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TT MS a ne vane WMV DL tube alee Pee eas AM Ie ay TR mee Net aiyeton HPs Me Ay Ne RRs PPE AL Nome mny ine Aree teen nie tee Pr Preah erd WA DAMA, Cee Mommy, MEM OMIA Ate Rr ie MND RicksensA gosty Noms My RG ANE Me tet Pak A Me rsusgeng el se 8ws Wrme RM NAR gAD: PARI As ahs Mans ANDAR Mahe heh An One, Ronen it Send Ad Ayes hI Meine usa re ni) ee mea Saath fn er a DMA Re Meas BELLI WE Ae, RS oy Serpe ean ps wee Ve mee ™ F BMD aa ARMA RTA, Mentor 4 Vie me eres a ” on yee VN ALA CA a AD Leaner woe Yr she MeR/Ag sy ares aang nen eee SAAT At bia aN ed fi VEN Sere ea 8, Sacaeataan sae AM ae Meehan ty oy Me We Bs Bed, Se Misa AIA, Dene as, DEAE WM Wee NNER, . Toe ee ACh tS girericer Pe nove ay Cts aay ates 8 ee Hy > Neeaiaaca: Porras tee ir SN inet PAIR NE AKO, an, ner rene eae) Prd 4( Nenga rind ASA tay Fanta iw VATA rhe SONA TT Ry ew eter ae tne tC Oe PEEL ot : id . oar ene Sees PAARL SS BIRR NES ett eS eres as acer, arenrn ess te “hee es & veCereua’ oS tedy cones. MRE Put ST wats Pete aA 2 3 ca Ag: A. ag ny Pa aa arene res i PEE eH gee ; i FAD IBFD oak E ‘ GN INET Wi Pert, ’ ae ° Ope eat es a tae et a od ae ay a FOF Gaaraye PRE Wee : divtas pees Agtasar (@ 2 reyes Po atu ve i t i be £ : ‘ ant ; se ay ; z ’ 1 are Urgup ig) ‘ ‘ Tt LLRs eA Cok Pace ae . ts ‘ 4 DPE TR Bey ve ‘ ' us abl SA moe ool! Se i . Havas ; . : ’ , ; ut nas ‘ { . , . ‘ nt 5 ? Sta. Ae ? a ; Sala ABS: 7 ; oh i ‘ rt I Fa fae f : Hi-of * bh oe WET RW ee 4 ty , Ys: aol ae Bris? a le Vol. 94 Nos. 34 March/April 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 ae S75. 7OO7 Er - THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 £9.50 for overseas subscribers. £8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 8 Penshurst Green, Hayesford Park, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9DG Wi Wz Gee Gs Ya Va ESAS a Vt VASA PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY i ial a WW WV Ue Ve Ye Ve Vit Vi ik Vik Vi Ua Vik Ui ik Vi Va Vit Va Vt VY Ve O 7O. JOSS Ent. KL Yu ES 4U | Ene @ Entomologist’s Record AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. iti CONTENTS 1982 Adscita. Colour Changes in the Genus M. Hadley, 201 Adonis? What Ails A. C. Morton, 67 Agonopteryx astrantiae Heinemann in Hampshire J. R. Langmaid, 182 Agonopteryx astrantiae (Heinemann) in North Wales. H. NV. Michaelis, 37 Agrion virgo (Linn.) (Odonata; Agrioni- dae) in Central London. A Sighting of A. P. Foster, 246 Alophora S. S. hemiptera (Fab.) (Dipt.: Tachinidae) in V. C. 69. N. L. Birkett , 133 Anarta myrtilli L. Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) and an Adult Boreus hyemalis (Neuropt.: Boreiidae) on Winter Snow in the Scottish Highlands A. D. Liston, USVI Anthocharis cardamines L. (Orange-Tip) in Dumfriesshire. Apparent Excess in Numbers of Female R. H. Miller, 162 Anthocharis. The Pupation of D. G. Sevastopulo,17 Aphantopus hyperantus L. in Scotland. Flight Time of P. K. Kinnear, 236 Apion cerdo Gerst, (Col.) in S.E. England. The Recent Spread of A. A. Allen, 158 Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. Further Notes on an introduced ‘“‘Colony” of the Black Veined White R. Elliott, 245 Argynnis adippe D. & S. in S. Cumbria. The High Brown Fritillary M. J. Y. Foley , 238 Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger 1871 (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Britain A. M. Emmet, 180 Arhopalus rusticus L. (Col.: Ceramby- cidae). A Second Monmouthshire Record of G. A. N. Horton, 24 Autographa bractea D.& S.: Gold Spangle in Kent J. Platts, 200 Barcaldine, Argyll in 1980 and 1981. Some of the Less Common Species of Lepidoptera Taken at J. C. A. Craik, 243 Barypeithes sulcifrons (Bohman) (Col.: Curculionidae) from West Cumbria R. W. J. Read, 184 Bisigna procerella D. & S. (Lep.: Oeco- phoridae) in Britain. The Re- occurrence of J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 204 Bomolocha fontis Thunb. The Beautiful Snout R. G. Warren, 44 Book Talk Five J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, Ai Brachyopa scutellaris (Desvoidy) (Dipt.: Syrphidae) A Feeding Habit of N. L. Birkett, 206 British Butterflies in 1981. A Review of C. J. Luckens, 125 British Macrolepidoptera for 1981. A Review of the Indigenous P. Sokoloff, 185 British Moth? What is a Truly C. J. Rutherford, 195 Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller (Lep.: Lyonetidae) on Myrica gale. H. N. Michaelis , 102 Bucculatrix cidarella Zeller on Myrica gale in England A. M. Emmet, 238 Bucculatrix thoracella Thunb. Con- firmed for Vice County 11 &. H. Wild, 206 Butterfly Poster. An Italian P. Hawker, 237 Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: Tortricidae): Larval Foodplants including Damage to Skimmia Japonica Thunb.* B. K. West, 38 Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. (Lep.: Tortricidae) Successfully Reared on Artificial Diet, with a Note on its Diapause Requirements B. O. C. Gardiner , 122 Callophrys rubi L. and Pyrgus malvae L. in Worcestershire J. E. Green, 163 Camptogramma bilineata L. Another Foodplant of the Yellow Shell R. P. Knill-Jones, 77 Camptogramma bilineata . Yellow Shell, feeding on Cruciferae. Larvae of D. F. Owen, 52 Canary Islands 1981. Two Weeks in the H. G. Allcard, A, Valletta, 111 Canna in 1982. Lepidoptera at J. A. Campbell, 174 Carpophilus marginellus Motsch. (Col.: Nitidulinae) out-of-doors in Suffolk D. R. Nash, 228 Carpophilus sexpustulatus (Fabr.) (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey, with a Note on its Habits in Britain D. Prance, 59 Carterocephalus palaemon Pallas in England 1976. The Chequered Skipper R. Archer-Lock, 123 Catocala fraxini L. and Other Lepi- dopera at Highcliffe in 1982. The Clifden Nonpareil ££. H. Wild, 204 Catocala fraxini L. in 1981. The Blue Underwing A. Harmer, 40 Celerio livornica Esper. The Striped Hawkmoth R. G. Chatelain 204 Charaxes gallagheri van Son 1961 (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae), Its Habitats and Early Stages. A Consolidated History of the Dis- covery of J. C. O. Chitty, 147 Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus) (Col.: Chry- somelidae). On the Hostplant of . W. J. Read, 199 Clonopsis gallica (Charpentier) on the Quiberon Peninsular, Brittany. Ob- servations on the Phasmid E. C. M. Haes, 39 Coccinellidae. Fluctuations in Abun- dance of D. F. Owen, 225 Coleophora binderella Kollar A New Foodplant NV. F. Heal, 129 Coleophora hemerobiella (Scopoli). Two Year Life Cycle of A. M. Emmet, 39 Coleophora machinella Bradley: its Rediscovery in England, and Description J. R. Langmaid, 109 Coleophora paripenneila Zeller — A New Foodplant JN. F. Heal, 59 Coleophora potentillae Elisha (Lep.: Coleophoridae) — Some Obser- vations J. R. Langmaid, 66 Coleophora salicorniae Wocke identi- fied as Salicornia fragilis P. W. Ball and Tutin. Foodplant of N. F. Heal, 103 Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. coracipennella Hbn. in South York- shire. H. E. Beaumont, 108 Colias croceus (Geoffroy) in June 1982. The Clouded Yellow T. Newnham, 162 Conistra rubiginea Db? & S. (Lep.: Noc- tuidae). The Dotted Chestnut E. C. L. Simson, 45 Convolvulus Hawkmoth and Clouded Yellow in South Devon 4H. L. O’Heffernan, 237 Cornwall, with Observations on Other Notable Macrolepidoptera in the County. A New.County Record for M. Hadley, 65 Corrections. D. G. Sevastopulo, 69 Curculio Spp. (Col.). Notes on Some British A. A. Allen, 78 Cynthia virginiensis (Drury). Artificial Transportation of a Nymphalid, R. S. Wilkinson, 38 D’Abrera’s Butterflies of the Afro- Tropical Region. FE. W. Classey, 15 Danaus chrysippus L. in Tunisia. J. F. Burton, 208 Danaus plexippus L. in the Algarve, Portugal 1981 C. J. Rutherford, 76 Danaus plexippus L.: The Monarch in Wales and Cumberland in 1981 D. W. Kydd, 37 Death’s Head Hawkmoth and Con- volvulus Hawkmoth in Kent in 1981. The R. F. Buddle, 110 Defoliation in Northern Great Wood, Hertfordshire. R. Lovell-Pank, 162 Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National Park, Borneo. A Correc- tion and an Addition A. Brindle, 101 Descoloria blomeri Curtis at Weston- super-Mare, Blomer’s Rivulet C. S. H. Blathwayt, 154 Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs, 1899: A Pyralid Moth New to Britain J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, M. W. F. Tweedie, | Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs. in June 1982. M. W. F. Tweedie, 220 Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich. The M. G. Bloxham, 60 Diptera from Windsor Forest. Further Notable A. A. Allen, 229 Dodona sp. (Lepidoptera: Nemeobiidae) in Hong Kong. Some assistance with Regard to W. J. Tennent, 9 Dorytomus salicinus (Gyllenhal) (Col.: Curculionidae) from Cumbria. A Further Record of R. W. J. Read, 36 Dytiscus (Col.: Dytiscidae). A February E. C. Pelham-Clinton, 123 Eastern Switzerland 1980, with a note on Erebia pluto de Prunn. Butter- flies in C. J. Luckens, 173 Editorial. 155 Eggs Laid by a Decapitated Moth B. A. Kneller, 221 Endromis versicolora (L.) at Rannoch. The Kentish Glory, EF. C. Pelham- Clinton, 215 Entomological Pictures. A. H. Haworth’s R. S. Wilkinson, 224 Epermenia aequidentellus Hofmann; daucellus Peyerimhoff (Lep.: Eper- meniidae) in Kent J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 202 Epierus comptus (Erichson) (Col.: His- teridae) New to Britain D. R. Nash, 165 Erannis defoliaria Clerck:Mottled Um- ber. An Early Appearance of J. N. Greatorex-Davies, 218 Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown, A Correction R. D. G. Barrington, 103 Erynnis tages L. ab. radiata Brown in Dorset. The Dingy Skipper: R. G. D. Barrington, 69 The Entomologist’s Record and Journal of Variation iz ~S SPECTAL “INDEX COMPILED BY M. R. BROWN (LEPIDOPTERA) AND A. A. ALLEN (OTHER ORDERS) For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the nomenclature of A Check List of British Insects, Part 2 by Kloet & Hincks (1972), brought up-to-date to correspond with the Label List of British Butterflies & Moths by Bradley & Fletcher (1979). Where a contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Any newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold (Times) type, and taxa new to British or newly recognised as British by an asterisk. Moreover, with Orders other than Lepi- doptera, (1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A formerly subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to the fauna, but a correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “equals” sign indicates anew synonym, i.e. published for the first time; italics without this sign, recent synonymy that may be unfamiliar to many. Vol. 94, 1982 PAGE PAGE LEPIDOPTERA gnome Silo oo 5506 A 65, 243 anthyllidella, Aproaerema...... 3} A antiopa, Nymphalis . 81, 86,136, 138, 241 abietella, Dionycthia esse eres 2 Antuta|bel, OMAR 5 so gen d oe 25-27, 108 absinthiata, Eupithecia ....... 185 apollo! Parnassius, 2)... 82) Say 18 acetosae, Johanssonia ..... OS2ig9 aprilellaaMetznernaws sss eae oat 97 acteon, Thymelicus ... 112,125, apiilinasDichoniay eee.) ieee 124 128, 240 ancuellan@lethneutest) eyo) sae ae 98 adippe, Argynnis . . 89,126,238, 240 argentula,Coleophora ..... 98, 219 aduStasblephalltas asi enenemenee 108 arcioluss@elastnitval 2.14 ee Sy advenellasBurhodopel. sees 130 anions Maculinedl =) sinners one 57 aegeria, Pararge 40, 125,138, 174, armigera, Helicoverpa. . 48,82, 87, 239 209, 210, 214, 238 AKMmOnCanUS» Py TeUSmeaeiel es ene pene 20 aequidentellus, Epermenia .... . 202 antaXenxessyAni Cia) a auaaeeenny en: 127, 182 aenueulae NOlas a = aes 47,99, 203 ascllahletenogencameense ia nant 95 aethiops, Erebia ... 20,75,107, 214 aSinalis-sMecynaly | 9.4). nen cae 130 agathin as xestial. see nese. Loe) eee 243 astrantiae, Agonopterix .. 37,98, 182 ALEStSH ATIC > Sim) sts sce Lee et 127 atalanta, Vanessa . 48,79, 82,124, aglaja, Argynnis . . . 126,173,174, IDS S874 D0Se2 ieee 40 238, 240 athalia, Mellicta. ..... Sls WSS 378) albimacwlata.yAtiaurisis ) ese a. 163 atoOmaniasmacunedee see eine 108 albiodactylus, Pselnphorus ..... 114 Alia, HIRSUOCRVCIR) 6 5 5 o 5b oo.6 bo 98 albipuncta, Mythimna ...... 82, 87 almatae © diezialvas ee eee 130, 243 albipunctata,Cyclophora ...... 185 Emel, le wlk Ne OONES 6565500006 130 AlXO WENO STW AAS 5 Bab A Go ooo 99 atroposAcherontias |... 4 Sila) albula, Meganola ........ 32), 2S AOA (CME 2 4p bo Go 0 60.8 147 ADMIRAL EBVO 56 565060 one 243 augur Graphiphoral ss). 130, 243 alpunnellas Leletodes: ... .2 5. oe 98 AUrAntianas APIO pISae sis aes et 108 ACES, (CHEMO 6 55 5 c I365u37 aApiella. sumeimelley - 554066 n oo c 3 AIGELASMESVELGS:, Ra. a ae loeet se 137 aurinia, Eurodryas . 75,126,135, alchemillata, Perizoma..... 107, 130 203, 240 alchimuiellai@aloptilias 22. 2. 3 Hei AUGUMMATIA ENnOMOSH) «aya ees ere 18 almivAGronictal ys 4s 4 ae ee 6s ISS Albion, Iyoranhizy 5 6 5 o go 8 o 107 alpiume Moma 27.) nea oe OO, 25 alsines, Hoplodrina....... 130, 243 alstroemeriana, Agonopterix ..... 3 B emMlataaPyitaUsta, \ . sesame ence o 114 anachonetas @losterau ss. ayoeie ee 186 aj areXeSitagenn star. eee eee. 108, 234 anatipennella, Coleophora. ..... 242 balcamicasColasin os: ot. so. 18 anplicella, Parormix, . 3 25 S692. 3s) bankiana, Deltote .. 81,87,186,200 aneustana. Ee upOecelial seen se. ee ibe batonwehilOesmeses ie. se 135, 138 annulatella, Rhigognostis ...... 130 behasAnthocharis) 2 5. . 134.135. 137 ii PAGE bellargus, Lysandra 6769, 127, 205, 224 benanderi, Coleophora. .... (13k0), WS bennetimAcdistise. . se). = a cle: 204 berbera,Amphipytal si. «26 ous 185 berberata, Pareulype ....... 58, 185 betulaesdheclaye asus es sures pee 135 WZ DetulanasBistonie sens) ae V3.5 Ws) Hicuspis, burCula . S40. cuss gies 96 bidentata, Odontopera........ 107 bilineata, Camptogramma . 52,77, 186 binderellanGoleaphorals ss. -) enn 129 bIpunctalismbSarale se eee ar oes 114 bipunctosa, Agonopterix 98,102, 103 birenwhapestiameem meen eee 108 DiniviataexanthonhOew sian ane ae 73 blandasHoplodrinay sete = 243 blandella, Caryocolum........ sii blomensDiscoloxiaiesn4 ie eneee 154 boeticus, Lampides . WIAA, II} bombycinaslPOliap amen: 243 bractea, Autographa . . . 108,200, 203, 243 brassiede Pieris 72, 115, 123, 128, igs137et99, 210 brumata, Operophtera ..... 107, 162 lI WEE Gb Glo 65 5.0 o ofme 218 bucephalasPhaleral- peeves) - 108, 198 C CAcSlataw Ente phtiay seem meee 107, 243 caesiella, Swammerdamia ...... 130 cailina, Aleucanitis ....... WSs, Bhs} calbum, Polygonia....... 125, 240 caliginosa, Acosmetia ..... Siteh, Iss) callidicesPontiae)- pasa sae) te 174 camdeboo, Pseudonympha ..... 41 CambiicassVienUSiaa sei eneia cei: 243 camilla, Ladoga . . . 125, 200, 203, 216, 240 canaria, Papilio = Gonepteryx rhammi. 75 captunculaPhotedes = aes ae 182 caradjalOeczoconiayge ns) se neeaeie 97 cardamines, Anthocharis .17, 128, 134, 135.1375 16242025, 209 cardui, Cynthia 38, 48, 49-52, 82, 83, 1255 162, 174, 203, NG] carmelita,Odontosia .45,155,194, 243 CHINIRITES. MOSHE 66 o Gun a a ob 65, 108 ans. WON 255 50 5 00 1355138 CentracomAtethimian sys.) ceo 243 cerasivorella, Coleophora ...... 108 CespitisesnOletalarsueie een uauomenr 65 cevianicaavialeriaues | suey sires cues 17) cheiranthi, Pieris . .112,114,115, 199 Gm, AMIS Goo boo bo 6 6 108, 243 ChittiviaC@haraxes! . nce ee 148 chioerata,Chioraclystis =. . 5.4). 99 SGhiondicesbonvidier-m aims epee 18 ehlorosata,, Petrophota .. i... ... 107 choragella, Morophaga........ 98 chrysippus, Danaus. ..... 135 5208 PAGE ChinySitis- | Dia chiny Sides) ie enema 108 chrysorrhoea, Euproctis ....... 242 cidarella, Bucculatrix. . . 98, 102- 103, 238 cinctanan Cleotamaans aaa een nee 243 cinctella, Syncopacma . . 98,132, 133 cinerdesles pend saasaa nears aan nen 20 cinerellangA Com pSiduaei- iene enenene 131 cingovskii, Psuedochazara . .. .18, 19 Ginbsdaey MIC] ita Calera arenas is Citrag os xanithiay ay we eee ee 243 Gimmie (ChilonOGhGA ~5 5550640 6 107 classensi, ssp. Lepidochrysops JANES Ibs es, coro meass cate cae , 41 clavipalpis;(Caradtinaly Seyi sneer. 119 cleobule, Gonepteryx . 111,112, 1S a4 cleopatra, Gonepteryx . 82, 86, 134 ie, IS7201 Clerkellamleyonetiauess cei -nen aenee 180 Comes INOCtUawEs ai neeeneme 108 comma, Hesperia ..... AA, WAS. 235) GOminer BaClemy 25 5606 77, 243 Contusaliss Nolan eee 31,186, 243 congressariella, Northris....... 40 ConsimuilanaN@lepsiSieesenaeee 131 Conspersanas @nephasiaus iene 130 convolvuli, Agrius . 47,48, 75,81, 87, 110, 142, 204, 237, 239 coracipennella, Coleophora ..... 108 COMI, IHONES’ 5556055000006 66-71 coridon, Lysandra » LONG T OS le costaestrigalis, Schrankia . . .186, 243 Gime, AMG 54 656 12a eS crassalis, Hypena ..... 44,186, 205 GAGA, AOOME 5 5 5 oo oe 8 245-246 Crataecie vin Chilita seas aeeeaen nae 243 CREME AYOREINEE, 5 50600000 04c 94 crinanensis, Amphipoea . . . .108, 243 CHOCO, UOC, sno boo cao pos 95 croceus, Colias . . .48,74,82, 83, LMU hs WA, Tesh WSS, 377, WG 204, 237 GioesellaaA diel agen aes BI}, PAS) cucullinasPtilodontella ese ISS cydippe =adippe Argynnis ..... 89 D dahlii Diarsiay 205. eee eee Oy damon A'srodiaietus: a -senee neers iL) daplidice, Pontia . .112,113,168, 1S), We daucellus = Epermenia aequiden- tellus: < -ceknw aca ea eee 202 dealbana, Gypsonoma ........ 130 decentellas Ee tainiay seer eee aeeeie 245 decrepitalis \Wdcal ease eee ane 121 defolariaEranniSie) sae neeeene N62, 218 deiones Mellictar sae 3isj5 SG), Sts delattini, Hy cai eee. Pees 19 dentania, Selenia |... use eesee een 107 deodata, Dodona_. © Laue S) derivalissParacolaxe sins ear 206 PAGE denivatayAmticleal. scmRn cme mene 243 designata, Xanthorhoe........ 107 dia@lossianay ete eae) earners MS Seuss didiyimata Periz Ona es seers 107, 243 discordella, Coleophora ....... 131 dispar, ymantriay a) sis Fs. 87 diyisella-/Momphiay os) -sen-teueuen= cae Pil dubitella, Phyllonorycter ...... 190 duplaris, Ochropacha 222.2... - 243 E escons Dodoma a sce ab 5 cleans 9 evenania HUpIUNeCia eeenenens een Si elineuania, Grocallis’ = 2 35.65 2: 107 elongella, Monochroa ........ Wi elpenon, Deilephila ee eee 174 Epiphron ss Enebia sesmeaeen) eal 6 epomidion, Apamea ......... 108 eriphiayAntichlonisis es ase qeeeen 186 eros Lolyommatus =]. as). <1: 173, 174 erosaria, Deuteronomos ._....... 243 erxlebella, Roeslerstammia ..... 31 enchants. CoOlotiSne-ss ces ous = Sleeee 17 GUESS, IDOCIOME, 5 2¢o nec ob oe g euphorbiae, Acronicta ......... 243 euphrosyne, Boloria . . . 126,209, 240 eunyalenrebiatee. .ateseeuee ies 19, 20 evonymella, Yponomeuta . . .241, 242 exanthematas Gaberae sone eee 108 exigua, Spodoptera. .... 82.87 239 exsiccata, Tathorhynchus ... 81, 82,87, 139 SiMe, EWEREESIS 55 ooo os 77 exulis. A pameas ni sins ae cltutes 243 F fapatiae Dy SCia, 2 paps A cose 243 fascelinay Dasy.chita’ Teel aeicneee 155 faSciainiak iva ca ae eee ane 108 fasciumCUlasy Ollila mene a nenre ne 108 fatua, Neohipparchia > aepsieie lene 19 eamUealrs Glens 55 6 5 oo a ei 49, 84 festaliella, Schreckensteinia ..... 131 feStiicaePIUSIae = 4 425) woe eer 108 Mlicivoras PSy.choid'esieis = sales 130 filipendulae, Zygaena ..... 131, 182 finitimella, Parornix ........ $3-56 hlamimieds Panoliss ee) -ye eae 150, 243 Hammer Senitde. use aieee enna 161 flavicinctata, Entephria ....... 243 flavimetrella, Lampronia ...... 98 flavofasciata, Perizoma ....... 243 tlorelianCatopsiliaey. euens cen aihie, Wi fontis = Hypena crassalis ...... 44 fOSteranay lLOzZOtaemials s)s eso) 4 38 Nebr eniAL, ISOM NSGEY 5 5 Go a obo 185 fraxini, Catocala . .40, 74,81, 87, 186, 204 fucifommis, Hemaris ..... - 95, 186 fuliginosa, Phragmatobia ...... 108 hulvatasGidariaes . 5 7m compelien cae 243 ill PAGE furcatasHiyGnionlenayers - ite ener 107 Mele, IOI Bop G oo anc oO 243 furuncula. Mesolioia “5 sis. ee 130 fusconebulosa, Hepialus ....... 107 G galathea, Melanargia . . . 125,209, 214 gallagheri,Charaxes ...... 147-150 pallicanan@ydialeeares os aes 130 Salliimilivless . > i secu eeee cate 81, 87 gamma, Autographa . 83,108,174, 204 gardetta, Coenonympha....... 173 eenistaes Coleophoral saree menere NY) POAVOMINISOW - 6 hb oo ado nos 201 clandonwAcniades: hn cree .s een 174 elareosamibaraGdiarsiay gases enen 108 clobulariaiexAGScitam se cee: 201 enaphaliy@uculliagmese eer 95 MOA, JANES. oo 4 5g cb oa be 108 enoiians, Paramesia 5.5, 4s = + = 98 goossensiata, Eupithecia....... 185 GORUS,JEIOM 5s 5accn cog oos 174 POLIcaOruhosiay arenes ene 108 practise OrulOsia a0 eat eee ete 108 GMC. BOOM S555 ob oes 66 19 graminis, Cerapteryx...... 108, 174 granella, Nemapogon......... 98 PANO IEA. G ho 6 oo oe 6s 130 grossulariata, Abraxas ..... 174, 243 PTOtiAnAW Ee PasZOle emer ene eae 130 qe) CME sg so 6 oo 148 H halterataswobophoramse sere 218 hastata, Rheumaptera ..... 79, 107 haworthtie Gelacnas ss seen = 108, 243 heegeriella, Phyllonorycter ..... 120 hnelvolatAProcholay a eee 243 hemerobiella, Coleophora ...... 239 heracliana, Agonopterix ....... 37 hippothoe, Palaeochrysophanus . . 173 hornigi, = Coleophora violacea ... 219 hornici) Monochtoa 55-2 se oe 77 hortella = Phyllonorycter saportella humuli, Hepialus ..... 107,156, 204 hyperantus, Aphantopus ... 125,236 I icarus, Polymmatus OWS UAT: diay Apatuid oo. ast. -tecven vii tee 1 9 WTEIE SIMMONS 6 556506558 D8 impluviata, Hydriomena....... 243 Mpa. Mycthimmnal uss weal. eiciies 108 incentan Ont hOsia wa) eens: 45, 108 Tn@lieny: N/T OSE) 6 kaa Nake Ae TALS ZA innotataseupitheciay ss.) 4.14 +... 185 insigniatayeuplunecia <..0). 6). <.- SN. inSpersellaySGyihtiS ses... > 97 intermedia, Euphydryas ....... 173 PAGE interrogationis,Syngrapha ..... 243 lominachisen Oe 124513 8.209 210 ipsilon, Agrotis .. . . 83,84, 203, 204 iis. Apatura .. 58,125) 1267055) 203, 209 ROWE SEU 5 5 bo ap aoe oo c 243 INGE, AMCAMERINAY 3 5 Boo pe 6 181 J (PCCM INGE 5 5250-4 6 eos 186 jamesi, Lepidochrysops ..... Saal ubatanAlcis' cee Gene etod Sat os 243 JU peratas Mberay- eee enen ew ct eae 243 jurtina, Maniola. . 40,89-91, 112, MBS Se ede 2s 2238 K iT, JAVASEY” 363 5s bho oc Wilit, Wil L lacertinana tal caramel ence 243 lacteellasMomphag es -aeeeneenenen 116 laetus@rombrueeiia see ee one 114 lanceolanas Bacira | Seaansneno mee iil IES, MOOI 5 5 oo 95 lariciata, Eupithecia ...... 106, 107 larseniella, Syncopacma .. 98, 132-133 lasseilas Coleophora ~ <9.055 6.1.6 DL ibvigrmintl, AN “G5 a co o6 6 6 6 e 52 lathonia, Argynnis . USS LS Se 168, 169,170, 224 leduitienelithophane = cise 186 einslonarel, IEME EN 5 bao co 0 Oc 174 levanayAraschinial Sycmeiuescscesns =) enn libanopicanColiaswa sn-eeesien een: 18 lichenarias Gleorodes Se). 2.2 243 hcheneas SumiChtisses suena enone 40 Me ea IE TED idl. arety ieee trie tc yet tans anes 89 heneaeBlastabasiSaieaea seen 130 hsulas Conistraseaewen yee 188, 189 ligulella = Syncopacma larseniella . 132 Nein SOMME YG ps ooo boo 242 himibalissUresiphitaeasensie crs 112 limosipennella, Coleophora ..... 190 lhineatas E)VlGS seen eel Gre? 04: linteatasSionas swsss 4. Site}, SBE WI, ess linfeolashymelicus) =. a). sass: 128 linosyridella, Coleophora ...... oi] Iriti@nel NS LOOSE 6G BN oho 6 oo oe 130 liturata, Semiothisa ...106,107, 243 livornica = Hyles lineata ....... 204 lone vaciMiythiminases: snes seeiene ae 203 loti = Leptidea sinapis ........ 121 lotipZyeaena® 2". hos ee ii lubricipeda, Spilosoma........ 108 hicellasaypsolophias ses. eee 98 lucens, Amphipoea....... 108, 243 lucernea, Standfussiana . 233-235, 243 lucina, Hamearis Se) MAA. I 7), 155, 200, 209, 240 hwvetparauplexial sie ae 108 PAGE luctuatas Sparganiaysr enero 96 lunosasOmiphaloscelisyeyerenen scene 243 lunaria = Selenia lunularia...... 238 lunulariaySeleniay= = pene 238, 243 lumaniS- MintiCial-seseaen ene eee 136 luteolata, Opistograptis ....... 107 titeumb:Spilosomas-y- serene ene 243 lutulenta, Aporophyla........ 243 M machaon, Papilio .. . . 56,57, 58, NWA, USGS 37, WEL machinella, Coleophora . . 98, 109-110 malinellus, Yponomeuta....... 242 malvae, Pyrgus ....:.. 128,137, 163 Manto se rebiay. .e-e eee eee 178 MareinatiasACTIOPIS |) ene eens 108 marginella, Dichomeris ....... 130 marginepunctata, Scopula...... 99 margueritae, ssp. Poecilmitis palmus 41, 43 Manannes LUXiaSe- wen nee IL7/ Manitumnas Bucculatnix = 2 seers 102 maritimella = Coleophora’ ma- chinellay..23 > hy hse eee 110 MaritimuUs. Chilodesmercns 4 eeeseneee 205 oneubel, WONG 5 66600500 50% 186 megera, Lasiommata ... 138, 209-214 megregori, Lepidochrysops ..... 34 MelampusaEie bia eee cena aeeeeee 173 mendicaDiaphonrasesees ne sea 221 Mencdicad | Diansiaees ee ee 108 menyanthidis, Acronicta ...... 243 mercunianay Epinotia es ee cee 131 messaniella, Phyllonorycter ..... 131 methymna, Lepidochrysops. .... 33 meticulosa, Phlogophora ... 84, 108, 186, 203 MetznenandsHUCOSINal se eeneen mee 202 miata. Chioroclhystay seuss tee 107 mucaccas hy dracciales- 1 el ane 108 miniatas Miltochnistalys eens 186 Minima Photedess senna 108 minimana, Phalonidia ..... 98, 220 minimella, Nemophora ....... 130 Minis Cupidolea nen LQTS TT monoglypha, Apamea ..... 108, 185 montanay ETebia) #5 2 ces 173 montanata, Xanthorhoe ....... 107 multistrigaria, Colostygia ...... 107 mundanas Nudantayea: (ane ene 108 munitata, Xanthorhoe ..... NOV 243 mutatellasDionyjctnia ieee enters i owaRNb, Aweine ob 5 5 oe 65, 157-158 N Nanata Ee Upiche Classen ieee nee 107 napaca-sbOloma anna ere 173, 174 nyo Its 55 464 c OP. Wil 7, 174,194, 211 nervosa, Agonopterix. =) ene eee 131 ni, Trichoplusia . . . . 82,87, 204, 239 PAGE nicias, IAniCias Pen Cree eee ae 173 nigra, Aporophyla ....... 108, 186 nigrescentella, peas or 5 oe SO) nigricans, Poecilmitis. . . . 41, 42, 43 nigricella, Coleophora ........ 108 MOS, ROMO 6 5 4 6 ov a oo oc 173 Nobslisehapili Cement ce en nen 164 noctuella, Nomophila 84,174, 244 nodicolella, Mompha........ 21-24 NotataySemuothisasen) seers 100, 243 O Obeliscata-punetal ener sence 106, 107 ObhuscatussGnophose - ee cae ae 243 obsoleta, Mythimna ......... 161 obstipata, Orthonama ... 47,48 82, 87 239, 244 occulta, Burois 2 2 2 )82, 87, 202% 239, 243 CwAlkiia, (COSMONNOS 556601 5 466 107 ocellea, Euchromius . . 81, 86,98, 139 oculea, Amphipoea....... 108, fan OemevErebidyw sce he cree oleraceanleaconobia) = 12 sen: 143 olivatay Colostygianes ees. 2 acne 243 OlivicllaREsSperiae-m-a- nets cea 98 OinOyOMahe AVIS 4 6 Geo uo 6 oc 37) ophiogramma, Apamea ....... 243 Cyowilsws, Waren 5 oo oeb ooo 174 oreas, Lepidochrysops . . orichalcea, Diachrysia ... 81,82, 87 otregiata, Lampropteryx ...... 121 ottomanussHeodes: 5 <5 2). mre - 201 @itvomanasiere Didier eerie 195 20 P padellasYiponomeuta 2). -.-)ensier- 242 palaemon, Carterocephalus .. 57, 90, 123,128, 198 palacno- Colias) 265 4c NESS 98 pales; Bolonial tus... <5, peeeaenes ole 173 pallens; Mythimma: 52 =) yen eee 130 pallescentellanuinealesesenene Ieee 98 pallidanax@ochylissay- = eran.) see 133 palmaenGoneptenyxe ener: Hila eS AS) palmus, Poecilmitis..... 41,43, 44 pamphilus, Coenonympha 40,107, 138 pandora, Pandoriana...... IES INES paphia, Argynnis .. 75,126, 203, 240 paripennella,Coleophora ...... 59 Pavonias Saturnial-0. -) 2) seen LOE MSG pectinatania. Colostysia 22 22-9: 107 peltigera, Heliothis ..... 47, 48, 82, 87, 203, 204 pendularia,Cyclophora ....... 95 jolontcrornvore, (COIS . 555 a6 0556 7/83 phlaeas, Lycaena . .112,116,137, 211 phoebus, Parnassius ...... 17/3), XS phoeniceata, Eupithecia . . . 8,65, : 77, 186 phragmitidis, Arenostola. ... 77, 161 PAGE pilosaria, Apocheima. . . 107, 162, 244 pimpinellata, Eupithecia....... 216 PinastniMyVloOicus\ =e ene 119 Sts0 piniama, Bupalusy9- sei). - 108, 150 pirithous; Syntarucus ... .. >. 235 Pisin @eranniCagwre sms ame are 108 plantaginis, Parasemia ........ 108 plectamOchraplenralymossmsmce sme 108 plexippus, Danaus .. . 37,48, 76, 81, 86,111, 112, 141-146 PlUCOME Te Dia ween as 174 podalirius, Iphiclides . . . 135, 136, 137, 168-172 podanaryArchips) seo) sier act 131 polychloros, Nymphalis . . 48, 81, 86, 136, 138, 203 polycommata, Trichopteryx » 45; 55. 243 polyxena, Zerynthia . . . 134,135, 137 Populinlao thoes ween 108 populi, Poecilocampa ........ 107 porphyrea, Lycophotia ....... 108 pomectellas Plutelay ae -ewsemewsn es 130 potatonaskhilidoniaeess ese 185 potentillae, Coleophora ....... 66 Prlasinanay | enayaenensesar once 99, 243 pringlei, Lepidochrysops ... 222-224 proboscidalis, Hypenay = 5-214). = 108 pLocercellaaBisionas ess cn) encn: 204 promissa Catocala ..... 94,95, 204 PLONOCIE Te Didwwmt eee 173,174 pronubasNoctua 2.) see 108,185 pronubana, Cacoecimorpha 38,122, 123 propinquella, Mompha........ 116 pruni, Strymonidia....... P75 AUS pseudospretella, Hofmannophila . 5, 5 UB PSUS SACTOMICTA yc coca sities seule cout 108 pudibunda, Dasychira ........ 155 pulchellay Witetheisa eens ee 40, 47 pulchrina, Autographa........ 108 pulicariae, Digitivalva ........ 1S pulveraniasplacodisees- ieee 243 punctosaChoreutiss ee eee 219 puppillaria,Cyclophora ....... 204 pulpuralis;Zyeaena greens reyes 131 Puta pA CTOs. = cl eteie reno catye ins cos 40 MUTI SA Ky llameethe Bos ee es al 130 pygated, Lithacodia, 220.0". os: 99 pyfmacolae le ileniaeset- seer 74, 203 ON EIAVIN, INOWEGIES G a blame ooo ae 108 DyraliataeEWlithisies ene.) se 107 pyramidea, Amphipyra ....... 185 Dye Oatuiniae es eee ee foes se 136 Q quadralelithosial (sce-seeee ts ee 65 quadrifasiata, Xanthorhoe...... 99 quadripuncta, Oegoconia ...... DY quercus, Lasiocampa...... Yeo, MOM quercus)Ouercusiale. ere Seale quinquellagE ctoedemia seus). 119 vi PAGE R rajellas Phyllonorycter 225 4.4 -- 131 ramburialis, Diasemiopsis ..... . 47 neler ey MENS 5 oa o 6 PPM, NSS 37) ratzeburgiana, Zeiraphera Ben nes th 131 FAVIGAsTS PACIOUISHN.| Seewreycn tee ew ena 85 HCO, WAVE 6 5 0 6 660 6 25-27, 74 TeculincawEly/ppal-w-ne)newesene 108, 243 reducta, Limenitis Pooks Bye 216 ROMNA, AVON 5560 oc oc fot 108 epandatawAlGisis | se-we seme 100, 108 HetUsaal pimonpyhay een eee eee 65 thamni,Gonepteryx . 75,128,137, 172 thomboidaria, Peribatodes ..... 187 mhoniboideaeexestiay = 4.4m ene 243 mbeata Mell epleniageer ienen onsen 100 mOreanalyorniy WEES 5 456605060556 98 MGS, ROMFTOC sac bacon ou oe SYS) ROOT. ION, 5555 5a 556 131 roboris, Phyllonorycter ....... 244 robustella, Caloptilia....,. OF es () rogenhoferi, Endotricha....... 114 TubeTata, Mydromena =. = \. 2) 4 +o. 107 tubi, Callophrys ..... NBS) W354 ISS MUD IY Dial Siaeececus ss i eeneate yon 108 nub Macrothylacian 4 sas eee 107 rubiginata, Scopula. .... 81,86, 243 rubiginea, Conistra . . 45,46, 188, 189 NUbMCOSASG@erasuis’ | - seeens ee cle 108 MUUfataN@MesiaSs a6 =) ak ceeds ge 206 MINORS, LMAO MME! 556650006 31 MPM COnMISS hy ONiaes ose en nee 73 MURAI, QMO 2 655 so eo bo Us UGSRVS., INIIRINRIESIA 5 5 56°56 cc os 19 Ny sabinella,Gelechia .......... 181 sacraria, Rhodometra ... 47,48, 81, 86, 142, 204 salicata, Coenotephria ..... move, 243 salicorniae, Coleophora ....... 103 Samiatellaystiomellay > 5 ee 98 SannioOn Diacnsial sie eea cue 108, 243 saportella, Phyllonorycter . . . 119, 120, 244 SryVOINO, INOS ooo 66065406 19 Sarcitnrellay Endrosis) «use ee 119 SaturaaiBplephanitaly. saeisueeen eee 76 SalbytaltayE Wp ithe cial s.asaeueieuen elses 107 saucia, Peridroma. . 83,203,204, 244 schoenicolella, Glyphipterix .102, 103 schuetzeella, Dioryctria . . . 1,97, 220 schulziana, Olethreutes ....... 130 schumacherana, Olindia ....... 37) ScutulanayEpiblemale.. a2. 47 131 Secalis) Mesapamea 42... 4... 108 secundaria, Peribatodes .187,190, 218 selene, Bolotial a). ao lane 107, 126, 174, 238, 240 semele, Hipparchia .. . .125,174, 214 SemuAneuSN@Vaninis: « . Spee) epee ae 7/3} SCHICCAlISS iV la: seen etre ee eee 108 Senicopezany HE talniay a seneneenene 245 senmatellas Coleophora ere. 129 sexalata, Pterapherapteryx ..... 65 sexnotatus, Palpifer ...... 156, 187 SEXSUMGAtAsp NC Staal senna nga 108 similellay Microthrix = 2522. 98, 180 Sills, IBWOGIS goo eb os oa c 75 . 76,85, 163, 186, 200,207, 237 17103. 121: 128, 137,203, 209 simulans, Rhyacia sinapis, Leptidea . . smaragdaria, Thetidia ..... 58, 185 solidaginis, Lithomoia ........ 243 Coomera, (CAMSAD 5656655500066 243 SpantiellayAmarSiaas sere ese (gyi spiniella, Paraswammerdamia .... 130 Ssplendanay Gydiale- sain ee Sil Silos, OMINOSE. 6 5 go000 5500 194 statilinus, Neohipparchia ...... 19 staudingeri, Conistra...... 188-190 stellatarum, Macroglossum .. 49, 84, 113, 200, 203, 239 stephensiana, Cnephasia spa aygopehsne 130 subbistrigella, Mompha ....... 7| SulbituscayScopalial teil asa eecnene 130 subtuscata, Eupithecia eee 107 SublustrissApamed a.) —eee eee 94 subpropinquella, Agonopterix 37, 130 suffumata, Lampropteryx . . .121, 55, 243 suspectaa hatastichitiS ass aes ssa 243 Quiet. ADRS 65 6565 acon c 243 sylvaticella, Coleophora .... 98, 220 T taeniatum), Perizomae . 29 2 oe ae 243 taeniolellaySyncopacnial ym. seseue 52 (OS. IAMS ¢ 5 6 5 oo 6 6910328 (ENINENIS, COSC ONO, 55540000 98 tem plinDasypolialere sq selene 182, 243 Leneranas ly pinOtiays sea 4 - 232 Calliophiysiipaniaeeee senor ener e 29 Calliphora subalpina, vicina... . . 60 Cheilosia scutellaris,soror...... 230 Chirosia albitarsis, _ flavipennis, PaLVicOnnishin 4 hs eA Se AL 61 Chrysogaster macquarti ....... 230 (CINinOOUUSIEGUI 55 4 5.400466 i’) Cleigastra (Cnemopogon) apicalis . 60 Coenosia intermedia, lineatipes, tipminastniCOlommeweneer aise one 30 Coniosternum tinctiventris ..... 175 Cordilura impudica, pudica ..... 60 Craspedochaeta pullula ....... 61 Cnorhinayasilical ee. en eee 22 Cynomya mortuorum ........ 60 Dasyphoraveyanellay = 5-22. 28 Delia criniventris, lamelliseta .... 62 Dendrophaonia querceti. ...... 28 Dideatasciatalaminss «cme Malo Digonochaeta spinipennis ...... 30 Dioctria baumhaueri......... 62 WNC ATIS. 9) acy Semmes Sic vlan ons 193 Dithny caveurttularis ss) 2 2. 10 Ditricha, see Dithryca DONCHOPUSies hay Aamir eee Diapetisephippiata =| 9.55.08 1934 Dnvanlelaahiatnaital e-.eeenr nen eee 28 BelemmUSCarlasSp pra list ee eee Nene 62 Emmesomydayvillical = = {yess 4 ce. 62 Epistrophe diaphanal a). ais. o..0e 229 Eniopteraeriseipennis . ... 0.06 - 60 PAGE Eniothrixenomacn lateness cnenene 230 Ernestia consobrina, truncata. ... 30 DMMESMUS OMNIS 5b 5 as ea be 230 Eustalomyia festiva, histrio .... . 61-2 LEMOS VARNIRN, 6 6 5 5 oo eb a oe 156 Fannia aequilineata, hamata .... 63 canicularis, coracina, monilis, postica, scalaris, vesparia Graphomya maculata ........ 29 PiCtac Hak cs. fe Lae He) (9.3) Gymmnodiathumiliss ese eee 29 Hebecnenid’ 2s... Se ea 62 affinis, nigricolor, umbratica, VESPeLtinal ies cc et nae Helina atripes, duplicata, impuncta, laetifica, lasiophthalma, obscurata, pertusa, quadrum, SCMVENUTMS 5 aber eee ese Hercostomus assimilis, chalybeus, Chiy;SOZYPOSi-a uae omnes Heterostylodes pratensis. ...... 62 [FREIAO MOU 5 565008 6 6 ost 194 Hybomitra bimaculata f. bisignata . 192 Hydrophoria annulata, caudata... 61 Hydrotaea armipes, bimaculata, dentipes, irritans, occulta, similis 28 Palas. nacht ::'s on cae oe eee 285) 63 FiyJemiyals tren aa ueeee ene enon 62 LASIOMMIA) «ws eye. cs eee ae ee 61 Revcophoraicinereausss-ian-e ane Bile Oil eriSellalscpe tear c.ss. 1 ocean memes 61 Leucopis *argenticollis, *geniculata, DIACCOX: 28. (a) a eae EOrDISCtas <5 kien Rome 71 Leucozona glaucia, laternaria . . 229-30 Limnophora maculosa........ 29 Limoniaytnipunctatag) eyelet nea 60 eispestenitaculaitaaeaeaeaeEemen nen enene 29 Lispocephala alma, erythrocera. .. 29 Lophosceles cinereiventris...... 28 OUND ADIGE Pome 8 rans MAS SO, 28, 63 Ibyphaldubiagy-sieus ous ese aoa 30 Machimus atricapillus ........ 103) Macronychia ungulans........ Sil Macrorchisimeditatasers 12 -eieeue YY) Mallota cimbiciformis ........ 230 Medetera ambigua, impigra ..... 229 MISCO NMIEIMOS sogeccooeus 30 Megaselia bovista, buxtoni, flava, flavicans, impolluta, lutea, nigra 104 HUSCINELVISieute oe een 1514 SIPAUCIN Ye gee en sce, cee 22 PAAMOROGIES 5555 5ne 556 105 Melaneyinaleuitvaltals sienen nanan 230 Melanomyia (Morinia) ........ 62 Mesembrina meridiana........ 28 Metopia argyrocephala........ 31 Miltogramma punctatum ...... Bil Morellia aenescens, hortorum, SIMplOKe omer, 2) oc. cee 28 Musca domestica, autumnalis .... 28 Muscina assimilis, pabulorum, stabulans-... ooo bc ocob oe 178 pumitlay cases so acheter 177 Eutomostethus luteiventris .... . 178 BUA Cronatae see seen ener 178 Lasioglossum brevicorne...... . 155 Lygaeonematus, Lygaeophora, see Pristiphora Mesoneura, see Pachynematus Monophadnoides geniculata. .... 178 Nematus bergmannt 25.:.-.. - - 178 MCMINOOE 25600 a6 175-6, 178 Osmiaypilicornnisseeweneweee eee ence 155 Pachynematus (Mesoneura) AnCtICUS hess seh ote ee: alge, Wiles Paravespula germanica........ IS Penneuramubi seen HGS Phyllocolpa acutiserra, excavata BAe arabes Me cae ee Sees COACH Sry era annae ar Ett 178 Rodaltonitantyideivem-seneeeea men on 114 Pontania bridgmanni, collectanea, ubeothoMliS Gs gp o oie Gn oup-ore 178 GMOSOES oo a de do Oooo s SLANT) Pristiphora (Lygaeonematus, IGA RIO) o a3 5050500 s N77] Janificag teens here os 176, 177 * micronematica (leucostoma) 175-7 pallidiventris, sp. nr. quercus . . 178 Giemalinwenl ~ S95 GoGo esecee 117 Sharliphora amphibola........ 178 Tenthredo moniliata, velox ..... 178 Trichiosomalucorum ..... 27 Vespula, see Paravespula MECOPTERA Boreusiivemalisters . eee =: 158 PAGE PAGE ODONATA Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa....... 6, 58 Gryllusicampestris’-)5 4) 9) 58 Aeshna isosceles, syacc4 boss 3: 2 58 Meconema thalassinum ....... 8 INGHOM WINES) 6 g4e 6 oa J 80 eo c 246 Melanoplus frigidus ......... 6 INPRO Os Ono othe xen oe ee Ore 114 Myrmeleotettix maculatus ... 7, 11 Omocestus viridulus ....... 7 al Platycleistspiy) 23 cote = eee 2 een 116 ORTHOPTERA Stenobothrus stigmaticus ...... 8 Stethophyma grossum ........ 6 Aiolopus strepens, thalassinus matG ae SHOEI JES EADNS = 6, . 1a Ariagona margaritae ......... 116 T ne ulata acs. eee iiog Calliptamus plebe1s)) >). ose 116 CUS UTE ISTE SINE a Go a ape 2 8 Chorthippus albomarginatus .. 6, 12 LICUNDSI Go Bo coo aie oe ale We NAN) Patallelu'ss wate cers 7, 13-14 PHASMIDA Decticusverucivorus; 22°. 2 2 2. 58 Gomphocerippus rufus ..... Hil, iy Glonopsisjcallicaiys ae esiene ieee 39-40 Printed by Frowde & Co. (Printers) Ltd., London, SES 8RR ; ts ¢ n ‘ Pal i pi q on f » 7 4 Lae | Ba Bi Petipa ® 1s ty hice ' o ¥ i 1 a he a pix ede a. % y) oe) har “li is . Sem: a . ore : , hi wet be | a ‘ Etainia decentella (Herrich-Schaffer 1855). (Lepidoptera Nepticulidae) A Possible Discovery of the First Generation Larva of P. J. Johnson, 245 Euchromius ocellea (Haworth) (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Britain. The History of B. Skinner, 139 Eucosma metzneriana Treitschke in Hampshire J. R. Langmaid , 202 Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable, Feeding at Bluebells (Endymion nonscriptus) B. K. West, 79 Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Other Local Butterflies in Durfold Woods, Surrey/Sussex Border in 1982. The Marsh Fritillary M. S. Harvey, 203 Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur: Cypress Pug, in Essex. C. C. Penney, 8 Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur in the Eastbourne Area. The Rise of the Cyprus Pug: M. Parsons, 77 Eupithecia pimpinellata Hbn. in War- wickshire. The Pimpinel Pug: R. J. Thomas, 216 Euphydryas aurinea Rott. in Cumbria. The Marsh Fritillary: M. J. Y. Foley, 240 Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade, in Suffolk C. Penney, 202 Exhibition. A Very Fine P. C. Hawker, 74 Flying Crooked J. S. Phillpotts, 183 Gonepteryx rhamni L. Apparently Im- bibing at Hydrangea Flowers. The Brimstone: B. K. West, 172 Greece: July-August 1980. Butterflies in Northern J. V. Dacie, M. K. V. Dacie, P. Grammaticos, J. Coutsis, 18 Hamearis lucina L.: Duke of Burgundy. An Unusual Aberration of R. D. Sutton, 200 Hamearis lucina L. The Decline of the Duke of Burgundy M. R. Oates, 240 Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre and Cleo- patra: Gonepteryx CleopatraL. in Yugoslavia. The Grecian Copper: J. E. Green, L. G. Higgins, 201 Hesperia comma L. A New Locality near Eastbourne. The Silver-spotted Skipper: M. Parsons, 235 Hummingtird Hawk Moth in London. The T. Lumley, 200 Hypera fuscocinerea Marsh. Etc. (Col.: Curculionidae) In §S. E. London A. A. Allen, 35 Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus) (Col.: Cur- culionidae) Swimming Behaviour of R. W. J. Read, 160 Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: A Supplemen- tary Note. The R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 47 Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, including that of the Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus L. R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 81 Indigenous Macrolepidoptera of Abbot’s Wood, East Sussex. The Decline of the M. Hadley, 92 Iphiclides podalirius (L.) in Britain. The Scarce Swallow-tail, R. S. Wilkinson, 168 John Abbot’s Drawings and Notes for a Proposed Supplement to Smith and Abbot ‘‘The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects ee a (1797) R. S. Wilkinson, 5 Kirkcudbrightshire, South West Scotland. Macrolepidoptera of an Upland Area in P. D. Hulme, 106 Lasiommata megera (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). Wait or Seek? Mate Location Strategies in the Wall Brown Butterfly, R. L. H. Dennis 209 Lepidoptera in Ireland. D. J. Agassiz 130 ’ ’ Leptidia sinapis L. in South Devon. The Wood White P. J. Baker, 103 Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamae- mylidae) New to Britain. Three Species of J. F. G. McLean, 70 Letter to the Editor. C. L. Nissen, 88 Limenitis reducta Staudinger (Lep.: Nymphalidae) in Yorkshire. Sur- vival of R. J. D. Tilley, 216 ue Butterflies. M. Townsend, 40 Lobophora halterata WHufn. Seraphim; (Lep.: Geometridae). Melanic Form of B. K. West, 218 Logia atripes Muls & Guil. (Col.) in the New Forest etc. A. A. Allen, 157 Low Numbers of Lepidoptera in 1981. J. H. Vine-Hall, 182 Lycaenid Butterflies from the South Western Cape Province. Three New C. G. C. Dickson, 222 Magdalis violacea L. (Col.: Curculionidae). Correction of a Record A. A. Allen, 120 Margaret Fountaine: The Fate of Many of her Books and Some of her Notes. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt , 235 Microlepidoptera: a Review of the Year 1981. D. J. L. Agassiz, 97 Microlepidoptera Notes for 1981. Scot- tish K. P. Bland, 219 vi Moma alpium Osbeck at Orlestone Forest. The Scarce Merveille-du- Jour M. Enfield, 66 Mompha lacteella Stephens: a Possible Distinguishing Character. R. J. Heckford ,116 Mompha nodicolella Fuchs (Lep.: Mom- phidae). Notes on A. M. Emmet, 21 Monochroa hornigi (Staud.) Further Records of D. J. L. Agassiz, 77 Mythimna loreyi Duponchel and other Migrants in Cornwall, August 1982. The Cosmopolitan NV. Gill, 203 Mythimna vitellina Hbn. in May. M. W. F. Tweedie, 150 New Host Plant Records for Cionus hortulanus (Geoff .) (Col.: Curculio- midae) and Chrysolina fastuosa (Scop.) (Col.: Chrysomelidae) R. C. Welch, 124 Nineteenth Century Issues of Smith and Abbot, The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia (1797) R. S. Wilkinson, 122 Nola aerugula WHbn.: Scarce Black Arches and Autographa _ bractea D. & S. Gold Spangle in Sheppey F. H. Clouter, 203 Nola confusalis H.-S. and Roeslerstam- mia erxlebella F. on Lime. Larvae on the Least Arches: J. L. Fenn, 1 Nymphalis antiopa L. at Sea J. G. Coutsis , 241 Nymphalis polychloros L. in 1982. The Large Tortoiseshell M. S. Harvey, 203 Observations on Lepidoptera in the Cevennes, Easter 1981. J. S. E. Feltwell, G. N. Burton, 134 Odontosia carmelita Esper Eat? What Does R. Lovell-Pank, 194 aaa Oddities C. F. Cowan, 02 Orgyia thyellina Butler, ©. recens Hubner and O. antiqua L. Contrast- ing Results in Assembling Experi- ments using Sir C. Clarke, S. Greenberg and A. H. Wright, 25 Orthoptera in Highland Scotland. FE. C. M. Haes, 6 Pachynematus arcticus (Lundqvist) (Hy- menoptera, Tenthredinidae). Note onA. D, Liston, 117 Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. Lepi- doptera at D. Dey, 200 Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Lep.: Hepia- lidae) in Britain. P. J. Baker, 156 Panolis flammea Hbn. Larval Variation ea Pine Beauty, M. E. Majerus, Papilio machaon L. (Swallowtail) Flouri- shing in a N. Norfolk Locality 1981.A. A. Allen, 56 Pararge aegeria L. (Speckled Wood) feeding on Damaged Apple B. K. West, 238 Parornix finitimella (Zeller) and P. torquillelia (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) A. M. Emmet, 53 Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Sussex. The Feathered Beauty: R. G. Chatelain, 218 Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. The Larva of R. G. Chatelain, 190 Phalera bucephala L. Feeding on Sorbus Species (Rosaceae) and Aspen. Larvae of the Buff-tip B. K. West, 198 Phoridae (Diptera) from Cocoons of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera. Further Records of A. D. Liston, 221 Phoridae (Diptera) Reared from Fungi. Records of R. H. L. Disney, R. E. Evans, 104 Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) and Coleophora limosipennella (Dup. in South Yorkshire. H. E. Beau- mont, 190 Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) (hortella Fabricius) in East Norfolk. A. M. Emmet, 119 Phyllonorycter saportella (Duponchel) in East Anglia. Further Notes on A.M. Emmet, 244 Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. in Tenerife R. J. V. Elliott , 199 Pieris napi L. at Morton Lochs, Fife, Scotland in 1981. The Appearance of a Third Brood in the Green- Veined White: P. K. Kinnear, 194 Plant Chemistry. Restricted Distribu- tions of Butterflies and D. F. Owen, 205 “Pock-mark”’ in Entomology. The Use of ae Term J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 5) “Pock-mark” in Entomology. The Use of the Term J. R. Langmaid,161 Rae and his Records, and a Note on Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. Mr.J. M. R. Young, 75 Red Admiral. An Early E. H. Wild, 79 Red Admiral on the Wing in December 1981.8. C. S. Brown, 124 Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel: Dotted Rustic in Lincolnshire. M. Town- send, 237 Rhyacia simulans Hufnagel. Further Kentish Records of the Dotted Rustic NV. F. Heal, 163 Rhyacia simulans (Hufnagel) (Lep.: Noctuidae). Successful Rearing of the Dotted Rustic: P. Convey, 207 Saltatoria of the Bristol Area and North Somerset. A Survey of the J. F. Burton, 11 Samuel Dale’s “1704” Catalogue of English Butterflies. R. S. Wilkinson, 36 Sawflies from Whitelaw Moss Nature Reserve, Southern Scotland, with a Species New to Britain (Hym.: Symphyta). Some A. D. Liston, WS) Scuttle Fly (Diptera, Phoridae) that Appears to be a Parasitoid of a Snail (Stylommatophora zoni- tidae) and Itself Parasitised by a Braconid (Hymenoptera) R. H. L. Disney, 151 Selenia lunaria D. & S. in East Sussex. The Lunar Thorn: M. Parsons, 238 Senta flammea (Curtis) (The Flame Wainscot) at Wye, Kent M. A. Enfield, 161 South African Butterflies. Four New C. G. C. Dickson, 32,41 Sphinx ligustri L. (Privet Hawkmoth) Disappearance from N. W. Kent B. K. West, 242 Stand fussiana lucernea (Linn.) (Lepido- ptera:Noctuidae) in Lancashire. The Northern Rustic E. G. Hancock, 233 Strange Case of Larval Depravity. A M. Hadley, 119 Striped Hawkmoth in Devon in 1980. J.C. A. Craik, 187 Strymonidia w-album Knoch., The White- Letter Hairstreak: A. Archer-Lock, 16 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany), a Hitherto Underrecorded Species. R. J. Heckford, 132 Syntomid in Cambridge. A South American B. O. C. Gardiner, 75 Syntarucus pirithous L. A New Food- plant for J. G. Coutsis , 235 Tephritidae (Dipt.) on a South East London Common. Two Interesting A.A. Allen, 10 Trachyphloeus spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A Note on Two A. A. Allen, 129 Treasurer’s Notice. P. J. Johnson, 236 Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Hampshire. The Ni Moth J. R. Langmaid, 204 Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Warwickshire. The First Recording of D. C. G. Brown, 239 Tropidia _ scita (Harris) (Diptera: Syrphidae) in VC. 69 N. L. Birkett, 162 “Types” of Maniola jurtina splendida White (Lep.: Satyridae). The G. Thomson, 89 Udea decrepitalis H.-S. (Lep.: Pyralidae) in Wales P. J. Jewess, 121 Unusual Indigenous Macrolepidoptera at Ninfield East Sussex in July 1982. Some M. Parsons, 205 Vanessa indica (Herbst) in Warwickshire: New to Britain K, Turner, 217 What’s ina Name? A. A. Allen, 4 What’s in a Name? A.Suggestion A. J. Showler, 124 Wildlife and Country Act, 1981. The A, E. Stubbs, 57 Windsor Forest. Further Notable Diptera From A. A. Allen, 191 Wye, Kent in 1981. Interesting Moths at M. V. Light at or Near M. Enfield, 76 Yorkshire. Additions to the Macrolepi- doptera of S. M. Jackson, 99 Yponomeuta evonymella (Linnaeus) in Southern England. A. M. Emmet, 241 Zygaena loti scotica Rowland Brown on Mull. J. H. Vine-Hall, 131 Current Literature: 20, 27, 40, 80, 88, 1O0e ISS) 163eel64 19 GALS 7e 247. Obituary: Collinson W. E. 73 Dixon, GyH:- 156 Gane, J. V. 74 Goodban, B.S. 73 Largen, R. 247 Sutton, G. R. 179 INES VAS Dodo Wig SST), WSO) Allcard, H.G.111 Allen, A. A. 4, 10, 35,56, 78,120,129, I SelSee LO I229 Archer-Lock, A. 16, 123 Baker, P. J. 103, 156 Birkett, N. L. 133, 162, 206 Barrington, R. D.G. 69, 103 Beaumont, H. E. 108, 190 Bland, K. P. 219 Blathwayt, C.S.H. 154 Bloxham, M. G. 28, 60 Bretherton, R. F.47, 81,141, 218 Brindle, A. 101 Brown, D.C. G. 239 Vili Brown, S.C.S. 124 Buddle, R. F. 110 Burton, G. N. 134 Burton, J. F. 11, 208 Campbell, J. A. 174 Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1, 47, 59, 81, Qe Ale 792 OD 20455 355) Chatelain, R. G. 190, 204, 218 Chitty, J.C. O. 147 Clarke, Sir C. 25 Classey, E. W. 15 Clouter, F. H. 203 Convey, P. 207 Coutsis, J.G. 18, 235, 241 Craik, J.C. A. 187, 243 Dacie, J. V. 18 Dacie, M. K. V. 18 Dennis, R. L. H. 209 Dey, D. 200 Dickson, C. G. C. 32, 41, 222 Disney, R. H. L. 104,151 Elliott, R. I. V. 199, 245 Emmets Ase Mis 21) 53 a119 s80F 238. 239, 241, 244 Enfield, M. 66, 76, 161 Evans, R. E. 104 Feltwell, J.S.E. 134 Renneeeesoil Foley, M. J. Y. 238, 240 Foster, A. P. 246 Gardiner, B.O.C. 75,122 Gill, N. 203 Goater, B. 188 Grammaticos, P. 18 Greatorex-Davies, J. N. 218 Green, J. E. 163, 201 Greenberg, S. 25 Hadley, M. 65, 92,119, 201 HaesnEs ©. M6.39 Hancock, E. G. 233 Harmer, A. 40 Harvey, M.S. 203 Hawker, P. C. 74, 237 Heal, N. F. 59, 103, 129, 163 Heckford, R. J. 116,132 Higgins, L. G. 201 Horton, G. A. N. 24 Hume, P. D. 106 Jackson, S. M. 99 Jewess, P.J.121 Johnson, P. J. 236, 245 Kinnear, P. K. 194 Kneller, B. A. 221, 236 Knill-Jones, R. P. 77 Kydd, D. W. 37 Lanemaid, J. R. 66, 109; 161, 1825 202, 204 Wiston, ALD» il US i/liomeat Lovell-Pank, R. 162, 194 Luckens, €. J. 125,173 Lumley, T. 200 Majerus, M. E. N. 150 McLean, I. G. F. 70 Michaelis, H. N. 37, 102 Miller, R. H. 162 Morton, A. C. 67 Nash, D. R. 165,228 Newnham, T. 162 Nissen, C. L. 88 Oates, M. R. 240 O’Heffernan, H. L. 237 Owen, D. F.52, 205,225 Parsons, M. 77, 205, 235, 238 Pelham-Clinton, E.C. 123,215 Penney, C. C. 8, 202 Phillpott, J.S. 183 Platts, J. 200 Prance. D. 59 Read, R. W. J. 36, 160, 184, 199 Rutherford, C. I. 76, 195 Sevastopulo, D. G. 17, 69 Showler, A. J. 124 Simson, E. C. L. 45 Skinner, B. 139 Sokoloff, P. 88, 100,185 Stubbs, A. E. 57 Sutton, R. D. 200 Tennent, W.J.9 Thomas, R. J. 216 Thomson, G. 89 Tilley, R. J. D. 216 Townsend, M. 237, 240 Turner, K. 217 Tweedie, M. W. F.1, 150, 220 Valletta, A. 111 Vine-Hall, J. H. 131, 182 Warren, R. G. 44 Welch, R. C. 124 West. 9 Bi Ke 38.9 198 25 IOS lee 238, 242 Wild, E. H. 79, 204, 206 Wilkinson, R. S. 36, 38, 224 Wright, A. H., 25 Young, M. R.75 PLATE II Photo: C.G.C.D. FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES - By C.G.C. DICKSON, M.Sc.* (Concluded from Volume 94, page 35) A new race of Poecilmitis nigricans (Aurivillius). The first example of this exquisite little butterfly was secured by William Burchell at Genadendal, in the Cape Colony, in 1815 (i.e., in one of its races); and the specimen is still preserved in the University Museum, Oxford. It was known to Trimen as a “‘variety”’ of Poecilmitis [Zeritis| thysbe (L.), but only from very few speci- mens. Aurivillius described it himself as a “variety” of thysbe in Seitz’ Macrolep. of World, 13: 430 (1924), under the present name; the type-locality being the Muizenberg Mountains in the Cape Peninsula. The writer has realised since first capturing specimens of nigricans on the Fransch Hoek Mountains in November, 1945, that the males, at least, from there too, differed from the nominate insect, especially with regard to the wider black band in the hind- wing upperside. This feature is very obvious also in males from the Klein and Groot Zwartbergen and examples from these localities have been used for the description given hereuxder. Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov. Male. The forewings tend to be somwhat less pointed than in nomi- nate P. nigricans. Upperside. In comparison with nominate nigricans the black band of hindwing is normally much broadened; at its greatest width, its inner edge being 3.5—4.5 mm. from the wing-margin (the width varying somewhat in different specimens and at least in one male *“Blencathra”, Cambridge Avenue, St. Michael’s Estate, Cape Town. LEGEND TO PLATE II Pseudonympha camdeboo spec. nov.: fig. 1. o” holotype (upperside); fig. 2: ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 3:o* holotype (underside); fig. 4 9 ailotype (underside). Lepidochrysops jamesi claassensi subsp. nov.: fig. 5. c*»holotype (upper- side); fig.6. 2? allotype (upperside); fig. 7. o' holotype (underside); fig. 8.9 allo- type (underside). Poecilmitis nigricans zwartbergae subsp. nov.: fig. 9.07 holotype (upper- side); fig. 10 9 allotype (upperside); tig. 11.o* holotype (underside); fig. 12.2 allotype (underside). Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov.: fig. 13. & holotype (upper- side); fig. 14. ¢ allotype (upperside); fig. 15.07 holotype (underside); fig. 16. Q allotype (underside). All figures natural size. Note: The bronzy-brown coloration of the upper- side of L. j. claassensi is not represented correctly in figs. 5 & 6, in which the tone is much more reddish than in nature. All the other figures in the plate show the true colour satisfactorily. (Colour reproduction by Unifoto (Pty.), Ltd., Cape Town). 42 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD seen, not specially broadened). Veining across the submarginal orange-red portion of the wing more conspicuously black-scaled than in nominate race. Underside. Dark streak of forewing parallel with the distal-margin, usually so broadened as to coalesce with, or at least touch, the black spots in areas 2 and 4 (one exception in this respect, has been seen). Hindwing with deeper and more prominent brown or rufous-brown colouring, as a “zone”, beyond the middle of the wing, in nearly all specimens, than in nominate nigricans, and this darkening also apply- ing in general to the wing near the base; while in the least darkly marked examples there is, anyway, more contrast between the dark and light areas. Length of forewing: 12.75 - 15.0 mm. (13.5 mm. in holotype). Female. Forewings more rounded distally than in the female of nomi- nate nigricans. Upperside. Blue from bases of all wings rather deeper and duller than in the female of nominate nigricans, and the dark marginal border broader, that of the hindwings more noticeably so, in comparison with the latter taxon. Dark costal border of forewing also tends to be broader and is in some cases much more prominent. Underside. The dark streak parallel with the distal-margin of the forewings has not been markedly broadened in all of the females concerned, though broadened in a number, including the allotype. Length of forewing: 13.25 — 16.5 mm. (the former measure- ment, in allotype). o& Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: Zwartberg Pass, 7.X11.1973 (no collector’s name); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 18699. ? Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype 21.11.1977 (Dr. J. B. Ball); British Museum Reg. No. Rh 18700 Paratype in author’s collection: data as for holotype (at approx. 5,000 ft.), 29.XI.1969,, one & (C.G.C.D.). Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball: as holotype, 21.11.1977, one o (Dr. J. B. Ball); 2.X1.1968, one 0 3.X.1968, three oo" (Dr. J. Kaplan); 7.X1I.1973, one o (no collector’s name). Paratypes in Coll. C. W. Wykeham: as holotype, 27.XII.1969, two oo (C. W. Wykeham); Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartberg), 1.X1I.1962, twod'c’, one @ (C. W. W.). Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: as holotype, 9.XI.1946, twoddone ¢ (K. M. Pennington); 29.X.1963, three 60 29.X.1963, two 2¢ 4.1.1965, one ? 4.X.1965,two ¢?9 20.X.1966, one ¢ (R. Badham). Seven Weeks Poort (Klein Zwartbergen), 30.X.1941, three oc two 92 (Dr. G. van Son); 29.X1.1957, one o& ,one ¢ (K. M. Pennington). The larger examples, of both sexes, of zwartbergae, attain a larger size than the largest ones of P. n. nigricans. FOUR NEW SOUTH AFRICAN BUTTERFLIES 43 Specimens of this group from the Fransch Hoek Mountains (and the adjoining Middenkrantzberg) are larger on the whole than the nominate race and both sexes are normally devoid of orange in the cilia, on the upper- side of the forewing, with white spaces only, between the black portions. The black hindwing bands of the males are decidedly wider in most specimens, than in nominate nigricans, but with the width varying noticeably in some individual specimens. On the underside, the dark streak parallel with the distal-margin of the forewing tends to be wider than in the nominate race but the hindwing underside is more like that of the latter race, than of zwartber- gae. This insect can be regarded as representing another race in itself. Male examples from the Hermanus Mountains seem to be more similar to nominate nigricans: i.e., from the few seen by the present writer. Grateful thanks are due to Dr. J. B. Ball for furnishing a high proportion of the specimens employed in the study of P. n. zwartbergae; and to Dr. L. Vari, of the Transvaal Museum. A new race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer). The striking features of this race of Poecilmitis palmus (Cramer) were first appreciated after a male specimen in good condition had been caught by Mrs. K. M. Wykeham, when accompanied by her husband the late K. M. Wykeham, 6 miles to the east of Knysna, in the South Western Cape Province, on 24th January, 1964. In March of the following year the locality was revisited by the writer with Mr. Wykeham and a useful series of further speci- mens of both sexes, in perfect condition, was secured. The main characters of this race are described below. Poecilmitis palmus margueritae subsp. nov. Male (upperside). Dark basal scaling more extensive than in the nominate race, especially in the hindwing, and of a noticeably darker, bluish-black, colour; the inner- marginal concavity also darker. Black spotting over the orange-red ground- colour of the wings tends to be more prominent than in the nominate race and the distal-margin of the forewings broader; while in the hindwing there is always a continuous black marginal border, which is almost consistently relatively prominent, extending down to at least vein 6. There is less orange in. the cilia of the forewing and less encroachment of this on to the actual wing- surface, than in the nominate race: this applying, certainly, to all specimens that have been seen from the type-locality itself. Underside. Continuous dark streak parallel with distal-margin of forewing broader and darker than is normally the case in the nominate race and the darkened zones (more or less reddish-brown) of the hindwing, darker and more richly coloured than in the nominate race. Some darkening of the abdomen is also apparent. Length of forewing: 12.75 — 14.75 mm. (the latter measurement, in holotype). Female (Upperside). ; All characters as in the male, but the black spotting of the wings 1s inclined to be even more pronounced, while the black border of the hindwing is also more pronounced and extensive, and contrasts in these respects quite markedly with that of the nominate race. 44 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Underside. Characters in general much as in the male, but the dark line parallel with the distal-margin of the forewing has not, in the females seen, been widened as much as in the males. Length of forewing: 14.5 — 16.0 mm. (the latter measurement, in allotype). c7 Holotype, WESTERN CAPE PROVINCE: 6 miles E. of Knysna, 113.111.1965 (C. G. C. Dickson); British Museum Reg. No. Rh. 18701 2 Allotype, W. CAPE PROVINCE: data as for holotype; British Museum Reg. Rh. 18702 Paratypes in author’s collection: data as for holotype, 24.1.1964, one @ (Mrs. K. M. Wykeham); 13.]I1.1965, two oo” , one ? (C.G.C.D.). Paratypes in Coll. Dr. J. B. Ball, W. CAPE PROVINCE: Keurbooms River Forest Reserve, nr. Nature’s Valley (30 miles E.of Knysna), 18.XII.1979, five o’o. [It may be mentioned that Dr. Ball has discovered other localities for this butterfly in the district as a whole. Some of the specimens concerned have been less extreme than others in the development of the dark marking]. Paratypes in Coll. Transvaal Museum: data as for holotype, one o& (C.G. G.D;). The writer possesses two male specimens of P. palmus from the Witte- klip Mountain, 23 miles W. of Port Elizabeth in the Eastern Cape Province, captured by Mr. L. Hersalek on 10/12/67 and 15/1/68; and these examples bear a resemblance on the upperside to Knysna ones. Mr. V. L. Pringle has subsequently caught other specimens there and, as he has pointed out, the undersides of this population are not always specially darkened. The habitat near Knysna is in a slight, sloping depression, somewhat damp and with grass, Bracken and other plants present. One of the chief food-plants of P. palmus, the yellow-flowered shrub Chrysanthemoides monilifera T. Norl. (Compositae) occurs abundantly there. This particular race of this brilliantly coloured Lycaenid is named with much pleasure after Mrs. K. M. Wykenham — with respect to her second Christian name. The original specimen concerned is figured in colour in Pennington’s Butter- flies of Southern Africa, P\. 125, fig. 426 HI (1978). THE BEAUTIFUL SNOUT: BOMOLOCHA FONTIS THUNB. — I was interested in the reference (Ent. Rec. 93: 241) to the occurrence of B. fontis in Kent in places where bilberry was absent. In July 1979 I saw several examples of this species in the Gower peninsula, South Wales in a wood where so far as I could see there was no bilberry. In Staffordshire, B. fontis was at one time common in several oak woods with a dense undergrowth of bilberry. From some of these woods it has disappeared following clear felling; although the bilberry remains the insect evidently needs the woodland cover, and it is notable that it does not occur on bilberry on open heath- land. More recently, however, there has been evidence that the species is on the increase and it has appeared in several woods from which it was not previously recorded. Both in Staffordshire and in South Wales there have been single occurrences in moth traps in places where there was no bilberry. — R. G. WARREN, Wood Rindings, 32 Whitmore Road, Trentham, Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 6AP. 45 THE DOTTED CHESTNUT: CONISTRA RUBIGINEA D. & S. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) By BRIG. E. C. L. SIMSON* On 9th April ’81 I went with a friend to try the heaths round Chobham (Surrey) for C. rubiginea. We arrived at the spot marked with a X on my friend’s map. It was just coming on dusk, but light enough for us to see that we were facing considerable opposition, because three men were engaged in extracting generators, mercury vapour lamps and stands, sheets, bags, nets and all the dread appara- tus of the expert moth-snatcher, from the boot of a car parked exactly on our X! But now it was our X no more, and we were considering going off to search the heaths for a spot we might call Y, when my friend recognised one of the three entomologists as a person he had pre- viously met in a Hampshire wood, when both were after Tricho- pteryx polycommata D. & S. Credentials thus established, we made a plan by which the five of us would make a large circle out on the heath, among the scattered birch trees. My nearest neighbour was about 100 yards from me and had a set-up similar to my own. It was a warm night and soon moths began appearing on my sheet; nothing very wonderful came and I suppose a couple of Scarce Prominents, Odontosia carmelita Esp. were the most interesting. After about an hour my neighbour of 100 yards away put out his light and soon I saw him coming towards me with all his gear. As he got level he put down his generator and came across to me. He looked really happy and the reason lay in a box, which he held under my nose. There sat a beautiful rubiginea, which had been beastly enough to select his sheet instead of mine. M. V. light makes one look a bit green at normal times; now I must have looked emerald bright. The lucky captor said that he had a bad leg and that was his lot for the night. So off he went hobbling, but humming, into the darkness towards the cars. I redoubled my efforts to turn, by magic, the wretched incerta, which visited me, into beautiful orange-hued moths with black spots. To no avail, and about mid-night, the air having turned cold, I packed up and returned to the cars. Shortly afterwards my friend and the remaining two turned up and I found that my friend had been no more successful than I, but that the others had got two rubiginea; one at sugar and another to light. So between five of us three rubiginea had been caught. I stared, wistfully, out over the black heath. And now a very pleasant thing occurred for me. The three, to me, strangers, came up, held out a box in which sat a rubiginea, and told me to take it. They said they understood that this was my fourth unsuccessful visit to the locality over the years and that they had a certain female (the one taken at sugar). They were not sure, but felt the one they had given me was also a female, and wished me to have it. It was the one taken 100 yards from my light. *“Pine Corner”, 4 Durnford Close, Chilbolton, Stockbridge, Hants. SO206 AP. a a 46 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD It was a charming gesture, and I was thrilled to accept. Thrilled as anyone would be who has sat on those “blasted heaths” round Chobham, spring after cold spring, hoping to box this elegant moth. So, with many expressions of gratitude, we said goodbye, and I drove home with my friend. I dropped him off at his house and he invited me in so that we could properly examine our trophy. My friend had taken quite a few male rubiginea in the past, but had never obtained a female from which to breed a series. Now it is not easy to determine the sex of a live rubiginea, especially as a male, which has just had a good gorge at sugar, sallow, etc, can be very fat bodied. Equally, a female which has not eaten for some time, can be slim bodied. To me the antennae of the sexes appear indistinguishable. So you must imagine the two of us peering through magnifying glasses at our moth and not getting very far, especially as a bright light made it rather skittish. So we gave it a whiff of chloroform and probed even more deeply into the matter. My friend once thought he saw an ovipositer, but I said “‘wishful thinking”. So, as the moth came to, I put it back in the box and set off home, with my friend’s pleas not to kill it, at any cost, ringing in my ears. It was a new species for me and in pretty good nick. Doubtless he felt that if it grew restless and started to damage itself, my self control might vanish. To prevent this he had even promised me a specimen rubiginea from his own short series. As soon as I was home I put the moth in a plastic box lined with tissues, and went to bed. Next morning I opened the box very care- fully and saw the moth asleep on the side tissue. I made up a solu- tion of honey and brown sugar in water, soaked up as much as a piece of cotton wool could hold, put it in a bottle-top as a container, and placed it in with the moth, which still slept. I looked in the box every morning and was pleased to see that the moth had not in any way injured itself by flying round and that it had been sucking at the honey, as shown by the fluid which it had passed onto the tissues. So the days passed and twice I caught the moth with its proboscis in the bottle top. If one can tame an insect, this was certainly tamed. It showed no fear at my opening the box; it never attempted to fly and on the tenth day I saw a few pure white eggs on the edge of a tissue. I rang my friend, who came over at once and, after careful search, found 14 eggs which he took home with him to hatch. I went on giving the moth fresh honey every other day and by the 19th day of her captivity she had laid 62 eggs, though she did not lay every day. She laid no more after and, on the 21st day, she died peacefully, still clinging to the tissues. As far as I know she never flew in the box and she remained a perfect specimen, fit for any collection, except for being rather pale — but then she had lived for 6 months. My friend took all the eggs for hatching, because we were going to feed the young larvae on apple, of which he had a plentifull supply in his garden. 52 larvae hatched by 6 May and my friend brought me 26, being my share; from these I obtained 24 perfect imagos. Bred rubiginea has to be seen to be believed: beautiful indeed. I remain truly grateful to the three generous entomologists I met that April night. 47 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1980: A SUPPLEMENTARY NOTE By R. F. BRETHERTON ! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT 7 The following corrections and additions should be made to part I of the main report (in Ent. Rec. 93: 47-54): Corrections to Annexe II D. RAMBURIALIS: S. HANTS: this record should be dated 19.8 and initalled (RLH). R. SACRARIA: SUSSEX. Worthing should be dated 29.9. O. OBSTIPATA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23) A. CONVOLVULI: for WEXFORD, substitute W. CORK. U. PULCHELLA: W. SUSSEX: delete (ASE) substitute (RTR) N. AERUGULA: for (1), substitute (2) H. PELTIGERA: for BERKS, substitute OXON (v.c.23) Additions to Annexe I — Recorders and localities It should be noted that in some cases insects have been reported by two or more recorders. In Annexe II the initials given are those of the recorder from whom the record was received first; but as far as possible the names of all have been included in Annexe I. It has not been generally possible to name the authors of all the records which have been received through intermediaries. Bellorby, Mr and Mrs C., West- morland Blokland, T.J., co. Cork, Ireland *Burton, J. F., Bristol Clouter, F., Isle of Sheppey, E. Kent *Dey, D., Sussex and Kent *Dunn, T. C., co. Durham, in Vasculum 65: 61 *Ellis, E.A., mainly Norfolk *Gent, C.J., Newcastle-upon-Tyne (Bull. am. ent. Soc. 40:84) *Harewood, N. W., Cleveland, N.E. Yorks v.c.62 (Bull. am. ent. Soc. 40: 126 & pers. comm.) *Haynes, R.F & Hillis, Dr. J. P., Ireland (/rish. Nat. J. 20: 296-298) Howell, Mrs S. J., Hagley Wood, Sussex Jago, E. M. R., E. Kent *Kydd, D. W., Cumbria *McRitchie, B., Harlow, Essex *Page, B. W., Warwicks. (Bull. am. ent. Soc., 40:84) *Payne, K., Merseyside (Ent. Gaz. 32:64) *Pons, M. A. S., S. Lancs. Price, L., Stroud, Glos. *Read, R.W. J., W. Cumbria *Scott, R. E., wardens’ records from 42 R.S.P.B. reserves in the United Kingdom Walley, P. F., Beachy Head, Sussex *Welch, R. C., Isles of Mull, Coll, Skye 1 Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG a a A as 48 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD *Hobbs, R. N., Sussex; E. Kent *White, M. C., mainly Worksop Hall, N. M., Portland, Dorset; district, Notts. Scilly Howell, A. D., St Margarets Bay, E. Kent Additions to Annexe II — Scarce Immigrant Species DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. WESTMORLAND (v.c.69). Grange-over- Sands, 12.10, One seen flying in a garden (CB per DWK). N. POLYCHLOROS. E. KENT. St Margaret’s Bay, 28.8., male (ADH). R. SACRARIA. E. KENT. Dungeness, 7.8. (DCB). O. OBSTIPATA. MID CORK. Ballymaloe, 8.8; Ballyhooley, 24.8. W. CORK. Castletown, 24.8. (RFH & JFH). DORSET. Portland, 28.9 (NMH). ORKNEY. Orphir, 27.8 (RIL). A. CONVOLVULI. LOUTH. Dundalk, 6.10 (RFH & JPH). MON- MOUTH. Usk, 3.10 (GANH). M. UNIPUNCTA. SCILLY IS. 17-24.9, with P. saucia, becoming common at sugar and ivy towards the end of the week (NMH). H. ARMIGERA. E. KENT. Minster-in-Sheppey, 16.8, one at light (FC). H. PELTIGERA. DORSET. Portland Bill, 6/7.6, two (NMH). N. GLOS. Kingscourt, Stroud, 13/14.6, one (LP). Of these additions the record of D. plexippus in Westmorland is the only one of the year, and probably the first for that vice- county; and the specimen of NV. polychloros caught in Kent appears to be the first reported there since 1977. Among the commoner species, most of the supplementary British records of V. atalanta reflect either its initial association on arrival with C. cardui or its unusually poor performance thereafter, though in Cumbria it had achieved rough equality in numbers with that species by September (DWK). There is also an interesting note of twelve seen flying south or south west at Hastings. E. Sussex, on September 20 (RNH). In Ireland, however, ¥. atalanta clearly enjoyed a very good year, with a total of 1,422 reported. Although arrivals in June were, as in Britain, fewer than those of C. cardui, it seems to have bred more successfully, being described as very abundant in August and September. It was also noted in very large numbers at Cape Clear Island, W. Cork on several dates in October (RFH & JPH). These may have represented south westerly move- ment of Irish bred butterflies, or further immigration which was not paralelled in Britain. For C. crocea we have one additional record in June, at Hagley Wood, Sussex (SJH) and over a dozen for the late August and early September immigrants, ranging from Dorset and Anglesey to Cumbria, which raise the British total to about 80. In Ireland, where the June immigration was much stronger and extended as far north as Ulster, where there was probably some local breeding, the late August invasion was mainly to the south east and agreed THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: 49 in date with the arrivals in Cornwall and movement up the west coast of Britain. In Ireland the recorded total, also about 80, was the highest since 1975. For M. stellatarum there are two additional records, from Bristol, June 15 (JFB) and Kendal (DWK) to add to what was in England a fairly good year; but the Irish total of six, between late May and early September 30, was not distinguished. Several supplementary records of U. ferrugalis emphasised its abundance and ubiquity here, as in Ireland; but P. xylostella seems to have been much less common there. Corrections to Annexe III — Cynthia cardui LANCASHIRE, N. Leighton Moss 31.8: for corrected dates and numbers, see below. Additions to Annexe III BEDFORDSHIRE. Sandy, 7/13.6, one present; 3.8/4.9, seen on 13 days, maximum 5 on 10.8; 8.10 (1); Sutton Fen, 5/8/4.9, seen on 5 days, one or two. (RES). BERKSHIRE (v.c.22), Kennington, 7.9, one (JFB). CAMBRIDGESHIRE (v.c. 29), Great Evenden, 7.6, one (EAE); Fowlmere, early 8, numerous; Ouse Washes, in first three weeks 8 (RES). CHESHIRE. Gayton Sands, 8/13.6, July one, 14.8/4.9; Wirral, 13.8, many worn (MASP). CUMBERLAND. St. Bees Head, large numbers arrived in June (RES); Corkickle and elsewhere 7.6 (4); Kirkland, 2.7, one on flowers of Hypocheris radicata, near Egremont, 9 and 10.8 (2); Nethertown and elsewhere 16/31.8 (14); Walbarrow Crag, 19.10, one (RWJR); Kendal, 1.6 (1), Solway Marshes 4.6., c.40/50 (DWK). DERBYSHIRE. Buxton, 26.6, one (EAE). DEVON S. Aylesbeare Common, 4.6/5.7 (3), 11/31.8, with maxi- mum of 8. (RES). DORSET. St. Albans Head, 16.7 (2); Studland, 17.7 (1) (MCW). DURHAM. Butterknowle, 28.6, one; Sunderland, 31.7, c.20 along a garden hedge, 1.8, dozens on cliffs; Quebec, 12.7, one; Chester- le-Street, 29.7.(2), 31.7 (1), 1/3.8 (20/40); 14.8, many; 8.9 (1): Waldridge Fell, 17.8 (1). ESSEX S. Harlow, first seen 29.6, in late July and August many reports of singles and occasionally of two or three (BMcR). GLOUCESTERSHIRE S. Nagshead, 12.6., 13.6, 18.6, 12.8, all singles (RES). HAMPSHIRE S. Langstone Harbour, 13.6 (1), 23.8(2) (RES). KENT E. Clowes Wood and elsewhere 10/23.8 (8); Rainham, 3/7.9 (3), Folkestone, 7.9 (1) (D.D.); Folkestone, 5/16.8 (7), 20/25.8 (22), 24.8, common, 25.8 (12), 1/8.9, still common, especially on knapweed; 3.10, one (EMW). ISLE OF WIGHT. St. Catherine’s Point, 4.6., one off the sea LANCASHIRE N. Leighton Moss, June, small influx (peak 3), very large influx from late July, with peaks 14.8 (58), 16.8 (138), then falling quickly in poor weather (RES). 50 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD LANCASHIRE S. Ainsdale N. N. R., June, second week, large in- flux; in July larvae on isolated plants of Cirsium vulgare, but not on the dense patches of C. arvense; fresh adults appeared August, first week, and remained until mid-September; no larvae then seen, but a number of fresh adults in October, second week. (KP). LINCOLNSHIRE N. Tetley Marsh, large numbers (RES). NORFOLK W. Wells-on-Sea, 7.6.(1); Swaffham, 8.6 (1); Totting- stone, 7.6 (1) (EAE). NORFOLK E. Beeston, near Sheringham and five other places, 10/16.6, all singly; Hoveton, 12.7, one; Hickling, 2.8, several (EAE). NORTHUMBERLAND N. Black Law, c.1,000ft, near Wooler, 29.7, sudden appearance, groups of 3 to 5 flying south all day and through 30.7, 31.7, 1.8, after which thunderstorms checked observation, and later the butterflies had dispersed; Kyloe, 1.8, dozens seen (TCD) NORTHUMBERLAND S. Coquet Is., 24.6 (1); 29.7, large influx (more than 30), decreasing until a few still present in mid 8. (RES); West Gosforth, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (10 on buddleia) (CJG/TCD). NOTTINGHAMSHIRE. Worksop district, 6.6 (2), 8.6 (2); 30.7 (1), 1.8 (1), 10/16.8 (43), 19.9 (2) (MCW). SOMERSET N. Failand, near Bristol, 11.6, one at hedgerow flowers (JFB). SUFFOLK E. Halvergate Island, 2.6 (1), 28.6 (1), July (2), August first week, very abundant; Minsmere, 12.7/18 (5) (RES), 16.8 (2 fresh) (JFB); Wolves Wood, 1.8 (1), 2.8 (1); Felixstowe, 8.6 (1) (EAE). SUFFOLK W. Lakenheath, 8.6 (12) (EAE). SUSSEX E. Fore Wood, mid-June, on two days, mid August, one (RES); Hastings, 20.9 (1) (RNH). SUSSEX W. Rogate, numerous mid September, especially 14.9 (JACG). WARWICKSHIRE. Charlecote, 28.9, 4 larvae in separate tents on nettle — emerged 23/24.10 (BWP). YORKSHIRE N. E. (v.c. 62). Cleveland. Saltburn and Redcar dunes, 3.6, later widespread inland and through industrial Teeside; mid 7, a few worn. later in large numbers (? emerging) to mid 8, then vanished, late 9, a few on Sedum. Larvae from newly hatched to fully fed from early 7 to 2.8, with 200 on dunes in three days; all those collected pupated by 10.8. Early 9 / early 10, c.600/700 larvae found and most collected, some producing adults while others were still feeding, and butterflies still emerg- ing in captivity 11.11. No Larvae were parasitized (NWH). YORKSHIRE S. E. (v.c. 61), Bempton Cliffs, 7.6 first, odd singles in July, maximum 16.8 (10); Hornsea Mere, 24.6/21.9, maximum 30.7: largest immigration for many years; Blacktoft Sands, first late 7, 1/21.8 c.10 daily (RES). YORKSHIRE MID. (v.c. 64). Bishopthorpe, 25.9 (MCW); Fairburn, 3.7. (1), 31.7/3.9 in good numbers (RES). THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERATO THE B. ISLES IN 1980: Sil Ireland ANTRIM. Rathlin Island, 5.6 (58), 15.6 (70), regularly later; Shanes Castle, 8.6 (1); 24.9 (2) (RES). CORK. Lemara, 7.8 (1), 10.8 (1) (TJB). For other Irish records, total 1,751, see RFH and JPH, /rish Nat. Jnl., 20: 296-298 Scotland ABERDEENSHIRE N. Loch of Strathbeg, 5.6/8.9, maximum 31.7 (6). (RES). ANGUS. Loch of Kinnordy. 11.6, 23.6, 7.7, singles; 31.7/2.8, up to 4 present; recorded in 8 at 3,200ft. (RES). INNER HEBRIDES (v.c. 104), Skye, Glen Brittle, 14.6, Dunvegan Castle, on Armeria, Claigan Beach (2), Loch Bharcasaig, 17.6 (REW). INVERNESS SHIRE E. Loch Garten, 12.6 (1), up to 2 on four days 8; Insh Marshes, 9/22.6, singles, 12/22.8, singles, 17.8 (3) (RES). MULL and COLL (v.c. 103). Salen, Mull, 9.6 (1) (RCW). PERTHSIRE W. Killiekrankie, influx from 6.6 on. (RES). RENFREWSHIRE. Loch Winnoch, from 8.6, with up to 8 regularly in late 6, 7, 8 (RES). SHETLAND. Loch of Spiggie, 22.6, 6.7, 31.7, 1.8, all singles; 2.8. (6), regularly until 16.8 (RES). Wales ANGLESEY. South Stack, 3.6/4.7, and again 7.8/11.10 (RES). BRECONSHIRE. Gorse Bank, 26.6, with maximum 20.9 (6); other localities 26.6 onwards, at least 77 specimens, last Maescelyn, Brecon, 26.10 (PS-B). DENBIGHSHIRE. Llanduno and Llandrillo, 3.8 (3) (MCW). GLAMORGAN. Ynys-hir, first 3.6, up to 6 until 3.7; 10.8 (1); 4.9/15.10, again in numbers (RES). MONTGOMERYSHIRE. Lake Vyrnwy, common in latter half of the summer (RES). MONMOUTHSHIRE. Beaufort, 4.10, at 1,200ft (PS-B). Our appeal for more information about C. cardui in 1980 pro- duced a wide response: a great many records came from collective recorders who have passed on information from several hundred observers whose names are too numerous to mention here. We are especially indebted to Mr. R. E. Scott for collecting and submitting notes from the wardens of some 40 reserves of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds. We have also made use of the valuable analysis of C. cardui records in Ireland which was provided by Mr. R. F. Haynes and Dr. P. Hillis and later published in the Jrish Naturalist’s Journal, but is not reproduced in detail here. For infor- mation about larvae we are very grateful for the accounts of findings in Cleveland by Mr. N. W. Harewood and Mr. K. Payne, which have also been published elsewhere. These additional records include some from 20 vice-counties not mentioned in our main report, but for the most part these 32 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD confirm the impression that the spread of C. cardui was thin and limited in extent far inland and away from the main coastal arrival points, though spread from these along the coasts was fairly wide- spread. The strength and timing of the main invasions of the west coast of England in the first week of June, and of the north east coast of both England and Scotland in the last days of July, are abundantly confirmed; but the additional records also show that there were relatively weak influxes to East Anglia and further north at the same time, slightly in advance of the mass invasion of Fife and Aberdeen on June 5 and 6. These were apparently not linked by arrivals on the south English coast between south Devon and east Kent, and they may have had a separate continental origin. The extent, the timing, and indeed the existence of a third large invasion to the west of England in late August or early September, which we previously thought likely, remains uncertain. Further accounts of the finding of large numbers of larvae in the open again mention the presence of widely differing instars at the same times and places. This surely implies, where the larvae and pupae survived, the emer- gence of adults over a long period, and it is possible that even the large numbers of butterflies seen in various places from mid August onwards resulted from this rather than from fresh immigration. The few examples reported from the Isle of Sheppey and now from Folkestone in October may well have been grandchildren of the original June immigrants. In Ireland the pattern was interestingly different. The whole eastern coast from Wexford to Antrim clearly shared in the swarms which visited western Britain in June: more than one third of the Irish annual total was recorded there then, but records in south western Ireland were very few. As might be expected, Ireland felt little or no effect from the eastern invasion of Britain of C. cardui at the end of July; the numerous records in the eastern Irish counties are attributed to successful local breeding from the June immi- grants. In October, however, Waterford scored 72, Cape Clear Island, Co. Cork 527, and Galway 54, thus equalling the total for June. This must surely represent a further major immigration from the south west, which was apparently not experienced at all in Britain. LARVAE OF CAMPTOGRAMMA BILINEATA L.: YELLOW SHELL FEEDING ON CRUCIFERAE. — With reference to B. K. West’s note (Ent. Rec., 93: 198) on Camptogramma bilineata feeding on Car- damine flexuosa, | can add three more species of Cruciferae as larval foodplants. In the winter of 1979-80 I found a larva on Arabis caucasica, a common rock-garden plant, introduced from south-east Europe, and in the spring of 1980 one was found feeding on Aubretia deltoidea, another rock-garden plant, introduced from Greece. Both records are from my garden at Leicester, where a larva has also been found on Origanum majorana (Labiatae). The third record is of a larva found feeding on wild cabbage, Brassica oleracea, growing on the cliff-tops at Lighthouse Down, Dover, in the spring of 1981. All three larvae eventually produced moths. — DENIS F. OWEN, 6 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester. THE EARLY STAGES OF PARORNIX FINITIMELLA 53 (ZELLERVAND 2 TOROQUIELELEA (ZELLER) (LEPIDOPTERA:GRACILLARIIDAE) By A.M. EMMET* Parornix torquillella was placed on the British list in the same year as that in which it received its name in Germany (Stainton, 1850). Later Stainton (1864) gave a full and accurate account of its early stages. He described it as bivoltine flying in May and August, but with reservations, since he had taken the adult in July and adults from July larvae had not emerged until the following year. Morris (1872), Meyrick (1928) and Ford (1949) all treated the moth as bivoltine, ignoring Stainton’s uncertainty. Parornix finitimella was named and described in the same paper as P. torquillella (Zeller, 1850). Although Stainton (1850; 1864) made reference to it, he did not include it as a British species. How- ever, he stated that he had reared an Ornix [Parornix| from sloe which was not P. torquillella (1864: 296). He tentatively deter- mined these moths as the Crataegus-feeding P. anglicella (Stainton), but added that they should possibly be referred to P. finitimella, a supposition we can now tell to have been correct. Neither he nor any other contemporary British entomologist followed up this hint and more than half a century was to pass before this common species was confirmed as occurring in this country. When this happened, its recognition by Pierce (1917) was only a chance by-product of his work on the genitalia of the Geometridae. In this study he was helped by the Revd. C. R. N. Burrows who was vicar of Mucking, an Essex hamlet on the Thames estuary. Pierce used to stay with Burrows and the two entomologists were struck by the number of interesting microlepidoptera in the area. Burrows, however, was only a macrolepidopterist and could not determine them. Accordingly, Pierce suggested that Burrows should make a collection and send the moths to him for identification (Pierce, 1918). It was amongst this material that he found P. finitimella after dissection of the genitalia. The discovery did not arouse much interest because concern with the microlepidoptera had to a large extent lapsed in Britain. Few collectors checked their specimens and Meyrick (1928) was able to give only the counties of Essex and Durham for the occurrence of P. finitimella. No attempt was made to look at the early stages to see if there were any differences and for another fifty years no further thought was given to the sub- ject. This was the situation I inherited in 1979 when A Field Guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera was written. My attempt to add useful information was disastrous, for I got it the wrong way round. I had recognised that there were two mine patterns, one of which seemed the more common. Understandably, in view of the history *Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. 