under the various orders.

The cover is illustrated by a collection of insect photographs
by G. E. Hyde, and the text also has a page of his photographs
and also one by John Clegg. There is also a diagrammatic illus-
tration of insect anatomy.

Finally he mentions the A.E.S. and the British Naturalists’
Association as societies to join, and it is here that I offer my
only adverse criticism which is of his omission of The British
Entomological and Natural History Society which holds a
regular series of both indoor and outdoor meetings, and whose
membership includes all grades from beginner to professional
who meet to the mutual benefit of all—S.N.A.J.

Woodlice by Stephen Sutton M.A., D. Phil. 144pp+6 col. pl.
Ginn & Co., Ltd., £2.00.

In his preface, the author gives as his reason for writing
this book, the fact that woodlice are being used increasingly in
the teaching of biology. Beside this, it is high time that this
branch of the Arthropoda had individual attention and, for the
first time, coloured illustrations. These are by Hillary Burn.
who has biological training as well as her artistic abilities, and
has combined these to produce truly excellent coloured figures;
she has also provided the line drawings illustrating the text.

The text covers the subject from a wide angle, dealing
systematically, chapter by chapter, with Body Structure, Physi-
ology, Behaviour, Genetics, Food, Predators and parasites,
Population ecology, Identification of British woodlice (which
chapter starts with a check-list followed by a key to the fami-
lies, and then a key to the genera in each family. These genera
are then keyed individually for species, the keys being illus-
trated by excellent line drawings of the details used. The col-
oured, plates illustrate nine species and there are distribution
maps for four species), and finally there is a chapter headed
Techniques of Study in which collecting and laboratory studies
are discussed. An appendix mentions distribution study in
Britain. and a bibliography gives more than fifty references.
An index completes the book.

The book is well printed and is bound in plastic covered
boards. The paper is of good quality. The book is of course
an essential for the student of the Isopoda, but it is also a most
desirable item for the biology library, and also for anyone
having an interest in the living creatures which he may en-
counter during his daily round.—S.N.A.J.

Entomological Specimens

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CONTENTS

Notes on Tarucus bowkeri (Trimen) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae),
with a description of a New Subspecies. C. D. QUICKEL-
BERGE

Designation of a Lectotype for Erebia youngi Holland. CYRIL F.
dos PASSOS

Collecting in Jamaica: September and October 1971. C. G. M. de
WORMS and T. J. G. HOMER

Notes and Observations:

Aberration of Ourapteryx sambucaria L. (Lep.) in the New
Forest. L. W. SIGGS. ..

Late Larvae of Genepteryx rhamni L. C. G. M. de Worms.
Pediasia contaminella (Hiibner) in Middlesex. DAVID AGASSIZ
Sorhagenia janiszewkae Reidl. in Essex. A. H. EMMET

New Localities for Platychirus podagratus (Zett.) (Diptera:
Syrphidae). ALAN J. BROWN i a a,

Immigrant Lepidoptera on the Lincolnshire Coast. R. E. M. PILCHER
A Gynandromorph Pierris rapae L. F. J. RENSHAW ..

Eurois occulta L. in South Westmorland. Dr NEVILLE L.
BIRKETT

The Food Plant of Agrodiaetus coelestina Eversmann. JOHN G.
COUTSIS Me Be a Me ef “i ses

Sifolina laurae Emery (Hym. Formicidae) in S. Hants. P. J.
ATTEWELL and S. D. MACKAY :

Current Literature

T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD., ARBROATH, ANGUS, SCOTLAND

233

238

242,

248

248

249

249

250

250

250

250

251

251

251

VOL. 84 Nos. 11 and 12 November/December 1972

THE
ENTOMOLOGIST’S
RECORD

AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION

Edited by S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.s.
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taining brief descriptions of the
animals and plants in conjunction
with information oon habits,
habitats and seasons. There is
also much advice on how to make
original observations in the field
and proceed to more advanced
studies. Mr Southwood has brought
T. A. Coward’s standard work up
to date while keeping the original’s
easy-to-use format. Illustrated
throughout.

WARNE

40 Bedford Square London WC1B 3HE

2035

Observations on and a description of a race of
Thestor basutus’ (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera :
Lycaenidae)

By C. G. C. Dickson
No. 27

Specimens of this butterfly from various localities may
show some quite noticeable variation beyond the usuai indi-
vidual variation which occurs — as for instance up-country
ones in comparison with those from near the coast of Natal.
Female examples from Zeerust in the Transvaal have the
whitish markings of the upperside enlarged and very pro-
minent, while the males themselves exhibit some features
which distinguish them from males from the Natal coastal
belt. Comparatively small differences which have been found
in the male genitalia are not sufficiently marked to be of
any specific significance. Though known to earlier observers,
there does not appear to have been any critical, published
_ reference, to this type of variation in Thstor basutus—apart
from Trimen’s remarks in South African Butterflies; II (1887)
concerning some Potchefstroom females he had examined. For
reasons that are given later, it is concluded that specimens
from near the coast of Natal answer, at least closely, to nom-
inate Th. basutus. Material from other inland localities be-
sides Zeerust has also been studied. In the meantime, the
representative of this butterfly from Zeerust seems suffi-
ciently distinct to be regarded as a separate race—and a de-
scription of which is given hereunder.

Thestor basutus capeneri subsp. nov.

Male

The forewing is more pointed than in the male type of
nominate basutus.

Upperside

All wings marked similiarly to those of the type but the
dark markings in general, especially in areas 2 and 3 at distal
end of sex-patch, though certainly elsewhere also are more
pronounced; while the light markings bounding outwardly
the dark discal series in the forewing diminish in size or al-
most disappear towards the innermargin—whereas those in
the male type remain relatively large and prominent. Cilia,
in all wings, darkened less noticeably at ends of veins than
in the type.

Underside

Apparently no constant difference apart from the dark
discal series of spots of the forewing being decidedly better
developed than in the male type; and the remaining spots, in

*Zeritis ? basuta Wallengren, Bih. K. svenska VetenskAkad.
Handl., 1857, Lep. Rhop. caffr., p. 46.

294 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 64 LS/ AMS TA

some cases, larger.

Length of forewing: 17-0-19-0 mm (the former measure-
ment, that of holotype).

Female

Upperside.

The dark spotting in all wings, as a whole relatively re-
duced in size, with a corresponding expansion of the white or
whitish areas, taken as an aggregate; and the dark discal
series of the hindwing more outwardly placed than in the
female type of nominate basutus.

Underside

Fairly close to that of female type, especially as regards
forewing, in which some of the dark spots are, however, less
elongated and extended distally. The hindwing much more
irrorated with greyish-brown scaling, lacking the noticeably
whitish background present in the female type; and the spots,
in which the actual edges are less dark than in the type, not
contrasting as clearly with this background.

Length of forewing: 21-25-22-0 mm (the former measure-
ment, that of allotype).

Body and ancilliary parts, in both sexes, as in the types of
basutus.

3S Holotype, TRANSVAAL: Lucerne, near Zeerust,
15.X1.1948 (A. L. Capener); in author’s collection.

2 Allotype, TRANSVAAL: data as holotype, 16.X1.1948; in
author’s collection.

Paratypes in author’s collection: data as holotype, 1 ¢d,

Paratype in Coll. Naturhistoriska Riks-Museum, Stockholm,
as holotype 1 co.

Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum, as_ holotype
16.XI. 1948, 1 ¢, 15.X1-1948, 1 ¢.

Paratype in Coll. National Museum, Salisbury, Rhodesia,
as holotype, 16.XI.1948, 1 ¢.

The male holotype of Arrugia basuta Wallengren is very
similar on the upperside to Natal males from the Botha’s
Hill-Drummond-Inchanga area in which the light postmedial
markings of the forewing are clearly developed and which
have the forewing of a less pointed shape. In these speci-
mens the dark marking at the end of the sex-patch is, however,
normally quite prominent. The underside also, although the
forewing in particular is very light, resembles that of this
taxon. There is, however, less irroration between the mark-
ings of the hindwing than usually occurs in the above Natal
males. After some 130 years, general fading is naturally ap-
parent in the type-specimen.

Length of forewing, in the male type: 17 mm. This
specimen is in very good condition for its age, as is the female
type.

Of the six labels on the above specimen, one is inscribed
“Caffraria’..and: another) .<di.Wahlb), .j=Je Wanhlberca: Dr

A BRACE OF 'THES'TOR BASU'T'US 255

Persson has informed the writer that the area in which Wahl-
berg travelled lay between 30° 25’ and 23° South lat.; and 27°
and 32° 40’ East long. These particulars show clearly that the
designation “‘Caffraria”’ as applied to Wahlberg’s travels can
be misleading, since one usually visualises the large tract of
country once known as Caffraria as not extending beyond the
southern boundary of Natal.

Length of forewing, in the female type: 17 mm. The
specimen is very small, for a female of Th. basutus. Although
attention has been drawn to the resemblance of the types to
Natal specimens procured by the writer in the area men-
tioned, the absence of any precise data precludes the original
locality necessarily falling, with any certainty, into this
general area of Natal.

Th. b. capeneri is by no means restricted to the Zeerust
district but the limits of its distribution have not as yet been
determined. Specimens of basutus from Cathcart in the
Eastern Cape, taken by Mr J. C. McMaster, are distinctive in
their own way, rather approaching capeneri, but a single fe-
male from there is very dark, on the upperside. A male cap-
tured by Mr C. D. Quickelberge at Port St. Johns, in Pondo-
land, is similar to Natal specimens. Amongst material from
the Transvaal Museum provided for examination by Dr L.
Vari, a Kalahari male and female taken by the late Dr G.
van Son in March 1930, are unusually pale on both surfaces.
Rhodesian specimens have been loaned by Dr E. Pinhey, of
the National Museum, Bulawayo. Several of the females are
extensively marked with white and, in one specimen in
particular, from the Sanyati Valley, caught by the late Capt.
R. H. R. Stephenson in Sept-Oct., 1925, the underside is very
light.
Since males from the Botha’s Hill area are likely to have
similar genitalia to the male type of basutus, those of one of
the former are figured together with the genitalia of Th. Db.
capeneri. While the genitalia of these and other specimens
dissected have varied within limits, individually, at least two
of the differences noticed have been repeated in the prepara-
tions, anyway, so far made, these including the more pro-
duced shape of the juxta, in capener, below the point of angu-
lation — although the general configuration of the juxta is
far from stable, in different specimens. Except in one speci-
men in which normal development had not occurred, the
saccus has been much broader (and spatulate) when viewed
from above, in capeneri than in Botha’s Hill males.

The present race is named with pleasure after Mr A. L.
Capener, the well known authority on the Membracidae, who
collected and also reared many interesting butterflies in the
Transvaal and Natal, in the forties. Most of this material
was incorporated in a collection of Mr A. J. Duke’s which
was subsequently presented to the writer.

Sincere thanks are due to the following persons who
generously provided specimens for examination: —Mr W. H.

206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 64 15/72

Henning and his sons Graham and Steven; Mr Cameron Mc-
Master; Dr Inge “Persson; Dr’ Elhot~’ Pinhey;” Vir Gs:
Quickelberge; and Dr L. Vari. Dr Persson most kindly sent
the types of Th. basutus on loan to the writer from Sweden.
He had previously been unaware that these were in his
Museum, owing to their being under the generic name of
Arrugia.

The male genitalia of Thestor basutus have been briefly
referred to and figured by the late Rev. Desmond P. Murray
in J. ent. Soc. S. Afr., X (2), 1948; while the life-history has
been described and illustrated in colour by Clark and Dickson
in idem 23 (2), 1960, and in Life Histories of the South African
Lycaenid Butterflies, 1971, Cape Town.

Thestor basutus inhabits open country with short vegeta-
tion amongst which grass is usually prominent. In Natal, it
has frequently been found in elevated situations and some-
times on rather rocky ground. The males are quick in their
movements, taking short, irregular flights and then settling
on the ground, with closed wings, while the females normaliy
have a more wandering flight. From observations made in
Natal, eggs are deposited on small plants infested by Homop-
tera, on the immature stages of which the young larvae
feed, up to and including the 3rd instar; but the final part of
the larval life is spent in ants’ nests in the ground, under
stones or rocks, and in which pupation also takes place.
“Blencathra,’ Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s_ Estate,
Cape Town.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES

PLATE XVI
Fig. 1. Thestor basutus (Wallengren), ¢ type (upperside).
Fig. 2. Idem (underside).
Fig. 3. Thestor basutus (Wallengren), Y type (upperside).
Fig. 4. Idem (underside).
Fig. 5. ¢ Genitalia, Thesjor basutus (from Natal), with dissected parts

enumerated thus:—a. Basic portion of structure with some
parts removed. b. Uncus. c. Falces. d. Labides. e. Valves. f.
Aedeagus g, g. Juxta (two specimens represented). h. Saccus.
Figures of imagines approximately 1.45 times natural size.
Figures of genitalia approximately 19-5 times natural size.