54 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD of the two species in Britain, I ascribed the commoner mine to P. torquillella. It was not until 1980 that I began to make a serious study of the early stages of these moths for Volume 2 of The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. 1 wrote the draft text of the Gracillariinae in the winter of that year and devoted my field work in 1981 to checking and embellishing what I had written. Consequently the information which follows has been well digested. As the result of my research, I found that the species were readily distinguishable in their early stages and that these differed in their timing. Dr. M. R. Shaw had written to me in 1979 suggesting that P. torquillella was univoltine and this was confirmed by my observations in 1980-1981. It appears to have a long emergence period extending from the end of May until July. Larvae do not appear until mid July and continue through August and September. The resulting adults do not emerge until the following year (cf. Stainton’s observations quoted above). It would be possible for the earliest moths to produce a generation which completes its cycle in the summer months but I have no evidence that this ever happens. The larva of P. torquillella has two cloudy dark marks on its head, which are sometimes obsolete. Its body is pale yellowish green without contrasting pinacula, its prothoracic plate has the four black spots characteristic of the genus and the thoracic legs are concolorous with the body. P. finitimella, on the other hand, is definitely bivoltine. Moths of the first generation fly in late April and May. Larvae are then found in June and July which produce a second generation of adults in July and August. Larvae occur again in September and October and give rise to the overwintering pupae. The larva of P. finitimella is very different. It has four well- defined black marks on its head as well as the prothoracic plate. Its body is grey with conspicuous paler pinacula which are obso- lescent on the abdominal segments; it becomes much paler when full-grown, but still retains a hint of its grey colour. The thoracic legs are ringed black, appearing wholly black except under magnifi- cation. There are no detectable differences in the mines in the sap- feeding phase (the first two instars). There are, however, distinctions in the third instar mine, when tissue-feeding begins after the change in mouth-parts and a spinneret has been developed. P. finitimella spins the lower cuticle more extensively, causing it to contract in a number of creases and draw the lower edges of the mine together; the lower cuticle becomes greenish grey, flecked darker. The mine is relatively long and narrow. P. torquillella, on the other hand, spins the lower cuticle lightly; the mine is only slightly arched and the cuticle has a single central crease and is white, at any rate in tenanted and newly vacated mines. The mine is relatively shorter and broader and is transparent when held up to the light. Because of the lighter spinning, the mine splits open more easily, and the old ruptured mines which are so much in evidence on blackthorn bushes in autumn are generally of this species. In my experience, fresh EARLY STAGES OF P. FINITIMELLA AND P. TORQUILLELLA 55 mines are easily told apart, but the marks of distinction tend to become blurred with the passage of time and it may then be neces- sary to study the characters of a number of mines before being sure of the species. A complication is that in southern England both are abundant and mixed mines will almost always be found on the same bush. With regard to distribution, P. torquillella has the wider range, extending to Scotland and Ireland. P. finitimella becomes scarce in northern England and Meyrick’s record from Co. Durham is still the most northerly; it has not been. reported from Scotland or Ireland. In the south one gets the impression that P. finitimella is the more plentiful, but this is probably because in autumn one sees two generations of its vacated mines as opposed to one of P. tor- quillella. When I was making records for Essex (Emmet, 1981), I had not mastered the differences and, as I admitted, I might have recorded P. finitimella as P. torquillella in some instances. I then recorded P. torquillella from 56 of the 57 10X10 km squares in the county but P. finitimella from only 9. In 1981 I have increased the number of squares for P. finitimella to 52 and confirmed P. tor- quillella in all of these. There is hardly a stand of blackthorn in the county in which I have not found both species, if I have had the chance to search at the right time of year. What is true for Essex probably holds for all other southern counties. With the knowledge I now have, I would rewrite species 281 and 282 in the Field Guide as follows. 281 (1102) P. finitimella (Zell.) 0. 5-6; 8-9. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or P. domestica. L. 6-7; 9-10. When young, in a gallery in the lower epidermis which leads into a small, Phyllonorycter-type blotch in which the lower cuticle turns greenish grey and is strongly contracted by internal spinning. Later feeds under the downwards-folded tip or edge of a leaf, making successively two or three such folds. Larva grey with paler pinacula; head with four black spots; thoracic legs ringed black. P. 7-8;94. In an orange-yellow cocoon spun under a narrowly folded leaf-edge or in leaf-litter. I. 4-5; 7-8. Comes to light. 282 (1103) P. torquillella (Zell.) 0. 6-8. On the under surface of a leaf of Prunus spinosa or P. domestica. Lk. 7-9: Mine differs from that of P. finitimella in being only slightly contracted by internal spinning and having the lower cuticle white. Larva pale yellow-green with- out conspicuous pinacula; head with two darkish spots; legs yellow-green. Bi9-5. Similar to P. torquillella. 5-7: Has a long emergence period. Possessors of the Field Guide who do not have the interleaved edition may prefer to make less extensive changes. I suggest that the 56 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD first priority is to alter the last word of the second line of the ”L” paragraph under P. finitimella from “less” to “more”, and the second to amend the timing of the stages of P. torquillella. References Emmet, A. M. (ed.), 1979. A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 271 pp. London. Emmet, A. M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158 pp. London. Ford, L. T., 1949. A guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera, 230 pp. London. Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 914 pp. London. Morris, F. O., 1872. A natural history of British moths, 14. London. Pierce, F. N., 1917. Occurrence in England of Parornix finitimella Z., a species of Gracilariadae new to the British list. Ento- mologist’s mon. Mag. 53: 9-10. Pierce, F. N., 1918. The Lepidoptera of an Essex garden. Entomolo- gist’s Record. J. Var. 30: 81-86. Stainton, H. T., 1850. On Ornix meleagripennella and its allies; a group of Lepidoptera, family Tineidae. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. (2) 1: 86-96. Stainton, H. T. et al., 1864. The natural history of the Tineina, 8, vii, 315 pp., 8 col. pls. London. Zeller, P. C., 1850. Verzeichniss der von Herrn Jos. Mann beobach- teten Toscanischen Microlepidoptera (Section 7). Stettin. ent. Ztg. 11:139-162. PAPILIO MACHAON L. (SWALLOWTAIL) FLOURISHING IN A N. NORFOLK LOCALITY, 1981. — The present year having been a poorer one for butterflies (at least in my district, S. E. London) than I have experienced for very long, it is some small consolation to be able to report that one of our threatened species, P. machaon, was quite common in a small area of a privately-owned fen in North Norfolk. On a very warm afternoon, 22 June, these splendid crea- tures — apparently at the height of their season, being in mint condition — were disporting themselves in the open flowery fen, often swooping and perching on various blossoms (mostly purple composites), their wings maintained in tremulous motion whilst feeding in the manner peculiar to their kind, and presenting an unforgettable spectacle. It was possible to have 6, if not 7, in view at a time, their territory seeming to be concentrated by the apparent restriction of the foodplant, hogs’ fennel, to one spot in that part of the fen which we visited. The butterflies were not shy; in fact, one seemed bent upon trying to enter my net as I was stalking a fly, and had to be ‘shooed’ away! We learnt from the landowner that, so far as he knew, machaon has never been ‘put down’ there, but had been present from early times. — A. A. ALLEN. THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981 By ALAN E. STUBBS* After false starts and a stormy passage through Parliament, new legislation affecting a wide range of countryside issues has been passed. An item of particular concern to entomologists is the list of protected species. At earlier steps in the evolution of the new legis- lation there was consultation with the Entomological Societies, and in particular through the Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects. However, the scope and nature of the draft legis- lation became greatly modified in its passage through Parliament. There are two major reasons for the changes in the list. Firstly, as an all embracing act there were no concessions to entomologists — thus, area listing and other conditions were swept aside to suit those interested in vertebrates. Secondly, it proved virtually impos- sible to influence events when neither of the Houses of Parliament has anyone with a knowledge of insects (the system depends on the right questions being asked). There are now 19 species of invertebrates on the protected list. Discussion here will concentrate on the Lepidoptera since this will be the main concern of readers. Large Blue (Maculinea arion). This was already protected under the Wild Creatures and Wild Plants Act 1975. In September 1979 the Nature Conservancy Council issued a press notice saying that the butterfly was probably extinct in Great Britain. No sighting accepted as authentic has been received since that date, despite checking out various reports. Heath Fritillary (Mellicta athalia). With some reservations, the Societies had earlier accepted the inclusion of this species. It has been undergoing steady decline in the South-West where it is now down to two sites. There are real fears that it could die out in this area. However, in January 1982 the Dutchy of Cornwall agreed to the removal of young confiers from its main site and NCC hopes to finance a study starting this summer. In Kent, the population level is erratic depending on the state of the coppice areas. Whilst num- bers can be large in a good year, colonies could easily be collected out during population lows. Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) was last seen in England in 1975 and was intended for protection in England only. With the various delays in the legislation it is now questionable whether it will be refound. However, the Act gives national listing though its status in Scotland is not critical. Swallowtail (Papilio machaon). This was sneaked on as a com- plete surprise, apparently because it is pretty and MP’s have heard of it. NCC had 20 minutes to reply at a time when no-one with a knowledge of the insect was available. The advice that would have *Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY. 58 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD been given was that this butterfly, though local, is largely holding its own in Norfolk and is in no imminent danger. It is not the sort of species which would easily be collected out (the prospect of a Yare barrage is a far greater threat). Some people hold the view that now this species is on the Act, it should stay there as a flag waver for gaining public interest in insect conservation. (On a similar short notice occasion NCC successfully advised against the Purple Em- peror being put on the Act.) There are five moths on the Act. The Essex Emerald (Thetidia smaragdaria F.) was added to the 1975 Act in 1979 (see Ent. Rec., 91: 258-60) since it was down to a very small colony; there are rumours of a second colony but its status remains critical. The Bar- berry Carpet. (Pareulype berberata D. & S.) has only one small native site, as has the New Forest Burnet (Zygaena viciae D & S.) and the Reddish Buff (Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn.). The Black- veined moth (Siona lineata Scopoli) has few localities. The protected species among other invertebrates are one dragon- fly (Aeshna isosceles), three Orthoptera (Decticus verrucivorous, Gryllus campestris and Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa), one leaf beetle (Chrysolina cerealis), two spiders (Eresus niger and Dolomedes plantarius ) and three snails (Monacha cartusiana, Myxas glutinosa and Catinella arenaria ). All the above species are protected in England, Scotland and Wales, with provision for fines of up to £1000 per specimen taken or possessed illegally. It is illegal to disturb these species so netting a swallowtail to look at is against the law. Should anyone accidental- ly take a protected species, for instance a Reddish Buff moti in a light trap, then it should be released; if not recognised as such until dead and set, then it is best to inform NCC of the circumstances. Specimens obtained before 1982 are in the clear. It is however, illegal to trade or barter (or to advertise to do so) in these species or to receive specimens under these circumstances. It is possible to give away prior breeding stock or old specimens providing this is genuine- ly free rather than barter. The Nature Conservancy Council does not wish to see long lists of species on this sort of Act anymore than entomologists do. Apart from the administrative implications, there is no point invoking the cumbersome arm of the law against collecting unless there is a real concern that collecting will endanger the survival of a species. In future it will be NCC who has prime responsibility for the listing on species. Such legislation emanating from Parliament is not directed at tripping up the responsible entomologist, it is there as a long stop against people who behave selfishly and irresponsibly towards en- dangered species. Entomologists will share the view that conservation of habitats is the most important measure required. Here the Act has very sub- stantially increased the safeguard for Sites of Special Scientific Interest, indeed NCC is now in a position to have a substantial say in how sites should be managed and, specifically, how they should not be managed. It is now imperative that the important entomological sites are given proper protection and that the most THE WILDLIFE AND COUNTRYSIDE ACT, 1981 sys damaging types of management are avoided. The Invertebrate Site Register organised by NCC is timely in these respects and it is hoped that entomologists will take full opportunity to see that their interests are taken into account. THE USE OF THE TERM ‘POCK-MARK’ IN ENTOMOLOGY. — Coleophorid leaf-mining larvae make a small entrance hole in the cuticle, the case being fixed at its orifice to the edge of the hole, so that the larva can fully extend itself to feed on the parenchyma without having entirely to quit the safety of its case. The larva then detaches its case and moves elsewhere, leaving behind a con- spicuous blanched portion of leaf where it has fed and the tell-tale circular hole so familiar to microlepidopterists. In appearance, this hole resembles in miniature a pit or scar left by a pock, and so ‘pock-mark’ is suggested as a suitable term for this characteristic and well-known feature among the Coleophoridae. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. COLEOPHORA PARIPENNELLA ZELLER — A NEW FOODPLANT. — A single larval case of what appeared to be Coleophora paripennella was found on 9th June 1981 feeding on Cirsium arvense on a wide verge adjacent to the A 299 Thanet Way at Whitstable, Kent. The larva fed for about a week on Cirsium and the moth emerged on 14th. July 1981, which Dr. J. D. Bradley very kindly confirmed as C. paripennella. Other micro-lepidopterists are believed to have recorded this species from Cirsium but I can find no published reference. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. CARPOPHILUS SEXPUSTULATUS (FABR.) (COL.: NITIDULIDAE ) IN SURREY WITH A NOTE ON ITS HABITS IN BRITAIN. — Amongst beetles revealed by removing the loose bark of a large oak log on 17.iii.1981 in Richmond Park (TQ 1871) was a single example of this species. This would appear to be a new record for the vice- county of Surrey. In a report for the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology entitled “A Bibliograph of the occurrence of Certain Woodland Coleoptera” by Paul T. Harding (1978), Carpophilus sexpustulatus is referred to grade 3 (“indicator of Old Forest in certain circumstances”). This is borne out by the present finding, seeing as Richmond Park has existed for some considerable time. Occasionally found in stored products, the beetle is found in normal circumstances under the bark of logs — usually those of oak, but also beech, hornbeam, spruce, pine etc. However it seems that the adult will visit carrion (vide Ent. Mo. Mag. xviii. 1907, p.82). Most captures stem from the period January to June. The pub- lished records of which I am aware give rise to the following list of vice-counties — all in England: 8, 15, 16, 25, 31, 56, 63, 64. I thank Messrs A. A. Allen, P. M. Hammond and P. T. Ham- mond and P. T. Harding for their comments. — D. PRANCE, 23 Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Kingston-upon-Thames, Surrey. 60 THE DIPTERA (CALYPTRATAE) OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, WEST BROMWICH. By M. G. BLOXHAM* (Concluded from Volume 94, page 31) Calliphoridae The Calliphoridae provide interesting records, three species of limited distribution occuring, these being Bellardia unxia, the least common representative of an otherwise abundant genus, Pollenia varia, of which only a single specimen has been taken, and Cal- liphora subalpina which occurs in some numbers in most woodland in the valley. The latter species is not only considered an uncommon insect but also an unlikely capture in this area according to present knowledge of its distribution (Van Emden 1954). Of the other species, Cvnomyia mortuorum has been recorded during most sum- mer months on one particular site but it has never been numerous, Phormia terraenovae also falling into this category. The remaining flies of this family are usually abundant throughout the year. Scathophagidae Although certain flies of this family are very numerous, the number of species occurring is not great. The four flies of the genus Scathophaga are all common on most sites, several other diptera including the bluebottle Calliphora vicina and the crane fly Limonia tripunctata having been recorded as the prey of S. stercoraria. Norellisoma spinimanum is often abundant in gardens and at margins of streams. Of the other genera, Nanna fasciata is common in many damp places during spring and early summer, Juncus species often being very good indicators of likely sites for this fly, while Carex beds at the margins of the larger pools house good populations of Cordilura impudica and C. pudica. Cleigastra apicalis is distributed even more widely in similar situations, on one occasion a specimen being taken with the tipulid Erioptera griseipennis as prey. Anthomyiidae At present there is no R.E.S. handbook for identification of Anthomyiidae and anyone undertaking this task has to rely to a fairly large extent on continental works, as English papers deal with a few genera only. It is therefore probable that the family is still unfamiliar to many dipterists and for this reason, a certain amount of general information on most of the species recorded is included here. One of the features that makes the family a difficult one to study is that species, even in different genera, are so very similar in the field. This usually means that it is necessary to make ex- *1 St. Johns Close, Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich, W. Midlands. THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 61 tensive captures and carry out a microscopic examination of every insect to ensure that species are not overlooked. An additional complication is encountered in that females are often difficult, if not impossible, to identify with certainty and in most cases only careful examination of the genitalia of the males enables the flies to be identified correctly. The species list given for the valley is, therefore, with two exceptions (Leucophora grisella and Eustalomyia festiva) based on the examination of males. Of the genus Chirosia, three species have been recorded: C. albitarsis and C. parvicornis having been taken on bracken, the larvae mining the leaf of that plant accoring to Collin (1955). His observations suggesting the probability of a flight period limited to May and June for parvicornis also seem to be corroborated, as the fly was not seen in the locality after the first week in June. The final species recorded, C. flavipennis, also occured in the vicinity of bracken, although no direct association with the plant seemed evident. Many Pegohylemyia species do not seem to be confined to a particular habitat, P. fugax being one of the most abundant and widely distributed flies in the locality. The same comments apply to flies of the genus Lasiomma, the two species recorded often being found basking on fences during spring and early summer. The five species of Hydrophoria have all been taken in wood- land, H. annulata and H. caudata having been discovered in very shaded situations, the others in open glades or at the margin. Of the very common anthomyid species, Craspedochoeta pullula and Anthomyia imbrida are good examples. Both are found in nearly every situation although C. pullula does not seem to favour shade as much as A. imbrida. Also encountered in numbers during spring and early summer are Phorbia securis and sepia, which may often be seen basking on fences. The genus Leucophora, like Sarcophagidae associated with Hymenoptera, is well represented and four species are recorded. The closely similar ZL. obtusa and L. personata are abroad fairly early in the year in the vicinity of bare ground such as paths and stone heaps, often being present in some numbers. L. cinerea and L. grisella occur rather later and are apparently more selective in their chosen sites, isoliated specimens have so far been discovered only in the vicinity of natural sand pits occurring as a consequence of the weathering of breccias. On the sites mentioned, hymenop- terous activity was usually evident, but no attempt was made to determine species present or study any possible associations between the wasps and flies. Smith (1971) gives information on the occurrence and distribu- tion of Eustalomyia species associated with solitary wasps nesting in dead wood and Chandler (1976) also comments on the occurrence of these flies. There seems to be agreement that the species are uncommon in Britain except in certain localities. Observations of E. festiva and E. histrio in the valley indicate a distinct preference for ancient woodlands, as the insects are only found in one such 62 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD area of about 20 acres, being particularly associated with ash trees, on which both species have been taken while basking. Wooden posts and rails nearby were also popular for this purpose. Although the flies have a long flight period in the valley, they never occur in numbers and it is interesting to note that while males of E. histrio have been taken, no male of E. festiva has yet been captured, an experience also recorded by Chandler (op.cit. ). Of the Delia species, four seem to be abundant, but D. lamel- liseta has been taken only once on open meadow land and the solitary D. criniventris specimen was netted at the border of a marshy pond in woodland. Of the genus Hylemya, all three species seem common in woodland and scrub areas throughout the valley, H. strenua also occurring in gardens. Some flies of certain calypterate genera notably Melanomya (Rhinophoridae), Hebecnema and Spilogona (Muscidae), are con- spicuous in the field by virtue of their strongly blackened wings and males of the anthomyid genus Heterostylodes also exhibit this feature. H. pratensis was taken at the margin of a wood where it was nearly overlooked owing to its similarity to flies of the other genera mentioned. While Paregle radicum can stake a good claim to be the most abundant and widely distributed Anthomyid in the locality, P. cinerella has been recorded only once, a specimen being discovered on a paddock fence post. The well know association of certain flies of the genus Egle with Salix species is confirmed, the three species all having been taken in early spring on Salix caprea catkins, E. muscaria having also been captures in a number of other situa- tions. Nupedia infirma apparently has a very long flight period and has been found on wooden railings during most of the summer months. It has been recorded as the prey of Dioctria baumhaueri on two occasions. In early and late summer, Pseudonupedia inter- secta often occurs in numbers in such places. The same cannot be said of Emmesomyia villica which seems not only to have a limited flight period, but also to be a scarce species. Two males were cap- tured on hawthorn on consecutive dates, but visits to the same area on a number of other days throughout the year failed to reveal any more specimens and none were found elsewhere. Among the larger anthomyids found in the woodlands is Pego- myza praepotens, which is to be seen on tree trunks and low vege- tation during June and July. According to Chandler (personal ee ) this species is probably one of the rarer flies of the amily. In concluding, it is surprising that more species of the genus Pegomya have not yet been found. Of the two species so far found, P. nigritarsis is by far the most common. Fanniidae Fanniidae discovered include species that are often extremely numerous in the valley. Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris, F. monilis, F. postica and F. coracina have been regularly found in my garden, the latter species having also been bred out, together with F. vesparia THE DIPTERA OF THE SANDWELL VALLEY, W. BROMWICH 63 from a nest of Vespula vulgaris (L) found locally. Many of the other species seem to be extremely common at the margins of woodland whole F. hamata is often found in more shaded localities where it is one of the most accomplished ‘hoverers’. The rarer species of the genus Fannia have not so far occurred during the survey, the only exception being F. aequilineata, which was bred out from detritus found in the hollowed stump of a horse chestnut. Fonseca (1968) recommends breeding experiments as a method most likely to provide the rarer species of the seu and this record would appear to bear this out. Muscidae Perhaps the most notable feature of the muscid records is the presence of so many common species. Very few unusual ones occur and, save for Alloeostylus sudeticus, a predominantly northern fly with a single southern record (Somerset — Hinton Charterhouse), they do not appear to have any special distributional significance. Of the less frequently encountered species, Achanthiptera rohrel- liformis has been bred out from a nest of Vespula vulgaris, but has only twice been discovered in the field. Phaonia vittifera and Lop- hosceles mutatus, flies with a scattered distribution over the British Isles also occur, while Hydrotaea parva has been found on Carex species at the margin of a pond. Of the genus Mydaea, five species are found in woodland, the scarce M. ancilla being not infrequent. A Staffordshire record for the uncommon Graphomyia picta (Madeley), is given in the transactions of the North Staffordshire Field Club (op. cit.). The fly is not infrequent on Carex species in marshy areas of the valley. Conclusions. In general, is seems probable that the Sandwell Valley, West Bromwich, houses a rich fauna of Diptera Calyptratae and that the list given is by no means complete. As yet, no species belonging to the families Oestridae and Gasterophilidae has been found. This may well be a consequence of the gradual loss of farmland, for although horses for recreational purposes are present in some num- bers, the varied livestock that might have supported several species of these specialised flies in the past has almost disappeared. No records exist for Hippoboscidae or Nycteribiidae, but the simple traditional collecting techniques used here were hardly designed to make such captures and co-operation with specialists in other orders will probably yield specimens of these flies in due course. The Diptera collected possess a wide range of different life histories and generally confirm much of the present distribution data as given in the R.E.S. handbooks. Explanations as to why certain sub- families are so poorly represented will have to wait until the re- maining fauna and flora of the area have been more fully investi- gated when the overall picture of insect interrelationships in the district may be more complete. 64 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Acknowledgements I should like to thank Mr. P. Chandler for his assistance during preparation of the manuscript and for help in identification of various specimens. Thanks are also due to Mr. E.C.M. D’Assis- Fonseca for much valuable information and advice on An- thomyiidae References Ackland, D. M. 1969. Notes on the Palaearctic species of Egle R-D (Dipt-Anthomyiidae) with Descriptions of Two New Species. Ent. Mon. Mag. 105, P. 185-192. Brindle, A. et al. The Insects of the Malham Tarn Area. Proc. Leeds Phil. & Lit. Soc. Vol. IX (2) p. 76-90. Britten, H. 1952. Diptera of Staffordshire. Part 2. Edited by J. Edwards. Transactions of the North Staffs Field Club p. 44-58. Brown, E. 1863. The Natural History of Tutbury. p.210-23. Chandler, P. J. 1976. Notes on some Uncommon Calypterate Flies (Diptera) Observed During Recent Years. Ent. Rec. 88: 14-19. Collin, J. E. 1920. A Contribution Towards the Knowledge of the Anthomyid Genera Hammomyia and Hylephila of Rondani (Diptera). Trans. Ent. Soc. Lond. 1920: 305-26. Collin, J. E. 1955. Genera and species of Anthomyiidae allied to Chirosia. Proc, Roy. Ent. Soc. Lond. series B23 (5-6): 95-1Q2. Collin, J. E. 1958. AShort Synopsis of the British Scathophagidae (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 13 (3) 37-56. Day, C. D. 1948. British Tachinid Flies. Arbroath 150pp. Emden, F. I. van 1954. Tachinidae & Calliphoridae in Handbook Ident. Br. Insects 10(4a) : 133. Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1956. A Review of the British Sub- families and Genera of the Family Muscidae (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 12: 113-128. Fonseca, E. C. M. D’Assis. 1968. Muscidae in Handbook Ident. Br. Insects, Vol. X 4(6): 1-119. Hennig, W. 1976. In LINDNER ‘Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region’. 63a — ‘Anthomyiidae’ p. 1-707. Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1976. A Check List of British Insects. second edition (completely revised). Part 5. Diptera and Sip- honaptera. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond. 139pp. Ringdahl, O. 1952. A Survey of the Swedish species of Hydrophoria and Acroptena. J. Soc. Brit. Ent. 4(4): 75-83. Smith, K. G. V. 1971. Eustalomyia hilaris Fallen (Dipt. Anthomyi- idae) Confirmed as British with Notes on other species of the Genus. Ent. Gaz. 22 : 55-60. Stubbs, A.E. et al. 1977. The British Insect Fauna in ‘Antenna’, (Bull. Royal Ent. Soc. Lond.). 1 (1) : 23 - 27. Sutton, S. 1972. Woodlice. Ginn & Company. p 58-60. A NEW COUNTY RECORD FOR CORNWALL, 2 WITH OBSERVATIONS ON OTHER NOTABLE MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN THE COUNTY By M. HADLEY * I was fortunate enough, in the company of Mr Mark Parsons to spend two weeks (24 August — 5 September 1981) on vacation in Cornwall. We enjoyed the best of the summer of 1981 with a spell of fine uninterrupted weather which brought to light some species of note to the county. Ipimorpha retusa Linn., a new county record. This species was found by M. Parsons and J. Gregory at Breney Heath near Bodmin on the 26th August, a single specimen being captured. A follow up visit to the site on the 29th produced another five specimens though most were released due to damage. I would think it likely that this species could be found at other similar sites in the county where Salix carr has invaded old mine-workings. Tholera cespitis D. & S., stated by the Victoria County History to be scarce and local. T. cespitis has been recorded from only the following localities, Falmouth (1905), Tresco on Scilly (1925), Redruth district (1943-58), Perranporth (recently), Coverack (1976), St. Agnes (1969) and Mullion Cove (1977). Bearing in mind the paucity of records for this species we add the following localities: — Polruan (1) 28.8.81, Porkellis Moor, Wendron (several) 27.8.81 and Breney Heath, Bodmin (1) 29.8.81. Lithosia quadra Linn. There exists a general body of opinion that this species is now resident on the coast, the VCH recording quadra as ‘widely distributed but local’. E. H. Wild et al. (1973, Ent. Rec. 85: 275-9) records the species from Menabilly as very common, with a nightly average of forty individuals, the best total recorded being seventy-two in one night. I was not therefore sur- prised to record five quadra at light at Polruan, just a few miles from Menabilly, four on the 28 August and one taken on the 1 September. Pterapherapteryx sexalata Retzius seems from its recorded history to be a very elusive insect in the county with only three localities cited by R. Heckford. The VCH states a specimen was taken in 1905 close to Liskeard, F. Smith records the species from Perranporth (1962 and 1967), and John Gregory from Par (1978). The species was recordéd from Breney Heath on 26.8.81 and 29.8.81. Other species of note observed during the holiday were Anarta myrtilli Linn., recorded from Porkellis Moor, the larvae being swept from the top of heather on the 27 August, Eupithecia phoeniciata Rambur., taken twice at Polruan and suspected of breeding locally; specimens were taken on 26.8.81 and 2.9.81. The rather rare and local Stilbia anomala Haworth, and Xestia castanea Esp., were also recorded from Breney on 29.8.81. *Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY. 66 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Acknowledgements I should like to thank Mrs S Turk of the University of Exeter; Cornish Biological Records Centre for access to considerable amounts of data on Cornish Lepidoptera and equal quantities of hospitality. My thanks are also due to Dr F Smith who gave me helpful advice, and to R Heckford who made available written notes on several of the species noted in this article and from which I have freely drawn information. I also take this opportunity of acknowledging the financial support from the Nature Conservancy Council in making these trips possible. THE SCARCE MERVEILLE-DU-JOUR: MOMA ALPIUM OSBECK AT ORLESTONE FOREST. — On 30 June 1981, I visited the Kent Trust Reserve (compartment 11) in Longrope Wood to discuss future management of the reserve with the Conservation Officer and two other members of the Trust. When we stopped in the mid- dle of this block of oak woodland I just happened to look at the trunk of the oak tree next to me, and there, just above eye-height, was a freshly emerged Moma alpium. After admiring it, we made a point of having a good look at the trunk of every oak we passed after that, but found no more moths. I was, however, able to find the original moth again that evening to take some photographs of it; not easy at 6 feet up a tree trunk! No alpina appeared at two mv lights or a couple of dozen sugar patches in the wood that night, not even the one we knew was there, which had dropped like a stone into the undergrowth when I disturbed it, in an attempt to get it into a better position for photographing it. I see from the Forestry Commission permit holders’ records that Messrs. R. F. Eley and R. Fairclough recorded this species at Orlestone in 1979. — M. ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent. COLEOPHORA POTENTILLAE ELISHA (LEP.: COLEOPHORIDAE) — SOME OBSERVATIONS. — Having collected a number of cases of what I had assumed to be Coleophora violacea Strom from birch in Havant Thicket, Hampshire, in the autumn of 1980, I was not a little astonished to find that the moths which emerged in May 1981 were practically all C. potentillae, only one of them being violacea. In October 1981 Col. D. H. Sterling and Mr. P. H. Sterling, collecting in the same locality, noted that cases of potentillae were particularly common on Potentilla erecta, and also feeding on Betula and Salix atrocinerea seedlings growing among the Potentilla. I think this is the first record of potentillae found on a foodplant other than Rosacae. In September 1981 Messrs. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, R. J. Heck- ford and I were collecting near Crackington Haven in Cornwall, and found potentillae to be extremely abundant. The cases were most common on Prunus spinosa, but also found on Crataegus monogyna, Rubus fruticosus and Potentilla erecta. — J. R. LANGMAID, 38, Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants. WHAT AILS ADONIS? oi A. C. MORTON* In common with several other species, the Adonis Blue butterfly Lysandra bellargus Rott. has experienced a decline in recent years. Ecological studies which are in progress (Dr. Jeremy Thomas, personal communication) may suggest reasons for this decline and, hopefully, allow effective conservation measures to be taken. As part of a wider conservation effort (Morton, in press Biological Conservation) L. bellargus has also featured in laboratory studies. In 1981, these studies suggested a fascinating aspect of the ecology of L. bellargus which deserves further investigation. Lysandra bellargus and L. coridon Poda are often cited as examples of insects whose distributions are limited by that of their larval foodplant. However, both species may be absent from sites where this plant, Hippocrepis comosa L., is quite abundant. More- over, although some sites support sizeable populations of both species, L. bellargus is frequently absent from sites which are suit- able for L. coridon. Although this may be as a result of competitive exclusion, there are no data with which to support this view. Perhaps a more likely explanation is that L. coridon has ecological require- ments which are more easily met than those of L. bellargus. Both bellargus and coridon may be reared on artificial diets (Morton, 1981). During 1981 a group of bellargus larvae failed on one particular batch of diet, although this same batch was accepted by coridon. It was noted that this batch contained Hippocrepis leaf powder, from plants collected at a site which supports only coridon. Could it be that the diet failed because it contained plant material which was toxic to bellargus? Based on this chance observation, I would like to suggest the following hypothesis, which will be tested experimentally in 1982. Many legumes are cyanogenic and there is direct evidence that cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. and Trifolium repens L. does have a protective function against herbivores, especially snails and slugs (Jones, 1962; Ellis et al., 1977a, 1977c). The chemistry of cyanogenesis is reasonably well understood (Conn, 1973; Seigler, 1975) and the genetic basis of the character in the two plants men- tioned above has been discussed by Nass (1972) and by Jones (1977). Moreover, phenotypic expression of cyanogenesis may depend on temperature in some individuals (Ellis e¢ al., 1977b). Reduced expression of the cyanoglucoside under cold conditions would not be deleterious since molluscs are notably inactive at low tempera- tures (Crawford-Sidebotham, 1972). However, in the absence of selective grazing the cyanogenic forms are probably at a disadvantage to the acyanogenic plants, due to their increased metabolic demands. Compared to molluscs, lycaenid larvae are probably fairly in- significant herbivores. By fortunate mutation some, such as Polyom- matus icarus Rott., synthesize the enzyme rhodanese (Parsons & * Department of Biology, Building 44, The University, Southampton, SO9 SNH. 68 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Rothschild, 1964) and can detoxify the foodplant. By doing so, they are able to exploit a food resource which is not accessible to animals lacking rhodanese, and thus experience reduced com- petition. Given the above facts, one only has to assume that (a) Hippo- crepis comosa is like other legumes and is polymorphic for cyano- genesis, (b) coridon larvae possess rhodanese and can detoxify these plants, and (c) bellargus larvae lack this enzyme, to produce a plau- sible hypothesis for bellargus having a more restricted range than coridon. Thus, coridon can exist on sites where the plants are toxic or non-toxic, whereas bellargus would be restricted to the latter. In the absence of experimental tests of this hypothesis, we can only judge its plausibility by testing its predictions against field observations. In addition to the basic differences in distribution, there are some other predictions: 1) Production of rhodanese would be metabolically expensive so coridon should have a longer larval stage than bellargus due to reduced feeding efficiency. 2) coridon adults dispersing from their home sites are likely to have equal reproductive success whether the new sites they reach have toxic or non-toxic plants. For bellargus, however, such new sites may be unsuitable since most plants may be cyanogenic. We would therefore expect cori- don to have higher dispersal rates than bellargus. 3) Maximum expression of cyanogenic phenotype might be expected between April and June, the period of maximum grazing by molluscs. L. bellargus would be able to exploit ‘cyanogenic’ plants by avoiding this time; i. feeding before April and after June. However, coridon may have to partly compensate for a longer larval stage by feeding at higher temperatures. While these phenomena may be explained in many other ways, it is at least of some interest that the field observations are not contrary to the independent predictions of the hypothesis. However, even if the basic idea proves sound, the true situation is likely to be more complicated. For example, bellargus may possess rhodanese but a form of the enzyme which is effective only at different tem- peratures from the form which may be found in coridon. Or the effect may be due to an entirely different complex of toxic plant materials. If readers agree that the idea is plausible, they could provide valuable assistance with the experiments this season. Initially, there is a need to screen plants in coridon and bellargus sites for produc- tion of cyanide. If anyone would be prepared to provide samples of plants for analysis, I would be most grateful if they would contact me. References Conn, E. E., 1973. Biosynthesis of cyanogenic glycosides. Biochem. Soc. Symp., 38. 277-302. WHAT AILS ADONIS? 69 Crawford-Sidebotham, T. J., 1972. The role of slugs and snails in the maintenance of the cyanogenesis polymorphisms of Lotus corniculatus and Trifolium repens. Heredity, 28, 405-411. Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977a. The defensive function of cyanogenesis in natural populations. Experientia, 33, 309-311. Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977b. The effect of temperature on the polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. Heredity, 38, 339-347. Ellis, W. M., Keymer, R. J. & Jones, D. A., 1977c. On the poly- morphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus corniculatus L. VIII Ecolo- gical studies in Anglesey. Heredity , 39, 45-65. Jones, D. A., 1962. Selective eating of the acyanogenic form of the plant Lotus corniculatus L. by various animals. Nature, 193, 1109-1110. Jones, D. A., 1977. On polymorphism of cyanogenesis in Lotus cornicuatus L. VII The distribution of the cyanogenic form in Western Europe. Heredity , 39, 2744. Morton, A. C., 1981. Rearing butterflies on artificial diets. J. Res. hep AS. 221-227. Morton, A. C. (in press) Butterfly conservation — The need fora Captive Breeding Institute. Biol. Conserv. Nass, H. G., 1972. Cyanogenesis: Its inheritance in Sorghum bicolor, Sorghum sudanese, Lotus and Trifolium repens — A review. Crop Science, 12, 503-506. Parsons, J. & Rothschild, M., 1964. Rhodanese in the larva and pupa of the common blue butterfly (Polyommatus icarus (Rott.)) (Lepidoptera). Ent. Gaz., 15, 58 Seigler, D. S., 1975. Isolation and characterization of naturally occurring cyanogenic compounds. Phytochemistry, 14, 9-29. THE DINGY SKIPPER: ERYNNIS TAGES L. AB. RADIATA BROWN IN DORSET. — Onthe 17th June 1979, at my school, Milton Abbey, Dorset, I took a short series of F. tages, one of which was a variety, although I did not know its name. However, in December 1981, Mr. John Swiner kindly lent me some back issues of the Record to browse through. In the October 1970 issue, plate XV, p.253, there is a photograph and description by A. D. R. Brown of EF. tages ab. radiata. | instantly recognised this specimen as being almost identical to my own which is ¢, and although a little worn is still very distinctive. Mr. Brown (loc. cit.) states that he knows of the existance of only two ab. radiata (his own included), so it is pleasing to be able to record a third example. — R. D. G. BARRING- TON, Old College Arms, Stour Row, near Shaftesbury, Dorset SP7 OQF. CORRECTIONS. — In vol. 93, p. 197, line 5 up, for monsticta read monosticta; line 3 up, for discupuncta read discipuncta, for Area read Aroa; line 2 up, for Nemerophanes read Hemerophanes, for N. enos read H. enos. — D. G. SEVASTOPULO. 70 THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN By Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN* The Chamaemyiidae is a family of acalyptrate Diptera with 25 species recorded from Britain (Kloet and Hinks, 1976), whose known larvae are predators of Homoptera. Typically, the adults are small (less than 4 mm long) with distinctive silver-grey dusted bodies, and many species have paired black spots on the abdominal tergites. The adults may be collected by sweeping plants infested with their larval prey, or by rearing from larvae found in association with aphids, adelgids or scale insects (McLean, 1978). Keys to the British species are given by Smith (1963) and Collin (1966). Recent collecting by the author and examination of museum collections has resulted in the discovery of additional species in the genus Leucopis Meigen, three of which are dealt with here. Revised keys are not given at this time pending the addition of further species, but consulting the references cited will enable these three species to be identified with the exception of Leucopis geniculata, for which distinguishing characters are given in the text. Leucopis (Leucopis) argenticollis Zetterstedt. The identity of this species has been established by McAlpine and Tanasijtshuk (1972), who give a detailed description with figures of both sexes. They record the larvae as being predators of Adelgidae (Conifer Woolly Aphids), especially of Pineus species on Pines. MATERIAL EXAMINED: SUFFOLK, Wangford Warren (SNT reserve) 20. VIII. 1977, 192 swept from Pinus sylvestris L. leg. I. F. G. McLean (lacks antennae). Leucopis geniculata Zetterstedt. I am indebted to Dr. J. F. McAlpine (Ottawa) for kindly identifying a British pair (from East Wretham) of this species, and for giving me a copy of his notes on the holotype female in the Zetterstedt collection, University Zoological Museum, Lund, Sweden, which he made in April 1966. This species may be separated from other British Leucopis which possess a pair of strong pre-scutellar acrostichals by the broad frons (about half total head width) and usually by the presence of 4-6 outstanding postsutural dorsocentral bristles. Leucopis (Lipoleu- copis) preacox de Meijere also has these characters, but in this species the costa ends at vein Ry 4 5 while in L. geniculata it con- tinues to vein Mj 4 3. L. geniculata also lacks a proscutellum (see McAlpine, 1960) and all these similarities, ‘together with simi- larities in the structure of the male genitalia seem to indicate a close relationship to L. praecox. However, the subgeneric position of L. geniculata has not yet been definitely established. It is pro- bably a larval predator of Adelgidae as adults have been swept from foliage of Pinus sylvestris infested with Pineus pini Macquart. *Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY. THREE SPECIES OF LEUCOPIS MEIGEN NEW TO BRITAIN iil MATERIAL EXAMINED: ABERDEENSHIRE, Glen Tanar 31.V.1980, 5 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean; DUMBARTONSHIRE, Bonhill ? date 31.111.1906, 1 @ leg. J. R. Malloch, in RSM; NORFOLK, University of East Anglia, Norwich 1.VI.1977, 3 @ ; Kilverston, Thetford 17.V.1978, 2 9 ; East Wret- ham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 7 # and 13 ? ; 28.V.1978 4 9, all swept from Pinus sylvestris and leg. I. F. G. McLean; SUFFOLK, Barton Mills 11.V.1938, 1 a :.17.N.1938, 1 9.; 15.1IV.1961, 1 ¢ ; Worlington 12.V.1944, 1 # ; 9.1V.1945, 4 & (1 lacks head) and 22; 29:1N-1947,.2. 2 3 7:V.1947, 2.9: 29:1V.194951 &., all leg: J..E; Collin, in HEC; Tuddenham NNR 17.V.1978, 6 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; Lakenheath Warren 25.V.1980, swept from Pinus sylvestris 3 ° leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. P. J. Chandler; SURREY, Oxshott Heath 4.VI.1977, 1 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean. Leucopis (Neoleucopis) orbiseta McAlpine. This species was described by Dr. McAlpine, in his 1971 world revision of the sub- genus Neoleucopis, from six specimens from Finland, and he has kindly confirmed the identity of two males and one female from Britain (East Wretham). Like the two species discussed above, L. orbiseta would appear to be a larval predator of Adelgidae. It is not clear whether the pair from Cheshire collected by Britten were reared from Pineus strobi Hartig, or if they were collected as adults from trees infested with this woolly aphid (there are no puparia preserved with the specimens). MATERIAL EXAMINED: CHESHIRE, Delamere 28.VIII.1924, 1 2 ; 29.VIII.1924, 1 @ (lacks genitalia) both labelled “on Pineus strobi” leg. H. Britten, in Verrall-Collin coll. HEC; NORFOLK, East Wretham (NNT reserve) 20.V.1978, 1 2 swept from Pinus sylvestris leg. I. F. G. McLean; 28.V.1978, swept from Pinus sylvestris 23 # and 8 © leg. I. F. G. McLean and 1 9 leg. Miss C. Brown; Holme Dunes (NNT reserve) 8.VII.1978, 12 swept from Pinus nigra var. maritima (Ait.) Melville leg. J. W. Ismay; SUFFOLK, Barton Mills 29.VIII.1939, 1-9 ; 25.VII.1941, 1 , both leg. J. E. Collin, in HEC; Wangford Warren (SNT reserve) 20.VIII.1977, 2 Qswept from Pinus sylvestris leg. 1. F. G. McLean. ABBREVIATIONS USED: HEC — Hope Entomological Collec- tions, RSM — Royal Scottish Museum NNT — Norfolk Naturalists’, Trust, SNT — Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust. Acknowledgements It is a pleasure to thank Dr. J. F. McAlpine (Ottawa, Canada) for all his help with my studies of Chamaemyiidae. I thank Dr. M. W. R. de V. Graham (HEC, Oxford) and E. C. Pelham-Clinton (RSM, Edinburgh) for allowing me to examine the collections in their charge, the Norfolk Naturalists’ Trust for permission to record insects from their reserves, the Suffolk Naturalists’ Trust for per- mission to record insects at Wangford Warren, and Dr. J. W. Ismay (Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea) for collecting Chamemyiidae in Britain and for advice and encouragement in many ways. 12 References Carter, C. I., 1971. Conifer Woolly Aphids (Adelgidae) in Britain. Forestry Commission Bulletin No. 42. HMSO, London. Collin, J. E., 1966. The British Species of Chamaemyia Mg. (Och- thiphila Flin.) (Diptera). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 17(4), 121-128. Kloet, G. S. and Hincks,W.D., 1976. Diptera and Siphonaptera, Check Lists of British Insects, second edition. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 11 (5). McAlpine, J. F., 1960. A new species of Leucopis (Leucopella) from Chile and a key to the World Genera and Subgenera of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 92, 51-58. McAlpine, J. F., 1971. A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Can. Ent. 103, 1851-1874. McAlpine, J. F. and Tanasijtshuk, V. N., 1972. Identity of Leucopis argenticollis and description of a new species (Diptera: Cha- maemyiidae). Can. Ent. 104, 1865-1875. McLean, I. F. G., 1978. Aphids and their allies (Homoptera: Ster- norhyncha). Jn A Dipterists Handbook. Amateur Entomologist 15, 176-183. Smith, K. G. V., 1963. A short Synopsis of British Chamaemyi- idae (Dipt.). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 15 (6), 103-115. PIERIS RAPAE L. AND CARDARIA DRABA [CRUCIFERAE] AS A LARVAL FOODPLANT. — ‘This plant, commonly known as Thanet Cress, a native of S. and C. Europe and Western Asia, was introduced into Britain in 1809, and is now a common plant of roadsides and waste land in N. Kent, especially near the Thames estuary, forming dense clumps with conspicuous masses of white flowers in May and June. On a number of occasions I have observed females of the vernal brood of P. rapae laying eggs upon this plant, as at Crayford on June 13th, 1981. In 1979 butterflies were reared from such eggs found at Greenhithe, the larvae being given only Thanet Cress. On August 12th, 1981, on some waste land close to Dartford Heath, I watched two female P. rapae flying purposefully over the tall grasses and at intervals disappear amongst them. Investigation showed that they were seeking somewhat deteriorated plants of Thanet Cress, largely hidden from view, upon which to lay eggs. It appears that C. draba, at least in N. W. Kent, is a signifi- cant larval foodplant for both broods of P. rapae, although I can- not find reference to C. draba as a pabulum for this insect in the textbooks and journals. A further observation made at Crayford on June 13th, 1981, was that many male P. brassicae L. were present and appeared to settle frequently amongst the considerable masses of Thanet Cress. However, this was illusory, for close inspection revealed that they were seeking isolated plants, largely hidden, of common vetch, Vicia sativa, upon which to feed. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. | ; Obituary 73 Bernard Sinclair Goodban Bernard Goodban died suddenly on 18th December 1981 at the age of 80, he having been born on 11th June 1901. His interest in the macrolepidoptera was lifelong and while general in earlier years, he later concentrated entirely on the Geometridae (excepting the “pugs’’). He will be remembered by many as co-discoverer in this country in 1956, of Xanthorhoe birviata Borkhausen (Balsam Carpet). He also took an active part in the investigation into the Lepidoptera of the Ruislip District in the 1950s, which included hundreds of records of the forms of Biston betularia L., which were valued by Dr. Kettlewell in his work on melanism. Always keen on rearing moths, especially varieties, he was involved in the establishment of the genetic basis of ab. brunneata Cockayne of Ennomos autumnaria Werneburg. A modest and kindly man ever willing to help anyone, he will be greatly missed by his many friends. It is understood that his collection of Geometridae will go to the British Entomological and Natural Society. — W. E. MINNION. William Ernest Collinson F.C.1.S., F.R.E.S. Bill Collinson, was born in Mumbles, South Wales on the 21st January 1920, and died at his home in Ringwood, Hants on the 22nd December 1980, after a long illness which he bore with great fortitude. A keen naturalist from an early age, Bill gave many Natural History lectures, and in 1971 appeared on television in a programme on conservation. His real love, however, were the lepidoptera, and main speciality the Northern Eggar: Lasiocampa quercus ssp. callunae Palmer, about which he wrote a paper dealing with its many aberrations. This paper on the “Black Eggar” appeared in the Pro- ceedings of the Yorkshire Naturalist for 1956. He also wrote nu- merous articles in the Bulletin of the Amateur Entomological Society. But, without doubt, his principal contribution to ento- mology is The Buttlerflies and Moths of Halifax and District (1970), an annoted list of 334 macrolepidoptera recorded since 1832 in the old parish and district of Halifax. Bill formed an extensive collection the greater part of which he bequeathed to his son D. P. Collinson of Liss, including a remar- kable aberration of Drymonia ruficornis Hufn. (cf. Proc. Brit. ent nat. Hist. Soc., 1974: 7(1) pit. I, fig. 9); but the cabinet with the butterflies and moths mentioned in his Halifax List has been given to the Halifax Scientific Society and Museum. No words can express the real feeling of personal loss felt by his many friends who knew and loved him, and our sympathy is extended to his widow, to his son and daughter and to his grand- children. — ROBERT AND AMANDA WATSON. 74 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD John Venour Gane John Gane was born in Bridlington, Yorkshire on 19th July 1907, and died on 27th January 1981. His parents had a boys’ preparatory school at Marton Hall, near Bridlington, and it was from them that he drew his broad interest in Natural History as part of his daily instruction, and in 1937 succeeded his father there as head- master. His main interest was in the macrolepidoptera of Norfolk, and in particular those of the Broads. He was also the younger brother of C. W. G. Gane who had a locality in Norfolk for Catocala fraxini L., where it appears to have been resident and was taken in numbers in 1933 and 1934. John was very meticulous in his recording, writing up full lists of species and numbers on every occasion. He corresponded with and met many of the Norfolk people, and it was with their help that between 1970 nad 1980 he compiled a list of the lepidoptera of Norfolk. This list, which was almost completed at the time of his death, was never published and is at present in the hands of the writer as are his Notebooks, Card Index and Collection. Much of his collecting was done with light, but unenamoured with the design of the Robinson Trap, he produced a light trap to his own specification by commissioning a joiner to build a double- walled folding wooden carcass, canvas-lined to give the moths purchase. He redesigned the collar out of solid perspex, lengthened the funnel to eighteen inches, and enclosed the bulb inside a perspex cover. This ambitious construction was situated on the roof of his garage within a stone’s throw of Barton Broad, where among many interesting species he took Orgyia recens Hbn. (bred 25.5.1973 from larvae found on meadowspeet) and Eilema pygmaeola pyg- maeola Dbldy. John was a quiet and thorough collector always willing to share his extensive knowledge, and will be greatly missed by all who knew him. — MARK HADLEY. Notes and Observations A VERY FINE EXHIBITION. — I am getting old and can no longer chase Colias croceus in August over clover fields. But in October 1981, I was pursuing certain ecclesiastical quarries, and my wife and I spent ten days in Verona in Northern Italy. What a lucky choice it was, for there in the heart of the City in the Palazzo Gran Guardia was this exhibition of farfalle (butter- flies) of the world. The Catalogue is obtainable from the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale at Verona, and contains some 70 pages with colour pictures and diagrams. We are told on p. 69 that the collection of butterflies together with that of Coleoptera and Hemiptera comprises the most important collection in the Verona Museum. There are over one million in number with some 50000 butterflies. This they say is one of the most important collections in Italy, most of the insects coming from Piemonte and Veneto with some from Kenya and Brazil. : NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS aS On p.66 it is interesting to read that the tollowing are among the species that have become extinct in the region: Araschnia levana, Euphydryas aurinia and Thecla betulae. 1 was fascinated by the diagrams of insect flight which record the variety of flight which we old bug hunters know so well; but alas, this does not appear in the Catalogue, for it is something I have not seen recorded before. There is the personal note too, in photographs of Carlo Recchia and Rosetto Gioco at work in their laboratories. But what interested me more than almost anything were the pre-Linnean species on show. I did not know there were any. But there it was — Papilio canaria in a 1750 (?) collection for what we know as Gonepteryx rhamni. A brown, labelled ‘occulata’. A pre- Linnean fritillary labelled ‘aglaia’. And of moths, dear old S. cov- volvuli, ’m working hard with a dictionary. What happy fortune brought me to Verona. — Rev. Canon P. C. HAWKER, St. Botolph’s Vicarage, 84 Little Bargate Street, Lincoln LN5 8JL. A SOUTH AMERICAN SYNTOMID IN CAMBRIDGE. — In October 1981 my wife was given a ‘nasty black stinging fly’ by our local greengrocer in Chesterton, Cambridge. It had apparently suddenly appeared and alarmed the customers. The specimen, which was in excellent condition, appeared to be freshly emerged and was a male of Ceramides vividis Druce. This is a reasonably common South American syntomid whose larvae are recorded as being a minor pest of banana trees, with whose fruit it was almost certainly im- ported. I have seen many things from our local shops, mostly beetles, but also cockroaches, spiders and once a tree frog. This however is the first Lepidopteran. I hope for others. — B. O. C. GARDINER, University of Cambridge, Department of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge. MR. J. RAE AND HIS RECORDS, AND A NOTE ON MR. WILLIAM REID OF PITCAPLE. — Whilst recently browsing through Prof. Trail’s 1878 list of the “Lepidoptera of Dee” (Trans. nat. Hist. Soc. Aber- deen, 1878: 28-42), I noted that the extremely puzzling and un- likely record of Argynnis paphia at Muchalls, Kincardineshire was due to Mr J. Rae. Idly moving on to another unlikely record, that of Erebia medea (blandina) (=aethiops) on the coast at Nigg, Kin- cardineshire I again found Mr. Rae’s authority used. Now roused I searched the list and noted all Mr. Rae’s records. They are few but choice! As well as the two noted above he lists Zygaena trifolii between Muchalls and Stonehaven, Liparis auriflua (=Eproctis similis) at Aberdeen and Botys verticalis (=Pleuroptya ruralis) at Shettocksley, Aberdeen. Now the last is still found rarely, scattered throughout lowland Aberdeenshire, but the others are very peculiar. Indeed some authors have had to devote considerable, fruitless time and space to accounting for them in their biogeographical speculation. It seems to me that a strong circumstantial case can be made for regarding Mr. Rae as, shall we just say, unreliable, and my advice would be for people to allow his records to vanish gracefully. Having impugned one reputation may I resurrect another. P. B. M. Allan, whose writing I admire and enjoy greatly, discusses 76 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Eumichtis (=Blepharita) satura in ““A Moth Hunter’s Gossip” (1947), and suggests most amusingly that William Reid from Pitcaple, Aberdeenshire cleverly beat up a lucrative trade in the moth by discussing its larval habits. All very possible, but firstly Reid was not a dealer, as Allan suggests, and secondly all his writings, and es- pecially his learned and comprehensive “List of the Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardineshire” (1893) are redolent of integrity. He was a microlepidopterist of real skill, and we are still rediscovering many of the species which he listed and which to us seemed rare and perhaps unlikely. If you read his works I am sure you will conclude, with me, that far from being a canny dealer he was actual- ly a learned and reliable field lepidopterist. I would like him to be revered, not villified! — M. R. YOUNG, Department of Zoology, Aberdeen University, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen. DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. IN THE ALGARVE, PORTUGAL, 1981. — The reports of this butterfly in South-West England in the first four pages of the November/December 1981 “Record” make my own experience worth recording in a journal primarily concerned with British entomology. We holidayed at the Montechoro Hotel just outside Albufeira in the Algarve from 2nd to 16th October. For the first few days the weather was mixed and worsening with a wind from the South- West which is unusual in this part of Portugal. There were few butterflies about but I was struck by the plentiful supply of Lantana bushes in the hotel and neighbouring gardens and these reminded me of Teneriffe where they are so well patronised by the Monarchs. When the wind changed back to the North we were blessed with settled weather and very warm sunshine and almost immediately D. plexippus appeared gliding round the swimming pool on the 9th, it was seen on most days during the ensuing week, usually on or near the Lantana. Knowing nothing of the events in England and hoping that specimens from the Canaries might be settling in the Algarve I made no attempt to catch it though nothing could have been easier as it rested on the flowers and was obviously in very good condition. I am not aware whether it is possible to distinguish a specimen from the Canary Islands from one from America, but in view of the shorter distance and favourable wind this seems the more likely source for the Algarve specimen and does not seem so unlikely for the Cornish specimens. It would be interesting to know how many more Monarchs were seen along the Western sea-board of Europe at this time. — C. I. RUTHERFORD, Longridge, Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, SK9 7BL. INTERESTING MOTHS AT MV LIGHT AT OR NEAR WYE, KENT IN 1981. — This year, I ran Robinson traps continuously at Wye College from May to August, and in my garden on the downs above Boughton Aluph intermittently throughout the year. May and most of June produced very low numbers of both species and individuals, but the situation improved in July and August. The more interesting species trapped were: — Rhyacia simulans Hufn., at Wye on 29 July, now recorded for NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS ul the fourth year running in Kent, after its first capture in the county in 1978. The date is interesting, since the adults are supposed to aestivate from mid July to mid August. Diarsia dahlii Hbn. Boughton Aluph, 25 August; the first record for the area for 12 years. Arenos- tola phragmitidis Hbn., one at each site on 7 August; the appearance of two fresh specimens on the same night some distance from any possible breeding ground suggests a possible dispersal flight that night. Hadena confusa Hufn., Boughton Aluph, 2 July, the first record here in five years. Evergestis extimalis Scop., Boughton Aluph, 25 August. — M. ENFIELD, New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent. ANOTHER FOODPLANT OF THE YELLOW SHELL: CAMPTO- GRAMMA BILINEATA L. — Publication of the recent note on the larval foodplants of C. bilineata (West, Ent. Rec. J. Var., 93, 198, 1981) happened to coincide with a re-examination of the note- books kept by myself and my brother (S. A. Knill-Jones) between 1955 and 1962. The entry for 17.4.1957 includes a note to the effect that night-searching for larvae at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (OS.SZ. 3387) revealed one stout green larva with a dark dorsal line, whitish lateral line and brown head, on Ranunculus ficaria L. (Ranunculaceae). The resulting imago emerged on 22.6.1957. There is no note that feeding was actually observed, but this would not be expected as the note-books rarely contained such obser- vations unless the originally recorded foodplant was found to be unacceptable. The brief larval description is consistent with that given in Stokoe and Stovin, Caterpillars of British Moths, (F. Warne, London, 1948) and the note makes it highly likely that R.ficaria is a foodplant for the post-hibernation larvae of C. bilineata in the wild. — R. P. KNILL-JONES, 9 Crown Road South, Glasgow, Scotland FURTHER RECORDS OF MONOCHROA HORNIGI (STAUD.) = I recently had cause to re-examine and dissect some Monochroa spp. This led to the discovery that I had taken M. hornigi at Enfield, Middx., 14.vii.1979 and at Southampton, 17 & 19.vi.1970. The latter specimens had previously been misidentified as M. elongella (Hein.) and are so-recorded in Goater’s list of Hampshire lepidoptera. I did find, however, that I have a specimen of elongella from Braunton Burrows, North Devon, 26.viii.1970, which was correctly identified. This is a scarce and local species whose larva feeds on Potentilla anserina. — D. J. L. AGASSIZ, The Vicarage, 10, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU. THE RISE OF THE CYPRUS PUG: EUPITHECIA PHOENICEATA RAMBUR IN THE EASTBOURNE AREA. — __ This moth has been spreading along the south coast and was first noted in Eastbourne on 27 August 1978 at light in my old garden. In 1979, two were noted: one by Mr. M. Hadley and one by Mr. S. W. P. Pooles. In 1980, a further eight specimens were captured, including one netted near the cliffs at Holywell by Mr. C. Pratt. In 1981, fewer traps were run in the area; however, the moth was noted in increased numbers with a total of 15, including one interesting record of it from Deep Deane which is some way from a larval foodplant. — M. PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninefield, Battle, E. Sussex. 78 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD NOTES ON SOME BRITISH CURCULIO SpP. (COL.). — The occurrence of the rather scarce and pretty little Curculio rubidus Gyll. in the eastern suburbs of London during the present century seems not to be well established up to now. Fowler (1891, Col. Brit. Isl., 5: 386) cites Forest Hill and a statement by Champion that it is “not uncommon in the London district”; but it is clear from what follows that this latter refers to places in Surrey well outside the metropolis, and in any case all these are 19th-century records. Moreover, the species is not included at all in the Victoria County History list of Coleoptera of Kent (Fowler, 1908). There is, however, a record for Shooters Hill and Lee (in this district) by W. West, in ‘Woolwich Surveys’ (1909) — the only one for Kent that I have seen, although C. rubidus is not really rare in the county. In the eastern division I have met with it once or twice singly in Ham Street Woods; in the western, at Darenth Wood likewise — on the last occasion there, 7.ix.63, one each of the present species and C. betulae Steph. were taken off birch in the same sweep of the net. In the year after moving to Charlton (1974) I was pleased to come across a few examples of rubidus by sweeping under trees on two of the grassy slopes in Maryon Wilson Park there, in August; I have seen none since, but have made no special search. One was at a little distance from a birch, while two others were near oak, ash, and black poplar. This is not far from Shooters Hill where West took it long ago, and where I have collected on many occasions but have found, so far, only the more common oak-feeding species C. venosus Grav., glandium Martsh., and pyrrhoceras Marsh. C. betulae, supposedly scarcer than rubidus, seems also to be little known in Kent; the VCH list gives only Plumstead (S. Stevens), but I have taken it two or three times singly at Darenth and Ham Street Woods, and its actual range and incidence in the county ap- pears very similar to that of its close ally. The late Dr. A. M. Massee once told me that betulae could best be found high up on the outer shoots of fairly young birches. The polyphagy attributed to this species is somewhat remar- kable. As a larval pabulum, the developing fruits or catkins of alder are doubtless not too dissimilar to those of birch, nor are young fruits of sloe to those of cherry; but between these two pairs of development-media the difference is surely considerable. Hansen (1965, Danm. Faun. 69: 318) gives all four as hosts but alder as the principal one in Denmark — birch being exceptional, whereas in Britain it is by far the most usual (as with C. rubidus). And that is not all: Reitter (1916, Faun. Germ., 5: 189) adds Quercus and Salix cinerea (the latter also for rubidus)! His inclusion of sallow is of interest in lending some plausibility to my tentative association of both species at times with Populus (Allen, 1947, Ent. mon. Mag., 83. 127, and see above under C. rubidus); compare further the common little black C. pyrrhoceras which seems to fluctuate in its host-choice between oak and willow, again geographically; e.g. the former in Britain, the latter in Denmark. Possibly, however, con- fusion with the very similar C. salicivorus Payk. may sometimes have occurred. In any case polyphagy is much less surprising with NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 79 these smaller species of the genus (s. Balanobius Jekel) whose larvae develop in leaf-galls as opposed to fruits. In contrast, the larger species of Curculio are virtually mono- phagous; where a secondary host is alleged to exist it is probably based on adult straying, as when oak and hazel, for instance, grow close together. It is noteworthy that a middle-sized oak-feeding species, villosus F., develops in the familiar ‘oak-apple’ galls, and not in acorns like venosus and glandium — a fact not, I think, noticed in British works. Biologically, therefore, it belongs with the Balanobius group, whilst in other respects a typical Curculio s. str. (=Balaninus). 1 should perhaps mention in passing that. the very distinctive C. (Balanobius) crux F., which lives on Salix, is common on much of the Continent and would be expected to occur in Britain. I cannot agree with Fowler’s estimate (lc.sup. 385) that C. glandium (= turbatus Gyll.) is ‘not common’; I have always found it at least as commonly as C. venosus, if not more so. The two often occur together on the same oaks, and I have had glandium on the tray in plenty off one tree at Windsor, accompanied by a few veno- sus. The former is notable also for its great variation in size, some specimens being but little larger than betulae which they rather resemble. On the other hand nucum L. and venosus, from what I have seen, vary hardly at all in that regard. All three of these larger species are, normally, easy to discriminate in the field, each having its own characteristic facies not readily described. I have taken all eight British species of Curculio at Darenth Wood, W. Kent, which classic locality is now sorely in need of protection. — A. A. ALLEN. EULYPE HASTATA L: ARGENT AND SABLE FEEDING AT BLUE- BELLS (ENDYMION NONSCRIPTUS). — R. Southin his Moths of the British Isles, Vol. II states of this moth — “‘It flies in the after- noon sunshine around and over birch trees, and occasionally alights on the leaves”, and my experience of the insect in Southern England is in accord with this description. However, on May 25th, 1952, at Broadwater Forest, Sussex, later to be despoiled by the Forestry Commission, I saw about a dozen specimens most of which were feeding at bluebells far past their prime. Aphides were not in evi- dence on the flowers, and I suspect the moths were imbibing some product caused by bacterial activity rather than upon nectar. I have not observed F. hastata feeding at flowers on other occasions, nor have I seen any reference to such behaviour. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. AN EARLY RED ADMIRAL. —i In warm sunshine this morning, my wife and I watched a Vanessa atalanta L. sunning itself by the roadside in Holmesley Enclosure in the New Forest. In view of the recent very cold spell it seems likely that this was one that managed to hibernate. In spite of there being a light SW wind, the insect had none of the urgency of an immigrant about it. — E. H. WILD, 7, Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset, 31.i.1982. ES. SEUSS 80 Current Literature The Smaller Moths of Essex by A. M. Emmet. 158pp., stiff wrapper. Essex Naturalist No. 6 . The Essex Field Club, c/o Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford Road, London E15 4LZ. 1981. Price £7 (£5 to Members of the British Entomological and Natural History Society). Many years have elapsed since publication of W. H. Harwood’s classic account of the microlepidoptera of Essex in the Victoria County History (1903), so that an up-to-date definitive work on the smaller moths of the county has long been a desideratum. Compiled by one of the foremost British microlepidopterists of this century, the new book adequately fills this need, and is thus a most welcome addition to the county lepidopteras. Among the subjects treated in an introduction replete with interest are: (1) The recording area; (2) The presentation of the records; (3) Types of habitat; (4) The history of recording in Essex; (5) The principal recorders; (6) Recorders, past and present; and (7) Collections. The main part of the work follows with details of the 1052 species so far recorded, to every one of which is ap- pended a trim little thumbnail-sized distribution map. Despite some abbreviation, presentation on the whole is admirably clear and precise with, among other particulars, the names of localities, years of occurrence, authorities, vice-county and 10km square numbers, and a species’ status in the county. The Smaller Moths of Essex also includes foodplants, but interest in these would have been far greater were it made clear upon which of these foodplants species have been known to feed in Essex. A valuable feature is the first and last year of known occurrence or year of recording in the county, though a first record cited here is not always the earliest, as reference to Samouelle, Entomologist’s Useful Compendium (1819) and Wood, Index Entomologicus (1839) will show. Less essential in a specialised work of this nature, are over 400 lines in larger type, mostly of general interest only and not strictly relevant to Essex. Further space is taken up by 50 drawings, mainly of repre- sentatives of families of microlepidoptera, of which though many are well executed (notably those by E. S. Bradford), there are others so poor as to be quite unrecognisable. The book concludes with an important list of 262 bibliographical references, but is regrettably devoid of any index. There are a fair number of printing errors, mostly trivial however, and in the review copy some of these had already been neatly corrected in the hand of the author. The above criticisms are far outweighed by the merits of this fine work. Much of it is the outcome of intensive pioneer explora- tion of the county, undertaken by the author over the past few years, assisted by his wife Katie, and resulting in a remarkably comprehensive and well-researched account. Reasonably priced, especially to B.E.N.H.S. members, we heartily recommend this book to students of the British microlepidoptera and devotees of “local lists”. — J.M.C.-H. L. CHRISTIE | 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens | Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association E.W. CLASSEY LTD., P. O. Box 93, Faringdon, Oxon. SN7 7DR ENGLAND Books by post, New and Second Hand Catalogues on request WANTED 40 drawer Brady cabinet Cash waiting. Please contact Alec Harmer. ‘COVERTSIDE’ SWAY ROAD, LYMINGTON HANTS SO4 8NN Tel: LYMINGTON 74045 WANTED Help required to collect samples of Maniola species (M. jurtina, nurag, telmessia, cypricola, megala) from any area including Britain for research project. Exchange possible: please write first. George Thomson, Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA. WANTED 1982 — YEAR OF THE FORESTER It has become apparent that we know very little about the precise habitat requirements and finer details of biology of these three species. | should therefore be glad to hear from anyone who knows of recent colonies of any of the three species, namely Procris geryon, P. statices and P. globularide and urge recorders to check any sites where the species occurred in the past. Information gleaned will | hope be presented at the end of the field season and all records received will be fully acknowledged. Records should be submitted to M. Hadley, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, 20 Belgrave Square, London SW1X 8PY. THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomoloogical and Natural History Society an- nounce that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research with particular emphasis on:— (a) Leaf-miners, (b) Diptera, particularly Tephritidae and Agromyzidae, (c) Lepidoptera, particularly Microlepidoptera, (d) General entomology, in the above order of preference, having regard to the suitability of candidates and the plan of work proposed. Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the study of collections, for the atten- dance at conferences, or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1982/83. Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextu- plicate, of their qualifications, of their plan of work, and of the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought, to Lt.-Col. A. M. Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, CB11 3AP, as soon as possible, and in any case not later than 30th September, 1982. WANTED Records of the attraction of dung and carrion for Apatura iris (the Purple Emperor) for use in a study of specific coprophiliacs, especially observations of any changes in this habit. S. Reavey, 7 The Birches Close, North Baddesley, SOUTHAMPTON. SO5 SHL. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 30p towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, c/o 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. Its official organ, Cour:try-Side (published three time a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £5.00 per annum Junior Section £2.00 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., 23 Oak Hill Close, Woodford Green, Essex THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by M. R. D. SEAWARD, M.Sc., Ph.D. Annual subscription: £9.00 (post free) Single numbers £2.00 Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price £1 plus 18p postage The Editor of the Naturalist University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP ee THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honorary Consultants to the magazine. Orthoptera: -D. K. Mc. E. KEVAN, Ph.D., B.Sc.. F.R.F.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’ASSIS-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, | Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS tc ALAN FE. HOLLAND, Hartland House, Sole Street, Nr. Gravesend, Kent DA12 3AY. Specimen copies will be supplied by Mr. Holland on payment of £1.20 sterling Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back. numbers, Volumes and Sets to: ‘P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpingtcn, Kent BR6 6DS. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. RENSHAW, 8 Penshurst Green, Hayesford Park, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9DG. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain eXtraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to o¢her magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Ecitor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. CONTENTS Four New South African Butterflies. C.G.C. DICKSON ... The Dotted Chestnut: Conistra rubiginea D. & S. Brig. E. C. L. SIMSON... The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1980: a Supple- mentary Note. R. F. BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT .. The Early Stages of Parornix finitimella Z. and P. Ot ae bp (ene doptera: Gracillariidae). Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET The Wildlife and Countryside Act, 1981. A. E. STUBBS 5 The Diptera (Calyptratae) of the Sandwell Valley. M. G. BLOXHAM A New County Record for Cornwall with Observations on Other Notable Macrolepidoptera in the County. M. HADLEY ... What Ails Adonis? A. C. MORTON Three Species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Glamacniyiidaey) New to Britain. Dr. I. F.G. McLEAN Notes and Observations: The Beautiful Snout: Bomolocha fontis Thunb. R. G. WARREN Larvae of the Yellow Shell feeding on Cruciferae. Dr. D. F. OWEN Papilio machaon L.: Swallow Tail flourishing in a N. Norfolk Locality, 1981. A. A. ALLEN The Use of the term PacMan in alEtermeleey) Ya M. ‘CHALMERS- HUNT. s Coleophora napenvella z.: a New Boodle N. lie HEAL Carpophilus sexpustulatus F. (Col.: Nitidulidae) in Surrey with a Note on its Habits in Britain. D. PRANCE .. ; The Scarce Merveille-du-Jour at Orlestone Bates M. ENFIELD Coleophora potentillae Elisha: Some Observations. Dr. J. R. LANG- MAID The Dingy Skipper: Brain nee eh aie Brown R. D. G. BAR- RINGTON a Pieris rapae L. and Cardara genie asa kvl ieodatent B. K. WEST A Very Fine Exhibition. Rev. Cannon P. C. HAWKER ... A South American Syntomid in Cambridge. B. O. C. GARDINER Mr. J. Rae and his Records, and a Note on Mr. William Reid of Pitcaple. Dr. M.R. YOUNG os es Bs Danaus plexippus L. in the Reni Porusal 1981. C.I. RUTHER- FORD my Interesting Moths at or near Wye! meat in 1981. Mt ENFIELD. Another Foodplant of the Yellow Shell. Dr. R. P. KNILL-JONES Further Records of Monochroa hornigi Staud. Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ The Rise of the Cyprus Pug in the Eastbourne Area. M. PARSONS Notes on Some British Curculio Species (Coleoptera). A. A. ALLEN... Eulype hastata L.: Argent and Sable Feeding at Bluebells B. K. WEST. An Early Red Admiral. E. H. WILD Obituaries: Bernard Sinclair Goodban William Ernest Collinson John Venour Gane Current Literature 41 45 47 53 Si 60 65 67 70 44 52 56 By) 59 59 66 66 69 72 75 75 (5) 76 76 77 Tt Ci 78 719 79 PS) 73 74 80 Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR VOL. 94. Nos. 5-6 May/June 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 Be EL LLL LCA BE S95. 9089 a THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BiIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.LBIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 £9.50 for overseas subscribers. £8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. iii ii iii ii Hon. Treasurer: P. J. RENSHAW, 8 Penshurst Green, Hayesford Park, Bromley, Kent, BR2 9DG Da Va Va Va Va Va Va Va Va Ui a aI LVI IESE PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY SAAB en hee cccncemamiant! a . edi " cee oe 44 : ow < } - - n 81 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA MOTHE BRITISEISLES IN 1981, INCLUDING THAT OF THE MONARCH BUTTERELY: DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. By R. F. BRETHERTON! and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT? The outstanding invasion of the generally poor season of 1981 was that of Danaus plexippus L., which came with many North American birds mainly to south west Britain. Some 120 sightings have been reported and, although numbering of the butterflies concerned is difficult, the influx was probably the largest yet re- corded. The records are discussed and set out in detail in Annexe III. Apart from this, among the scarce immigrant species (Annexe II) the capture in a last fling during the warm week-end of November 20/22 of the tenth known British specimen of the Noctuid Tathor- hynchus exsiccata Lederer in Cornwall and of an example of the Pyrale Euchromius ocellea Haw. in Kent are especially notable, as is also the recognition on September 29 in Glamorgan of a single Cynthia virginiensis Drury (Ent. Rec. 93: 242), which had presum- ably accompanied the D. plexippus. Other good single records are of a Nymphalis antiopa L. seen in Surrey on August 15 (Ent. Rec. 93. 242), a Diachrysia orichalcea F. in West Sussex on August 8, a Hyles gallii Rott. observed by day in the Isle of Wight on August 3, and of a Catocala fraxini trapped at Lymington, South Hampshire on the night of October 1. In addition, single larvae of H. gallii were found as far apart as Sussex and Yorkshire. Of the two Nymphalis polychloros repor- ted (Ent. Rec. 93: 237) the first, at Catisfield in Sussex on April 4 may either have over-wintered in Britain or come with other im- migrant species about that date; the second, at Whitstable, East Kent, had only slight migratory contempories and was perhaps locally bred, either from immigrant or precariously established native stock. Deltote bankiana Hbn., which was reported in 1980 as a single immigrant, at Kingsdown, East Kent, now appears to be at least temporarily established nearby (Ent. Rec. 93: 204). A single specimen of Scopula rubiginata Hufn. taken at Dungeness on August 5 1981 is assumed to have been an immigrant, like the few previous examples recorded from the Kent Coast. Agrius convolvuli L. alone among the scarcer species did rather better than in 1980. One was seen in Essex in July, one in Lincoln- shire in August, and 19 between September 15 and October S, widely scattered from south Devon to Orkney: but these were mostly single specimens, and no mass immigration appears to have taken place. Rhodometra sacraria L. appears to have arrived in three distinct batches. 12 were recorded from September 10 to 20; seven from September 26 to October 4, the last being as far north 1 2 Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley; Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 82 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD as Warwickshire, and two, both females of ab. labda Cramer, on November 21 and 22 at Rogate, Sussex. This form is usually ob- tained by rearing in warmth in captivity; its presence in the wild, and that of the semi-tropical 7. exsiccata, in late November shows that this migration must have had a very distant origin. Mythimna unipuncta was reported in similar numbers from September 19 to October 5; and one was also present in Cornwall on November 21. These were, however, from four coastal localities only between west Cornwall and south Essex. M. vitellina was reported twice in Cornwall in late May. but the numbers noted in September and October were very small. Less than ten Orthonama obstipata F. were noted, curiously spread at various dates between May 28 and October 5. Of other scarce immigrants there were only two Spodo- ptera exigua Hbn., the second being on November 22, and of 77i- choplusia ni Hbn. and Palpita unionalis Hbn.; and only single records of Eurois occulta L., Mythimna albipuncta D. & S., Helicoverpa armigera Hbn., Heliothis peltigera D. & S., Diachrysia orichalcea F. A Brimstone butterfly which was observed and captured, but not retained, in a garden at Temple Ewell, Dover on July 28 appears from the careful description to have been an example of Gonepteryx cleopatra L. This south European species is not a known migrant, and its presence outside Dover may have been due to introduction in a car or lorry. There have been at least four previous occurrences in Britain between 1870 and 1957. The total of 23 scarce immigrant species reported in 1981 compares badly with 29 in 1980, itself a poor season; the number of individuals was also very much smaller. Most of the common immigrants also did badly. Of Vanessa atalanta L. one was found hibernating in a heated room in Orkney in February, and five probable immigrants were reported in March and April; but the usual influx in late May and June was small, and no larvae from it were noted though some were found in late August and September. There were, however, considerable immigrations in August and especially in late September, so that numbers may have approached normal in the autumn. The last was seen at Bradwell-on- Sea on October 23. Of Cynthia cardui L. about 120 were reported, in contrast to the abundance of 1980. The earliest singles reported were as far north as St. Bees Head, Cumbria, and Orkney, on May 14; these were followed by a few others, widely spread later in the month, about a dozen in early June and some singles in July. There were apparently several small invasions in August, with penetration inland as far as Warwickshire and Hertfordshire; a few scattered singles in September; and a last record at Beer, South Devon, on October 11. Two full grown larvae and some vacated webs were noted at Muston, south east Yorkshire, on August 10. Colias crocea Fourc., with some 50 clearly immigrant examples reported, had an interesting year. The first record was not until July 30 at Aylesford Common, South Devon, after which there was a small influx mainly in the south west about the middle of August and in its last days and in early September a larger one, with bigger 83 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 numbers seen in Sussex and Kent and a single in Essex. Inland records were of about five, with some C. cardui, at Ashridge, Hert- fordshire and of one at Tidworth, North Wiltshire on August 17 and 19. The last specimens seen were at Slapton, South Devon, Septem- ber 21 and 23. In Warwickshire, however, there was an extraor- dinary occurrence reported by Mr. D. C. G. Brown (Ent. Rec. 93: 241). On August 2, 70 examples were counted, including three f. helice, in and near old gravel workings, and ten later visits by him and others to the same place brought the total count to over 400: the last singles were on September 6 and 13, and the only one seen elsewhere was within a mile of the main site. Even allowing for considerable recounting on successive visits such numbers must surely reflect local breeding from several parents. Later information obtained from Mr. R. G. Payne reveals the presence of from seven to 12 male C. crocea, but no females, during the second week of August in an area south of Duston, 30 miles further east, in Northamp- tonshire, where a few (not previously reported) were seen at the same time in 1980. The origin of these large, isolated, occurren- ces is mysterious. There were no records of C. crocea anywhere in Britain in May or June 1981, which might have provided parents; no Warwickshire records of it in 1980, the most recent being of two singles on August 5, 1979; and no other reports from Northampton- shire in 1980 or 1981. Overwintering in Britain in any stage has never been proved, and seems very unlikely so far north as these counties. Among the common moths Autographa gamma L. showed a somewhat patchy picture. Apart from a single specimen at Beetham, Westmorland on May 6, arrivals only began in the last ten days and remained much below average in June and most of July; many observers commented on its unwonted scarcity, which continued in most inland areas for the rest of the season. In August and Sep- tember, however, sizeable sudden influxes were counted at several coastal light traps. In Sussex at Peacehaven, 63 and 66 on August 6 and 27, a total of 30 for the four nights of September 5 to 8 and at East Dean 100 on August 25; at Bradwell-on-Sea, South Essex, 124, 120, 179 on August 13, 14 and 26, and a total of 71 for September 6 to 9. Other traps near the coast, however, as at Chilling- ton, South Devon and Beetham, Westmorland, reported no con- siderable influxes and “lowest ever” totals for the season. Sudden relative increases in the numbers of A. gamma are often useful in checking the arrival points and dates of immigrant swarms which include other, and scarcer, immigrants. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. began well with two influxes, widely reported, about March 7 and again in late March and early April; breeding from these may have provided most of the few moths recorded in June and July. Numbers from August to October were clearly lower than usual; but the species put in an appearance during the last immigration of November 20 to 22. No records of it came from places north of Cumbria. Peridroma saucia Hbn., with about 40 reported from 12 places, was also unusually scarce. The first was at Rogate, West Sussex, on 84 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD May 22, followed by two others elsewhere in June, and there were small immigrations, mainly to the south and south east coast from late August into October; eight were trapped at Fountainstown, co. Cork before September 23. The last record was at Hayling Island, South Hampshire on October 21, and the most northerly at Beetham, Westmorland, on October 4. Of the diurnal Macroglossa stellatarum L. only eight were reported, from five places: three at Slapton Sands, South Devon, in late August, with the first in West Cornwall on June 16 and another on July 14; there was one at Leigh, Surrey on September 6, and the last at Bromley, West Kent on October 14. The usual immigrant Microlepidoptera did little better. Nomo- Phila noctuella D. & S., despite an early start in late March and April in Essex and elsewhere, was a rarity except after very small influxes in September; but two were noted as far north as Caldarvan, Dum- bartonshire, and the last was seen at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall, on November 22. Udea ferrugalis Hbn. was reported from few places only in small numbers, but seems to have been least scarce in late August. The first record was on June 6 and the last on November 22, both at Mawnan Smith, West Cornwall. Plutella xylostella L. is often overlooked unless it appears in swarms at light traps or among crops. It was nonetheless reported by some 20 observers from the south coast to Orkney, and it occurred in every month, from the first two at Peacehaven, Sussex on April 2 until the last at Hamp- stead Middlesex, on October 18. Large influxes appeared at Peace- haven in late May and early June and again in late July, and 30 were trapped at Langness, Isle of Man on June 12; from August on- wards it was in smaller numbers but more widespread, probably resulting from local breeding. The species is suspected of being resident as well as immigrant. The Noctuid Phlogophora meticulosa L., is a common species which many recorders may not realise is certainly both immigrant and resident. Earl:’ moths, such as the singles reported at Hamp- stead on April 4 and 24, were probably immigrants, since native larvae, even helped by an unusually mild winter, would not have produced mo ‘s so early, though they no doubt contributed many if not most of the considerable numbers which were widespread in southern England through June and early July. After a pause num- bers again rose steeply to much higher levels in September and early October. There .s then clear evidence of immigration near the coast: a trap ce: .1e cliff edge at Highcliffe, South Hampshire on September 29 scored 56 P. meticulosa along with nine A. ipsilon, and a peak of 71, with very few before or after, was registered from October 2 to 7 at Muston on the Yorkshire coast. The last record of the year, a single at Bramley, Surrey on November 21 was also probably immigrant. But, to judge from the abundance of the species there and elsewhere inland in late August and September, a second home bred generation also played some part. The northern limit of successful over-wintering in Britain is not known, and the interplay of immigration and residence is not fully understood. Six specimens of P. meticulosa trapped in Orkney from September 1 85 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 to 16 may have been primary immigrants to Britain, or immigrants to Orkney of southern native stock. We have received a number of reports of Rhyacia simulans Hufn., especially from Essex, Kent, and Lincolnshire. These sup- port our previous view that such occurrences in recent years have resulted from internal spread of the species rather than from im- migration. At Bradwell-on-Sea 22 were trapped in small nightly numbers over the whole period from July 5 to August 4; and in south east Lincolnshire, where the species was first seen in 1978, it is now well established. Spaelotis ravida D. & S., often said to be an immigrant, has recently shown a similar internal spread. ANNEXE I Records and localities (The names cf recorders who gave information about D. plexippus are starred.) *Alexander, Mrs R., per JC, Skomer, Enfield, M. A., E. Kent Pembrokeshire * Agassiz, Rev. D. *Archer-Lock, A., S. Devon *Allison, Mr and Mrs, per BG, S. Hants. Baker, B. R., Caversham, Oxon. Barrington, R. D., Lulworth, Dorset Bond, K. G. M., Isle of Man, co. Dublin, co. Cork. *Bovey R., per JC, Dyfi N.N.R., Merioneth Braddock, A., per CRP, Alfreton, Derbyshire Bretherton, R.F., Bramley, Surrey Bretherton, M.F., S. Devon Briggs, J., Westmorland Brown, D. C. G., Warwicks. Buckingham, C., Sevenoaks, W. Kent Buddle, R. F., Dover, Folkestone *Burridge, R., per MR, at sea off Ushant Burrows, D. S., S. Hants, N. Devon Burton, J. F., Bristol, Cambs, Dyfed Butcher, A. G. J. B., Rochester, Tenterdan, E. Kent ‘Campbell, J. L., Isle of Canna *Campbell, W. D., Guardian, 21.X.81 Carter, C. I., Tidworth, Wilts Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., Kent, co. Wicklow Chambers, R., Temple Ewell, E. Kent *Church, S., Chiddingfold, Surrey, Plaistow, Worthing, W. Sussex Christie, I. A. C., Dumbartonshire Clouter, F. H., Isle of Wight *Comont, J., Dyfed *Cowell, M., per CRP, E. Sussex Craske, R., per CRP, E. Sussex Cross, G., Bridport, Dorset, per BS. Dewick, A. J. & S. F., Bradwell-on- Sea, S. Essex *Elliott, B., Lizard, W. Cornwell Charlecote, Evans, K. A. G., Croydon, Surrey, Lyme Regis, Dorset Byventn Gh kent Fairclough, R., Leigh, Surrey Feltwell, J., Catisfield, E. Sussex *Foggitt, G. T., Scilly Foster, A. P., Mawnan Smith, W. Cornwall Gascoyne-Pees, M., Ranmore, Surrey *Goater, B., S. Hants and various *Green, Dr. G., Winspit, Dorset Greenwood, J. A. C., Rogate, W. Sussex Gregory ee pen GRES Pare: Cornwall Hadley, M., E. Sussex, Polruan, W. Cornwall Hall, N., Portland, Dorset; Scilly, Tilehurst, Berks Harman, T. A., Reculver, E. Kent *Harmer, A., Lymington, S. Hants Hart, C., Betchworth, Surrey; Barton Broad, E. Norfolk *Harvey, Prof., per D. Agassiz *Haynes, R. F., Galway, Eire *Heath, J., various *Hedges, J., Ballakaighan, Isle of Man Hilliard, R. D., Ashridge, Herts. Holdaway, P., Biggin Hill, E. Kent Howarth, T. G., Beer, S. Devon Howell, Mrs S. J., Sussex *Hunt, D. per RDP, Scilly Imber, S., Ewhurst, Surrey Jackson, S. A., Newton Dale, N. Yorkshire. *J. Jamieson, Mrs., per D. Hunt, St. Martin’s Scilly Jewess, P. J., Newington, E. Kent *Kydd, D.W., Sellafield, Cumberland; Dolgellau, Merioneth Largen, R., Wiston, W. Sussex Lipscomb, Major Gen. C. G., Gla- morgan Lloyd, B., per CRP, Lullington Heath, E. Sussex 86 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD *Lorimer, Dr. J. A., Pembrokeshire Lorimer, R. I., Totteridge, Herts; Orphir, Orkney Luckens, Dr. C. J., Winspit, Dorset McRitchie, B., W. Essex; St. Ives/ Portreath, W. Cornwall Maynard, C., per CRP, E. Sussex Miles, P. J. S., Cambridge Myers, A. A., Fountainstown, co. Cork Newbery, P. E., RSPB wardens’ reports O’Heffernan, H. L., Slapton and Chillington, S. Devon O’Keeffe, per BS, Heathfield, E. Sussex Owen, Prof. D. FE-., Dungeness; Dymchurch, Dover, E. Kent Owen, R., Bigbury-on-Sea, S. Devon Parsons, M., per CRP, Ninfield, E. Sussex; Polruan, W. Cornwall Payne, J. H., Wellingborough, Northamptonshire *Penhallurick, R. D., Scilly, Cornwall, Devon Phillips, J. W., Topsham, S. Devon; Purbeck, Dorset Pilcher, R. M., S. Thorsby, Lincs. *Plymouth City Museum, S. Devon Porter, J., Sheffield Park, E. Sussex Prati © mcm beacenavenmand: widely in Sussex Randall, C. J., Whitstable, Thanet, E. Kent Radford, J. T., per CRP, Walberton, W. Sussex *Rayner, E., Pagham, W. Sussex *Rogers, M., per JH, at sea Seaford Nat. Hist. Soc., per CRP, E. Sussex *Searles 1Cole,. per W. Sussex Sell, M., per RIL, Scilly Skinner B., Wye, Kent and various Smith, B., South Croydon, Surrey *Smith, F. H. N., Nancledra, Penhale, etc., W. Cornwall Softly, R. A., Hampstead and Fulham, Middx. Sokoloff, P., Bromley, W. Kent Sterling, Col. D. H., Winchester, S. Hants Walters, J. W., Hayling Is., S. Hants Warren, Miss E., Folkestone, Kent *Wildridge, B., Thame, Oxon. *Wills, D., per B. Elliott, W. Cornwall Wilson, D. E., Dungeness, E. Kent Winter, P. Q., Muston, S. E. Yorks. *Woodman, J., per CRP, Rottingdean, E. Sussex Wykes, Uploders, Dorset. *Zealley, M. J., per RDP, Scilly SC, Worthing, ANNEXE II Records of scarcer immgrant species in 1981 EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA Haw. (1) E. Kent: Wye, 22.11, one at light in the field (BS). PALPITA UNIONALIS Hbn. (2) S. HANTS Hayling Island, 30.9. (JMW). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 1.10 (AJD). [GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA L. (1). E. KENT: Temple Ewell, Dover, 28.7, in garden (RC).] NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (2). E. KENT: Whitstable, 8.7 (CJR, Ent. Rec. 93: 237); E. SUSSEX: Catisfield, 4.4, basking on a wall and apple tree (JF). NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (1) SURREY: South Croydon, in garden (RS, Ent. Rec. 93: 241). DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. AND CYNTHIA VIRGINIENSIS Drury, see Annexe III aoe RUBIGINATA Hufn. (1) E. KENT: Dungeness, 5.8 (DEW teste BS). RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. 21 W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 16.9, male, 1.10, male (APF), S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.9, male, 27.9, male (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 14.9 (EPW); Winchester, 20.9 (DCS). E. KENT: Rochester, 10.9; Tenterden 12.9, male, 19.9, 30.9, male (A.J.G.B.); Sandwich, 14.9, male disturbed at 4 p.m. (JMC-H). SURREY: Addiscombe, 10.9, male, 11.9, male, 26.9, female (KAGE). E. SUSSEX; Ninfield, 28.9, 30.9 (MP per CRP). W. SUSSEX: Wiston, 15.9 (RL per CRP); Rogate, 20.9, male; 21.11, male, 22.11, female, both ab. labda oy WARWICKS. Charlecote, 4.10, by day (DCGB, Ent. Rec. 93: 87 IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 ORTHONAMA OBSTIPATA F. (c. 10). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 8.7, 11.9 (SFD, AJD). S. HANTS: Winchester, 15.9. (DHS); Hayling Is., 15.10, male (JMW). SURREY: Betchworth, 28.5, male (CH). W SUSSEX: Wiston, 29.7, 1.8 (RL per CRP). SCILLY: 13/20.10, several at ivy (NH). AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. (21) S. DEVON: Bigbury-on-Sea, 12.9, female at rest (R. Owen per DFO); Lyme Regis, 13.9, male at rest on boat in harbour (KAGE). DERBYSHIRE: Ilkeston, 9.9, male (AB per CRP), Alfreton, 30.9, a.m., at rest on a coat (AB per CRP). DORSET: Bridport, 20.9 (GC per TWH). N. ESSEX: Hatfield Broad Oak, 15.7 (per BMcR). E. KENT: Folkestone, 28.9, female, 7.10, male (RFB). N. E. LINCS: South Thoresby, 22.8 (REMP). ORKNEY: Holm, 15.9, ona school wall (RIL). SURREY: Leigh, 26.9, 28.9 (RF); Chiddingfold, 29.9 (SC). E. SUSSEX: Eastbourne town, c.17.9, on a parked car (CM per CRP); Peacehaven, 29.9, female at nicotiana: no ova present (CRP).W.SUSSEX: Plaistow, 22.9 (SC); Walberton, 27.9, 30.9, 4.10 (JTR per CRP); Wiston, 29.9 (RL per CRP). S. E. YORKS: Filey, 5.10, 10 a.m., very battered on ground near cliff top (PQW). ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. (1 adult, 11 larvae). KENT, E.: Dover, 28.9, female. E. SUSSEX: Heathfield, 14/18.9., eleven almost fully grown larvae on potato plants (DO’K per BS). HYLES GALLII Rott. (1 adult, 2 larvae). ISLE OF WIGHT: Great Combe Wood, 2.30 p.m., one at rest (FHC, Ent. Rec. 93: 239). E. SUSSEX, Lullington Heath, 10.9, larva confirmed by photo (B. Lloyd per CRP). N. E. YORKS: Scarborough district, 13.9, fully fed larva, which pupated 17.10, confirmed at Museum (per PQW). [LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (1) SURREY: Ewhurst, 5.7, worn male at light; later inquiry shows that this probably resulted from local rearing in captivity (SD]. EUROIS OCCULTA L. (3) E. KENT: Newington, nr. Sittingbourne, 2.9 (PJJ), E. NORFOLK: Irstead, 28.7 (CH). S. E. YORKS: Muston, 7.9 female, infertile ova (PQW). MYTHIMNA ALBIPUNCTA D. & S. (1) DORSET: Milton Abbey, 29.9, male (RDB). MYTHIMNA VITELLINA Hbn. (7) W. CORNWALL; 29.5, worn male (APF). E. CORNWALL: Par, 19.5 (per CRP). MID CORK: Fountainstown, before 23.9 (AAM). S. ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 2.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 31.10 (EPW). W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 11.9, 30.9 (JTR per CRP). MYTHIMNA UNIPUNCTA Haw. (17) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 16.9, 28.9, 29.9, 30.9 (2), 21.11, all males (AJP). ESSEX: Bradwell- on-Sea, 28.10 (AJD). S. HANTS: Highcliffe, 20.9., 23.9, 26.9, 27.9, 3.10 (EHW); Hayling Island, 27.9, 28.9, 29.9, 3.10, 9.10 (JMW). E. SUSSEX: Beachy Head, 15.9 female at light, lacking ova (CRP). TATHORHYNCHUS EXSICCATA Led. (1) W. CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 22.11, male (APF). SPODOPTERA EXIGUA Hbn. (2) E. SUSSEX: Ringmer, 22.11 (CRP). W. SUSSEX: Rogate, 4.6 (JACG). HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA Hbn. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 7.10 (JTR). HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA D. & S. (1) WARWICKS: Charlecote, 4.10, among clover by day (DCGB). [DELTOTE BANKIANA Hbn. E. KENT: nr. Sandwich, 4.7, a short series and more later (NFH), 4.7, one (TWH, Ent. Rec., 93: 204): apparently now breeding here.] TRICHOPLUSIA NI Hbn. (2) W. CORNWALL: Kynance Cove, 26.8 (BE). DORSET: Portland, 5.9 (NMH). DIACHRYSIA ORICHALCEA F. (1) W. SUSSEX: Walberton, 12.8 (JTR per CRP). CATOCALA FRAXINI L. (1) S. HANTS: Lymington, 1.10, female (AH). (To be continued) 88 Letter to the Editor Dear Sir, On reading the reports of entomological holidays which are published from time to time, one striking feature is that collecting is almost if not entirely confined to daytime activities; may I there- fore put forward a plea through the Record for collectors to include some night work during their holidays? The fact that there is scope for breaking fresh ground in this respect during a Continental holiday was Lrought home to me when I bought the first two moth volumes of Mariposas de la Peninsula Iberica, a work on Spanish and Portuguese lepidoptera very much on the same lines as Heath’s Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Time and again question marks appear on the distribution maps, and in the chapter on moth collecting, the authors discuss sugaring, adding that little use has been made of this technique in the Iberian Peninsula. And it was thanks to the use of the m.v. lamp that Endromis versicolora L. was first discovered in Spain in 1964. Who knows what other discoveries there still remain to be made? — C. L. NISSEN, Batiment F2, App. 271, Residence Beausejour, ave. Clemenceau, 77100 Meaux, France, 15.iii.82. Current Literature The Oxford Book of Insects by John Burton and others. 213 + viii pp, 96 pp of colour illustration. Oxford University Press, 1981. Pocket edition £2.50. This volume is a reduced format version of the 1979 edition. Measuring 11 x 15 cm it is certainly pocket-sized, although the paper cover would not last long if used in this mode. The work follows the format of other “Oxford” books in this series — after a brief intro- duction to each group there is a concise but informative description of each species considered, with the illustration appearing on the opposite page. The volume concludes with a small section on classifi- cation and structure of insects, notes on the various orders, a brief bibliography (listing a number of works that are virtually unob- tainable) and an index. The standard of illustration is very high for a popular work, and the reviewer was able to recognise most of the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera illustrated! Nearly 800 species are shown, most in ‘natural’ poses against a background of appropriate food plant. The illustrations have suffered a little from reduction — some of the Diptera are rather dark, and some larvae are unrecognisable. The nomenclature, at least for the Lepidoptera, is from the ‘South’ era, and authors are not given for scientific names. The coverage of orders is uneven, with Lepidoptera predominating. Despite these minor criticisms the text and illustrations provide excellent value for money. For the general naturalist this probably ranks amongst the best available popular works on insects. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. THE ‘TYPES’ OF MANIOLA JURTINA SPLENDIDA WHITE (LEPIDOPTERA: SATYRIDAE) By GEORGE THOMSON* Between the years 1871 and 1872 Dr. Francis Buchanan White wrote and published his fine work /nsecta Scotica in serial form in the Scottish Naturalist. Although his travels took him to many parts of Britain and Europe collecting and studying Macro- and Microlepi- doptera, Coleoptera, Hemiptera as well as other invertebrates and plants, he never neglected his native Scotland or Perthshire the county town of which was his home for most of his life. His superb collection survives almost intact apart from some specimens of Macrolepidoptera which have mysteriously disappeared, some im- portant Coleoptera which were transferred to the British Museum (Natural History) and his Hemiptera which are said to have been loaned to a museum in the United States in the 1920s and which have never been returned. FIG. 1 FIG. 2 FIG. 3 FIG. 4 Maniola jurtina splendida White. Figs. 1 and 2, male syntype upper- side and underside respectively. Figs. 3 and 4, female syntype upperside and underside respectively. All natural size. The Rhopalocera section of Insecta Scotica lists some thirty- six species occurring in the country, although this number includes unconfirmed species such as Pyronia tithonus (Linnaeus), Argynnis adippe (Denis and Schiffermuller) and Hamearis lucina (Linnaeus). He discounts Erebia ligea (Linnaeus) and does not include Cartero- *Department of Biology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA. 90 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD cephalus palaemon (Pallas) which was not found in Scotland until more than thirty years after his death. The only mention of a ‘new’ butterfly in this section of his work is the form of Maniola jurtina (Linnaeus) called splendida which he describes thus: “Var. (and ab.) splendida. — Larger and brighter coloured; the apical spot of the front wing with two white dots.” And he continues: “Found by Mr. A. Davidson in the island of Longa, on the west coast of Ross-shire. Mr. Davidson informs me that it is very plentiful in the island, and that it is the only form occurring there. Oc- casionally in Aberdeenshire (J. W. H. Traill). I have taken this variety in the island of Capri near Naples.” Note that the locality is Longa Island, Ross-shire — not Lunga, Argyllshire as stated in Higgins and Riley (1970, 1973, 1975, 1980). Buchanan White did not designate types as such, but it would be expected that he would have retained examples of this race in his collection. P. P. Graves (1930) in his redescription of splendida said that he had searched for the Buchanan White ‘types’ in the Perth Collection without success: “Buchanan White’s types could not be found in the Perth County Museum. . .” No further search for splendida was made until the White collection was examined for the purposes of the author’s work on Maniola (Thomson, 1969, 1970). My quest was no more suc- cessful than that of Graves some thirty-nine years earlier, although there were specimens of the Capri form to which White referred in his description. There the matter would have rested had it not been for an accidental discovery. While studying the collection of Lepi- doptera for a quite different purpose (Thomson, 1980), I noticed that the contents of box number 15 comprised an odd mixture of families including Noctuidae, Geometridae, Arctiidae, Saturniidae, Lycaenidae, Pieridae, Nymphalidae and also a number of Micro- lepidoptera. The most interesting specimens were those in the last row, three jurtina, a set male and female and a pinned but unset female, all being of the form found in the north-west of Scotland which we know as splendida. The three jurtina were unlabelled. Nor had they numbers referring to entries in one of the cabinet books in which White kept note of specimen data. Two volumes of his notes survive, although the first 200 entries in the first book have been lost. It is unlikely that these specimens were added to the col- lection by someone else at a later date. The insect collections in the Perth Museum, until very recently, have been carefully segregated and kept as individual collections rather than being absorbed in a single large collection. There was a separate ‘Perthshire Collection’ and some use of individual specimens has been made from time to time for display purposes. It is more probable that the odd assort- ment of lepidopterous insects in case 15 represents material given to White. All of his main collection was of his own making, suppli- mented by purchased specimens of rarer european species. The comment in his description, “found by Mr. Davidson in Longa’, would suggest that the three jurtina were given to him by Davidson and the two set specimens are those on which he based his description. THE ‘TYPES’ OF MANIOLA JURTINA SPLENDIDA WHITE 91 The ‘types’ themselves are worth close examination as they contrast greatly with Graves’ topotypes illustrated in his plate, particularly in the female underside. Graves’ material had a rather uniform underside to the forewings in the females with a some- what pale underside to the hindwings on which the fulvous streak between the discal and postdiscal areas (Hubner’s line) stands out clearly. It has already been suggested that his series was atypical of the north-western race in this respect (Thomson, 1970). On the other hand, the Buchanan White pair is representative of the wide- spread splendida form, having an extremely well marked medial line between the basal and postdiscal areas of the female underside forewing. Furthermore, this form has a rather dark underside hind- wing which tends to obscure the fulvous Hubner’s line. In all other respects both the male and the female are similar to Graves’ speci- mens having large bipupilled apical eyespots and the extensive fulvous markings in both sexes. The specimens in the Buchanan White collection have been de- signated as types and labelled thus: (a) subspecies splendida White. Syntype male (figs. 1 and 2). North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. David- son. (b) subspeices splendida White. Syntype female (figs. 3 and 4). North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. Davidson. The third (unset) specimen found beside the abovementioned types has been labelled: (c)subspecies splendida White. Syntype female. North-west Scotland, probably Longa Island, Ross-shire: A. David- son. All specimens remain in the Perth Museum. Acknowledgements My sincere thanks go to Mr. James Blair, Curator of the Perth Museum and Art Gallery and Mr. Michael Taylor, Keeper of Natural History, for their generous help while I was working in the museum and for allowing me access to the Buchanan White collections. References Graves, P. P., 1930. The British and Irish Maniola jurtina L. (Lep. Satyridae). Entomologist 63: 49-52, \nlate 1. Higgins, L. G. and Riley, N. D., 1970. A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, Collins. 1973; ——_____———_ 2nd edition 1975 3rd edition 1980 ———_____———————___ 4th edition revised and reset. Thomson, G., 1969. Maniola (Epinephele) jurtina L. (Lep. Satyridae) and its forms. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 81: 7-14, 51-58, 83-90, 116-117. ——--———— , 1970. On the nature of Maniola jurtina splendida B. White (Lep. Satyridae). Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 82: 261-268. —--——-—-— , 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland: a Natural History. Croom Helm, London. White, F. B. W., 1872. Insecta Scotica. Scott. Nat. 1871-72: 162-168, 198-202, 238-241, 273-275. a THE DECLINE OF THE INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD, EAST SUSSEX By M. HADLEY B.Sc., A.R.C.S., F.R.E.S.* Whilst recording the demise of various native Lepidoptera for the Nature Conservancy Council, it was immediately apparent that a significant number of species had been lost from Abbot’s Wood, a favourite haunt of the Victorian collector. The woodland was known to many if not to most of the great Lepidopterists of the past century. So fine were the stands of mature Oaks, and how common were the specialities, that Thomas Salvage ran a Butterfly Farm on its outskirts, trading on the abundant material contained therein. The author having spent most of his entomologically ‘formative’ years collecting in the Eastbourne area, feels compelled therefore to put pen to paper concerning the loss of species that this woodland has suffered. The woodland is approximately 1% miles square in area, and situated just north-west of Polegate. Unlike many modern wood- lands, there has been no overall change in its size, although the surrounding environs have seen much agricultural improvement. However, there have been considerable changes within its borders. These can be examined by consulting the Ordnance Surveys of 1898 and 1925, and through to the present day. The woodland was totally deciduous prior to the turn of the century, consisting mainly of mature trees of great antiquity, until the 1939-45 war when most of the oaks were felled, excepting those of consitituent woodlands on the periphery. The first signs of coniferisation began with a very small plantation on the 1925 O.S. revision in the centre of the wood. Nowadays the whole area, excepting the fringes, stands as a monument to the softwood industry. This paper compares the qualitative and quantitative changes that have happened to the Macrolepidoptera. Only species that are resident have been used in this compilation, with known mi- gratory species excluded from the comparison. !The Macrolepidoptera are defined here as those species repre- sented in volumes 1 and 2 of South’s Moths of the British Isles Methods of Comparison Eastbourne is unusual in many respects, but none less than the fact that it has a detailed entomological history. The history of the Lepidoptera in the Eastbourne area has been covered by four separate publications from 1885 until the present date. The first list covering the whole of Sussex, Jenner (1885), issued in the Proceedings of the Eastbourne Natural History Society. The present author extracted all records cited for Abbot’s Wood and where species had been noted as common, or abundant throughout *Nature Conservancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 8PY. 93 DECLINE OF INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD the county’s woodlands. ‘his paper comprised two lists supplied to J. H. A. Jenner by Messrs. G. T. Porritt and W. H. Tugwell, both of whom collected extensively in the area. The second list of species for the county is that of Goss and Fletcher (1905), in the Victorian County History of Sussex. The species lists in this were largely drawn up by J. H. A. Jenner and W. H. B. Fletcher, although notable contributors were R. Adkin, J. Anderson, C. G. Barrett, W. M. Christy, A. C. Vine and many others. Again, the same technique was applied, of extracting records specifically relating to the area and those species which it was stated were general to the County’s woodlands. The third publication is perhaps the best known upon the area, if not one of the best produced local lists of its kind. Issued in parts between 1928 and 1934, the critical volume dealing with the moths was published in 1930, in the Transactions of the Eastbourne Natural History, Photographic and Literary Society. This dealt with the detailed distribution of all species, and Adkin noted clearly whether species were present at the time of writing. This fine list was accompanied by a long series of half-tone plates of the common species. The last list to cover the wood was that of the present author, Hadley (1980). Records from Abbots Wood were abstracted but noteworthy lists for the woodlands were submitted by Messrs. C. Pratt, S. W. P. Pooles and M. Parsons. This completed a series of publications documenting the history of this woodland from 1885 until the present day. To aid complete- ness of this report, data held at the Biological Records Centre at Monks Wood was abstracted and checked to make sure no note- worthy species had been overlooked. For the purposes of this comparision, the lists of Jenner, Adkin and Hadley were used. The present writer decided against use of the Victoria County History, as all species covered by that list for the area in question are listed by Adkin (1930). Results In a paper of this sort, long species lists have only a limited use, so I decided to omit these from the published account for the sake of brevity, and also because, for the purposes of comparison, ‘species totals’ are of more significance. Table One shows the total number of species which were recorded by each author for the wood. The number of species found to occur in the wood in all three accounts (ie. 1885-1980) was 156. In each list, there were a number of species which did not occur in either of the other two lists, and these may be accounted for by temporary residence, migration (note that well known migrants were excluded from the compilation wherever possible), overlooked species and species that had not been taxonomically separated. The total number of species in this category for each author was Jenner 44, Adkin 47 and Hadley 24. 94 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Extinctions in the area were treated as species that were noted as being present by a particular author, but not recorded before or after. For example, Jenner recorded Apamea sublustris (Esp.), but the species was not recorded by either Adkin or Hadley, and Apamea crenata (Hufn.) which was noted by Jenner and Adkin, but not by Hadley. Thus, species lost between 1885 and 1930 total- led 44, and those lost between 1930 and 1980 equalled 95. Provision was made for species that were not recorded by Adkin but were noted by the other two authors: these species totalled 19. The total number of species recorded for the whole period 1885-1980 was 423 species. Discussion I do not intend to enter into a lengthy discourse on these results, but shall highlight some of the major factors. A steady decline in the Macrolepidoptera of Abbots Wood is happening now, and has been going on for nearly a century, an acceleration in this trend has occurred since the 1930s. This decline is substantiated by three sets of data. Thus, the total number of species has declined (since 1930), the number of new arrivals has declined, and the number of species becoming extinct has increased from 44 to 95 during the two last recording periods. Three major factors must be considered to have shaped these results: habitat loss, climate and changing collecting techniques. Trapping using Mercury Vapour light is an efficient and highly productive method of sampling a fauna, but it tends to make a lepidopterist slothful and lazy (speaking from experience), and traditional techniques such as sugaring and beating get forgotten so that many species are overlooked this way. For this reason, the writer feels the advantage of light for collecting has been offset by the loss of traditional techniques and has consequently lent only minimal bias to the results. Climate is as unpredictable as the beasts themselves. However, it is believed, and there seems to be a general concensus of opinion of this, that there has been a downturn in the climate this century. Lastly, and perhaps most significantly, the changing environment within the wood cannot be underestimated. The final blow to the woodland species came with the felling of the great stands of oaks just after the 1939-45 war, and latterly, affore- station by the Forestry Commission, resulting in the present day legacy of substantial areas of sterile conifer plantations and regularly mown rides. Table 2 shows the species of Draft Red Data Book status which have occurred in the wood since recording began. It paints a de- pressing picture of loss. Siona lineata (Scop.) probably died out due to natural causes, change of climate or lack of suitable habitat for the larvae. The remainder of the species were recorded again by Adkin, and he turned up specimens of Catocala promissa (D. & S.) which was probably temporarily established in the area. However, fifty years after Adkin, not a single Draft Red Book species remains, for which habitat loss and climate must be blamed. 95 DECLINE OF INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF ABBOT’S WOOD TABLE ONE Histogram to show the total number of species recorded from Abbot's Wood by each author. Number of species recorded 1885 1930-34 1980 Dates of lists compared TABLE TWO Table of draft Red Data Book species of Moths Recorded from Abbot's Wood,East Sussex. Red Data Book Species recorded by:= Category Jenner Adkin Hadley Siona lineata Cucullia gnaphalii See eer pet Cte es Eriogaster lanestris Hemaris fuciformis Hemaris tityus Jodia croceago Momo alpium Catocala promissa Heterogenea asella Cyclophora pendularia + indicates presence of species 96 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD The only recent success was the establishment of a colony of Spargania luctuata (D. & S.) during the 1960’s and early 1970’s, in the one remaining area of the woods that remains in a similar condition to when it was first constituted, namely that of the area known as Milton Hide. Encouraging signs have been the opening of the rides by the Forestry Commission and the clearence of some of the large tracts of Gorse that were becoming rampant. One cannot underestimate the negative effect of routine ride maintenance as it reduces floral diversity, upon which adult insects are dependent as well as pruning back severely sources of larval foodplants. A rotational system leaving wide ride margins would be less labour intensive and ecologically preferable. The clearing of many of the other areas together with the planting of young birch and other broadleaves has had beneficial results, with several species reoc- curing after absences of many decades, species such as Acronicta alni (Linn.) and Furcula bicuspis (Borkh.). If this trend is continued the long-term future of the woodland is not so bleak as one might expect. Acknowledgements The writer would like to make due acknowledgement of the re- sources and time of the Nature Conservancy Council and the Bio- logical Records Centre, Monks Wood, in the compilation of this paper. Individually I wish to express my thanks to A. E. Stubbs, J. Heath, C. Pratt, M. Parsons and S. W. P. Pooles for their kind help, advice, and constructive criticism. References Adkin R., 1930. The Moths of Eastbourne Part 1. Trans. Eastbourne Nat. Hist., Photographic and Literary Soc. Vol. X. Adkin R., 1934. The Butterflies and Moths of Eastbourne. lst Supplement. Additions and corrections. Trans. Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Photographic and Literary Sol. Vol. X. Bradley J. D. & Fletcher D. S., 1979. Recorders Log Book or Label List of British Butterflies and Moths. Curwen Books. Goss, H. & Fletcher, W. H. B., 1905, Lepidoptera in Victoria County History of Sussex. Hadley, M., 1977. The Macrolepidoptera of Eastbourne (Excluding Butter- flies). Ent. Rec. J. Var., 89: 2. Hadley M., 1980. An Annotated list of the Macrolepidoptera of Eastbourne (Excl. Butterflies). Nature Conservancy Council, S. E. Region. Jenner J. H. A., 1885. Macrolepidoptera of East Sussex. Trans. Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc. South R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd. PYRRHOCORIS APTERUS L. (HEM.: PYRRHOCORIDAE ) IN DOR- SET. — In July 1979 I was brought two specimens of Pyrrhocoris apterus which had been taken at Kimmeridge on the Dorset coast. The only known permanent colony for this handsome black and red species is on Oar Stone Rock, a small island off the Devon coast, near Torquay, where it has been present for very many years. — S. C. S. BROWN, 158 Harewood Road, Bournemouth, Dorset. 97 MICROLEPIDOPTERA: A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1981 By the Rev. DAVID J. L. AGASSIz* 1981 was not a year many lepidopterists in Britain will re- member with great relish. The Spring was cold and wet and seemed to go on long after it should have been Summer. Even if the moths were enduring the weather there were few opportunities for students to pursue them in those months when so many larvae can be found. It seemed in due course that the insects also had not fared very well, for when better weather came, which it did in July and August, the population of many species seemed to be smaller than usual, as was the case with the larger moths. Books are often set aside in favour of field work during the height of the season, but this year was cheered by the publication in the summer of The Smaller Moths of Essex by A. M. Emmet. Not many counties have a good list of ‘micro’ species and very seldom is such a list produced separately; it is therefore a comment on the prominence of the study of smaller species that a County Field Club should undertake such a work at this time. The list itself is a tribute to the energy and thoroughness of the author, and it is I believe the first attempt at mapping microlepidoptera by 10km grid squares. Excitement is often aroused by species added to the British list, and these also were few. However, it often happens that discoveries of this kind only come to light a year or more later, and this was the position in 1981. Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs was taken by several collectors in Kent where it seems to be established as resident and presumed to be feeding on Norway Spruce; it transpired that the first specimen was taken by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt the previous year, but the identity was established, and the species found to be resident in 1981. It will be interesting to see how widespread this species becomes, for so many recent colonists of our Islands are associated with conifers. This is not surprising in view of the addiction of foresters to the growing of these, but despite that one suspects that more species may yet be found if only entomologists were more prepared to endure the monotony of these plantations and work them thoroughly, looking for likely species which are known to occur on the continent of Europe. Towards the end of the year it became clear that Oegoconia caradjai Popescu-Gorj & Capuse was a resident species which had hitherto been confused with O. quad- ripuncta Haw. This makes for a small number of additions, none first taken in 1981, but already there are indications of one of two others which may come to light in 1982 or thereafter. Species added in recent years continued to be found, as usually happens, for example Scythris inspersella Hubn., Coleophora linosy- ridella Fuchs and Metzneria aprilella H.-S. were bred, the latter in great numbers from Centaurea scabiosa, but in no case was the known distribution significantly extended. * The Vicarage, 10 High View Avenue, Grays, Essex RM17 6RU. 98 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD As for rare species, it was encouraging to hear of a further record of Paramesia gnomana Cl. of which the first authentic speci- mens were taken by Godfray in 1977. A third specimen of Lam- pronia flavimitrella Hb. was taken in Kent by N. F. Heal, but its life history remains to be unravelled. Many searches for Agonopterix astrantieae Hein. in the South of England proved fruitless, but two were bred from North Wales by H. N. Michaelis. His name should have been included in my Review of the Year 1980 among the discoverers of Bucculatrix cidarella Zell. feeding on Myrica gale, a habit which has now been reported from Ireland. Sustained interest in the microlepidoptera has produced a number of interesting records, which demonstrates the value of study in this and other less popular fields. It is remarkable that even in big cities like London, species of considerable interest can still be found. The list of species recorded from Buckingham Palace by Dr. J. Bradley continues to grow, and in recent years has in- cluded Morophaga choragella D. & S., Coleophora tamesis Waters, Aroga velocella Zell., and Teleiodes alburnella Zell.; S. A. Knill- Jones has recorded Nemapogon granella Linn. and Tinea pallescen- tella Stt. from central London, and at Hampstead R. A. Softly has had Microthrix similella Zinck. There now follows a list of some of the more interesting records, inevitably it is incomplete, and another person would select different species for mention; I have tried to include new, or renewed county records which extend the known range of a species and other less common species which seemed worthy of comment. They are arranged in the order of Kloet & Hincks (1972). Micropterix tun- bergella Fabr., Perthshire (K. P. Bland); Stigmella samiatella Zell., N. E. Essex (A. M. Emmet) more than doubling the number of specimens taken in Britain; S. acetosae Stt.; Adela croesella Scop.., Dumfries (K. P. Bland); Meesia richardsoni Wals. still resident at Portland (D. J. Sterling); Monopis imella Hb., Co. Cork, Eire (D. J. L. Agassiz); Ypsolopha lucella Fabr. including a o’, Suffolk (A. M. Emmet); Coleophora violacea Str8m. Perthshire (K. P. Bland); C. vibicigerella Zell., Kent (N. F. Heal & R. & A. J. Fairclough); C. machinella Bradley, Surrey (R. & A. J. Fairclough); C. argentula Steph., E. Lothian and C. sylvaticella Wood, Aberdeen (K. P. Bland); Esperia oliviella Fabr., Kent (J. Fenn) and Hants. (D. J. Sterling); Agonopterix bipunctosa Curtis, Anglesey (H. N. Michaelis) and Cardiganshire (A. N. B. Simpson); Eulamprotes wilkella Linn., Essex (A. M. Emmet); Syncopacma larseniella Gozm. from many localities after R. J. Heckford! showed that most records of S. cinctella Cl. refer to this species; Blastodacna atra Haw., Hants. (J. R. Lang- maid); Phalonia minimana Carad. and Aphelia unitana Hb., Selkirk (K. P. Bland); Olethreutes arcuella Cl., Kent (J. Fenn) and lastly a specimen of the rare migrant Ewchromius ocellea Haw. was taken in Kent in November by B. F. Skinner. lWe expect publication of a paper by R. J. Heckford on Syncopacma larseniella in the next issue of the Record — Editor. ADDITIONS TO THE MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE By S. M. JACKSON* Since publication in 1970 of The Lepidoptera of Yorkshire (Macro-lepidoptera), compiled by members of the Lepidoptera Committee of the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union, and edited by C. I. Rutherford, there have been 12 additions to the County list as set out below. Nomenclature accords with that of Kloet & Hincks (1972). Pseudoips prasinana L.: Scarce Silver Lines. This species has long been known to occur in N. Lincs., but the first authentic Yorkshire record is of five larvae being beaten from oak at Potteric Carr Nature Reserve (vc. 63) by R. I. Heppenstall in late May 1978. He later took the moth at light at Rossington, near Doncaster (vc. 63) on 28th July 1978. Meganola albula D. & S.: Kent Black Arches. One taken at m.v. light by P.Q. Winter at Muston near Filey (vc.61) on 16th July 1973. This is the first northern record of a species usually found south of London, especially on the coasts of Kent, Sussex and Hants. Nola aerugula Hbn.: Scarce Black Arches. This species was added to the Yorkshire list when Barry Spence took two at light at Kilnsea (vc. 61), one on 26th and one on 27th July 1980. Simyra albovenosa Goeze: Powdered Wainscot or Reed Dagger. Found for the first time in Yorkshire in 1970 when B. Spence took it near the reed bed at Kilnsea (vc. 61). It is now considered to be extinct there as the habitat has been washed into the sea. Mythimna vitellina Hbn.: Delicate. Was taken for the first time in Yorkshire at Muston near Filey (vc. 61), on 11th October 1978, by P. Q. Winter. Lithacodia pygarga Hufn.: Marbled White Spot. Although there is an old record for Wharncliffe Woods from 1872, this was later considered erroneous. Therefore, when several were seen at light on Skipwith Common (ve. 61) on Ist July 1978 by W. Jagger and S. M. Jackson, this was regarded as constituting a new county record. The species has also been seen there annually up to 1981. Scopula marginepunctata Goeze: Mullein Wave. Recorded for the first time in Yorkshire by S. L. Sutton, who took it at Spurn (vc. 61) on 16th August 1972. Xanthorhoe quadrifasiata Clerck: Large Twin-spot Carpet. After recently extending its range into Notts., this species was first noticed in Yorkshire in 1978, by Ray Hawley at Hornsea Mere (ve. 61), and later, A. S. Ezard noted it at Rudston (vc. 61) on 28th July and 18th August 1980. Eupithecia insigniata Hbn.: Pinion-spotted Pug. First found in Yorkshire when Paul Ingham took two at Snainton (vc. 62) on Sth and 6th June 1977. Also taken at East Ayton (vc. 62) in 1979, and at Muston near Filey (vc. 61) on 7th June 1979. Chloroclystis chloerata Mabille: Sloe Pug. First noticed in Yorkshire by P. Q. Winter who found larvae on sloe at Muston on *22 Armoury Road, Selby, N. Yorkshire YO8 OAY. 100 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 4th May 1975, then at Settrington near Malton on 5th May 1976 and at Harpham near Driffield on 1st May 1977 (all in vc. 61). Also found at Wass (vc. 62) by Dr. A. M. R. Heron. Semiothisa notata L.: Peacock Moth. The sole Yorkshire record is of one taken at m.v. light in Staindale near Pickering (vc. 62) on 27th August 1977 by P. Q. Winter and S. M. Jackson. Deileptenia ribeata Clerck: Satin Beauty. This species, long known to occur in N. Lancashire, was not noticed in Yorkshire until August 1974 when S. M. Jackson recognised some worn speci- mens (by their pectinated antennae), which came to m.y. light operated by W. Jagger near Pickering. The species, probably pre- viously confused with Alcis repandata L., is now known to be widespread in north-east Yorkshire, with further records from Wass, Scarborough, Buttercrambe Woods (1980 and 1981) and Pickering (all in ve. 62). Moths of Southern Africa by E. C. G. Pinhey. 273pp. 63 col. pl. + 18 fig. 4to. Cloth. Pub. A. A. Balkema (Rotterdam) 1979. 21S: To attempt to cover the moths of Southern Africa, estimated as exceeding 10,000 species, in a single volume is a daunting task. This volume describes and illustrates some 1183 species selected from the majority of families as representing the more colourful or interesting species, or those of economic importance. The vast bulk come from the families of larger moths. Introductory chapters cover general characteristics and biology, collecting, rearing and preparing insects and identification and classification. The bulk of the text comprises the systematic section. The general format provides keys to families where appropriate. A des- cription of the family is given and there follows a treatment of selected genera. Each genus has the reference to its original descrip- tion, synonymy and name of type species. Individual species are similarly treated with a description of salient features (usually wing patterns), notes on larvae (where known) and distribution. In a work of this nature, the illustrations are of paramount importance. The plates are made from photographs of set specimens and on the whole are of excellent quality. The specimens are photo- graphed against a variety of coloured backgrounds, predominately white and blue/green. The latter is very effective for light coloured insects but unfortunately many white-winged moths are pictured against white backgrounds making identification impossible. Each specimen is numbered to enable easy reference to the text descrip- tion. The work concludes with a glossary, bibliography and three indices — to pest species, host plants, and a general index. On the whole, the author has produced a readable and useful work, although the juxtaposition of general introduction and detailed references to original descriptions suggests an attempt to cater for too wide a readership. The presentation of the volume is very good and there is an attractive, painted frontispiece. Consider- ing the quality and quantity of the illustrations, the price represents very good value. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. 01 DERMAPTERA FROM THE GUNONG MULU NATIONAL PARK, BORNEO. A CORRECTION AND AN ADDITION By A. BRINDLE* In a previous paper on the earwigs collected in the Gunong Mulu National Park (Brindle 1980), three female earwigs were listed as Parapericomus sp. Philip Chapman, to whom I am indebted for some of the earlier specimens, has now collected three more of this species, of which one is a male, and this shows that the species concerned is Nala ornata Borelli and not Parapericomus. The three latest specimens were taken under damp rocks near the stream by Lubang Payau Air (Deer Water Cave), 22.8.1980. Nala ornata was originally recorded from south of Gunong Mulu in the Baram river area. The entry in Brindle (1980) “4. Parapericomus sp.” thus should be replaced with “4. Nala ornata Borelli’, and the family is Labiduridae. The family Labiidae begins with “5S. Auchenomus setulosus Burr”. A single female of Chelisoches brevipennis Borelli (Cheliso- chidae) was found on guano in a pocket in the flowstone wall of Water Polo Cave (formerly Pinnacles Cave), Gunung Api, 18.12.1980. Although female earwigs are often difficult to name satisfactorily, this species is distinctive in closely resembling the common Oriental and Australasian C. morio (F.), from which it is distinguished by the short elytra and reduced wings. Originally described from Los Banos, Luzon, Philippine Islands (Borelli, 1923), it is identical, according to Borelli (19314) with C. bimammatus Hebard, the latter name being a synonym. Interestingly the latter was described from Batu Cave, Selangor, Malaysia, so there seems to be a correla- tion of habitat. From known habits of C. morio, C. brevipennis is likely to be a predator of smaller animals. The list of earwigs from the Gunong Mulu National Park is thus eight. References Borelli, A., 1923. Dermatteri della Isole Filippine. Boll. Musei Zool. Anat. comp. R. Univ. Torino 21 (No. 13): 1-20. ———., 19314. Dermapteres de la Presqu’ile Malaise. Bull. Raffles Mus. 6-9: 80-95. Brindle, A., 1980. Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National Park, Borneo. Ent. Rec. 92: 172-175. *Entomology Department, Manchester Museum, University of Manchaster, Manchester M13 9PL. CE2ZESSO 102 BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER, (LEP. LYONETIIDAE)'ON MY RICA GALE By H. N. MICHAELIS* In the works and published notes consulted, alder is always listed as the sole foodplant of this species. On 8th September 1980, I took E. C. Pelham-Clinton and J. Langmaid to a low lying marsh (100 ft.) near Llanbedrgoch, Anglesey (VC 52). Our object was to look for Agonopterix bipunctosa (Curtis) among the Serratula tinctoria (Saw-wort) and Glyphipterix schoenicolella Boyd; the last was already recorded from the site. There is a fine growth of Myrica gale on which J. L. found empty leaf-mines which prompted a search producing vacated circular white spinnings of the moulting “chambers” of a Bucculatrix species. A few larvae were found of which most fell to the ground, together with a few inhabited moul- ting spinnings. Beating into our nets showed that many larvae were present. Some of these spun up the next day on the lid and sides of the box in a yellowish-grey ribbed shuttle-shaped cocoon. The larvae feed on the underside of the leaf after vacating the mine, and leave the upper cuticle intact to form a window pattern of feeding, which cannot in shape be confused with the typical Coleophorid mine of C. viminetella Zeller, which was also present. As we thought and hoped we had a species new to Britain, I attempted to force an early emergence by means of refrigeration followed by gentle heat. This did not succeed and the remaining cocoons were kept in a cold frame to produce moths from 26th May to 18th June 1981. On 11th September, E.C.P.-C. and J. L. went to Borth Bog, Cardigan (VC 46) to meet Maitland Emmet and all found larvae plentiful on Myrica. A further visit by H.N.M. to a more western site in Anglesey showed larvae to be equally plentiful. As the shrub is plentiful on high ground in Snowdonia (VC 49), search was made at varying heights up to 1,200 feet in the next two weeks, but no sign of larvae or feeding pattern was seen on the Myrica there, though a few moulting spinnings were seen on alder leaves nearby. Conversely, there is a stand of alder within 100 yards of the Llanbedrgoch Myrica and though beaten and searched in June and August 1981, neither moth nor larva was seen among this alder. The 1980 moths appeared to be cidarella and this was later proved by genitalia preparations made by E.C.P.-C., J.L. and J.D. Bradley. As further confirmation, I am told that Mark Shaw was able to feed Anglesey larvae from Myrica on alder leaves. In October 1980, I searched for an hour for cocoons on bran- ches and stems of Myrica and found only one. Remembering that cocoons of B. maritima Stainton are found on nearby grass leaves rather than on Aster tripolium, I found five cocoons of B. cidarella on grass and sedge leaves; these had weathered to brownish and the cocoons were not easily seen. I visited the same site on the evening of 23rd June 1981 and found moths resting on or flying around Myrica from 1700 hrs. onwards (many were also disturbed by beat- *5 Glan-y-mor, Glan Conwy, Colwyn Bay. LL28 5TA. BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER ON MYRICA GALE 103 ing). Possibly, this was a mating flight though I saw no paired moths. Meyrick says this moth is fairly common among alder, though I have never found it so in north Wales or in north-west England where alder is plentiful and in Lancashire is used for making the soles of clogs. In fact, I usually find it only singly as a mine, larva or moth. What little I have seen of the Myrica feeder suggests that it occurs on low ground, possibly near western coasts. There is a fine growth of Myrica in a similar situation at Witherslack (VC 69) which might be worth searching in August or September. Though the species has a new foodplant on which it seems to congregate in large numbers when compared with alder, there is no suggestion that it should be raised to sub-specific rank. To conclude, on that pleasant September day, E.C.P.-C. and J. L. had Glyphipterix schoenicolella which was new to one or both, and I found one Agonopterix bipunctosa new to me and probably to north Wales. References Eckstein, K. 1933. Die Kleine Schmetterlinge Deutschlands. Hering, E. M. 1951. Biology of the Leaf Miners. Meyrick, E. 1927. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. Stainton, H. T. 1874. Observations on Tineina, Ent. Ann., 1874: 43 Tutt, J. W. 1905 Practical Hints for the Field Lepidopterist, 3: 89 FOODPLANT OF COLEOPHORA SALICORNIAE WOCKE IDENTI- FIED AS SALICORNIA FRAGILIS P. W. BALL AND TUTIN. — The larval cases of Coleophora salicorniae reputedly being found on one species of Glasswort only, and in the hope of avoiding a repetition of the abortive search of the acres of foodplant that cover the saltmarshes at this time of the year, I took a plant upon which I found two larvae at Stoke Saltings, Kent on 11th October, 1981 to the Maidstone Museum where Mr. Eric Philp kindly named it as S. fragilis which is one of the common species found in the ‘middle’ saltmarsh zone, particularly on the pure mud sides of channels below the fringe of Halimione and often forming pure stands. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. THE WOOD WHITE: LEPTIDEA SINAPIS L. IN SOUTH DEVON. — On 6th August 1981 a pair of wood whites were seen flying over rough vegetation on the undercliff to the west of Branscombe on the South Devon coast. These insects were observed for some thirty minutes and seemed perfectly at home in an area more akin to their typical habitat in continental Europe than on the English mainland. There are plenty of trees in the area — beech and oak being domi- nant — but no large areas of unbroken woodland similar to that which is the favoured habitat for this insect in Surrey and Sussex. — P. J. BAKER, Mount Vale, The Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey. ERYNNIS TAGES L. AB. RADIATA BROWN: A CORRECTION. — In vol. 94. p. 69, line 5, for Mr. John Swiner read Mr. John Simner. —R.D.G. BARRINGTON. 104 RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) REARED FROM FUNGI By R. H. L. DISNEY * and R. E. EVANS ** One of us (R.E.E.) reared a number of Phoridae from fungi collected at various localities in Norfolk during 1980. The following species were obtained: Megaselia bovista (Gimmerthal) Nine from Lycoperdon (= Calvatia, = Langermannia) giganteum (= L. bovista) in August, from North Tuddenham Common (Grid ref. 63/0311). Gimmerthal (1848) reared this species from L. giganteum. Colyer (1954) reported it from cultivated mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). Megaselia bux toni Colyer Five from Thelephora terrestris in September and October from Swanton Novers Wood (63/0032). Previously it has been reported from Pleurotus cornucopiae, Polyporus squamosus and Gloeoporus (= Polyporus) fumosus (= Bjerkandera fumosa) (Colyer 1954, Buxton, 1961, Chandler, 1973). Megaselia flava (Fallen) Six from Peziza varia in July and August, from Warren Wood (63/0911); four from Pluteus cervinus in August and September, from Wayland Wood (52/9299); and 42 from Peziza micropus in August, from Wayland Wood. Previously reported from Peziza (= Aleuria) repanda (Colyer, 1954), Russula heterophylla (Schmitz, 1948), R. aeruginea (Eisfelder, 1956), Cortinellus edodes (Kiyoku, 1968) Amanita and Tricholomopsis (Chandler, 1978). Megaselia flavicans Schmitz Six from Amanita excelsa in June from Mousehold Heath (63/2410); and eight from Russula cyanoxantha in September, from Holkham Woods (53/9045). Previously reared from 15 other oan of fungi (Schmitz, 1948, Eisfelder, 1956, Disney & Evans, 1978). Megaselia impolluta (Schmitz) Eight from Pluteus minutissimus in August, from Warren Wood. Previously reared from Pluteus umbrosus (Colyer, 1954) and a rotten Pleurotus sp. (Disney & Evans, 1979). Megaselia lutea (Meigen) 38 from Russula vesca in June and July, from Honingham Fen (63/0911); and nine from Russula lepida inSeptember and October, from Lenwade Pits (63/1018). Previously reared from 36 species of fungi, including these two (Schmitz, 1948, Eisfelder, 1956, Buxton, 1961, Disney & Evans, 1979). Megaselia nigra (Meigen) 121 from Agaricus campestris in August, from Welborne (53/0609). Previously reared from this species and A. bisporus (Wood, 1914, Schmitz, 1948, Brauns, 1950, Colyer, 1954, Hussey, 1950, Robinson, 1978); from Coprinus comatus (Malloch, 1912) and Boletus (Chandler, 1978). * Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. **Chanterelle, Church Road, Welborne, Near Mattishall, Norfolk, NR20 3LH. RECORDS OF PHORIDAE (DIPTERA) REARED FROM FUNGI 105 Megaselia pygmaeoides (Lundbeck) Five from Russula nigricans in September, from Honingham Fen. Previously reared from this and 17 other species of fungi (Eisfelder, 1956, Buxton, 1961, Disney & Evans 1979). Discussion The rearings from Amanita excelsa, Peziza micropus, P. varia, Pluteus minutissimus and Thelephora terrestris are the first records of named species of scuttle fly breeding in these fungi. Conicera similis (Haliday) is the only named Phorid previously reported from Pluteus cervinus (Schmitz, 1948) and M. flavicans has not previously been reported from Amanita excelsa. Acknowledgement One of us (R.H.L.D.) is grateful to the Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. for a grant to further studies of Phoridae. References Brauns, A., 1950.Zur Kenntnis der Schadinsekten and Champignonkulturen. Nachr. Bl. dtsch. Pfl. Sch. Dienst. Braunschweig 2: 153-156 Buxton, P. A., 1961. British Diptera associated with fungi. III. Flies of all families reared from about 150 species of fungi.. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 96: 61-94. Chandler, P. J., 1973. Some Diptera and other insects associated with decay- ing elms (Ulmus procera Salisbury) at Bromley, Kent, with some ad- ditional observations on these and related species. Entomologist’s Gaz. 24: 329-346 Chandler, P. J., 1978 in Stubbs, A. & Chandler, P. (Eds). A Dipterist’s Hand- book. The Amateur Entomologist’s Society. Colyer, C. N., 1954. A new species of Megaselia (Dipt., Phoridae) from Britain; notes on fungicolous Phoridae. Entomologist’s mon Mag. 89: 108-112. Disney, R. H. L. & Evans, R. E., 1978. Two species of Phoridae (Dipt.) reared from fungi. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113: 165 (1977) Disney, R. H. L. & Evans, R. E., 1979. Further records of Phoridae (Dipt.) reared from fungi. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 114: 166 (1978) Eisfelder, I., 1956. Die haufigsten Pilzbewohner (Fliegen als Pilzverzehrer). Z. Pilzk. 22: 108-117. Gimmerthal, B. A., 1848. Beobachtete Metamorphose einer neuen Fliegen- species und einer bereits bekannten Blattwespe. Arbeiten Naturf. — ver Riga 1: 329-330 Hussey, N. W., 1960. Biology of mushroom phorids. Mushroom Sci. 4: 260- 269 (1959) . Kiyoku, M., 1958. Studies on the insect fauna of the Japanese pine mushroom and the damage due to the insect pests. Sci. Rep. Okayama Univ. Fac. Agr. 11: 49-59. Malloch, J. R., 1912. The insects of the Dipterous family Phoridae in the United States National Museum. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 43: 411-529 Robinson, W. H., 1978. Identification of Megaselia agarici (Lintner) and Megaselia halterata (Wood) (Diptera: Phoridae). Plant Pest Rep. 3: 14-16 Schmitz, H., 1948. Zur Kenntnis der fungicolen Buckelfliegen. Natuurh. Maandbl. 37: 37-44. Wood, J. H., 1914. Notes on British Phora (further additions). Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 50: 152-154. 106 MACROLEPIDOPTERA OF AN UPLAND AREA IN KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE, SOUTH-WEST SCOTLAND By Dr. P. D. HULME* Kirkcudbrightshire forms part of the Dumfries and Galloway Region. The lepidoptera in this Region, as in many other areas of Scotland, are under-recorded. There is, therefore, plenty of scope for lepidopterists to work there, especially as the variety of habitat is, perhaps, unrivalled by that of any other area of comparable size ‘north of the border’. The main lepidoptera accounts for the Region list species taken around Almorness, Kirkcudbrightshire (V.C. 73) (Robinson, 1870-71), Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Kirkcudbrightshire (Rus- sell, 1944) and Corsemalzie, Wigtownshire (V.C. 74) (Gordon 1913, Gordon 1919). From October 1970 to July 1973 I worked for a few days each month on the Silver Flowe National Nature Reserve and stayed at Mid Garrary (10 km west of New Galloway, Kirkcud- brightshire) a field station of the Department of Plant Biology, University of Hull. The field station is within Clatteringshaws Forest, and the Silver Flowe N.N.R. lies along the north-west edge of the Forest. Much of my spare time was spent recording macrole- pidoptera within this area. At Mid Garrary I ran a light trap which at first had an ordinary 150w tungsten bulb and from 1971 a mer- cury blended tungsten bulb. This block of upland country lies above 600ft (183m) O.D. and is composed predominantly of peatland, moorland and Forestry Commission plantation. At the time of the survey there were exten- sive unforested areas grazed by sheep but now most are planted with conifers. However, the deep peat of the Silver Flowe and the steeper slopes of hills remain unforested and sheep are now confined to one small-holding. The plantations contain species of pine (Pinus), larch (Larix) and spruce (Picea). Relatively few scattered broad- leaved trees and large bushes grow in the area. These are mainly birch (Betula pubescens Ehrh.), hawthorn (Crataegus monogyne Jacq.) and eared sallow (Salix aurita L.). Around Mid Garrary and the near by Garrary Burn there are a few naturally growing sessile oaks (Quercus petraea (Mattuschka) Liebl.) and several, possibly planted, aspens (Populus tremula L.) and rowans (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Many of the species listed below are tree feeders and some are present as a result of tree planting, for example, Thera obeliscata, Semiothisa liturata and Eupithecia lariciata. On the moorland and drier peatland areas the vegetation is dominated by purple moor- grass (Molinia caerulea (L.) Moench), heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull), cotton-grasses (Eriophorum vaginatum L. and E. angu- stifolium Honck.), deer-grass (Trichophorum cespitosum (L.) Hartm.) and sweet-gale (Myrica gale L.), while on the wetter peat areas bog mosses (Sphagnum spp.) are dominant. *10 Nethermains Road, Muchalls, Stonehaven, Kincardineshire AB3 2RN. MACROLEPIDOPTERA IN KIRKCUDBRIGHTSHIRE 107 The nomenclature and order of this list follows the check list of Kloet and Hinks (1972). I am grateful to R. M. Palmer and Dr. M. R. Young for genitalia dissections of Amphipoea spp. and Eupithecia spp. respectively and for identifying a number of other species, and to my wife for typing the manuscript. References Gordon, R. S., 1913. A list of the Macrolepidoptera of Wigtownshire, Part 1. Trans. J. Proc. Dumfries and Galloway nat. Hist. Antiq. Soc. 1: 168-188. Gordon, J. G. M., 1919. The lepidoptera of Wigtownshire, Part 2. Ibid. 6: 156-167. Kloet, G. S. and Hinks, W. D., 1972.A Check List of British Insects, 2nd Ed. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, XI (2). London. Robinson, W. D., 1870-71. Lepidoptera of Kirkcudbrightshire. Ento- mologist 5: 218-220, 230-232. Russell, A. G. B., 1944. Moths taken in the neighbourhood of Gatehouse-of-Fleet, Co., Kirkcudbright, Entomologist 77: 90-92. HEPIALIDAE Hepialus humili (L.), H. fusconebulosa (De Geer). PIERIDAE Pieris napi (L.). NYMPHALIDAE Aglais urticae (L.), Inachis io (L.), Boloria selene (D. & S.). SATY RIDAE Erebia aethiops (Esp.), Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), C. tullia (Mull.). LASIOCAMPIDAE Poecilocampa populi (L.), Lasiocampa quercus callunae (Palm.), Macrothylacia rubi (L.). SATURNITDAE Saturnia pavonia (L.) GEOMETRIDAE Scopula ternata (Schr.), Xanthorhoe designata (Hufn.), X. munitata (Hubn.), X. montanata (D. & S.), Epirrhoe tristata (L.), Entephria caesiata (D. & S.), Cosmorhoe ocellata (L.), Coenotephria salicata (Hubn.), Eulithis testata (L.), E. pyraliata (D. & S.), Chloroclysta miata (L.), C. citrata (L.), Thera obeliscata (Hubn.), Colostygia multistrigaria (Haw.), C. pectinataria (Knoch), Hydriomena furcata (Thunb.), H. ruberata (Frey.), Rheumaptera hastata (L.), Epirrita autumnata (Borkh.), Operophtera brumata (L.), Perizoma alchemillata (L.), P. didymata (L.), Eupithecia satyrata (Hubn.), EF. subfuscata (Haw.), E. nanata (Hubn.), E. lariciata (Frey.), Semiothisa liturata (Clerck), Petrophora chlorosata (Scop.), Opisthograptis luteolata (L.), Selenia dentaria (Fab.), Odontopera bidentata (Clerck), Crocallis elinguaria (L.), Apocheima pilosoria (D. & S.), 108 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Biston betularia (L.), Agriopis aurantiaria (Hubn.), A. marginaria (Fab.), Alcis repandata (L.), Ematurga atomaria (L.), Bupalus piniaria (L.), Cabera exanthemata (Scop.), Hylaea fasciaria (L.). SPHINGIDAE Laothoe populi (L.). NOTODONTIDAE Phalera bucephala (L.), Cerura vinula (L.), Eligmodonta Zziczac (L.), Pheosia gnoma (Fab.). LYMANTRIIDAE Orgyia antiqua (L.). ARCTIDAE Nudaria mundana (L.), Parasemia plantaginis (L.), Diacrisia sannio (L.), Spilosoma lubricipeda (1,;.) Phragmatobia fuliginosa (L.). NOCTUIDAE Ochropleura plecta (L.), Noctua pronuba (L.), N. comes (Hubn.), Paradiarsia glareosa (Esp.), Lycophotia porphyrea (D. & S.), Diarsia mendica (Fab.), D. rubi (View.), Xestia baja (D. & S.), X. castanea (Esp.), X. sexstrigata (Haw.), X. xanthographa (D. & S.), Cerastis rubricosa (D. & S.), Lacanobia biren (Goeze), Ceramica pisi (L.), Cerapteryx graminis (L.), Orthosia gracilis (D. & S.), O. incerta (Hufn.), O. gothica (L.), Mythimna impura (Hubn.), Aporophyla nigra (Haw.), Xylena vetusta (Hubn.), Blepharita adusta (Esp.), Antitype chi (L.), Acronicta psi (L.), Euplexia lucipara (L.), Phlogophora meticulosa (L.), Hyppa rectilinea (Esp.), Apamea monoglypha (Hufn.), A. epomidion (Haw), A. remissa (Hubn.), Oligia fasciuncula (Haw.), Mesapamea secalis (L.), Photedes minima (Haw.), P. pymina (Haw.), Amphipoea lucens (Frey.), A. crinanensis (Burr.), A. oculea (L.), Hydraecia micacea (Esp.), Celaena haworthii (Cutt.), Diachrysia chrysitis (L.), Plusia festucae (L.), Autographa gamma(L.), A. pulchrina (Haw.), A. bractea (D. & S.), A. triplasia (L.),, Phytometra viridaria (Clerck), Rivula sericealis (Scop.), Hypena proboscidalis (L.). COLEOPHORA TRIGEMINELLA FUCHS AND C.CORACIPENNELLA HBN. IN SOUTH YORKSHIRE. — On 17th April 1981 while at Denaby Ings, near Mexborough (VC 63), a Yorkshire Naturalists’ Trust nature reserve, I found two cases of C. trigeminella on hawthorn, one of them feeding on the unopened flower buds. From these cases moths emerged on 11th and 22nd June. From cases of the ‘nigricella (Steph.) group, besides C. cerasi- vorella Packard I was pleased to rear two specimens of C. coracipen- nella, one from a case on blackthorn collected at Denaby Ings on 12th May 1981, the moth emerging on 18th June and one from a case on hawthorn collected near West Melton on 17th May 1981 which emerged on 25th June. I am grateful to Mr. R. Heckford for con- firming the identity of my slides of coracipennella. Besides providing the first Yorkshire records for these two species these appear to extend considerably the range of what seem to be local or under-recorded moths. — H. E. BEAUMONT, 7 Brampton Road, West Melton, Rotherham, South Yorks., SE3 6AN. COLEOPHORA MACHINELLA BRADLEY: 1” ITS REDISCOVERY IN ENGLAND, AND DESCRIPTION. By JOHN R. LANGMAID* On 15th June 1977 I collected nearly twenty Coleophorid cases from Achillea ptarmica in Botley Wood, Hampshire. The larvae continued to feed for a further two weeks and then pupated. Moths emerged during the latter half of July. One of them was larger than all the others and proved, on examination of the genitalia, to be Coleophora trochilella Duponchel. The others were identified later the same year as C. machinella Bradley by Mr. R. W. J. Uffen after he and Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz has made preparations of the male and female genitalia (figures 1 and 2). The larval case is 8mm long, made of silk, slenderly cylindrical and trivalved, orchreous-brown, paler caudally. The mouth-opening is at 60° to the long axis, and there is a distinct ‘neck’. The larva mines the leaves of the foodplant from underneath, and wanders freely from leaf to leaf. Fig. 1. Male genitalia of Coleophora machinella Bradley. Fig. 2. Female genitalia of C. machinella. The moth is similar to trochilella, but smaller, with a wingspan of 10-11 mm. Head fuscous, ochreous tinged, paler laterally; antenna white, sharply ringed black; labial palpus whitish above, mixed with ochreous-brown at sides and underneath; thorax and tegula whitish ochreous; legs whitish above, dark fuscous beneath; forewing brownish ochreous, darker toward apex, the male being distinctly darker than the female, a white streak along costa to near apex, veins from cell marked with white streaks toward apex, a * 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH 110 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD white streak along fold and another along dorsum to termen, cilia greyish ochreous; hindwing dark grey in the male, paler in the female, cilia grey tinged with ochreous; abdomen dark grey. The species was originally discovered by the late Mr. W. Machin in the early 1880’s bred from larvae feeding on Artemisia maritima from saltings on the Thames Estuary, and was named maritimella. Subsequently it was placed on the Thames Estuary, and was named maritimella. Subsequently it was placed in the synonymy of tro- chilella (Bradley 1966), and then renamed machinella after further examination of the genitalia of Machin’s specimens (Bradley 1971). Since 1977 further cases have been found in Botley Wood, and in West Walk, Wickham, Hampshire, from late May to early July. In late July 1977 two specimens were taken flying among Achillea ptarmica at Ditchling Common, Sussex, by Lt. Col. A. M. Emmet, and in 1981 Mr. R. Fairclough found cases on Ashtead Common, Surrey. In 1980 Mr. Uffen rediscovered the species in North Kent feeding on Artemisia maritima. In 1981 moths were bred from this foodplant, and it is notable tha they are distinctly paler than those bred from Achillea ptarmica. Although the sexual dichroism is also apparent in these, the males are approximately the same colour as the females from Achillea ptarmica, and the females are paler still, the forewing ground colour being pale ochreous yellow. Acknowledgments My thanks are due to Mr. R. W. J. Uffen for identifying the speci- mens, and to Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz for the drawings of the genitalia. References Bradley, J. D., 1966. Some Changes in the Nomenclature of British Lepidoptera. Ent. Gaz., 17: 213-235. Bradley, J. D., 1971. Some Changes in the Nomenclature of British Lepidoptera. Ent. Gaz., 22: 24-25. Machin, W., 1884. Two New Species of the Genus Coleophora. Entomologist, 17: 87. Toll, S., 1953. Eupistidae (Coleophoridae) of Poland. Mater. Fiziogr. Kraju, no. 32:292pp., 28pls. THE DEATH’S-HEAD HAWKMOTH AND CONVOLVULUS HAWK- MOTH IN KENT IN 1981. — A female Death’s-head Hawkmoth (Acherontia atropos L.) was seem my sister-in-law’s neighbour’s garden in Dover, but the latter was too frightened to go near it. Fortunately, however, my sister-in-law recognised it as a moth and put a container over it and called me. The date was the 28th Sep- tember. On the same date as the above, a female Herse convolvuli L. was brought to my home by a friend who found it alive while working on a building in Folkestone that day. This same friend also brought me another H. convolvuli, a very worn male, which he had found on lst October on the same site in Foikestone. — R. F. BUDDLE, 72, Alfred Road, Dover, Kent. 111 TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 By H. G. ALLCARD, F.R.E.S.! and ANTHONY VALLETTA, F.R.E.S.2 We met at the new airport, Reina Sofia, in Tenerife on Tuesday, the Ist of September at 1.15 p.m.; though on different flights from different airports, we managed to arrive more or less at the same time at our destination. By 2.30 p.m. we had reached our hotel at Santa Cruz de Fenerife. Whilst enjoying a cup of tea on the patio, we were greeted by the smallest butterfly, Zizeeria knysna Trimen, which was flying in good numbers on the well-trimmed hedges surrounding the lawn. Not much later the largest butterfly Danaus plexippus Linnaeus, appeared and was soon followed by another. They both soared and fell and soared again until, tired, they rested on the bougainvillea for a quick drink. As in previous years, we were looking forward to seeing Catopsilia florella Fabricius in the hotel gardens, but this time it was absent, though the foodplant, Cassia didymobatyra, was still available. Later we noticed that it was also absent from the nearby park where several huge Cassia trees were in full bloom and where, in 1979, we had seen so many pupa cases on their defoliated branches and butterflies on the wing. The only other butterfly we saw that afternoon was Pieris napae Linnaeus. 