PLATE XVII

Thestor basutus capeneri subsp. nov.
Fig. 1. ¢@ Holotype (upperside)
Fig. 2. ¢Holotype (underside)
Fig. 3. 2 Allotype (upperside)
Fig. 4. © Allotype (underside)
5)

Fig. 5. 3 Genitalia, with dissected parts enumerated thus:—a. Basic
portion of the structure with some parts removed. b. Uncus.
c. Falces. d. Labides. e. Valves. f. Aedeagus. g, g. Juxta (two
specimens represented). h. Saccus.
Figures of imagines approximately 1.45 times natural size.
Figures of genitalia approximately 19.5 times natural size.

re

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PLATE XVI

wmeyoysM “N “H :030Ud

6

(UdISUITTEM) SNynspq 104SaY J

PLATE VII

wmeyayAM “N “H + 070Ud

‘AOU ‘dsqns t4auadyas snynspq L04say J

BUTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GREECE 2aT

Butterflies in Northern and Central Greece,
July 1971

By J. V. Dacre, M.D., Marcaret K. V. Dacte AND PHILIP
Grammaticos, M.D.

NORTHERN ANDO CENTRAL GREECE

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PELOPONNESE

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The following is a brief account of our observations and
captures during a holiday in northern and central Greece
between the 2nd and 20th July, 1971. It was our deliberate
intention to visit areas, as far as we could, in which the butter-
fly fauna was not well known. In all 114 species were seen
or collected including some, e-g., A. ilia clytie, E. ligea, S.
pruni, E. decoloratus, E. alcetas, P. eroides and C. lavatherae,
not recorded in lists recently published by Coutsis (1969, 1972)
and Bretherton (1970) or mentioned by Higgins and Riley in

258 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe as
occurring within the present geographical boundaries of
Greece. We travelled by car and most of the collecting was
by the wayside where the terrain seemed most favourable.
As the accompanying map shows we travelled quite long dis-
tances.

We first collected en route from Athens to Thessaloniki
and on the slopes of Mount Pilion near Volos. Then, based
at Thessaloniki, in separate sorties, we collected near Florina,
which is close to the Albanian and Jugoslavian borders, on
Mount Olympos, on Mount Cholomon in the Chalcidiki pen-
insula, and Nr. Drama, Kavala and Xanthi in Eastern Mace-
donia. It might have been more profitable if we had spent
several days in one locality, but the trip was undertaken by
way of reconnaisance. We purposely covered as much
territory as we could in the limited time available to us.

On the 2nd July, travelling north from Athens, we stopped
briefly at the sulphur springs at Thermopylae, where freshly
emerged G. rhamni and G. cleopatra were flying together,
alongside several other species including H. fatua. It was here
we netted the only specimen of G. nostradamus we saw.
Further north, about 12 km. south of Volos, we collected in an
olive grove leading down to the sea. Here H. fatua were
abundant and we saw, too, several T. balkanicus and netted a
single female E. marloyi. We stayed at Portaria perched 550 m.
up the slopes of Mount Pilion overlooking the Pagasitikos
Gulf. On the 3rd July we collected up the road running east
out of Portaria up to a height of about 1200 m. where there is
a ski run. About 40 species were identified including P.
anthelea amalthea and K. roxelana, in one localized colony
associated with Q. quercus, and A. admetus in several places.
At the summit of the road there was a large colony of a “silver-
studded” blue, identified as P. idas graeca Tutt.

The morning of the 4th July was spent collecting in a rocky
ravine near Makrynitsa, a village about 4 km. north of
Portaria. at about 700 m. About 30 species in all were noted,
including G. farinosa and P. pandora. Makrynitsa was the only
place where we found these species, and several more P.
anthelea amalthea were seen. In the afternoon we travelled
to Tsangarada on the east side of the Mount Pilion peninsula.
Several P. krueperi were caught in one restricted locality and
a single female T. thersamon. We stayed at the Xenia hotel at
Tsangarada for the night of the 4th July and on the following
day we travelled to Thessaloniki, collecting at several places
en route including the Vale of Tembi, where we netted a
rather worn C. jasius.

On the 6th July we journeyed to some hills about 10 km.
north of the town near Laina. C. briseus was abundant in fine
condition and there were also a few H. fatua. M. trivia were
plentiful, too, and a few small M. phoebe were also caught.
L. thersites were especially numerous and were settling on
patches of damp mud in scores.

BUTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GREECE 259

On the 7th July we travelled in cloudy and rainy weather
to Florina where we obtained passes to enter the military zone
in the mountains west of the town, and on the 8th we travelled
up the road to the west to Pisoderi and to about 1 km. beyond,
collecting at several places between 1,000 m. and 1,450 m. The
mountainous countryside was green and the flowery meadows
in some places were reminiscent of Switzerland. 47 species
were noted, including E. ligea, abundant in one spot, A.
hyperantus, a colony in a sheltered and watered locality where
M. arion, a large dark and heavily marked form, was also
flying, as well as a “short tailed” blue. This has been identified
as E. alcetas (although showing a small single orange lunule
medial to the marginal black spot in S2 on the hind-wing
underside). A single A. anteros and three P. eroides were
found in the same flowery track as the E. ligea.

On the 9th July we travelled north to the border village of
Niki and then west into the hills close to the Yugoslavian
border where we walked up a wooded and rather dry valley.
The catch included a single rather worn female A. ilia clytie,
N. antiopa, S.w-album, several more E. alcetas and a single
C. lavatherae. In the late afternoon we returned to near
Pisoderi where P. eroides had been caught the previous day,
but it had partly clouded over and no interesting blues were
seen, although E. ligea was still flying. A solitary worn P.
sidae was caught.

On the 10th July we travelled from Florina back to Thes-
saloniki and collected briefly at several places on the dry
and rocky hills between Florina and Edessa just north of Lake
Vegoritis. L. duponcheli, males of the second brood, were
quite common in several places and several very fresh C. aus-
tralis were caught. H. lycaon, H. lupina and P. anthelea amal-
thea were also taken. We also found a colony of H. semele,
the only specimens we saw on the whole trip. A. admetus
and A. ripartii were flying together and a single S. pruni was
also caught.

On the 12th July we collected on Mount Cholomon in the
Chalcidiki peninsular, walking down from the summit of the
road, about 2 km. towards Thessaloniki. M. galathea and
M. jurtina were the commonest butterflies and M. arion in a
large and moderately heavily marked form was quite com-
mon over the whole area. That evening we travelled to
Katerini where we stayed for two nights, using the town as a
base for Mount Olympos.

On the 13 July we took the road to St Demetrios, a village
north of the mountain at about 800 m. On our way up to the
village we took H. alcyone syriaca and a single female T.
thersamon. Passing through the village the road climbed to
the top of a pass where B. circe were abundant. Then the
road descends to the west of Mount Olympos through dry and
rocky hills and here we found a large colony of H. lycaon. We
finally turned east to climb up the rough military road wind-

260 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/Xil/T2

ing up the west-facing and rather bare and open slopes of the
mountain and eventually reached about 2100 m. There was,
however, little sunshine and relatively few insects were fly-
ing. However, at about 1500 m. in a grassy and lightly wooded
ravine we came across a colony of A. hyperantus. M. galathea
were widespread and at high altitudes fine specimens with
wide black borders were noted.

On the 14th July we collected on the east side of Mount
Olympos travelling via Litochoron. At the monastery at the
foot of the mountain we netted two L. celtis feeding on bram-
bles amongst many fritillaries. We then drove up the rough
road to the Mountaineering Club House at 1010m. and pro-
ceeded further up the road to approximately 1500m. collect-
ing at likely spots en route. This part of the mountain is
rather densely wooded but there were small clearings in
which many species were flying. L. celtts was abundant and
flew up and down the road, particularly above 1000m. In all
about 43 species were caught or identified, including a single
fresh male H. ottomanus caught at about 1400m. The large
silver-studded blue P. idas graeca was quite plentiful at the
highest levels we reached.

On the 15th July we returned to Thessaloniki from the
Mount Olympos area making a diversion via Edessa to a
locality just north of Lake Vegoritis where we had collected
briefly on our return from Florina on the 10th July. This
time we walked up a gently sloping narrow open valley with
a dry river bed. Plenty of insects were flying including many
L. duponcheli and P. ergane, also T. balkanicus, A. admetus,
A. ripartti, a small form of P. dorylas, and P. escheri dal-
matica; one male L. coridon was caught. About 100m. from
the valley on the opposite side of the road a clump of trees
was found to harbour a colony of H. alcyone syriaca and also
K. roxelana.

On the 17th July we set out for our final expedition, to
eastern Macedonia. We collected at various places on the
way to Drama, a small town north of Kavala, including the
immediate neighbourhood of the Lion of Amfipolis where we
had caught H. ottomanus in May 1969, but without any sign
of this species on this occasion. Between Amfipolis and
Kavala the road runs south of dry hillsides and in and around
gulleys were found L. duponcheli and T. balkanicus quite
commonly and also in less arid situations many second brood
small M. trivia.

On the 18th July we drove north of Drama towards the
Bulgarian border for about 25 km., climbing up through the
Phalakron mountains to about 650m., almost as far as the
village of Volax. The mountains hereabouts are bare and
covered only with low scrub but towards the upper reaches
of the valley up which the road wound the terrain became
progressively greener and the vegetation in the valley more
lush. Butterflies were in profusion, and scores were settling

BUTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GREECE 261

together in damp patches in the bed of a stream. The day
was perfect and cloudless and we caught or noted 52 species.
The most unexpected catch, taking into account the lateness
of the date, was A. cerisyi ferdinandi, in the upper part of
the valley; two males and two females in fine condition and
one rather worn female were taken and several others were
seen. In addition, we caught E. decoloratus, which was quite
common in the upper reaches of the valley, and C. minimus,
both species we had not seen before. We also came across a
colony of P. tiphonus, taken by us before only near Florina
and a further colony of A. hyperantus. Blues were in pro-
fusion, including fresh L. bellargus, and scores of M. daphnis
(but only three blue females) and A. admetus and A. ripartii
were to be seen particularly settling on damp mud patches.
A. ripartii was interesting because the white streak on the
hind-wing underside was often absent and was seldom well
marked. Some specimens, too, showed traces of marginal
lunules on the undersides, illustrating the very close affinity
between this species and A. admetus with which it was flying.
The species could still be separated, however, into two separ-
ate series and whether any were hybrids is uncertain. P. baton
schiffermuelleri was quite common at lower levels in the val-
ley and L. duponcheli was also common in lower and drier
localities.

On the 19th July we took the road from Kavala east to
Xanthi and then went north up a dry rocky pass towards
Echinos. Unfortunately, we were stopped about 8 km. from
Xanthi at a military check point and could go no further (we
had omitted to ascertain whether a permit was required).
This was disappointing as we were anticipating that we might
do as well as we had done north of Drama. We collected at
several places on the way back to Xanthi but only noted com-
mon species. Between Xanthi and Kavala, however, we came
across another colony of H. fatwa in an area of sandy heath-
land and low scrub.

On the 20th July we returned from Kavala to Amfipolis
noting further colonies of L. duponcheli and H. fatua.

We are indebted to Dr. Lionel Higgins for helpful discus-
sions on the identity of several species.