2nd September. We paid a courtesy visit to the Director of Icona (National Institute for the Conservation of Nature). He told us that there had been little rain-fall that winter and consequently the vegetation had dried up earlier than usual. We then went to Monte de las Mercedes, 19km from Santa Cruz; there we noticed the complete dryness. The Cedronella canariensis, the favourite plant of the butterflies, was in seed and the Rubus ulmifolius was in berries. The only butterflies we saw in that locality were Cyclirius webbianus Brulle and Lampides boeticus Linnaeus. So we drove further on to the road which leads to Las Carboneras; here also we were disappointed. All the Cedronella that grew near the road had been uprooted to make room for a concrete gutter. Two years previously this road, though dusty and somewhat rough, had been a_ paradise for Gonepteryx cleobule Hubner when the Cedronella was available and in bloom. The larval food- plant, Rhamnus glandulosa, was still there but the food for the butterfly had totally disappeared. In fact we did not come across a single butterfly until we reached a country house some 2km away where G. cleobule, Colias crocea Geoffroy, Pararge xiphioides Staudinger, P. rapae and C. webbianus were feeding at garden flowers. 3rd September. We again visited Monte de las Mercedes but as nothing was on the wing we proceeded to Las Yedras. Here, once more, we found that the Cedronella had been cut down, especially those plants by the road. Luckily we noticed a spot below a villa 1Gainsborough, Park Drive, Hale, Cheshire, MA15 9DH. 2257 Msida Street, B’Kara, Malta. iY ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD where a few plants had been spared. We saw a small butterfly resting on a dry thistle and to our delight it was Thymelicus acteon christi Rebel, the only skipper found on the island. Two C. crocea, very small in size, a single Pontia daplidice Linnaeus and a male and female Maniola jurtina f. fortunata Alpheraky were also seen. All male G. cleobule seen that morning had their wings damaged but the females were in very good condition. 4th September. In the morning we explored another locality on the other side of Las Carboneras, below Monte de las Mercedes and some 600m above sea level. We could not go far as a landslide had blocked the road the night before. This locality was a good one for Lycaenidae and Hymenoptera; in fact, C webbianus, Lycaena phlaeus Linnaeus Aricia cramera Eschscholtz and L. boeticus were quite common on the Mentha pulegium, Satureja nepeta and Echium plantagineum. Looking down a ravine, we noticed that the Cedro- nella was still in bloom and that several G. cleobule, mostly females, were patronising the flowers. In this locality we found several caterpillars of different sizes on Teline microphylla; they had short hair and were greyish black with a greenish dorsal and a yellow lateral stripe. We took a few that were fully grown and after a few days they formed silken cocoons covered with their own excreta. The moths started emerging on the 7th of October and turned out to be Uresiphita limbalis Denis & Schiffermuller. Sth September. As in former years, we did not want to miss a visit to Puerto de la Cruz, if not for the butterflies at least for the ever-changing panoramic view from the coach all along the 38km journey. After a two-hour drive through hamlets, small towns and many banana groves, we reached our destination. We passed through Taoro Park, or rather what was once a park as now it is a parking site and sports centre. Still, D. plexippus and C. florella were flying in the gardens. We again saw Z. knysna flying over a vetch and on another half-dry leguminous plant two L. phiaeus tried to sip what they could from the remaining flowers. We went to an hotel for a cupof coffee and inthe garden we saw Pieris cheiranthi Hubner resting on the only nasturtium (7ropaeolum majus), a plant which in previous years had covered the whole area; then pupae of this butter- fly had abounded on the nearby walls and the empty cases were still to be seen. We waited briefly until the butterfly left the plant and to our delight found a cluster of newly laid eggs on the under- side of a leaf. C. florella and D. plexippus were in good numbers by the swimming pool. We had a look at the Cassia trees and found two larvae of the former. One, which was quite big, pupated on the 10th and the butterfly emerged on the 19th, a female of the whitish form. The other was much smaller and, after being fed on Cassia taken with us to England, pupated on the 21st; the butterfly emerged on the 4th of October, having taken longer in the pupal stage owing to the difference in climate. 6th September. Senor M. Morales Martin and his son drove us in their car to parts of the island we had not visited so far and where small colonies of G. cleob::le were still thriving. We visited Las Vueltas de ,Taganana and went down to Culuzodel TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 113 Tejo at the very northern tip of the island. We returned to Santa Cruz taking the road from El Bailadero to San Andres, an area mostly barren except for several species of Euphorbia, hoping to come across Danaus chrysippus Linnaeus which we had not encoun- tered during our visits in 1977 and 1979. We were very grateful to our friends for, besides providing the enjoyable drive, they pointed out to us places like isolated hamlets and the Dutch village, acces- sible only from the sea, which we would never have located on our own. GOMERA In 1979 we visited the island only for a couple of hours as no accommodation was obtainable. This time, a week later, rooms were available and we were happy to spend two fruitful days on this wonderful island. 7th September. The ferry reached San Sebastian, the port and capital of Gomera, at 11.25 a.m. Luckily we found the same taxi driver whom we had hired two years before and who knew what we were after. We checked in at the hotel and then drove straight to El Cedro where the forest which registers most of the rainfall provides the right habitat for the flora and fauna. We wanted to visit an area further north of La Laguna Grande, where on our last visit we had found a mass of butterflies, especially G. cleobule, feeding on a carpet of Cedronella. To our surprise, all the flowering plants had been uprooted and heather trees planted instead. Thus the ecology of the area had completely changed and, with no flowers at hand, the butterflies and other insects had had to move elsewhere. This being so, we drove down to El Cedro. Here, unlike those in Tenerife, the Cedronella was still in bloom in shady localities. It was not long before G. cleopatra cleobule started flying out of the forest in search of the flowers; females were pre- dominant that morning and most of the males had passed their best. Pandoriana pandora Denis & Schiffermiiller was frequently seen crossing the road at a considerable height and the few that settled were seen to be badly worn. As in Tenerife, C webbianus and L. boeticus were very common and very small. A few battered female M. jurtina f. fortunata were still on the wing and we saw two C. crocea, one P. daplidice and several P. xiphioides. The only moths we came across were Macroglossum stellatarum Linnaeus hovering over the flowers; they seemed quite fresh. 8th September. After a restful night we were ready for another visit to El] Cedro. The sky was overcast and the weather discouraging. Two years previously we also experienced this type of weather and it had gradually cleared up; so we decided to go ahead. Fortunately the same thing happened and by 11.30 a.m. the clouds had drifted away and the sun was shining brightly. This time more male than female G. cleopatra cleobule were seen and most of them were quite fresh. This variation in the condition of specimens could arise from there being two broods, but a more likely explanation is that the adult life-span of Gonepteryx species is rather long and, since the 114 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD females vary in their time of leaving hibernation and egg-laying, the emergence of the butterflies is prolonged. Derry & Derry (1979), who visited Tenerife and Gomera in July, two months ahead of us, also encountered worn and fresh imagines. All the other species seen on the first day were on the wing again with the addition of A. cramera and P. xiphioides. We saw very few other insects as the season was almost over. Bombus terrestris canariensis Perez, Cerceris concinna Brulle and Podalonia tydei Le Guillou were still on the wing, the same species as we had seen in 1979, but in smaller number. In the evening we caught the ferry back to Tenerife and re- turned to our hotel at Santa Cruz. 9th September. We spent a restful day at the hotel evaluating what we had seen and enjoyed most in Gomera. 10th September. We chose a different locality on the mountains, Pico del Inglis, but as it was windy we moved to a lower and more sheltered place where some wild plants were still in bloom. We waited and waited for butterflies to appear. The only sign of life, besides the isolated chirping of some birds, was an unusual number of large dragonflies (Anax sp.) parading up and down the smooth road. They came very close to us but not within our reach. Naturally they were after food, but, not being close to water, it was not easy to find any. At last,-as a male G. cleobule flew down from the forest, its golden wings shining in the sun, down dived one of these predators, snatched it with its legs and mouth and tried to fly away to the nearest tree. It was not so easy as in its efforts to escape the butterfly kept flapping its wings and pulling down the unkind snatcher. Both whirling in the air, they soon disappeared among the trees. We moved further on but there were still no butter- flies so we concentrated on smaller fry. Beating the vegetation, we disturbed several micros, Agriphila trabeatellus canariensis Rebel and Endotricha rogenhoferi Rebel, both endemic, Pyrausta amata Scopoli, Psara bipunctalis Fabricius, Pselnophorus albiodactylus Milliere and Crombrugghia laetus Zeller. B. terrestris canariensis, P. tydei and Anthidium manicatum Linnaeus were quite common. LA PALMA 11th September. La Palma is the most westerly of the Canary Islands. Its area is 730 sq.km. and it is extremely rugged with the highest peak at 2483m. Laurel forests dominate the more northern slopes. Our flight took 20 minutes: On arrival at Santa Cruz de la Palma, we went straight to San Miguel Hotel which offers a fine view of the city, its harbour and bay, as well as the imposing moun- tains which encircle it. Taking a taxi, we drove north-eastwards to the forestal area of the island where we hoped to see Gonepteryx palmae. Stamm and P. cheiranthi' The journey uphill took just one hour round many awkward and dangerous bends, but as we were in the hands of an expert driver it was en- joyable. This island was the greenest of the three we had so far visited. All sorts of trees and bushes, evergreen and deciduous, TWO WEEKS IN THE CANARY ISLANDS IN 1981 115 decorated the road; Lantana, Nicotiana, Ricinus etc. were every- where; higher up, peach and chestnut trees loaded with still unripe fruit were plentiful, while there were banana plantations at a lower level on the slopes of the ravines. Every cottage on the route provided a colourful garden with the flowers of the season, Hibiscus, Plumeria and morning glory adding further attraction. However, we were too late in the season to see many wild flowers, although a few were still in bloom in the forested area. It was some time before the butterflies started to appear; they were high up in the almost vertical slopes of the wooded mountains and unless the sun shone they would not fly out. It was anexciting moment when the first P. cheiranthi came down from such a height, floating freely with spread wings showing the large black spots on its forewings. G. palmae followed, floating down rather more quickly. P. xiphioides was still on the wing with females predomina- ting. C. webbianus flew from flower to flower and they seemed larger than those from the other islands. We saw one C. crocea, a couple of P. pandora and a single Vanessa indica vulcania Godatt. Two battered M. jurtina f. fortunata patrolled a stretch of ground all the time. As in the other islands, P. rapae was the most common butterfly. Other insects seen that day were B. terrestris canariensis, Paravespula germanica F. and the ubiquitous Apis mellifera L. 12th September. We visited the same place again as we assumed it was the best location for the time of year when most of the wild flowers were over; moreover, other areas were inaccessible owing to a lack of roads and tracks. It was not until 1.00 p.m. that we had a sunny period; during that short spell several P. brassicae cheiranthi, mostly worn males, flew down to the flowers together with a single G. palmae. By 3.45 p.m. it was getting cold so we went straight to the airport forthe flight backto Tenerife. We were puzzled by the presence of P. cherianthi as no nasturtium, the principal,foodplant of the caterpillar, was grow- ing in the thick forest or nearby. This suggests an alternative food- plant. We also noticed that the La Palma butterflies lacked the subcostal black spots on the underside of the forewing characteristic of those in Tenerife. This suggests some biological difference be- tween the stock of the two islands. 13th September. A dull, rainy day kept us indoors after the two energetic days at La Palma. 14th September. Again a dull day. In the afternoon we drove to the fountain, Fuente Joco, at a height of 1900m where on our two previous visits we had seen Pseudotergumia wyssii Christ in good numbers. As this butterfly is active in dull weather and both early morning and late afternoon, we hoped to get a glimpse of it before our departure. Much to our dismay, not only was the butterfly absent but the fountain too was not in its former state; there had been no water running all the summer and it had been tampered with by an irresponsible person. The bees and wasps which had buzzed round our mouths two years before when we tried to drink had all gone: desolation reigned. So we drove down to Cumbo de Arafo at 1600m. Though already late in the afternoon, A. cramera, 116 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD L. phlaeas and C. webbianus were still flying. Turning over some stones, we found the largest earwig in the island, Annisolatus maxima Brulle, several beetles, mostly Heteger transversus Brulle, and the staphilinid Creophilus maxillosus spp. canariensis Bernhauer. We also disturbed the common grasshoppers Aiolopus strepens Latreille, A. thalassinus Fabricius, Calliptamus plebeius Walker, Ariagona margaritae Kr. and a Plalycleis species. 15th September. We returned to England, both satisfied with our enjoyable and fruitful holiday on the three picturesque islands we had visited. We would like to record our grateful thanks to Dr. A. Machado and Senor M. Morales Martin for their warm hospitality and great Rae For a full bibliography see Allcard & Valletta, 1978 and 1981. References Allcard, H. G. & Valletta, A., 1978. A week of collecting in Tenerife, Canary Islands, in September 1977. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 90: 91-94, 1981. The Canary Islands revisited in 1979. Ibid. 93: 120-125. Ded se Rey: A. C., 1979. Tenerife and Gomera, July 1978. Ibid. MOMPHA LACTEELLA STEPHENS: A POSSIBLE DISTINGUISHING CHARACTER. — I recently dissected a Mompha which I had suspected might be Jacteella and this proved to be the case. I took it on Sth. June 1976 in the late afternoon at Lutton, Devon. It was in good condition, sitting on a leaf of Corylus at the edge of a corn- field. There was no evidence anywhere in the area of Epilobium hirsutum, the foodplant given by Emmet (1979, A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera). Lacteella is very similar to propinquella. In his key to the genus Mompha, Meyrick (1928, A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera) separates the two on the colour of the thorax and basal blotch. He describes this as being ochreous-white in propin- quella and pale ferruginous-ochreous in Jacteella, a distinction which I find hard to interpret. I have bred several propinquella and fresh specimens appear to have the thorax and basal blotch the same colour as Jacteella. However his description of lacteella states “thorax pale ferruginous- ochreous, anteriorly sprinkled dark fuscous.” Mr. S. N. A. Jacobs’ coloured figure (1945, Wakely, Notes on the genus Mompha. Proc. Trans. S. Lon. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. 194445: 81-84, plt. V) shows this on the tegulae in his illustration of Jacteella. In my specimen the tegulae are very stongly marked anteriorly with the blue-black ground colour of the forewings. None of my propinquella has such markings. As I have only one specimen of lacteella I do not know whether this is a good character for separating the two species. I would welcome others’ observations. — R. J. HECKFORD. 67, Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth. NOTE ON PACHYNEMATUS ARCTICUS ru (LINDQVIST) (HYMENOPTERA, TENTHREDINIDAE) By ANDREW D. LISTON* An excursion to Ben Heasgarnich (1076m), Perthshire, made by Mr. J. M. Nelson.and the writer on 24.-25.6.1981 yielded only five sawfly specimens, one being of great interest. Collecting com- menced on the evening of the 24th on the high slopes of Heasgarnich (ca. 900m.) in an area of heavily grazed Festuca-Vaccinium grassland. Dolerus aeneus Hartig was the only sawfly encountered here (1 male, 1 female). On the summit, Salix herbacea L. formed large patches amongst the snow-influenced vegetation. Numerous leaves bore young galls of Pontania crassipes Thomson, and one adult female of this species was collected together with a male Pristiphora staudingeri (Ruthe). Both crassipes and staudingeri are arctic-alpine Nematinae, occurring on many of the higher Scottish hills. Fig. 1. 8th tergite of male Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist). Fig. 2. European distribution of Pachynematus arcticus (dots), Poten- tilla crantzii (shading) and Potentilla fruticosa (triangles). Early in the morning of the 25th we investigated the fauna of the ungrazed ledge and steep-face herb communities on the south- facing crags of Ben Heasgarnich. The rock is calcareous Dalradian schist and because of this, the dominant plants are montane cal- cicoles such as Dryas octopetala L., Salix reticulata L., Vaccinium uliginosum L. and Potentilla crantzii (Crantz) Beck. Prolonged searching of many patches of Salix reticulata revealed no Pontania galls, but this was no surprise since the only gall-maker occurring on it has not been recorded in Britain. Sweeping was generally *99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh EH12 6UU. 118 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD difficult, but on a broad ledge with a rich variety of herbs, a single male of Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist) was obtained. P. arcticus is a very slender species only 4-Smm long. Its size and very dark colouration probably often cause it to be overlooked. It was described as Mesoneura arctica by Lindqvist (1958) from a male collected by Richard Frey in the alpine zone of Malla Field, north-west Norwegian Lapland in July 1943. Benson (1961) trans- ferred the species to Pachynematus and recorded that he had caught a male at Inchnadampf, Sutherland. A second male was taken at the same locality by Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton a few years later (Benson, 1964). The venation of the type was abnormal, a frequent occurrence in arctic sawflies, leading Lindqvist to describe it as a Mesoneura, a decision which was certainly wrong (Benson, 1961). The male’s penis-valve is completely unlike that of any other Pachynematus, but more resembles those of certain Pristiphora spp. In fact, in- dependently from Benson, Hellen (1960) indicated that arcticus was not a Mesoneura , but a Pristiphora. Apart from the penis- valve (Lindqvist, 1958, fig 3; Benson, 1961, fig. 1), the 8th tergite of the male is also closer to the Pristiphora type than to a Pachy- nematus (fig. 1). However, the costa is barely expanded at its apex and the clypeus is only very weakly emarginated, both of which are important characters leading to Pachynematus rather than Pris- tiphora in Benson’s (1958) key. Lindqvist (1970) described Pachynematus incisus on the basis of two females reared by Wershutskij from Potentilla fruticosa L. near Irkutsk in the Baikal region of Siberia. Wershutskij’s col- lection of Siberian Nematinae, sent to Lindqvist for identification, also containeda male P. arcticus (Lindquist, 1972). These two papers should be consulted for descriptions and figures of the female arc- ticus (= incisus), which possesses a distinctive sawsheath resembling those of certain Pristiphora. The rearing of the female arcticus from Potentilla fruticosa (Rosaceae) is also most interesting and remarkable. Other groups of Palaearctic Pachynematus are associated chiefly with Gramineae, Cyperaceae and Coniferae, with only a couple of species feeding on Salicaceae and Polygonaceae. The association of arcticus with Rosaceae is once again reminiscent of Pristiphora. I suspect that in Europe the larva of this species should be looked for on Potentilla crantzii (Alpine Cinquefoil), a local arctic-alpine plant whose British stations include both localities where the Pachynematus has been found. More information on the biology and distribution of arcticus would be valuable in resolving its generic position. At present, it is best retained as a distinctive species-group within Pachynematus. It is possible that it has been consistently overlooked because of its unusually late flight season. Figure 2 shows the known European distribution of the sawfly and its probable foodplants. NOTE ON PACHYNEMATUS ARCTICUS 119 Acknowledgement I thank Mr. J. M. Nelson (Nature Conservancy Council, Edin- burgh) for arranging our visit to Ben Heasgarnich. References Benson, R. B., 1958. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 6 (2c): 139-252. Benson, R. B., 1961. Pachynematus arcticus (Lindqvist) Comb. Nov., a new British Sawfly in Sutherland (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 96: 137-138. Benson, R. B., 1964. Pachynematus glabriceps Lindqvist, a new British Sawfly and a note on Empria liturata Gmelin (Hym., Tenthredinidae)., Ento- mologist’s mon. Mag., 100: 2634. Hellen, W., 1960. Die Nematinen Finnlands (Hym., Tenthr.). I. Tribus Pseudo- dineurini, Cladiini und Nematini part. Notulae Ent., 40: 1-18........ Lindqvist, E., 1958. Neue Blattwespen aus Fennoskandien (Hym., Tenthr.). Notulae Ent., 38: 68-72. Lindqvist, E., 1970. Neue Nematinen aus dem Pribaikal-Gebiet, Siberien (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Notulae Ent., 50: 97-104. Lindqvist, E., 1972. Zur Nomenklatur und Taxonomie einiger Blattwespen (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Notulae Ent., 52: 65-77. Notes and Observations A STRANGE CASE OF LARVAL DEPRAVITY. — 1981 was not the most productive season I can remember as the half-filled setting boards in my drying-cabinet will testify, but imagine my anger when perusal of these boards late in September revealed damage to many of the specimens. I searched diligently for the tell-tale exit holes and small piles of minute frass that betrays the presence of Anthrenus museorum, the ‘Collectors-friend’. Instead of the characteristic dry powder I found large, moist pellets of a lepi- dopteran origin. Minute examination revealed the half-inch long culprit. The larva, a noctuid, was dining out at the expense of his deceased brethren, so I confined his attentions to a large corpse of Hyloicus pinastri Linn., upon which he fed until pupation in late November. I was rewarded for my labours on 26 February this year with the emergence of a fine, though rather dark, example of Caradrina clavipalpis Scop. I believe this is the first time that a noctuid larva has been reared exclusively upon a diet, although the habit is well established amongst some of the Oecophoridae, namely Hoffmano- phila pseudospretella Stt., and Endrosis sarcitrella Linn. — MARK HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradweel , Wolverton, Bucks. PHYLLONORYCTER SAPORTELLA (DUPONCHEL) (HORTELLA FABRICIUS) IN EAST NORFOLK. — On the 8th of November 1981 my wife and I were making records in the Redgrave-Lopham area, where vice-counties 25, 26, 27 and 28 meet. There are fine roadside oaks on which I have found eight species of nepticulid, including the local Ectoedemia quinquella (Bedell). On this occasion, however, we were searching for Caloptilia cocoons; the early stages of C. alchimiella (Scopoli) and C. robustella Jackh seem to be indistin- 0 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD guishable and I wanted to rear adults for recording purposes. At approximately TM 047802, just inside VC27, I picked several cocoons, one on a leaf which also bore a Phyllonorycter mine. The leaves were overwintered in a nylon stocking lying on the ground and were under snow during the severe weather. I brought them indoors on the 11th of February and four C. robustella emerged between the 9th and 13th of March. The Phyllonorycter mine produced a female P. saportella on the 26th of March. This is apparently the first example of this species to be obtained in Britain since May, 1949, when Mr E. C. Pelham-Clinton found two adults on tree-trunks in Cambridgeshire, one near Madingley and the other near Gamlingay. In The Field Guide we stated “Not recorded in recent years” and this has not been contra- dicted. It has been suggested that the mines are seldom found because they occur high up on the oaks; that may sometimes be the case but this one was within easy reach. The mine is situated on the margin of the leaf extending inwards from the tip of a lobe, the leaf-edge being completely folded over so as to conceal it. The lower epidermis is therefore almost ob- scured but appears to have numerous small creases. There is no central green patch on the upper surface because none of the palisade tissue has been eaten right through to the epidermis. The mine somewhat resembles that of P. heegeriella (Zeller) but is more strongly folded and is larger, measuring 12mm as opposed to 10mm or less in length. This account tallies with that given by Hering (Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa 2: 826). For obvious reasons, the feeding was not described by Harper & Lang- maid (Ent. Rec. 90: 162-166). If my mine is typical, there should be little difficulty in recognising other examples, providing they can be found. The mine is probably the hardest to detect of the oak- feeding Phyllonorycter because the pale lower surface is hidden and there is no discoloration on the upper side; at first sight, it looks more like a fold than a mine. I cannot describe the cocoon since I have given the mine unopened to Dr Ian Watkinson who is covering the genus in MBGBI Vol. 2. Collectors have been searching assiduously but in vain for this species for many years: I bring a single mine home because it happens to be on the same leaf as something else and rear it by accident and unexpectedly. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3 AF. 28.iii.1982. MAGDALIS VIOLACEA L. (COL.: CURCULIONIDAE ): CORREC- TION OF A RECORD. — Although this species has now (probably correctly) been removed from the British list, there is a mid-century published record (G. E. Woodroffe, 1951, Ent. mon. Mag. 87: 255) of which I feel it incumbent on me to say something in clarification — in order to set the record straight and because the specimen in question is now in my collection. It was swept from broom at Culbin Sands, on the Moray Firth, 21.vi.51. Subsequent to publication, the late captor — a well-known hemipterist, who gave away most of his coleopterous captures — most kindly presented me with the insect, whose identification, he said, had not been and still was not free NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Dit from doubt as between the two closely allied species duplicata Germ. and violacea L. Some while later I came to the conclusion that the single tenuous British record of the latter species (cf. Fowler, 1891, Col. Brit. Isle., 5:398)was most likely based onconfusion with M. duplicata, so that probably we did not possess violacea; and that the Culbin specimen was in fact a very small duplicata. This last species is now known as a regular, though scarce, inhabitant of the Scottish Highlands. — A. A. ALLEN. BOOK TALK FIVE. — Abook of unusual historic interest is Rennie’s Conspectus; or, to give it its full title, A Conspectus of the Butterflies and Moths found in Britain, by James Rennie, Professor of Zoology, Kings College, London, and published in 1832 by William Orr at 7s.6d. Apart from a title page with a curious engrav- ing of Papilio machaon together with its larva and pupa, this minute octavo no bigger than a 12mo and measuring only 150mm x 90mm is unillustrated, but contains 327 pages of small print treating of the entire Order. To a marked extent the book is an epitome of the well known and relatively expensive J/lustrations of British Entol- mology (Haustellata) whose author, James Francis Stephens, was engaged in a lawsuit with Rennie for alleged piracy of the //lustra- tions in the Conspectus. Although Rennie won the case, many scientific men showed sympathy for Stephens by subscribing to defray the heavy legal costs of the action following his defeat. On page 4, the Wood White is described as Leucophasia loti Rennie, a name seemingly overlooked by the authors of that most useful of lists of British lepidoptera viz., “Kloet & Hincks” (1972), but was nevertheless cited in W. F. Kirby’s monumental Synonymic Catalogue of the Diurnal Lepidoptera [of the World| (1872). At least one author followed the nomenclature of the Conspectus, as witness E. H. Burnell in his “List of Lepidopterous Insects found in the Neighbourhood of Witham, Essex”, published in 1837 in Maga- zine of Natural History, new series, 1: 601-604. To those interested in entomological bibliography, the Royal Entomological Society has for sale a limited number of copies (which offer is not restricted to Fellows of the Society) in original wrappers, of G. C. Champion et al. (1893), Catalogue of the Library of the Entomological Society of London, pp.i-iv, 1-291; and Supple- ment (1900), pp. i-iv, 1-147. On estimation, the work contains fully 8500 items, and the price per copy (including the Supplement) is £1 plus postage, obtainable trom the Librarian, 41 Queen’s Gate, London SW7 5HU. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. UDEA DECREPITALIS H.-S. (LEP.: PYRALIDAE) IN WALES. — On 6th June 1978 I was collecting at m.v. light on the banks of a lake near Talybont on Usk, Brecknockshire, Wales (SO 0166). The night was fairly cool and misty and little interest in the way of Lepidoptera visited the lamp apart from Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S., L. otregiata Metcalf and a pale pyralid moth which I could not immediately identify. Upon setting the moth later I came to the conclusion that the specimen (a male) was probably Udea decre- pitalis H.-S., but thought the record required confirmation because of the locality. Recently I prepared a genitalia slide from the speci- 122 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD men and was convinced that my original identification was correct. This supposition was kindly confirmed by Mr. M. Shaffer of the Department of Entomology at the British Museum (Natural History). To my knowledge this alpine species has not been recorded before from the British Isles outside Scotland. If I had realised the significance of the record at the time I would have tried to identify the food plant. There were a large number of fern plants growing near the lake but I did not know to what species they belonged. — P. J. JEWESS, Boyces Cottage, Newington, Sittingbourne, Kent ME9 7JF. NINETEENTH-CENTURY ISSUES OF SMITH AND ABBOT, “THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RARER LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OF GEORGIA ” (1797). — In an initial study of ‘“‘Smith and Abbot”’ (93: 213-218) I suggested that the work had a long printing history, and that its plates (some with new imprints) were available as late as three decades after the original publication. I have since been conduct- ing a census of copies of the entire work to collect additional data. It has long been known that some copies of the book included plates printed on paper with watermarks dated as late as the 1820s. Preliminary results of my census (based on thirty-five copies at the moment of writing) suggest that copies were made up from the Original sheets of text, watermarked 1794, and successive impressions of the plates. Later copies (still with the 1797 title and initial printing of the text) have plates with watermarks dated from 1817 to 1827, and some of these copies include one or more of the original plates with 1794 watermark dates. So “new” copies of the entire “1797” work were being issued as late as 1827 and perhaps later; one of the “R. Martin” plates in the dos Passos set without text, discussed in my paper cited above, bears an 1828 watermark. Further data could well revise these estimates, and indicate an even more interesting bibliographical history. Hopefully more will be learned about the Martin imprints. A more complete report on the printing of “Smith and Abbot” will appear in time, and I would ap- preciate hearing from owners of copies I have not examined. — RONALD S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20002. CACOECIMORPHA PRONUBANA HBN. (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE): SUCCESSFULLY REARED ON ARTIFICIAL DIET, WITH A NOTE ON ITS DIAPAUSE REQUIREMENTS. —_ This species is generally polyphagous with a preference for Euonymus japonica (Bradley et al., 1973) and West (1982) while detailing some further foodplants, including imported foreign species, has pointed out that local preferences for food may be shown. In October last year I was given some unidentified ova which were laid on Oleander (Nerium oleander L.) growing in the London Butterfly House, at Syon Park, Middx. Similar eggs had also been laid on other plants. When these eggs hatched the young larvae resolutely refused to eat the Oleander leaves and those left with no other choice all died. When it was clear that they were not eating, the larvae were offered a choice of cabbage or artificial diet. The larvae immediately started feeding on both these foodplants, fed up and pupated successfully and the NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 123 resultant imagines proved to be C. pronubana. The artificial diet used was the cabbage formulae normally used for rearing Pieris brassicae L. It was formulated and used according to the methods described by Gardiner (1978). The moths obtained readily paired and the next generation was again reared on the diet or on cabbage. For convenience it was found that the moths readily oviposited on the sides of 60 ml plastic vials, into the bottom of which freshly-made diet could be poured. For ease of starting these very small larvae, it was found advisable to roughen the surface of the set diet by intensive scratching with a large needle, which was the most convenient instrument to use. The larvae were then changed onto fresh diet when they reached their final instar. At a temperature of 20-25°C the total development period was six weeks, with no difference between the natural food- plant, cabbage, or the diet-fed larvae. Most of the larvae were kept under a photoperiod of 18 hours light, 6 hours dark per day. A number however were kept on a 12 hour light 12 dark regimen and, the imagines not having emerged after two months, can now be concluded to be in diapause, thereby proving that C. pronubana has a facultative, light controlled diapause requirement. It is nor- mally (Bradley et al, 1973) a bivoltine species in this country, so this is not perhaps surprising. I have not previously seen a record of this species from any Brassica, and it can now be added to the ever-increasing number of species that can be successfully kept in culture on artifical diet. I suspect that it is not really necessary to use a cabbage-flavoured one howerer. References: Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G., Smith, A. (1973) British Tortricid Moths. pp 251. Ray Soc., London. Gardiner, B.0.C. (1978) The preparation and use of artificial diets for the rearing of insects. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 90, 181-184, 267-270, 287- 291. West, B. K. (1982) Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn., (Lep.: Tortricidae): Larval foodplants including damage to Skimmia japonica Thunb. Ent. Rec. & J. Var. 94: 38. — B. O. C. GARDINER, UICP, Dept. of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge. THE CHEQUERED SKIPPER: CARTEROCEPHALUS PALAEMON PALLAS IN ENGLAND, 1976. — Inviewof the considerable importance of this Journal as a historical record, may I point out that on the 6th June, 1976, 1 did see one newly emerged specimen of this butterfly on the site where it had been seen by other observers in 1975. — A. ARCHER-LOCK, 4 Glenwood Road, Mannamead, Plymouth, Devon PL3 SNH. A FEBRUARY DYTISCUS (COL., DYTISCIDAE). — I have rarely found beetles of this genus in my light-trap and was most surprised to find a female Dytiscus marginalis Linnaeus amongst the small catch of Ist/2nd February 1982 in the trap in my Axminster garden. Dr. Anthony Eve, who is collecting records of water-beetles from light-traps, tells me that this species flies mainly on hot nights and that this exceptionally early date is worth publication. — E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON, Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, Devon, EX13 SSW, 22.ii.1982. 124 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD WHAT’S IN A NAME? A SUGGESTION. — _ Having read A A Allen’s article (Ent. Rec., 94: 4) with interest, I am sure I will not be alone in suggesting the answer to his quiz question is aprilina. Why aprilina he asks, for an autumn-flying moth? Well, he says himself that some names are atrociously misspelt. Could this one really be aphilina, without love? If so, we could call him the Un- loved, instead of the Merveille du Jour. Inany case why “‘du Jour’? He flies at night! — A.J. SHOWLER, 12 Wedgwood Drive, Hughen- den Valley, High Wycombe, Bucks. THE RED ADMIRAL ON THE WING IN DECEMBER 1981. — On December 26, at 11.15 AM. GMT., a dull cold morning, with the temperature a little above freezing, following two weeks of arctic weather, I saw a specimen of Vanessa atalanta (Linn.) fluttering on the outside of my conservatory window. On February 6, a fairly mild day, I saw the Peacock Butterfly, Inachis io (Linn.) on the wing in my garden. — S.C. S. BROWN, 158 Harewood Avenue, Bournemouth, Dorset. NEW HOSTPLANT RECORDS FOR CIONUS HORTULANUS (GEOFF.) (COL., | CURCULIONIDAE) AND CHRYSOLINA FASTUOSA (Scop.) (COL., | CHRYSOMELIDAE). British species of the genus Cionus typically feed on species of Scrophularia and Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae), but their ability to colonise introduced species of Buddleja (Buddlejaceae) is well known (Read, 1977, Entomologist’s Gaz., 28 : 183-202). In 1937 Scott (Entomologist’s Mon. Mag., 73 : 29-34) recorded Cionus scrophulariae L. infesting Phygelius capensis E. Mey, The “‘Cape Figwort’’, at Charl- bury, Oxfordshire. I am aware of only one more recent British record of Cionus on this South African member of the Scrophulariaceae. G. H. Ashe (1949, Entomologist’s mon Mag., 85 : 74) remarks “‘in my garden” (at Gribblesmead, Colyton, South Devon) “Phygelius capensis is regularly devastated by Cionus spp”. On 5 July 1981 I collected a single female C. hortulanus (Fourc.) on P. capensis in an herbaceous border of the yard of the disused school at Longtown in the Olchon Valley, Hereford (SO 321 290). E. Milne-Redhead (pers. comm.) reports seeing a species of Cionus on P. capensis in August 1974 on the terrace of the house of Cmdr. R. M. Richards at Caerynwch, near Dolgellau, Gwynedd (SH 7617). Unfortunately he did not take a specimen. Chrysolina fastuosa (Scop.) is known to feed on Labiatae, es- pecially species of Galeopsis and Lamium (Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1966, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas, 9: 165). In June 1980 I was sent some specimens to identify from the garden of Mrs B. Will at the White Hills of Monymusk, by Inverurie, Aberdeen (NJ 61). C. fastuosa was present in such numbers on the labiate Prunella vulgaris L. that it become a pest on gooseberry bushes, Ribes uva-crispa L. This exemplifies the facility of some insects to accept non-related food plants when locally high populations “eat out” their usual host. Ribes spp. are not only in a different family, Grossulariaceae, but also in a different order, Tubiflorae. — R. COLIN WELCH, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks. Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs., PE17 2LS, 19 ii.82. E.W. CLASSEY LTD.., PyO*% Box 93, Faringdon, Oxon. SN7 7DR ENGLAND Books by post, New and Second Hand Catalogues on request L. CHRISTIE 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association WANTED 40 DRAWER Brady cabinet Cash waiting. Please contact Alec Harmer. ‘COVERTSIDE’ SWAY ROAD, LYMINGTON HANTS SO4 8NN Tel: LYMINGTON 74045 WANTED Robinson M.V. trap complete. Details and price to M. R. Longdon, 97 DUMPTON PARK DRIVE, BROADSTAIRS, KENT. | will collect. HELP WANTED in the production of an Atlas of the Butterflies of the London area. | am preparing a distribution atlas of London's butterflies for the London Natural History Society, intended for publication in 1986. Butterflies are being recorded for each tetrad in the society’s recording area, which is a circle of radius 20 miles centred on St. Paul’s Cathedral. This circle is defined at intervals by the following places: Tilbury; Brentwood; Harlow; Hertford; Welwyn; St. Albans; Kings Langley; Chorleywood; Charlfont St. Peter; Gerrards Cross; Slough; Egham; Chertsey; Addlestone; Byfleet; Redhill; Limpsfield; West Kingsdown and Swanscombe, and contains portions of Essex, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Surrey and Kent, as well as the entire of Middlesex. All records of butterflies are invited for these areas for the following periods: pre-1900; 1900 to 1959; 1960 to 1979; 1980 onwards. The maps will be prepared using tetrads, (Two by two kilom- metre squares), as the basic recording units, and records will ideally include a grid reference, date and other relevant comments. People who have in the past sent butterfly records from the London area to the late Baron deWorms are invited to resubmit the records to me, since many of the late Barons notes have gone missing since his death. 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CONTENTS The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, includin that of the Monarch Butterfly: Danaus plexippus L. R. F. BRETHERTON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT : The ‘Types’ of Maniola jurtina splendida White (Lepidoptera: Satyridae). G. THOMSON xe : The Decline of the Indigenous Macrolepidoptera of Abbot's “Wood, East Sussex. M. HADLEY on Microlepidoptera: a Review of the Year 1981. Rev. D. J. is ‘AGASSIZ Additions to the Macrolepidoptera of Yorkshire. S. M. JACKSON Dermaptera from the Gunong Mulu National Park, Borneo. A Correction and an Addition. A. BRINDLE ... ‘ Bucculatrix cidarella Z. (Lep., Lyonetiidae) on ” Myrica gale. H. N. MICHAELIS & Records of Phoridae (Diptera) Reared ‘from Fungi. “Dr. R. Hh ibe DISNEY and R.E. EVANS . Macrolepidoptera of an “Upland Area in Kircudbrightshire, South- west Scotland. Dr. P. D. HULME Coleophora machinella Bradley: its Rediscovery in “England and Description. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID eS Two Weeks in the Canary Islands 1981. ys G “ALLCARD ‘and A. VALLETTA ed Notes on Pachynematus arcticus ss (Lindqvist) (ym. Tenthredinidae) A. D. LISTON... Letter to the Editor Notes and Observations: Pyrrhocoris apterus L. (Hem., Pyrrhocoridae) in Dorset. S. C. S. BROWN er. Foodplant of Coleophora ‘salicorniae Wocke Identified as Salicornia fragilis P. W. Ball & Tuttin. N. F. HEAL The Wood White: Lepridea sinapis L. in us P. J. BAKER. Coleophora trigeminella Fuchs and C. coracipennella Hbn. in South Yorkshire. H. E. BEAUMONT The Death’s-head Hawkmoth and Convolvulus Hawkmoth i in Kent in 1981. R. F. BUDDLE oe Mompha lacteella Stephens: a Possible Distinguishing Character RJ HECKEORD: 1 = ae a e A Strange Case of Larval Depravity. M. HADLEY - 16 ELS Phyllonorycter saportella Dup. in E. Norfolk. Lt. Col. A. M. EMMET 119 Magdalis violacea L. (Col., Curculionidae): Correction of a Record. A. A. ALLEN ... 5 20 Book Talk Five. J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT 2 ae (Ail Udea decrepitalis H.-S. (Lep., Pyralidae) in Wales. P. J. ‘JEWESS 2 Nineteenth-century Issues of Smith and Abbot, “The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopterous Insects of Georgia” (797) ser R.S. WILKINSON _... 122 Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hbn. ‘Successfully. Reared on Artificial Diet, with a Note on Diapause Requirements. B. O. C. GARDINER 25 122 The Chequered Skipper i in England, 1976. A. ARCHER-LOCK en 28 A February Dytiscus (Col., Dytiscidae). E.C. PELHAM-CLINTON... 123 What’s in a Name? a Suggestion. Dr. A. J. SHOWLER P24 The Red Admiral in December 1981. S. C. S. BROWN Se .. 124 New Hostplant Records for Cionus hortulanus Geoff. (Col., Curculionidae) and Chrysolina fastuosa Scop. (Col., Chry- somelidae) Dr. R.C. WELCH Be Pe an ae 124 Current Literature ue Bes Pe ae wes wae 88, 100 Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR Vol. 94 Nos. 7-8 July/August 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 ae oie rel 7089 THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.CS. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) =i il aaaiiaiaaaiaaniaaie A ATETE V2 TETSU TTR ETE WIR WE TTR TG TEN ES Ee ee eR RSA . ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 ise £9.50 for overseas subscribers. Ss £8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. . Hon. Treasurer: z P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, . NW3 4NS Masa Va aa BEE EEEEEEEEN PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY eS A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1981 By Dr. C. J. LUCKENS* For most species of butterfly in Britain 1981 seems to have been a poorer than average year. A fine warm spell in August pos- sibly saved the season from complete disaster, but the indifferent weather which prevailed from late Spring, until late July was pro- bably largely to blame for the general paucity of butterflies. Among the Satyridae, Maniola jurtina L. and Pararge aegeria L. were ex- ceptions to the general rule and did well nearly everywhere in Southern England. There were particularly good reports of jurtina from Wiltshire (around Warminster) and several aberrations turned up in this area. In Dorset also, jurtina was up to strength, but only average numbers were reported from East Sussex. P. aegeria was noticeably common in the Summer brood in Dorset in August, and I saw it everywhere in the scrubby areas of the coastal valleys around Worth and Swanage. This butterfly was also common in Hampshire and Wiltshire, and though the first brood was very sparse in Sussex, the second brood was up to normal strength. Melanargia galathea L. also had a fairly good year and has apparently increased its range in the Chilterns recently. In East Sussex however, it was reported to be below average and very local in 1981. The hot weather in August brought out a good hatch of Maniola tithonus L. but Eumenis semele L. I found very scarce in the Swanage coastal area. It is now very local on the East Sussex downs but in the few sites remaining it produced reasonable numbers. Reports from East Kent suggest that it still possibly occurs on the cliffs between Dover and Folkstone, where its continued presence has been in doubt recently. Semele was common, though worn, on the New Forest heathland around Beaulieu and Dibden during the last week of August. Aphantopus hyperantus L. has declined markedly in many areas in the South East over the last few years. In mid Sussex, in particular, the reduction has continued and the Ringlet is now very local. A similar situation seems to have occured in Kent, and, to a lesser extent, in South Hampshire. It was locally common in East Wilts in 1981 with some arete/caeca forms turning up in the County. The commoner Nymphalidae such as Aglais urticae L. and Nymphalis io L. had a patchy year. There were large numbers of the latter on our garden buddleias in Southampton but urticae was uncommon, and the temporary residents, Vanessa atalanta L. Vanessa cardui L., were almost non-existent until very late in the year and then there was a small sprinkling of each species. All recorders remarked on the scarcity of Polygonia c-album L. both broods in 1981. Limenitis camilla L. was late in appearing but in average num- bers in the Wilts woods. In Sussex it apparently had a very bad year with only four to five seen during several hours observation in per- viously favourable sites. Of Apatura iris L. there were somewhat *Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants. SO3 2AF. 126 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD conflicting reports. | saw none in mid-August in the woods on the East Wilts and Hants border (where there has been extensive devas- tation) and I was informed by one of the wardens that very few had been seen this year. Other reports however, were of numerous sightings in the same area, and also, over the Hampshire border near Romsey, iris was reputedly frequent in at least two woods. The Purple Emperor apparently held its own in the West Sussex woods around Plaistow. It is pleasing that this magnificent butterfly continues to thrive in these areas in spite of vagaries of weather and forestry policy. Argynnis paphia L., also the subject of somewhat conflicting reports, was recorded from Wilts as up to strength but late and still flying up to the second week of September. In East Sussex it is local but still present in reasonable numbers around Lewes. In the Plaistow area around fifty could be seen in a few hours’ walking. There are no signs of serious decline further West in Devon and South Wales (Breconshire). A. aglaia L. had a patchy time, with poor numbers on the downs and woods west of Salisbury; but i saw a fair number in August in the East Wilts woods where the recent felling has harmed iris but possibly encouraged this fritillary. Aglaia was also plentiful in the Lulworth area of Dorset and in the Grange area in the Lake District. I have virtually no reports of Argynnis adippe D. & S. but that it was scarcer than usual in its West Wilts haunts. In South Hampshire the smaller fritillaries were common in one wood near Fareham which has been coppiced in two large areas and is currently in prime condition for both Clossiana selene D. & S. and C. euphrosyne L. The latter butterfly was the dominant species of the two, but both were abundant. In contrast, euphrosyne was uncommon in Crab Wood west of Winchester and in poor numbers in the Whiteparish area. Further east both continued to decline; particularly selene, which may now be absent from Kent and was reported as scarcer than for some years in East Sussex. Moderate populations of both still occur in the West Sussex woods but even here both have declined in the last few years. Further West selene tends to do better and in Breconshire is apparehtly holding its numbers quite well. The parlous state of Mellicta athalia Rott. in the West Country where only two colonies apparently now exist, has made it the subject of legislation. In Kent however, good numbers were recorded in mid-June in the Thornden area of the Blean woods. Euphydryas aurinia Rott. is impossible to assess on anything other than a strictly local basis. I saw a good number of male Marsh Fritillaries on June 6th in a locality unfortunately threatened with development, near Ringwood. In August there were plenty of larval webs in the same site. Earlier on in mid-April I found several larvae in a riverside locality near Tavistock. I heard however, that aurinia was scarcer than usual in some of the Argyllshire coastal colonies. Hamearis lucina L., formerly common in West Wood near Winchester, has gradually declined over the last few years, but 1981 was the first season I failed to see it there at all. The woods A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1981 127 still look suitable in several places however, and the butterfly might well survive at low density there. In East Sussex and Kent lucina was reported as local and rare in 1981. The weather patterns in general favoured the late summer broods of Lycaenidae and several of the blues did quite well in August and September. Happily, this applied to Lysandra bellargus Rott. which appeared in good numbers in coastal Dorset, from Swanage westward to Lulworth. I saw this jewel of a butterfly in half a dozen places around Worth during the last week in August and early September. There were also encouraging reports from Kent where reasonably good numbers flew at Queenborough and Detling, though at the Folkstone grounds it was still rather low. There is apparently only one surviving colony in Wilts where it is holding its own, but in the Sussex localities it has declined and bellargus was described as local and rare in both broods. In Surrey it occurs near Guildford and here also it appears to have stabilised its position in 1981. LZ. coridon Poda on the other hand, did not share in this modest resurgence and appears to have been relatively uncommon nearly everywhere. I have records from Dorset, Sussex, Wilts and Surrey all painting the same picture of greatly reduced numbers. Only in Kent is it described as fairly com- mon in 1981. This presumably refers to the Folkestone area where it has been low for a number of years and so, perhaps, represents an improvement. I thought the populations near Winchester showed reasonable promise in early August but coridon is slowly recovering from a low ebb here since 1977, and I did not expect great things. In the first brood, Polvommatus icarus Rott. seems to have been disasterously low in most areas, but inthe second brood the numbers were much better. Aricia agestis D. & S., on the other hand, was about in fair numbers in both broods, though its congener, A. artaxerxes Fab., was reported to be lower in numbers than usual in North West England around Morecambe Bay. Further north in Cen- tral Scotland it apparently enjoyed an average year. Cupido minimus Fuessl. was still present in early June on St. Catherine’s Down near Winchester, where it seems to just hang on year after year; I had only one report of a second brood and that was from Westbury in Wiltshire. Celestrina argiolus L. was virtually un-recorded in 1981; I saw a single specimen near Romsey in early May, but none at all in the usual places around Worth Matravers in August. Thecla quercus L. seemed very low in the Wiltshire woods in August, and in a favoured Romsey wood I found only small numbers of ova during the Winter. Thecla betulae L. on the other hand had the exceptional- ly fine weather during its flight period, and ova were found in good numbers in the Hampshire and West Sussex localities I visited during December. Strymonidia pruni L. I am informed was very late and low in numbers in Northamptonshire. I have no information regarding the colonies around Oxford or from over the border in Buckinghamshire where I found it commonly at the end of June in 1980. The Spring Pierids were present in good numbers in South Hampshire in late April, but then declined, and the Summer broods 128 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD were surprisingly low in spite of better weather. Pieris brassicae L. was common at the end of August at the Winspit, however Antho- charis cardamines L. benefited from a good spell during its flight period in late April early May, and produced numerous imagines in this area. It showed up early in the season in South-West Surrey also, but in East Sussex the butterflies were very little in evidence though ova could be found easily. In general I believe the Orange Tip did not suffer unduly in 1981. The Brimstone also had an average season throughout the South and unusually good numbers of larvae were reported from mid Sussex. In some cases these virtually defoliated small buckthorns. Leptidea sinapis L. was both late and scarce in Salcey forest and a similar situation prevailed in the Dur- fold area of Surrey. I visited the sea cliffs between Seaton and Branscombe in South Devon in early June and found this delicate butterfly quite commonly on the rough grassy slopes. The last time I had visited these localities was in late July 1967, when several larvae were found on Lathyrus pratense but I failed to see imagines. The habitat did not seem to have suffered unduly in the interim. The small wood near Fareham which holds the thriving colonies of fritillaries also provided excellent conditions for Ervnnis tages L. and Pyrgus malvae L. Both skippers were common in the open, coppiced parts of this wood. Elsewhere I have reports only from Sussex where both species were very local and scarce. Thymelicus lineola Ochs. continues to increase its range in Southern England, though numbers were not as good as usual in 1981. It was reported from Pewley Down near Guildford for the first time and has appeared recently in several other places in West Surrey where it was previously un- known. Its congener, 7. actaeon Rott., was common in late August around Swanage and Worth Matravers — especially at the Winspit. It was also reported to have increased in numbers in the Lulworth area in comparison to a previous count in 1979. Hesperia comma L. hadanunremarkable year though records from the Dover area suggest it is perhaps gaining strength there. It is extremely local in East Sussex (one or two sites only) but, within these limits, pro- duced an average brood in August. I have no data from Surrey, but in Hampshire numbers were maintained fairly well last year. In the West Highlands, Carterocephalus palaemon Pall. was in fairly good form last year, particularly in the colonies along the Great Glen. One of the Argyllshire sites was reported to be getting overgrown, but, in general, the butterfly is far more widespread in this area than formerly believed, and new colonies seem to turn up nearly every year. It is hoped that this report will continue on an annual basis and that in future there will be slightly less bias toward the Southern half of the country. I appreciate that there are many demands on the time and patience of lepidopterists regarding requests for informa- tion but I would be grateful if readers could find the time to send me records and general news of butterfly populations in 1982. I would like to thank the following lepidopterists for their contributions to this paper: Messrs K. N. Baskcomb, R. D. G. A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERELIES IN 1981 129 Barrington, R. F. Bretherton, J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, F. Clouter (per J. M. Chalmers-Hunt), R.M. Craske, T. Melling, C. J. Randall (per J. M. Chalmers-Hunt), R. C. Revels, P. Sankey-Barker (per J. M. Chalmers-Hunt), P. Summers. I owe a special debt to the late Maj.-Gen. C. G. Lipscomb who, only a few days before his death, sent me a detailed report on Wiltshire butterflies. COLEOPHORA BINDERELLA KOLLAR — A NEW FOODPLANT. — Whilst collecting cases of Coleophora serratella L. which were feeding on the roadside Carpinus hedge to Finch Wood, Bonning- ton, Kent, on 21st. May 1981, I noticed a tricolorous case larva also feeding on the Hornbeam. It was reared on Hornbeam from the garden and the moth which subsequently emerged on 9th. July 1981 was referred to the British Museum whereupon Dr. J. D. Bradley. kindly confirmed the species as Coleophora binderella. As far as I am aware Carpinus has not previously been recorded as a foodplant for this species in Britain. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. A NOTE ON TWO BRITISH TRACHYPHLOEUS SPP. (COL.: CURCU- LIONIDAE). — T- scabriculus L.: this is peculiar among our species in possessing a marked sexual difference in the anterior tibiae, one sex having strongly developed tooth-bearing digitate projections at the apex rather as in 7. spinimanus Germ., while in the other they are almost simple with much smaller teeth. Fowler (1891, Col. Brit. Isl., 5: 184) assigns the smaller teeth to the female, but that is in- correct, as may be easily proved by dissection; the large development of these structures is in fact a female character. Victor Hansen (1965, Danm. Faun., 69: 46) figures them for both sexes. Joy (1932, Pract. Handb. Brit. Beetles, 1: 180) makes no mention of a sexual difference; his figure of the tibia (2: 50, fig. 7) is of a male. Consequently a user of the book, unaware that such a disparity exists, might well find himself puzzled. T. digitalis Gyll.: some coleopterists, both here and abroad*, have tended to look on this as a small form of 7. spinimanus, and it is on the whole not well understood. The distinctions, not very fully stated in our literature, are slight but appear constant: digitalis is always smaller and of shorter form, with less numerous and less erect elytral setae which are much shorter, about twice as long as broad and thus scale-like — in spinimanus about four times, and thus bristle-like. The latter decisive character is figured by Hansen (/c. supra: 47, figs. e,f). Further, Mr. J. A. Parry informs me that the spermatheca is quite different in the two species. T. digitalis is little recorded with us and is perhaps mostly Kentish. It formerly occurred very sparingly with others of the genus in the chalk pit at Darenth; and I took one at the base of the cliffs at Freshwater, Isle of Wight (v.48), possibly a new locality. It is worth noting that males of digitalis are unknown, whilst those of spinimanus (known from mountain areas in France) are not found in Denmark (Hansen, /.c.: 49) and probably not in Britain. — A. A. ALLEN. *e.9. R. Frieser in Freude, Harde & Lohse, 1981, Die Kafer Mitteleuropas 10:238. 130 LEPIDOPTERA IN IRELAND By the Rev. DAVID AGASSIZ * In the summer of 1981 my family and I spent our holiday in Ireland: a week in the Burren of Co. Clare, followed by a week each in Tralee, Co. Kerry and Roche’s Point, Co. Cork. It was not primarily an entomological trip, but several specimens were taken which seem worth recording. Four years previously I had followed the same tracks spending a week collecting in the Burren with Barry Goater & Dr. John Langmaid, after which I stayed for two weeks at Roche’s Point with my family. Records made then have not been published so they are included now. In both visits to the Burren the base was a caravan on Fanore Strand. The precise dates were for the Burren: 6 - 12 August 1977 and 24 - 31 July 1981; for Tralee: 1 - 6 August 1981 and for Roche’s Point: 13 - 29 August 1977 and 7 - 13 August 1981. For Co. Clare L include records of species which are not included by Bradley & Pelham-Clinton (1967), though there may well be other records, published or unpublished. Fanore is abbreviated F., other localities are specified. For one species, Dichomeris marginella Fabr. taken at Black Head, 1 1-vii-77 I have not traced any previous Irish record. Other species are: Nemophora minimella D. & S., F. ‘77, Murroogh & Caher River ‘81; Rhigognostis annulatella Cutt., F. 25-vii-81; Agonopterix subpropinquella Stt., F. bred ‘81; Epagoge grotiana Fabr., Rinnamona ‘77; Olethreutes schulziana Fabr., Rinnamona ‘77; Cydia gallicana Guen., Caher River 30-vii-81; Scoparia subfusca Haw., F. ‘77 & ‘81 + Black Head ‘77; Mecyna asinalis Hubn., Ballyvaughan & Black Head ‘77; Perizoma alchemillata Linn., F. ‘81; Eilema griseola Hubn., Ballyvaughan ‘77; Axylia putris Linn., Ballyvaughan ‘77 & F. ‘81; Graphiphora augur Fabr., F. 26-vii-81; Mythimna pallens Linn., F. ‘77 & ‘81; Mesoligia furuncula D. & S., F. & Black Head ‘77; Hoplodrina alsines Brahm, Black Head ‘77 & F. ‘81 and Abrostola trigemina Werneb., F. ‘81. In addition, on both visits Paraswammerdamia spiniella Hubn. was recorded and I feel it must be this Blackthorn-feeding species rather than the Birch-feeding Swammerdamia caesiella Hubn. which was intended by Bradley & Pelham-Clinton when they recorded the latter. For the other localities I an including only such vice-county records as are not given by Beirne (1941), these are also supple- mentary to those I published previously (Agassiz, 1977). Records from North Kerry (vc. H2), Tralee: Psychoides filicivora Meyr.; Phyllonorycter nigrescentella Logan — mines; Plutella porrec- tella Linn., Coleophora benanderi Kanerva; Eulamprotes atrella D. & S.; Blastobasis lignea Wals.; Cnephasia conspersana Dougl.; C. stephensiana Doubl.; Gypsonoma dealbana Frol.; and Eurhodope advenella Zinck.. Also from Kerry Head Lobesia littoralis Humph. *10, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex. LEPIDOPTERA IN IRELAND 131 & Westw. and from the Slieve Mish Mountains: Digitivalva pulicariae Klim. and Epinotia mercuriana Frol.. Records from East Cork (vc. H5). Two species are not included in Beirne’s list so these may be the first Irish records: Monopis imella Hiibn., Roche’s Point 9-vii-81 and Zeiraphera rat- zeburgiana Ratz. Rostellan 20-viii-77. Other species; all from Roche’s Point: Stigmella aurella Fabr. ‘77 & ‘81; Phyllonorycter messaniella Zell. mines *81; P. rajella Linn. ‘81; Digitivalva pulicariae Klim. ‘77 & ‘81; Schreckensteinia festaliella Hubn. ‘81; Coleophora discordella Zell. ‘77 & ‘81; C. trochilella Dup. ‘77; C. benanderi Kanerva ‘81; Hofmannophila pseudospretella Stt. ‘77 & ‘81; Agono- pterix ulicetella Stt. ‘77; A. nervosa Haw. ‘81; Caryocolum blandella Dougl. ‘77, Aproaerema anthyllidella Hubn. bred ‘81; Acompsia cinerella Cl. *81;, Anarsia spartiella Schr. ‘81; Brachmia rufescens Haw. ‘81, Eupoecilia angustana Hubn. ‘77; Cochylis pallidana Zell. larvae ‘81; Archips podana Scop. ‘77; Clepsis consimilana Hubn. ‘77; Bactra lancealana Hubn. ‘81; Epinotia tenerana D. & S. ‘17, Epiblema roborana D. & S. ‘81; E. scutulana D. & S. ‘77; and Cydia splendana Hubn. ‘77. References Agassiz, D. J. L., 1977, Lepidoptera in the South of Ireland, Ent. mee. 189: 73H. Beirne, B. P., 1941. A List of the Microlepidoptera of Ireland. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, XLVII, pp. 53-147. Bradley, J. D. and Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 1967. The Lepidoptera of the Burren, Co. Clare, W. Ireland, Ent. Gazette 18: 115-153. ———— ZYGAENA LOTI SCOTICA ROWLAND-BROWN ON MULL, 1981. — On 20th June, 1981, I revisited a locality for Zygaena loti scotica on the west coast of the Isle of Mull to which I had not been since the mid-1960s, when I paid three visits. On going to the chief haunt I found to my dismay that the areas of the hillside which were still free from bracken in the 1960s had been completely invaded by this tiresome fern and the flowery areas had completely disappeared. I realised this danger of course, but had hoped that the rock was too near the surface in the flowery areas for bracken to encroach any further. Z. purpuralis caledonensis Reiss and Z. filipendulae L. were also present in the 1960s. Neither of them could exist there now. I knew of a flowery bank not far away so I made for this spot, and to my great relief I found Z. loti scotica flying in good numbers. Their favourite flower was undoubtedly the Fragrant Orchid, Gym- nademia conopsea on which I was able to photograph the moth. No other burnets were there — too early no doubt — and the only other lepidoptera seen were a few Polyommatus icarus Rott. and Odezia atrata L. I went again to the site on 27th June on our return from spending a week on Iona, but all the burnets had gone. The area is very small, and bracken is threatening here too. The slope is steep and the rock is certainly very near the surface; but how long can this tiny colony last? — Rev. J. H. VINE HALL, “Rivendell”, 3 The Green, Melmerby, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 1HG. 132 SYNCOPACMA LARSENIELLA (GOZMANY): A HITHERTO UNDER-RECORDED SPECIES By R. J. HECKFORD* As a result of making some genitalia slide preparations in 1981, I discovered that all my specimens of a Syncopacma which I had previously determined as cinctella (Clerck) in fact were Jlarseniella (Gozmany ). My specimens came from Cornwall, Devon and Somer- set. Goater (1974) does not record Jarseniella from either Hampshire or the Isle of Wight and Emmet (1981) does not record it from Essex, although both record cinctella. However neither state whether the records were confirmed by examination of the genitalia. As I could find little published about Jarseniella I hope that the following note is of some interest. Stainton (1867), in describing faeniolella (Zeller), recognized ligulella (larseniella) and vorticella (cinctella) as distinct species, but stated that they were not readily distinguishable from each other. Taeniolella differs from both in that the distinct white fascia on the upper surface of forewing extends to the under surface and forms a costal spot on the hindwing. Meyrick (1928) sank ligulella as a synonym of vorticella. How- ever Pierce and Metcalfe (1935) showed that Jigulella was a good species. Wolff (1958) then discovered that the type of Jigwlella in Zeller’s collection was a specimen of vorticella. He named the now unnamed species Jarseniella. Gozmany was writing a paper on the Syncopacma at the time and knew of this. Therefore he named the species larseniella (Wolff). However Gozmany’s paper was published first, so the species must be named Jarseniella (Gozmany ). Wolff illustrated only the male genitalia of the Syncopacma he described because of uncertainty of obtaining correctly determined females. He stated that Jarseniella “‘can hardly be separated from vorticella without examination of the genitalia.” I do not have any specimens of cinctella, but have compared my lJarseniella with cinctella in the British Museum (Natural History) and can find no macroscopic differences. The two species are readily distinguishable on the genitalia. I have bred both males and females from one small locality and they agree with Pierce and Metcalfe’s illustrations of Jarseniella, save in two respects in the male. Wolff’s illustrations of the male are more accurate. Pierce and Metcalfe show the pegs at the uncus in two straight lines. Wolff shows them: as two diamond shaped groups and my specimens agree with this. Also, Pierce and Metcalfe show the vinculum arms as broad and rounded, but they are long and narrow (as shown by Wolff) although depending on the mounting they can look similar to Pierce and Metcalfe’s illustration. I failed to make a description of the larvae but noted that generally they agreed with Meyrick’s description of taeniolella. I took several larvae, which were nearly full grown, at three localities at Plympton, Devon between 25th. and 28th. May 1979. They were *67, Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth. A HITHERTO UNDER-RECORDED SPECIES 133 feeding between spun leaves of Lotus uliginosus. The adults emerged between 19th. and 23rd. June 1979: It seems that in the wild they emerge later, as the previous year I had taken several adults at one of the localities late in the afternoon on 21st. and 22nd. July. On 20th. June 1979 I found two larvae between spun leaves of Lotus uliginosus at Shapwick Heath, Somerset, whilst on a Nature Conservancy Council survey. These produced two adults on 10th. July 1979. My only specimen from Cornwall was taken at M.V.L. at Saltash on 11th July 1971. Dr. J. R. Langmaid has since dissected some of his cinctella and these have proved to be Jarseniella. They were taken in Hampshire, Petworth, Sussex and Ramsey, Essex. All of those which were bred were taken on Lotus uliginosus. Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton has one specimen from Hampshire and two females bred from L. uliginosus from Fingringhoe, Essex. I suspect that dissection of many presumed cinctella may show them to be Jarseniella. Perhaps larseniella is the commoner species. There are now confirmed records of this species from Vice-Counties Ze, 11, 13and 19: I am grateful to Messrs J. R. Langmaid and E. C. Pelham-Clinton for allowing me to refer to their unpublished records. References Emmet, A. M., 1981. The smaller moths of Essex, 158pp. London. Goater, B., 1974. The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, xiv, 439pp. Faringdon. Meyrick, E., 1928. A revised handbook of the British Lepidoptera, 914pp. London. Pierce, F. N. and Metcalfe, J. W., 1935. The genitalia of the Tineid families of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, xxii, 1 l6pp., 68 pls. Oundle, Northants. Stainton, H. T. et al., 1867. The natural history of the Tineina, 10,ix,304pp, 8 col pls. London. Wolff, N. L., 1958. Further notes on the Stomopteryx group. Ent. Medadr. 28: 224-281,62 figs, 2 pls. wt ALOPHORA S._ S. HEMIPTERA (FAB.) (DIPT., TACHINIDAE ) IN ViC{69)" = On 2 July 1982 I was collecting diptera visiting flowers, mainly Umbelliferae, on the edge of Holker Moss (SD 3579). During my visit I took two specimens of A. hemiptera, both females, and saw others but did not catch them. F. I. van Emden (Handbk. for the Identification of British Insects, X: Pt. 4 (a): 27) reports hemiptera as occurring from Yorkshire southwards. My record is not however the most northerly for Britain as T. H. Pennington (Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113: 256) records the species from Stirlingshire and also draws attention to the record by Crowson et al. (Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 102: 71) of specimens taken in central Ayrshire. — Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton Cumbria LA8 OAQ. 28.iv.1982. 134 OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CEVENNES, EASTER 1961 By J.S. E. FELTWELL, PhD., F.R.E.S., F.L.S., M.LBiol.! and G. N. BURTON, B.A., F.R.E.S.2 Our study trip to the Cévennes in France (Gard, 30, & Hérault, 34) for the week 11 - 20 April 1981 revealed some interesting observations on larval foodplants, dwarfs, predation and parasitism, and some general notes on butterfly abundance and behaviour. Foodplants 1. Southern Festoon (Zerynthia polyxena D. & S.) In one riverside mulberry meadow regularly grazed each week by goats, we found about a dozen freshly-emerged Southern Festo- ons lazily flying about and resting on various plants. The plants in the meadow were very diverse and included: Salad Burnet (Poterium sanguisorba), Cowslip (Primula veris), Red Clover (Trifolium pratense), Spring Cinquefoil (Potentilla tabernaemontani), Jack by the Hedge (Alliaria petiolata), all of which were in flower, while others like Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) were pushing up. Scat- tered throughout the meadow were many groups of a very easily overlooked but distinctive member of the Birthworts (Aristolochia rotunda) on which the Southern Festoons were ovipositing; ova being laid on both the upper and lower surfaces of the leaves and on the stems. The species was also observed in another riverside mea- dow, about two miles from the first. It was, again, ovipositing on A. rotunda, which was not uncommon in small patches. Almost every leaf had at least one ovum on it and the largest accumulation found was fifteen on one leaf. An effort, on the part of G.B., to rear a limited number of ova proved very difficult and ultimately failed, despite the generous help afforded by Mr. Robert Goodden (World- wide Butterflies) and Mr. J. S. Keesing (Living Collection Division, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew). A sufficient supply of A. rotunda or A. clematitis was unobtainable and other Aristolochia spp. were not accepted with any real interest. 2. Morocco Orange Tip (Anthocharis belia L.) Further South, near St. Guilhem-le-Désert, in Hérault, A. belia and Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra) were in abundance. Females of A. belia were observed ovipositing on the tall but thinly-branched yellow crucifer Biscutella lyrata. They seemed to prefer to deposit their eggs on the tightly-closed panicles and fluttered all the time, while depositing their single eggs very quickly. When ova were removed for rearing purposes, it was found that they fed quite happily on one of the normal foodplants of A. cardamines, Sisym- brium officinalis. We have not found this listed as a foodplant of A. belia. I Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, E. Sussex, TN33 9BN. 2Mar-y-Mar, Minster Drive, Minster, Sheppey, Kent ME12 2MG. OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CEVENNES, EASTER 1981 135 3. Cleopatra (Gonepteryx cleopatra L.) A female of G. cleopatra was seen ovipositing on the leaves of an oak species which had already lost its early Spring flowers. We have been unable to identify leaves removed for the purpose and the two ova collected failed to hatch. 4. Fritillaries. Not many fritillaries were on the wing. Only a single specimen of the Queen of Spain (U/ssoria lathonia L.) and a fair number of Violet Fritillaries (Clossiana dia L.) were seen, but a large number of Fritillary larvae were found feeding on the leaves of Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymbalaria muralis) and Rock Speedwell (Veronica fruticans). The larvae continued to feed avidly on C. muralis in captivity. Fifteen were reared through to the final instar; two died, eight proved to be parasitised and five pupated safely. The latter emerged in May, proving to be Mellicta deione Geyer the Provencal Fritillary. The parasite cocoons and resultant hymeno- ptera were submitted to Dr. Mark Shaw (Royal Scottish Museum) for identification. They were Apanteles melitearum Wilkinson (a regular parasite of Euphydryas aurinia Rott. and Melitaea cinxia L. in Britain and of Melitaea and Mellicta spp. in France.). A. melitearum is double-brooded on a single host generation. The first brood come out soon after the hosts break diapause, quickly emerge from the pupa and then re-parasitise the same host generation a couple of instars later. Dwarfs Small specimens of five species were seen on the trip. Both species of Orange Tip, in which dwarfs are often recorded, were seen; a small female A. cardamines L. was seen feeding on Honesty (Lunaria annua) but was unmeasured and a male A. belia proved to have wingspan of 15mm. (from centre of thorax to tip of forewing), — normal: 20mm. A Green Hairstreak (Callophrys rubi L.) had a wingspan of 10mm. (normal: 15mm.) and a Scarce Swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius L.) one of 30mm. (normal: 40mm.). The Baton Blue (Philotes baton Bergstrasser) was very variable in size — ranging from 10 - 15mm. The underside colouring was equally variable. Abundance It is worth drawing attention to the abundance of certain but- terflies and moths, as the degree of abundance fluctuates from one year to the next. For instance, this Spring the Large White (Pieris brassicae L.) and the Orange Tip (A. cardamines) were extremely common compared with previous Springs. So too were two Medi- terranean species, the Southern Festoon (Zerynthia polyxena) and the Nettle-Tree Butterfly (Libythea celtis Laicharting) which feeds on the Nettle Tree (Celtis australis ). The latter has seen a steady increase in numbers over the last few years, such that it can now 136 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD be regarded as frequent rather than rare. The Scarce Swallowtail (Iphiclides podalirius) is still very common, while the Swallowtail (Papilio machaon L.) is always intrequent. A figure of at least SO: 1 in favour of J. podalirius can be put on these two Swallowtails, although there is an abundance of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) and Wild Carrot (Daucus carota) in the valley. } Two species which are rare in England were frequent in the Cévennes : The Camberwell Beauty (Nymphalis antiopa L.) found mostly flying in sheltered valleys, where there was an abundance of Willows, and the Large Tortoiseshell (Vymphalis polychloros L.), many specimens of which were bedraggled. Other items of interest 1. In one of the Southern Festoon meadows we saw a Mallow Skipper (Carcharodus alceae Esper) which had been caught by a yellow spider lurking in the head of a Dandelion (Taraxacum sp.). 2. We observed a fourth instar larva of Mellicta deione being parasitised by a small black hymenopteron (see above). The latter was securely fastened to the larva towards the anal end and the larva was writhing about in its efforts to dislodge the parasite, which remained in position for about thirty seconds, only flying away when the larva wriggled off the stone it was on in a wall and fell to the ground. 3. On one occasion a Camberwell Beauty (V. antiopa) flew for some time along the road in front of our car and, with no par- ticular effort, maintained a speed of about 26k.p.h. (17m.p.h.). Heterocera The surprise at the MV lamp was the appearance of the large Saturniid Saturnia pyri D. & S. a species that, up to this year, has been rare. It has not always appeared at the MV lamp, being seen in previous years at lighted windows. Two males were attracted to the light on the 12th., two on the 15th., and three on the 17th. Only one female came to the light, on the 12th. Our neighbour, M. Patrick Ducros, who has operated the light in our absence, has only recorded the moth once in six years. One of us (J.F.) has only seen the large green larva once in the area, when it was floating down a swollen river in 1968. The Emperor moth (Saturnia pavonia L.) was out, but not at the light. M. Patrick Ducros recorded a pair in cop. at Cambulon on the 11th. April and a fresh female was found flying by day on the 12th. This latter failed to attract males, although she was placed outside for almost a week. One of the other attractions at the light was the Double Lunar Stripe (Minucia lunaris D. & S.) which is always very common and exists in two colour forms, a slate blue and a grey. Although we ran the MV lamp every night, the cold, clear weather and full moon resulted in very limited catches, only one OBSERVATIONS ON LEPIDOPTERA IN THE CEVENNES, EASTER 1981 137 other species being of interest. On the 14th. we caught a Noctuid which we were quite unable to identify. It appeared similar to the Middle Eastern tribe Armadini. It was finally identified by Mr. M. R. Honey (B.M.N.H.) as Aleucanitis cailino Lefebvre, a species whose range extends from the French Mediterranean littoral to the Southern Mediterranean and the Middle East (Syria). The species is not uncommon at Cabane Vieille as M. Patrick Ducros had taken several specimens in this and preceding years. Rhopalocera Overall we recorded 35 species, full details of which are given below. HESPERHDAE Pyrgus malvae malvoides Elwes & Edwards, quite common. P. onopordi Rambur, two or three only. Carcharodus alceae Esper, common. PAPILIONIDAE Papilio machaon L., two or three only; rare. Iphiclides podalirius feisthamelii Duponchel, common. Zerynthia polyxena cassandra Hiibner-Geyer, common in two meadows only. PIERIDAE Pieris brassicae (L.), very common. Artogeia napi (L.), very common. Artogeia rapae (L.), common, but less frequent than the preceding two species. Anthocharis cardamines (L.), very common in Gard and Herault. Anthocharis belia euphenoides Staudinger, very common in Hérault. Absent from Gard. Colias crocea Geoffroy in Fourcroy, a few only. Gonepteryx rhamni (L.), very common in Gard & Hérault. Gonepteryx cleopatra (L.), very common in Hérault, less so in Gard. Leptidea sinapis (L.), a few only. LYCAENIDAE Lycaena phlaeas (L.), fairly common. Heodes tityrus Poda, not uncommon in Gard; not seen in Hérault. Callophrys rubi (L.), common. Cupido minimus Fuessli, a few only. Everes alcetas Hoffmannsegg, two only in Herault. Celastrina argiolus (L.), common. 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Pseudophilotes baton Bergstrasser, common. Size very variable (10-16mm.) Polyommatus icarus Rottemburg, two only in Gard. LIBYTHEIDAE Liby thea celtis Laicharting, quite common. NY MPHALIDAE Nymphalis polychloros (L.), quite common in Gard. Not seen in Hérault. N. antiopa (L.). Not uncommon in Gard. One only seen in Hérault. Inachis io (L.), common. Vanessa atalanta (L.), several seen in both Départements. Aglais urticae (L.), common. Issoria lathonia (L.), one only in Gard. Clossiana dia (L.), common in Gard. Not seen in Hérault. Mellicta deione Geyer, larvae very common in Gard on Cymbalaria muralis. SATYRIDAE Coenonympha pamphilus (L.), a few in both Départements. Pararge aegeria (L.), a few in both Départements. Lasiommata megera (L.), common. Acknowledgements We would like to thank especially for their help:— Mr. R. F. Bretherton, for his advice on foodplants; M. Patrick Ducros, for supplying information about his moth-trap captures; Mr. R. Goodden & Mr. J. S. Keesing, for providing Aristolochia spp.; Mr. M. R. Honey, for determination of Aleucanitis cailino; Dr. M. Shaw, for determination of and information about Apanteles melitearum. References Bretherton, R. F. 1966. A distribution list of the Butterflies (Rhopalocera) of Western & Southern Europe. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 17 (1): 1-94 Feltwell, J. S. E. 1977. Check list of the Rhopalocera of the Parc National des Cévennes, Ent. Gaz. 28: 85-97. Gomez-Bustillo, M. R. & Ferndndez-Rubio, F. 1974-1978. Mariposas de la Peninsula [bérica, 1-IV. ICONA, Madrid. Herbulot, C. 1965, 1972. Lépidoptéres de France, Il, Wl. N. Boubee et Cie, Paris. Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1970. Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. Higgins, L. G. 1975. The Classification of European Butterflies. Collins, London. Fitter, R., Fitter, A. & Blamey M. 1974. The Wild Flowers of Britain and Northern Europe. Collins, London. 159 THE HISTORY OF EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA (HAWORTH) (LEP: PYRALIDAE) IN BRITAIN By BERNARD SKINNER* It was the capture of a specimen of Euchromius ocellea in November 1981 that prompted me to research the past history in Britain of this rare immigrant Pyrale. Since the first published record in 1812, several authors, namely South (1890), Donovan (1932), Beirne (1952) and Huggins (1958), have attempted to publish up-to-date accounts of this species’ history; without exception each of these accounts contains at least one or more important errors and it was because of this that I decided to compile a, hopefully, accurate list of all the twenty five British records. In each case, the original published record was checked, and where conflicting dates or localities appeared in print, then reference was made either to the data attached to the specimen or to the captor’s field diaries. Although the life history of ocellea remains unknown, there is little evidence to support the views expressed by earlier authors that the larva might be associated with stored food products and that its occurrence in this country is due to accidental importation. On the contrary, a number of the ocellea to visit this country have arrived in the company of recognised immigrant species, proving its status beyond doubt. On two occasions, in 1967 and 1981, it appeared on the same night as Tathorhynchus exsiccata (Lederer), a Noctuid species suspected of originating from either South-East Europe or North Africa, and of which only nine specimens have been recorded from the British Isles. The Records One in garden, early Spring circa 1812, London Suburbs, captor not named, (A. H. Haworth, Lepidoptera Britannica (1812) p.486). One while sallowing, mid March 1861, Glamorgan, captor not named, (H. T. Stainton, Ent. Ann. 1862: 110). One at light, first week of September 1865, near Dumfries, Mr Lennon, (G.J.Hearder, Ent. mon. Mag., 3: 139). One, 20th January 1867, St. Helens, Isle of Wight, J. Rogers, (A. E. Wright, Entomologist, 65:80). One while beating, February! 1869, Eastham Wood, near Liver- pool, Cheshire, T. J. Roxborough,? (C.S. Gregson, Entomologist, 4. 249). Two, February 1869, Cheshire Coast, captor not named, (C. S. Gregson, Entomologist, 4: 263). One male at rest on grass stem, 4th August 1879, Folkestone *5 Rawlins Close, Addington, South Croydon, Surrey CR2 8JS. Repeatedly given as March. 2One assumes that the erroneous reference to the county of Roxborough in Beirne (1952) derived from the name of the captor of the first Cheshire specimen. 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Warren, Kent, S. Webb, (Webb, Ent. mon. Mag., 16: 101). One, 21st February 1899, New Forest, Hants, H. Ashby, (Ashby, Entomologist, 32:258). One at window light, 5th October 1921, Grange-over-Sands, Lancs, A. E. Wright, (Wright, Entomologist, 55: 38). One, 22nd May 1923, Charmouth, Dorset, W. D. Lang, (N. D. Riley, Entomologist, 57: 90). One disturbed during day, 11th September 1928, New Forest, Hants, E. S. Craske, (J. W. Metcalfe, Entomologists, 62: 78). One on the wing at night, 23rd January 1932, Timoleague, Co. Cork, G. E. Lucas, (C. Donovan, Entomologist, 65:67). One at light, 17th February 1950, Hawley, Hants, A. W. Richards, (Richards, Entomologist, 83: 278). One at m.v.l., 10th March3 1957, Maidencombe, Devon, F. H. Lees, (S. T. Stidston, Trans. Devon Assc. 90:202). One at m.v.l., 30th May 1958, Martyr Worthy, Hants, D. W. ffennell, (ffennell, Entomologist, 91: 262). One male at m.v.l., 7th September 1958, Dungeness, Kent, D. More, (H. C. Huggins, Entomologist, 92: 26). One at m.v.l., 13th September 1958, Maidencombe, Devon, F.H. Lees, (R. A. French, Entomologist, 92: 176). One at m.v.l., 13th June 1964, Mitcheldever, Hants, C. H. Dixon, (Dixon, Ent. Record., 76: 243). One, 3lst January 1966, Horrabridge, Devon, R. J. Revell, (H. A. Kennard, Trans. Devon Assc., 98:56). One, 30th January 1967, Torquay, Devon, H. E. Marshall, (R. A. French, Entomologist, 104:217). One at m.v.l., 3rd February 1967, Martyrworthy, Hants, D. W. ffennell, (ffennell, Ent. Gaz. 18: 56). One female at m.vJ., 23rd January 1969,4 Burlesdon, Hants, I. A. Watkinson, (B. G. Goater, Butts & Moths of Hampshire (1974), 17S: ae at m.v.l., 14th October 1978, Usk, Monmouthshire, G. A. N. Horton, (Horton, Ent. Rec., 91: 26). One male at m.vlJ., 22nd November 1981, Wye, Kent, (B. Skinner). Acknowledgements My thanks go to R. F. Bretherton and the Rotharnsted Experi- mental Station for advice and confirmation of records, and to L. Christie and T. J. Dillon for extracting information from their private libraries. References Beirne B. P., 1952. British Pyralid and Plume Moths Pp. 68-69 Donovan C., 1932. The Crambid, Eromene ocellea in co. Cork. Entomologist, 91: 123-5. South R., 1890. Additions to the British List of Deltoids, Pyralides, and Crambi, since 1859. Entomologist, 23: 300. 3Recorded in error as the 12th February in Trans. Devon Assoc. 90: 202. 4Recorded in error as 1970 in Proc. Brit. Ent. & Nat. Hist. Soc. 4: 11. 141 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981, INCLUDING THAT OF THE MONARCH BUTTEREFLY: DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. By R. F. BRETHERTON®* and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT ** (Concluded from page 87) ANNEXE III The Monarch or Milkweed Butterfly (Danaus plexippus ingle The records listed below are essentially of sightings only, since few of the butterflies are known to have been caught. Almost half of them came from the numerous watchers in the Isles of Scilly who were primarily engaged in studying the simultaneous immi- gration of at least a dozen species of North American birds. We understand that, as with the birds, multiple sightings of the same butterfly were as far as possible eliminated from the daily totals; but in the limited areas of the islands repetitive sightings of the same insect must surely have been frequent during some 20 days of record spread over five weeks. The largest number mentioned as having been seen in one spot simultaneously was three or four round an apple tree on St. Agnes on September 26/7, though there are also references to “several” roosting collectively on various days among Monterey pines near the airport of St Mary’s. Some duplication may also have occurred as the Monarchs moved about on the mainland of Cornwall and South Devon and elsewhere. It is therefore not possible to estimate how many individuals are represented by more than 130 sightings listed. It is however safe to say that the immigration of 1981 was of at least the same order as those of 1933 (40 records) and 1968 (65), which were by much the largest since the species was first noted here in 1876. Four forerunners of the invasion were seen on September 24, curiously spread between the Isle of Man after a severe south- westerly night gale, Co. Kerry, St Mary’s, Scilly, and one observed 100 miles further south at sea off Ushant, which perhaps did not reach Britain. On September 25 there were over a dozen sightings, with Scilly in the van but with singles in Cumberland, West Cornwall, South Devon, South Hampshire, Pembrokeshire, and even co. Wex- ford, all in near-coastal localities; in the three following days, Sep- tember 26 to 28 over 40 were reported, including nine in Pem- brokeshire, one in Dorset and a single presumably fellow travelling American Painted Lady (Cynthia virginiensis Drury) in Glamorgan. Weather maps and wind directions show September 24, 25, and daylight hours of 26 as the most likely period for actual arrivals of *Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. ** | Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Monarchs in south-west Britain; on the night of September 26 and until 30 there was a clear-cut influx of nocturnal immigrants, mainly Herse convolvuli and Rhodometra sacraria, which probably originated in Spain or North Africa, and came with a rather more southerly air stream. Further arrivals of Monarchs in October seem unlikely; a pronounced recovery in the number of sightings from October 4 to 7 is probably attributable to better weather and more observation over the week-end. Many reports indicate that the first instinct of Monarchs after arrival was to feed at almost any garden or wild flowers available; buddleia, michaelmas daisies, sedum, golden rod, fuchsia, hydrangea, heather, gorse are all mentioned as attractive to them. In Scilly a number seem to have settled down, and the records of them con- tinue until October 27. Their habit, noted by several observers, of roosting gregariously upside down on Monterey pines agreed with American experience of their preparations for hibernation in the south; a watch for possible survivors even in Scilly should be kept in the spring of 1982. Others, including that seen at sea between Scilly and Penzance on September 28, moved on. The paucity of October records in mainland Cornwall and South Devon may be due to outward movement, which reached far enough along the South Coast to provide four sightings in Sussex between September 30 and October 10; two seen in Merioneth on October | and 4 probably came north from Pembrokeshire. About the only example reported far inland, one seen near Thame, Oxfordshire there is doubt, as it had been suggested that this may have resulted from local rearing of larvae in captivity. The simultaneous presence of so many North American birds makes it clear that this compact invasion of Monarchs originated there, and not in the other possible sources in the Canary Islands or Madeira, from which, to judge from their associations with other immigrant species, a few examples may have come in other years. Meteorological information shows that some of the annual south- ward movement of Monarchs in North America must have been diverted, probably in the states of New Hampshire and New York on September 20 or 21 by very strong west and south west winds which blew in a broad arc round a very deep depression, which moved quickly across the north Atlantic and gave fronts which crossed Britain on September 24 and 25. This implies a flight of about 3,500 miles taking about three or four days. It is apparently not known how far Monarchs use mainly gliding flight or add substantially to wind speed in such migrations; but American evi- dence has shown that their flight is impaired at temperatures below 50° F., so that they are unlikely to travel at high altitudes. Since on trans-Atlantic flight they cannot pause to feed, their net con- sumption of fat must be large, and this may diminish their powers of long survival after they have arrived; at least it explains their observed urgent desire for refreshment then. The invasion of 1981 differed somewhat from the last big influx, which was in 1968 (J. F. Burton, Animals 12: 122-6; R.A. French, Entomologist 105: 260). The four forerunners were noted IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 198] 143 from August 9 to September 24, and the main arrivals, which began on October 2, were probably less concentrated in date and had their points of impact in south east Devon and Dorset, which provided 45 of the 65 records. These included, however, two reports of ten seen together, on October 6 and in mid October; and the trail of records lasted until November 11. The internal spread was much wider. with single records far inland in Gloucestershire, Worcestershire and Yorkshire. Since then, two D. plexippus were reported in 1969 and singles in 1971, 1972, 1974 and in each year from 1977 to 1980, not all of which are above suspicion of being escapes or releases from captivity. There was a small but definite immigration in 1970, when seven or eight were seen, as well as two C. virginiensis, and another in 1973, of which there were over a dozen reports. As some of these records from 1969 to 1980 have not been published, they have been listed at the end of this note. The Record AT SEA. Off Ushant, 46° N 58° 7°020W, September 24, 3.30 pm., flying round s.s. Canberra, one; an American Purple Martin also seen (R. Burridge per M. Rogers); seen from m.v. Scillonian midway between Penzance and Isles of Scilly, September 28. CORNWALL, ISLES OF SCILLY. Daily numbers sighted by bird- watchers (per D. Hunt and R. D. Penhallurick): St Mary’s, September 24 (1); 25 (6 plus); 26 (5 plus); 27 (1 plus); 28 (2): 30 (5); October 1 (1); 4 (1); 5 ( plus); 6 (2); 7 (4); 10 (1); Lis); 12:G); 13:(2);14 (1); 15: (1); 18 G); 221). St Agnes, 25 (1); 27 (3); 28 (1); October 5 (1); 6 (1); 7 (1). Gugh, Sep- tember 25 (1). St Martin’s, October 5 (1). Tresco, September 26 (1); 27 (2); 30 (1); October 4 (1); 12 (1). Other records, some probably included in the numbers above: St Mary’s September 24/27, one seen on several occasions (Prof. Harvey per D. Agassiz), 28. one seen on a tamarisk hedge by St Nicholas church, Old Town (M. J. Zealley per RDP); October 13 and 18, one seen beside the airport (M. Sell per R. I. Lorimer); 13, one watched by J. Randall near the airport, imbibing resin from a pine tree; other reports of these Monterey pines serving as a roost and base for flights during bright days (Archer-Lock, Ent. Rec., 93: 201); 27, one gliding along young pines: settled; flying into mature pines (Foggitt, Ent Rec., 93: 202). St Agnes, September 26/27, four reported around an apple tree, which also contained an American Magnolia Warbler (Foggitt, ibid. ). St Martin’s, September 26 or 27, one followed along the coast from opposite Plumb Island to White Island (K. & J. Jamieson per D. Hunt). CORNWALL, W. Kynance, September 25 (or possibly 24), a.m., one watched crossing the stream and settled on montbretia (Mr & Mrs Marrifield per RDP); 25, Nancledra, one watched on fuschia and buddleia (E. M. P. Simpson per RDP, and Smith, Ent. Rec., 93: 201); 26, Lizard Downs, about noon moving 144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD south and feeding on Erica vagans (Major-Gen. P. G. Turpin per RDP); St Levan near Lands End, by Mr. Garceau (Smith, ibid., and RDP); 27 Ashton near Breage, on buddleia and hydran- gea (J. Fairbrass per RDP); Mylor Harbour, sighted from boat (J. Cook & M. Hillyer per RDP); Kennack, 28.9, before noon, flying and settling on a hedge with buddleia nearby; Hayle, before noon, flying over lucerne (Mrs C. Cook per RDP); Lamorna, seen for 4% hour about noon, mostly on escallonia; photographed; flew westwards (D. Tangye per RDP); Loe Pool, Porthleven, 3 p.m., flying along a path and among reeds (Major-Gen. P. G. Turpin per RDP); between Lizard and Housel Bay, 30, 3p.m., one seen from cliff path being blown along the cliff face towards Housel (Mr & Mrs R. J. Williams per RDP); Mount Hawke, late September, on a bush by the main street (Mrs Battersby per RDP); 29 or 30, Housel Bay, one seen flying south west on the cliffs at Housel Bay east of Lizard, finally turning inland and disappearing near the lighthouse (D. Wills per B. Elliot). CORNWALL, E. Near Black Head, St. Austell, September 27, about noon, one settled on heather (Dr G. Potts per G. M. Spooner); Nare Head, 6 p.m., settled on gorse, then flying off in relaxed flight and returning eastwards (G. P. Gill per RDP); 28, near Gorran Haven, a male picked up dying in the road (Miss F. Dunn per RDP); 30, Duchy Nurseries, Lostwithiel, a damaged female found on brambles and taken home, where it was still alive on November | (B. Jackson per RDP). CUMBERLAND, Sellafield, on coast north of railway station, Sep- tember 25, one female caught by F. Downton (Kydd, Ent. Ree:94:. 37): DEVON, N. Tunnels Beach, Ilfracombe, early October, one cap- tured by K. Wilson and retained (Western Morning News, 6.x. 1981) Lundy Island, 25.9, one arriving over the sea at the landing beach, then again flying inland; seen frequently by other observers during the following week (C.W. Dee). DEVON, S. September 25, Noss Mayo, one seen at close quarters on buddleia and flying northwards (G. M. Spooner per RDH); 25 or 26, one seen in Plymouth City Centre (per Plymouth City Museum); 26, Plymstock, about noon, one flying eastwards ahead of car (Dr. Q. Bone per G. M. Spooner); 27, Kingsbridge, one seen over michaelmas daisies, and another at Prawle Point among bracken (V. Tucker per RDP, and Archer-Lock, Ent. Rec., 93: 199); 27, near Slapton Ley, probably three insects in several hours, one of which frightened a stonechat from its gorse perch; another, found damaged on the beach, remained alive in Plymouth Museum for about two weeks (A. Archer- Lock, V. Tucker and other observers); ? 26 or 27, Arreton Gifford, one reported by telephone (G. M. Spooner per RDH); 28, Prawle Point, four seen between 1 and 6 p.m. on the same ground as on 27 (P. J. Hopkin); Slapton, October 6, one seen (per RDP); no exact date, Newton Ferrers, two (per RDP). IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1981 —-145 DORSET. Winspit, Worth Matravers, September 26, one seen and identified (Dr R. Green); undated, Portland Bill, two, and another nearby (per RDH). HAMPSHIRE, S. Lymington, September 25, a female caught flying in a neighbour’s garden and retained (A. Harmer); 27, one seen closely after flying in from the sea at Pennington Marshes (Mr & Mrs R. Allison per B. Goater); 30, Fareham, one at buddleia at 11.30 a.m. and the same one (or another) the following day (Mrs. J. Carpenter). October 13, one flying over the seawall, then NNE inland (G. R. Elliott). ISLE OF MAN. Ballakaighan, Castletown, September 24, in SW wind after severe south westerly gale, one, probably male, hovered briefly over golden rod, settled on a willow tree, and moved northwards over open farmland (Hedges, Ent, Rec., 93: 202). [OXFORDSHIRE. Long Crenden near Thame, no exact date, one seen flying in a garden by Mrs B. Woodell (per Brian Wildridge; Guardian, 20.x.1981 refers). Possibly an escape.| SUSSEX, E. Pett, October 1, one (M. Cowell per CRP); Rottingdean, 8, one (J. Woodman per CRP). SUSSEX, W. Kingston Gorse, Worthing, 30.9, one watched by Col. Searle on nettles for 2% minutes (Col. Searle per Church, Ent. Rec., 93. 202); Church Norton, Pagham Harbour, October 10, one watched flying about churchyard and into adjacent clump of conifers (E. Rayner pers. comm.; Guardian, 21.x.1981 refers). WALES CARMARTHENSHIRE. Pembrey, September 28, four seen on sedum and michaelmas daisies (Mrs Watson per J. Comont). GLAMORGAN. Penrice Castle, Gower, September 28, one American Painted Lady (Cynthia virginiensis Drury) seen on flowers and ground (Lipscomb, Ent. Rec., 93: 242). MERIONETHSHIRE. Dyfi N. N. R., October 1, one seen flying south west over the estuary (R. Bovey per J. Heath); 4, Pen- maen Pool, Dolgellau, one seen in a garden by Dr P. I. Clark (Kydd, Ent. Rec., 94: 37). PEMBROKESHIRE. Dale Fort Marine Field Station, Dale Point, September 25, one feeding at flower bed (M. Rodgers). St Ishmaels, September 26, one (N. Young per J. Comont); St Clears, one (R. Howells per JC); 27, Littlehaven, one (G. Brace per JC); 29, Skomer Island, one (Mrs R. Alexander per J. Heath); October 4, Gelliswirk, one (Mrs Rusper per JC); 5, Preseli, one landed on car near the ITV mast (Mrs Connor per JC) 7, Haverfordwest, one in garden (per JC). IRELAND CORK, W. Cape Clear Island bird observatory, September 29, one (per R. F. Haynes). GALWAY. Galway City, October 2, one seen in a garden (per R. F. Haynes). 146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD KERRY, S. Inch Sound near Killarney, September 24, one resting on Marram grass, and seen again by others later that day (J. Kirsley ). WEXFORD, Gt. Saltee Island, September 25, one (per R. F. Haynes). The authors are especially grateful to R. D. Penhallurick of the Royal Institution of Cornwall, Truro; to John Heath, National Biological Records Centre; to J. Comont, Haverfordwest, Dyfed; to D. Hunt, of Scilly, and R. F. Haynes, of Killarney, for their help and advice for the preparation of this list. It is, however, cer- tainly far from complete, and further records will be very welcome for later publication. 1969 - 1980 1969 NORFOLK, E. Ditchingham, 7.9. (per French). HANTS, S. Winchester, 9.9. (per French). 1970 CORK, W. Fota Is., end May/early June (per French). CORNWALL, W. Ruan Minor, August, three or four seen on buddleia, one later on hydrangea (L. A. Bean in RDP, The Lizard, 1975: 24). DORSET. Weymouth, 25.9. (per French). SOMERSET, N. Ashcott, end Aug./early Sept. (per French). SUSSEX, W. Pagham, Sept, Ist week (Gammon in Rayner, Nat. Hist. of Pagham Harbour, 2: 65). 1971 CORNWALL, W. Carlyon Bay, July, one seen on cliffs (Miss M. E. Matthews in RDP, ibid. ). 1972 DORSET. Greenhill, 23.8 (per French). 1973 SCILLY. St Mary’s Garrison Walk, 4.10, one seen by five people (French in C-H, BENHS 7: 58); 7/14.10, probably three (P.R.G. Marriott in RDP, ibid.), St. Agnes, mid 10 (R. P. Demuth, Ent. Rec., 86: 72); CORNWALL, W. Porthleven, 20.9, on cliff, identified by A. J. Moore (French in C-H, ibid; Lieut. Comdr. P. A. E. Bland in RDP, ibid.) St Ives or Carbis Bay, early 10, one said to have been seen (RDP, ibid.). CORN- WALL, E. between Halton Quay and Weir Quay, flying over Tamar (Dr. F. H. N. Smith in RDP, ibid.); Fowey School, 19.9., mid-day, female caught and photographed, now in BM (Nat. Hist.) (J. T. O’Neill in RDP, ibid.). DEVON, N. Porlock, 30.9, female caught (H. M. Chappel in C-H, ibid.). HANTS, N. Kingsclere, early July, one seen by Mrs D. Freeman (C-H, ibid.). SURREY. Oxted, 19.10, one photographed by Mrs J. Batchelor (C.-H., ibid.) CARDS. Yspyty Ystwyth, 16.9, 2 p.m., caught (J.J. Richards per French). 1974 KENT, W. Eltham, 15.9, at flowers (A. Palmer, per de Worms, Ent. Gaz. 26: 38). 1977 GLOS, S. Ryeford, 17.9, one seen and identified (G. H. Mansell, pers. comm. ). 1978 SURREY. Epsom, 11.9, male seen in garden by Mrs. Y. Stevens (P. Holdaway, Ent. Rec. 91: 27). 1979 ISLE OF WIGHT. Yaverland, 6.7, photographed on escallonia in garden (J. Churcher in RFB & C-H, Ent Rec., 92: 95). 1980 WESTMORLAND. Grange-over-Sands, 12.10, one seen in garden by Mr and Mrs Bellorby (DWK in RFB & C-H, Ent. Rec., 94: 48). Plate III Charaxes gallagheri van Son. 1. Final instar larva (Actual length 19mm). 2 Pupa (Actual length 18mm.) 147 A CONSOLIDATED HISTORY OF THE DISCOVERY OF CHARAXES GALLAGHERI VAN SON 1962 (LEPIDOPTERA : NYMPHALIDAE); ITS HABITS, HABITATS AND EARLY STAGES By J.C. O. CHITTY* Since the first discovery in 1956 of this very distinct species a fairly comprehensive portfolio of knowledge concerning its life- cycle, habits and habitats has been built up. It has also become apparent that, although its range of flight and seasonal appearances are limited, the species is widespread in Zimbabwe/Rhodesia and can be relied upon to appear with the greatest regularity in its chosen habitats in proximity to its foodplant. Much of the information concerning this insect has been pub- lished piecemeal over the years and references to some of the litera- ture on the subject are given at the end of this paper. However, it has occurred to me that a consolidation or summary of the gradual acquisition of knowledge of gallagheri, particularly of the early stages, might be of general interest to lepidopterists. Historically, the first known capture was a female taken by B. D. Barnes in 1934. However, this specimen was erroneously identified as Ch. aubyni australis van Someren & Jackson (1957), to which it bears a super- ficial resemblance, by van Someren & Jackson in 1957. The original male from which the new species was described was caught by R. J. Gallagher, settled on mud, on 19th March, 1956. The specimen was sent to Dr. G. van Son at the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, who named it for its discoverer. The capture of another male on the same day by T. W. Schofield only a few miles away in the Sabi Valley remained unrecorded for some years owing to the failure by Schofield to appreciate that this specimen was of a then undescribed species. These two simultaneous first records of a hitherto unknown species occurring within 10 miles of each other can only be described as an astonishing coincidence. It is also notable that both specimens were taken settled on mud. Virtually all subsequent captures have been either in trapnets or on trees in proximity to the foodplant, or on the wing. The next known record was of a male trapped on 6th March, 1961, at Mapembi, near Odzi, by that veteran naturalist Harold Cookson. This locality is within 15 miles of the first captures. All three are at an altitude of approximately 900 metres in msasa savannah country studded with granite kopjes. Later in 1961 a new locality was discovered some 250 km away at Christon Bank, 30 km from Salisbury towards Mazoe. On 5th December, 1961, I netted a male settled on a twig about 3 m above ground at the summit of a granite kopje about 1,500 m above sea level. Further males were taken at the same spot during that month. Thereafter, many males were taken by a number of collectors both by handnets and in traps, *P.O. Box 1037, Salisbury, Zimbabwe. 148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD at Christon Bank and certain other locations. There were, however, no known female captures until one was trapped by, appropriately enough, Harold Cookson at Mapembi on 31st March, 1962 in the vicinity of his earlier male capture. This specimen was used for the description of the female of the species by Dr. G. van Son, in 1963. However, it is believed that the females had apparently been re- corded from Christon Bank by Dr. C. B. Cottrell prior to Cookson’s captures. Over the next few years, further females were taken in all areas where males had been recorded but their numbers were very small by comparison with the males. Extensive collecting of the species since 1962 has revealed the very constant nature of its habits which, in brief, are set out below: — (1) The species is double-brooded, appearing on the wing in mid- March until late April and again from mid-November until late December. (2) The habitat is granite kopje country, normally associated with the foodplant, at altitudes of between 900 m and 2,000 m. (3) Its distribution is widespread, records extending from near Salisbury, eastwards through Melfort to Umtali, south via Odzi to Zimbabwe and on to Botswana. (4) The species is slowflying, bearing little resemblance in mode of flight to its near-congeners Ch. chittyi Rydon, 1980 and Ch. guderiana Dewitz (1879) both of which can be observed flying in company with gallagheri at Christon Bank. (5) The males exhibit quite remarkably constant preferences for the same perches year after year on the same trees where they will sit, with wings half-open sunning themselves at about 3 m from the ground, rarely taking flight unless disturbed. (6) The females are comparatively rarely seen except in proximity to banana bait and, as with many other Charaxes species, do not have the male habit of returning to the same perch after flight. Some years were to pass before the foodplant and early stages of the butterfly were to be discovered. In October, 1966, having observed the behaviour of a number of females at Christon Bank, I sent Dr. van Son at the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria a sample of the bush which I believed to be the foodplant. This was identified by the South African National Herbarium as Diospyros natalensis ssp. nummularia (Brenan) (Ebenaceae). However, despite thorough searching over an extended period I was unable to find any larvae with which to substantiate my belief that this indeed was the food- plant. Confirmation was only to come some years later when that wizard of Charaxes breeding Mr. Ivan Bampton, having been shown the location and the actual bush which had been identified by Dr. Van Son, had little or no difficulty in finding, in May 1975, what were almost certainly gallagheri larvae, probably 3rd instar, on that and other examples of nummularia in the vicinity. Three larvae were left in my care in May, 1975 and it was thus necessary for them to be brought through the winter, either as larvae or pupae, before reaching the imago stage as the November/ December brood. A further three larvae, two from Christon Bank (NYMPHALIDAE); ITS HABITS, HABITATS AND EARLY STAGES 149 and one from Zimbabwe (Lake Kyle) were received from Ivan Bampton in August of the same year. In the event this episode ended in failure, all the larvae dying before pupation in spite of regular supplies of fresh food on an almost daily basis. Behaviour indicated a semi-hibernatory period during the mid-winter months when little or no growth or feeding took place. It is reasonable to assume that these larvae should have pupated in November emerging later as the November/December brood. This experience indicated quite clearly a diapause probably in the 4th instar stage between June and September when very little feeding or growth takes place. This is in contrast with later experiences with the summer brood when larval growth remains strong throughout the warm weather prior to emergence in March/April. In February, 1976, a further 10 larvae were secured by Bamp- ton from both Christon Bank and Lake Kyle (Zimbabwe) areas and again left in my care. Nine were successfully brought through to the imago stage. Of these, four were males, all of which emerged first, and five were females. This would seem to indicate that, in nature, females are in numbers at least equal to, if not greater than, males although apparently much scarcer to the collector, and that there is a preponderance of earlier male emergences. Photographs of final instars and pupae were taken and have been used by Mr. G. A. Henning (1977) as the basis for his published description of the early stages of the species. Subsequently, in November 1976, I was successful in bringing through to the imago stage two further larvae, also collected by Bampton at Christon Bank. The discovery of the egg stage came subsequently to the above series of events and the ovum has been described by Henning (1977). Finally, one can only comment that it seems almost incredible that a species so distinct, so constant in its habits and so easy of capture when these are known, can have remained unknown and undescribed for more than half a century of entomological explora- tion in this country. Perhaps the answer may lie in the comparative difficulty of access to the summits of the granite kopjes which are its normal habitat and to its very definite reluctance to move more than a short distance away from the foodplant. It is certainly true that the development of Christon Bank for residential purposes, however much this may be regretted in relation to the potential threat to the fauna and flora of the area, has provided easy access to some particular spots yielding some remarkable entomological records. The following is the description of the ova and final instar larva as given by Mr. Graham Henning in 1977:— Ova: Usual Charaxes shape, yellowish white with brown ring if fertile. They are laid singly on both the upper and undersides of the leaves of the foodplant. Final Instar Larva: Headshield green, with a faint, light green facial margin; horns long, with the upper two-thirds dark pinkish brown; dorso-medial spines black. Body 150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD green with broad dorso-lateral somite bars on segments 6, 8 and sometimes 10.The somite bars are pinkish-white, anteriorly edged with black spotted with blue; the dorsosomitic spots on segments 6 and 8 are blue. Lateral ridge green and anal processes short and square. Pupa: Plain green in colour. The imago has been illustrated in so many publications already that a further description seems unnecessary. Acknowledgements I would like to thank Messrs. W. H., S. F. & G. A. Henning for reading the manuscript and Mr. I. Bampton for the provision of the early stage material. References Henning, G. A. 1977. Observations on the Early Stages of Ethiopian Charaxes with notes on Life Histories (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Ann. Transv. Mus. 30 (19) : 219 -230 Pennington, K. M. 1978. Pennington’s Butterflies of Southern Africa. Edited by C. G. C. Dickson, with the collaboration of D. M. Kroon. 1 - 669, 198 pls. Johannesburg, Ad. Donker. Van Someren, V. G. L. 1966. Revisional notes on African Charaxes (Lepi- doptera : Nymphaldae). Part HI. Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.). 18: 45-101, 5 maps, 16 pls. Van Son, G. 1962. New African Butterflies, 1 J. ent. Soc. sth. Afr. 25 : 140 -148. ———— 1963. New African Butterflies, 2. Novos Taxa ent. 29: 1-11. ——-——-—— 1979. The Butterflies of Southern Africa. Part IV. Nymphalidae : Nymphalinae. Revised and edited by L. Vari. Transy. Mus. Mem. 22: 1 - 286, 76 pls. LARVAL VARIATION IN THE PINE BEAUTY: PANOLIS FLAMMEA HBN. — The larva of the Pine Beauty, Panolis flammea Hbn. is normally dark green dorsally and laterally, with a series of five longitudinal white stripes, and pale green ventrally with three thin cream stripes. A form in which the dark and pale green is replaced by dark and light brown is also known to occur. Whilst rearing this species I obtained evidence to suggest that the brown form is genetically controlled and is inherited as a unifactorial autosomal recessive. I also noted that the two types of larvae behave differently, in that when not feeding they take up different positions on the foodplant, Pinus sylvestris. Thus, the green larvae tended to rest lying along the needles, whilst the brown larvae rested on the pine twigs. The difference in behaviour has obviously evolved to increase the camouflage of the respective forms, and it would be interesting to hear if anyone else has noted similar behavioural differences in other species which show the same type of polymorphism, e.g. the Pine Hawk, Hyloicus pinastri Linn., or the Bordered White, Bupalus piniaria Linn. — (Dr.) MICHAEL E.N. MAJERUS, Dept. of Genetics, Downing Street, Cambridge. THE DELICATE: MYTHIMNA VITELLINA HBN. IN MAY. — Several rather faded M. vitellina appeared in my light trap at Chyen- hal near Penzance, Cornwall on the 30th and 31st May 1982. — M. W. F. TWEEDIE, Barn House, Rye, Sussex TN31 7PJ. ——$————————— 151 A SCUITLE BEY (@IPTERAs PHORIDAE) THAT APPEARS TO BE A PARASITOID OF A SNAIL (STY_LOMMATOPHORA: ZONITIDAE) AND IS ITSELF PARASITISED BY A BRACONID(HYMENOPTERA). By R.H. L. DISNEY* OBSERVATIONS On 7 June 1980 while collecting snails from Druids Coombe, Somerset (Grid ref. 31/006 378), with a party of colleagues led by Dr. R. A. D. Cameron, I mentioned the possibility of finding shells occupied by the puparia of Sciomyzidae as opposed to snails. I was rewarded by being passed two shells of Vitraea crystallina (Muller) collected by John Hall. Both shells contained identical puparia lodged in the last whorl, in an identical orientation (Fig. 1). Unlike the puparium of a Sciomyzid, however, there were con- spicuous respiratory horns protruding into the space just inside the aperture of each shall (Fig. 1). The specimens were placed in rearing tubes and subsequently each produced a male Phorid belonging to the species Megaselia fuscinervis (Wood), the first emerging on 26 June and the second on 29 June 1980. Fig. 1. Puparium of Megaselia fuscinervis inside shell of Vitraea crystallina (scale line = 1 mm). Fig. 2. Empty puparium of Megaselia fuscinervis, with detached dorsal plate bearing respiratory horns. (Scale line = 1 mm) *Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. 152 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Further collections of small snails, and their shells, were made on the Malham Tarn Estate, North Yorkshire in July and September 1980 as follows. In July collections were made for the Westside Wood (Grid ref. 34/8867). The only species of snail shell found to harbour puparia of M. fuscinervis were Vitraea crystallina and V. contracta (Wester- lund). 21 shells of V. crystallina were collected with empty puparia and 8 shells with live puparia. Only 1 shell of V. contracta with an empty puparium was collected. All the puparia were identical to those collected in Somerset and were positioned in the same way in the shells (Fig. 1). Of the 8 live puparia 7 were kept alive in rearing tubes and one was preserved. From the 7 puparia 2 females and 1 male M. fuscinervis were reared. Two of the puparia gave rise to a single Braconid each and two died. The Braconids have been iden- tified by Mr. T. Huddlestone (British Museum, Natural History) as Aspiloba inops (Foerster). Stelfox and Graham (1950) refer to this species as Panerema inops but Fischer (1970) gives Panerema as a synonym of Aspilota. In July collections were made from the Tarn Close ungrazed limestone grassland (Grid ref. 34/894 671) and again puparia of M. fuscinervis were only found in shells of V. crystallina and V. contracta. Two shells of V. crystallina had empty puparia and 1 had a live puparium. One shell of V. contracta had a live puparium. A further collection was made on 4 September. One shell of V. crystallina had an empty puparium and I had a freshly dead snail along with a larva. The larva was preserved in alcohol and sub- sequently mounted on a slide in Berlese’s Fluid. Although it proved to be the penultimate instar its cephalopharyngeal skeleton showed clear affinities with the remains of this structure in the remnants of the last instar larvae extracted from shells containing puparia of M. fuscinervis (see below). All live Vitraea snails from Westside Wood and Tarn Close were examined for larvae and then placed in rearing tubes. It was con- sidered unlikely that early larval instars would be easily detected through the shell. It had been the moving black cephalopharyngeal skeleton that revealed the presence of the one larva that was found. It was considered worthwhile, however, to keep shells known to have been harbouring live snails at the time of collection to see if any might subsequently be found to contain detectable larvae or puparia of M. fuscinervis. This experiment was unsuccessful as the snails died and were found to be infested with nematodes. These occurred in two sizes. The larger measured 1.7 — 2.0 mm in length and 0.1 mm maximum breadth, and had the anterior fifth tapered to a truncated point but the tail end more-or-less rounded. The smaller, presumed juveniles of the larger, measured 1.0 — 1.33 mm x 0.05 mm and had a more pointed tail end. In- festation of a dead Vitraea seemed to be initiated by the smaller nematodes and the larger ones only appeared later. By the time the snail was nearly completely consumed large numbers of small ones were observed leaving the shell. The shell with the larva of M. HE SCUIILE PLY 153 fuscinervis in it also contained a few small nematodes. Shells of Vitraea found in the field with some remains of a dead snail still present were mostly infested with both sizes of nematode. In future experiments it will clearly be necessary to isolate individual snails in single tubes and to take precautions to exclude material likely to be contaminated with nematodes. THE PUPARIUM AND LARVA OF Megaselia fuscinervis The puparium of M. fuscinervis is illustrated in Fig. 2. It is unusually thin-walled, apart from the plate which detaches at the time of adult eclosion. This plate is so shaped that it precisely occludes the last whorl of the Vitraea shell, like an operculum in a prosobranch mollusc. By being positioned a little way back from the rim of the shell aperture (peristome) the respiratory horns are able to protrude forward while still being within the shell (Fig. 1). The puparium is generally brownish in colour with a dark brown detachable plate and the almost black, more-or-less straight, res- piratory horns. The posterior spiracular processes are closer together than is usual in the genus Megaselia, and thus avoid any risk of being against the walls of the shell. At high magnification the puparial integument is seen to be covered in evenly-spaced pointed denticles (resembling the bases of the micro-setae found in some species of Megaselia). The whole puparium is boat-like, with the anterior and posterior ends curving dorsally (Fig. 1). In order to prepare this drawing the specimen was slide-mounted in Dimethyl Hydantoin Formaldehyde Resin. This renders the shell more translucent without actually dissolving it. To prepare Fig. 2 a specimen was soaked in Berlese’s Fluid to dissolve the shall and the extracted, empty puparium was then mounted on a slide in Berlese’s Fluid. The larva proved to belong to the penultimate instar but was evidently nearing moult, as the mouth hooks of the final instar were already forming above the functioning pair. This makes for a confusing picture. Discernible characteristics include the bifurcation of both the dorsal and ventral wings of cephalopharyngeal skeleton posteriorly and a conspicuous fenestration of the anterior bridge linking the anterior edges of the dorsal wings. The moutn hooks each have a single, down-curved, anterior tooth. The larva was situated in the shall with its posterior end to- wards the aperture of the latter and its mouth-hooks probing the remains of the snail. The larval remains in a shell occupied by a puparium are to be found amongst the residue of the snail in the apex of the shell. DISCUSSION Megaselia fuscinervis adults have previously been recorded in Britain in the months of April, May, June and July (Wood, 1908, Parmenter, 1965, 1966, Disney, 1978). Otherwise the natural history was unknown. Recently, however, Dr. R. Szadiewski has sent me a specimen he had reared from forest soil in Poland in July 1980. 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD The observations presented above clearly indicate that M. fuscinervis puparia are not uncommon in shells of Vitraea crystallina and they also occur in shells of V. contracta. The precise positioning of the puparium and its modifications indicate that this is no acci- dental association. The finding of a larva consuming a snail showing no obvious signs of putrefaction further suggests that M. fuscinervis larvae are parasitoids of Vitraea snails in a manner reminiscent of of Sciomyzid larvae in larger snails (e.g. Berg, 1964). Furthermore the apparently invariable infestation of dead Vitrea by nematodes suggests at the least that these nematodes would be likely to demo- lish dead Vitraea before they could be exploited by the larvae of M. fuscinervis. Whether these nematodes will actually attack and kill healthy snails is not known. The parasitisation of M. fuscinervis puparia by Aspilota inops provides the first host record for this Braconid. Stelfox and Graham (1950) give capture dates for this species in July, August and Sep- tember. Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Shell International Petroleum Co. Ltd. for a grant to support my investigations of Phoridae. References Berg, C. O. 1964. Snail control in Trematode diseases: the possible value of Sciomyzid larvae — snail-killing Diptera. Advances in Parasitology 2: 259-309. Disney, R. H. L. 1978. Some scuttle flies (Dipt. Phoridae) from North Wales. Nature in Wales 16: 25-31. Fischer, M. 1970. Die Alysiini der Steiermark. Mitt. Abt. Zool. Bot. Landesmuseum. Joanneum Graz. 34: 144. Parmenter, L. 1965. Notes on the distribution of Phoridae (Diptera) in Britain. Proc. S. Lond. ent. nat. Nist. Soc. 1965: 35-42. Parmenter, L. 1966. Megaselia (Megaselia) largifrontalis Schmitz Dipt., Phoridae) new to the British List and some other Phoridae taken in April to July 1965. Entomologist 1966: 257-260. Stelfox, A. W. and Graham, M. W. R. De V. 1950. On Panerema inops Forst. and allied species of the genus Aspilota (Hym., Braconidae, Alysiinae), with descriptions of two new species. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 86: 289-293. Wood, J. H. 1908. On the British species of Phora (Part II). Ento- mologist’s mon. Mag. 44: 215-218. BLOMER’S RIVULET: DISCOLOXIA BLOMERI CURTIS AT WESTON-SUPER-MARE. — _ This species was of regular occur- rence here prior to the advent of Dutch Elm disease. As I had not noticed it for several years I was pleased to see a fresh specimen in my moth trap on May 20 last, so hope that it is about to revive in numbers again. — C. S. H. BLATHWAYT, Amalfi, 27 South Road, Weston-super-Mare, Somerset.21.v.1982. ISS Editorial With this issue Mr. P. J. Renshaw relinquishes his duties as Treasurer, and we take the opportunity on behalf of all our subscri- bers to offer him our gratitude for having so ably managed the finances of the Record over the past nine years. He is succeeded by Mr. P. J. Johnson to whom we extend a hearty welcome and to whom all subscriptions should now be sent. Current Literature The Rewell Wood: A Survey of its Southern Habitats — A West Sussex Wildlife Recording Group Report by E.C.M. Haes and others. 17 drawings, 133pp., wrappers, ring binder (1981). Price £1.50 plus 40p p. & p. from M. Edwards, Lee-side, Carron Lane, Midhurst, Sussex. Many authors have contributed to this enterprising report which, apart from various non-entomological disciplines, treats of the Thysanura, Orthoptera, Mecoptera and Dermaptera (by E. C. M. Haes) and Hemiptera (by W. Eley et al.) albeit briefly; then the Coleoptera (11pp.), Diptera (12pp.) and Hymenoptera (19pp.) (by M. Edwards, W. Eley et al.) and Macrolepidoptera (21 pp.) (by S. Church et al.) Among noteworthy species listed are: Hemiptera Heteroptera, Aradus depressus; Coleoptera, Saprosites mendax, Tomoxia bigut- tata, Mordella aculeata, Strangalia aurulenta, Dirhagus pyamaeus, Elater cinnabarinus, Epitrix atropae; Diptera, Evibrissa vittata; Hymenoptera Aculeata, Crossocerus exiguus, Arachnospila_ wes- maeli, Laslioglossum brevicorne, Osmia_pilicornis; Lepidoptera, Apatura iris, Hamearis lucina, Polyploca ridens, Odontosia carmelita, Ptilodontella cucullina, Acronicta alni, Lampropteryx suffumata, Trichopteryx polycommata and Dasychira fascelina, though one suspects the latter is an error for D. pudibunda. — J. M. C.-H. Garden Wildlife by Derek Jones and others. 152pp., numerous colour and b/willustrations. Boards. Ebury Press 1981. £7.95 This large-format volume is very much intended for the general reader with a strong interest in “nature”. A number of specialists have contributed including three well-known entomologists: J. F. Burton, W. R. Dolling and M. Tweedie. There are chapters on the garden environment, birds, mammals and reptiles and a welcome seven chapters on invertebrates. Whilst there is some practical advice the book concentrates on providing interesting backgrounds to the creatures encountered in the garden. (much more solid practical advice is to be found in the “‘Back- garden Wildlife Sanctuary Book” reviewed in this Journal 93 : 228). Although a number of sweeping generalisations are made the text is readable, informative and well balanced — comments which can rarely be made about books intended for the ‘“‘mass”’ market. The book is pleasantly illustrated by Phil Weare. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. 156 Obituary Charles Herbert Dixon Bertie Dixon who was born on the 2nd of May 1890, sadly died on the 10th March 1982. He farmed at Micheldever, Hants for most of his working life, and entomology took up the greater part of his spare time. His fine collection of British moths containing many rare and interesting species, including a remarkable drawer displaying parasites bred from doomed larvae and pupae, has been presented to the Hampshire County Museum. His collecting was concentrated on the Macrolepidoptera of the British Isles including Eire. He kept meticulous diary records of all specimens taken for his collection, as well as daily recordings of species found in his M.V. trap at Micheldever, and these records will also be held by the Museum. A feature of his lifetime’s work in entomology was the authen- ticity of his material: his collection contains only specimens which he himself had caught or reared, and was formed with scrupulous care and accuracy. Much of his collecting was carried out in the company of his great friends the late R. C. Edwards and Baron de Worms, and his work was often mentioned in the latter’s reports in The Record, and he also made a substantial contribution to Goater’s The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and Isle of Wight, in which he recorded for V.C.12. He was an inspiration to my sons and myself, as in recent years he imparted to us some of his great knowledge, and we shall greatly miss his advice and expert eye on our own entomological activities. — David Owen. Notes and Observations PALPIFER SEXNOTATUS MOORE (LEP.: HEPIALIDAE) IN BRITAIN. — In January 1981, three tubers of the arum lily Arisaema speciosa were procured from a Kent plant merchant. One of these did not develop and was found to contain a larva of the above species, which spun up at the beginning of May to produce an imago at the end of the month. The larva as first seen was 15mm long, with shape similar to that of a fully fed Tortricid larva, and of a greyish-white colour with pink suffusion and pale brown chitinous mouth parts. When about full grown, the larva was 55mm in length and similar in appearance to that of Hepialus humli L., except for the colour since it still retained its pink suffusion. Due to shortage of the original pabulum, the larva was transferred to tubers of Arum maculatum and finally Desiree potato. Prior to pupation, the larva formed a substantial cocoon of yellow silk 50mm long which was located vertically in the soil. The top of the cocoon was sealed with a few strands of silk just below the surface, and consisted of a tube 10mm long and 5mm in diameter, which led to a gradually widening pupal chamber of maximum diameter 9mm. At emergence time the pupa worked its way to the surface of the soil, so that the final segments alone remained within the cocoon. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD 157 A. speciosa occurs in the temperate Himalayas and the plant merchants advised me that the tubers were imported to Britain from India via Holland. As the plant is nearly hardy in southern Britain and popular with gardeners, further records of P. sexnotatus might be expected in the future. Record cards in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.) indicate that the type specimen of P. sexnotata came from Darjeeling, and the B. M. collection includes specimens from several parts of India. My thanks are due to Dr. Gaden Robinson and Dr. John Bradley for their help in identifying this insect and providing access to the relevant museum records. Ref.: R. H. S. Dictionary of Gardening, vol. 1, 2nd edn., 1956. — P. J. BAKER, Mount Vale, The Drive, Virginia Water, Surrey. LAGIA ATRIPES MULS. & GUIL. (COL.) IN THE NEW FOREST, ETC. — There seem to have been but few references to this beetle in our literature since it was added to our list by me in 1948 (Ent. mon. Mag., 84: 287); the only one I have seen being in Buck, 1954, Handb. Ident. Brit. Ins., 5 (9) : 3, where its differences from the common L. hirta L. are clearly set forth. (At the time of my record I had not seen the male.) L. atripes is now known to occur in a second East Kent locality — Ham Street Woods, where my late friend A. M. Massee first took it — besides the original one, Blean Woods. There are also two previously unpublished records for the New Forest, Hants., mentioned by Buck (/.c.) on my authority but without details, to which I would now draw attention. They were communi- cated by Dr. Massee and relate to a ? taken by him in New Park Inclosure, 27.v.38, and ao by the late H. W. Daltry in Wilverley Inclosure, 3.vi.36. Both must previously have passed as large examples of hirta. The existence of the rarer species in Hampshire in the decade before it turned up in E. Kent is of interest in making the hypothesis of a recent arrival from the Continent far less likely than might have appeared originally. In the year after bringing forward the species I received an in- teresting letter from Mr. Angus Fraser of Tankerton, near Whitstable, in which he reported having taken both sexes of atripes recently, not only at Blean but also at Tankerton, on the sea front on open waste ground, some 4 miles north of Blean. (There is no question here of mistaken identity, as the rest of the letter amply proves.) This last capture seems very strange for an insect that otherwise gives every indication of being an inhabitant of woodland; and unless others were noted there subsequently, affording evidence of breeding on the spot, I think they must be regarded as stragglers “‘out of their element”. Almost certainly, by now, the beetle occurs in other E. Kent woods besides the two already noted. — A. A. ALLEN. LARVAE OF ANARTA MYRTILLI L.: BEAUTIFUL YELLOW UNDERWING (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) AND AN ADULT BOREUS HYE- MALIS L. (NEUROPT.: BOREIIDAE) ON WINTER SNOW IN THE SCOTTISH HIGHLANDS. — _ During spring and summer months, the finding of insects on high altitude snow is a fairly regular occur- rence both in the Scottish mountains and the Alps, though little has been written on the subject (see Masutti, L., 1979, Insetti e nevi stagionale. Riflessioni su reperti relativi alle Alpi Carniche e Giulie. 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD Boll. Ist. Ent. Bologna, 34: 75-94). In the majority of cases the insects are winged adults whose presence on the snow can often be attributed to transport by wind or thermals. Sizeable aggregations are frequently observed on buttresses and cols above gullies or steep valleys which funnel the wind upwards (Bruce, W.S., in Thorn- ley, A., 1896. On some Coleoptera from the summit of Ben Nevis, collected by Mr. W. S. Bruce. Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist., 5: 28-31). The two cases described below are apparently of a different nature and therefore perhaps worthy of notice. While walking on the Scottish mountains during the winter, one seldom observes any insect life. However, whilst walking near Ben Macdui (Cairngorms, NO 005965) about ten larvae of Anarta myrtilli were seen, still living and moving, on the snow between the point where the Allt Carn a’ Mhaim joins the Luibeg Burn (560m.) and just below Sron Riach (1100m). A couple of others were acci- dentally kicked out of Calluna which was projecting through the snow. The temperatures over the preceding few weeks had been exceptionally low, my walk taking place during a comparitively mild spell with freezing conditions perhaps only attained above 800m. on that particular slope. One wonders whether the larvae, which are known to overwinter, had been “tricked” into premature activity by the rapid rise in temperature. My other observation concerns a single female snow flea, B. hyemalis, found sitting (inactive though still alive) on ice on the ridge west of Am Bodach (Glencoe, 900m., NN 163582). Though I frequently encounter Boreus in the Highlands, I have never pre- viously done so at such a high altitude. It seems likely to me that it was carried up to the ridge by the very strong winds of the day before. — A. D. USTON, 99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6UU. THE RECENT SPREAD OF APION CERDO GERST. (COL.) IN S. E. ENGLAND. — _ It is perhaps not yet widely known among coleopterists, except those living in the south-east of the country, that this weevil — for long restricted in our area to northern England, southern Scotland, and Ireland — has of late been turning up rather frequently in Kent and East Sussex. These captures seem to have begun with a specimen taken by Mr. E. G. Philp, of Maidstone Museum, on the sandhills at Deal (1963, Ent. mon. Mag., 99: 71) and confirmed later by Mr. Colin Johnson, whose very useful paper on this species and its allies (1965, Entom.: 80-2) greatly facilitates their correct recognition. At the end of this work it is suggested that quite possibly the southern records of A. cerdo may be erroneous; apart from Mr. Philp’s to which this does not apply, I have seen none such published, but if there are any much earlier ones I agree that this is indeed likely. Since the species is now certainly breeding in the south-east — but not, apparently, in any midland county which might suggest a link with the northern populations — it is probably safe to conclude that the recent appearance of A. cerdo in Kent and Sussex is due not to a southward spread from the northern centres but to an invasion from the Continent. From the following data (given in somewhat compressed form) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 159 one may trace, roughly, the north- and south-westerly progress of this Apion from its presumed arrival at a point on or near the coast in the Deal area shortly before 1962. East Kent: Deal, vii. 62; Brook, near Wye, vi.63; Dungeness, vii. 64; Chiddingstone, vii. 69; again at Deal, vii. 69; Wittersham (Rother Levels), ix. 69; Sandwich Bay, viii. 78 in some numbers on Vicia cracca, all records of E. G. Philp, who has found it also more recently in a good many other E. Kent localities. East Sussex: Milton Street (bank of R. Cuckmere), xi. 73; Little Horsted, vi. 74; Friston Forest, frequent, vi. 75-78; Plashett Wood, vi. 78 on Lathyrus pratensis (probably) in numbers; all records of P. J. Hodge, who tells me that A. cerdo appears now to be general in his part of the county, equally with its nearest relative A. subulatum Kby. On 21.vi70 I swept a? cerdo from a clump of the tufted vetch in the Devil’s Dyke area of Brighton Downs; but it was getting late and there was no time to investigate further, and in any case the insect was passed as subulatum until much later. Mr. Hodge points out that this is farther west in Sussex than any of his cap- tures, and also that the species has by now probably reached Surrey. Finally I can report A. cerdo from S. E. London and W. Kent, where I took it last year: Woolwich Common, | 2? , 31.v.81, and Crockenhill, near Swanley, 2 $ ¢ ,4.viii.81. In both places it was swept from mixed leguminous plants, including in the latter locality alittle V. cracca. I am obliged to the above-named gentlemen for sending me their records and suggesting that I publish them. — A. A. ALLEN. JOHN ABBOT’S DRAWINGS AND NOTES FOR A PROPOSED SUP- PLEMENT TO SMITH AND ABBOT, ‘“THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RARER LEPIDOPTEROUS INSECTS OF GEORGIA”’ (1797). — Since completion of my paper on ‘“‘Smith and Abbot” (93:213-218) I have had relevant correspondence with Mr. J. E. Traue, Chief Librarian, The Alexander Turnbull Library, Wellington, N. Z. We agree that the Turnbull Library set of Abbot drawings is quite probably the one sent by Abbot to William Swainson in 1818 and is not, as Parkinson (Turnbull Library Record, 11, 1978, 26-36) supposed, the “‘book of Drawings” shipped to Swainson in 1835. The Turnbull set was intended to be published as a supplement to “Smith and Abbot,” and Abbot also supplied Swainson with manuscript “Notes to the Draw- ings of Insects” as he had done when collaborating with Smith. (Actually Abbot furnished a number of customers with sets of draw- ings and notes which he ‘advertised’ as supplemental to the Smith volumes, but these appear to have been the only ones meant to be published as such.) The identity of the drawings with those sent in 1818 is suggested by their number, 103 (one of the total of 104 to match “Smith and Abbot” having been lost; Swainson, Taxidermy, 1840, 99-100) and their relatively small size, 34.5 x 21 cm. As explained in my previous paper, Swainson objected that the drawings were not as highly finished as those used by Smith, and chiefly that they were “much smaller in size so that they can never be bound uniformly with that work.” In addition to his plans for publication, Swainson wished to bind his original Abbot drawings to match a book which 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD averages 41.5 cm. in height. Abbot promised a larger set, and could hardly have made the same ‘error’ again. Another proof is the content of the Turnbull drawings (Parkinson, 1978). In their correspondence, Swainson initially agreed to Abbot’s idea of including drawings of “‘some of the other Genera of Insects” in the set of Papilio and Sphinx, writing on the 25th October 1817 that “A few drawings of the other Genera of Insects would also be welcome, if accompanied by their metamorphos.” The Turnbull drawings do indeed depict other insects, and not all Lepidoptera. These must have heen the drawings Swainson complained about on the 28th January 1819 when he wrote (contradicting himself): “T only wish to have drawings of the Papillios & Sphinxes which are not in Smith.” Perhaps the replacement set was never provided, for when re- porting the abandonment of the project in Taxidermy, Swainson mentioned only the short set of 103 drawings. The location of the 1835 “book of Drawings” is unknown, and it is uncertain whether these figured in the publication scheme at all. At least we know from the drawings and notes in the Turnbull Library (Parkinson, 1978) what the two supplementary volumes to “Smith and Abbot” would have contained had Swainson been satisfied with Abbot’s efforts at the time. In his article Parkinson mentions the manuscript ‘‘Notes” as “in a hand which may be Abbot’s.” I have obtained photocopies which prove that the notes are certainly in Abbot’s distinctive hand, and in character are much like the observations used by Smith. — RONALD S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20002. SWIMMING BEHAVIOUR IN HYPERA RUMICIS (LINNAEUS) (COL: CURCULIONIDAE). — During May 1981 I tested a few species of weevils (Curculionidae) for swimming ability, and among some other species I discovered that Hypera rumicis (Linnaeus) was capable of swimming quite efficiently. When a few adults of the weevil were placed in a small water filled plastic dish they were, after a brief period, observed to swim through the water fairly rapidly by making a definite breast ‘stroke action’ with all six legs. The actual swimming was performed by extending the forelegs first in a wide arc then the mid and hind pairs were brought into action at the same time, thus providing the necessery forward movement. Progress through the water was mainly by alternating movements of each pair of legs, but the greatest effectual stroke was made by the forelegs. The specimens of H. rumicis were also capable of performing the same swimming stroke while on their backs. Move- ment through the water was quite rapid in either position and this was especially noticeable when the temperature of the water was raised slightly. The swimming action in H. rumicis was very similar to that of Ceutorhynchus viduatus Gyllenhal previously reported by me, (1978, Entomologist’s Gaz. 29: 76) and it also appears to resemble, to some extent the motion and style performed by Litodactyvlus leucogaster (Marsham), as described recently in a paper dealing with NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 161 the general biology of this species by G. R. Buckingham and C. A. Bennett., (1981, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 74: 451-458.). This adaptation in Hypera rumicis is interesting and rather intriguing as it is a weevil which is not usually associated with aquatic habitats or found in really damp situtations. In my experience of the species in West Cumbria I nearly always find it on Curled Dock, Rumex crispus L., and to a lesser extent on Broad leaved dock, R. obtusifolius L. where the plants grow in comparitively dry habitats and away from water. However, it is interesting to note that H. rumicis is known to feed and develop on the Great Water Dock, Rumex hydrolapathum Huds., so it would be very worthwhile to discover if the same swimming ability is also developed in individuals colonising this plant as well. Swimming in certain species of Curculionidae is not uncommon, and a number of members in the subfamily Ceuthorhynchinae are known to be well adapted for a semi-aquatic life. One example is Eubrychius velutus (Beck) which is known to possess a very efficient plastron respiration system as described by W. R. Thorpe and D. J. Crisp, (1949, J. exp. Biol. 26: 219-260) and this adaption enables the adults to stay submerged for long periods. At the same time as I tested H. rumicis for swimming I also experimented with three other members of the genus, H. dauci (Olivier), H. nigrirostris (Fabricius) and H. plantaginis (Degeer). When these species were placed in water they made no attempt to perform any recognizable swimming stroke, but just merely floundered about in the water. This would appear to be the first recorded observation on the swimming behaviour in H. rumicis and also the first on a member of the subfamily Hyperinae. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF. THE USE OF THE TERM ‘POCK-MARK’ IN ENTOMOLOGY. — Subscribers with a medical background will have been interested in Mr. Chalmers-Hunt’s note in the March/April 1982 issue of the Record. I wonder if they, as I, have searched unsuccessfully for cases of Coleophora varicella (sic.) on the bodies of their patients who have previously suffered from chickenpox? — DR. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. SENTA FLAMMEA CURTIS (THE FLAME WAINSCOT) AT WYE, KENT. — Two Senta flammea appeared on separate nights in early June 1982, in the trap I run at Wye College. Since a number of other migrant species were appearing at the same time, I assumed that the S. flammea had arrived from France on the southerly winds which had been blowing for several days. However, when a Mythimna obsoleta Hbn. also appeared, and bearing in mind that two Areno- stola phragmitidis Hbn. had turned up the previous summer, I began to suspect that these Phragmites feeders might be of local origin, and therefore sugared and ran a Heath trap in the largest reed bed in the area. I was rewarded by finding six flammea and five M. obsoleta (one at sugar, the rest at light). So it seems rather likely that both species exist as breeding populations in the Wye area. — M.A. ENFIELD, 162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD New Cottage, Warren Farm, Boughton Aluph, Ashford, Kent TN25 4HW. DEFOLIATION IN NORTHAW GREAT WOOD, HERTFORDSHIRE, 1982. — Over a 25/30 acre area the oaks, birches and hornbeams in Northaw Great Wood are as bare as at midwinter. The chief cul- prits were Hybernia defoliaria Clerck, Apocheima pilosaria D. & S., Operophtera brumata L. and, of course, Tortrix viridana L. On a recent visit, at the foot of every tree trunk 20 or 30 larvae were laboriously ascending — to nothing. Adjacent woodland has been comparatively unharmed. — R. LOVELL-PANK, 33 The High- lands, Hatfield Road, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 1HU. 7.vi.1982. CURIOUS BEHAVIOUR OF TWO EGG-LAYING AGLAIS URTICAE L.— On the 14th June 1982, I saw two A. urticae on a nettle bed, which from where I stood on a path I at first thought were in cop. I slowly approached them through the nettles and was surprised to find two females egg-laying on the same leaf. Their abdomens were less than a half inch apart and their heads about an inch apart. Nettles cannot be at a premium in this area, since this particular bed follows the river Nene near Northampton for at least a mile and is several yards wide all the way. — D. STOKES, 97 Mendip Road, Northampton NNS 6BA. TROPIDIA SCITA (HARRIS) (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) IN VC 69. — [took a temale specimen of this rather uncommon species on the edge of Holker Moss (SD 3579) on 3 June 1981. It has previously been recorded from just south of this area in VC 60 by Skidmore (Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 98: 184) who captured the species at Storrs Moss near Silverdale on 17 June 1956. I also have taken the species in that locality on 23 May 1964. — Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Cumbria, LA8 OAQ. 28.iv.1982. APPARENT. EXCESS IN NUMBERS OF FEMALE ANTHOCHARIS CARDAMINES L. (ORANGE-TIP) IN DUMFRIESSHIRE. — On the 22nd May 1982, just north of the small village of Tynron, Dum- friesshire, I came across several dozen of this butterfly on a small willow marsh which was well carpeted with Lady’s Smock (Car- damine pratensis). The curious fact about this colony was the ratio of at least 15 females to each male, and I wish to make it clear that I was not confusing female Orange-tips with Green- veined Whites. Returning to the site ten days later not a single Orange-tip was to be seen, and I found much to my regret that all the Lady’s Smock had been cropped by sheep. — R. H. MILLER, Oakmere, South Street, Garlieston, Wigtownshire. THE CLOUDED YELLOW: COLIAS CROCEUS (GEOFFROY) IN JUNE 1982. — A single butterfly was seen on the Sth June by the road that runs parallel to the South Downs at the village of Westmeston, East Sussex. — D. Dry, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8NG. THE PAINTED LADY: CYNTHIA CARDUI L. IN JUNE 1982. — On the 4th June, while walking along the lane here opposite my house, | observed a Painted Lady sunning itself on the grass verge. — T. NEWNHAM, The Victory, Staplefield, Haywards Heath, Sussex RH17 6EU [We have also received reports of the Painted Lady having been seen this June in Kent, Surrey, Dorset, Cornwall and Devon. Editor]. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 163 EARLY APPEARANCES OF CALLOPHRYS RUBI L. AND PYRGUS MALVAE L IN WORCESTERSHIRE. — _ Several Callophrys rubi were seen on the Malvern Hills on 25th April 1982, an excep- tionally early date for this species in this part of the country. Pyrgus malvae was seen by Mr Tom Parker at Trench Wood near Droitwich on 26th April this year, and there was another sighting of this species in Wyre Forest on the following day. — J. E. GREEN, 25 Knoll Lane, Poolbrook, Malvern, Worcs WR14 3JU. FURTHER KENTISH RECORDS OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC: RHYACIA SIMULANS HUFN. — Continued spread of this species is evidenced by 1981 m/v appearances at Dungeness on 9th July and at my home on an exceedingly exposed area of the North Downs on 4th. Aug., Sth Aug., 15th Sept. (2), and 24th. Sept. Migratory insects frustratingly avoid Detling Hill, however the re- gularity of reported sightings of this species elsewhere in the county must surely indicate it now to be firmly established as a resident. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. Current Literature Collins Handguide to the Butterflies of Africa by R. H. Carcasson, embracing more than 100 colour plates illustrating some 350 species and, in many cases, their early stages, together with some line-drawings of the anatomical structures of Lepidoptera, and a map of the world’s faunistic regions, etc. The softback edition has XIX + 109pp., the hardback XIX+188pp., the latter containing a “simplified provisional check-list of the butter- flies of the Afrotropical region.” Publishers: Collins, St. James’s Place, London, 1981. Price: paperback £4.95; hardback £7.95. This beautifully-illustrated little book is — to quote its author — “meant to be no more than an introduction to the study of African butterflies.” It is clearly a labour of love and as such it has consider- able intrinsic merit, even if one disagrees with the use of English names for the species figured in it, in preference to the Latin ones which all serious students of African butterflies should try to me- morize from the start, as most African butterflies do not have English names and the ones they do have tend to differ in the popular books dealing with them. The book contains a few systematic oddities, such as: Amauris albimaculata (on p. 72) being unnecessarily emended to A. albi- maculatus (as if Dr. Butler, who described it, did not know his Latin genders!) the genus Bebearia (on p.45) being made a sub- genus of Euphaedra — an action not supported by van Son/Vari in Pt. IV of “The Butterflies of Southern Africa” (1979: 116-117); the exclusively Afrotropical genus Sallya being made a subgenus of the Neotropical Eunica (on p. 57), even though their early stages are quite different; and the sinking of the Afrotropical genus Ely- mniopsis (on p.65) to synonymy with the Oriental E/ymnias, despite the fact that Dr. L. D. Miller (1968) maintained the former as a distinct species in his authoritative monograph on the higher clas- sification of the Satyridae. No mention is made by Dr. Carcasson, 164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD in his book, of the ‘Noble Swallowtail” (Papilio nobilis) being found in Tanzania, even though its type-locality is stated to be “German East Africa, Paré’’ by Aurivillius in his ‘“‘Rhopalocera Aethiopica” (1898:464), and I myself have collected it in the Kahé Forest, south of Moshi, in northern Tanzania. Finally, in the index, I see that y comes before x! In his “simplified provisional check-list of the butterflies of the Afrotropical region”, at the end of the hardback edition of his book, Dr. Carcasson would have done better if he had brought the tribal groups of his ‘“‘Nymphalinae” in line with the more up-to- date arrangement of van Son/Vari’s in Pt. IV of “The Butterflies of Southern Africa” (1979), and if he had placed all the species of the various genera, especially those of the larger genera such as Charaxes, Acraea. etc., in alphabetical order rather than in the higgledy-piggedly disorder that one finds them in at present! Despite these criticisms, I really must recommend students of African butterflies, and anyone visiting Africa who is interested in its butterflies, to purchase a copy of Dr. Carcasson’s book, since he is an acknowledged expert on African Lepidoptera, and his book contains invaluable information about them — A. H. B. RYDON The Life of the Meadow Brown by W. H. Dowdeswell. 165pp., paper. Heinemann Educational Books Ltd., London. LOSIS e595: There are few books on a single butterfly and for that reason alone “The Life of the Meadow Brown” is welcome. It begins with a short section on the biology of the species, the following chapters giving an extensive account of the ecological genetic work which has been undertaken by Dowdeswell and others since 1938 — Beginning an ecological study; The mainland stabilizations; The meadow brown in Europe; Studying island populations; The signi- ficance of spotting; Conclusions and implications. Professor Dowdeswell’s knowledge and experience of the genetics of the underside hindwing spotting of these butterflies is clear. His accounts of the research findings of other workers are not so satisfactory. For example, Scali did not include Roumania in the western group of european populations as a result of his work on the enzyme phosphoglucomutase (p. 134). There are other errors, most of them small. Schrank described the genus Maniola, not Linnaeus (p. 6). More seriously, there is little mention of the morphological variation, either wing markings or genitalic structures, on which much as been written and which offers many interesting research possibilities in the field of population biology. While this little book is well written and presented, those in- terested in butterflies who purchase it expecting a text on ‘the life of the meadow brown’ will be disappointed: it is an account of ecological genetics research. The meadow brown just happens to be the organism which proved most suited to the problems posed. Dowdeswell writes more on the ‘background to a piece of biological research’ than on the significance of such phenomena ss sympatric evolution, character displacement and hybrid zones. For this reason the book is probably at a level too elementary for undergraduate and postgraduate research students of biology. In spite of these criticisms, it is well worth reading. — G. T. WANTED | would like to hear from anyone with good quality black and white photographs of larval and/or adult stages of Blair’s shoulder-knot, Lithophane /eautieri Dr. Denis F. Owen, 66 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester LE5 1HU FOR SALE European Butterflies & Moths, W. F. Kirby, Cassell, Petter, Galpin & Co., 1882. All text and plates excellent, cover slightly marked. Enquiries with sensible offers please, write to M. Hadley, 2 Thompson, New Bradwell Street, Wolverton. MK13 OEB. BACK VOLUMES OF THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD There are now a reasonable number of back volumes in stock (including volumes 3, 68, 70, 74, 76, 84, 88, 89, 90 and a run from 78 to 90). There are also a number of incomplete volumes for certain years between 1891 and 1928. If you have not recently done so, please let me have a note of the volumes you would like to acquire. A waiting list is kept for the scarcer issues, and you will be contacted when the volume comes into stock. 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Illustrating life size well over 500 of the commoner macromoths found in the region. Brochure on application. Ready August 1982. Price inclusive £37.50 BUTTERFLIES OF THE ORIENTAL REGION Part 1 PAPILIONIDAE, PIERIDAE & DANAIDAE. By Bernard D’Abrera. Large 4to. (345mm x 255mm) i.e. 13” x 10”. 288 pages. Full colour illustrations. Ready August 1982. Price inclusive £85.00 Volume 2 will be published within 12 months and will complete the set (does not include Hesperiidae). BENJAMIN WILKES THE BRITISH AURELIAN Twelve New Designs of English Butterflies and Directions for making a collection. With an Essay by Dr. R. S. Wilkinson. (Classica Entomologica No.3). This much delayed and important item is now published in a very limited edition. The copies for sale are numbered and restricted to 475. The twelve plates plus the “title page” and the “Directions for making a collection” (from an unique copy) have been reprinted facsimile. 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KEVAN, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’ASSIS-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to ALAN E. HOLLAND, Hartland House, Sole Street, Nr. Gravesend, Kent DA12 3AY. Specimen copies will be supplied by Mr. Holland on payment of £1.20 sterling. Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back numbers, Volumes and Sets to: P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Most ILLUSTRATIONS can be inserted in the text at no extra cost. However, full page plates can only be inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. CONTENTS A Review of British Butterflies in 1981. Dr.C. J. LUCKENS . 125 Lepidoptera in Ireland. Rev. D. AGASSIZ... 130 Syncopacma larseniella (Gozmany): A Hitherto Under-Recorded Species. R. J. HECKFORD ss 132 Observations on Lepidoptera in the Cevennes, Easter 1981. Dr. J. S. E. FELTWELL and G. N. BURTON se: 134 The History of Euchromius ocellea apie (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in Britain. B. SKINNER Se ise The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1981, including that of the Monarch Butterfly: Danaus plexippus L. R. F. BRETHERTON and J.M.CHALMERS-HUNT .. 141 A Consolidated History of the Discovery of Charaxes “gallagheri Van Son, 1962 (Lep.: Nymphalidae); its Habits, Habitats and Early Stages. J C10. CHimmy. 