LIST OF SPECIES CAUGHT BETWEEN 2nd-20th JULY 1971
PAPILIONIDAE: 3 species

Papilio machaon L. Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, not
common

Iphiclides podalirius L. Widespread and quite com-
mon

Allancastria cerisyi ferdin-
andi Stichel Nr. Drama

262 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 fo/ XN TZ

PIERIDAE: 15 species

Pieris brassicae L. Widespread and quite com-
mon

Pieris rapae L. Widespread and common

Pieris mannii Mayer Mt. Pilion, Mt. Cholomon,
Mt. Olympos and Nr. Drama

Pieris ergane Geyer Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Olympos and Nr. Drama

Pieris krueperi Stdgr. Mt. Pilion

Pieris napi L., perhaps Mt. Pilion and Nr. Florina

f. pseudo-rapae

Pieris daplidice L. Widespread and common

Aporia crataegi L. Nr. Florina

Colias crocea Fourc. Widespread and common

Colias australis Verity Nr. Florina and Nr. Drama

Gonepteryx rhamni L. Widespread and quite com-
mon

Gonepteryx cleopatra L. Thermopylae, Mt. Pilion and
Mt. Cholomon

Gonepteryx farinosa Zeller Mt. Pilion

Leptidea sinapis L. Widespread and quite com-
mon

Leptidea duponcheli Steger. Widespread in mountainous

districts in the north, e.g.,
between Florina and Edessa
and Nr. Drama and Xanthi

LIBYTHEIDAE: 1 species

Libythea celtis Laicharting Mt. Olympos, abundant on
eastern aspect

NYMPHALIDAE: 22 species

Charaxes jasius L. Vale of Tembi, one only

Apatura ilia Schiff. f. clytie Nr. Florina, one worn female
only

Limenitis reducta Stgr. Widespread

Nymphalis antiopa L. Widespread but not common

lachis 10°... Mt. Pilion, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Vanessa atalanta L. Mt. Pilion, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Aglais urticae L. Nr. Florina

Polygonia c-album L. Nr. Florina and Mt. Olympos

Polygonia egea Cramer Mt. Pilion, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Pandoriana pandora Schiff. Mt. Pilion, one only

Argynnis paphia L. Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Cholomon and Mt. Olympos

Mesoacidalia aglaja t.. Nr. Florina, Mt. Cholomon,

Mt. Olympos and_ Nr.
Drama

BUTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GREECE

Fabriciana adippe Schiff.
f. cleodoxa

Fabriciana niobe L. f. eris

TIssoria lathonia L.

Brenthis daphne Schiff.

Clossiana erphrosyne L.
Clossiana dia L.

Melitaea phoebe Schiff.
Melitaea didyma Esper

Melitaea trivia Schiff.

Melitaea athalia Rott.

SATYRIDAE:

Malanargia galathea L.

Melanargia larissa Geyer

Hipparchia alcyone_ syriaca
Stder.

Hipparchia semele L.
Hipparchia fatua Freyer
Chazara briseis L.
Pseudochazara anthelea
amalthea Frivaldsky

Brintesia circe Fab.

Erebia ligea L.
Maniola jurtina L.

Hyponephele lycaon Kuehn.

Hyponephele lupina Costa

263
Mt. Pilion and Mt. Olympos

Nr. Florina

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Mt. Pilion and Nr. Florina, all
worn

Mt. Olympos, worn

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Thessaloniki, small 2nd brood,
Nr. Florina and Nr. Drama

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Nr. Drama

Widespread and often com-

mon, 2nd _ brood, ' very
small

Nr. Florina, a few only

20 species

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Cholomon, Mt. Olympos

and Nr. Drama

Widespread, occasionally fiv-
ing with M. qgalathea. M.
larissa larissa, Nr. Florina:
M. larissa herta, Volos and
Nr. Athens

Mt. Olympos and _ between
Florina and Edessa

A single colony between
Florina and Edessa

Widespread: Thermopylae.
Mt. Pilion, Thessaloniki
and eastwards to Xanthi

Widesvread in colonies

Mt. Pilion, and Nr. Florina,
not common

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Mt. Olympos in colonies

Nr. Florina. in one colony

Widespread and_ generally
common, with extensive
orange markings in fe-
males

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Olvmpos and Nr. Drama, in
colonies

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

264 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84

Aphantopus hyperantus L.

Pyronia tiphonus L.

Coenonympha pamphilus L.
ft. lyllus

Coenonympha arcania L.

Parage aegeria L.
Lasiommata megera L.
Lasiomata maera L.

Kirinia roxelana Cramer

15/XII/72

Nr. Florina (two colonies),
Mt. Olympos (one colony)
and Nr. Drama

Nr. Florina and Nr. Drama,
but not common

Common almost everywhere,
many of males being mar-
ginata forms

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama, worn but not
common

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama, not common

Widespread and_ generally
common

Widespread but less common
than L. megera

Mt. Pilion in one colony and
between Florina and
Edessa (one only)

LYCAENIDAE: 38 species

Quercusia quercus L.
Nordmannia ilicis Esper

Strymonidia spini Schiff.

Strymonidia w-album Knoch.

Strymonidia pruni L.

Callophrys rubi L.
Lycaena phlaeas 1..

Heodes virgaureae L.

Heodes ottomanus Lefébvre.

Heodes tityrus Poda

Heodes alciphron Rott.

Thersamonia thersamon
Esper.

Palaeochrysophanus
hippothoe L.

Syntarucus pirithous 1..

Mt. Pilion, in one colony

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Mt. Olympos

Mt. Pilion, in several places

Nr. Florina, one only

Between Florina and Edessa,
one only

Nr. Florina, worn

Widespread, but never very
common; generally dark
and some specimens almost
black

Nr. Florina, quite common
in several localities

Mt. Olympos, one only (a
fresh male)

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Nr. Drama and Xanthi, but
nowhere common

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Nr. Drama, but nowhere
common

Mt. Pilion (a male), and Mt.
Olvmpos (a female)

Nr. Florina, a few only

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Olympos and Nr. Drama,
but nowhere common

BULTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN AND CENTRAL GREECE

larucus balkanicus Freyer

Everes decoloratus Stdgr.
Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg

Cupido minimus Fuessly
Celastrina argiolus L.

Maculinea arion L.

Philotes baton schiffer-
muelleri Hemming
Scolitantides orion Pallas
Pleoejus argus L.
Plebejus idas graeca ‘Tutt
Aricia agestis D. and S.
Aricia allous Geyer
Aricia anteros Freyer

Cyaniris semiargus Rott.
Agrodiaetus admetus Esper

Agrodiaetus ripartii Freyer

Plebicula escheri dalmatica
Speyer

Plebicula amanda Schneider

Plebicula thersites Cantener
Meleageria daphnis Schiff.

Lysandra coridon Poda
Lysandra bellargus Rott.

Polyommatus icarus Rott.

265

Nr. Volos, between Florina
and Edessa and Nr. Drama
in localized colonies

Nr. Drama, quite frequent in
one area, mostly worn

Nr. Florina, a few only

Nr. Drama, a few only, worn

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Mt. Olympos, in small
colonies

| Nr. Florina, and Mt. Cholo-

mon, a large dark and
heavily marked form in
colonies

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama, not common

Mt. Pilion and Nr. Drama,
not common and mostly
worn

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina and
Mt. Olympos, all above
1,000m.

Widespread but not common

Nr. Florina, Nr. Drama and
Nr. Xanthi

Nr. Florina, one male only

Nr. Florina, a few worn

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina,
between Florina and
Edessa and Nr. Drama,
common in colonies

Nr. Florina, between Florina
and Edessa and Nr. Drama

Mt. Olympos, between Florina
and Edessa and Nr. Drama

Nr. Florina, a few worn

Widespread in large colonies

Mt. Pilion, Nr. Florina, Mt.
Olympos, between Florina
and Edessa and Nr. Drama
(in large colonies): only
four females caught, one
(black) on Mt. Pilion and
three (blue) Nr. Drama

Between Florina and Edessa,
one only

Nr. Florina, Mt. Olympos and
Nr. Drama (many)

Widespread and
almost everywhere

common

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/X11/72

Polyommatus eroides Nr. Florina, three males
Frivaldsky only
HESPERIIDAE: 15 species
Pyrgus alveus Huebner Nr. Drama, one only
Pyrgus armoricanus Ober- Widespread but not com-
thur mon
Pyrgus serratulae Rambur Nr. Florina, Nr. Drama, and
Nr. Xanthi
Pyrgus sidae Esper Nr. Florina, one only worn
Spialia sertorius orbifer Widespread and quite com-
Huebner mon
Carcharodus alceae Esper Widespread and quite com-
mon
Carcharodus lavatherae Nr. Florina and Nr. Drama,
Esper three females only
Carcharodus orientalis Nr. Athens, Mt. Pilion and
Reverdin Nr. Drama, three only
Erynnis tages L. Thessaloniki, Nr. Florina, Nr.

Drama and Nr. Xanthi,
not common, worn

Erynnis marloyi Boisduval Nr. Volos, one female only

Thymelicus acteon Rott. Nr. Florina and Nr. Drama in
colonies

Thymelicus lineola Ochs. Nr. Florina, in colonies

Thymelicus sylvestris Poda Nr. Pilion, Nr. Drama and
Nr. Xanthi, not common

Ochlodes venatus faunus Widespread
Turati
Gegenes nostrodamus Fab. Thermopylae, one only
References

Bretherton, R. F. Butterflies in Central Greece, June 1970. Ent. KRec..
82: 277-285.

Coutsis, John, G. List of Grecian Butterflies. Entomologist, 102: 264-
268.

Coutsis, John, G. List of Grecian Butterflies: Additional Records. Ent.
Record, 84: 145-151.

Higgins, Lionel, G., and Riley, Norman D. A Field Guide to the Butter-
flies of Britain and Europe, 1970 Collins, London.

PuRPLE EMPEROR IN SURREY. — I can now add to my note
(Ent. Record 83; 358). During 1972, three male Apatura iris
L. entered my friend’s house in Surrey between 3lst July and
19th August and were, with some difficulty, persuaded to
leave. On 8th August his wife noticed a male basking on a
flagstone outside the drawing room. Having no better appar-
atus available, she captured it very simply by putting a tumbler
over the top.—J. A. C. GREENWoop, The Thatches, Forest Road,
Pyrford, Woking, Surrey. 30.x.1972.

ON SOME MOROCCAN BUTTERFLIES 267

On some Moroccan Butterflies
By OTAKAR KupRNA, F.R.E.S.

The butterfly fauna of Morocco still requires a consider-
able amount of research from both taxonomic and faunistic
points of view. As there is no comprehensive recent paper
on Moroccan butterflies every record could be of some interest.
This lack of records seems a common feature not only of cer-
tain areas, but also of certain periods of the year, the latter
being one of the causes for writing this paper.

Owing to the extreme kindness of my learned colleagues,
Miss Nadya Gawadi and Mr Martin Wilson of the Department
of Zoology at Cambridge University, I have been able to study
over 50 specimens of butterflies collected in two distinct areas
in Morocco at the very beginning of September 1971. AI-
though both N. Gawadi and M. Wilson are not entomologists
and travelled for other purposes, they most willingly spent
several hours of their valuable time energetically collecting
Rhopalocera. I am greatly indebted to them for this favour.
All specimens, belonging to nine species, have been deposited
in the author’s collection.

Collecting has been carried out in two different localities:

Taroudant

A small town on the main road from Marakesh to Agadir
on the southern foothills of the Atlas Mountains, some 81 km.
east of Agadir, at the altitude of some 250 m or thereabout.
Collected on Ist and 2nd September 1971 among orchards,
alfalfa fields and on rough uncultivated ground covered with
bushes of ‘“‘maquis” type and low vegetation with numerous
flowering Compositae herbs.

Essauira.

A town on the Atlantic coast, on the main road from Agabir
to Casablanca, some 176 km north of Agadir, at the altitude
of about 20-30 m. Collected on 4th September 1971 mostly on
sandy soils among the coastal dunes and rough ground covered
with thorny bushes and grass.

The following species have been observed and collected:

Pieris rapae L.

Although all the specimens—except for a single male—
are rather small in size, the examination of androconia
has shown just the usual broad variability.

‘Taroudant~-8 52/97 197 R= 2u Od yosurkes. Essauira,
4/9/1971 — 3 oc.

Pieris brassicae L.
The examination of androconia has shown certain simi-
larity to those of the specimens from the Canary Isles,
and, perhaps to a less extent to those from Spain, and

266 ENTOMOLOGIST’ S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XI1/72

remarkable differences from those of specimens from
the other North African countries.
Essaurina, 4/9/71 — 1 ¢c.

Pontia daplidice L.

A single worn specimen only.
Essauira, 4/9/1971 — 1 °.

Colias crocea Fourcr.

Both males of this migrant species are quite small
and freshly emerged, the female is worn and battered.
Taroudant, 1/9/1971—2 oc. Essauira, 4/9/1971—1 @°@.

Danaus chrysippus L.

As this species is regarded aS a rare migrant in
Morocco, it is very interesting to notice that is was
commonly seen flying quickly over rough ground and
settling unfrequently on Compositae flowers. Only
four specimens were caught owing both to its fast
flight and to the roughness of terrain. All of them were
caught freshly emerged, but one is badly mechanically
damaged. It is understood that the specimens must
have bred within the locality.

Taroudant, 1-2/9/1971 —146,3 2°.

Pararge aegeria L.