147 A Scuttle Fly (Dipera: Phoridae) that Appears to be a ’ Parasitoid off a Snail (Stylommatophora: Zonitidae) and is itself Parasitised ue a Braconid ities aaa Dr. R. H. L. DISNEY as sl Editorial “ 155 Notes and Observations: Coleophora binderella Kollar — a New Foodplant.N.F.HEAL ... 129 A Note on Two British Trachyphloeus Spp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A.A. ALLEN * 129 Zygaena loti scotica Rowland-Brown on Mull, ‘1981. “Rev. J. H. VINE HALL 131 Alophora s.s. hemiptera (Fab. ) (Diptera: Tachinidae) in VC 69. Dr. N. L. BIRKETT .. 133 Larval Variation i in the Pine Beauty: Panolis flammea Hbn. Dr. M. E. N. MAJERUS 150 The Delicate: Mythimna vitellina Hbn. in May. M. W. E. TWEEDIE 150 Blomer’s Rivulet: Discoloxia blomeri Curtis. C.S.H.BLATHWAYT 150 Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Lep.: Hepialidae) in Britain. P.J. BAKER 156 Lagia atripes Muls. & Guil. (Col.) in the New Forest. A.A. ALLEN 157 Lavae of Anarta myrtilli L.: Beautiful Yellow Underwing (Lep.: Noctuidae) and an Adult Boreus hyemalis L. (Neuropt.: Boreiidae) on Winter Snow in the Scottish Highlands. A. D. LISTON a) AS The Recent Spread of Apion cerdo Gerst (Col.) in S. E. England. A. A. ALLEN x 158 John Abbot’s Drawings and Notes for a Proposed ‘Supplement to Smith and Abbot, “The Natural History of the Rarer Lepidopte- rous Insect of Georgia” (1797). Dr. R. S. WILKINSON 159 Swimming Behaviour in Hypera rumicis (L.) (Col.: Curculionidae) R. W. J. READ “s 160 The Use of the Term ‘Pock-mark’ in Entomology. Dr. J. R. LANGMAIDD . - 161 Senta flammea Curtis: “Flame Wainscot at Wye, Kent. M. A. ENFIELD __... ee a =. 6 Defoliation in Northaw Great. ‘Wood, Herts., 1982. R. LOVELL- PANK 162 Curious Behaviour of Two Egg-laying ‘Aglais urticae es D. ‘STOKES 162 Tropidia scita (Harris) (Dipt., Syrphidae) in VC 69. Dr. N. L. BIRKET. =. 162 Apparent Excess in Numbers of Female Orange-tips. ‘R.H. MILLER 162 The Clouded Yellow in June 1982. D. DEY . - 162 The Painted Lady in June 1982. T. NEWHAM - 162 Early Appearances of Green Hairsteak and Grizzled Skipper it in Worcestershire. J. E. GREEN ee 163 Further Kentish Records of the Dotted Rustic: Rhyacia ‘simulans Hufn. N. F. HEAL . Be ae vee eslGS Obituary: C. H. Dixon oes ext iis ap 156 Current Literature ... a be 33 ae 1) ase 163, 164 Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SE5 8RR Vol. 94 Nos. 9-10 September/October 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 ee SI 104 Et - THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B:SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) DEC 1 5 198? AN ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 94 £9.50 for overseas subscribers. £8.50 for all U.K. subscribers. Hon. Treasurer: P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS 555555555 SSSA PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY DAI A LA LD DD LD AD I RAED RRA AR AR RO ORR“, “LD, e's 5 a Vea Nea Vea Ya Va Va Ya Vs Va a a a ea ee UU UUUUU Uae ae RR my"), «ff. WANTED. Ova, larvae or pupae of white and buff ermine moths (Spilosoma lubricipeda and S. /utea), and ruby tiger (Phragmatobia fuliginasa) for behavioural research. State price/quantity: Mrs. E. Beer, Department of Zoology, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS. WANTED — Livestock of the Large Heath (Coenonympha tullia) from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland for breeding experiments for a Ph.D. T. Melling, Zoology Department, University of Newcastle upon Tyne. WANTED — Preserved or live larvae of Agriopis marginaria (dotted border) and/or A. aurantiaria (scarce umber), (but especially the former), of certain identity with collection details if possible. Material on loan would also be appreciated. Mr. J. N. Greatorex-Davies, The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Camb. PE17 2LS. EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) 165 EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) (COL.: HISTERIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN By DAVID R. NASH* Whilst engaged in a long-term survey of the Coleoptera of Grovely Wood, an area of mature woodland near Salisbury, Wilt- shire (SU 03) on August Ist, 1980, I took from under the bark of a fallen, mature beech, a single example of an Histerid beetle whose size and general facies I did not associate with any of our native, subcortical species. Having arranged to stay with my friend Mr. C. Johnson of Manchester Museum almost immediately upon my return from Wiltshire, I did not have time to study the beetle in detail, but took it with me for his comment. He suggested the beetle was Epierus comptus (Erichson), a determination with which I fully agreed after studying the specimen upon my return to Essex. As Manchester Museum had no comparative material, I sent the beetle to M. Jean Thérond of Ntmes who kindly verified the deter- mination. A search of the beech trunk in August, 1981, failed to reveal further specimens. There can be little doubt, however, that the species is truly indigenous since the locality is totally isolated from any possible source of importation. Although the beetle appears to be of rare occurrence throughout its range, it seems surprising that it has not been found in the New Forest which lies only some 20 km or so to the south-east of Grovely Wood. In its typical microhabitat, Epierus comptus should not be confused with any of our other native subcortical Histeridae, its relatively large size (2-3mm), broad oval shape and multidenticulate front tibiae separating it easily from Teretrius, all Abraeinae and Paromalus. Apart from the structure of the tibiae, in colour, size and general form it bears quite a striking superficial resemblance to Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), a species which, although a member of the Denrophilinae and easily distinguished on the subfamilial characters given below, was described by Stephens in his ‘Manual’ (1839, p.152) as an Epierus before the creation of the genus Car- cinops by Marseul in 1855. Carcinops pumilio, however, has seven striae on each elytron and the elytra are normally broadest at the humeral callosity and thence usually distinctly narrowed to the apex. The elytra and pronotum unite to form a slight, but evident, external angle, and the anterior tibiae are dilated with two distinct, widely-separated teeth on their outer margin, and a very large terminal hook on their inner margin. Epierus comptus has only six striae on each elytron and the insect is more-or-less evenly rounded from the anterior pronotal angles to the pygidium, the sides of the pronotum uniting with those of the elytra to form an almost unin- terrupted curve. The anterior tibiae are gradually widened from base to apex and are armed with many small spines on their outer margin and have only a small terminal spine on their inner margin. The whole insect is also plainly somewhat broader. *266 Colchester Road, Lawford, near Manningtree, Essex CO11 2BU. 166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 In view of the confusion which exists in most British works concerning the taxa within the Histeridae, it would seem important to define clearly the position of Epierus within the family and the taxonomic characters which determine this position. Following Wenzel (1944) and the majority of modern workers on the Histeridae (but not Witzgall, 1971), the genus Epierus is here considered to be located within the Tribalinae and not the Histerinae. The Tribalinae may be characterised as follows: prosternal lobe present; protibiae multidenticulate i.e. with fine spines on their outer margin; antennal cavities situated in the anterior thoracic angles and at least partially closed beneath by the prosternal alae; labrum with setigerous punctures (unlike all Histerinae); antennal scape ‘normal’ i.e. not expanded or angulate as in, for example, Hetaerius. The subfamily is closely related to the Dendrophilinae, but the members of the last named taxon may be recognised by their completely open antennal cavities which are usually situated just anterior to the procoxae, the deeply and longitudinally incised prosternal alae (for reception of the antennal funicle), and their paucidenticulate protibiae. The Tribalinae is composed of two tribes — Onthophilini and Tribalini. In Europe, the Onthophilini is only represented by the genus Onthophilus which contains three species easily recognised by their longitudinally keeled elytra and pronota. The Tribalini, on the other hand, is represented by two genera in Europe — Tribalus and Epierus, which may be recognised by their multidenticulate protibiae and the absence of a marginal stria on the frons. All of the European species appear to be rare and to have a predominantly southern distribution. In view of the discovery of a species belonging to a tribe whose known distribution would appear to militate against the occurrence of any of its species with us, it would appear useful to provide a key which includes not only Epierus comptus, but also others of the tribe which might occur in Britain. Key to European Tribalini 1. Elytra with short, indistinct traces of dorsal striae. First ventral segment between hind coxae without deep longitudinal striae. Brown to black; antennae and legs reddish. Length 1.3 -1.8mm_ ...... Tribalus minimus Rossi (Under stones near water, especially by rivers. Southern Europe. ?Middle Europe). — Elytra with entire, distinct dorsal striae. First ventral segment between hind coxae with a deep, longitudinal stria on each side. Black; antennae and legs brown-red. Found under bank Veryeraie 222 eae: Epierus Erichson. Elytra with six striae which are more deeply impressed than in the following species. Prosternal striae slightly diverging towards the front. Frons not impressed between the eye tubercles? Length 2 = 3mm" = =o comptus (Erichson) (South and south-west Europe;? Middle Europe.) — Elytra with a well-formed seventh subhumeral stria and the two innermost striae on each elytron united to form an archin i) EPIERUS COMPTUS (ERICHSON) 167 the scutellary region. Prosternal striae strongly diverging towards the front. Frons impressed between the eye tuber- ClesslenotMe STM... «hc a. + italicus (Paykull) (South- east Central Europe; most frequent in southern Europe.) The above key is based freely upon that of Witzgall (op. cit.) who questions the occurrence of Tribalus minimus and Epierus comptus in middle Europe. Winkler (1924-1932) in his ‘Catalogue’, however, gives the distribution of the three species as follows: T. minimus — Mediterranean, China; E. comptus — Austria, Hun- gary, southern Europe and the Caucasus; F. italicus — Italy, Austria, Hungary, and the Balkan Peninsula. M. Thérond (in Jitt.) informs me that E. comptus appears to be of truly southern distribution in France, as he has recorded it during a lifetime’s collecting from only two departments viz. du Val and the Maritime Alps. He also has specimens from Syria and Iran. There are probably only three or four Palaearctic species of Epierus, the genus having its main centre in the Neotropical region with 56 described species. It is also known from North America (11 spp.)., the Oriental and Indo-Malaysian region (11 spp.), and New Guinea (3 spp.). Two species — &. antillarum Marseul and E. pulicarius Erichson, have recently been recorded in association with the fauna of bat guano in Cuban caves (Decou and Thérond, 1977). Acknowledgements My sincere thanks go to M. Jean Thérond of the Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Nimes for his generosity in supplying reprints, much helpful correspondence, and confirmation of the identity of the Epierus. I also thank Mr. C. Johnson of Manchester Museum for providing the initial tentative determination. Finally, I thank the Earl of Pembroke for allowing me to study on the Wilton Estate and his Estate Manager Mr. R. H. Mellish for his unfailing help and courtesy. References Arnett, R. & Wenzel, R. L., 1962. Fascicle 26 — Histeridae in Arnett, R. H. The Beetles of the United States, 4th printing, 1973, pp. 369-378. American Entomological Institute. Decou, V. & Thérond, J., 1977. Histérides hypogés de Cuba. Résul- tats des expéditions biospéologiques Cubano-Roumaines a Cuba, pp. 403405. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste Romania, Bucuresti. Stephens, J. F., 1839.A Manual of British Coleoptera. London. Wenzel, R. L., 1944. On the classification of the Histerid beetles. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 28 (no. 2, publ. no 545): 51- * 151. Chicago. Winkler, A., 1924-1932. Catalogus Coleopterorum regionis palae- arcticae. Vienna. Witzgall, K., 1971. Histeroidea in Freude, H. et al. Die Kafer Mit- teleuropas 3: 156-189. Goecke & Evers. Krefeld. 168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 THE SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL: IPHICLIDES PODALIRIUS (L.) IN BRITAIN By RONALD S. WILKINSON * II: Haworth’s Prodromus and Lepidoptera Britannica In the initial part of this survey of recorded captures and sight- ings of podalirius in Britain (Wilkinson, 1975), I discussed the very meager evidence of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. John Ray reported in the posthumous Historia Insectorum (1710) that “in Etruria invenimus, atque etiam, ni male memini, in Anglia’’; he had encountered podalirius during his Italian travels in the 1660s, and also, unless his memory failed, in his home island. John Berkenhout was more decisive in the first volume of his Outlines of the Natural History of Great Britain and Ireland (1769); podalirius was indeed a British insect, ‘““Rare, in woods.” Berkenhout’s un- substantiated statement was perpetuated in second (1789) and third (posthumous, 1795) editions. Haworth eventually suggested a possible source for the assertion. Although no authentic or even supposed British specimens were known to the community of aurelians as the new century approached, the London naturalists were spurred on to find poda- lirius by their reading of such contemporary writers as Donovan and Lewin, who perpetuated the hope of its capture. Much had been learned about the lepidopterous fauna, but this knowledge was chiefly about the environs of London and the southeastern counties, and naturalists were very aware that little of the rest of Britain had been entomologically explored. One such view was that of the jeweller and collector John Francillon who wrote in 1785 to the Manchester manufacturer John Leigh Philips in hopes of securing native podalirius, virgaureae, daplidice, palaeno, lathonia and other gems, arguing that “‘as you are at such a great Distance from London, I think you must meet with specimens we have not got .. . as I find if I go only 20 or 30 miles from London I am sure to meet with something new, therfore I think my argument holds good the further the Distance” (British Library, Add. Mss. 29533, f. 63v.) The climate of opinion was enthusiastic indeed in the golden age of British entomology; surely in time podalirius and other desirable insects would be traced to their haunts in those vast areas distant from the metropolis. But not until the publications of Adrian Hardy Haworth was fresh evidence introduced to suggest that podalirius really could be found in Britain. Haworth (1768-1833) was an accomplished botanist whose collateral pursuit of entomology led to the foun- dation of the third Aurelian Society and the publication of a check- list as well as a classic study of the British Lepidoptera. His seem- ingly curious treatment of the Scarce Swallow-tail in Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britannicorum (1802) and Lepidoptera Britannica *The American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York 10024. SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL IN BRITAIN 169 (1803 [-28]) is explained by the complicated printing history of these titles. In the text of the Prodromus, podalirius is among the asterisked species which Haworth had “not yet absolutely seen alive,’ but the species name was not printed in italics, as were those “desiderata to the cabinet” of British insects belonging to the Aurelian Society. Perhaps the reason is typographical; podalirius, as the first entry in the check-list, has its name in large and small capitals. In fact we know that the Aurelian Cabinet did not have a sup- posed British podalirius. While the main text of the Prodromus was in press, Haworth obtained so much additional information that an addendum with a preface of its own was printed and added to the primary check-list. Haworth explained that in the interim “Real British specimens of the whole [list] have been recently and carefully examined . .. except only Pap. Podalirius and Bomb. Pinus, which are admitted upon the assurance of two . . . Entomolo- gical friends, that they once beheld alive and at large both of these rarities in Britain.” At that time Haworth was well along in the writing of the first volume of Lepidoptera Britannica. When the volume was published in 1803, the textual entry for podalirius (which had, according to Haworth, been printed some time before) did not include such an assurance by entomological friends. Haworth referred only to the two classical references to podalirius as British: “Exemplarium absolute Britannicum nunquam vidi. Locus in Lepidoptera Britan- nica authoritatibus Berkenhouti et Raii (quae ultima satis ambigua est) praecipue pendet” (p. 6.) But Haworth was able to add new and welcome information before the volume was issued. In the preface, sent to the press last and dated July 1803, he announced that “Since the body of this work was printed, my friend the Rev. Dr. Abbott of Bedford has informed me that he took in Maylast, near Clapham Park Wood in Bedfordshire, a specimen of Papilio Podalirius in the winged state: and that he also took in June last, in White Wood near Gamlingay, Cambridgeshire, the Papilio Daplidice (in a faded state) and likewise Papilio Lathonia. These are three extremely interesting species, and there is not a British specimen of any of them now extant, except the above. ‘“Podalirius . . . has not been seen alive in Britain, since the time of Ray; unless Berkenhout possessed it, which he probably might, because I have heard of his giving a high price for a rare Swallow- tail Papilio, said to be taken in Cambridgeshire, which was probably the identical specimen of Podalirius that he has described in his Synopsis .... “An ingenious and practical Aurelian friend has informed me that he took two sorts of swallow-tailed Papilios, near Beverley in Yorkshire, five-and-twenty years ago, but no specimens of them are now extant; a fire which unhappily destroyed great part of his property, having consumed them likewise. Now, as we have only two swallow-tailed species in Great Britain, one of the above in all probability was Podalirius. | know Machaon .. . breeds near Beverley yet....” (Haworth, 1803, xxvi-xxvii.) 170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 Haworth’s fortunate friend “the Rev. Dr. Abbott’? was Charles Abbot (1761?-1817), cleric and sometime Fellow of New College, Oxford, who took the degree of D. D. in 1802. Like Haworth, Abbot was a botanist and Fellow of the Linnean Society; his Flora Bedfordiensis was published in 1798. An Abbot specimen of poda- lirius is still extant, in the Dale Collection, Hope Department of Zoology (Entomology), University Museum, Oxford. It is in some- what poor condition, with antennae missing, and is labelled “Clap- ham Park wood May — 1803? Nr. Bedford Dr. Abbot? Mus. Abbot” in the hand of James Charles Dale (1792-1872), a respected figure in nineteenth-century British entomology (Walker, 1907). The question marks imply that at some time Dale had doubts about the pro- venance of the insect which he obtained as part of Abbot’s cabinet (purchased in 1817: Dale, 1830). The Abbot specimen is the only podalirius in the Dale Col- lection, which was bequeathed by Charles William Dale to Oxford with the diaries and records kept by his father and himself. One of the manuscripts mentions the capture. J. C. Dale compiled an “entomological calendar” from Abbot’s original notes (Walker, 1907), and I am informed by Miss Pamela Gilbert, British Museum (Natural History), that the page containing the records for 1803 includes the entry “May-? Papilio Podalirius? Clapham-Park wood Bed’s —.” Again those troublesome question marks appear. The elder Dale seems to have had no problems with the attribution of Abbot’s 1803 capture of daplidice and lathonia; the specimens are in the Dale Collection ex Abbot, and bear Dale labels without question marks (Walker, 1907). Perhaps Abbot had not specifically labelled his podalirius as being the May 1803 capture described to Haworth. At any rate, in late 1838 or early 1839 Dale assured Peter Rylands that he then possessed the Abbot podalirius to which Haworth referred, “a ¢ not in very fine order” (Rylands, 1839), presumably the same specimen now in the Dale Collection. And Dale, one of the more knowledgeable collectors of the period, cited the Abbot capture as part of the extensive information about podalirius which he furnished to Rylands and which the latter claimed would ‘‘convince any unbiassed person that podalirius ought to be entered in the British Fauna.” Rylands (1839) also revealed that “Mr. Haworth told Mr. Dale that ‘Dr. Abbott had informed him [Haworth] by letter of his having seen podalirius two or three times’ previous to the capture.” There is no reason to suppose that Charles Abbot’s claims were spurious — or, to phrase that conclusion in a more guarded manner, we have no evidence that he deceived his entomological friends. Certainly he recorded a number of Lepidoptera which were con- sidered exceptional prizes, and all within a relatively brief period of time; his good fortune was not limited to the capture of podalirius, daplidice and lathonia (Haworth, 1802, 1803). However Abbot was considered to be a trustworthy naturalist, and his colleagues called attention to his successes as examples of the progress of British entomology. One may argue that those were more credulous times, in which entomologists accepted one another’s records without the SCARCE SWALLOW-TAIL IN BRITAIN iL 7/il more careful scrutiny which would characterize the Victorian era. That was often true, but even so, Abbot must be considered in- nocent in the absence of proof to the contrary; and, as we shall see, a number of other collectors quite certainly did take podalirius in England after his death. In his 1803 preface, Haworth chose not to name the “‘ingenious and practical Aurelian friend” who captured “two sorts of swallow- tailed Papilios’’ near Beverley, Yorkshire a quarter of a century before. But he continued to believe his friend’s account; writing of podalirius, Samouelle (1819) reported that “Mr. Haworth is yet in hopes of receiving indigenous specimens from Yorkshire.” Haworth returned to the subject of podalirius in 1828 when preparing a postscript to be published with the sheets of the fourth part of Lepidoptera Britannica, which had been printed a number of years before. /nter alia, Haworth related that “Mr. Rippon of York has informed the writer that he saw the wing of a P. Podalirius found in Yorkshire” (p. 588.) Rippon’s identity has been a mystery until now, and indeed he has led two historians (the late P. B. M. Allan and myself) on a merry chase. He appears in the recently discovered manuscript ‘articles of incorporation’ of Haworth’s Aurelian Society as “John Rippon, Precentor’s Court, York,” the twelfth Aurelian to sign the document. So quite probably John Rippon was the “Aurelian friend,” and he certainly was the Rippon of the podalirius wing. J.C. Dale (1830) credited the Beverley captures and the account of the wing to “Mr. Ripon?” several years before Haworth’s death, and we may suppose that Dale was not corrected by his old friend, for Rylands (1839) unhesitatingly named “Mr. Rippon, of York”’ as the collector at Beverley, ca. 1778, and one suspects from the first paragraph of Rylands’ paper that he had his information from Dale. The circumstances of the supposed captures were repeated again and again in the literature, but the actual facts are scanty enough. We now know Rippon’s given name and address, but nothing has been discovered about his collecting activities and the specimens which were consumed by fire. Hopefully a search of local records will reveal more.' By the time Haworth wrote his 1828 postscript he was able to record several more captures of podalirius. These properly belong to a third part of this survey, which will begin with the curious adventures of the Rev. Frederick William Hope and conclude at mid-century. 1John Rippon of York was not John Rippon, D. D. (1751-1836), Baptist divine and compiler of the famous collection of hymns, who served his Lon- don parish for nearly 64 years and who appears in the Dictionary of National Biography. Our Rippon was not Precentor of York Minster, and the Dean of York, who graciously conducted a search of the appropriate records, dis- covered no official affiliation with the Minster. Precentor’s Court, earlier called Precentor’s Lane, opens into High Petergate, and evidently Rippon occupied one of the private residences in the Court. 172 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 References Abbot, C. 1798. Flora Bedfordiensis. Bedford. Aurelian Society. Rules and regulations for the establishment and continuance of the . . . society. Ms., June 1801 et seg. Newington District Library, London. Berkenhout, J. 1769. Outlines of the natural history of Great Britain and Ireland. 1. London. Dale, J. C. 1830. Notice of the capture of Vanessa Huntera, for the first time in Britain, with a catalogue of rare insects cap- tured. Mag. Nat. Hist., 3: 332-334. Francillon, J. to J. L. Philips, 4th February 1785. Add. Mss. 29533, British Library, London. Haworth, A. H. 1802. Prodromus lepidopterorum Britannicorum. Holt. weneenencnennennnnnnnne . 1803 [-28] . Lepidoptera Britannica. London. Ray, J. 1710. Historia insectorum. London. Rylands, P. 1839. Statement of the claims of Papilio podalirius to rank as a British insect. Naturalist, 4: 227-229. Samouelle, G. 1819. The entomologist’s useful compendium. London. Walker, J. J. 1907. Some notes on the Lepidoptera of the “Dale Collection” of British insects, now in the Oxford University Museum. I: Rhopalocera. Ent. mon. Mag. 43: 93-101, 130-134. Wilkinson, R. S. 1975. The scarce swallow-tail: [phiclides podalirius (L.) in Britain. I: The evidence before Haworth. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var., 87: 289-293. THE BRIMSTONE: GONEPTERYX RHAMNI L. APPARENTLY IMBIBING AT HYDRANGEA FLOWERS. -— _ On September 6th, 1980, Iwas surprised to see a female brimstone butterfly alight upon a sterile flower of the head of a Hortensis type Hydrangea with pale blue flowers, and probe for some time the calyx tube. This beha- viour was repeated on several flower heads before the insect moved on to the bright pink flowers provided by a hedge of Lathyrus latifolius, the everlasting pea, which over the years has been noted as the most favoured flower attraction for this species here in my garden. Two days later the visits were repeated. So far as I am aware Hydrangea flowers of this type do not pro- duce nectar, neither were the flowers wet, nor host to aphides. Work by D. Ilse quoted in The Pollination of Flowers by Proctor and Yeo, 1973, showed that the brimstone’s natural flower pre- ference was for those coloured blue, and that approach was visual rather than olfactory. This explains the visit to the Hydrangea, but what is not clear are its lengthy visits with apparent feeding. Regarding colour selec- tivity, violet and purple are also attractive to the brimstone, accord- ing to Ilse, while few visits are made to red, orange and yellow flowers. In my garden another pink flower commonly attracting the brimstone is Sedum spectabile, although I associate this more with Aglais urticae, the small tortoiseshell, which Ilse finds most attracted by flowers of yellow or blue colouration, and which also use a visual approach — B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND 7/3} BUTTERFLIES IN EASTERN SWITZERLAND 1980, WITH A NOTE ON EREBIA PLUTO DE PRUNN. Dr. C. J. LUCKENS* In mid-August 1980 Dr. T. W. Tolman and I, accompanied by my two older sons, spent several days at Pontresina in the En- gadine. The weather was unremittingly wet as we travelled through France but, apart from one unsettled day, we had beautiful weather for the duration of our stay in Switzerland. In spite of the late date in the Alpine butterfly season, we saw a good variety of species, including many that we had met with there over a month earlier the previous year. The two Erebias, melampus Fuessl. and tyndarus Esp. for example, were swarming in the pastures of the Val Roseg on August 17th and many were in excellent condition. Flying with them were Coenonympha gardetta de Prunn. and the fritillaries Fabriciana niobe L., Argynnis aglaia L., Brenthis pales D. & S., B. napaea Hoffmannsegg, and Clossiana titania Esp. | observed a female titania ovipositing on the dry moss at the base of a drystone wall where Viola ssp. grew among the crevices. Aricia nicias Meig. was locally com- mon at the foot of one stony slope and we saw many Colias phico- mone Esp. and Cyaniris semiargus Rott. — all of these being butter- flies we had encountered in early July 1979. Other species seen included a few Polyammatus eros Ochs. and Erebia montana de Prunn. (usually at the edge of the screes) and excellent numbers of Heodes virgaureae L. of a small bright form which frequented the woodland clearings. In one such clearing, in 1979, we had found Euphydryas inter- media Menetries and I was very keen to look for the early stages of this local species. To my surprise and delight I found a batch of very young Euphydryas larvae on a small web at the tip of a Loni- cera leaf on one of the first bushes investigated. After this early success no more were found in spite of intense search by my sons who were spurred on by promises of generous rewards. Approach- ing the Roseg Hotel near the head of the valley Parnassius phoebus F. became quite common, favouring especially the rocky ground beside the river. This beautiful butterfly was also conspicuous on the higher slopes of the Albula Pass which we visited on three occasions — the 18th, 20th and 21st August. The 20th was the day of rather un- certain weather and we were forced to descend to the meadows around Preda to escape the cold misty rain at the top of the pass. Here Erebia pronoe Esp. was found and a few Erebia manto D. & S. (not the high altitude f. pyrrhula but similar to the type) as well as Palaeochrysophanus hippothoe L. C. titania and a single fresh Mellicta athalia Rott. The other two days were brilliantly sunny and we spent most of our time at around 6000ft a little way down the north side of the pass. Colias palaeno L. was flying swiftly over the Vaccinium- *Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants, SO3 2AF. 174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 covered slopes and a few of those netted were surprisingly still in fresh condition. A pair of Vacciniina optilete Knoch was also noted. On a patch of alluvial mud we encountered a swarm of the little alpine blues Agriades glandon de Prunn. and P. eros and we were able to select a small series of each of these species. These mud visitors were almost exclusively male however, and we had to work hard to find the females on the nearby grass slopes. The dark, violet-suffused females of B. napaea were also frequent in this riparian habitat. Still higher up on the scree slopes a few E. pronoe and one or two Erebia gorge Huebner flew with worn but very active Pontia callidice Huebner, but the prize was the large sooty Erebia pluto de Prunn. We risked multiple fractures pursuing these mag- nificent butterflies over the unstable grey stones. Pluto had the habit of inconsequentially skipping down as if to investigate the waiting net only to veer off suddenly when just beyond range. Then the stones would clatter and ring under foot as the unequal chase began! One female however settled a few feet in front of me on the scree and curving her abdomen she deposited an ovum on the underside of a small rock. I marked this and then searched carefully all around but the nearest living blade of grass I could detect was at least ten feet away. Occasionally pluto would ap- proach the grassy areas at the edge of the rock slides but as soon as the insect found itself away from the scree it would show signs of alarm and a much faster flight pattern would be maintained until it found itself once more over the bare stones. I have noticed a very similar habit among the males of Erebia lefebvrei Boisd. on the screes of the Sierra del Cadi in Spain. This Erebia occupies the same ecological niche in the Pyrenees and adjacent Sierras of northern Spain as does pluto in the Alps. Both butterflies are intensely dark and therefore perhaps share the facility of quickly absorbing heat reflected from the pale rock surfaces of scree. Rapid transfer of energy in this way may be essential to ef- ficient flight at the high, relatively cool altitudes that both species frequent. eR Meebo LEPIDOPTERA AT CANNA IN 1982. — The arrivals of the migrants here has been as follows: Cynthia cardui L., first seen on 9th June; a number of larvae found later, Vanessa atalanta L., first seen 11th June; others seen later, and larvae found; now frequent around buddleia in the garden. Autographa gamma L., first seen 9th June, others later; a pupa found on a thistle. Nomophila noctuella D. & S., in trap on 29th July. All the resident butterflies have flourished in the hottest and driest summer I can remember here; this particularly applies to Pieris napi L., Argynnis aglaja L., Boloria selene D. & S., Pararge aegeria L. and Hipparchia semele L. On the other hand, moths have been less numerous, and trap catches disappointing. The only in- teresting capture has been a specimen of Deilephila elpenor L. on 25th June. Recently there has been an outbreak of Cerapteryx graminis L., and visitors repeatedly report seeing Abraxas grossu- lariata L. which has been common this year. — J. L. CAMPBELL, Farm Office, Isle of Canna, Hebrides. SAWF LIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 175 SOME SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS NATURE RESERVE, SOUTHERN SCOTLAND, WITH A SPECIES NEW TO BRITAIN (HYM..: SYMPHYTA) By ANDREW D. LISTON* Abstract 30 spp. of sawfly are recorded from Whitlaw Moss National Nature Reserve in Southern Scotland. Pristiphora micronematica Malaise is an addition to the known fauna of the British Isles. 7 other rare or local species are discussed. Fig. 1. Penis valve of male Pristiphora micronematica Malaise Introduction On 22.5.81 and 3.7.81 Mr. J. M. Nelson and the author visited Murder and Blackpool Mosses (NT 505285 and NT517290) in order to sample the sawfly fauna. Aided by good weather during these Visits, several noteworthy species were found. The two mires form part of the Whitlaw Moss National Nature Reserve, situated in Roxburghshire and Selkirkshire. Their interest lies in their wide range of rich-fen communities fed by base-rich ground water. These range from closed Salix carr (mainly cinerea with some pentandra) to open bryophyte-rich carpets and tall-herb communities. Though the reserve was created primarily to safeguard the unique plant communities, several interesting insect species have since been found there: for example, Coniosternum tinctinervis Becker (Diptera, Scathophagidae) and Hydroporus glabriusculus Aube (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) were first found in Britain at this locality (Nelson, 1972; Sinclair, 1976). A considerable boreal element appears to be present in both flora and fauna: e.g. Dactylorchis purpurella and Corallorhiza trifida (Orchidaceae), certain Carex spp. (Cyperaceae) and a large number of insects. This can be explained partly by the relatively high altitude (274m.) and partly by the relict nature of the mosses. Pristiphora micronematica Malaise, here introduced to the British list, together with Phyllocolpa acutiserra, P. excavata and Nematus *99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh EH12 6UV 176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 monticola are all species with markedly boreal distributions. The other sawflies have wider distributions, occurring throughout most of northern and central Europe. All of the boreal sawfly species so-far recorded at Whitlaw are associated with the Salix, particularly S. pentandra which itself is a typically northern plant. Of the species feeding on the plants in the herb communities, most are widespread, but a few are more characteristically southern in distribution (Allantus calceatus, Perineura rubi). \t is interesting that all of the sawflies found at Whitlaw occur in Finland (Saarinen, 1950) and most reach at least as far north as southern Lapland. All but three specimens were captured during the visits made on 22.5 and 3.7.81, mostly by sweeping. The three others were trapped in orange bowls during May 1980 by Mr. Nelson. The material is now in the author’s collection. Species new to Britain Pristiphora micronematica Malaise, 1931 = Lygaeophora leucostoma Lindqvist, 1952 1 $ from Salix 22.5.1981. Full descriptions of both sexes of this species are given by Lindqvist (1952), as L. leucostoma Lindqvist. The British specimen was at first thought to be the male of the related P. lanifica (Zaddach & Brischke), recently added to the British list on the basis of some females from Edinburgh (Liston, 1981). Further examina- tion showed that it could not possibly be a male Janifica, but that it was likely to be a representative of micronematica Malaise. It corre- sponds well with Lindqvist’s description of Jewcostoma, and the structure of its penis valve confirms its identity. The sawfly will key to the “C Groups” in Benson (1958). P. breadalbanensis (Cameron) and its close allies bear a superficial resemblance to micronematica, but examination of the penis valve (Fig. 1) will safely separate the latter. Below are summarised the most important external characters for the separation of P. lanifica and P. micronematica as set out by Lindqvist and checked as far as possible against the specimens available to me: lanifica (Z. & B.) ? and &. Always with pale marked mesopleura. Underside of abdomen usually with several sternites pale marked. Mesopleura as densely sculptured as lateral lobes of mesonotum. Claws bifid. 3rd and 4th antennal segments subequal in length. micronematica Malaise ¢ and 3. Mesopleura always completely black. Underside of abdomen completely black except for hypopy- gium. Mesopleura feebly sculptured and more shining than lateral lobes of mesonotum. Claws with small inner tooth. 3rd antennal segment much shorter than 4th. Differences in the saw and sawsheath of the female and the penis valve of the male are also useful (see figures in Lindqvist, 1952). Lindqvist (Lc.) records that the femora of most of his Finnish specimens are black. Those of the Scottish male are completely SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 177 pale. Variation of this sort is widespread in the Nematinae and seldom of significance. Benson’s (1958) “C Groups” of Pristiphora comprise an ecologically fascinating assemblage of smaller, unrelated species- groups whose only common characteristics are their boreal and arctic-alpine distributions and their (usually) sculptured mesopleura. Benson’s synthetic groupings of Pristiphora species are nevertheless very convenient. More formal division of the genus into several genera or subgenera (eg. Konow, 1902 & 1904: Lindqvist, 1c.) has invariably proved inadequate because such groupings have mainly been based on arbitrary ranges of similarity in genitalia. Neither the importance of other morphological characters nor the value of biological data have been taken into account, and one often finds that species with very similar saws for example, can not possibly be closely related. I can see no useful purpose in the retention of these so-called subgeneric names, which in the past have been applied to mere species-groups. Though Lindqvist (/.c.) was able to define his subgenus Lygaeophora in both sexes using fairly distinctive features (Liston, 1981), I follow Smith (1979) in treating it as synonymous with Lygaeonematus Konow, which itself is best treated as a synonym of Pristiphora Latreille. In such a large genus as this, synthetic groupings of species such as adopted by Benson (1958) are less cumbersome than the use of subgeneric names of doubtful validity. Malaise (1931) described micronematica from Kamtchatka. Lindqvist (1952) erected a new species, leucostoma, for Finnish specimens which had previously been called micronematica by various authors. Lindqvist (1971) realised that his leucostoma was a form of micronematica and synonymised the species. Since the publication of Lindqvist’s (1952) revision, P. micronematica has been recorded under the name J/eucostoma in northern Canada by Benson (1962). Further records indicate that micronematica occurs in Swedish Lapland, Norway and_nor- thern Russia (Kontuniemi, 1965). It appears to be the commonest species of the group in Finland, and is particularly abundant in the southern provinces. It is therefore not a particularly surprising addition to our fauna. Perhaps micronematica will be found to be a more widespread species in Britain than the less easily overlooked P. lanifica (Z. & B.). Hellén (1975) wrongly synonymised micronematica with lanifica, but there are numerous biological differences apart from those morphological ones mentioned above. The larva of microne- matica, briefly described by Lindqvist (/.c.), is a solitary leaf-edge feeder on smooth-leaved boreal Salix spp. Those of Janifica are semi-gregarious leaf-edge feeders on rough-leaved Salix (Liston, in press). Species of special interest Empria pumila (Konow) 12 22.5.81. Benson (1952) records this species in various southern English counties, Ireland, Perthshire and Invernesshire. 178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 Allantus truncatus (Klug) 12 May 1980 (Nelson), trapped in orange bowl placed in Phrag- mites. 1 3 3.7.81. Benson (1952) records this species as uncommon in S. England, and notes that Cameron took it at Rannoch, Perth- shire. The Whitlaw female has an entirely black abdomen, thus causing it to resemble A. melanarius (Klug), but it does not seem to differ in any other way from typical white-banded C. European truncatus females. Conversely, the male, which normally has a com- pletely black abdomen, in this case has its Sth tergite white-marked. Amauronematus fallax (Lepeletier) 1? 22.5.81. Probably local throughout Britain and Ireland, but there are no previous records for Scotland south of Perthshire. A. fasciatus (Konow) 12 22.5.81. Local and scarce north to Invernesshire, and in Ireland (Benson, 1958). Phyllocolpa acutiserra (Lindqvist) 12 22.5.81. Single previous British specimen is from Isle of Rhum (Benson, 1958). Whitlaw seems a surprising locality for this species, but the saw of the specimen is unmistakable. P. acutiserra is typically arctic-alpine, occurring in Norway, Finland, Scotland, Austrian Tirol, North Russia and Canada. Vikberg (1970) records Salix lapponum, S. glauca and S. hastata as foodplants, but the range is probably wider. P. excavata (Marlatt) 12 22.5.81. Previously in Yorkshire, Roxburghs., W. Lothian, Midlothian, Stirlings., and Ireland. Nematus monticola (Thomson) 12 22.5.81. Previously known from Malham Tarn (Yorks.), Clydesdale (Benson, 1958) and Moor House NNR in Westmorland (Nelson, 1971). Rare in Europe at widely separated localities from northernmost Lapland (Inari) to the Yugoslavian Mts. (Kosovo). Other species Trichiosoma lucorum (L.), Dolerus cothurnatus Lepeletier, D. aeneus Hartig, D. niger (L.), Empria alector Benson, Allantus cal- ceatus (Klug), Eutomostethus luteiventris (Klug), Monophadnoides geniculata (Hartig), Perineura rubi (Panzer), Tenthredo moniliata Klug, 7. velox F., Sharliphora amphibola (Forster), Pristiphora pallidiventris (Fallén), P. sp. near quercus (Hartig) (Betula “race” Amauronematus tillbergi Malaise, A. histrio (Lepeletier), Euura mucronata (Hartig), Phyllocolpa coriacea (Benson), Pontania col- lactanea (Forster), P. bridgmanni (Cameron), P. viminalis (L.), Nematus bergmanni Dahlbom. SAWFLIES FROM WHITLAW MOSS N.R. 179 Acknowledgements I thank Mr. J. M. Nelson (Nature Conservancy Council, Edin- burgh) for making my visits to Whitlaw possible, for collecting specimens and for advice on the manuscript. Dr. K. P. Bland and Dr. M. R. Shaw also kindly gave me specimens collected during the second visit. References Benson, R. B. 1951. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 6 (2a): 1-49. Benson, R. B. 1952. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 6 (2b): 51-137. Benson, R. B. 1958. Hymenoptera Symphyta. Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects, 6 (2c): 139-252. Benson, R. B. 1962. Holarctic Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist., Ent., 12: 379-409. Hellén, W. 1975. Die Nematinen Finnlands IV (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae). Gattung Pristiphora Latreille. Notulae Ent., 55: 97-128. Konow, F. W. 1902. Die Nematiden -Gattung Pristiphora Latr. (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), soweit dieselbe bisher aus der palaearctischen Zone bekannt ist, systematisch und kritisch bearbeitet. Ann. Mus. Acad. Kye St. Petersb., 7: 161-187. Konow, F. W. 1904. Revision der Nematiden-Gattung Lygaeonematus Konow. Z. syst. Hym. Dipt., 4: 193-208. Kontuniemi, T. 1965. Die Sdgewespen des ostlichsten Fennoskandiens und einiges uber ihre Chorologie. Ann. Ent. Fen., 31: 246-263. Lindqvist, E. 1952. Uber alte und neue Lygaeonematus-Arten (Hym., Ten- thredinidae). Notulae Ent., 32: 80-119. Lindqvist, E. 1971. Einige von R. Malaise aus Kamtschatka beschriebene Nematinen (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Notulae Ent., 51: 124-129. Liston, A. D. 1981. Pristiphora (Lygaeophora) lanifica (Zaddach, 1882) new to Britain (Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae), Ent. Gaz., 32: 181-184. Liston, A. D. in press. Neubeschreibung der Larve von Pristiphora lanifica (Zaddach) (Hym., Tenthredinidae). Ann. Ent. Fenn. Malaise, R. 1931. Entomologische Ergebnisse der schwedischen Kamtschatka- Expedition 1920-22. 35. Beitrag (Tenthredinidae). Arkiv. Zool., 33A(8): 168 Nelson, i M. 1971. The Invertebrates of an area of Pennine Moorland within the Moor House Nature Reserve in Northern England. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent., 19: 173-235. Nelson, J. M. 1972. Coniosternum tinctinervis Becker, a Scatophagid Fly new to Britain (Diptera). Ent. Gaz., 23: 247-248. Saarinen, A. 1950. A check-list of the sawflies of Eastern Fennoskandia. Suom. Hydnt. Aikak., 16: 71-83. Sinclair, M. 1975. Hydroporus glabriusculus Aube (Col., Dytiscidae) new to the British Isles.Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 111: 117-121. Smith, D. R. 1979. in Krombein, K. V., et al., Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico. 1: 3-137. Smithsonian Institution, Washing- ton DAG: Vikberg, V. 1970. The genus Pontania O. Costa (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in the Kilpisjarvi district, Finnish Lapland. Ann. Ent. Fenn., 36: 10-24. _————__—_— G. R. SUTTON. — As we go to press, we hear of the sad news of the death on the 3rd of June, in the Southend General Hospital after a brief illness, of Mr. Gresham Rhodes Sutton of Westcliffe-on-Sea, Essex. Born on the 21st of May 1898, Mr. Sutton was thus 84 years of age at the time of his death. His interests were in the lepi- doptera and coleoptera. — J. M. C.-H. 180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 ARGYRESTHIA TRIFASCIATA STAUDINGER, 1871 (LEP.: YRPONOMEUTIDAE) IN BRITAIN By A. M. EMMET* Mr. R.A. Softly took an example of this species in a Heath actinic light-trap on or about the 3rd of June, 1982 at Hampstead. The trap is situated on the top balcony of a block of flats, facing south and overlooking the British Rail station of Hampstead Heath (map reference TQ 274856). It is some 40 feet above ground level and 20 or 30 feet away from the crowns of sycamores and a poplar. Although canopy-feeders come to this elevated trap (Microthrix similella (Zincken), seldom encountered anywhere, turned up once on the 7th of July, 1980), in certain weather conditions small low-flying species also occur in numbers; for example, as many as 30 Lyonetia clerkella (Linnaeus) have appeared on a single night. It follows that the unusual siting of the trap is not necessarily of significance for this capture. Fig. 1 Argyresthia trifasciata, Hampstead vi.1982. Enlarged approx. x 8. The trap is run regularly by Mr. Softly for recording purposes. When a species of Microlepidoptera turns up which belongs to a family with which he is not familiar but is distinctively enough marked to be readily identifiable, he retains it for reference to a fellow entomologist. Argyresthia trifasciata fell into this category; it is described by Frey (1880: 385) as a charming little creature which is extraordinarily easy to recognise. Mr. Softly showed it to me and when I expressed the opinion that it was an Argyresthia new to Britain, he left it with me for further research. I described it over the telephone to the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz, who is specia- lising in the Yponomeutidae, and he at once suggested that it was A. trifasciata. | then sent the moth to the British Museum (Natural History), where Dr. J. D. Bradley confirmed the determination. The species was discovered by Anderegg in the Swiss canton of Valais and described by Staudinger (1871:425). It has since been found also in the French Alps and in Ardéche, a department in the extreme south-east of the Massif Central -(Lhomme, 1939-46). *Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex. ARGYRESTHIA TRIFASCIATA STAUDINGER 181 According to Lhomme, the foodplants are Juniperus sabina, J. phoenicea and J. thurifera. All three occur in Britain as naturalised introductions, having been first imported in 1548, 1683 and 1752 respectively. However, only J. sabina thrives; it is to be found in many gardens and is commonly stocked by nurserymen (Dallimore & Jackson, 1923: 259). Fresh supplies are probably obtained periodically from the Continent and A. trifasciata may have been accidentally imported on its foodplant. This explanation has already been offered for the presence of Gelechia sabinella Zeller (Gelechi- idae) which feeds on the same foodplant (Agassiz, 1978). There is a nursery stocking juniper species only a quarter of a mile from the site of the trap, which may have been the source of this specimen; its supplies are obtained from a grower in Hertfordshire but it is not yet known whence the latter firm acquires its stock. Lhomme does not say how the larva feeds. We have five species of Argyresthia in Britain which have our native juniper (J. communis) as their host plant; two feed in shoots, two mine needles and one feeds in late summer in green berries. One of these methods of feeding is likely for A. trifasciata. The adults fly in France from late April until June, possibly rather too early for the larva to have mined young shoots. The species is not listed as a leaf-miner by Hering (1957), but this may be due to absence of information and is not conclusive. This leaves the fruits as marginally the most likely pabulum. Description of the imago Wingspan c. 9mm. Head with vertex rough-haired, white. Antenna whitish, annulated black, the annulations obsolescent beneath; labial palpus pale golden. Thorax and tegulae glossy golden. Fore- wing glossy golden; white fasciae at one-fifth and two-fifths, both direct, and one at three-fifths, inwards-oblique; irregularly-shaped subapical and tornal white spots tending to coalesce to form a fourth, inwards-oblique fascia; subcircular white spots on costa at one-half and at apex; cilia concolorous with wing. Hindwing pale grey. The species should follow Argyresthia ivella (Haworth) and be given the log book number 409a (Bradley & Fletcher, 1979). Mr. Softly, at whose request I am writing this paper, has pre- sented the specimen to the British Museum (Natural History). He is to be congratulated on making this interesting and attractive addition to the British list. My thanks are due to the Rev. D. J. L. Agassiz and Dr. J. D. Bradley for making and confirming the deter- mination respectively. I also thank Dr. Bradley for the photograph, and Mr. E.S. Bradford for preparing it for publication. References Agassiz, D. J. L., 1978. Gelechia sabinella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), a species new to Britain. Entomologist’s Gaz. 29: 136-138. 182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 Bradley, J. D. & Fletcher, D. S., 1979. A recorder’s log book or label list of British butterflies and moths, 136pp. London. Dallimore, W. & Jackson, A. B., 1923. A handbook of Coniferae, 570pp, 120 text figs, 31 pls. London. Frey, H., 1880. Die Lepidopteren der Schweiz, xxvi. 454pp. Leipzig. Hering, E. M. 1957. Bestimmungstabellen der Blattminen von Europa, 1 & 2, 1185pp., 3, 221pp., 725 figs. s*’Gravenhage. Lhomme, L., 193946. Catalogue des Lepidoptéres de France et de Belgique, 2(2): 173487. Le Carriol, par Douelle (Lot). Staudinger, O., in Staudinger, O. & Wocke, M. F., 1871. Catalog des Europaeischen Faunengebeits, Xxxviii, 426pp. Dresden. —————— AGONOPTERIX ASTRANTIAE HEINEMANN IN HAMPSHIRE. — On 9th June 1982 I found six larvae of this species on Sanicula europaea in a beech wood near East Meon. The moths emerged from 25th - 27th June, and this is the first record of astrantiae in Hampshire. During the last instar many of the larvae bite partially through the upper part of the leaf stalk causing the leaf to wither, and then continue to feed in the wilting folded leaf. This may explain why so few larvae had previously been found, because the leaf then droops below the level of the healthy leaves of the foodplant neces- sitating careful parting of the leaves in order to find the larvae. This habit was observed independently this year by H. N. Michaelis. — Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. Low NUMBERS OF LEPIDOPTERA IN 1981. — My impression in Cumbria is that 1981 was about the poorest year for Lepidoptera on record. Admittedly owing to advancing years I did far less hunting around than I used to do; but it is certainly indisputable that when I was out and about I could find very few specimens of even the commoner species. For instance, on a visit to an area of limestone grassland near the Fairy Steps, Beetham, where there is usually an abundance of Lepidoptera, in warm sunshine on July 12th the scarcity was most depressing. I ex- pected to find Aricia artaxerxes salmacis Stephens still out in good num- bers, but saw just one. Usually in this area of what used to be South West- morland, this butterfly is out from about June 15th to July 20th. Other butterflies were very scarce, but two moths helped to save the situation, Zygaena filipendulae L. and Phothedes captiuncula Treits., both of which were in good numbers. I even got a photograph of P. captiuncula sitting on a leaf — I had almost despaired of ever managing to photograph this moth, for when it is not wildly flying it usually dives deep down in the grass and is disturbed at the slightest touch of the vegetation — a most elusive insect. The same story of paucity is true of my Mercury Vapour Trap, which I have admittedly operated only spasmodically. But on nights which I selected for operation the results were very sparse, and there were no surprises except negative ones! For instance, I never saw one Amathes xanthographa D. & S. Perhaps the nearest to a positive surprise was a Dasypolia templi L. on October Ist. Does my experience tally with that of most other Lepidopterists? — Rev. J. H. VINE HALL, “‘Rivendell”’, 3, The Green, Melmerby, Penrith, Cumbria CA10 1HG. FLYING CROOKED 183 FLYING CROOKED By J. S. PHILLPOTTS* The butterfly, a cabbage white (His honest idiocy of flight) Wili never now, it is too late, Master the art of flying straight, Yet has — who knows as well as I? — A just sense of how not to fly: He lurches here and here by guess And God and hope and hopelessness. Even the acrobatic swift Has not his flying crooked gift. Robert Graves The enormous area of a butterfly’s wings must be there for some better purpose than advertisement to its mate. It also adver- tises itself to all the birds in the neighbourhood and is often attacked by them. One advantage of these large wings is that they allow the butter- fly to use relatively slow, deliberate wing beats, which are under excellent control. A meadow brown will fly through the close stems of tall grass without touching them and butterflies can sail straight through fruit cage netting and out the other side without hesitation. Both these feats require co-ordination between eye and wing of a high order. This leads on to a flying butterfly’s tactics as it is attacked by a bird. Like the slow flying enemy aeroplanes in the last war it is more manoeuvrable than they are ‘it lurches here and here by gues’ and they miss it over and over again. When they do manage to strike from above it closes its wings in the bird’s face and the bird may remove a symmetrical portion of both wings or leave a mark as it tries to obtain a better grip and the butterfly escapes. (E. B. Ford, Butterflies, plate 10f and p.244). In attacks from the side only one wing is used for protection and a piece may be re- moved. The bird frequently attacks from the rear where the body is least well protected by the wings (apart from in front, which has its own disadvantages) but even then it usually escapes by its flying crooked gift. If only small areas of wing are missing it can avoid capture but if sufficient had been removed its agility is reduced and eventually it is caught and brought to the ground to be torn to pieces and eaten. Small butterflies are obviously at more risk from aeriel attacks from birds, and in fact they usually fly near the ground. These tactics give good defence against birds, which fly fast. (Do herons ever take butterflies on the wing? With their long necks and *11 Little Warren Close, Guildford, Surrey. 184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 beaks they might well do so if their paths coincided) but they are not so good against bats whose slower flight has something of the same character as the butterflies’, and perhaps this is one reason why so few butterflies fly at night. Summary Butterflies’ large wings have obvious disadvantages but two chief advantages:— (1) To attract mates. At a distance sight is often a better advertisement than scent, though this is disputed. (2) As a defence against attacks by birds. The mechanism of the latter is discussed. Acknowledgements I should like to thank E. B. Ford and Collins Publishers for permission to quote from Butterflies. I also acknowledge Robert Graves’ permission to include the poem “‘Flying Crooked”’ from his Collected Poems. TWO FURTHER RECORDS OF BARYPEITHES SULCIFRONS (BOHEMAN) (COL.: CURCULIONIDAE) FROM WEST CUMBRIA. — My first record of Barypeithes sulcifrons (Boheman) from Cumbria was based on one dead specimen found at Silecroft, (1979, Ento- mologist’s Record, 91: 27). I can now add two further localities for this species from the county. Several live adults were taken by general sweeping along the edge of a field near Kirksanton Haws, SD13/79 on June 16th 1980. The vegetation at this site consisted mainly of grass, with a good deal of Rumex acetosella L. and R. acetosa L. My second locality was on Black Come, SD13/84. On March 13th 1982 I found one specimen resting on the undersuface of a small flat stone lying among short grass turf and Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtilis L., at about 411 metres on a steep south east facing slope, above Black Crags. Some remains of dead specimens of B. sulcifrons were also found at the base of other bulberry plants growing close by. It is possible that these individuals may have fallen prey to some large spiders which were observed under stones in the immediate vicinity. On a previous visit to Black Combe I collected a few other interesting beetles and among these was the typical montane weevil, Otiorhynchus nodosus (Muller, O. F.). On 4th April, 1980, I took a few individuals from under small stones and also at the base of heather, Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull, in an area of boulders and sparse vegetation near the summit at about 480 metres. O. nodosus was recorded from the county by F. H. Day, (1923, Trans. Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc., 3: 99) and specimens in the Day collection held in the Tullie House Museum at Carlisle are from Grisedale Pike, (NY12), Cumrew Fell, (NY55) and Crossfell. So far I have not discovered any published records of O. nodosus from the extreme west of the county. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, White- haven, Cumbria CA28 8RF. BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1981 185 A REVIEW OF THE INDIGENOUS BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA FOR 198] PAUL SOKOLOFF* This review is intended to complete the quartet of annual reviews covering the butterflies, microlepidoptera, macrolepidoptera and immigrants. 1981 will be remembered for the generally dismal nature of the season for larger moths, but a number of features deserve mention — the publication of two new books, the discovery of a Geometrid moth new to Britain, and the coming of the Wild- life and Countryside Act 1981. This act probably represents the most sinister development to affect entomologists for many years. Five species of moth are “protected” — Thetida smaragdaria F. (Essex emerald); Zygaena viciae D. & S. (New Forest burnet); Pareulype berberata D. & S. (barberry carpet); Acosmetia caliginosa Hbn. (reddish buff) and Siona lineata Scop. (black-veined moth). Fines of up to £1000 can be levied for each specimen taken or possessed illegally. Offending entomologists therefore risk almost certain penury and possible incarceration from the injudicious use of their nets in certain localities. A more objective view of the Act is given by Stubbs (1982 a and b) and Lonsdale (1982). Two major publications dealing with the macrolepidoptera were launched in 1981, the first being “An Identification Guide to the British Pugs” — a much needed volume featuring excellent colour plates, informative text and genitalia drawings. The second was a limited edition of ‘‘The Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not Figured by Buckler”, by G. M. Haggett. 35 colour plates illustrate some 78 species or sub-species, with detailed text. Both were pub- lished by the BENHS. A number of interesting papers have appeared in other journals — a detailed discussion of genetic explanations for all-female broods of Philudoria potatoria L. is worth reading (Maje- rus, 1981a). Dr Majerus also discusses the genetics of the attractive form subroseata of Cyclophora albipuncata Hufn. (Majerus, 1981b). Foodplant and parasite differences between our two copper under- wing species Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera svenssoni Fletch. are dealt with by Shaw (1981). Of passing interest to British entomologists are two Danish papers (Kaaber, 1980 and 1981) on the bionomics and systematics of some Danish Eupithecia species. These detailed, illustrated papers conclude that Eupithecia goosen- siata Mab. is only a sub-species of E. absinthiata Clerck, and that E. fraxinata Crewe is a sub-species of E. innotata. From a field entomologist’s point of view the year as a whole could be described as “poor”, although little weight can be given to such subjective descriptions. The only quantitative data that can be offered stem from a static trap in Kent which yielded 9.6% fewer species than 1980 and 9% fewer individuals. Some correspondants were pleased to report depressed numbers of Noctua pronuba L. and Apamea monoglypha Hufn., although some species were noted *4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 in enhanced numbers — for example Mormo maura L. in Southern Counties and Tyria jacobaeae L. in Northern England. Clostera anachoreta D. & S. became newsworthy in 1979 when a significant number of individuals and larvae were captured at Dungeness, Kent. More were seen in 1980, and many thousands of bred larvae were released at Dungeness that year. Very few were reported in 1981, all during August with no reports of first brood specimens of this supposedly bivoltine species. Because of the numerous releases it is impossible to assess the status of this species but presumably it can be classified as temporarily established following an immi- gration in (?) 1978. In a broadly similar category is Deltote bankiana F. which was noted again from Sandwich in Kent. In times of general ecological doom it is pleasing to see insects extending their range and colonising new habitats. [daea vulpinaria H.-S. continues to spread into Kent and Essex from the Thames Estuary, often occurring in new localities in considerable numbers. The foodplants of this species were reviewed by West (1980). Lithophane leautieri Boisd. continues to occur in new localities throughout Southeast England, and northwards to Warwickshire where a second specimen was noted in 1981. The early larvae of this species are reputed to require the flowers of Cupressus macrocarpa, and the spread of the moth has been linked with the progressive maturation of planted macrocarpa specimens. Associated with the same foodplant is Eupithecia phoeniceata Rambur whose easterly spread along the south coast is well documented. The moth is now reported well established in Eastbourne, Sussex. There are scattered records for Kent (although none for 1981), and a single specimen recorded from Tilbury, Essex, in August 1981. Rhyacia simulans Hufn. continues the southerly extension of its range into Kent, being recorded from many localities in Northern Kent, with a single specimen from Dungeness. Aporophyla nigra Haw. is also advancing into Kent from Surrey, although at a more leisurely pace, occurring in good numbers in a few localities. Other notable captures during 1981 include a gravid female Catocala fraxini L. in Hampshire, Schrankia costaestrigalis Steph. from Dartford, Kent (the first record here for around 70 years) and Hypena crassalis Fab. from the same locaility, far away from its normal bilberry habitats. An article by Brian West on the foodplants of Campto- gramma bilineata L. provoked a brief correspondance, and as a result five new natural foodplants for this common species were reported. One wonders how much useful, unpublished information on larval foodplants still languishes in the diaries of entomologists. Nola confusalis larvae were also noted feeding on lime-blossom in Norfolk. Hemaris fuciformis L. was noted in many of its known localities in Southern England, but no reports of H. tityus L. reached the reviewer’s ears. Surprisingly for such a poor year a number of species were recorded on rather perverse dates ranging from a Phlogophora meticulosa L. on 17th January to Miltochrista miniata Forst. on 16th September. Three species were added to the British list in 1981: two of these being accidental imports — Antichloris eriphia Fab. (Ctenuchi- BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA, 1981 187 dae) bred from banana and Palpifer sexnotatus Moore (Hepialidae) bred from tubers of arum lily. However the most outstanding discovery of the year was the feathered beauty, Peribatodes secun- daria D. & S. in a Kentish woodland popularly known as “Ham Street”. The moth was noted in considerable numbers and one wonders how such a large moth resident in such a well-worked locality escaped attention. All credit to Bernard Skinner whose illustrated paper on this species (Skinner, 1981) separates secundaria from its congener P. rhomboidaria D. & S. It is hoped that future years will produce a more balanced coverage of the country, and correspondants are invited to send details of interesting 1982 observations as soon as convenient. My thanks to those entomologists who provided comments on 1981, in particular, N. Birkett, R. G. Chatelain, F. H. Clouter, N. F. Heal, S. M. Jackson, M. Parsons. References Kaaber, S., 1980. Om artsretten for Eupithecia goosensiata Mab. og E. fraxinata Crewe. Lepidoptera NS.3:307-311 Kaaber, S., 1981. Eupithecia innotata Hufn. og dens danske former. Lepidoptera NS. 4: 4149 Lonsdale, D., 1982. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc., 41: 123-130 Majerus, M. E. N., 1981a. All female broods of Philudoria potatoria. Proc. Trans. Br. Ent. Nat. Hist. Soc. 14: 87-92 Majerus, M. E. N., 1981b. The inheritance of Cyclophora albipunc- tata Hufn. form subroseata Woodforde. Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 161-164 Skinner, B., 1981 Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Kent: a species new to Great Britain. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 93: 181-182 Shaw, M. R., 1981. Possible foodplant differences of Amphipyra pyramidea L. and A. berbera svenssoni Fletcher and a note on their parasites. Entomologist’s Gaz. 32: 165-167 Stubbs, A. E., 1982a. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 94: 57-59 Stubbs, A. E., 1982b. The Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981. Bull. Amat. Ent. Soc. 41: 130-138 West, B. K., 1980 Sterrha vulpinaria H.-S. and a second natural larval foodplant. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92: 31-32 West, B. K., 1981. Larvae of Yellow Shell in nature on Cardamine flexuosa. ibid. 93: 198 LS—=S—— THE STRIPED HAWKMOTH IN DEVON IN 1980. — A single specimen of Hyles lineata livornica Esper was taken by a Robinson M V light trap (125 watt) operated by Mrs. L. J. Craik at “‘Aber- lemno”, Down Road, Tavistock, Devon on 4 June 1980. It was photographed and released. The record should be added to the comprehensive records (two other specimens in Britain in 1980) given by Bretherton & Chalmets-Hunt in Ent. Rec. 93 47-54. — Dr. J. C. A. CRAIK, Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, P.O.Box 3, Oban, Argyll, PA34 4AD. 188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 SOME NOTES ON BREEDING CONISTRA STAUDINGERI DE GRASLIN (LEP NOCTUIDAE) PROM THEE PYRENEES By B. GOATER* The hamlet of St. Marsal lies in the foothills of the Pyrénées Orientales a few km. to the north of Amélie-les-Bains Palada. On the night of 15-16 April 1981 I obtained at m.v. light there a female Conistra which I identified as C. rubiginea Denis & Schiffermuller. Knowing that this species is given to considerable variation in the south of France, I kept the moth in a plastic box provided with scored twigs of apple (Malus), and fed her nightly with sugaring mixture. On 28 April, it was observed that a number of eggs had been laid during the previous night on the twigs; more were de- posited during the next few nights, and the young larvae started to hatch on 10 May. By 14 May, 50 had been found and transferred to another box where they were provided with apple leaves. They took to these readily, preferring the withering leaves that were starting to rot, and growing into what seemed to me to be typical, hairy, sluggish larvae of C. rubiginea, a species I had bred before from Surrey. Unfortunately, therefore, I neglected to observe closely and to take detailed notes of the structure and progress of the larvae, except to record from time to time that they were continuing to thrive. On 23 June, the first of them began to spin cocoons in vegetable debris on the surface of soil with which they had been provided, and even the stragglers had done so by the end of the month. The larvae remained unchanged in their cocoons until mid-August at least. Four moths emerged on 25 September, and a few (never more than five) almost daily until 21 October, the last during the fourth week of the month when I was away. The moths that emerged, 51 in all, were extremely variable, and it soon became apparent that they were not C. rubiginea but C. staudingeri de Graslin, a species known from Portugal, Spain, E. Pyrenees, S. E. France and Switzerland. C. staudingeri is a smaller species than C. rubiginea, the wingspan in my series ranging from 30- 32mm. compared to 34-36mm. in C. rubiginea. It is thus about the same size as C. ligula Esper, and indeed some specimens could easily be mistaken for it, though the forewing is slightly narrower, the costa straighter and the anterior half of the termen very straight, whereas in C. ligula it is very slightly concave and in C. rubiginea it is convex. The underside of the forewing possesses features which are helpful in distinguishing the three species: In C. rubiginea, the ground colour is pale straw; the discal area is suffused with fuscous except along the veins and contains a large, blackish discal spot measuring c.1 x 2mm; the fringe is strongly chequered and there is a row of small dark terminal dots opposite the dark components of the fringe; the postmedian line is represen- ted by a series of elongate fuscous spots. *22 Reddings Avenue, Bushey, Herts WD2 3PB. CONISTRA STAUDINGERI DE GRASLIN 189 The hindwing, too, is pale straw coloured, with a fine, wavy postmedian line which is most conspicuous anteriorly, a series of large, fuscous, subterminal spots and a large, broadly crescentic discal spot. In C. staudingeri, the ground colour is greyish buff and is devoid of contrasting markings; there is a delicate fuscous discal suffusion which fades abruptly at the almost invisible postmedian line and anteriorly about 2mm. before it, so there is a highly charac- teristic square-shaped pale area here, continuous with the pale ter- minal region, which just includes the very small, narrow discal spot; the whole wing is highly glossy. The hindwing is finely freckled and is marked by a weakly undulate postmedian line, a few indistinct markings in the subter- minal region and a large, crescent-shaped discal spot. In C. ligula, the ground colour is reddish tinted, the whole of the basal region of the forewing to the postmedian line evenly suf- fused fuscous, and the outer part of the wing suddenly paler at the evenly curved postmedian line which runs from costa to dorsum. The hindwing is heavily freckled reddish fuscous, the dark, narrow postmedian line moderately distinct, but the discal spot small and weakly developed. My bred series of C. staudingeri may be classified as follows: i) forewing deep fuscous brown, markings indistinct; costa sometimes with two small pale patches and up to six blackish dots, median line sometimes just visible as a strongly elbowed darker line, and dark patch in dorsal region of reniform stigma also sometimes just visible — ab. obscurior Oberthur (23 specimens) ii) forewing very deep glossy reddish brown, without markings except for indications of pale and dark spots on costa (1 specimen) (iii) forewing light reddish chestnut with fine, broken crosslines and speckles moderately distinct, with dark dorsal dot in reniform stigma and indication of elbowed median line — ab. vaccinioides Oberthiir (10 specimens) iv) forewing coloured and marked much as in C. rubiginea, the ground colour rather darker, in one specimen heavily suffused reddish fuscous in median area — ab. multiscripta Warren (3 speci- mens) v) greyish fuscous, with yellowish tint, markings distinct, includ- ing small round orbicular stigma and reniform stigma, which con- tains a blackish dorsal spot — ab. scortina Staudinger (1 specimen) vi) deep blue-grey, the area between antemedian and post- median lines intensely suffused black; thorax deep reddish black (1 specimen) vii) forewing dove-grey, markings reddish, moderately distinct; fringe reddish; thorax reddish — ab. eos Oberthtir (7 specimens) viii) forewing darker grey, markings fuscous, with little tint of red; fringe dark fuscous; thorax dark fuscous — ab. livina Staudinger (4 specimens) ix) an individual resembling ab. vaccinioides, but with forewings reduced to one third the normal area (1 specimen). The pupa (described from exuvia) of C. staudingeri is c. 14mm. 190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 long, short and broad, rounded anteriorly and tapered posteriorly, the integument reddish chestnut, thin and highly glossy, with very fine puncta on abdominal segments and striae on wing cases; spira- cles small, slightly raised; cremaster with two fine, closely set spines, the tips of which curl outwards. It is enclosed in a firm, oval cocoon of silk interwoven with fragments of soil and vegetable débris. This work was carried out under MAFF licence No. PHF 30/37 issued under the Import and Export (Plant Health) (Great Britain) Order 1980 and the Plant Pests (Great Britain) Order 1980. THE LARVA OF PERIBATODES SECUNDARIA D.& SS. — A morning’s hard beating in Orlestone Forest, Kent on Ist May 1982 produced one small larva of this moth from Norway Spruce. I believe this to be the first record of the larva in the wild in this country. — R.G.CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. PHYLLONORYCTER DUBITELLA (H.-S.) AND COLEOPHORA LIMOSIPENNELLA (DUP.) IN SOUTH YORKSHIRE. — During a visit to Denaby Ings, near Mexborough on 17th July 1981 I collec- ted a few Phyllonorycter mines from Salix caprea and from these three moths emerged in late July and August. As they appeared to be P. dubitella | made a search for further mines in October and November. They were not common for I found only about a dozen and from these seven moths were reared in March and April 1982. These latter moths had all the strigulae a golden colour without any trace of white, strongly edged inwardly with black and in this respect did not agree with the description in Bradley, Jacobs & Tremewan (Ent. Gaz. 20: 18) who state ‘pattern pure white’. How- ever Ffennell (Ent. Gaz. 21: 252) commented that his moths showed considerable variation in the amount of white, in some specimens this being much reduced both in area and brightness. I sent speci- mens to the Rev. D J. L. Agassiz and I am grateful to him and to Dr. I. Watkinson for confirming their identity. According to Agassiz (Proc. Brit. Ent Nat. Hist. Soc. 13: 81) dubitella has previously been recorded only as far north as Worcestershire and Huntingdonshire. In late June 1981 I found two cases of C.limosipennella on elm at Sprotbrough, near Doncaster and on Ist June 1982 I found twelve cases at the same locality on a roadside sapling elm. On an adjacent leaf to one of these cases was the excision made at the base of the leaf by the larva for its final case with the vacated overwintering case attached to the edge of the cut-out on the underside. Although there is evidence of larval feeding on this leaf it is not possible to determine whether this occurred before or after the excision of the final case. In his notes on the pre-hibernation history of this species Emmet (Ent. Rec. 92: 1334) drew attention to the gap in our knowledge of the larval habits in spring prior to the final cases appearing in midsummer. Uffen in Emmet (1979:81) gives the dis- tribution as ‘south-east England’ and this record appears to be the most northerly to date. — H.E. BEAUMONT, 7 Brampton Road, West Melton, Rotherham, South Yorks., S63 6AN. WINDSOR FOREST DIPTERA 191 FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.