Only two. very small and worn specimens.
Essauira, 4/9/1971 — 16,1 9°.

Syntarusus pirithous L.

Very common on alfalfa fields, but most of the spect-
mens rather worn.
Taroudant, 1-2/9/1971 —9 d¢,3 2°.

Tarucus theophrastus Fabr.

Common on alfalfa field and in their vicinity
Taroudant, 1-2/9/1971 — 8 dd, 2 29.

Zizeeria knysna Trimen.

Found sporadically, not common.
Taroudant, 1/9/1971 —3 dd,2 ¢¢.

REFERENCES '

Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D. (1970). A field guide to the butterflies
of Britain and Europe. London.

Staudinger, O. and Rebel, H. (1901). Catalog der Lepidopteren der
Palearktischen Faunengebiete. Berlin.

Zerny, H. (1935). Die Lepidopterenfauna des Grossen Atlas in
Marokko und seiner Randgebiete. Mem. Soc. scient. nat. Maroc.
Rabat. No 42.

LEPIDOPTERA IN KINCARDINESHIRE AND ABERDEENSHIRE 269

Some unexpected Lepidoptera in Kincardineshire
and Aberdeenshire
By B. M. PaLMER

During four years of studying Lepidoptera in North East
Scotland I have found the majority of those species stated by
South (1962) and Beirne (1954) to occur in either Kincardine-
shire, Aberdeenshire or both. Of those species covered in the
volumes of South in particular a very small number have not
as yet been found in the area. Set against these is the occur-
rence of an approximately equal number of species which I had
not expected to find.

Of the nineteen species listed below some have probably
occurred in the area for many years but, being scarce or local,
have escaped attention in this large area where field workers
are few in number.

In a few cases where a species appears to be quite wide-
spread and not uncommon it seems likely that extension of
range may have occurred. This may be true of Lithina chloro-
sata Scop., which occurs not uncommonly in several areas of
Aberdeenshire and also in areas north of the Moray Firth,
whereas in South it is stated to be of casual occurrence north of
Perthshire. It may also be true of Crambus myellus Hiibn.,
which was unexpected so far from its stated homes around
Braemar.

Since, as far as I am aware, recent records from Kincardine-
shire and Aberdeenshire are few, the following list has been
prepared as a first step in what I hope will in future develop
into as complete a list as is possible for the two counties.

NOTODONTIDAE
1. Odontosia carmelita Esp.

Although known to occur along the Moray Firth coast
in the counties of Moray and Nairn and in Inverness-shire,
the occurrence of this species in South Aberdeenshire was
a surprise. Only a single specimen has been taken so far,
at a portable battery-operated trap in mixed woodland
near Monymusk. 10.v.69.

DREPANIDAE
2. Drepana lacertinaria Linn.
Not uncommon in the large birch woods around Dinnet
and Logie Coldstone where larvae have been found regu-
larly since 1968.

ARCTIIDAE
5. Lithosia lurideola Zinck.
Abundant at portable trap, Muchalls—August 1970 and
July 1971. Larvae often common at Dunnotar Castle. Also
recorded from Cove Bay. Probably common all along the

270

10.

tI.

13.

ENTOMOLCGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 64 Pe/Octhy/ 72

Kincardineshire coast from Stonehaven and Dunnotar
Castle northwards.

NOCTUIDAE
NOCTUINAE
Anaplectoides prasina Schiff.

Quite a common species at light in woods around New-
machar, Dyce, Bucksburn (e.g. 6 at portable trap, Bucks-
burn, 6.viii.70). Also at Park on Deeside and probably in
many other areas.

HADENINAE
Discestra trifoli1 Huin.

Five specimens of this moth came to a portable trap on
the cliffs at Muchalls, Kincardineshire, 7.vii.70.
Hadena bicolorata Huin.

5 records:—18.vi.68 Dyce 1d, 12.vii.68 Dyce 1d, 21.vi.70

Dyce 1d, 4.vi.71 Dyce 1d, 22.vii.71 Dyce Id.

Strangely, this species has been found nowhere else.
Leucania comma Linn.

Not uncommon in Durris Forest. Single specimens also
found at Kintore and Kemnay.

CUCULLIINAE
Agrochola lychnidis Schiff.

Common at sugar Muchalls, Kincardineshire—late
September 1969.

ACRONICTINAE
Cryphia perla Schiff.

Not uncommon at Dyce, where it has occurred every
year since 1968. Also in the suburbs of Aberdeen and at
Cove Bay, Kincardineshire.

AMPHIPYRINAE

Nonagria typhae Thunb.
1 specimen at m.v., Newmachar—1.1ix.68.
1 specimen at m.v., Newburgh—28.viii.70.

CATOCALINAE
Euclidimera mi Clerck.

Not uncommon at Kintore in late May and early June.
A single specimen from Dinnet—8.vi.68.

GEOMETRIDAE
OENOCHROMINAE

. Alsophila aescularia Schiff.

Common at Monymusk and Kemnay.
LARENTIINAE

Lygris mellinata Fab.
13 at m.v.—Newmachar—14.viii.68.
1 at portable trap, Cove Bay, Kincardineshire—August

14,

Lo.

LG;

Lf

18.

LU:

LEPIDOPTERA IN KINCARDINESHIRE AND ABERDEENSHIRE 27 |

1969.
Eupithecia abbreviata Steph.

1d at portable trap, Tyrebagger Forest, Bucksburn—
28.v.70.
Eupithecia tantillaria Boisd.

Abundant among spruce near Huntly in 1969 and 1970.
A single 2 at m.v., Cults 1971.

ENNOMINAE
Erannis aurantiaria Hubn.

Abundant at portable trap, Tyrebagger Forest—1968
and 1969. Larvae were present in vast numbers on birch
in the Dinnet area in June 1968. Also common at Kintore.

In contrast with this is the occurrence of Erannis
defoliaria Clerck. of which species only 1 specimen has
been noted in four years (at Durris Forest). I had expected
both species to be rare in the area; this seems to be so as
regards defoliaria but certainly not in the case of
aurantiaria.

Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff.

Generally distributed and common. (South leaves the
Scottish distribution of this species rather doubtful, men-
tioning its general distribution as far as Perthshire but
making no mention of counties to the north of this.)
Lithina chlorosata Scop.

Although nowhere the abundant pest it is in parts of
southern England, the species occurs quite commonly at
Durris and Cults on Deeside and at Monymusk and Hatton
on Fintray.

PYRALIDAE
Crambus myellus Hiibn.

Supposedly confined to high mountain valleys around
Braemar etc., this species was common at Newmachar in
1968 and has since occurred at Hatton of Fintray (1970),
Oldmeldrum and Dyce (common in my garden at portable
trap), 1971.

The rather similar species Crambus pinellus Linn. has
been seen only once during this period—1l at m.v. in a
suburb of Aberdeen, 3.vii.68.

Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Mr E. Pickard of Aberdeen for the

use of his records. The records of C. pinellus and E. defoliaria
are his, as are all records from Cove Bay and Durris Forest.

References

South, R. (1961 edition). The Moths of the British Isles, Series 1 & 2.
Beirne, Bryan P. (1954). British Pyralid and Plume Moths.

2 Glenhome Gardens, Dyce, Aberdeen. v.72.

272 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL, 84 15/XI1I/72

Lepidoptera Review 1971
By T. W. HARMAN

These notes will cover what I consider to be some of the
highlights of the year. The season really began on 25th Febru-
ary when several locals went to Broom Ridding Wood, Derbys.,
to look for Erannis marginaria F. They were quite common and
a nice series of very dark forms was obtained. Little of conse-
quence happened after this date until 15th April when Mr B.
Elliot and I set out for the Isle of Wight. We left Bucks. at
7.00 a.m. and encountered heavy rush hour traffic in the Reading
area which heralded a rather uncomfortable journey to Ports-
mouth. The cafe at the ferry was one of the worst we had ever
come across and is well worth avoiding. After driving across the
island in foggy conditions we walked to the locality where we
hoped to obtain a few larvae of Melitaea cinxia L. It took some
time to find the exact spot, but once among them there was no
difficulty in seeing them. They crawled over the low herbage in
thousands and if their numbers in other localities are similar,
the status of this species must be quite safe at present. We only
found one larva of Arctia villica L- Return to the mainland was
made via Yarmouth to Lymington, a more pleasant ferry, we
thought. We then motored to Warminster where we stayed with
Mr and Mrs R. Stockley. The plan was to try some local col-
lecting that night, but after a wonderful meal, a bottle of wine
and such a hard day, we thought better of it. The next day, 16th
April, we started by beating yew trees at West Dean, Wilts., for
larvae of Deileptenia ribeata Clerck. Very few larvae of any
sort were seen and the four hopeful-looking ones we did get
turned out to be Cleora rhomboidaria Schiff. From here we
travelled back to Bucks. and in the evening made a sortie to
Burghfield, Berks., to search for larvae of Polia hepatica Clerck.
An hour in a previously good area yielded nothing, a curious
blank which we have been unable to explain, except for the
possibility they might already have pupated. On the 17th April
a number of larvae of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. were seen in an
Oxfordshire locality and from there we returned to Chesterfield.

The first two specimens of a nice series of Rheumaptera
carvinalis Scop. emerged on 26th April. These were the result
of larvae obtained in the classic locality at Bury St. Edmunds,
Suffolk in 1970, unfortunately a threatened area, due to develop-
ment. The next significant event concerned Aegeria culiciformis
L. on the local moors above the 1,000 ft. contour. A visit was
made on 22nd May when signs of tunnels in birch stumps could
be seen by fresh ‘sawdust’ sticking out. We obtained several
pupae and two had emerged on arrival at home, obviously the
disturbance had hastened their desire to escape the pupal state.
The following day Mr B. Elliot and I repeated the operation, but
cut complete stumps on this occasion and placed them in large,
muslin-covered buckets. By this method we each bred a nice
series. My family spent Whitsun at Turville Heath, Bucks.,
and on the night of the 30th May a good selection of typical

LEPIDPOTERA REVIEW 1971 273

chalk species came to m.v. light, including Ectropis consonaria
Hubn., Acasis viretata Hubn., Abraxas sylvata Scop., and
Cosymbia linearia Hubn. On the 3i1st we visited the small colony
of Military Orchids, the third British colony, discovered in 1970.
Again there were two flowering spikes, even better specimens
than in the previous year.

June was a rather inactive month this season, but I did
manage a weekend in Bucks. on the 25th where, to my surprise,
I took a specimen of Trisateles emortualis Schiff. at light. This is
about the earliest date for the species I have known. With it was
a specimen each of Apamea epomidion Haw. and A. sublustris
Esp., both welcome sights. The end of the month saw some
excellent nights for insects in Chesterfield, but my house is not
in a good enough position to draw many rarities, the best species
at this time being Unca triplasia L.

July opened in fine style with Mr B. Elliot, Mr T. J. G. Homer
and myself setting out on the 3rd for a visit to the Lake District.
Mr Homer wanted Erebia epiphron Knoch and, as we had also
decided to visit Arnside, an overnight stay was desirable.
Epiphron was found to be less common than on a previous visit,
but we think we might not have been in the best locality. How-
ever, aS a bonus, we got several specimens of Parasemia plan-
taginis L. var. hospita. Series of Colostygia salicata Hubn. and
Xanthorhoe munitata Hubn. were obtained by brushing large,
vertical rock faces with a long, slender stick. While one person
used the stick, the other wielded the net as insects flew off.
Working in pairs is much better than singly and it is advisable
to take a long stick up with you as they are unobtainable on the
high ground frequented by the moths. We then travelled to that
old entomologist’s mecca, the ‘Derby Arms’ at Witherslack where
we had previously booked. It is now under new management
and we had quite a task ‘training’ the new proprietor, Mrs Parry,
and her staff, as to our needs. They all proved very hospitable
and we set up a m.v. trap outside the hotel as well as receiving
excellent service inside the building. Portable m.v.’s were used
at Meathop Moss that night and, although conditions were excel-
lent, nothing remarkable for this area was seen, the best insects
being a single P. hepatica Clerck., U. triplasia L. and Venusia
cambrica Curt. At the hotel, among many moths were two
specimens of Plusia bractea Schiff. At Meathop on the following
morning, 4th July, Coenonympha tullia Mull. was fairly common,
but many were worn. We also saw two specimens of Diacrisia
sannio L. In the afternoon Arnside Knott proved very pleasant
despite the lack of sunshine. This did not prevent Prothodes
captiuncula Treits. from flying, in fact they flew with rather less
energy than in sunshine and were quite easy to net. We also
saw a few larvae of Hamearis lucina L. and two specimens of
Clossiana selene Schiff. On the way down the hillside we came
across some magnificent examples of the Dark Red Helleborine,
the first time I had seen this impressive orchid.

The 11th July saw Mr B. Elliott and I back in Bucks. en route
for Dungeness, Kent. Ona very hot afternoon in a local Chiltern

274 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

valley we saw several Argynnis aglaia L. The half dozen netted
were all males. Strymonidia w-album Knoch was very common
at privet blossom and there were good numbers of other species
flying. At night we ran two m.v. lights, one inside a beechwood
and one just outside. Among large numbers of moths were five
specimens of T. emortualis Schiff. The next day, we travelled
on to Dungeness, a nerve-wracking journey as are most south of
the Thames. Our nerves were even more frayed upon arrival
when we discovered that the old school on the Ness had been
bulldozed into a hollow in the shingle. Apparently, it had been
declared unsightly for a visit to the area of the Duke of Edin-
burgh. Generations of entomologists will lament its loss because
not only was it a very good landmark, it possessed its own small
eco-system and afforded shelter to a variety of wildlife. Apart
from the super-abundance of sallow which seems to have in-
creased enormously since the building of the power stations, we
felt the area was somewhat over-grazed by rabbits. We had
decided to spend a fair percentage of our daytime activities in
the Orlestone Woods complex. Here, we were disappointed at
the numbers of Limenitis camilla L-, they appeared to be very
localised and were not fresh, even at this date. In the afternoon,
on the way back to the Bird Observatory, we stopped at the
gravel pits to try for pupae of Nonagria sparganii Esp. in reed
stems and were quite successful. Light that night was poor with
very little seen, but results improved on subsequent nights and
we obtained short series of Nola albula Schiff. and Eilema
pygmaeola Doubl. Only two specimens of Thalera fimbralis Scop.
were seen. Probably the best record at Dungeness was a single
Leucania obsoleta Hubn. taken at m.v. close to Boulderwall
Farm, believed to be the first record for the area.

At Orlestone on the night of 14th July, m.v. lights produced
71 species with a single Heterogenea asella Schiff. as the high-
light, the first either of us had seen. While checking my diary
of the Dungeness trip I saw that Mr B. Elliott, had added his own
note to my records for the 15th. It reads, “Did nothing but lie
in the sun all day”. This is not quite true as I did hunt for
cocoons of Synaphe punctalis F. among the moss on the shingle
at the same time! We had to leave the area on the 16th and
travelled back to Bucks. via Sussex where we tried for a few
pupae of Nonagria algae Esp., this turned out more difficult than
on our previous visit.

My family and I went back to Bucks. for the start of the
school holidays on 27th July. Two m.v. lights at Turville Heath
yielded good results and that night some insects of note were a
single Oria musculosa Hubn., Lophopteryx cucullina Schiff.,
several Eilema deplana Esp. and Cosmia pyralina Schiff. Mr T.
J. G. Homer and I visited Pamber Forest, Hants. on the 28th,
hoping to see Catocala promissa Schiff., but we were unlucky,
although we got a nice varied series of Lymantria monacha L.
My family then moved to Kent on the 30th July, where we spent
the time between visiting the beaches and blackcurrant picking.
M.v. light was used at Worth and among the most interesting

LEPIDOPTERA REVIEW, 1971 VAs)

species seen were Apamea oblonga Haw., Leucania straminea
Treits., Nonagria dissoluta Treits., Catccala nupta L. and Ever-
gestis extimalis Scop. While on Dover East Cliffs on 3rd August
surveying the docks like a huge toyland below us, I took the
opportunity to wander the chalk downs and found a local colony
of the second brood of Cupido minimus Fuessl. On the last night
in Kent, the 11th August, a female Simyra venosa Borkh. came
to the m.v. trap, the second I have taken there. Although saved
for ova she did not oblige.

We then returned to Derbyshire for a few days to see if our
home was still standing and then went to West Wales and camped
on a farm at the village of Aberech, near Pwllheli. Permission
was obtained to run a trap from one of the farm buildings, but
results were not very rewarding, due mainly to poor nights. One
specimen of Herse convolvuli L. on the night of the 25th August
was the only good thing seen. A number of visits were made
to surrounding areas and one of the most interesting places seen
was Aberech beach where sand dunes give way to marshes, all
within a few hundred yards. A web containing larvae of E.
aurinia Rott. was found here. One rather remarkable find was
a specimen of Tholera cespitus Schiff. which had been trapped
bv the hooks on a flowerhead of Burdock. We found other insects
which had suffered the same fate. On the morning of the 21st
August, I walked the entire length of the West Beach at Pwllheli
and was surprised to see so many butterflies, including several
specimens of the second brood of C. selene Schiff., all worn,
Maniola tithonus L. and singletons of Ewmenis semele L. and
Thecla quercus L., the latter caught after a long chase, during
which I had hoped it was T. betulae L!

Some good woodlands were seen inland, but poor weather at
night prevented exploration with portable m.v. The last field
trip there was made with Mr Vaughan Jones of Pwhelli, a very
enthusiastic naturalist and biology master at the local school.
We undertook a hazardous journey around the foot of the huge
headland at Llanbedrog to a small gully in which grew a variety
of plants, was out of the wind, and had been declared good
during daylight. We made it without mishap and set up the
m.v. light at the foot of this wonderful cliff. Results were dis-
appointing although we got eight lovely fresh specimens of
Stilbia anomola Haw. Return to Chesterfield was made on 30th
August after a very enjoyable visit to a part of the country still
beautiful, but rapidly losing its appeal because of hordes of
people and increasing restrictions in accessible parts of the coast.

The rest of the season was spent locally and one of the best
nights was on the 10th September in Clumber Park, Notts. when
we saw 32 species among which were the local specialities,
Enargia paleacea Esp. and Diarsia dahlii Hubn., together with
Aporophyla lunula Stroem, Cirrhia gilvago Schiff., S. anomola
Haw., and a single female Orthonama lignata Hubn., the first we
had seen in this area. A further visit on the 18th resulted in
the near-freezing temperature with more entomologists than
moths, and precious few of either! The season was brought to a

276 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

late end during the Christmas holiday at Turville Heath, Bucks.
Some very mild nights brought out several species and I was
able to get some nice forms of Erranis defolaria Clerck.

26 Highfield Road, Chesterfield, Derbyshire.

Notes on Zygaena in 1972 and a Holiday in
West Scotland
By N. GIL.

After becoming increasingly interested in the Zygaenidae
I considered the possibilities of taking a holiday in West Scot-
land with a view to visiting some of the localities of the local
species.

Eventually I planned a family holiday for late June, the
object being to combine a touring holiday of West Scotland
with searching for some of the Scottish subspecies of the
genus Zygaena.

We left Huddersfield at 7.30 p.m. on 23rd June and arrived
at our previously arranged accommodation at Eastrigs, Dum-
friesshire, late that evening. On the 24th we motored north
to Oban and by way of the Erskine Bridge over the Clyde,
Loch Lomond and Inverary arrived there in the early evening.
At 7 p.m. we boarded the car ferry to the Isle of Mull and
arrived at Craignure at 7.45. On arrival we immediately
started motoring north and eventually found accommodation
in the small village of Dervaig in the north of the Island.
Since it had rained for most of the day, I waited eagerly for
the weather forecast on television that night. Fortunately the
forecast was brighter weather, which pleased me as I had
planned to visit Loch Tuath on the west coast of the island, a
locality for Z. loti scotica Rowland-Brown.

The morning of the 25th was brighter, though mainly
cloudy as we drove down the coast. On arriving, I walked to
the shore and began to search for likely Zygaena habitats.
After a short while I found a patch of Lotus corniculatus
upon which was a single Z. loti scotica. I was surprised to
have found loti in such a short time, and in high spirits I
walked along to a more likely looking part of the shore. Here,
after much searching, I found loti in some numbers. There
was a fresh breeze from the sea, and the moths were found,
some freshly emerged, low down on the short herbage. In the
afternoon the sun made an appearance and another search
was made at the loti colony. This time the moths were to be
seen more readily.

Later in the afternoon, we visited Calgary Bay, which we
had passed on our way down to the coast that morning. After
a long search I eventually found a strong colony of Z. pur-
puralis caledonensis Reiss, situated on a high steep bank above
the bay, and the moths were in a beautiful, freshly emerged
condition.

NOTES ON ZYGAENA IN 1972 Deb

On the 26th we motored to Carsaig Bay on the south
coast of the island, where I searched the steep slopes above
the bay, but did not find one single Zygaena. On returning
to our hotel at Dervaig, I called at the loti colony and noted
a few specimens on the herbage. Not being able to resist an-
other look at the purpuralis colony at Calgary, I also stopped
there, and high up on the slope the moths were very common.

On the morning of the 27th we left Dervaig for Craignure
where we boarded the car ferry for Oban. The weather had
again deteriorated, being dull and very wet, and on arriving
on the mainland we headed north for the Isle of Skye. That
evening we arrived at Fort William, having taken the short
cut across Loch Leven by way of the Balachulish ferry. We
decided to stay at Fort William that night and continue on to
Skye next morning.

The next morning we visited Glen Nevis before heading
north for Skye via Spean Bridge and Invergary. On the
highest mountains north of Fort William there were still large
patches of snow. We arrived at the Kilerhea ferry in the late
afternoon and were soon on the island and motoring to Por-
tree where we were to stay for three nights.

The 29th was mainly sunny and warm and we visited Talis-
ker on the west coast. I searched the banks and slopes above
the shore and found a number of Zygaena cocoons which,
between 13th and 17th July produced Z. lonicerae jocelynae
Tremewan. A few jocelynae larvae were also found; they
were feeding on Lathyrus pratensis. Cocoons of purpuralis
were noted in some numbers attached to the rocks, but as
yet, moths were very scarce. At Talisker I also found Setina
irrorella L. and Eupithecia pulchellata Sheldon.

The morning of the 30th was cloudy with a strong wind
and I revisited Talisker where I found a few more cocoons
which eventually produced a few Z. filipendulae anglicola
Tremewan. In the afternoon we visited Dunvegan Castle. The
weather had become worse with rain or drizzle in the strong
wind. :

On the morning of Ist July we began making our way
home and by the way of the Kyle of Lochalsh ferry, we
reached the mainland, eventually arriving home via Edin-
burgh and the Al road on the afternoon of 2nd July. Thus
ended a wonderful holiday which, in spite of the unsettled
weather, had been extremely enjoyable, and highly successful
in its object.

On the Saturday after our return from Scotland (8th July)
we visited Filey on the Yorkshire coast, the type locality of
Z. lonicerae latomarginata Tutt and on arrival I searched the
slopes above the shore. It was dull and wet, but lonicerae
was found to be common and freshly emerged, resting on the
herbage. Two Z. f. anglicola were also found; these were of
the seasonal form stephensi Dupont, with the broad hindwing
border and the small sixth spot through which runs a dark
coloured nervule.

278 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

On the 9th July I paid a short visit to a Z. lonicerae trans-
ferens Verity colony at Emley, but although cocoons were
numerous, the moths had not yet begun to emerge. The
colony is situated on a small, old spoil heap of a coal mine
upon which there is a good growth of Lotus corniculatus. On
the 16th I made a visit to another transferens colony at Emley;
the moth was common and active in the warm sunshine. This
colony is situated on a long narrow piece of rough land which
runs alongside a country lane.

A pair of Z. loti scotica found in copula at Loch Tuath on
25th June was kept in a glass bottomed box in the hope of
obtaining eggs. On the 2nd July a small batch of yellow eggs
was noticed on the side of the box, and on the 6th another
batch was found to have been laid. The moth also laid small
batches on the 13th, 17th, 18th, 19th and 20h July. On the
13th July, the first batch of eggs had changed to a grey colour
and on the 14th they produced greyish green larvae. These
were placed in a plastic container with some Lotus cornicu-
latus upon which they commenced to feed. On the 17th, the
batch of eggs laid on the 6th also produced larvae which were
treated in the same way. The small batches of eggs laid
between 13th and 20th July proved to be infertile.

During this time, the moth was kept alive by feeding it
with sugar dissolved on a moist pad cf cotton wool, which it
accepted readily. The moth finally died on the 21st July,
almost four weeks after it was found, and the day after it
had laid its last batch of eggs.

At the time of writing, some of the larvae have just
changed their first skin and are growing very slowly, being
about one eighth of an inch in length.

26 Mount Pleasant, Emley, Huddersfield. 30.vii.1972.

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire
By J. NEwTon B.Sc., F.R.E.S.

In my previous paper on this subject (Ent. Record, 73: 86) I
reported a few species of the so-called Microlepidoptera which
had come my way since 1953 in Gloucestershire. Here I give
a few more which I have recorded since 1961, some of which
are new county records and some of which have not been seen
for many years, or I have found in new localities in the county.
Some parts of the county have changed considerably since
T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher and T. Glanville Clutterbuck compiled
The Microlepidoptera of Gloucestershire in 1938, and although
these changes are not all in favour of the survival of some
species, it is nevertheless pleasing still to be able to find new
species and the spread of others in the county.

PYRALIDINA

Dioryctria abietella D. & Schiff. In the Gloucestershire list
there are two records only, one for the Stroud district (Davis,

MICROLEPIDOPTERA IN GLOUCESTERSHIRE 219

1902) and an undated record for Gatcombe (J. W. Metcalfe).
Fletcher adds a note saying that the species of the genus re-
quired revision. This has since been thoroughly dealt with by
M. Shaffer (Ent Gazetie, 17: 20) and D. sylvestrella Ratz.
(=spendidella H.-S.) has been removed from the British list,
leaving only one species of Dioryctria viz. abietella and placing
mutatella as a form of abietella. On this basis, and having
examined the few specimens I have in my collection, I find
that I have taken D. abietelia once only at Westonbirt, 15th
July, 1964. The form mutatella I have taken at Westonbirt
on 23rd June, 1941 and at Cannop (Forest of Dean) on 5th
September, 1964.

Pyrausta funebris Stroem. Clutterbuck took this species at
St. Briavels (Forest of Dean) in 1933. Wotton-under-Edge and
Grange Court are given in Perkin’s List (1901). I found speci-
mens at Randwick Park near Stroud and at Sapperton in June
1969.

Euzophera terebrella Germ & Zinck. T. B. Fletcher had the
only previous record for the county at Rodborough in 1936. I
had one specimen at mercury vapour light on 9th August, 1963.

Acrobasis tumidana D. & Schiff. I took a fresh specimen
at mercury vapour light at Westonbirt in July 1964. This is a
new county record.

PHALONIIDAE

Phtheochroa rugosana Hiibn. I have collected larvae of
this species over a few years in Hertfordshire, Oxfordshire and
Nottinghamshire, and in my experience they are frequently
full-grown before the berries of Bryonia dioica are formed.
The larvae then are found spun up chiefly in the flowers. It
was not until August 1967 that I found my first larvae in
Tetbury and again here in July 1970. There are only a few old
records in the Gloucestershire list.

Acornutia nana Haw. Only one nete in Perkin’s List (1901)
which gives no definite locality. I took one at Cannop (Forest
of Dean) at mercury vapour light in June 1967.

TORTRICIDAE

Epinotia signatana Dougl. Only one record for this species
in the Bristol area, and given by Perkins as “scarce amongst
aspens’’. I have collected it at Inglestone Common for several
years, but always from blackthorn (Prunus spinosa).

Epinotia rubiginosana H.-S. I took this species first in July
1965 from Pinus sylvestris at Painswick. This is a new county
record.

Epigogue grotiana Fabr. Not previously recorded south of
the Severn in Gloucestershire, and only old records from the
Forect of Dean area. I have had it since July 1965 in the
Cannop area only, but by no means common.

Acleris hastiana L. Only two old records for the Bristol
area in Perkin’s List. In 1956 I found a small colony at Ingle-
stone Common and collected a few larvae in August. Moths
emerged in September, and compared with larger colonies 1

280 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

know in other parts of the country, there seems to be very
little variation here.

OLETHREUTIDAE

Lobesia littoralis Curt. This species, as Clutterbuck sug-
gested, must frequently get introduced inland on plants of
Statice armeria. Mr L. Price had it several years in his garden
at Stroud, and in September 1971 it turned up in my garden
at Tetbury where I have plants of armeria.

Lobesia abscissana Doubl. I have collected this species
over a few years in Hertfordshire, but not in Gloucestershire
until 1970, when, on 3rd August, I was pleased to get one in my
mercury vapour light trap. This is a new county record.

Endemis profundana D. & Schiff. Only two records for the
county, the last being at Longhop (Forest of Dean) in 1907 by
Clutterbuck. I found it first at Inglestone Common in 1961.
Also I have taken it at Dymock in 1961 and at Cannop in 1962.

GELECHIIDAE

Pseudotelphusa scalella Scop. This species has not been
recorded for the north side of the Severn since 1920. I have
taken several in recent years from, the Cannop area, and also
south of the Severn at Inglestone Common on 8th June, 1962.
I have not seen it in the Tetbury area but oddly enough, I find it
plentiful in woods on the Glos-Wilts border.

Telephila schmidiella Heyd. All that one learns from the
Glos. List is “‘one specimen possibly taken near Stroud in 1902”,
and from the Bristol area in Perkin’s List (1901). I have found
larvae in Origanum since 1961 and found the moths easy to
breed.

Telephusa luculella Hiibn. Not previously recorded in south
Gloucestershire and rarely in the Forest of Dean. I found it
first at Cannop in July 1965. It is common in oak woods on the
Glos.-Wilts. boundary where I took it in 1967 and 1970.

COLEOPHORIDAE
Colephora albicosta Haw. Perkin’s List (1901) gives “abun-
dant among furze” with no actual localities, and Fletcher &
Clutterbuck’s List has only one other record, ‘““Sheepscombe,
June 1924, one specimen, Clutterbuck”. I have known it
amongst furze in the Brierley area (Forest of Dean) since 1964.
Colephora albitarsella Zell. Records in the county are very
few, and none since 1916. I found two of the black cases on
Origanum at Avening on 30th May, 1956. Moths emerged in
July.
OECOPHORIDAE
Semioscopis avellanella Hiibn. Although the small-leaved
lime (Tilia parvifolia) has been generally regarded as the food-
plant of this species, I can confirm Mr S. Wakeley’s observation
that they are also on birch. I found them quite common at
Dilke (Forest of Dean) in a birch wood in April 1965 with no
lime present. T have also taken it amongst birch at Cannop
in 1966.

DERMAPTERA FROM THE SOLOMON ISLANDS 261

GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE

Simaethis pariana Clerck. Not recorded since Perkins
(1901) who gave two localities in the Bristol area. While
beating in Highnam Wood near Gloucester, | got my first
specimen on 22nd December, 1964. I believe it is still a rare
species in the county.

EPERMENIIDAE

Epermenia illigerella Hiibn. All previous records of this
species were centered round Gloucester City and the Severn,
the last being at Sandhurst in 1930 by Clutterbuck. I found it
at Inglestone Common in June i961 and in subsequent years
at other places where Angelica grows, particularly on the
Glos-Wilts boundary.

PLUTELLIDAE
Ypsolophus mucronellus Scop. (=caudellus L.) To Mr L.
Price’s report that he took this species north of the Severn in
1956 and 1957, I can now add that I took it south of the Severn
ar Inglestone Common in March 1961 and in April 1963: Also
on 6th May, 1969 I had a specimen in my mercury vapour light
trap in Tetbury.

Description of a new species of Dermaptera
from the Solomon Islands

By A. BRINDLE
(Manchester Museum)

Subsequent to a published survey of the Dermaptera of the
Solomon Islands (Brindle, 1971), a few additional specimens of
these insects from the same islands have been examined. These
specimens were collected by Dr. A. B. Gurney, of the Systematic
Entomology Laboratory, USDA, United States National Museum,
to whom my thanks are due. Amongst the specimens is a single
male of a new disinctive and colourful species of the family
Chelisochidae, which is described in the present paper. This
species, which I have pleasure in naming after the collector, keys
down to the genus Gressittolabis in Brindle (1971), in which genus
it is therefore placed. The male genitalia of the new species
show some differences to those of the only other species of the
genus, G. delicatula Brindle, particularly in the shape of the
parameres and the length of the virgal sclerites, but both species
are similar in general external structure.

Gressittolabis gurney? sp.n.

Head, pronotum, and abdomen deep reddish-yellow; antennae
blackish, segments distal to eleventh slightly paler in colour;
elytra yellowish-brown, broadly black along sutures; wings
similar in colour to elytra but black band diagonal, leaving most
of the sutural margin yellowish-brown; femora yellow, distal half
or so black, tibiae blackish, tarsi dark brown; forceps blackish-
red. Cuticle of head and pronotum entirely smooth, impunctate

282 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XI11/72

and glabrous; of elytra and wings coriaceous, impunctate and
glabrous; of abdomen sparsely punctured, except last tergite -
which is almost impunctate; all cuticle shining.

Figs. 1-4—Gressittolabis gurneyi sp.n., male: (1) dorsal view, (2) genitalia,
(3) forceps branch, lateral, (4) penultimate sternite.

Male (fig. 1): head transverse, tumid, narrowing posterior to
eyes, postero-lateral angles scarcely marked, posterior margin
straight except at vertex, which is faintly concave; eyes protrud-
ing, relatively large, but shorter than the length of head behind
eyes. First antennal segment long and narrow, longer than the
distance between the antennal bases; second segment transverse;
third and fifth segments two and half times as long as broad;
fourth segment twice as long as broad; distal segments three
times as long as broad, almost cylindrical, but slightly and evenly

WICKEN FEN ARCHIVES 2655

narrowed to bases; all segments with short dark pubescence.
Pronotum almost quadrate, slightly wider posteriorly, posterior
Margin convex, anterior half (=prozona) swollen, posterior half
(=metazona) flattened and contiguous with a wide lateral ex-
planate border. Elytra and wings long. Legs relatively slender,
with short pubescence and a few longer yellow hairs (only
anterior and middle legs present on left side and only anterior leg
on right side).

Abdomen broadened medially, short; lateral tubercles on third
tergite absent, those on fourth relatively large and blackish; last
tergite transverse, posterior margin oblique laterally, and weakly
concave medially. Penultimate sternite with posterior margin
mainly evenly rounded, slightly truncate at apex (fig. 4). Each
branch of forceps trigonal at base, with a dorsal longitudinal
ridge, base broadened, and inner margin with a few isolated
crenulations; branch sinuate and inner margin with a large,
almost ventral tooth near mid-point (figs. 1, 3); pygidium black,
short, narrowed distally, with two short projections on posterior
margin. Genitalia of type everted (fig. 2), with narrow parameres,
virga long, sclerotized, and associated with two long basal virgal
sclerites. Length of body 6 mm., forceps 2:5 mm.

Female: unknown.

HOLOTYPE ©: SOLOMON ISLANDS—Bougainville, [X-’44
(A. B. Gurney) (United States National Museum).

The two species of Gressittolabis now known may be separated
as follows :—

1. Body almost uniformly blackish-brown; femora and tibiae
yellow, each with a broad dark brown median ring; forceps
of male with two teeth on the inner margin of each branch;
pygidium with posterior margin strongly concave; parameres
of male genitalia broadened medially ...... delicatula Brindle

— Body variegated in colour, reddish-yellow, yellowish-brown
and black; femora yellow, blackish distally, tibiae uniformly
blackish; forceps of male with a single tooth on the inner
margin of each branch; pygidium with posterior margin
slightly concave; parameres of male genitalia narrow, more
or less parallel-sided, except at apices ............ gurney? sp.n.

REFERENCE
Brindle, A. (1971). The Dermaptera of the Solomon Islands. Pacific Insects,
12 (3): 641-700.

Wicken Fen Archives

By JoHN SMART

Wicken was famous as an area for collecting Lepidoptera and
other insects long before the National Trust became the owner of
the areas that constitute the present Nature Reserve. Apart from
the valuable papers that appeared under the editorship of the
late Professor Stanley Gardiner (1923-32) — which, themselves,
probably make Wicken Fen the best documented Nature Reserve

234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/3

in the U.K.—there is a paucity of detailed accurate information
on the Lepidoptera and other fauna at an earlier date. Further-
more, in spite of the issue of many permits to collect, singularly
little has been fully recorded in print about the butterflies and
the ‘macros’ since.

The need for organised archives has been apparent to the
Wicken Fen Local Committee of the National Trust for some time
and the Committee has recently made a temporary appointment
of an experienced individual to carry out a pilot project on the
Committee’s papers and other records with the feasibility of the
preparation of a full archive of available documents and records
as the final objective.

The lack of such an archive became very apparent to the
writer when he recently sought actual dated records of the
occurrence of certain butterflies, that are no longer found on the
Fen, for the preparation of a guide (Smart, 1972) to the butterflies
in the present series of Guides that the Committee is publishing
for the National Trust. There must be large numbers of speci-
mens taken on the Reserve at Wicken recently as well as earlier
dates scattered in various collections. Singularly little material
from the Fen has been deposited in the Cambridge University
Museum of Zoology and the Farren collection, which was the
basis of the list of Lepidoptera in Stanley Gardiner’s volume, is
known to have been dispersed. Actually, thanks to the recent
work of Lt. Col. A. M. Emmet (1972), we now know more of the
status of the Microlepidoptera of the Fen than we do of the
Butterflies and the larger Moths.

The purpose of this note is to appeal to anyone who has lists of
insects taken on the Fen, especially if these are backed up by the
existences of voucher specimens, to get into touch with me or
the Warden-Naturalist at the Fen itself, with a view to depositing
such lists in the proposed archives or of permitting them to be
photo-copied for this purpose. We would also like to have infor-
mation about the existence of collections with extensive series of
Wicken specimens in them. The Committee regrets that it cannot,
at the present time, offer to examine such collections and prepare
lists.

University Museum of Zoology, Department of Zoology,
Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ.

REFERENCES
Emmet, A. M. (1972). The microlepidoptera of Wicken Fen. Proc. Brit.
ent. Nat. Hist. Soc., 5 (2): 52-74. Reprinted, by permission of the
author and the Society, as Guides to Wicken Fen, No. 9 (Pagination
unchanged).
Gardiner, J. S. (1923-32). The Natural History of Wicken Fen. an as
Bowes & Bowes, Cambridge.

Smart, J. (1972). Butterflies and Day-Flying Moths. 14 pp. Guides to
Wicken Fen, No. 8.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 209
E\DITORIAL

‘The time has now come when, in the interests of The
Record, I should quit the Editorial seat to make way for a
younger man. As from January Ist 1973, Mr J. M. Chalmers-
Hunt F.RB.E.S., will edit the magazine: he needs no introduction
from me as he has the reputation for being one of our most
prominent amateur entomologists. I shall remain on the
editorial panel to give any help which may be required of me
and which I may be able to give, but I have every confidence
that, with the same help which contributors gave to me, he
will maintain the quality and popularity which The Record has
enjoyed in the past.

The Record suffered considerable set-backs through two
editors, Hy. J. Turner and T. Bainbrigge-Fletcher dying ‘“‘in
harness”, and within a very short time of each other, thus
making it necessary for their successors to start from scatch,
and we were indeed fortunate to have T. B. Flecher and Dr E.
A. Cockayne to pick up the reins on these two sad occasions.
The journalistic ability of P. B. M. Allan brought the magazine
to its present standard, and it has been my pleasure to follow
him and to try to maintain the qualiy which he had instilled
into The Record. This was seventeen years ago, and in stand-
ing down, I would like to thank all those who have worked
with me on the production of the magazine, and all those who
have worked so hard to contribute so much valuable and
readable material to its make-up. These contributors have
ranged from young readers to professional entomologists, and
their efforts are very greatly appreciated. I look forward to
many volumes of The Record which I have not read before
their appearance, and I assure Mr Chalmers-Hunt of my best
wishes for his success.—S. N. A. JACOBS.

Notes and Observations

CAMBERWELL BEAUTY IN HERTFORDSHIRE.—I am writing to
inform you that during the past week, a Camberwell beauty
has been seen a number of times in and around Welwyn Gar-
den City. It was first reported in the garden of a neighbour
just opposite me, near the town centre. It stayed long enough
for her to study it closely and even sketch it. Unfortunately,
although she knew me, she was not aware that I had been a
keen studier and collector of butterflies for 60 years. How-
ever, I managed to get a note into our local paper just before
publication, and received three telephone calls from people
‘who had also seen it, both in gardens and fields near the
town.

There is no doubt at all of its identity from their descrip-
tions, but in spite of several sorties, I was unable to see it my-
self. There may, of course, have been more than one. I should
be interested to hear whether there have been any other re-
ports of this rare migrant either this year or last.—ALAN BELL,
M.A., 53 Parkway, Welwyn Garden City, Herts. 25.ix.1972.

286 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

ProcuS VERSICOLOR BORKHAUSEN IN DERBYSHIRE.—AS a result
of genitalia checks upon various melanic specimens of Procus
species by Mr T. H. Ford of Sheffield, two specimens of P.
versicolor have been identified.

These specimens were taken at separate localities in the
Ford valley in North-east Derbyshire during July 1972. I took
one specimen at m.v. light on 20th July and a friend, Mr E. C.
Waller, took the other at m.v. during the same week.

This species does not appear to have previously been re-
corded from Derbyshire though, due to its similarity with other
Procus species, it could well have been overlooked.—F.
Harrison, 24 Church Street, Holloway, nr. Matlock, Derbys.
26.1x.1972.

CELERIO GALII DENIS & SCHIFFERMULLER (BEDSTRAW HAWK)
In Kent In 1972.—Mr Andrew Ruck had a D. gali in the mer-
cury vapour light trap in his garden at Wrotham, Kent, on 20th
July this year. He does not collect lepidoptera but today
showed me a fine coloured photograph that he took of the
specimen.—J. M. CHaLmers-Hunt, 1 Hardcourts Close, West
Wickham, Kent. 19.ix.1972.

CALOPTILIA RUFIPENNELLA HipNer.—In my account of the
life-history of this species (Ent. Record, 83: 291) there were
two gaps. I did not know the position of the egg or the situa-
tion of the cocoon in the wild. The gaps can now be filled.

The reason why I could not find the egg in 1971 was that
the leaves then under scrutiny were ageing and discoloured, a
condition that obscured fine detail. This year I visited Chip-
penham Fen on the 5th of July and collected one or two of the
early mines. The ovum was readily apparent on these fresh
leaves, being laid where one would expect it. close to the
midrib on the underside. The young larva mines towards the
petiole until its progress is arrested by a branch nervure, the
tiny mine then filling the angle made by the two veins.

During the first half of September, I spent a week with a
small party of entomologists at Thorpeness on the Suffolk
coast. In my previous article I had hazarded the opinion that
rufipennella would probably turn out to be widsespread in
East Anglia, and with this thought in mind we searched a
sycamore wood in the Thorpeness area. ‘The larval cones
(vacated at that date) proved plentiful, and both Mr E. C.
Pelham-Clinton and Mr D. W. K. ffennell found cocoons; these
were spun in a slight hollow on the underside of sycamore
leaves. By the date of our visit the moths had already emerged,
but in one instance a parasite was reared from the cocoon. The
moths flew naturally or were tapped from branches in the late
afternoon and Mr Pelham-Clinton, Mr ffennell, Dr J. D. Bradley
and the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz all secured single specimens.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 287

May I remind readers that the vacated larval cones are
conspicuous as long as the leaves remain on the trees. The
season for searching for new localities of rufipennella is
therefore from June, when the larva starts feeding, until late
October when the leaves fall—A. M. Emmet, Labrey Cottage,
Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 18.ix.1972.

FURTHER NOTES ON STENOPTILIA SAXIFRAGAE FLETCHER.—Last
year I wrote a short note (Ent. Record, 83: 358) about the
discovery of S. saxifragae in a garden at Sheffield. Last autumn
a new occupant took over the tenancy of the house and, as a
result of his intention to clear a good deal of the saxifrage
from the garden. I removed three patches of the plant to my
own garden at Holloway. During the winter months, no further
attention was paid to the plants until I discovered seven small
larvae on terminal shoots on 16th April, which prompted me
to remove a piece of saxifrage, approximately one foot square,
into my greenhouse.

This brought about a rapid acceleration of the growth of
the larvae and on 6th May, 23 were noted on this small piece
of the food-plant. At this date there was already a considerable
disparity in size and coloration of the larvae, the largest being
10 mm and the smallest 2 mm in length. They were clearly
visible whilst feeding on the terminal shoots, and when small
were pale green with dark red longitudinal! lines and spots
upon the body. As they grew larger, the amount of red mark-
ings diminished and when full-fed the larvae were pale green
with a faint red line down the middle of the back, flanked by
two yellow lines.

The first pupa was discovered hanging from the foliage on
17th May, six more on 29th May and others at varying dates
afterwards. At this time there were larvae still in their initial
stages of growth to be seen on the plants. The first two moths
emerged on 7th June and up to the 19th June, sixteen moths
had emerged, before I. passed the tray of food-plant to Brian
Elliot, who also obtained a series from it.

The plants in my garden appeared to contain few larvae,
for only odd ones were noted from 21st May, and the presence
of dozens of black ants foraging among the plants made it seem
unlikely that many would attain the perfect state. However,
on 22nd July, three moths were attracted to the light from the
kitchen window and others were seen on 8th, 19th and 20th
August. It remains to be seen whether the moth will continue
to thrive in its new habitat, but it appears to adapt quite
readily, and I was pleased to see four moths in their original
habitat in Sheffiield, despite a considerable reduction of food-
plant, on 13th August.

As a footnote, I would like to record that a fellow entomo-
logist, Mr B. Statham, took two moths in his garden at Matlock
in his m.v. trap on 20th July and no less than twelve on 22nd
July.—F. Harrison, 24 Church Street, Holloway, nr. Matlock,
Derbys. 26.1x.1972.

288 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XIT/72

PALPITA UNIONALIS HUBN AT PORTLAND.—Among more than
one hundred visitors to my moth trap in the garden of the
Pennsylvania Castle Hotel on October 7th 1972, was a speci-
men of the beautiful white Pyrale, the Scarce Olive Tree Pearl.
One of the few migrants seen this year, and one which has
been unusually scarce since the period in the 1950’s when it
was reasonably numerous, usually in the autumn. Perhaps it
is returning and on the up-grade.—C. G. M. pE Worms, Three
Oaks, Woking. 22.x.1972.

CIRRHIA OCELLARIS BORKH. AT WOKING. — On October 12,
1972, I was surprised to find in my m.v. trap here, a somewhat
worn specimen of the Pale Lemon Sallow which has not
honoured me before. This insect seems to be spreading appre-
ciably, mainly along the southern side of the Thames basin in
Kent, Surrey and Bucks, possibly with the growth of large
poplars, which in some localities have been cut or lopped,
thus depriving the trees of catkins in which the larvae start
their feeding cycle. This has been so in this neighbourhood,
especially near Weybridge and Chertsey where the species
has been almost eliminated in recent years. — C. G. M. DE
Worms, Three Oaks, Woking. 22.x.1972.

THE DECLINE AND FALL OF SUGARING. — From my earliest
days, sugaring for moths has always held a great fascination
for me, mainly I suppose because in those early years, it was
one of the most productive methods, in fact the sugaring tin
has been the main means of enabling me to fill several drawers
of my cabinets.

In the palmy days of the nineteen thirties and forties, I
had a fair sized garden abutting the racecourse and ento-
mologically it was very prolific; in the twenty odd years there
I recorded well over 200 species of moths, and 18 of the
butterflies.

Sugaring the trees in the garden was great fun; on odd
occasions when I had left the anointing process rather late,
the moths were waiting for me when I went into the garden,
flying round my head; they settled on the trees while I was
painting them and some even settled on the brush. Alas,
those days are now over.

As a matter of interest, in 1938 I had a holiday at Scar-
borough in the middle of October. During the week or so I
sugared a number of trees on Olivers Mount, and the results
were surprising; I could easily have collected a couple of hun-
dred in an evening; exsoleta by the dozen, also macilenta,
vaccinii and ligula, while circellaris was in profusion; I wonder
what the bag would be today.

I don’t think the decline in the moth harvest is due to its
lack of attraction, but simply because the moths are not there
to be attracted; at any rate this has been my experience.—L.
G. F. WappincTon, 9 Greenleafe Ave., Wheatley Hills, Don-
caster, Yorks, 13.vi1.1972.

NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 289

EUPHYDRYAS AURINIA ROTT. IN SoUTH EAST ENGLAND.—I have
to report the probable destruction of yet another locality for
the Marsh fritillary Euphydryas aurinia Rott. This butterfly
thrived on a small piece of rough ground near Guildford in
Surrey; but on inspection of the site on suitable days in late
May and early June this year no aurinia were seen, and I was
horrified to discover that the whole area had been ravaged by
a fairly recent fire. On enquiry from local people this fire
seems to have occurred in mid April—just when the larvae
would have been at their most vulnerable to this hazard.

This is the third aurinia locality I know that has been lost
in the South East over the last four years. Dichling Common
was ploughed up in 1969; and last year a piece of heathland
on the edge of Woolmer Forest where the Marsh Fritillary
occurred was burnt by a misguided Botanist. I understand
E. aurinia is still reported from the Dunsfold area, but I per-
sonally have not met with it there since a woodland habitat
was destroyed by the Forestry Commision several years ago.

This butterfly has always been of particular interest to me,
and I know many of its colonies from Argyll in Scotland
(where it is widespread), through Cumberland, down to Dorset,
Devon and Cornwall in the south; but in Surrey, Sussex and
East Hants., I suspect that aurinia colonies are now very few
and far between. I would welcome any news of this butterfly
in these counties and urge that the attention of the respective
County Naturalist Trusts be drawn to any remaining localities.

Incidentally in this aberrant season I saw fresh aurinia on
the wing in South Devon on July the first—Dr C. J. LUcKENs,
52 Thorold Road, Southampton, Hants., 17.x.1972.

APAMEA LATERITIA Hurn. A Tuirp BRITISH REcoRD. — On
the morning of 18th July 1972, Bernard Skinner showed me a
fine specimen of Apamea lateritia Hufn. which he had removed
from his m.v. trap a few hours earlier; this was the second
British specimen.

The following morning, when going through the contents
of my garden trap, I was astonished to see a specimen of
lateritia on the very last piece of egg carton in the trap. I
boxed the moth without difficulty, and as it seemed settled,
lifted the box to have a closer look at my prize through the
open end of the box. This was a fatal mistake, for within
a few seconds, it suddenly turned and bolted and was not seen
again, although I ran two additional m.v. lights in the vicinity
of my garden the following night in the hope of re-tapping it.

Whilst I am loth to record ‘‘the one that got away” I feel
that the occurrence of such a rare migrant should not go with-
out notice. I have no doubt whatever about the identity of the
moth, having carefully examined the example taken by Mr
Skinner the previous day.— TD. O’KEEFFE, 51 Parkhill Road,
Bexley, Kent. 12.x.1972.

290 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/XII/72

CELERIO GALII ROTT. IN KENT.—On the night of 27th July,
1972, a female specimen of Celerio galz Rott. entered the m.v.
trap in my garden at Sevenoaks, Kent. The moth readily
produced about 300 ova, most of which were successfully
reared on Epilobium to the pupal state. All observations re-
lating to development and habits compared pretty well with
Hugh Newman’s account in his book “Hawk Moths of Great
Britain and Europe’’, but a few points were omitted which may
interest readers. In about 30 per cent of cases he larvae
changed from green to black or dark grey at the first moult.
Of the remainder, about 30 per cent changed to the darker
forms at the second moult, the balance remaining various
shades of olive green until pupation.

The fully fed larvae, when provoked, occasionally emit
from the moth a thick, green, pungent fluid. I once saw my
cat effectively repelled by this when sniffing around an escapee
from one of my cages.

I have not yet made any effort to force any emergences,
which I understand to be the only way of ensuring emergence
when rearing this species in this country. — J. L. DYER, 7
Prospect Road, Sevenoaks, Kent. 20.x.1972.

PAMMENE HERRICHIANA HEIN. (LEP. TORTRICOIDEA) IN KENT
AND MoNMOUTHSHIRE.—I have only ever taken two specimens
of this moth. One was at St. Arvens, Monmouthshire on 13th
June 1970; and the other occurred to me on the afternoon of
29th May this year as it fluttered down to rest on the bare
chalk of a down adjoining a beech wood at Halling, Kent.—J.
M. CHatmers-Hunt. 1.1x.1972.

CELERIO GALII RoTT. LARVAE IN N. LANCASHIRE. — On
20th September, 1972, while searching for Pug larvae on the
limestone slopes overlooking Leighton Moss near Silverdale
in Morecambe Bay, Lancashire, in company with Mr Arthur
Watson of St Annes-on-Sea, we found two nearly full grown
larvae of Celerio galii Rott. They were feeding in the mid-
day sunshine on the young seed pods of Galium verum and
were very conspicuous with their shiny blue-black ground
colour, and rows of creamy-white spots. This was in direct
contrast to the five full grown galii larvae I found in 1958 in
Bradford, Yorkshire, which were an olive-green colour with
pinkish undersides, and creamy-white spots rendering them
much less conspicuous on their foodplant Epilobium anqusti-
folium.—J. Briccs, Frimley House, Deepdale Close, Beetham,
Nr. Milnthorpe, Westmorland. 3:10:72:

LITHOSIA QUADRA L. IN WESTMORLAND.—While checking the
moths sitting on the house wall near the M.V. trap, at approx.
3.50 a.m. B.S.T., 20th August 1972, I found a large male speci-
men of Lithosia quadra in immaculate condition.—J. BRIGGS,
Deepdale Close, Beetham, Nr. Milnthorpe, Westmorland.
5 Bt A A

OBITUARY 291

Obituary
DENNIS ALFRED SMITH, F.R.E.S.

The premature death of Dennis Alfred Smith, which took
place on July 7th of this year, after a long illness at the early
age of 99, has deprived British Entomology of a promising fi-
gure, and probably of a quantity of original research. Dennis
had built up a very large business as an estate agent and pro-
perty developer; six years ago it was the biggest one man
business of its kind in Essex. Some four years back he was
warned by his doctor that he was overworking, so he amal-
gamated his business with several other firms and arranged
to retire altogether at 60 and devote the rest of his life to the
study of Western European lepidoptera.

This was not to be; three years ago he had a stroke which
was followed by two others, of which the last proved fatal.
it was found after his death that there had been no cerebral
haemorrhage at all, but from overwork and lack of exercise,
his arteries were in a condition that would have been poor in
aman of ninety.

Dennis was not only an enthusiastic entomologist, but a
very shrewd and helpful friend. About 1950 I introduced him
to the late Dr Cockayne, who took to him at once (not always
the case with E. A. C.). As both Cockayne’s executors and
trustees, the late Marquis of Aberdeen and the late Dr H. B.
Williams Q.C., were getting on in years, Cockayne appointed
Dennis as a third, and he subsequently became one of the
managers of the Cockayne Fund.

Dennis wrote very little, as he was always waiting until
he was free to go about as he liked, though he corresponded
with and met Horatio Querci and several European collectors.
He collected in Spain, Marjorca, Corsica and Positano and
other parts of Italy, and his wife and he made a foursome
with my wife and myself to Western Ireland in 1948; when
it rained every day!

I once reckoned that he was busy about 18 hours a day;
he was most kindhearted, and his active help was sought by
and given to far too many local institutions. He was a co-opted
member of the Southend Corporation Education and Library
committees, of the Beecroft Art Gallery Committee, and many
others, and in addition, he was the wittiest after-dinner
speaker the writer has ever heard.

Some little time back, when he found his hands were so
bad that he could no longer manipulate a pair of forceps, he
disposed of all his library and specimens, including a very
fine series of foriegn Papilo and Ornithoptera.

He is survived by his wife, Kathleen, to whom our sym-
pathy is offered.—H. C. H.

292 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 84 15/11/72

Current Literature

Army Ants—A Study in Social Organisation by T. C. Schneilda,
edited by Howard R. Topoff. W. H. Freeman and Co.,
San Francisco, 1971. $12.00, pp. xx+349. 8 coloured
plates.

Twenty or so years ago Crompton was able to write in his
Ways of the Ant, ‘‘Observation is for ever toiling wearily after
classification, and nowhere is observation so far behind as in
the case of the sub-family Dorylinae.” Thanks to the work of
the late Dr Schneirla this is no longer the case. From the
1930’s until his death in 1968 he published many papers on the
biology of the army ants and this book is a synthesis of his
work.

Following a*short introduction and keys to the genera of
the Dorylinae, the succeeding chapters deal with varying
aspects of the biology of the army ants. The founding of
temporary nesting sites (‘bivouacs’), raiding and the mass
emigrations to new nesting sites are vividly described and
differences in behaviour between genera shown. Further
chapters describe the raising of the brood, the functions of the
sexual forms, colony foundation and other aspects of their
nomadic life. The book is concluded by a short glossary and
a useful list of references.

This book is written in a scholarly but readable fashion and
adds much to the information available on these fascinating
insects. Many text figures increase the value of the book. My
one disappointment is the quality of reproduction of photo-
graphs. The colour plates are fair, but the reproduction of
many of the plentiful black and white photographs is so poor
as to make them meainingless. The legend to figure 8.2, p. 171
appears to have been reversed. These minor faults apart, this
book will remain a classic on its subject for many years to come
and is recommended to all who are interested in the social
insects.—P.A.B.

The Butterflies of the Maltese Islands by Anthony Valletta,
F.R.E.S. 64 pp. +17 pl., 8vo, 35p. E. W. Classey.

Now that Malta has been brought well within the “summer
holiday range” this little book will be of interest to all visitors
to the Maltese Islands who have a liking for nature. The writer
is a collector of many years’ standing and he has written in a
style simple enough to permit the novice to understand with-
out being confused by scientific jargon, but also giving detail
enough for the collector or entomologist to use the book as a
guide to what he should expect to find.

Twenty-three species are dealt with and are illustrated by
half tone plates. The species are given their vernacular names
on the plates, but the scientific names have been added where
the species are dealt with in the text.

Mr Valletta is interested in all branches of natural history,
and has produced booklets on the birds, trees and wild flowers
of the Maltese Islands. — S.N.A.J.

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History of Sussex list of Coleoptera (published in 1905, compiled by W. W.
Fowler). I would be most grateful if any readers having records of
Coleoptera from Sussex (vice counties 13 & 14) would contact me. Records
of rare and common species are needed. It is hoped that a revised list will
be published in the not too distant future.”—J. Cooter, 174 Seaforth
Gardens, Stoneleigh, Ewell, Epsom, Surrey.

Hertfordshire Ants—Would any readers having records or sightings of ants
of any species in Hertfordshire kindly send an indication of species, date
and grid reference plus any locality details, to the address below, to help
with a survey currently being undertaken.—P. J. Attewell and S. D.
Mackey, 69 Thornbury Gardens, Borehamwood, Herts.

WANTED—Mahogany butterfly cabinet, about 20 drawers. Brady or
similar quality.—R. Fairclough, Blencathra, Deanoak Lane, Leigh, Reigate,
Surrey.

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(Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890)

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Orthoptera: D. K. Mc. E. Kevan, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S., Coleoptera: A. A.
ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’Assis-FonseEca, F.R.E.S.

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WE SPECIALISE IN

TROPICAL
LEPIDOPTERA

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CONTENTS

Observations on and a description of a race of Thestor basutus
(Wallengren) (Lep. Lycaenidae) C. G. C. DICKSON .

Butterflies in Northern and Central Greece, July 1971. J. V. DACIE,
MARGARET K. V. DACIE and PHILIP GRAMMATICOS ..

Purple Emperor in Surrey. J. A. C. GREENWOOD ..
On some Moroccan Butterflies. OTAKAR KUDRNA ..

Some unexpected Lepidoptera in Kincardineshire and Aberdeen. R.
M. PALMER

Lepidoptera Review 1971. T. W. HARMAN
‘Notes on Zygaena in 1972 and a Holiday in West Scotland. N. GILL

Microlepidoptera in Gloucestershire. J. NEWTON

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269

272

276

278

Description of a new species of Dermaptera from the Solomon

Islands. A. BRINDLE ..
Wicken Fen Archives. JOHN SMART

Editorial. S. N. A. JACOBS ..

Notes and Observations:

Camberwell Beauty in Hertfordshire. ALAN BELL .. 5

Procus versicolor Borkhausen in Derbyshire. F. HARRISON

Celerio galii Denis & Schiffermuller (Bedstraw Hawk) in Kent
in 1972. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ..

Caloptilia rufipennella Hiibner. A. M. EMMET .. ae

Further Notes on Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletcher. F.
HARRISON

Palpita unionalis Hiibn. at Pattiand. oh G. M. ie WORMS .

Cirrhia ocellaris Borkh. at Woking. C. G. M. de WORMS ..

Euphydryas aurinia Rott. in South East England. C. J.

LUCKENS

Apamea lateritia Hufn. A Third British Besond D. O'KEEFFE

Celerio galii Rott. in Kent. D. L. DYER .

Pammene herrichiana Hein. (Lep. Tortricoidia) in Kent ‘ane
Monmouthshire. J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. ;

Celerio galii Rott. larvae in North Lancashire. J. BRIGGS

Lithosia quadra L. in Westmorland. J. BRIGGS

Obituary :
Dennis Alfred Smith, F.R.E.S.

Current Literature:
Army Ants—A Study in Social Organisation. T. C.
SCHNEILDA
The Butterflies of the Maltese Talnnas. ANTHONY VALLETTA

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T. BUNCLE AND CO. LTD.. ARBROATH. ANGUS. SCOTLAND

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