* The present contribution is a longer sequel to my short paper (Allen, 1965, with an addendum in 1968) recording some Syrphidae and other flies from this classic locality — in which I expressed the intention of adding to it in future years. Little was known of its Diptera at that time beyond a few remarkable discoveries made by the late H. Donisthorpe while investigating its Coleoptera, together with sporadic records by others. Since then, however — though no doubt much still remains to be done, even in the better-worked groups — great advances have been made. Mr. P. J. Chandler in particular has worked the Forest in recent years and published his captures in two papers listing the flies of certain families found in the Middle Thames area, bringing together also most of the pre- vious records or captures of note from Windsor Forest (Chandler, 1971-2). (The second of these is devoted entirely to the Empididae.) At about the same time, my late friend G. Shephard and I were enabled to make a series of collecting-trips to the Forest, with the kind assistance and support of the Nature Conservancy who desired information on the state of its insect fauna. Coleoptera being our primary object much of the time, Diptera had often to take second place; and, while I regard the results in that Order as quite satis- factory, it is likely that many further interesting species might have been found had we been able to give more time to it. The Nematocera (other than Bibionidae) and the more obscure and difficult Acalypterate families were not, or hardly, collected; and Mr. Shephard concerned himself only with the more conspicuous forms. Our visits extended over the better parts of the summers of 1971-3, but had perforce to be rather erratic and at times few and far between. We were fortunate, however, in meeting with most of the dipterous specialities of the area known from an earlier period; in the Syrphidae (the most prominent family) the principal exceptions are Psilota anthracina Mg. and a few species recorded by me in 1965 but not found by us in the 1970s. I have not thought it necessary to list here species already dealt with in 1965, unless there is something noteworthy to add. Naturally, many of our captures were of such species. Those in- cluded are marked by brackets round the entry heading, indicating that, unlike the remainder, they are not additional to those already published by me. This being only a selection, and for reasons of space, I in general omit all that appear not to be either uncommon or very local — whether or not there happens to be a previous record for the area. I have tried to avoid merely repeating or ‘re- hashing’ many of Mr. Chandler’s records, which the present notes are designed as far as possible to complement. All our captures at Virginia Water (in the southern end of the Great Park) were on *49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 the Berkshire side. With one or two exceptions, nomenclature follows the 1976 Check List. The following abbreviations are used: — H. Hill = the forest north of the Winkfield Road at or near Highstanding Hill; the Park = Windsor Great Park; G. S. = the late Mr. G. Shephard. BIBIONIDAE Several species of Bibio were met with, but there is a great dearth of up-to-date information on the British species and their distribution. B. leucopterus Mg., with its very dark-looking females, is not uncommon at H. Hill in late spring; the large and distinctive B. pomenae F., very local in the south-east, occurs sparingly about Badger’s Bridge further north in the Forest in July; B. varipes Mg. and B. lepidus Lw. may also be worth a mention, the latter autumnal species from ivy in the Park (cj 30.ix.64). The common and familiar B. marci L. (St. Mark’s Fly) was bred freely from pupae found in a very rotten stump (Allen, 1974), apparently an unusual circumstance. STRATIOMYIDAE Oxycera pulchella Mg. — _ This very striking fly turned up twice, singly: by a small pool lacking vegetation, in the Park, 15.vii.72; and by the lake at Virginia Water, 16.viii.72. Like most of its congeners it is of very local occurrence. RHAGIONIDAE Chrysopilus laetus Zett. — Another handsome fly (little known abroad) of which the few British specimens had all been bred: the first from a puparium found in mud round a pond in the Park, 18.vi.36, by Donisthorpe (Oldroyd, 1939); in 1968 several were reared from larvae in rotten wood in the Forest by A. E. Stubbs and P. J. Chandler (Oldroyd, 1969:46 & Chandler, 1971:20). On 30th July, 1972, I caught one settled on a log in the Park, which seems to be the first British example taken at large. All so far have been females. The original specimen was recorded as the closely-allied C. nubecula Fall., an error corrected soon after (Collin, 1939). Is should be noticed that the leading key-character used by Oldroyd (1969) is inconstatnt, it having since been found that the dark wing-clouds are not always developed; the orange body of /aetus, however, is diagnostic among our few species. TABANIDAE Hybomitra bimaculata Mcq. (f. bisignata Jaen.). — A wood- land horsefly; females not very scarce in the Forest about July. I first took one in 1940, and we found it (or rather, it found us!) sparingly in 1971-2. One was swept from rhododendron flowers, unusually for a Tabanid. WINDSOR FOREST DIPTERA 193 Tabanus bromius L. — _ Females occur both in the Forest (together with the last) and also quite widely in the Park, in July and August (first in 1940) in more open situations, probably feeding on the cattle which roam there freely; often sitting on palings, etc., at the edges of plantations, like the Asilid Machimus atricapillus Fall. The record of 7. miki Brauer from the Park (Chandler, 1971) was incorrect, the specimen having since been found to be bromius (teste P.J.C.). ASILIDAE Dioctria linearis F. — A well-marked local species not uncom- mon over a wide extent of the northern part of the Forest in June and July, but we never found it elsewhere in the area. Neoitamus cyanurus Lw. — H. Hill, apparently not rare. This robber-fly is a typical sylvan insect. One female had caught a Bibio pomonae, about as big as itself. THEREVIDAE (Psilocephala melaleuca Lw.). — A speciality of the area, seldom seen as an adult and still more seldom caught; see Allen, 1965; Chandler, 1971; but finds of the larva (seemingly hard to rear) indicate a wide distribution over the Park and Forest. On 4.vii.71, at H. Hill, I watched a? Psilocephala zigzagging repidly from side to side in front of an old dry red-rotten trunk of oak where a portion of the interior was exposed, a few inches above ground; but some- ting alarmed it before the net could be brought into play, and it was not seen again. A week later, in very hot dry weather, many flies and other insects were congregating about a stretch of the margin of Badger’s Brook in the Forest, among which were a few of the present species — the one or two males seen being easily picked out by their silver colour flashing in the sun as they flew. Capture was quite another matter, for not only was any fly that settled to drink quickly disturbed, but the stream-banks were thick with ferociously thorny brambles, making the use of a net most exas- perating. However, G. S. with great dexterity succeeded in catch- ing a gin perfect condition, which he generously insisted on my taking. In July 1972 he bred a? melaleuca from a full-fed larva obtained earlier that year in the Park, from mould and frass under loose oak bark where there were many larvae of the chafer Gnorimus variabilis L. Much more recently (late May 1981) I bred another 9 from a larva found in red-rotten oak the previous autumn. EMPIDIDAE (Drapetis ephippiata Fall.). — Only seen previously in a small area of the Park betweén the Long Walk and Union Gate (Allen, 1968); not listed as from Windsom by Chandler. In July 1972 it was found to occur more widely, but still very locally, among 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 grass under some large elms perhaps % mile from the first place.A very distinctive little fly, which I met within two places in the Foulden district, Norfolk, in June 1979. Platypalpus ciliaris Fall. — A frequent woodland species oc- curring in both the Forest and Park, included here because I bred a few examples from damp mould and debris taken from inside a cut elm stump, emerging in June; I have seen no previous breeding record. Bicellaria intermedia Lundb. — One swept under oaks in the Park, I.vi.63. It cannot be common, as Collin (1961:257) records it from only five English counties (one of them Berks.). The usual Forest species is B. nigra Mg.; the very common B. vana Coll. I have not seen there. Rhamphomyia sulcatella Coll. — A little-known species recor- ded by Chandler (1966, 1972) as quite general in the H. Hill area of the Forest in early May. Our visits were mostly too late for it, but I have a female taken there on 26.v.73. Hilara obscura Mg. — Ag swept by the lake at Virginia Water, 5.viii.72. Hants. and Surrey are the only southern counties from which Collin records it. (To be continued) THE APPEARANCE OF A THIRD BROOD IN THE GREEN-VEINED WHITE : PIERIS NAPI (L.), AT MORTON LOCHS, FIFE, SCOTLAND IN 1981. — Since 1979 weekly butterfly transects have been made at Morton Lochs, Fife between April and September each year. The transects are made as part of the national monitoring scheme run from Monks Wood. In each of the three years Green-veined White have been shown to have two broods with the second ending in early September. In 1981, however, I was surprised to find fresh individuals on the wing on 13th September. The last individuals of the second brood which were very tattered had been seen the previous week. Fresh butterflies were seen over three weeks until the end of September when the recording scheme ends. Although there was little suitable flying weather I saw Green-veined Whites into the second week of October. No third broods were reported to Monks Wood from other Scottish recorders. Thomson (1980, The But- terflies of Scotland) has suggested that late specimens of this species might be from third broods, but there appears to be no other docu- mented case from Scotland. P. K. KINNEAR, 11 Hillview Road, Balmullo, Fife KY16 ODE. WHAT DOES ODONTOSIA CARMELITA ESPER EAT? — Does anybody know an alternative foodplant for O. carmelita? On 10/11 April, at Kirklinton in Cumbria, a specimen came to a moth-trap, and I know of no birch within 3/4 miles. No book I have suggests an alternative foodplant. As a matter of interest it was a night with a sharp frost, and the trap attracted no less than 99 moths. An Orthosia stabilis D. & S. that must have been an early arrival and had settled on the grass was actually white with hoar frost. — R. LOVELL-PANK, 33 The Highlands, Hatfield Road, Potters Bar, Herts EN6 1 HU. 7.vi.1982. LETTER TO THE EDITOR 195 Letter to the Editor WHAT IS A TRULY BRITISH MOTH? Dear Sir, When I saw the heading ‘What is a British Moth” in the October 1980 Record I read the article enthusiastically, expecting something quite different! While I must agree entirely with Mr. Allen that something exotic that arrives in a box of fruit from some far-away place is of little relevance to the study of the British lepidoptera, I was disappointed not to find something more fun- damental, namely “What is the current list of Breeding British Moths” (Not, please note “what was..... ”). Iam convinced that there is a real need for such a list. The botanists and ornithologists seem to have a better idea than we lepidopterists of just what species do occur in Britain, either growing wild or breeding as the case may be. I have found that a frequent question among active lepidop- terists is “How many species (of macro) have you still to find?” The question is almost unanswerable at the present time. One distinguished collector said to me “only eight, that’s why I con- centrate on micros now.” When I asked him when and where he last took a certain species (whose capture has since been reported in The Record) he replied that he didn’t count that one as he con- sidered that it no longer occurred! Another collector and I each had our ‘target figures’ but they were not by any means the same. There are many species not recorded in the literature in the last ten years, they may be known to some who guard their secret closely but in most cases I doubt it. In question time after I have given a talk on an entomological subject to an audience of general naturalists, I always have a feeling of inadequacy when asked how many species actually occur in Britain and I have to admit that we don’t know exactly; surely with so many people collecting and studying moths over the last 100 years we should! In compiling a county list I am very much aware that we are interested in what occurs now and we aim to record the date of the last capture in the county of anything which we seem to have lost. It is after all only possible to take steps to conserve species that do still occur and I like to look at a local list as a guide to conservation. Surely this principle applies on the National scale. Given access to existing literature and the Monkswood records it should not be too difficult to agree such a list for the country as a whole. Perhaps The Record would be able to find space to publish a “discussion draft’ in serial form, the list after all must represent our combined knowledge and not just the prognostication of one or two people. Apart from getting the record straight, it should encourage lepidopterists to search for something we all want to hear about rather than going to the same old place to catch the same old thing. — C. I. RUTHERFORD, Longridge, Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL, 10.viii.82. 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 Current Literature Natural History Manuscript Resources in the British Isles compiled by G. D. R. Bridson, V. C. Phillips and A. P. Harvey. Pp.xxxvi + 473. 4to. Mansell, London; R. R. Bowker, New York. 1980. Loe This is a first attempt at a survey of the natural history manu- script sources of the British Isles, and is intended to cover all natural history manuscripts in British repositories. It is not just concerned with British natural history, but also includes foreign manuscript material relating to overseas natural history, that may be found in British collections. We are told that the coverage of the survey includes as wide a definition of natural history and of the term manuscript as possible, and that ‘repository’ includes such varied places as ‘government departments, public corporations, national libraries and museums, local record offices, local libraries and museums, universities, colleges and schools, national and local learned societies, professional institutions and, as far as possible, natural history departments within any organization’. On the other hand, the compilers have made no attempt to include items from privately owned natural history manuscript collections, since the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History has already been sponsoring a scheme to establish a register of these. Broadly speak- ing, the starting date for material given in the survey is about 1600, although a few 16th century items of special interest are included. The preliminary pages consist of a foreword by D. E. Allen, who aptly remarks that ‘manuscripts are the historians’ bread’, and that to ‘know what manuscripts exist and where they are is crucial to him’. There is a detailed explanatory introduction (pp.ix-xiii), an annotated bibliography of 96 items conveniently arranged in a series of subject categories, a select list of abbreviations and a list of the 443 repositories. The main body of the work or ‘The Guide’ (pp. 1-376) then follows. Here the repositories are arranged alphabetically under place-name i.e. town or city, and within this geographical sequence by the name of the institution with its address along with other relevant particulars. The repo- sitories are numbered in sequence, and included under each is a listing of the papers of individual natural historians arranged al- phabetically and numerically. A name index (pp. 379450), place index (pp.451458), subject guide and subject index (pp.459473) complete the work. Although the survey treats of such a wide range of disciplines, there is much to interest the entomologist (including many ento- mological surprises) among the some 500 relevant entries classi- fied as hereunder, each of which may involve more than one or even a whole series of separate manuscripts on that particular Order or group. Insecta: general (229), Anoplura (1), Coleoptera (46), Diptera (15), Ephemoptera (1), Hemiptera/Heteroptera (1 2), Hymenoptera (10), Isoptera (4), Lepidoptera (94), Mallophaga (2), Neuroptera (1), Orthoptera (1), Psochoptera (1), Siphonaptera (3), CURRENT LITERATURE iy) Trichoptera (1), Insecta: collections (43) and Insecta: drawings (70). There are also 30 numbered entries refering to the Arachnida. The compilers appear to have covered the ground pretty thoroughly, but a surprising omission is the failure to mention the British Entomological and Natural History Society, whose library holds important manuscript material, including The Mollusca of Kent, Surrey and Middlesex (1884) by T.D. A. Cockerell (1862-1948), and among manuscripts of entomological interest, the Notebooks of F. J. Coulson (1878-1965), the Diaries of R. A. Jackson (1890-1969) and Notes on the Lepidoptera for 1917-25 by J. J. Lister (1857-1927). Incidentally, we should point out that the Cambridge entry on p.52 under item 80.24 ‘HAWKSHAW, ?John. Papers relating to his collection of Lepi- doptera.’, probably refers to John Charles Hawkshaw (1841- 1921), whose collection of Palaearctic Lepidoptera (especially micros) is on record as having gone to the Zoological Museum, Cambridge. The volume itself is very well got-up, being finely printed on good paper and strongly bound in buckram with gilt lettering. Presentation of the contents is admirably succinct and clear, and arranged in such a way that for ease of reference the book is a joy to use. This is a most valuable and welcome work with abundant evidence of having been produced with great care and in the correct manner, for which the compilers, the publishers and all others involved deserve high praise. — J. M.C.-H. Butterflies of the Rocky Mountain States by Clifford D. Ferris and F. Martin Brown. University of Oaklahoma Press, Norman, Oaklahoma, 1981 Hard bound $35. Soft bound $15.95. This comprehensive work written by eight contributors and edited by two well known American lepidopterists is a model of its kind. The book is divided into three parts. The first is mainly intro- ductory and deals with various aspects of butterfly biology, with discussions on taxonomy, collecting methods and an interesting account of the early history of butterfly collecting in the Rockies. There is also an excellent illustrated survey of the various types of habitat encountered in this region. The second part is devoted to descriptions of all the butterfly species occuring in the Rocky Mountain States (over 300 species). For each species diagnostic features are listed followed by detailed accounts of range, habitat, life-history and significant sub species. Classification of each genus is discussed, and it is, as far as I am aware, the first time that an American butterfly book has brought the generic names into line with nomenclature current elsewhere. This applies particularly to some of the blues and to the genus Clossiana — previously lumped with Boloria in American literature. The book is adequately illustrated with black and white photo- graphs of set specimens of each species. There are also four colour 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 plates of selected species; unfortunately these are less well produced and there is no indication of the scale of the specimens illustrated. Part three comprises a glossary, bibliography, a guide to geni- talic dissection, a set of distribution maps and locality data, and finally, a very complete index. The book should appeal, not only to those specifically interested in American lepidoptera, but also to European butterfly enthusiasts who will recognise several familiar species in forms virtually identical to those found in the Western Palaearctic region. Examples of these are Parnassius phoebus F., Colias palaeno L., Clossiana titania Esp. and Carterocephalus palae- mon Pall. For anyone actually contemplating a trip to the Rockies, the book should both stimulate interest and also provide an essen- tial identification guide. — C. J. LUCKENS. Notes and Observations LARVAE OF THE BUFF-TIP: PHALERA BUCEPHALA L. FEEDING ON SORBUS SPECIES [ROSACEAE] AND ASPEN. — On September 20th, 1979, near the centre of Maidstone I noticed that most of about a dozen trees of Sorbus aria, cultivar lutescens, had small branches defoliated by bucephala larvae, although probably few pupated as the bole of each tree was surrounded by asphalt and a very limited amount of compacted soil. On August Sth, 1976, near Ballintra in Co. Donegal, a colony of these larvae was found upon rowan (Sorbus aucuparia). Bucephala larvae seem not to have been recorded on Sorbus species previously, and there are very few instances for the Rosaceae in general — Wilson, Larvae of the British Lepidoptera and their Food Plants (1880), mentions rose, and in The Lepidoptera of Kent by J. M. Chalmers-Hunt are records for apple at Petts Wood and cherry at Sittingbourne. Noted foodplants such as laurel, Tropaelium major, rose, maple, sycamore, hornbeam, horse chestnut, evergreen oak and alder are, I believe, distinctly unusual, and beech perhaps somewhat less so. On September 15th, 1963, a colony of these larvae was found on aspen at Dungeness, and another at Dartford on September 10th, 1966 was also on aspen. I can find no previous record of this species on aspen. E. Newman in his Natural History of the British Moths (1869), gives only elm, lime, hazel and other trees, stating that the species is a very general feeder. R. South in Moths of the British Isles (1939 ed.) stated that almost any kind of tree or bush appears to be suitable food, although the foliage of elm, lime and hazel is often selected (copied from Newman?). In The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Vol. 9 (1979), ed. J. Heath, the food- plant is stated to be deciduous trees such as oak, sallow, elm, hazel and lime. This moth has a wide distribution in the British Isles, and my observations indicate that it has distinct preferences, plus an adaptability to turn to alternative foodplants when the more fa- voured ones are scarce or absent. Thus in the urban parts of N.W. Kent there has been a very marked preference for lime and black NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 199 poplar, usually pollarded trees, and to a less extent common elm. On Dartford Heath, however, small oak trees are particularly fa- voured, and less frequently birch is selected, although the roadside limes are also utilized. Elsewhere in the countryside of N.W. Kent, in addition to the trees mentioned, relatively more use is made of hazel, sallow and aspen. At Dungeness and Romney Marsh willow and sallow appear to be most commonly used. In The Butterflies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight by B. Goater, young birches and sallows are especially noted as the larval foodplant, and this is in accord with my observations for Dartford Heath with reference to both the oak and birch. It would be interesting to know if there are localities where bucephala shows a distinct preference for trees of a different kind from those mentioned above. — _B. K. WEST, 36 Brair Road, Bexley, Kent. PIERIS CHEIRANTHI HBN. IN TENERIFE. — I was interested to read the comments of Messrs. Allcard and Valletta on the oc- currence of Pieris cheiranthi in the Western Canary Islands last autumn (see Ent. Rec., 94: 112 et seq.). My wife and I and our family spent some weeks in Tenerife in January and February this year. We were actually staying in the south of the island where butterflies are few, but on an excursion by hired car to the north, I saw this butterfly in Puerto de la Cruz and elsewhere in that vicinity, and found a batch of eggs on Nas- turtium (Tropaeolum majus) outside Los Realejos. I saw no larvae or pupae, and I wonder if in spite of the more or less permanent summer climate this species has fixed periods when it flies. Coincidentally, when I was there I found myself wondering about this species’ foodplants. Clearly, Nasturtium is what is favoured now, although edible Brassicas are widely grown and pre- sumably also used, but I have noticed that in this part of Scotland, P. brassicae is found much more frequently on Nasturtium now, whereas formerly it was to be found on Cabbages etc. Could this be natural selection? After all it is much less likely to be presecuted on Nasturtium than on plants cultivated for eating. However, reverting to P. cheiranthi, the point is that presumably the cultivated Brassicas arrived with the first humans, and Nasturtium, being of South American origin must have come much later. Therefore, unless this species has evolved since the first human settlement, which seems impossible, there must be a native Brassica. Has this ever been investigated? — R. I. V. ELLIOTT, Burnbank, Saline, Fife, 25.vi.1982. ON THE HOSTPLANT OF CHRYSOLINA POLITA (LINNAEUS) (COL.: CHRYSOMELIDAE). — _ I read with interest the note by Mr. J. Robbins in Entomologist’s Record J. Var., (1981), 93(2):27 concern- ing the foodplant of Chrysolina polita (Linnaeus). In my rather short experience of this species in West Cumbria I have also found the beetle (adults only) in association with Lycopus europaeus L. (Gipsy- wort). Several specimens were swept from some large stands of this plant growing in a damp and shady situation near to common sallow trees, Salix cinerea L. on the edge of an old decaying willow carr 200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 SNe oD at High Sellafield, NY02/04, on June 24th 1981. Some adults were seen feeding on the leaves of this plant nearby and a few others appeared to be resting on the upper surface of individual leaves. I have collected other specimens of C. polita in Cumbria usually just by indiscriminate sweeping from general herbage and my localities are, River Ehen, NYOO/05, 4.vi.1977, River Bleng, Gosforth, NY09/ 03, 2.vi.1979, Colmire Sough near Wigton, NY22/50, 10.vi.1978, River Eamont, Penrith, NY56/30,28.vii.1979 and Barfield Tarn, Bootle, SD11/86, 9.vi.1981. P. Jolviet and E. Petitpierre (1976, Ann. Soc. ent. Fr., 12 (1): 123-149) in their very extensive work on the trophic selection patterns and host plants of the genus Chrysolina records Lycopus as a food- plant of C. polita along with certain other Labiatae species, including Mentha. — R. W. J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, White- haven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF. THE HUMMING-BIRD HAWK MOTH IN LONDON. — Yesterday at about 8 o’clock in the evening I saw a Humming-bird Hawk Moth, Macroglossum stellatarum L., feeding on a buddleia in this Close less than one mile from Marble Arch. — THOMAS LUMLEY, 5 Robert Close, Little Venice, London, W.9., 27.vii.82. AN UNUSUAL ABERRATION OF HAMEARIS LUCINA L.: DUKE OF BURGUNDY. — In May 1979, I noted an aberration of this butter- fly at a Somerset habitat, and have coloured photographs of it. The specimen is characterised by having the inner row of pale spots on the upper hindwing of a pure white, the rest of insect being quite normal. One or two Hamearis lucina with this peculiarity have been seen there each year since, and the aberration occurs mainly in the females. — R. D. SUTTON, F.R.E.S., 19 Corner Close, Welling- ton, Somerset. AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S.: GOLD SPANGLE IN KENT. — On the night of the 14th July 1982, I took a male of this moth at m.v. light behind the cliffs at St. Margaret’s Bay, Kent. I understand that this is the first record of this species for the county. Also taken there that night was a male Deltote bankiana F. (Silver- barred), and on the 16th July with Mr. J. Roche, a female Rhyacia simulans Hufn. (Dotted Rustic). — J. PLATTS, 11, Maydowns Road, Chestfield, Kent. LEPIDOPTERA AT PAGHAM HARBOUR, WEST SUSSEX. — On 2nd July 1982, my wife and myself were at the harbour and as I was searching a large area of red valerian for migrant butterflies, I noticed a single Macroglossum stellatarum L. hovering over the flower heads. I watched it for several minutes then we continued on our walk. On our return I took another look at the flowers and found two of these moths busily feeding from the flowers. The biggest surprise of the day was when my wife pointed to a single Ladoga camilla L. flying around a mass of honeysuckle not a hundred yards from the sea-shore. This seemed an unusual locality for a woodland butterfly. The day was hot with warm winds coming in from the sea. — D. DEY, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex BN6 8NG. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 201 COLOUR CHANGE IN THE GENUS ADSCITA. —_ During the first week in June, whilst busy recording the localities of ‘Foresters’ in Sussex I collected a number of specimens of Adscita globulariae Hbn. and A. geryon Hbn., both from the same site on the Sth June 1982. These were subsequently taken home to be photographed in a pseudo-natural pose on some potted Helianthemum. As with other active day-flying moths I chilled the adults for five minutes in the freezer prior to arranging my ‘set’. However, when removed from the freezer they had changed from irridescent green to a deep maroon colour. As the moths revived and returned to normal temperature in the sun they changed back to green. I assume that the colour change brought about by a temperature drop is connected with the struc- tural colouration of the scales. I have never heard of this happening before in any British species, or read of this phenomenon in the literature. One wonders whether evening temperatures can bring about a colour change in a state of nature, and if so whether the colour change has a selective advantage for the moths in the early morning before they become active enough to evade their avian predators. M. HADLEY, c/o Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY. THE GRECIAN COPPER: HEODES OTTOMANUS LEFEBVRE AND CLEOPATRA: GONEPTERYX CLEOPATRA L. IN YUGOSLAVIA. — On 10th April 1982 in the meadow on the island of Lokrum near Dubrovnik I saw a freshly emerged Heodes ottomanus. Close-up photographs were taken of uppersides and undersides of wings which confirm identification. Also on the same day at the highest point of the island I definitely saw one Gonepteryx cleopatra 6, then on two later occasions during our holiday I saw further lone Oo specimens on the nearby Babin Kuk peninsular. These obser- vations may be of interest because the distribution maps in Higgins and Riley, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe do not show these species as occurring in the Dubrovnik area of Yugoslavia. — J. E. GREEN, 25 Knoll Lane, Poolbrook, Malvern, Worcs, WR14 3JU. [Itisarare event to see information about but- terflies from Dubrovnik on the Adriatic coast, and Mr. Green’s notes are most interesting. Vagrant specimens of Gonepteryx cleopatra L. occur probably throughout the Mediterranean area, but breeding colonies are less common. The record of Heodes ottomanus Lef. near Dubrovnik, confirms that of Hans Epstein a few years ago, who reported finding an extensive colony a little south of the town. This interesting species is restricted to the eastern Mediterranean, where it seems the colonies are often widely separa- ted. The distribution is not well understood and more information is needed, especially from western Turkey. The entire area, that I used to know as Montenegro, is relatively unexplored, with Albania and its splendid mountains, so near but unapproachable at present. I should add that corrected distribution maps for G. cleopatra and for H. ottomanus were among the many additions and alterations needed for the last (1980) revised edition of the Field Guide. — Dr. L. G. HIGGINS.]. 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 ORANGE-TIP ODDITIES. — Two springs ago (Vol.93: 97-99, P1.II)I wrote of the pupation of Anthocharis cardamines. For the photo- graphs I had collected four larvae, two of which pupated before I was ready and two later; all in July 1980. All pupae were brown, but I added a fifth, a green one, found wild. Two very soon succumbed to parasites. These emerged from the mid-dorsum of the pupa and dropped to the ground, each leaving a two-inch thread of solidified matter hanging from the exit hole, with the parasite pupa formed below. Large black Tachinid flies emerged within a month, one of which I gave to Dr. Neville Birkett, who kindly had it identified by Mr. H. H. Carter of Reading Museum. It is Phryxe vulgaris (Fallén), a common fly with a wide range of hosts and two generations a year. Two brown pupae and a green one remained to overwinter 1980/1981. Spring and summer 1981 apparently passed without notice and all three overwintered again. In March 1982 they showed signs of life; a female emerged from the green pupa on 23 March and another from one of the brown ones on 12 April. Meanwhile the third coloured up as a male, but died. Now the interesting observation of R. H. Miller in S. W. Scotland has just appeared (p. 162). It gives rise to a highly unscientific conjecture. Could something odd in early 1981 have caused (a) a widespread postponement of emergence of this species for a year, and (b) failure of the males to emerge? This could account for the pre- ponderance of females in his area, some 80 miles north from here, in spring 1982. — Lt. Col. C. F. COWAN, 4 Thornfield Terrace, Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria. LA11 7DR. EPERMENIA AEQUIDENTELLUS HOFMANN: DAUCELLUS PEYERIMHOFF (LEP.: EPERMENIIDAE) IN KENT. — While observing lepidoptera at light at Stodmarsh Nature Reserve on the night of the 11th August 1982, I took a smallish micro in fine condition that I did not immediately recognise. On returning home I identi- fied it as Epermenia aequidentellus from two examples in my collec- tion bred from Portland, Dorset in 1975, and kindly given me by Mr. J. Roche. The moth is known to range from Sussex to Devon, but this is the first record to my knowledge of the species’ occur- rence in Kent. — J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT. EUCOSMA METZNERIANA TREITSCHKE IN HAMPSHIRE. - A rather worn female specimen of this Tortricoid moth came to my m.y. trap here on the night of the 21st June1982. I believe this to be only the second British specimen. — Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH [The only other British metzneriana to our knowledge was that taken by R. J. Revell near Cambridge (cf. Ent. Rec., 89: 329, fig.1). — Editor]. EUROIS OCCULTA L.: GREAT BROCADE IN SUFFOLK. — I wish to record that at the meeting of the British Entomological and Natural History Society at Cavenham Heath on the night of 31st July 1982, I noted a male of the continental form of this moth at light. — C. PENNEY,39 Chaucer Close, Tilbury, Essex RM18 8EG. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 203 THE MARSH FRITILLARY: EUPHYDRYAS AURINIA ROTT. AND OTHER LOCAL BUTTERFLIES IN DURFOLD WOODS, SURREY/ SUSSEX BORDER in 1982. — On May 25 I sawa freshly emerged Marsh Fritillary, a species I have never before seen in 15 years of visiting the area; also large colonies of the Wood White, Leucophasia sinapis L. On July 18, the Silver-washed Fritillary, Argynnis paphia L. was abundant and included one f. valesina Esp. The White Ad- miral, Ladoga camilla L. was also very plentiful and although not seen by me, a passing acquaintance told me he had seen two ab. nigrina Weymer the previous day. Of the Purple Emperor, Apatura iris L., several males were seen feeding on decaying material, water etc. and, for the first time for many years, a female was observed flying at low levels when the sun reappeared from behind the clouds. At one time the insect was observed for 1% hours feeding on some- thing caught in the fork of a branch of a tree — about 20 ft. up — possibly sap or dead carrion. On being disturbed it flew in a slightly uncertain fashion to the top of a young spruce tree where it stayed for a further thirty minutes with its wings open, back to the sun, before flying off. — M. S. HARVEY, Highfields House, Highfields, Ashtead, Surrey. THE LARGE TORTOISESHELL: NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. IN 1982. — On May 9,a Large Tortoiseshell was seen for about 10 minutes at Ranmore Common in a sunlit clearing, flying in and out of trees and settling about 15 ft. up on a trunk. I have observed similar behavious in this hibernator in the Sierras of Madrid. — M. S. HARVEY, Highfields House, Highfields, Ashtead, Surrey. THE COSMOPOLITAN: MYTHIMNA LOREYI DUPONCHEL AND OTHER MIGRANTS IN CORNWALL, AUGUST 1982. — While staying the last two weeks in August on the coast at Portlevan near Helston, I recorded the following species. On the morning of the 25th I found a dark specimen of Mythimna loreyi Dup. in the m.v. trap, and between the 20th and 25th six specimens of M. vitellina Hbn. Larvae of Heliothis peltigera D. & S. were quite numerous on the flowers of Matricaria on Loe Bar, and nearby I noted. seven larvae of Macroglossum stellatarum L. and one at Sennen Cove, near Land’s End. Of the commoner migrants at m.v. I recorded Phlogo- phora meticulosa L. Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. and a number of Peridroma saucia Hbn. The migrant butterflies were represented by a few Cynthia cardui L., whilst Vanessa atalanta L. was quite abun- dant. — N. GILL, 3 Wentworth Drive, Elmley, Huddersfield. NOLA AERUGULA HBN.: SCARCE BLACK ARCHES AND AUTO- GRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S.: GOLD SPANGLE IN SHEPPEY. — The following interesting species appeared in 1982 at the m.v. trap in my garden here; the dates are those of the mornings following the nights when the trap was operated. 14th July, Nola aerugula Hbn., three; Meganola albula D. & S. (Kent Black Arches), three and two or three every night since; Autographa bractea De&.S:, one; 25th July, Bilema pygmaeola Doubleday (Pigmy Footman), one. — F. H. CLOUTER, Helice, Glendale Road, Minster, Sheppey, Kent, 29.vii.82. 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 THE RE-OCCURRENCE OF BISIGNA PROCERELLA D. & S. (LEP.: OECOPHORIDAE) IN BRITAIN. — _ First taken in this country in 1976 in two wooded localities in Kent situated only a few miles distant from one another (cf. Ent. Rec., 88: 211-212), we have since hoped to renew acquaintence with this beautiful moth. Such an event occurred on the 10th July 1982, when at 3.15 a.m. a fresh female B. procerella came to light at Orlestone Forest, Kent, and at the same spot during the early hours of the 14th July we were again favoured, this time by the appearance of both sexes at light between 1.30 and 3.00. Furthermore, at the same place, Mr. Norman Heal had the good fortune to capture at light a single procerella on the night of the 14th, and three more on the 18th July. The larva is said to feed on lichens and mosses growing on the trunks of trees, and as there seems a chance the species may be resident in that part of Kent, we hope to undertake a thorough search for it next spring when the larva should be full grown. — J. M. CHALMERS- HUNT. THE CLIFDEN NONPAREIL: CATOCALA FRAXINI L. AND OTHER LEPIDOPTERA AT HIGHCLIFFE IN 1982. — August was a poor month for migrants with only a worn Herse convolvuli L. to the cliff trap on the 2nd August. In the garden trap a Catocala promissa D. & S. turned up on the 4th August, a long way from its normal habitat. Another unexpected species was Agdistis bennetii Curtis, three at the cliff and two in the garden on the Ist and 2nd of the month. The nearest salt marsh is four miles away. On the 31st, a beautiful male of Cyclophora puppillaria Hbn.came to the garden trap. September started well. Two Colias croceus Geoff. appeared here on the 2nd, and two Rhodometra sacraria L., one in each trap, arrived on the 7th with a wave of Autographa gamma L., Peridroma saucia Hbn. and Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel. A third R. sacraria came in on the 9th. On the 10th the cliff trap swarmed with migrants — 245 A. gamma, 22 P. saucia and 11 A. ipsilon with a solitary Helio- this peltigera D. & S. There was much less in the garden trap, but a fine Catocala fraxini L. was perched on the house wall about 12 feet up. It flew off in a lordly manner when I tried to reach it with anet. Last night conditions looked even better, but there was little in either trap. All the migrants seemed to have moved inland and there was no second wave. One interesting visitor, however, was a fresh female Hepialus humuli L. which must surely be a second brood insect in spite of Heath’s statement (The Moths and Butter- flies of Great Britain and Ireland, 1: 167) that it is univoltine in the U.K. — E. H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset BH23 5BH, 12.ix.82. THE NI MOTH: TRICHOPLUSIA NI HBN. IN HAMPSHIRE. — I took a worn specimen of this species here at m.v. on the night of 14th July 1982. — Dr. J. R. LANGMAID, 38 Cumberland Court, Festing Road, Southsea, Hants PO4 ONH. LHE STRIPED HAWKMOTH: CELERIO LIVORNICA ESP. — Among 80 species of macrolepidoptera to visit the light in Orlestone Forest, Kent on Midsummer’s Eve was a fine Celerio livornica. — R. G. CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 205 RESTRICTED DISTRIBUTIONS OF BUTTERFLIES AND PLANT CHEMISTRY. — A C. Morton’s hypothesis (Ent. Rec., 94: 67-69) that the restricted distribution of the adonis blue, Lysandra_ bellargus, results from the larvae being unable to eat cyanogenic varieties of horseshoe vetch, Hippocrepis comosa, is both plausible and testable. In my book What is ecology? (Oxford University Press, 1980), I suggest essentially the same hypothesis to account for the restricted British distribution of the black hair- streak, Strymonidia pruni. This species occurs in certain woods between Oxford and Peterborough whereas the larval food-plant, Prunus spinosa (blackthorn), is found virtually everywhere in Britain. Maps comparing the distribution of the butterfly and its food-plant are given on page 10 of What is ecology? On page 180 I write, “‘Is it possible that the tissues of blackthorn leaves differ in chemical composition in different parts of its distribution and that the black hairstreak is adapted to one particular chemical variety? This is certainly a feasible explanation for the strange distribution of the butterfly. The restriction of the black hairstreak to only part of the range of the blackthorn may represent just one step in the con- tinuous evolutionary jostling between eater and eaten. If this inter- pretation is correct, the outcome might be either a spread in un- palatability of the blackthorn so that black hairstreaks become extinct, or an extension of the butterfly’s distribution as it adapts to eating other chemical strains of blackthorn.” Many different chemical compounds are found in plants which play no direct part in growth and development. Their function seems to be to regulate consumption by herbivores. The cardenolides present in milkweeds and the glucosinolates in brassicas are just two examples of groups of compounds which both attract and repel potential herbivores. There is evidence of much within-species variation in the presence or absence of chemical compounds which could easily account for many of the peculiarly restricted distri- butions of those species of butterflies whose larvae are specialists on one food-plant. My guess is that Morton’s hypothesis will be found to be essentially correct, although it may explain only the restricted distribution of L. bellargus and not its recent decline, unless of course there has been a dramatic increase in the frequency of the (postulated) cyanogenic varieties of H. comosa. — DENIS F. OWEN, 66 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. SOME UNUSUAL INDIGENOUS MACROLEPIDOPTERA AT NIN- FIELD EAST SUSSEX IN JULY 1982. — The numbers of species recorded each night during this part of the year seem to be up on the respective part of last year; with this increase there have occur- red some more unusual species. Chilodes maritima Tausch. (Silky Wainscot) appeared, as a singleton, on the Sth: I have recorded this species only once before in this site, in 1980, the example being ab. wismariensis Schmidt; it is probable that both these examples were blown up fram the nearby Pevensey Levels, where the species occurs more frequently. On the 8th, one Bomolocha crassalis Fab. (Beautiful Snout) was taken at light; this was rather a surprise as to my knowledge there is no Bilberry (Vaccinum 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X.82 myrtillus L.) in the surrounding area. In Colin Pratt’s book, “A History of the Butterflies and Moths of Sussex”, it is noted that this species since 1976 “has become regular in appearance in several places”. However, I have only seen one other specimen from this area, that being recorded some years ago from near Catsfield. Para- colax derivalis Hubn. (Clay Fan-foot) in its single annual occurrence on the 14th, along with this, being recorded for the first time here, was a single Phytometra viridaria Clerk (Small Purple Barred). Perhaps the most noteworthy catch of the night was a female Chesias rufata Fab. (Broom-tip); South mentions this species as occurring in Sussex. Its status in E. Sussex is now considered as “very local” and “very rare”. There are quite large patches of Broom (Sarothamnus scoparius L.) some distance from the position of the trap, these may be worth further investigation. — M. PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, near Battle, E. Sussex. BUCCULATRIX THORACELLA THUNB. CONFIRMED FOR VICE- COUNTY 11. — I have just taken a fresh specimen of Bucculatrix thoracella on the frame of my bedroom window which faces an avenue of tall limes planted some 130 years ago. Goater (The Butter- flies and Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 34) quotes Hervey’s List for Hants but cannot confirm the record. Although in Dorset, Highcliffe is in vice-county 11, so it seemed worth con- firming its presence here. — E. H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, Highcliffe, Christchurch, Dorset BH23 5BH, 28.vii.82. AFEEDING HABIT OF BRACHYOPA SCUTELLARIS (DESVOIDY) (DipT., SYRPHIDAE). — Brachyopa scutellaris does not seem to be a common insect in the north of England. I first took a speci- men, a male, when sweeping under trees here at Kendal Wood on 26 May 1979. My second acquaintance with the fly was much more interesting. On 29 May 1981 I was gardening, again at Kendal Wood, and my arms were sweating considerably and exposed when a fly landed on one of them and clearly commenced to imbibe my sweat. The action of the proboscis was clearly visible and the fact of the drinking was quite obvious. I did not immediately have a suitable receptacle for the insect but went into the house to obtain a few tubes. On returning to my gardening activities another fly of the same species landed on my arm and this time was duly caught. It proved to be a female B. scutellaris. The following day, 30th., I was again gardening and was visited by two or three scutellaris again to imbibe. At this time it was noticed that they were rather sluggish flies and on being brushed off ones arms went to the ground- sheet on which I was kneeling and showed little inclination to fly. I do not recollect reading of this habit of imibing sweat by a Syrphid. Most adult Syrphids feed on pollen, nectar or a mixture of the two. The late A. E. Wright of Grange-over-Sands recorded the capture of seven specimens ‘“‘ — _ taken flying round flowers of Mountain Ash” (North Western Naturalist 15 : 242-247). It would be interesting to learn if other entomologists have experience of similar feeding habits by Syrphids. — Dr. NEVILLE L. BIRKETT, Kendal Wood, New Hutton, Cumbria, LA8 OAQ. 28.iv.1982. E.W. CLASSEY LTD., P.O. Box 93, Faringdon, Oxon. SN7 7DR ENGLAND Books by post, New and Second Hand Catalogues on request L. CHRISTIE 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. 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More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Most ILLUSTRATIONS can be inserted in the text at no extra cost. However, full page plates can only be inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. CONTENTS Epierus comptus (Erichson) (Col.: Histeridae) New to Britain. D. R. NASH a 165 The Scarce Swallow-tail: Iphiclides podalirius (L. it in Britain Dr. Re S. WILKINSON .. 168 Butterflies in Eastern Switzerland 1980, with a Note on Erebia pluto de Prunn. Dr. C. J. LUCKENS 3 7/3} Some Sawflies from Whitlaw Moss Nature Reserve, Southern Scotland, with a Species New to Britain (Hym.: Symphyta). A. D. LISTON. VS Argyresthia trifasciata Staudinger, 1871 (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Britain. Lt. Col. A.M. EMMET ee we oe es 180 Flying Crooked. Dr. J. S. Phillpotts 183 A Review of the Indigenous British Macrolepidoptera ‘for 1981 P. A. SOKOLOFF F 185 Some Notes on Breeding Conistra staudingeri de Graslin (Lep.: Noctuidae) from the E. Pyrenees. B. GOATER . : 188 Further Notable Diptera from Windsor Forest. A. A. ALLEN. iyi Letter to the Editor: What is a Truly British Moth?.. iG )5) Notes and Observations: The Brimstone: Gonepteryx rhamni L. Apparently Balas at Hydrangea Flowers. B. K. WEST = 172 Lepidoptera at Canna in 1982. Dr. J. L. CAMPBELL . 174 Agonopterix astrantiae Heinemann in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. , LANGMAID. : 182 Low Numbers of Lepidoptera i in 1981. Rev. J. H. VINE HALL 182 Two Further Records of Barypeithes sulcifrons (Boheman) (Col.: Curculionidae) from West Cumbria. R. W. J. READ ... 184 The Striped Hawkmoth in Devon in 1980. Dr. J.C. A. CRAIK 187 The Larva of Peribatodes secundaria D.& S. R.G.CHATELAIN ... 190 Phyllonorycter dubitella (H.-S.) and Coleophora limosipennella (Dup.) in South Yorkshire. H. E. BEAUMONT ae 190 The Appearance of a Third Brood in the Green-veined White at Morton Lochs, Fife, Scotland in 1981. P. K. KINNEAR 194 What does Odontosia carmelita Esper Eat? R. LOVELL-PANK 194 Larvae of the Buff-tip: Phalera Eee L. Feeding on Sorbus Species [Rosaceae] and Aspen. B. K. WEST .. - 198 Pieris cheiranthi Hbn. in Tenerife. R. I. V. ELLIOTT 199 On the Host Plant of Chrysolina polita (L.). R. W. J. READ 199 The Humming-bird Hawk Moth in London. T. LUMLEY 200 An Unusual Aberration of Hamearis lucina L. R. D. SUTTON 200 Autographa bractea D. & S.: Gold Spangle in Kent. J. PLATTS 200 Lepidoptera at Pagham Harbour, West Sussex. D. DEY 200 Colour Change in the Genus Adscita. Mc HADLEY 201 The Grecian Copper: Heodes ottomanus Lefebvre and Cleopatra: Gonepteryx cleopatra L. in Yugoslavia. J.E.GREEN . - 201 Orange-tip Oddities. Lt. Col. C.F. COWAN _... 202 Eucosma metzneriana Tr. in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID ... 202 Epermenia aequidentellus Hofmann in Kent. J. M. CHALMERS- EO INGe eee 202 Eurois occulta L.: Great Brocade in Suffolk. (Ge PENNEY : 202 The Marsh Fritillary in Durfold Woods in 1982. M. S. HARVEY . 203 The Large Tortoiseshell in 1982. M. S. HARVEY Se 203 The Cosmopolitan: Mythimna loreyi Dup. in 1982.N. GILL : 203 The Scarce Black Arches and Gold Spangle in Sheppey. F. H. . CLOUTER es 203 The Re-occurrence of Bisigna procerella D. & Si (Lep.: Occopho- ridae) in Britain. J. M@. CHALMERS-HUNT . 204 The Clifden Nonpareil and Other Lepidoptera, 1982. E. H. WILD... 204 The Ni Moth: Trichoplusia ni Hbn. in Hampshire. Dr. J. R. LANGMAID ae cz 204 The Striped Hawkmoth in 1982. R. G. CHATELAIN 204 Obituary: G.R. Sutton ... aes 179 Current Literature aS Pee bee oes aoe biG. 197 Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SES 8RR Vol 94 Nos. 11-12 November/December 1982 ISSN 0013-8916 ee nae a eee EERE S4S:70S) ie THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E:S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) TREASURER’S NOTICE As explained inside this issue, subscriptions for 1983 will be £10.00 (U.K.) and £11.50 (Overseas). May I remind all those who do not pay by standing order that the 1983 subscription is now due, and should be remitted as soon as possible. Will those who do have standing orders please alter the amount well before the remittance will be made? AAA ein AAMBSON AWS \ ANNUAL cae aN FOR THIS VoLwaae no. Si £9.50 for overseas subscribers. phchiBaRsAR IES 4 Hon. Treasurer: P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS VV TATA EES VESEVEVV VATS PUBLISHED BI-MONTHLY £8.50 for all U. kK £ - allelic 2 en Ya Va Va Vc Va Vz Ua Vi Ve Vin Va Vir Va Viz Ver Vek Var Vic Uz Vik Viz Vir Vr Vir Vs Vs Vs Va a Va a Va a Ua Sa Ya Sa Ta Se Sa NV BUTTERFLY BOOKS Small selection of Antique and Secondhand books for Sale. Items include works by Frohawk, Kirby, Westwood, Newman, South, Coleman, Ford & others. S.A.E. to DAVID DUNBAR, 31 Llanvanor Road, London, NW2. Telephone: 01-455 9612. WANTED Specimens of Blair’s Wainscot (Sedina buettneri’) and Fisher's Estuarine Moth (Gortyna borellii). | am willing to purchase or exchange for these insects. M.D. Bryan, B.Sc., M.Sc., F.R.E.S., 31 Linthurst Newtown Blackwell Nr. Bromsgrove Worcestershire. WANTED Entomological Cabinet, 20 drawer or more, Please contact Martin Gascoigne-Pees, 38 Beech Road, Reigate, Surrey. Telephone: Reigate 44002 SUCCESSFUL REARING OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC 207 SUCCESSFUL REARING OF THE DOTTED RUSTIC: RHYACIA SIMULANS (HUFNAGEL) (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) By P. CONVEY * A specimen of Rhyacia simulans (Hufn.) was caught in the Winchester College Natural History Society’s mercury-vapour trap run in the College grounds on 2nd September 1980. This in itself constitutes an interesting record, the species usually being extremely scarce or absent in the county of Hampshire (Goater 1974), and followed the capture of another specimen on 6th August 1980 in the same trap. The specimen was kept overnight before its identity was confirmed by Col. D. H. Sterling, and was discovered to be female when several ova were found in the collecting box. The ova, ap- parently previously undescribed (Heath 1979), are creamy-white at first, flattened hemispherical in shape, finely ribbed. The colour darkens to dark grey a few days before hatching. The female, as mentioned, will lay in an empty container, but when given cut couch-grass and dandelion leaves, lays with much greater readiness, and, over a period of a fortnight, laid approximately 850 ova. These were mostly in strings of from 1 to 10 ova in relatively concealed positions, for instance alongside veins and under the folded edges of dandelion leaves, and along the midrib of couch-grass. Very few were laid on dock leaves which were also provided. Of the 850 ova, virtually all formed up, but only a third hatched over a period from ten days to four weeks after being laid. Of note is the observation that ova from the same string, laid within seconds of each other, show this variation in hatching period. The larvae have been described elsewhere (e.g. Haggett 1968), but the rearing technique used may be of interest. The young larvae were provided with a mixture of cut couch- grass and dandelion. Most fed immediately on dandelion, although a few seemed to take couch-grass in preference. As these matured they all transfered to dandelion. No difficulties were experienced until large losses between the third and fourth instars. The reason for this was not clear, although possible explanations could be: poor foodplant, damping or overcrowding. The two lepidopterists who received some of the ova reported the loss of their complete stock, polluted foodplant being a suggested, but not proven, cause. Larvae ready for pupation left the foodplant and wandered around their box. Some of these were placed on loose peat, where they quickly burrowed. Others, not provided with peat, made a small chamber in the layers of paper lining the box. These were care- fully removed to the surface of peat when near enough pupation to have stopped crawling, and more than one third pupated success- fully. Six pupae were obtained and ten larvae died just before pupation. Virtually all the larvae allowed to burrow were found to *37 Colley Close, Winchester, Hampshire SO23 7ES. 208 have dried up and died. Larval development took two to three months. The pupa, again previously undescribed (Heath 1979), is ap- proximately 19mm long. In colour, rich reddish brown, darkening to almost black a fortnight to a week before emergence. Glossy, at first, losing this as it darkens. Antennal and limb cases clear but not prominent. Wing cases showing venation clearly, with many minute irrorations. Cremaster inconspicuous, with two slightly divergent fine spines approximately 0.7mm long. Although all the pupae appeared to develop normally, only one perfect adult emerged on 24th December 1980, six weeks after pupation (not a bad Christmas present!). The specimen is now in my collection. A deformed example emerged on 30th December. The pupae were kept at room temperature, and were not sprayed. Since I cannot find any reference to the contrary, I assume this to be the first successful rearing of R. simulans in Britain at least, albeit with a very low success rate. References Goater, B., 1974. The Butterflies & Moths of Hampshire and the Isle of Wight, 439pp., Classey. Haggett, G. M., 1968. Larvae of the British Lepidoptera not figured by Buckler. Part VIII. Proc. Trans. Br. ent. nat. Hist. Soc. I: 57-109. Heath, J. (ed.), 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 9, 288pp., Curwen. DANAUS CHRYSIPPUS L. IN TUNISIA. — Onreturning re- cently from a holiday on the Mediterranean coast of N. E. Tunisia my friend Mr. David Tombs gave me the forewing of a butterfly and asked me to identify it. I recognised it as belonging to Danaus chrysippus, and on turning to the account in Higgins and Riley’s A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe (London, 1980) to show him, I was surprised to see the statement: “Not reported from Algeria or Tunisia.” Mr. Tombs informed me that during his stay in Tunisia from June 6th to 10th, 1982 inclusive he saw several hundred of these butterflies sailing about and feeding at a wide variety of flowers in the region around Monastir and Sousse. They did not appear to be moving in any particular direction. Throughout this period an easterly sea breeze was blowing off the Mediterranean. D. F. Owen, in his book Tropical Butterflies (Oxford, 1971), includes the whole of Tunisia and most of Algeria and Libya in his distribution map for the typical form chrysippus. The forewing given me by Mr. Tombs appears to belong to this form. I would be interested to know the true distribution and status of this handsome butterfly in N. W. Africa. — J. F. BURTON, 11, Rockside Drive, Henleaze, Bristol, BS9 4NW. MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERELY 209 MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERFLY, LASIOMMATA MEGERA CE) (EBEIDOPTERA: SATYRIDAE): WAIT OR SEEK? By ROGER L. H. DENNIS* Introduction Male butterflies are generally described as adopting one of two alternative strategies in the process of locating mates; perching, or waiting for them, and patrolling, or actively seeking them in flight (Scott 1974, Shields 1967; Shreeves 1980). Characteristic sites varying in surface, height and situation, are selected by perchers, where they bask in the sun, and from these they launch themselves at passing insects (cf., Baker (1972) for /. io (L.) and A. urticae (L.); Davies (1978) for P. aegeria (L.); Joy (1902) for A. iris (L.) and Peachey (1980) for several species, particularly H. lucina (L.)). Distinctions, in height, habitat and speed, also occur for patrolling species as evident from studies of A. cardamines (L.) (Wiklund and Ahrberg 1978; Courtney 1980; Dennis in press); L. sinapis (L.) (Wiklund 1977, Peachey 1980; Warren 1981); M. galathea (L.) and B. euphrosyne (L.) (Peachey 1980). Baker (1972) has argued that the tendency to ‘stay put’ or perch is the result of some female requirement, for instance nectar sources Or Oviposition sites, being concentrated; moreover, perching has been likened to territoriality (cf., Davies 1978) in as much as the area is defended, resident males typically intercepting and leading intruders out of the area. Baker extends the argument by pointing out that perching necessarily evolves where the energy used in de- fence is less than the energy used in patrolling. It follows then that the number of butterflies perching is a measure of the magnitude and concentration of a resource(s) in a particular environment though Baker conceded that the territory: male ratio determines the tendency to share spots as opposed to keep searching, via a raising of the territoriality threshold. For only one British species have both mate location strategies been noted, — P. aegeria (Davies 1978). While some males are perching in woodland clearings, others have been observed patrol- ling in the canopy. Investigating potential mates and attempted courtships in the canopy identifies the activity as patrolling; — they are not merely waiting their turn for clearing perches. Patrol- ling in A. urticae and Lio was not made explicit by Baker, but as mate location is the reason for establishing territories, searching for the latter cannot be easily separated from the former and it implies that both butterflies do engage in patrolling, even if this is enforced. Davies also discovered behaviour to vary. On sunny days, detailed experiments show there to be a premium on perching sites. Females are more abundant in clearings, and size of sun spot and time of day determine the number of males found there. On *The Manchester Grammar School, Manchester M13 OXT. 210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 overcast days, the butterfly patrols regardless of location. Virtual lack of skirmishing points to abandonment of territories, yet the butterfly still attempts to court. As for A. urticae, Davies has recog- nised the readiness of P. aegeria males to accept intruders but has been able to link this closely with clearing size. The present paper explores some comparative data on the closely related Wall Brown butterfly, L. megera. This butterfly is a known percher, but does it also patrol? Where does it perch and why are two of a series of related questions, but the emphasis is placed on examining how flexible mate location behaviour can be? Materials and methods The study has been conducted mainly at Brereton Heath near Congleton, but also along the Bollin valley, in north Cheshire. In- dividual behaviour has been determined using a cassette recorder and by making direct observations on seriation in activites and on specific lines of movement. Behaviour and movement over a wider area and on a number of individuals in succession has been conduc- ted using transect (Pollard 1977; 1979) and capture, mark, release, recapture (CMRR) (Ehrlich and Davidson 1960) techniques separa- tely and together. Behaviour has been reduced to a number of simple categories (specifically flight, feeding, resting, basking, skirmishing, courtship and inspection) to avoid making premature judgements on various activities. Numerical techniques applied to timed activities, — specifically the calculation of behavioural ‘distances’ (E? of Edwards (1971)), least space analysis (Coxon and Davies 1980) and cluster analysis (Sneath and Sokal 1973), — have been used in an attempt to distinguish perchers from patrollers. Results A simplified tabulation of timed behaviour (Table 1) shows that males spend much of their time basking or resting. When basking the wings are open and angled to the sun and on landing the butter- fly usually orientates itself accurately and quickly. The wings are closed during rest. Different surfaces are chosen for these activities (Table 2) but preference is for bare ground along paths, though other topographically distinctive surfaces are selected even newly constructed ranch fencing. Feeding and flight occupy much the same length of time. SE LF F BR SK I Total Time (seconds) 298.5 2241.5 1984 8765 584 83.5 Number of observations 132 187 153 62S ee Gy, Percent of total observation 2 16 14 63 4 1 time for all activities Table 1 Timed activities for L. megera males on Brereton Heath during 1981. Symbols as for Figure 1. Total observation time = 3 hrs 53 minutes. MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERELY 211 Long flights are generally less than a metre above the ground, but vary according to the surface and are much less for low ground cover. Flights are usually fast, zig-zagging, often circular and typical- ly investigative covering a wide area. Some are brief transects or circuits; others are more directional and long distance movements representing voluntary displacement and change of location. Year Surface 1981 1982 Path; bare ground 123 45 Grass 5 3 Flowerheads 0 6 Leaves of herbs, i.e. dock and nettle 3 5 Stones, bricks 4 2 Leaves of bushes, saplings and bramble 0 5 Fence posts and bars 0 18 Paper, tin, etc. 1 1 Mossy ground 2 0 Table 2 Sample data on basking and resting (perching) sites adopted by L. megera males on Brereton Heath in 1981 and 1982. Males are continually scanning on the wing, but stop to inspect a wide range of objects apart from flowers. Skirmishing and attemp- ted courtships take place while the butterfly is in flight as well as when basking and resting. Male L. megera skirmish with a variety of insects (Table 3); most other male L. megera induce much longer interactions varying from short spiral flights lasting 2 or 3 seconds to higher and extended spirals and dives described by Baker for A. urticae and J. io. Attempted courtships with female L. megera are longer affairs (average 35 seconds) and involve distinctive be- haviour (Dennis in prep). Insect Frequency Average time (seconds) L. megera (females) 14 34.7 L. megera (males) 27 9.3 * O. venata (Br & Gr) M. jurtina (females) 5 9.0 L. phlaeas (L.) Bees and wasps 7 iS; P. brassicae (L.) Dragonflies 1S Mop) A. napi (L.) Other butterflies* 7) Dal A. urticae (L.) I. io (L.) Table 3 Frequency and average time of attempted courtships and skirmishing of L. megera males with other insects on Brereton Heath in 1981. Seriation in behaviour (Figure 1) based on a sample of males emphasises the association of different activities and modes of behaviour. Typical is a feeding mode of regular but short sessions on flowerheads separated by ‘hops’ or short flights from one flower to another. More significantly the diagram underlines the role of long flights and basking. Skirmishing and courtship are associated with both and males continually investigate in flight; together, this confirms the objective of basking as ‘perching’ and long flights Dall ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 as ‘patrolling’. This average picture also demonstrates the functional interdependence of basking and long flight, a deduction which seems at odds with more casual observations of ‘pure’ behaviour of ‘perching’ and voluntary displacement respectively. Figure | Seriation in male L. megera behaviour (n = 30), June and August 1981. F = feed from flower, I = inspect, SF = short flight; LF = long flight; RB = resting or basking; SK = skirmishing and attempted courtship. Short flight denotes rapid transitions of activity, whereas long flights revealed searching and investigative behaviour. Halts in flight only are counted as in- -spections. @€ me @ Vector 1 ~=—— - —- — — J Figure 2 A computer map (non-metric 2 dimensional scaling plot) of distances (Edward’s E2) between 23 male L. megera based on timed activity. Shading = flights; black = basking/resting; stipple = feeding; white = skirmishing, inspec- tion and courtship. Four sizes of circle represent observation time (minutes):- <300; 300 — 500; 500 — 1000;> 1000. Kruskal’s stress for the computer plot is 3.9%. MATE LOCATION STRATEGIES IN THE WALL BROWN BUTTERFLY 213 Figure 2 summarises individual behaviour. Three groups of individuals are suggested by maximum linkage clustering but this is not confirmed in the non-metric scaling plot nor by single link clustering. In effect, the array describes a continuum from extremes of perching (basking and skirmishing non-feeders in the main) to patrolling (flying and skirmishing feeders). Intermediate behaviours also occur, that they are not an artefact of the observation period or switches in behaviour is confirmed by time-scaled plots. Extremes of behaviour and intermediate forms have been monitored and mapped. Confinement of males to small areas. ‘territories’, is not limited to the perching mode. More varied be- haviour involving longer feeding episodes and extensive patrolling circuits has similarly been identified with definite areas — a neat example was provided by a narrow fenced path, some 100 metres in extent, between a barley and ley grass field on Alderly Edge, along which three males patrolled back and forth. On these oc- casions skirmishing is less demonstrative, no real attempt being made to lead an ‘intruder’ out of the zone. Yet, extreme perching behaviour is not devoid of voluntary shifts in perching site and inspection tours. For example, of 27 ‘sorties’ effected by one male from a small gravel heap over a 45 minute period, 11 appeared to be unrelated to intruders and involved slower, low inspection flight. At the other extreme, males ‘passing through’ territories have been observed to undergo long, fast but investigative flights, apparently ‘domainless’. CMRR work demonstrated that male L. megera have a pro- pensity to stay in the same location, some throughout a day, others over several days (Dennis, in prep). On the other hand, territories also change hands readily but retain much the same number of individuals. In north Cheshire, males select linear habitats for per- ching and patrolling, such are hedgerows — despite the crop in the field — roadsides, tracks and paths, bank margins to lakes, even the new lines of ranch fencing recently constructed. The latter has provided some valuable insights into behaviour: more males roost under the horizontal bars of the fence than patrol or perch along its edges at any one time, confirming casual observations of regular spacing for mate location along uniform habitats, such as roadsides, though CMRR work failed to locate precise territorial boundaries in such habitats. Perching and patrolling zones have also been found to be oviposition sites and thus sites of female emergence (Dennis, in prep), the eggs being laid in grass curtains fronting hedges, fences and bushes and recesses along banks. The frequency of males and females drops significantly over uniform open spaces and those seen are generally moving rapidly in straight lines; however, not all linear habitats are used. Males con- gregate in sheltered sunny spots, avoiding shade and areas exposed to wind. ‘Transect data records much the same proportion of basking and long flights from 9.00 am to roosting time (Table 4). The implica- tion is that perching and patrolling occur throughout the day, con- firming other observations. A greater inclination to perching is 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 ISPs Time of day 9-10 10-11 11-12 12-1 1-2 2-3 34 45 5-6 Percent basking By HO) 268) BOS Bil3) 30) 293 Yolo S24! Percent long flight SYN 32S) sss AOL ABs N)E3) SSD) AHL0) 3333-33 Percent feeding Wey as ABO) SS AS GINS DIS YS Number of separate 76 65 67 S$ 3) 41 41 64 P| observations Table 4 Percentage of basking/resting, long flights and feeding for male L. megera during transect counts on Brereton Heath in August 1982. suggested in the morning and evening and to patrolling around midday. Proportions of patrollers and perchers also vary from day to day subject to the weather. Precise conditions have not been monitored but remarkable uniformity occurs in the percent of per- chers on overcast days (55% — 58%; n = 4) compared to bright, cloudless, sunny conditions (12%, 31%; n = 2). This is a reversal of observations made on P. aegeria and may reflect sensitivity to move- ment in a linear habitat when energy levels are high. Proportions of patrollers and perchers no doubt changes over a longer time span in response to environmental changes. A number of perching spots were lost in 1982 due mainly to the provision of parking and other recreational facilities on the heath; however, one small area succum- bed to vegetation succession. Discussion L. megera is a percher and patroller. In the process of obtaining mates, it displays a wide range of behaviour between the extremes of territorial defence and more passive acceptance of competitors while scanning the ground in flight. There is evidence too that we should expect variation in behaviour at the population level, — in respect of habitat differences and population density — within populations, — due to seasonal circumstances including habitat changes, weather and light conditions — and perhaps even at the individual level, — linked to insect age and inherited bias. All this points to the existence of a flexible response system and much additional work needs to be done on this aspect of mate location. By extension, we should also expect to find variation in mate location behaviour among other butterflies, and because this re- flects upon their habitats and other adaptations, there is a ten- dency to attach simple behavioural labels to species that on detailed examination may be inappropriate. Clear examples of perching and patrolling exist but many species show a wide range of behaviour. All perchers change their location and patrollers stop to feed and it is possible that males are vigilant for mates even on these occa- sions, as in the case of L. megera (cf., Figure 1). H. semele (L.) and M. galathea among the Satyridae occur at opposite ends of the perching/patrolling spectrum respectively, but P. tithonus (L.), M. jurtina (L.) and E. aethiops (Esper) (Dennis 1982) engage in both activities. (To be continued) THE KENTISH GLORY 21 THE KENTISH GLORY: ENDROMIS VERSICOLORA (L.) AT RANNOCH n By E. C. PELHAM-CLINTON * A paper in this journal by Marran (1981) discussed the decline and present distribution of the Kentish Glory moth in Great Britain. The author noted the lack of recent records from Rannoch in spite of the abundance of birch in that area. That this species at Rannoch fed on alder has not been accorded much publicity. Most British publications either give birch only as the foodplant or else a curious list of them; e.g. Morris (1872), who gives ‘birch, beech, lime, hazel, &c.’, and South (1907, and all later editions), with ‘Alder, sallow, and lime have also been men- tioned as foodplants’. However Allan (1949) includes only birch and alder, stating ‘Alnus glutinosa — Alder (recorded from Scotland only)’. Perhaps continental foodplants are more varied: Rougeot & Viette (1978) list ‘Betula, Corvlus, Tilia, Alnus, Carpinus, Ulmus, iGo Evidence of the alder-feeding Rannoch race is provided by the T. E. D. Poore collection and notebooks in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh (reg. no. RSM NH 1969.81). A series of speci- mens bred from Rannoch larvae all had alder as the foodplant, the most recent collected as larvae in 1939. Most are from the Allt Druidhe, near the eastern end of the south shore of Loch Rannoch, an area now partly afforested. The Poore notebooks show that larvae were taken from small trees and that one tree was a source of larvae over several years. The Rannoch moths are on average larger than those from Strathspey and the hindwings of the females have a pinkish flush scarcely to be seen in Strathspey specimens. It would be interesting to know whether the Kentish Glory ever fed on birch at Rannoch. It seems likely that the sedentary habit pointed out by Marran (1981) would lead to specialized habits in different areas and perhaps to an exclusively alder-feeding population at Rannoch. The south shore of Loch Rannoch no longer has many small alders, but there are other suitable areas around the loch and further down the Tummel in which the species possibly might still be found. Acknowledgement I am grateful to Dr. Mark Shaw of the Royal Scottish Museum for details of the specimens in the Poore collection. References Allan, P. B. M., 1949. Larval foodplants. Watkins & Doncaster, London. *Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, Devon, EX13 5SW. 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 Marran, P., 1981. Speculative notes on the Kentish Glory. Ento- mologist’s Rec. J. Var. 92 (1980): 235-238. Morris, F. O., 1872. A natural history of British moths 1. Bell & Daldy, London. Rougeot, P. C. & Viette, P., 1978. Guide des papillons nocturnes d'Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Héterocéres (partim). Delachaux et Niestlé, Neuchatel & Paris. South, R., 1907. The moths of the British Isles. Frederick Warne & Co., London & New York. _———_—_—________—__— } THE PIMPINEL PUG: EUPITHECIA PIMPINELLATA HBN. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — After reading the splendid article on British Pugs by Brig. E. C. L. Simson in this journal, I was inspired to search for the larvae of Eupithecia pimpinellata amongst the Greater Burnet Saxifrage (Pimpinella major), which grows in some profusion at Woodlands Quarry, Hartshill, North Warwickshire. I began search- ing in 1981 on the afternoon of the 15th September, the date ad- vocated in the article, and soon found a single larva on a flower stem of the foodplant, but despite further searching over the next few days no more larvae were located. The single larva pupated on the 30th September 1981, but the adult has so far failed to emerge this summer. Identification was kindly confirmed by Steven Church and Mark Hadley of the Nature Conservancy Council, from a colour slide of the larva submitted by the writer. This is the first authen- ticated record of this species for Warwickshire (v.c. 38). — R. J. THOMAS, 23 Trentham Road, Hartshill, Nuneaton, Warks. SURVIVAL OF LIMENITIS REDUCTA STAUDINGER (LEP., NYMPHALIDAE) IN YORKSHIRE. — During the summer of 1981, I was able to spend a period of time near Montpellier in the Department of Hérault, in Southern France. The Southern White Admiral, L. reducta, was widely distributed in the region, and some females which were captured laid ova freely in captivity. These ova subsequently hatched and the larvae began to feed on honeysuckle in a way very similar to that of the larvae of L. camilla. (L.), the White Admiral. On returning to Yorkshire, most larvae continued to feed, but about six remained small and were clearly going to over- winter in this stage. Because of other commitments, these small larvae could not be tended carefully over all the winter, and so were placed outside on a honeysuckle in the garden, with no pro- tection whatsoever, in October. During the early part of June 1982 to my surprise, two pupae were tound on the honeysuckle. One had a hole in the side and appeared dead. The other, though, seemed perfect. The pupa was left in place, and a female emerged on July 3rd 1982. The weather in Bradford during the period when the larvae were outside was in no way superior to normal. The fact that the larvae survived to the adult stage cannot, therefore be attributed to favourable conditions, and suggests that this butterfly might be able to maintain itself in the Southern Counties of England if it ever occurred in sufficient numbers. — R. J.D. TILLEY, 15 Shay Close, Bradford BD9 6SJ, W. Yorkshire. VANESSA INDICA (HERBST) IN WARWICKSHIRE NEW TO BRITAIN 217 VANESSA INDICA (HERBST) IN WARWICKSHIRE: NEW TO BRITAIN By KEITH TURNER * When I lived at Kites Hardwick, near Dunchurch, Warwickshire I made a small collection of British butterflies for display to far- mers and others at meetings on conservation topics, the connection between several Vanessid species and nettles being particularly relevant. In early September 1973 I caught in my garden, alighting on flowers including a clump of Phlox drummondi, a specimen which I took casually to be Vanessa cardui. | papered it almost at once after capture, and it was only when I set it in November that I noticed the “strange” markings, more akin to V. atalanta, though the colour seemed right for V. cardui. | decided that it was an aberration of one of these species, and made a mental note to show it to a colleague more knowledgeable about butterflies. However, it was only much later that my friend and colleague Mr. J. Firmin, co-author of “The Butterflies and larger Moths of Essex”, visited my present house in Gloucestershire in the spring of 1982. He immediately spotted the specimen, and suggested that it could be an example of V. indica, which is found in the Far East and also in the Canary Islands and Madeira. He reported this find to the Editor of the Entomologist’s Record, and his identi- fication has been confirmed by Mr R. F. Bretherton and Dr. L. G. Higgins. The specimen has now been given to the British Museum (Natural History) for a place in the national collection. I under- stand that it is believed to be the first known record of V. indica in Britain. [This specimen is a large female of 60mm wingspan, the wings slightly rubbed in the basal area, but apparently without fading of colour. The bands on the fore and hind wings are reddish-orange, rather brighter than the colour of C. cardui but not approaching that of fresh, or even of faded, specimens of V. atalanta; the four white spots on the forewings are large and prominent. Indentation of the margin of the hindwings and of the sub-apical margin of the forewings is slight. Comparison with specimens kindly shown to me by Dr. Higgins in his collection, and also with long series at the British Museum, shows that this specimen almost certainly belongs to V. i indica (Herbst) and not to V. i. calliroe Hbn. (vulcania Godart) from the Canary Islands and Madeira. In the latter the fore- wing bands are bright rosy red, though some fading may occur in old or worn specimens; the white spots are usually reduced in size; and the apical and hindwing margins are more deeply indented than in V. i. indica, and most specimens are markedly smaller. The distribution, relationship, and differences of V. i. indica and V. i. calliroe have recently been fully studied in R. Leestmans, Problemes de Speciation dans le genre Vanessa: Vanessa vulcania *The Red House, Pillows Green, Staunton, Gloucester GL19 3NU. 218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 Godart stat. nov. et Vanessa buana Frhst. stat nov., bona species (Linneana Belgica, 1978, pars VII, 130-156). The means of arrival of this specimen in Warwickshire can only be speculative. Examples of V. i. callire might possibly reach Britain as immigrants, as probably occurs occasionally in Portugal and south Spain, but for V. i indica, whose nearest known place of residence is north west India, importation in early stages with produce or escape from some unreported breeding in captivity seem to be the least unlikely sources. — R. F. BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GU5 OLE. | MELANIC FORM OF LOBOPHORA HALTERATA HUEN.: SE- RAPHIM (LEP.: GEOMETRIDAE). -— On 2nd 1982, I took in my garden m.v. trap at Dartford, a melanic male of this moth, black with grey submarginal line. On referring to the comprehensive list of melanic forms found in Britain in Appendix B of Kettlewell’s Evolution of Melanism (1973), I was surprised to find no mention of this species. Later, while discussing the capture with Mr. R. G. Chatelain, he mentioned that a melanic ab. of this species — ab. nigra Warnecke — was referred to in his copy of M. Koch, Wir Bestimmen Schmetterlinge. Recently, whilst visiting the British Museum (Natural History), Mr. Chalmers-Hunt kindly checked the species in the private collection there, and found 15 specimens of ab. nigra, all taken by E. B. White at Bristol between 1926 and 1935. This melanic form would appear to be both extremely local and rare in Britain; if it is an industrial melanic it will almost cer- tainly be dominent with homozygote and heterozygote indistin- guishable in appearance (Kettlewell, 1973). It would be interesting to know if the Bristol location for ab. nigra is still known, if the form still occurs there, and if so, how commonly. — B. K. WEST, 36, Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. THE FEATHERED BEAUTY: PERIBATODES SECUNDARIA D. & S. IN SUSSEX. — When I visited Mr. S. Church at his home at Plaistow, Sussex on the 14th July 1982, he showed me a female Peribatodes secundaria which he had taken in his garden trap the previous night. That evening there I saw a further four P. secundaria, all very worn males. It would seem therefore that to Mr. Church falls the distinction of being the first to record this species out- side its Kentish locality. — R. G. CHATELAIN, 65, East Drive, Orpington, Kent. AN EARLY APPEARANCE OF ERANNIS DEFOLIARIA CLERCK: MOTTLED UMBER. -— On the night of 6 September 1982 a male specimen of this species was taken in a Rothamsted light trap in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. Normally it does not appear in Monks Wood until mid October or later. The earliest previous record known to me was a male taken in the same trap on 25 September 1977. — J. N. GREATOREX-DAVIES, The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Monks Wood Experimental Station, Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2LS. SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA NOTES FOR 1981 219 SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA NOTES FOR 19381 By K. P. BLAND * In spite of the poor weather in the 1981 season, the following records and notes are worthy of mention:— Micropterix thunbergella (Fabr.). A specimen of this species taken at light on the night of 18/19.v.1981 in Milton of Drimmie Wood SSSI, near Blairgowrie, Perthshire (O.S.Grid Ref. NO/1651; V.c.89) constitutes the northern-most record to date (see Anon. 1981). Johanssonia acetosa (Stt.). A single imago of this species was reared from its characteristic coiled mines in Rumex acetosa L. collected at Aucheninnes Moss, Dalbeattie, Dumfriesshire (O.S. Grid Ref. NX/8460; V.c. 72) on 13.vi.1981. The imago emerged on 28.vi.1981. This appears to be the first Scottish locality for this species which previously was not known north of Nottinghamshire (Emmet, 1976). Adela croesella (Scop.) 2 = = WB T. 22-punctata 1 WG le) 3 73 P. 14-punctata 15 8 8 38 346 160 38 149 29 14 805 C. 14-guttata 1 1 C. renipustulatus — -— = — 1 - 1 Total 194 349 168 714 1419 640 320 197 186 73 4260 * These figures are slightly higher than those given in Owen (1976b), an article published just before the 1976 season was over. During the first three years (1972-1974) the weather was not unusual, but in the summer of 1975, particularly in the first two weeks of August, it was unusually hot and sunny and rainfall was *66 Scraptoff Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. 226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.XI.82 scarce. Then in 1976 there was a severe summer drought, probably the most spectacular for about 250 years. By mid-August the land was parched and brown, the grass had stopped growing, and the patch-work quilt of many coloured fields, so typical of the English countryside, faded to a uniform pale brown. “Plagues” of lady- birds were reported the length and breadth of the country (Owen 1976a). The summers of 1977-1981 saw a return to the kind of weather experienced in 1972-1974, but the effect of the 1975- 1976 weather on the insect fauna of the garden did not entirely disappear until 1980. What happened to ladybirds in each of the ten years is sum- marized in Table 1. As shown, there were conspicuous year to year fluctuations in abundance of the six common species (two species appeared once only). In the best year (1976) about twenty times as many ladybirds were trapped as in the worst year (1981), but each species fluctuated in abundance in a different way, as detailed below. Adalia 2-punctata (L.) This is the common garden ladybird in most places in England. In the Leicester garden larvae and adults feed on aphids associated with woody shrubs and trees. After hibernating the adults appear on the first warm days in March, mate and lay eggs in May and June, and produce a new generation of adults from July onwards. As shown in Table 1, A. 2-punctata was the commonest species in each year except 1976 when C. 7-punctata and P. 14-punctata became particularly abundant, and 1979 when the population col- lapsed. Table 2. Monthly occurrence of Adalia 2-punctata in the Malaise trap, 1972-1981. Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct ls 2 28 18 42 69 9 Ie 19 Y2 163 58 11 1 ~ 1974 3 26 45 28 43 9 1 OTS Ne DD: iil! 147 82 34 13 1976 5 39 106 162 23 6 5 STG, 1 is 39 68 102 66 8 1978 4 Vit} WT 28 6 3 1979 - 4 8 4 10 + — 1980 8 47 49 20 4 1 - 1981 1 11 6 3 21 6 5 Total 56 437 624 560 371 144 35) Table 2 shows the monthly occurrence of A. 2-punctata in the Malaise trap. Those taken in April-June were almost all hibernated individuals from the previous year (in some years, notably 1976, a few freshly emerged adults appeared in late June), while those FLUCTUATIONS IN ABUNDANCE OF COCCINELLIDAE 227 taken in July-October were mainly the new generation (with a few hibernated individuals lingering on into early July in some years). Overall, hibernated ladybirds were slightly more abundant (N = 1117) than the new generation (N=1110), but there are striking differences between years. Thus in 1973, 1978 and 1980 the May- June peak in abundance was followed by a decline in numbers in July-October, while in 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977 and (less obviously) in 1974 the May-June peak was followed by an increase in numbers in July-October. In 1979 and 1981 too few were trap- ped for any trend to be detectable. Evidently, then, in some years breeding in the garden is less successful and relatively fewer of the next generation are produced than in other years. Alternatively, a substantial proportion of those produced move away quickly and are not trapped. It is also possible, particularly in 1975 and 1976, that some A. 2-punctata moved into the garden in July and August to swell the resident population. Adalia 10-punctata (L.) The ecological requirements of this species appear to be similar to those of A. 2-punctata. It is not known to have bred in the garden but probably does so, at least occasionally. The adults were often seen feeding on the same clusters of aphids as the adults of A. 2-punctata. A few were recorded hibernating in dense vegetation. A. 10-punctata appeared every year in numbers ranging from one to 25 (Table 1). Records were scattered throughout each summer and even in 1976, the best year, there was no obvious evidence of an influx. Coccinella 7-punctata L. This is the common large ladybird which around Leicester feeds on aphids associated with low-growing, herbaceous vegetation, especially field crops. It is the one most often reported as “migra- tory” (Williams 1958), but whether it isa true migrant is a matter for conjecture. More likely it periodically irrupts and undertakes mass movements. Table 3. Monthly occurrence of Coccinella 7-punctata in the Malaise trap, 1975-1981. Apt May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct 1975 1 — — - 95 20 5 1976 1 18 4 321 173 38 9 1977 1 49 11 4 2 14 5 1978 1 24 1 ~ 1 = —- 1979 — — = — — 17 — 1980 10 5 1 ] 1 ~ — 1981 — 2 - - -- — - Four were recorded in the trap in 1972 but none in 1973 and 1974, although one was seen in the garden in late March 1974, suggesting successful overwintering. The sudden appearance of large numbers in 1975 and especially in 1976, followed by a gradual 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 decline until 1981 is strikingly different from the annual fluctua- tions in numbers of A. 2-punctata. Table 3 shows the monthly occurrence of C. 7-punctata from 1975 onwards. One was recorded in April 1975, none in May-July, and then suddenly 95 in August, mainly in the first two weeks, with a further 25 in September and October. In August C. 7-punctata was extremely common in the garden, but no larvae or pupae had been found earlier in the season, strongly suggesting a movement into the garden from surrounding fields where, I think, the aphid food supply had failed. Substantial numbers remained all winter and were active whenever the weather was mild. Overwintered in- dividuals were trapped in April-June 1976, and enormous numbers were found all over the garden mating and laying eggs. Subsequently larvae and pupae were found on herbaceous plants, providing the first positive breeding records. In July and August, at the height of the drought, adults became extremely abundant everywhere. In these two months C. 7-punctata was nearly twice as abundant in the trap as A. 2-punctata . Many overwintered and 61 were trapped in April-June 1977; thereafter numbers fell, despite success- ful breeding, and the species was less common in April-June 1978, and rare in July-October of that year. By the spring of 1979 there were few about and none was trapped until September when there was a considerable movement into the garden. This was followed by many overwintering, their reappearance in April-June 1980, but few records subsequently. The events of early August 1975 thus started a chain reaction whose effect did not really disappear until the summer of 1980. This ladybird has bred in the garden every year since 1976 until 1981 when it disappeared as a breeding species. (To be continued) CARPOPHILUS MARGINELLUS MOTSCH. (COL., NITIDULINAE ) OUT-OF-DOORS IN SUFFOLK. — On 1 June, 1978, I found a single specimen of Carpophilus marginellus resting on low saltmarsh vegetation at Sutton, near Woodbridge, Suffolk (TM 2748). Mr. A. A. Allen in summarising the British out-of-doors records of this beetle (1958, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 94: 70) suggested that its occurrence in the wild was probably limited to the vicinity of stacks, dumps or other man-made habitats where extra heat from fer- mentation was available — cf. also subsequent records from Berks. (Woodroffe, G., 1969, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 105: 192) and Wilts. (Nash, D., 1976, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 111 (1975) : 50). Although the Suffolk specimen may have been a straggler from such a habitat, there is a strong possibility that the beetle could have bred in the decaying, undisturbed tidal refuse which littered the area, and which would also have been able to provide the extra heat for out-of-doors development. Despite much sieving of the latter, no further examples were discovered. I thank Mr. A. A. Allen for confirming my determination of the specimen. — D. R. NASH, 266, Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex, CO11 2BU. FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST 229 FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST By A.A. ALLEN, 'B.Sc., A-R.C:S.* (Continued from page 194) DOLICHOPODIDAE (Ten or more species of Dolichopus, with others of the family, can be taken by sweeping the lakeside vegetation at. Virginia Water.) Hercostomus assimilis Staeg. — One, Virginia Water, vii.72; an uncommon species which I have taken also in N.W. Kent. Hercostomus chalybeus Wied. — At the same place, scarce and apparently extremely local, vii-viii. 72. I have found it nowhere else. Fonseca (1978) cited this record and one from Old Windsor Wood (taken by Chandler, 16.vii.67) among 14 known localities. Hercostomus chrysozygos Wied. — Two males of this very local species (easily recognized in that sex) by sweeping in a fire- break near Badger’s Brook in the Forest, 24.vii.71. Medetera ambigua Zett. — Two males onthe butt-end of a well weathered portion of large old chestnut trunk left lying on the edge of a cleared part of the South Forest, along with two females of M. impigra Coll. (not scarce in the area), 24.vii.71. M. ambigua is another uncommon species taken by me in N.W. Kent (one only). Achalcus melanotrichus Mik. — An example emerged from mould out of an elm stump at H. Hill, 21.vi.71. Not as rare as generally supposed, if sought in the right situations. PIPUNCULIDAE Verrallia beatricis Coe. — A female swept a little way inside the forest at H. Hill with 2 ? V. villosa v. Ros. (aclose ally), 8.vi.71. The differences were very clear — the beatricis agreeing perfectly witha ? from my Blackheath garden. SYRPHIDAE Didea fasciata Mcq. — A , only the second individual I have met with of this conspicuous and uncommon genus, was caught at elder blossom, with an Epistrophe grossulariae Mg., at the edge of the forest at H. Hill, 17.vi.71. Recorded by Chandler (1971) who tells me that it occurs regularly in small numbers in May and June at El pall (Epistrophe diaphana Zett.) — Recaptured in the Forest on 17.vii.71 — a 2 Visiting hogweed flowers near Badger’s Brook. One previously in 1940 (Allen, 1965). Leucozona glaucia L. — My sole encounter with the species hitherto was on 24.vii.71 — a pair caught at the same spot and in the same way as the last. Taken in the Forest by C. O. Hammond *49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 (Chandler, 1971). Like Bibio pomonae it is common in the north and west but very local in the south-east. Leucozona laternaria Mull. — Far more general than glaucia although found singly as a rule, and mentioned here as Chandler gives no Windsor record. It occurred to us in both the Park and the Forest on umbels of Heracleum. Melangyna guttata Fall. — A male of this rather rare hover-fly on hedge-parsley flowers, H. Hill, 3.vi.71. Parasyrphus lineola Zett. — At flowers of bramble and stitch- wort in June and July; apparently widespread but somewhat scarce, mostly in the Forest but also in the Park. I have not found it elsewhere. Cheilosia soror Zett. and C. scutellata Fall. — Single males of both species in the Forest, June 1940, not determined at the time of writing my earlier paper. As Mr. Chandler remarks, many more species of this genus than have yet been found must occur, including such common ones as vernalis Fall. and impressa Lw. (Eumerus ornatus Mg.). — A second specimen ( ) of this decidedly infrequent species was netted by G. S. near the “Xylota clump’ (see below under X. tarda) at H. Hill, 17.vii.71, only a short distance from where I took the first in 1940 (Allen, 1965); like that one, it was settled on bare ground. Chrysogaster macquarti Lw. — A few examples of this very local fly occurred on the lakeside at Virginia Water in July 1972 unaccompanied by any of the commoner members of the genus. Orthoneura nobilis Fall. — Two or three on massed flowers of what may have been Cotoneaster watereri (covered with bees etc.) in the Park, I.vii.72. Parhelophilus frutetorum F. — In small numbers in company with the last; both must have come from some marshy place or ditch in the vicinity. Anasimyia lineata F. — Rather common by the lake at Virginia Water. Not recorded by Chandler. Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. — G.S. believed he saw one in the Park at the place for P. frutetorum above (same date), and another (which I too saw) on a wild rose in the Forest near Badger’s Bridge (late July).* Brachyopa pilosa Coll. — Males on sappy beech stumps in the latter area and one from hawthorn bloom, female swept from birch rather high up (all late May); both sexes from small sappy oak stump in the South Forest, June: males always prevalent. B. bicolor Fall., which I took in the Park in 1968 (Allen, 1968) did not recur, but Mr. Chandler took aco at H. Hill, 1.vi.80, on a decaying beech with B. pilosa. Brachyopa scutellaris Dsv. — Our most widespread species, but it turned up once only (o, 3.vi.71, at H. Hill on fallen beech); I have taken but one other, in my old garden at Blackheath. B. * On a recent visit to the Park (20.vi.82) Prof. J. A. Owen drew my attention to a fly on a hogweed umbel in the area referred to above under Brachy- palpus which, duly netted, proved to bea fine Mallota. FURTHER NOTABLE DIPTERA FROM WINDSOR FOREST 231 insensilis Coll. seems far more frequent, and we found it at H. Hill on a sapping elm (its usual botope). B. scutellaris, however, is not confined to old woods as pilosa and bicolor tend to be, and Mr. Chandler informs me that he has found it at localities in 10 counties. Xylota tarda Mg. — A scarce species in southern England and not known from the Forest, until I caught a male at H. Hill on or about rhododendron foliage, 17.vi.71. (We noticed that flies of this genus seemed uninterested in the flowers, but liked to bask on the leaves mostly low down, above all on one particular clump at H. Hill next to a large prostrate beech trunk, when lit by the afternoon sun.) I was on the point of rejecting the tarda as only an undersized segnis L. (the commonest species), but luckily thought better of it. On that memorable occasion, we took, jointly, all the then known British Xylotae within the space of an hour or two. (Xylota xanthocnema Coll.) — This, along with X. florum, was to us the least frequent species in the locality after tarda. GS. captured several, including a % at the aforesaid rhododendron clump (4.vii.71), as well as a @ on 17.vi, and I netted a there on 17.vii. The spot is near where my two original males were caught (Allen, 1965). (Xylota sylvarum L.) — Not nearly as common in the area as either segnis or nemorum. Ac settled on a beech trunk in the Park, 24th Sept. 1980, is perhaps worth noting because of the date. (Xylota lenta Mg.). — Not found by us outside the special station at H. Hill where males were not uncommon in June 1971, also occurring singly deep in the shady-forest about beech timber, but for a week or two in that year only. I saw no female at any time. (Xylota nemorum F.). — This proved common throughout the Forest (we did not definitely see it in the Park, except in the woods at Virginia Water), chiefly affecting stacks of cut beech boughs (oak rather less) as well as logs and stumps, and was much less in evidence on foliage — unlike the next two, etc. Xylota abiens Mg. — More widespread than several of the species, occurring sporadically in the Park (¢ , beech stump) and at Virginia Water (? , swept by the lake), but as with /enta etc. its headquarters seemed to be on the edge of the forest at H. Hill; males not rare in early June, sunning on low foliage of rhododen- dron. Xylota florum F. — Very local and scarce as a rule, but a good locality for it was discovered by G. S. near Badger’s Brook, where he took several males on 17.vi.71 and a few more on later dates, some on umbels of hogweed, others low on sunlit alder foliage; I netted one from the latter on 17th July, and another male from thododendron foliage some distance away near H. Hill, 17.vi.72. The two specimens referred to florum in my 1965 paper were mis- determined, careful re-examination showing them both to be abiens (the small? perhaps abnormal); the former species is thus in fact an 232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 addition. (Vote: in this genus, females are normally much less in evidence than males.) (Brachypalpus laphriformis Fall. (bimaculatus Mcq.). — On 21st May, 1972, one was boxed by G.S. as it emerged from under loose bark high up on an oak trunk which he was working with the aid of a ladder, in an area of the Park lying to the north of the main Ascot road. On 2nd June, not far from this spot, we came upon a very few more (all males, I think) flying about and settling on the ground near a large old hulk of oak and low on the trunk of a beech nearby. They were not easily caught and we secured one each. (My 1940 specimen, wrongly recorded as a? , was in fact a (Caliprobola speciosa Rossi). — Somewhat erratic and apparen- tly localized, rare in 1971, much more frequent in the next two years. In the forest at H. Hill, ( which we often visited), only one was seen, about an elm stump in early evening, 3.vi.71; but on 2.vi.72, in the Park, at the second spot mentioned under the last entry, we found it not very uncommon, then and on various later occasions that year and the next; though once or twice it failed to appear when conditions seemed right. Its habits here were precisely those of Brachypalpus, but it extended over a wider area which took in a large blown-down beech some distance away, in the high broken-off stump of which it was undoubtedly breeding. Most often these splendid flies settled on the ground, less often on the trunks etc., occasionally on nearby tree foliage; they only showed themselves in sunshine. Finally, one was seen to alight upon an oak stump in another more wooded part of the Park near Union Gate, 6.vi.73. Unlike most of those caught at may blossom in 1940, all captured specimens were males in perfect order, with the following exception. On 3.vi.73, G.S. witnessed the oviposition-behaviour of a female at the broken-off beech already referred to, my note of which is worth quoting: — “The fly appeared hovering in the hollow of the trunk, settled on the surface of the wood-mould that half filled it, and quickly buried itself, scraping away the loose particles with its feet and almost disappearing from view after a few moments. In about half a minute it reappeared and flew straight up into the net placed over it.” The remarkable feature of this observation is surely the rapidity with which the whole process was completed (assuming that an egg or eggs had actually been laid). Criorhina asilica Fall. — We had the pleasure of meeting with this for the first time at H. Hill on 3.vi.71 (though already found by C. O. Hammond), each obtaining two — mine are both males. Except for one netted by G. S. a little inside the forest about an elm stump filled with wood-mould, they were flying around and alighting on flowers of rhododendron fairly high up at the forest edge. Curiously, we never for certain saw the species again, which seems nearly as scarce in the area as C. ranunculi Panz. Like B. laphriformis it is a good honey-bee mimic. (To be continued) THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA — 233 THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA (LINN.) (LEPIDOPTERA, NOCTUIDAE) IN LANCASHIRE. By E. G. HANCOCK * Barrett (1896) tells us that the Northern Rustic, Standfussiana lucernea (Linn.), is said to be rare in Lancashire; South (1920) merely repeats this statement. Having examined the records avail- able it does appear to be rather infrequently referred to in a Lan- cashire context. This would be especially so now that Furness and a considerable part of the west pennine moors have been removed to other political entities. Since the evidence for a discussion of the status of S. lucernea as a Lancashire insect would almost entirely disappear under the new definition of the county it is decided to retain, mentally at least, the older boundaries. This is further rein- forced by the fact that only one of the records is post 1974 (the date of local government reorganisation). The preferred habitat and behaviour of Jucernea is described by Goater in some detail (in Heath and Emmet, 1979). There are few sea cliffs on the Lancashire coast and in any case there are no records of lucernea from those that do exist. Inland, however, there are numerous natural and quarried rocky areas in the mill- stone grit of the pennine moors and limestone in north Lancashire. Here the data indicate that these areas are indeed those which support populations of the moth. What prompted me to look at this species was the finding of a male example in a portable mercury vapour light trap in my own back yard on the night of the 14 July 1981, Astley Bridge, Bolton (NGR: SD 792118). This is a literal statement. The reason for the trap being set in the yard rather than the garden is another story. The house is less than half a mile from moorlands and extensive stone quarries on the north side of Bolton. In the north west as a whole, the Lake District is an obvious place to find the Northern Rustic although it appears not to be as densely recorded as in North Wales. The only other specimen | have taken personally was at light at Ulverston, in Furness (SD 290788), 20 August 1968. The pennines which are represented by western extensions into Lancashire of the moors around the north and east of Manchester, Blackburn and Burnley are also likely to yield this species. This is obvious from the evidence of the more frequent records from the Yorkshire side in the area of Halifax, Huddersfield and Ilkley, for example. So it is to the local literature that one must turn for records and after that the examination of public and private collections, fol- lowed by verbal contact. The county list of Lepidoptera (Mansbridge, 1923 & 1940) with an update (Smith, 1955) give Catlow, near Nelson (SD 88-36-) as a locality where it is not uncommon, recorded * Bolton Museum & Art Gallery, Le Mans Crescent, Bolton, Greater Manchester, BL1 1SA. 234 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 by Allan Brindle of Manchester Museum. Albert E. Wright found one “at Burnley” in 1918. Mr. Stuart Coxey, a Bolton collector, sent a record from the ‘“‘Bolton Mosses’’. This he tells me (in Jitt. 30 Oct 1981) was a misprint for “moors” and is referable to a speci- men in his collection dated 22 July 1951. It was caught at Horrocks Fold where the aforementioned quarries near my own residence are found. J. W. Baldwin, another Bolton naturalist, recorded it at Turton Toppings in Bolton (SD 72-13-) which is also less than a mile from these quarries. No date is given for this record but it is at least before 1875. Baldwin was primarily a conchologist and his collection came to the museum in Bolton. Although I have identified some microlepidoptera as having been collected by him there are no examples of S. lucernea in the museum from any source until the Astley Bridge specimen in 1981. The Nelson locality is repeated by Woods (1968) and it still occurred in a quarry there at that time. The only other modern record is represented by a post-1960 solid dot on the distribution map given in Heath & Emmet, 1979. This is for the square SJ79 which covers the low lying land around Salford and would appear to be unlikely area for this species. If the record is not in error then the western part of this ten kilometre square includes the remains of some of the famous south Lancashire mosses, Chat and Carrington, where it is conceivable the moth may breed. John Heath informs me (in litt. 26 Aug. 1981) that another record had been sent in to the Biological Records Centre at Monkswood for the square SD60. | have traced this record to Mr. Tim Melling of Bolton, a keen amateur collector now studying at Newcastle-upon-Tyne University. He generated the record on the basis of a manuscript note by another collector, Mr. Priddy of Westhoughton. It was only when Tim ob- tained this man’s collection and was able to examine it closely that the record proved to be unfounded. It was based on a worn example of the variable Dotted Clay, Xestia baja D. & S. Another manu- script, a list of the lepidoptera of Bolton by Mr. S. Reade of the Bolton Field Naturalists’ Society compiled in 1930, does not record the Northern Rustic. Various friends and colleagues in the north west have provided negative information following a request for recent records. It remains to say that I saw one flying in a classic manner in suitable habitat at Tockholes, near Darwen (SD 6620) on 27 August 1981. The evidence appears to indicate that the Northern Rustic is not widespread but occurs irregularly in its preferred habitat and is probably under-recorded. Skidmore (1964) states that the fauna of moorland is unstable with some insects continually disappearing to be replaced by others, or the same species turning up again after a lapse of some years. S. lucernea is selected as an example of this phenomenon, among other lepidopterans. The records from the Bolton moorland localities would seem to support this theory al- thought there has not been continuous local recording over the last thirty or forty years in sufficient detail to be sure of this. The national distribution of Jucernea is slightly odd. It is recorded from high ground inland in the pennines, Lake District THE NORTHERN RUSTIC: STANDFUSSIANA LUCERNEA 235 and Wales. Elsewhere it appears to be restricted to coastal areas. This leaves huge tracts of apparently suitable high ground for this species such as in Scotland, Ireland and the south west of England from which it is absent. Is this a genuine absence and if so for what reasons? References Barrett, C. G. 1896. The Lepidoptera of the British Islands, 3: 391. Heath, J. and Emmet, A. M., editors, 1979. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 9: 155. Mansbridge, W. 1923. The Lepidopterous Fauna of Lancashire & Cheshire, 45th/46th Ann. Reports & Proceedings Lancs. & Ches- hire Entomological Society, 90. Mansbridge, W. 1940. Supplementary list of the Lepidoptera of Lancashire & Cheshire, ibid. (61st-63rd Reports), 254. Skidmore, P. 1964. Some aspects of the entomological fauna of a Lancashire Moore, 59th - 61st Ann. Reports, Proceedings and Transactions of the Manchester Entomological Society, 19-25. Smith, S. G. 1955. Records of Butterflies & Moths found in the counties of Lancashire & Cheshire, 77th - 78th Ann. Reports & Proc. Lancs. & Cheshire Ent. Soc., 42. South, R. 1920. The Moths of the British Isles, 1: 213. Woods, G. F. 1968. Moths & Butterflies in Caul, R. (editor) The Natural History of the Burnley Area, 103. _ MARGARET FOUNTAINE: THE FATE OF MANY OF HER BOOKS AND SOME OF HER NOTES. — _ In her Will in 1940, Margaret Fountaine bequeathed many of her books and some of her notes to ‘the youngest member of the Royal Entomological Society’. At that time, this turned out to be a young American, a Mr. J. Dennis Cowper, who returned to the States presumably with much of the background to Margaret Fountaine. His last known address is in Los Angeles, but we have learned that the building has now been demolished. We should much like to know of the whereabouts of this valuable collection of books and papers, and request anyone with information to write to: The Editor, Entomologist’s Record, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG, England. THE SILVER-SPOTTED SKIPPER: HESPERIA COMMA L., A NEW LOCALITY NEAR EASTBOURNE. —_ On the 21st August 1982, I was pleased to note a single female example of this scarce butterfly on the edge of the South Downs near Eastbourne. To my knowledge this is the first time the species has been recorded at this site which seems ideal for the insect. — M. PARSONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, Battle, E. Sussex. A NEW FOODPLANT FOR SYNTARUCUS PIRITHOUS L. — A single female S. pirithous, observed in the wild on Spetses island, Greece, in late August 1982, was seen laying eggs singly on the flower buds of an ornamental climbing Jasminum plant. I believe this to be an as yet unrecorded foodplant for this butterfly. — J. G. COUTSIS, 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. 236 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 TREASURER’S NOTICE It is with regret that I have to report that the Record has been running at a loss for much of this year, and that a rise in subscrip- tions will be necessary as from the beginning of Volume 95 (1983). In the coming year, we can expect printing costs to rise at least in accordance with the rate of inflation, and there is also the possibility of increased postal charges. To make matters worse, the decline in interest rates will reduce the income from our deposit account. It has therefore been decided that the subscription rates for next year will be £10.00 (U.K.) and £11.50 (Overseas): the increased differential is due partly to postage and partly to the high cost of clearing foreign cheques. If you pay by Standing Order, please be sure to provide your bank with the new details well before pay- ment will be made. In order to minimise costs, | make two requests. First, please pay on or before January Ist — the printers are normally paid before the journal is despatched, so the money is needed at the beginning of the month. Unfortunately, we shall not be sending out any copies of the journal for which payment has not been received. Second, if you decide not to renew your subscription, please let me know in good time, as this saves the expense of sending out reminders. P. J. JOHNSON, Hon. Treasurer. Notes and Observations FLIGHT TIME OF RINGLET: APHANTOPUS HYPERANTUS L. IN SCOTLAND. ~— Over the last five years butterfly numbers have been assessed at two NNR’s in east Fife, Scotland using the method described by Pollard (1977). Records were obtained for Tentsmuir Point from 1978 onwards and Morton Lochs from 1979 onwards. These show interesting differences in the flying time of Ringlet between the two sites. Year 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Morton Lochs: Annual population index $27 701 609 899 Flight time (weeks) 9 9 9 10 Tentsmuir Point: Annual population index 2 49 174 184 SV/?2 Flight time (weeks) 4 6 7 7 8 Table 1. Observed flight time (in weeks) in relation population size at Morton Lochs and Tentsmuir Point, Fife. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS rai At Morton Lochs the Ringlet has emerged between 18th and 28th June during the last five years. First emergence is about a week and a half later at Tentsmuir Point. Table 1. shows that although the annual population index obtained from the transect results has varied at Morton the flying period has varied little. In contrast at Tentsmuir where the local population was believed to be severely reduced by drought in 1976, the flight period has extended as the total number in the population has risen. The ten week flying time observed at Morton this year probably represents the maximum for Scotland since east Fife enjoys the highest recorded sunshine in the country. The emergence times reported here are within the range given by Thomson (1980). The flight period given by him, however, is only about one month. The above results suggest that the ob- served flight period is directly proportional to population size. — References: Thomson, G. 1980. The Butterflies of Scotland, Croom Helm, London. Pollard, E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biol Cons. 12, 115-134. — P. K. KINNEAR, 11 Hillview Road, Balmullo, St Andrews, Fife KY16 ODE AN ITALIAN BUTTERFLY POSTER. — _ I have just returned from a visit to Italy (alas not a collecting trip), and I was amused to see in Cremona a poster with some white butterflies of uncertain genus and writing “A clean city brings butterflies”, which seemed to me a non sequitur! — Canon PETER HAWKER, St. Botolph’s Vicarage, 84 Little Bargate Street, Lincoln LN5 8JL, 26.viii.82. THE CONVOLVULUS HAWKMOTH AND CLOUDED YELLOW IN SOUTH DEVON. — On August 31 a large female Agrius con- volvuli L. was found in my m.v. trap here following a cold moonlight night. And at Slapton Sands, two Colias croceus Geof. were seen on August 12 and one on August 19. — H. L. O’HEFFERNAN, 24 Green Park Way, Chillington, Kingsbridge, S. Devon. THE CLOUDED YELLOW: COLIAS CROCEUS GEOF., AUTUMN 1982. — Whilst walking along Carlyon Bay, Cornwall (SX 060522 on the morning of 10th September 1982 in dull weather conditions a C. croceus flew up in front of me, it settled about 30yds. away which enabled me to confirm the identification. — A. J. BALDWIN, 33 Defoe Avenue, Kew Gardens, Surrey. RHYACIA SIMULANS HUFNAGEL: DOTTED RUSTIC _ IN LINCOLNSHIRE. — Back in July 1980 I took a specimen of this species in my Robinson trap at home. This was the first record for the county of this central and southern moth. This year I have taken a total of five examples in and around Lincoln, which suggests that the species is established. Only one of these was at light. The others were found by day, actively fluttering in vegetation. The first was taken on 26th June and the last on 29th July. It would be interesting to hear more of the spread of this insect, which seems to be undergoing a population explosion, judging by other accounts in the Record. — M. TOWNSEND, 8 Cornwall House, Ravendale Drive, Lincoln, 22.ix.82. 238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 THE LUNAR THORN : SELENIA LUNARIA D. & S. IN EAST SUSSEX. — _ A fine male specimen of this species appeared in the home run MV light trap on the 23rd July. This example seemed smaller and richer in colour than most other examples I have seen and presumably represents a second generation moth. — M. PAR- SONS, The Forge, Russells Green, Ninfield, Battle, E. Sussex. BUCCULATRIX CIDARELLA ZELLER ON MYRICA GALE IN ENGLAND. — On the 3rd of September, 1982, in the company of Mr. E. C. Pelham-Clinton, Dr. J. D. Bradley and Dr J. R. Lang- maid, I found B. cidarella feeding in some plenty on bog myrtle (Myrica gale) on the Arne National Nature Reserve, Dorset. Alder (Alnus glutinosa), the usual foodplant, was nowhere in sight, but the warden of the reserve told us that it occurred plentifully about half a mile away. This is the first record of B. cidarella feeding on bog myrtle in England, the previous records having been made from north- west Wales and south-west Ireland. In most places where alder and bog myrtle occur together B. cidarella is confined to the former; when, however, it does accept the latter, it abounds on it. Hitherto it has proved immune from parasitisation when feeding on bog myrtle and this may be the explanation for the success of such colonies. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF. THE HIGH BROWN FRITILLARY: ARGYNNIS ADIPPE D. & S. IN S. CUMBRIA. —_ It was satisfying to find good numbers of this species during the 1982 season in one of its strong but geographical- ly isolated colonies in South Cumbria. The site, undisturbed light scrub and woodland on limestone, is extensive and at the height of its flying season in July and early August this year, this was the most prominent and probably abundant butterfly. This supposition was backed up by regular transect counts where numbers were similar to the Small Pearl Bordered Fritillary and to associated grassland species such as Common Blue and Meadow Brown. Netting and release of specimens taken at random showed it to outnumber the Dark Green Fritillary by about 10/1. At a time when the apparent national trend is for a decline in the species, the present relative abundance is encouraging and it is hoped this butterfly will continue to thrive in this locality. — M. J. Y. FOLEY, 87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, Blackburn, Lancs. PARARGE AEGERIA L. (SPECKLED WOOD) FEEDING ON DAMAGED APPLE. — For the most part the speckled wood butter- flies visiting my Dartford garden this year behaved typically, flitting above in partially shaded situations, and on the flower border merely settled upon the leaves for brief intervals despite the profusion of flowers. However, on August 29th 1982, I noticed a specimen feeding upon a bird and wasp-damaged Laxton’s Fortune apple hanging in a shaded position about six feet from the ground. On several occasions it left the fruit only to return after a short inter- val, and on each occasion was seen clearly to be feeding. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 239 I think this occurrence unusual enough to warrant reporting, for the few references I have found of P. aegeria visiting fruit relate to blackberries, although actual feeding was not specifically men- tioned, and to a plum where imbibing was noted (Bolingbroke, Ent. Rec. 65, 291). In the entomological journals I have found numerous references to P. aegeria on the Continent, but no mention of it feeding; is this species seen imbibing from flowers and fruit there as infrequently as its subspecies in the British Isles? — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. THE FIRST RECORDING OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI HBN. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — The first known recording of this rare migrant moth for Warwickshire, is of one taken by Mr. R. Thomas in his m.v. trap, at Hartshill Hayes in the north of the County on i8th September 1982. A second specimen occurred in my garden trap the following day, followed by another on 20th September. Mr. Roy Allen also recorded one in his garden trap at Marton on 20th September. Other notable 1982 Warwickshire migrants recorded at Charle- cote are as follows: 8th July and 21st August, Spodoptera exigua Hbn. (A. Gardner). 29th and 31st July, Eurois occulta L. (A. Gard- ner). 17th (2), 18th and 19th September, S. exiguwa (D. Brown). 19th September, Macroglossum stellatarum L. (A. Gardner). 20th September, Agrius convolvuli L. (A. Gardner). 23rd and 27th September, Helicoverpa armigera Hbn. (D. Brown and A. Gardner). 2nd October, Orthonama obstipata F. (D. Brown). — D. C. G. BROWN, Jacksons Farmhouse, 25 Charlcote, Nr. Warwick, Warks. THE TWO-YEAR LIFE-CYCLE OF COLEOPHORA HEMEROBIEL- LA (SCOPOLI). — To my knowledge, the first assertion in the British literature that C. hemerobiella has a biennial life-cycle was made by R. W. J. Uffen in A field guide to the smaller British Lepidoptera (1979). Apart from stating that the final erect and straight case is made in the second spring, he gives no details of timing. The following note may therefore be helpful. On the 30th of May, 1981, in the company of the Revd D. J. L. Agassiz and Dr J. L. Langmaid, I collected larvae of this species at Grays, South Essex (VC 18). Some were in the final case but four were still in the earlier pistol-shaped case. I sleeved (more precisely, nylon-stockinged) the small cases on a crab-apple in my garden and left them undisturbed for the next 13 months. My observations were intermittent and consequently I can give only approximate dates. By the end of June the larvae had ceased to feed and had fixed for aestivation on the twigs. Aestivation extended into hibernation without a break, the larvae remaining immobile for ten months. Towards the end of April feeding began again on the young leaves and the pistol case was soon abandoned for the final case, excised from the margin of a leaf near its base. I think Stainton (The natural history of the Tineina 5: 76) is wrong in stating that the larvae make two straight cases, the second larger than the first; according to my observations, they go straight from the pistol to the final case. 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 NSD, ote Feeding continued until about the middle of June. At the begin- ning of July, when the cases were unmistakably fixed for pupation, I opened the sleeve for the first time and brought them indoors. The four moths emerged between the 12th and 20th of July, 1982. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essexs CBS AF. LINCOLNSHIRE BUTTERFLIES. — _ Recently, there has been the sighting of two Polygonia c-album L.: Comma in Lincoln. One by myself on 18th September feeding on decaying pears with about 20 Vanessa atalanta L. The other was on 15th September by Messrs. Brian and Andrew Cunnington in their garden at ice plants. These are the first records of the Comma for the area and probably the county since 1971, and of a butterfly that was widespread in Lin- colnshire up to about 20 years ago. It would be nice to think of the resurgence of this species in a county which has lost so many nym- phalids and others, notably Argynnis paphia L., A. adippe D. & S.., Boloria selene D. & S., B. euphrosyne L. and probably A. aglaja L. and Euphydryas aurinia Rott. One nymphalid is still in good numbers in the woods east of Lincoln, Ladoga camilla L., which was very early this year. — M. TOWNSEND, 8 Cornwall House, Ravendale Drive, Lincoln, 22.ix.82. THE MARSH FRITILLARY: EUPHYDRYAS AURINEA ROTT. IN CUMBRIA. — Following up a previous note in this journal (J. H. Vine-Hall, Ent. Rec. 91: 24-5) on the status of the Marsh Fritillary in Cumbria, I visited in good conditions in early June this year the four extant sites therein described. At only two of these was the species present, however, and then only noted in very small numbers after prolonged observation (less than five separate individuals sighted at each). The other two colonies were apparently unoccupied although there is one recorded sighting for 1981 at one of these but none since 1979 at the other. A visit to a further previously suspected site revealed the species to be present (again less than five seen) which adds another to the total, and there are at least three other possible sites which need further investigation, dis- counting two others at which the species is probably extinct. Thus the butterfly is just hanging on in very small well scattered colonies, and it is surprising that it can survive for long at such a low density. The Cumbria Trust N.C. is aware of the location of the sites, and it is hoped that the habitats can be protected and collec- ting avoided, so that this species, generally absent elsewhere in Northern England, can build up numbers again. — M. J. Y. FOLEY, 87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, Blackburn, Lancs. THE DECLINE OF THE DUKE OF BURGUNDY: HAMEARIS LUCINA L. — We are conducting a study of the ecology of this butterfly the object being to determine the precise habitat require- ments and habitat management requirements of the species. The study has the support of the Nature Conservancy Council (NCC) and is linked to NCC’s ‘Butterflies Under Threat’ project. Infor- mation is urgently required from as many sites as possible and we would be delighted to establish contact with entomologists who are familiar with the species. Please write for further details either to NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 241 myself (for sites in eastern England) at the address below, or to Mr. W. G. Shreeves, 5 Butt’s Mead, Shaftesbury, Dorset (for sites in the western half of England). It may be of interest to add that while working on the ecology of the Duke of Burgundy at Selborne during the past few years, some useful discoveries have been made. For example, the main predator on Jucina is a snail (Monacha cantiana) which, seemingly accidently devours the ova on the Cowslip leaves. Does the same happen to the ova in other localities? So far we have received infor- mation from a number of entomologists, and initial indications suggest an alarming recent decline in the number of sites occupied by lucina, especially in woods. — M. R. OATES, The Lodge, Wyck Place, Wyck, Alton, Hampshire. NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. AT SEA. — While fishing two miles off the southern coast of the island of Spetses, in Greece, in late October 1981, I observed a single Nymphalis antiopa flying about one metre above the sea and heading toward the island. The only places in that area where this butterfly is resident, are the higher mountains of the Peloponnissos and its appearance near the island of Spetses must be attributed to forced migration due to adverse weather conditions in its natural habitat. It is assumed that its journey must have started somewhere in the Parnon mountains of eastern Peloponnissos and that the butterfly covered a distance of about 20 kilometres, while flying over the sea. — J. G. COUTSIS, 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. YPONOMEUTA EVONYMELLA (LINNAEUS ) IN SOUTHERN ENGLAND. — I should be grateful for any information regarding the foodplant of this species in the south of England. Further north it feeds on bird-cherry (Prunus padus), often in great pro- fusion, whole trees being sometimes completely covered in larval webs and entirely defoliated. In the south, bird-cherry is scarce and the few trees I have seen have not been attacked. Yet Y. evonymella occurs at low density even in areas where bird-cherry is apparently absent. In 1970 I brought a web of these larvae home from Derbyshire. After the branch on which they were feeding had all been consumed, being unable to locate further supplies of bird-cherry, I tried them on leaves of damson-plum from the garden. Finding that they accepted this, I sleeved out half the larvae on the damson-tree. These ceased to feed and all perished. Those in the plastic box, which retained the remains and in particular the smell of the original foodplant, fed on and produced adults, all of which, however, were undersized. In 1981 two adults appeared here in Saffron Walden at lighted windows. In 1982, when I was lent a light-trap for a few days in July, they were fairly common, about six appearing each night, but settling around the trap in preference to entering into it. The feature which struck me about these moths was that they were all undersized like those I have just mentioned. It is possible that they had fed on blackthorn (Prunus spinosa), 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 but a specimen I took on the army ranges at Foulness on the 17th of July this year suggests otherwise. On Canvey Island and elsewhere in south-east Essex the brown-tail moth (Euproctis chrysorrhoea (Linnaeus)) is kept under control by council workmen. There is no public access to Foulness Island and there this necessary task is not performed. Consequently this pest occurs in unimaginable profusion. In whole areas the blackthorns, hawthorns and roses are literally stripped bare of all their foliage, leaving ugly skeletons festooned with larval webs. In an area where the bushes had been reduced to such a condition in 1981, the larvae had switched to scrub elm in 1982, presumably because the females had found the blackthorns they themselves had helped to defoliate quite unsuitable for oviposition. The blackthorns were beginning to recover but there is little doubt that 1983 will see the brown-tails renewing their assult. The result is an almost complete absence of other species feeding on these plants. The hawthorn-feeders fare best because there is so much of it that some trees escape. Blackthorn seems to be the favourite foodplant of the brown-tail, and its other associated species, especially the leaf-miners, are absent or excessively rare. For example, of the four Coleophora species so common at Benfleet, I have found only C. anatipennella (Hubner) very sparingly, this being one which has alternative foodplants. I have never seen Ypono- meuta padella (Linnaeus) at Foulness, but its close relative, Y. malinellus Zeller, abounds on apple-trees surviving from a former orchard. So unless my specimen of Y. evonymella had flown in, it is likely to have fed on some foodplant other than blackthorn. All the Essex specimens of Y. evonymella which I have seen — those from Saffron Walden, Foulness and one or two other localities — have a common characteristic: they are undersized like those I fed on damson. What is their foodplant? — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3 AF. SPHINX LIGUSTRI L. (PRIVET HAWKMOTH ): DISAPPEARANCE FROM N. W. KENT. — It is with regret that I comment on the ap- parent absence of this fine insect from urban N. W. Kent — the conurbation south of the R. Thames from central London to Dartford. The privet hawk moth used regularly to be seen on fences and telegraph poles, or injured on pavements and roads, while every year the caterpillars notified their presence by their excremental pellets beneath privet hedge, or overhanging lilac or laurustinus (Viburnum tinus), and beside waste land under saplings of ash. I last saw privet hawk caterpillars in this area in 1972, and the last visits of the moth to the garden m/v trap at Dartford were 1972 (two) and 1975 (two). Chalmers-Hunt in his Lepidoptera of Kent Supplement mentions an apparent decline of the species for the county as whole. In the above-mentioned work the author suggests that the introduced species of privet, Ligustrum ovalifolium, is the most favoured larval pabulum in Kent, and states that he had only one record for the native L. vulgaris. However, in N. W. Kent the larvae could be found every year on the latter plant also, e.g. on Dartford NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 243 Heath, while where a hedge was composed of both species of privet, no preference for either was apparent. It was noticeable that often the same short stretch of garden hedge had caterpillars year after year. Once, in 1946, I found nine larvae at Dartford on snowberry (Symphoricarpus), and wonder if the plant was utilized more fre- quently than records suggest, for rarely do these bushes conveniently overhang the pavement. Finally, although holly is a well-known larval foodplant in the New Forest, and perhaps elsewhere, I know of no record of S. ligustri on this in N. W. Kent, where the plant is used commonly for hedging and as an ornamental shrub. — B. K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. SOME OF THE LESS COMMON SPECIES OF LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN AT BARCALDINE, ARGYLL, IN 1980 and 1981. — The following were among the less common Macrolepidoptera caught by a Robin- son M.V. light trap (125 watt) sited at Barcaldine, Argyll (map ref: NM 964414) (on the edge of Barcaldine Forest) and operated almost nightly during the years 1980 and 1981. Critical species were identified by microscopic examination of genitalia. Some of the species listed are common in southern Britain but appear to be rare here and are included for that reason. Numbers of individuals caught in 1980 and 1981 are given in that order. Trichiura crataegi L. (5:13), Falcaria lacertinaria L. (5:0), Ochropacha duplaris L. (6:2), Scopula ternata Schrank (2:0), Orthonama vittata Bork- hausen (3:1), Xanthorhoe munitata Hbn. (2:2), Entephria flavicincata Hbn. (0:1), E. caesiata D. & S. (1:0), Anticlea derivata D. & S. (0:1), Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S. (0:1), Coenotephria salicata Hbn. (7:8), Cidaria fulvata Forster (3:0), Plemyria rubiginata D. & S. (3:2), Thera juniperata L. (1:0), Colostygia olivata D. & S. (1:0), _Hydriomena impluviata D. & S. (0:3), Perizoma taeniatum Stephens (13:7), P. albulata D. & S. (13:2), P. flavo- fasciata Thunb. (0:1), P. didymata L. (0:1), Carsia sororiataHbn. (0:1), Odezia atrata L. (1:0) (common by day), Venusia cambrica Curtis (26:21), Trichopteryx polycommata D. & S. (0:2), Acasis viretata Hbn. (0:3) Abraxas grossulariata L. (0:1), A. sylvata Scop. (10:2), Semiothisa notata L. (1:0), S. liturata Clerck (0:4), Plagodis pulveraria L. (1:1), Deuteronomos erosaria D. & S. (2:0), Selenia lunularia Hbn. (2:4), Cleora cinctaria Dee S-Ce2) Ales jubata Thunb. (62:52), Cleorodes lichenaria Hufn. (0:2), Gnophos obfuscatus D. & S. (2:1), Dyscia fagaria Thunb. (0:2), Cerura vinula L. (1:1), Harpyia furcula Clerck (0:1), Pheosia tremula Clerck (2:3), Odontosia carmelita Esper (10:21), Setina irrorella L. (0:1), Diacrisia sannio L. (2:3), Spilosoma luteum Hufn. (3:0), Nola confusalis H.-S. (10:12), Euxoa tritici L. (2:0), Stand- fussiana lucernea L. (0:1), Graphiphora augur Fabr. (1:0), Xestia rhomboidea Esper (0:2), X. agathina Duponchel (6:55), Naenia typicaL. (5:3), Eurois occulta L. (23:36), Polia bombycina Hufn. (11:24), Lacanobia oleracea L. (1:0), Hadena confusa Hufn. (1:0), Panolis flammea D. & S. (0:2), Dasypolia templi Thunb. (2:5), Aporophyla lutulenta D. & S. (0:3), Lithomoia solida- ginis Hbn. (0:3), Xylena vetusta Hbn. (11:14), Antitiype chi L. (4:6)), Agro- chola helvola L. (1:1), Parastichtis suspecta Hbn. (9:0), Atethmia centrago Haw. (0:1) Omphaloscelis lunosa Haw. (1:2), Xanthia citrago L. (2:7), Acronicta tridens D. & S. (1:0), A. menyanthidis Esper (0:3), A. euphorbiae D. & S. (0:1), Hyppa rectilinea Esper (2:8), Apamea exulis Lefebvre (4:3), A. ophiogramma Esper (2:0), Amphipoea lucens Freyer (58:732), A. crinanensis Burrows (15:61), A. oculea L. (0:1), Celaena haworthii Curtis (1:4), Nonagria typhae Thunb. (0:1), Hoplodrina alsines Brahm (0:1), H. blanda D. & S. (2:1), Stilbia anomala Haw. (10:10), Eustrotia uncula Clerck (0:1), Bena prasinana L. (1:0), Autographa bractec D. & S. (89:115), Syngrapha interrogationis.L. (5:8), Schrankia costaestrigalis Stephens (2:2), Hypenodes turfosalis Wocke (2:0). The following records from this site are also of interest:— 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. (1)on 11 Dec 1980 (early date); Peridroma saucia Hbn. (1) and Nomophila noctuella D. & S. (1) on 30 Jan 1981 (early immigrants); Palpita unionalis Hbn. (1) on 30 Aug 1980 (immigrant); Orthonama obstipata Fabr. (1) on 2 Sept. 1980 (immigrant). — Dr. J. C. A. CRAIK, Dunstaffnage Marine Lab., P.O. Box 3, Oban, Argyll. FURTHER NOTES ON PHYLLONORYCTER SAPORTELLA (DUPON- CHEL) IN EAST ANGLIA. — _ Ihave already recounted (antea pp. 119-120) my chance rearing of a single adult of this rare species from South Lopham, Norfolk. Most old records were made from moths found resting on tree-trunks, so my wife and I revisited the locality on the 9th of May to look for further specimens. Within seconds we found four on the trunk of the tree from which I had taken the mine and others were not uncommon on adjacent trees. That night we rang up Dr Ian Watkinson and returned with him two days later. By then many more had emerged and Dr Watkinson counted 20 on a single trunk. Having taken photographs and a few specimens, we extended our search to the adjacent vice-counties. We managed at length to find one each in VCs 25 and 28, each about a mile from the original site, but drew blank in VC 26. The implication is that the colony, although numerically strong, is very localised. My wife and I made our next visit on the 3rd of July to look for mines. They were easy to recognise amongst many scores of the commoner oak-feeding Phyllonorycter, but whereas P. saportella had been the most plentiful adult on the trunks in May, its mines were the least common in July. This raises once again the theory that it feeds high up on the trees. I studied the upper branches through field-glasses, but a fresh breeze was shaking the leaves and although I could see Caloptilia cones, | failed to spot any Phyllono- rycter mines. This leaves the problem unresolved but I am inclined to the opinion that P. saportella does feed high up and that only a small proportion of its mines are accessible from the ground. It may be significant that not a single leaf was within reach on the tree where Ian Watkinson found 20 adults. The moths began to emerge on the 14th of July and it would have been better if we had delayed our search until about that date. All the mines were on the leaf-margin. The mines of most other oak-feeding Phyllonorycter have a single strong central fold in the lower epidermis. This is normally absent in P. saportella which has instead numerous smal! creases which cause the leaf-edge to curl right over. I was wrong in my previous note when I said that the feeding did not extend through to the upper epidermis; it does so in varying degrees. In some cases only the extreme margin, which is folded under, is stripped of parenchyma, such mines being almost invisible from above. In others the whole upper surface of the mine is blanched. The most important character is the complete absence of frass to reinforce the walls of the cocoon; the only other British oak-feeding Phyllonorycter to have this character is P. roboris (Zeller) which has a totally different and unmistakable mine. — A. M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CBI I SAF: NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 245 A POSSIBLE DISCOVERY OF THE FIRST GENERATION LARVA OF ETAINIA DECENTELLA (HERRICH-SCHAFFER, 1855); | LEPI- DOPTERA: NEPTICULIDAE.]. — On April 12th., 1982, whilst collec- ting at Mark’s Grave, Horseheath, Cambridgeshire (V.C. 29), I found a sycamore tree (Acer pseudoplatanus) from the base of which were growing several shoots, the tallest being about 2m high. I noticed that the buds on some of these shoots were much more retarded than on others, so I picked a sample for later examination. On a more detailed study, I found that the retarded bud was always the central one of a group, i.e. the prospective flower bud. Two buds were dissected. In the first was a hole of diameter 72 mm (presumably the larval exit hole), and the bud had been eaten a little, though only in the most central part; there also ap- peared to be a mine in the bark of the twig just below the bud, but no egg could be found. There was no sign of spinning, which may indicate non-lepidopterous attack. (Hering suggests, in The Biology of the Leaf-miners, that the presence of silk is indicative of lepidopterous activity; it does not, however, follow that the absence of silk is indicative of non-lepidopterous activity). No larva could be found to confirm this. The second bud was similar, but signs of feeding were rather less clear. I kept the other buds in the hope of breeding something, but without success. The life history of the first generation of Etainia decentella (as of all three British Etainia) has always been in doubt. The cur- rent position is most fully documented in a paper by Emmet and Johnson (Ent. Rec. 89: 257-264), where it is suggested that all three species feed in the samaras of their respective species of Acer in the autumn generation and in the buds in the spring genera- tion. A particular point of similarity between FE. sericopeza as there described and the material described above is that the larval feeding is confined to the flower buds. In addition, the inability to find an egg could be explained by its having been on the petiole of aleaf of the previous season: naturally, this would have fallen off by the spring. Though I cannot claim to have found E. decentella as a spring larva, the evidence is suggestive. I write this note principally to encourage others to do what I shall do in March/April, 1983: search Acer buds in the hope of finally solving the problem of the spring generation of the Etainia species in Britain. — P. J. JOHNSON, 10, Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS., 10.ix.1982. FURTHER NOTES ON AN INTRODUCED “COLONY” OF THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE: APORIA CRATAEGI L. IN SCOTLAND. — Further to my notes on this subject in Ent. Rec., 89: 282-283, it may be of interest to record the current position here of the Aporia crataegi “‘colony” which has continued to the present time, although reinforced with “new blood” from the Swiss/Italian border in 1978. The very fine weather at the end of May and early June caused the larvae that had pupated earliest to emerge as butterflies very early, the first few on the last two days of May. At one point there were literally dozens of them flying about, and I was able to pick up a lot of paired individuals, from which I shall hope to get a very big “crop” next year. 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 The problem was the abrupt change in the weather which occurred here on the 6th June. So many butterflies had mated that many had laid eggs in the wild, the first batch I saw on the 2nd June. At first, | thought the very cold weather over mid-summer had killed off some of the eggs, but this proved not to be the case; however, they took six weeks, plus or minus a few days to hatch. The tree on which the first batch was laid on 2nd June (a haw- thorn) subsequently became almost peppered with eggs, the last being laid on the 21st July, which hatched on the 18th August. This would be on account of the warm period we had here covering roughly the last ten days of July and the first half of August. All the earlier eggs that were kept in the summerhouse took five weeks to hatch. I have had more time this year to study the habits of the but- terflies and their interaction with the rest of the fauna. Particularly when there are a lot around, they are very often heavily persecuted by local birds, but it is always the same birds that do the predating; this year a blackbird, a song-thrush and a great-tit. A pair of spotted flycatchers left them alone. The butterflies have a curious habit of alighting in groups for the night, and are often very conspicuous, particularly the males; the females on the other hand seem to be- come semi-transparent after a short time flying, and soon look markedly different from the other Pierids. Both sexes are strongly attracted to Rhododendron and Rose-bay Willowherb. In the past, I was convinced the males mated only once, but I have evidence that at least two males mated twice. The foodplant mostly selected is hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) followed by the apple trees in my orchard. One or two batches have been laid on a group of trees I cannot classify; these grow wild from fallen fruit and produce somewhat tasteless plums like damsons but the wrong colour. This year I found a batch of eggs for the first time on Mountain Ash (Sorbus aucuparia ). These insects will eat things I suspect the eggs are never laid on, e.g. quince (Cydonia) and even the evergreen Prunus lusi- tanica. Although last winter’s experiment proved that the insect can successfully come through the Scottish winter, at least to the ex- tent of about 65% survival rate of those tried, the experiment involved protection by a strawberry net to keep out insectiverous birds. Incidentally, a larva given to Dr. Shaw of the Royal Scottish Museum parasitised by Apanteles glomeratus proved to be the only one so affected, with the remaining 38 all producing butterflies. — R. ELLIOTT, “‘Burnbank’’, North Road, Saline Fife, 20.viii.82. A SIGHTING OF AGRION VIRGO (LINN.) (ODONATA: AGRI- IDAE) IN CENTRAL LONDON. — _ On the morning of the 4th of September 1982 a solitary male of this species was seen flying south along Queensway W2, towards Kensington Gardens (Nat. Grid Ref. TQ259807). The specimen concerned must have strayed some distance from its breeding site, as the larvae are usually found in swift flowing gravel streams. To my knowledge no such habitat exists in this area of London. — A. P. FOSTER, c/o Nature Con- servancy Council, 19-20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X 8PY. OBITUARY 247 Obituary ROBERT LARGEN Robert Largen died of a heart attack at his home Yew Tree Cottage, Wiston Lane, Wiston, Steyning, Sussex. He was born on the 7th December 1945 and died the 6th August 1982, and so was only 36 years of age at the time of his death. Robert was a cheerful and unassuming companion, who under- took his collecting in an unhurried manner and never lost patience with the hunt, whether it be hour after hour of searching for larvae at Portland or long hours of night sweeping on the Surrey heaths. A keen all round naturalist, he seemed to have the perfect occupa- tion with the countryside and its wildlife around him, for his work was that of a gamekeeper on Wiston Estate. Although an accom- plished taxidermist as his collection of mounted birds show, perhaps his greatest achievement was the superb two tier 34 drawer mahogany insect cabinet, built entirely himself and completed only shortly before his death. His collection of British lepidoptera will be retained as a fitting memorial to him at the cottage where he lived, and it was from it that we exhibited at the A.E.S. and B.E.N.H.S. Exhibitions in October 1982, a drawer containing some of his more interesting specimens. To all who had the pleasure of his company, Robert will be greatly missed and, speaking for ourselves, we shall find it hard to enjoy moth hunting as much without him. Our sympathy goes out to his widow Daphne, and to his many friends. S. CHURCH, A. K. BATTEN, S. ODELL and J. PLATTS Current Literature Benjamin Wilkes the British Aurelian: Twelve New Designs of English Butterflies and Directions for making a Collection with an Essay by R. S. Wilkinson. Folio (31cm. x 34cm.), 11 pp. on 6 leaves, 14 facsimile plates in card folder. E. W. Classey Ltd., Park Road, Faringdon, Oxon SN7 7DR. 1982. Price £20 post free. We have much pleasure in calling attention to Classica Ento- mologica No. 3, the most recent publication to be issued by the firm of E. W. Classey, which fully sustains the reputation of the four others so far published in this series, all of which have been re- viewed in this journal (see Ent. Rec., 82: 64,91: 223, 332, 93: 80). Classica Entomologica, which was started in 1969, consists of a series of facsimile reprints of rare entomological items with biblio- 248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 94 15.X1.82 graphical and/or biographical notes of special appeal to historians of entomology and those interested in entomological bibliography. Six items in the series are scheduled, of which five, including the present one, have already appeared. This latest production concerns two of the rarest of all entomological publications, whose author Benjamin Wilkes flourished some 250 years ago. Little is known about the early life of Benjamin Wilkes . A. A. Lisney (A Bibliography of British Lepidoptera, 121) says he was born towards the close of the seventeenth century, that he was a painter in oils and became interested in entomology following an invitation by a friend to a meeting of the Aurelian Society, of which he became a member, and then proceeded to form his own collection of English lepidoptera. Encouraged by Joseph Dandridge, one of the earliest collectors of natural history specimens and a contemporary of Petiver and Ray, Wilkes began publication of notes on native lepidoptera which he had compiled over a period of ten years, illustrating these with his drawings of the various stages in the life histories of as many species as possible. As far as is known, his only published works are the Twelve New Designs of English Butterflies, English Moths and Butterflies and a broadside sheet Directions for making a Collection. Four issues (or editions) of the first of the foregoing were published, and it is the facsimile repro- duction of the fourth of these as well as the facsimile of the Direc- tions that are the subject of this review. The work consists of an attractive title page and an interesting “Publisher’s Preface’’ by E. W. Classey with background informa- tion. Then follows a masterly account in the form of an essay, by that great authority, Dr. R. S. Wilkinson (Pp. 4-11) on the life and times of Benjamin Wilkes as under: Wilkes’ apprenticeship in ento- mology, the ‘Twelve new Designs’, the ‘Collecting Directions’and the English Moths and Butterflies, the whole being furnished with 69 detailed numerical annotations gathered together at the end. Next comes the facsimile of Directions for making a Collection (1742), of which only one example is known to have survived being that in the British Museum (Natural History), followed by the facsimile of the exceedingly rare Carrington Bowles’ edition of the Twelve New Designs dating from the late 1760s, of which only four copies are known to exist, and comprising an elegant decorated title page and 12 engraved plates." Comparison with the originals of both works, reveals that in the reproduction a number of the figures is less well defined, and in the Directions some words are blurred. However, except for these minor failings this is a handsome production, with the whole edition printed on a high quality cream-coloured paper, contained in a blue card folder with decorated cover and limited to 475 numbered copies. — J. M. C.-H. VA curious fact regarding the Carrington Bowles’ edition and one that appears not to have been noticed before, concerns the title page and the number of lepidoptera figured. It is there stated that ‘near 300 different’ species are illustrated. Yet the truth is the number of species shown amounts to no more than 82! Hotel Residencia Belvedere ENCAMP—ANDORRA ANDORRA — duty-free Principality in the heart of the Pyrenees. One of the finest centres in Europe for studying and collecting butterflies. Spectacular mountain scenery, wild flowers and insects. Mediterranean sunshine. The BELVEDERE is a small, friendly, English-run hotel with garden and sun-terrace. Home-coaking. Reasonable prices. For brochure, please write to TERRY and JO DIXON or Telephone (010 33 078) 31263 E. W. CLASSEY LTD., P. O. Box 93, Faringdon, Oxon. SN7 7DR ENGLAND Books by post, New and Second Hand Catalogues on request L. CHRISTIE 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 30p towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, c/o 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. Its official organ, Country-Side (published three time a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £5.00 per annum Junior Section £2.00 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., 23 Oak Hill Close, Woodford Green, Essex THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by M. R. SEAWARD, M.Sc., Ph.D. Annual subscription: £8.00 (post free) Single numbers £2.00 Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price £1 plus postage The Editor of the Naturalist University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April, 1890) The following gentlemen act as Honarary Consultants to the magazine. Orthoptera: D.K. Mc. E. KEVAN, Ph.D., B.Sc., F.R.E.S.; Coleoptera: A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc.; Diptera: E. C. M. d’ASSIS-FONSECA, F.R.E.S. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at St. Teresa, 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to MARK HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradwell, Wolverton, Bucks, MK13 OEB. Speci- men copies will be supplied by Mr. Hadley on payment of £1.20 sterling. Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back numbers, Volumes and Sets to: P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. J]JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. More formal reprints from re-set type may still be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Most ILLUSTRATIONS can be inserted in the text at no extra cost. However, full page plates can only be inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. et Mn aA Mw a SPECIAL NOTICE The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. Se ee ee ee CONTENTS Successful Rearing of the Dotted Rustic: Rhyacia simulans Hufn. (Lep.: Noctuidae). PD. CONVEY AS Mate Location Strategies in the Wall Brown Butterfly, Lasiommata megera L. (Lep.: Satyridae): Wait or Seek? Dr. R. L-H. DENNIS.. The Kentish Glory: Endromis versicolora L. at Rannoch E. Cc. PELHAM-CLINTON : Vanessa indica Herbst in Warwickshire: New to ‘Britain. "4 TURNER. Scottish Microlepidoptera Notes for 1981. Dr. K. P. BLAND . = Further Records of Phoridae (Diptera) from Cocoons of Cimbicidae (Hymenoptera). A. D. LISTON Three New Lycaenid Butterflies from the South Western Cape Pro- vince. C. G. C. DICKSON ses Fluctuations in Abundance of Coccinellidae. Dr. D. 1s OWEN | Further Notable Diptera from Windsor Forest. A. A. ALLEN... The Northern Rustic: Slee eel lucernea L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) in Lancashire. E.G. HANCOCK .. tes as = See Treasurer’s Notice .. ois Notes and Observations: Danaus chrysippus L. in Tunisia. J. F. BURTON _... The Pimpinel Pug: Eupithecia pimpinellata Hbn. in Warwickshire R. J. THOMAS ec Survival of Limenitis reducta Stder. in Yorkshire. R. J. D. TILLEY Melanic Lobophora halterata Hufn.: Seraphim. B. K. WEST : The Feathered Beauty: Peribatodes secundaria D. & S. in Sussex. R.G. CHATELAIN . Early Appearance of the Mottled Umber. i N. GREATOREX- DAVIES _... Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs i in ‘June 1982. M. W. F. TWEEDIE.. Eggs Laid by a Decapitated Moth. Miss B. A. KNELLER ... A. H. Haworth’s Entomological “Pictures”. Dr. R. S. WILKINSON Carpophilus marginellus Motsch. (Col., Nitidulinae) out-of-doors in Suffolk. D. R. NASH Margaret Fountaine: the Fate of Many of her Books and Some of her Notes ... The Silver-spotted Skipper: Hesperia ‘comma les a New Locality near Eastbourne. M. PARSONS .... He A New Foodplant of Syntarucus pirithous ie ef es COUTSIS Flight Time of the Ringlet: Aphantopus hyperantus L. in Scotland. P.K. KINNEAR _... 85 An Italian Butterfly Poster. Canon P. HAWKER The Convolvulus Hawkmoth and Clouded Yellow in Devon in 1982. H. L. PHEFFERNAN a : : The Clouded Yellow, Autumn 1982. A. J. BALDWIN Rhyacia simulans Hufn.: Dotted Rustic in Lincs. M. TOWNSEND The Lunar Thorn in East Sussex. M. PARSONS _... Bucculatrix cidarella Z. on Myrica gale in England. A. M. EMMET The High Brown Fritillary in S. Cumbria. M. J. Y. FOLEY... The Speckled Wood Feeding on Damaged Apple. B. K. WEST Trichoplusia ni Hbn. New to Warwickshire. D.C.G. BROWN . Two-year Life-cycle of Coleophora hemerobiella seer, A. M. EMMET 7. Fe Ses Lincolnshire Butterflies. M. TOWNSEND _ ... s The Marsh Fritillary in Cumbria. M. J. Y. FOLEY ... Decline of the Duke of Burgundy. M. R. OATES Nymphalis antiopa L. at Sea. J. G. COUTSIS ae Yponomeuta evonymeila L. in Southern England. A. M. EMMET Disappearance of Privet Hawkmoth from N. W. Kent. B. K. WEST Some Less Common Lepidoptera taken at Barcaldine, Bieylt in 1980 and 1981. Dr. J.C. A. CRAIK ... Further Notes on Phyllonorycter saportella Dup. A. M. EMMET... A Possible Discovery of the First Generation Larva of Etainia decentella H.-S. (Lep., Nepticulidae). P. J. JOHNSON . Further Notes on an Introduced “Colony” of the Black-veined White: Aporia crataegi L. in Scotland. R. ELLIOTT : Agrion virgo L. pecerg a anaes in Central London. A. Pp. FOSTER = He Obituary: Robert Largen Current Literature ... Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SES 8RR t 207 209 215 217 219 221 222 225 229 233 236 208 216 216 218 218 218 220 22M 224 228 234 235 235 236 237 237 237 237 238 238 238 238 239 239 240 240 240 241 241 242 243 244 245 246 246 247 247 eu nt Entomologist’s Record AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION EDITED BY J;, M. CHALMERS-HUINT,.F.R-E;S. Vol. 95 1983 CONTENTS 1983 Acherontia atropos L. in Bury, Lancs. 22 October 1982. The Death’s Head Hawkmoth. E. G. Hancock, 86 Acherontia atropos L. in Northampton- shire. The Death’s Head Hawkmoth D.C. G. Brown, 39 Acleris hastiana L. Bred from Salix capraea in Surrey, 132 Aglais urticae L. ab. nigra Tutt P. B. Darch, 180 Agrius convolvulai L. and other Migrants in S. Westmorland in 1982 J. Briggs, 39 Agrodiaetus fabressii Oberthus (Lep.: Lycaenidae); Oberthur’s Anomalous Blue. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 23 Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis Brown. The Female of J. G. Coutsis 196 Agromyzid Flies (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Further Records of K. P. Bland, 77 Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col.: Carabi- dae) together with a Reappraisal of its British Status. Notes Concer- ning the Habitat of, and Other Coleoptera associated with an example of D. R. Nash, 205 Aloeides Huebner. A New Lycaenid Butterfly from Lesotho, of the Genus E. L. Pringle, 173 Anasimyia and Parhelophilus spp. (Dipt.: Syrphidae) in West Kent, Bucks. etc. Notes on Certain A. A. Allen, ie. Andricus quercuscalis Burgsdorf (Hy- menoptera; Cynipidae) in East Kent V.C.15. L. Clemons, 86 123 Angle Shades in January. The J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 106 Apatele euphorbiae F.: One Night of Abundance B. K. West, 119 Apium nodiflorum: A Previously un- recognized Foodplant of Depres- saria ultimella Stainton. R. J. Heck ford, 229 Aporia crataegi L.: Black-veined White. A Modern Review of the Demise of C. Pratt, 45, 161, 232 Apotomis sauciana sauciana Frolich (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Kent. NV. F. Heal, 182 “Aprilina”. The name J. K. C. Kemp, 204 Archiearis notha Hbn.: Light Orange Underwing, Three Years in Pupal Stage. J. V. Banner, 231 Bembecia chrysidiformis Esper. Concer- ning the Fiery Clearwing; J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 170 Bembecia_ chrysidiformis Esp. (Fiery Clearwing) in Dorset. An Old Unpublished Record. A.A. Allen, 76 Bembecia chrysidiformis Esper: (Lep.: Sesiidae) S. V. A. Jacobs, 169 Book Talk Six. J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 247 Breeding British Moths (Macrolepi- doptera). A Check List of C. A. Rutherford, 58 British Butterflies in 1982. A Review of C. J. Luckens, 175 Buckinghamshire with Notes on Other Lepidoptera of Interest. A New County Record for M. Hadley, 57 Buddleia davidii. Lepidoptera Larvae Feeding on the Leaves and Flowers of D. F. Owen, 20 Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Kuwait. W. Al. Houty, 202 Butterflies at Light and an Agrius con- volvuli. R. G. Chatelain, 248 Butterfly Behaviour — celtis, crataegi, spini J. Feltwell, 169 Calameuta pallipes (Klug) (Symphita: Cephidae) A Species and a Family of Sawfly New to Ireland. J. P. O'Connor and M. A. O’Connor, 111 Calotephria salicata Hbn.: Striped Twin- spot Carpet again in Surrey. R. F. Bretherton, 211 Carabus spp. (Col.) Mostly in South- Eastern England. Notes on the Incidence of Certain A. A. Allen, 80 Catocala nymphagoga Esper and Herminia zelleralis Wocke, two Species of Noctuidae New to Britain. /. J. L. Tillotson, 133 Celastrina argiolus L. in 1982. A. J. Baldwin Central Spain in 1982, Including a record of Northward Migration. Butterflies in J. F. Burton and D. F. Owen, 242 Checklist of Breeding British Moths (Macrolepidoptera) C. J. Rutherford 157 Cheesman. Memories of Evelyn J. F. Burton, 132 Chlorophorus pilosus Forst.var glabroma- culatus Gze. (Col.: Cerambycidae) from an Imported Cheese Board. D.R. Nash, 195 iv Chloroclystis debiliata Hbn.; Bilberry Pug in Kent. NV. F. Heal, 85 Chrysolina spp. (Col.: Chrysomelidae). A Note on Foodplants of Two A. A. Allen, 152 Clouded Yellow and Duke of Burgundy Fritillaries in Cumbria. D. C. Hockin, 96 Coccinellidae. Fluctuauion in Abun- dance of D. F. Owne, 29 Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (Col.: Coccinellidae) in Britain. Autumnal aggregation of D. C. Nash, 201 Coleophora ramosella Zeller in Kent. N. F. Heal, 84 Coleophora salicorniae Wocke. Further Notes upon the Foodplant of N. F. Heal, 64 Coleophoridae (Lep.) in North Wales. Records of H. N. Michaelis, 217 Colias croceus Geoff. near Killarney in 1982. The Clouded Yellow: P. B. Sankey-Barker, 36 Colias crocea in 1983. J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 248 Commophila aeneana Hbn. (Lep.: Cochy- lidae). K. F. Webb, 215 Conistra rubiginea D. & S. in the wild. Larva of the Dotted Chestnut A. J. Pickles, 231 Conocephalus dorsalis (Latreille) (Salta- toria: Tettagoniidae) in V.C.34. R. H. Poulding, 83 Cordulia aenea L.(Odonata: Corduliidae). Mortal Combat in P. R. Marren, 18 Crocidosema plebjana Zell. in Kent. P. J. Jewess, 117 Crombrugghia distans (Zeller) (Lepidop- tera: Pterophoridae). The Early Stages of A. FE. Ennet, 15 Cupido minimus Fuess. in Cumbria. The Small Blue M. J. Y. Foley, 249 Danaus chryssipus L. in Tunisia in 1983. L. F. Cassar, 249 Death of a Butterfly. The £.C. L. Simson, 109 Death’s Head Hawk: Acherontia atropos L. in 1983. The F. H. N. Smith, 222 Dewick’s Plusia and Other Migrants in Norfolk in 1982. 7. N. D. Peet, 23 Diarsia mendica F.: Small Squarespot in November J. Briggs, 84 Diptera from Windsor Forest. Further Notable A. A. Allen, 24 Doractoma serra Panz. (Col.: Anobiidae) and a Corection. A Second Norfolk Record of A. A. Allen, 248 Dorcatoma chrysomelina Stn. and D. flavicornis F. (Col.: Anobiidae) in Suburban Kent. A. A. Allen, 115 Elachista littoricola le Marchand, 1938 (Lep.: Elachistidae) New to the British Isles. FE. H. Wild, 65 Elidona agricola (Herbst) (Col.: Tene- brionidae) in V.C.17. A Second Recent Locality for A. A. Allen, 222 Ethmia bipunctella F. in Hampshire. E. H. Wild, 231 Epiphyas postvittana Walk. New to Kent and the London Area A. A. Allen, 120 Eristalis tenax L. (Diptera:Syrphidae) in January C. W. Plant, 115 Esperia sulphurella (Fabricius) (Lep.: Oecophoridae) pupae in January. C. W. Plant, 124 Euchromius ocellea Haworth in Wiltshire. G. Smith, 33 Euproctis chrysorrhoea and Scarce Black Arches: Nola aerugula Hbn. in S. E. Yorks. in 1982. The Brown Tail P. Q. Winter, 118 Euproctis chrysorrhoea L. in London. L. Christie, 224 Eupsilia transversa WHufn. feeding in January. The Satellite J. Platts, 123 European Congress of Entomology. The W. de Prins, 87 Europe in 1980. Southern W. J. Tennant, 97 Eurynebria. In Search of D. R. Copestake, 95 Euxoa cursoria Hufn. in Mid Kent. P. J. Jewess, 119 Food Fads of Lepidopterous Larvae. P. J. L. Roche, 42 Foresters. A Further Note on Colour Change in the M. Hadley, 37 Ghar Dalam (Cave), Malta. Observations on the Lepidoptera of G. Zammit- Maempel, 73 Gnathothlibus (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae (Macroglossinae)) from Sulawesi. A Striking New Species of A. H. Hayes, 19 Gonodontis bidentata Clerck. Some Observations of Lichen-Marked larvae of the Scalloped Hazel M. E. N. Majerus, 21 Gronopus inaequalis Boheman (Col.: Curculionidae) A Weevil New to Britain. L. Clemons, 213 Guernsey, Channel Islands in 1982. Lepidoptera in 7. N. D. Peet, 36 Gymnetron plantaginis Epp. (Col. Cur- culionidae), A. A. Allen, 135 Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striped Hawkmoth in Scotland A.Buckham, 38 Hummingbird Hawkmoth in 1983.M. R. Hall, 224 Hydrelia sylvata D. & S.: testaceata Don. (ep: Geometridae) — Larval Foodplant in Mid Kent. B. K. West, 250 Hyloicus pinastri L. in Warwickshire. The Pine Hawk A. F. J. Gardner, 184 Hymenoptera in Late 1982. 7. G. Howarth, 103 Hypena obsitalis Hbn. in 1983. The Bloxworth Snout M. W. F. Tweedie, 126 Hypera arator Linnaeus (Col.: Curculio- nidae) in Association with Barley. R. W. J. Read, 168 Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982. The R. F. Bretherton and J. M. Chalmers- Hunt. 89,141 Inachis io L. Courtship and Pairing in B. R. Baker, 180 Lacanobia biren Goeze: Glaucous Shears: an Unusual Record R. C. Dyson, 210 Laricobius erichsoni Rosenhauer (Col.: Derodontidae). Spring Emergence of D. R. Nash, 207 Lasiommata ‘Lasiommata megera (L.) (Lepidoptera: Satyridae), Wait or Seek? Mate Location Strategies in the Wall Butterfly R. L. H. Dennis, 7 Ledra aurita L. (Hem.: Ledridae) Con- firmed from Wiltshire. D. R. Nash, 204 Leptura scutellata Fab. (Col.: Ceram- bycidae) on the Surrey/Berks. Border D. Prance, 122 (Lipoptena cervi (L.)) from Ireland. A Record of a Human-biting Deer Fly. J. P. O'Connor, 32 Lithophane leautieri Boisd. A Further Spread Eastwards H. E. Chipperfield, 52 Lozotaeniodes formosanus Geyer and Palpita unionalis Hbn. in Warwick- shire. C. Wale, 123 Luffia lapidella Goeze (Lep.: Psychidae) in Cornwall, F. H. N. Smith, 53 Lycaenid Butterflies from the South- Western Cape Province. Three New C. G. C. Dickson, 1 Macroglossum stellatarium L.,. An Early R. C. Dyson, 122 Mallota cimbiciformis Fall. (Dipt.: Syr- phidae) A Second Kent Record. A. A. Allen, 82 Marbled Grey: Cryphia rapticula Hbn. in Kent. The P. H. Sterling, 231 Megasella (Dipt.: Phoridae) New to Britain from Hayley Wood, Cam- bridgeshire. R. H. L. Disney, 181 Mellicta athalia Rott. in 1982. Early Appearance of the Heath Fritillary J. Platts, 121 Mellicta deione berisalii Ruhl.at Martigny. L. J. Evans, 124 Orthosia_ stabilis D. & S.: Common Quaker in Surrey. Early Appearance of T. G. Winter, 125 Palatability of Butterflies. On the 7. B. Larsen, 66 Pammene agnotana Rebel (Lep.: Tortri- cidae). A Second Record in Britain of R. Fairclough, 83 Pammene obscurana Stephens (Lep.: Tortricidae) in Essex J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, 169 Panagaeus bipustulatus Fab. (Col.) in Glamorgan. D. R. Copestake, 115 Papilio machaon L. in Lancashire. The Swallowtail E. G. Hancock, 83 Parasitic Hymenoptera of Pieris rapae (L.) and Pieris brassicae. (L.). The Timing of emergence of S.C. Littlewood, 104 Parocystola acroxantha Meyrick (Lep.: Oecophoridae) in Somerset. G. H. Youden, 103 Parornix scoticella Stainton. (Lep.: Gracil- lariidae) in Kent NV. F. Heal, 212 Pelosia muscerda Hufn.: Dotted Foot- man in Kent. G. A. Collins, 222 Phalera bucephala L. (Bufftip) on Rose. Larvae of A. A. Allen, 106 Philudoria potatoria L. in January. T. Newnham, 121 Vi Phlogophora meticulosa L. The Inheri- tance of two Reddish Forms of the Angle Shades: M. E. N. Majuers, 40 Phylonorycter roboris Zeller in Surrey. N. F. Heal, 72 Pieris rapae L. and an aberration. Obser- vations on the Small White: J. H. Payne, 121 Platyptilia calodactyla D. & S. (Lep.: Pterophoridae). Foodplants of A. M. Emmet, 168 Polydesmus angustus Latzel (Diplopda: Polydesmidae) Feeding on Carrion. Y. Z. Erzinclioglu and J. Richardson, 118 Polypogon Strigilata L. (Lep.: Noctuidae) Some Notes on B. Elliott, 238 Precis octavia Cramer in Natal, S. Africa. Concerning Observations on L. McLeod, 211 Precis octavia Cram.(Lep.: Nymphalidae): Emergence of Wet and Dry Season Forms from Collected Larvae. B. K. West, 6 Purple Marbled: Eublemma ostrina Hbn. at Portland. The A. J. Pickles, 224 Pyrenees Orientales. Notes on some Spring Heterocera from the B. Goater, 68 Queen of Spain Fritillary Reared from Eggs. The G. E. Hyde, 180 Recording Lepidoptera in the Cotswolds during 1982. M. N. McCrea, 225 Red Admiral and Speckled Wood over fallen Fruit. Combat between P. B. Sankey-Barker, 126 Red Admiral early in 1983. The £. C. M. Haes, 112 Red Admiral early in 1983. The A. Archer-Lock, 112 Red Admirals Flying at Low Tempera- tures in 1982. G. Smith, 38 Red Data Book-Insects J. Heath, 57 Rheumaptera hastata L. in Sussex. The Argent and Sable D. Dey, 231 Rhyacia_ simulans Hufnagel: Dotted Rustic in Hampshire 1982. Further Record of J. W. Phillips, 87 Phizophagus Species (Col.: Rhyzopha- gidae). New Vice County Records of J. Cooter, 121 Rhyacia simulans Hufn. and Monochroa palustrella Douglas taken at Rye Harbour, Sussex. M. W. F. Tweedie, 67 Rhyacia simulans Hufn. in Lincolnshire. The Dotted Rustic: R. E. M. Pilcher, 87 Rose Hips. Moths attracted to B. K. West, 116 Saturnia pavonia (L.) in association with Potentilla palustris (L.) Scop. in West Cumbria. R. W. J. Read, 117 Sawflies (Hym.: Symphyta) Abnormal Morphology and Variation in A. D. Liston, 208 Scarce Merveille du Jour: Moma alpium Osbeck in Sussex. The D. Dey, 215 Selenia dentaria F. in Warwickshire in 1982. A Melanic Early Thorn, M. F. Halsey, 87 Setina irrorella L. in South Hampshire A. J. Pickles, 86 Sphinx ligustri L. in Vice County 16 (West Kent) W. G. St. John, 116 (Strymonidia w-album Knoch) A National Survey. The White Letter Hairsteak C. Peachey, 139 Strymonidia w-album Knoch in Co. Durham. The White Letter Hair- streak 7. C. Dunn, 67 Tachydromia_ terricola Zett. (Dipt.: Empididae) New to Britain. A. A. Allen, 223 Tanzania (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Some New Butterflies from J. Kielland, 107 Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunberg (Lep.: Glyphipterigidae) in Ireland K. G. M. Bond, 28 Teliodes vulgella Hbn. on Juniper. P. Sokoloff, 116 Tettigonia viridissima L. and Speckled Bush Cricket: Leptophyes punctatis- sima (Bosc.) in Pembrokeshire. The Great Green Bush Cricket: J. F. Burton, 123 Thaumetopoea processionea (Linn.) (The Oak Processionary Moth): The Imago recorded in Britain together with other rare Migrants from Corn- wall. A. P. Foster, 216 Thera juniperata L.: Juniper Carpet, in East Sussex. M. Parsons, 64 Tischeria angusticolella Duponchel in Kent. V. F. Heal, 116 Trox scabulosus L. (Col.) A New County Record in Glamorgan. D. R. Copestake, 157 Ultraaricia anteros Fryer (Lep.: Lycae- nidae) from Greece. Notes on J. G. Coutsis, 200 Vanessa atalanta L. in November in S. E. Devon. The Red Admiral 7. G. Howarth, 106 Vanessa atalanta 1. in 1982. Notes on R. D. G. Barrington, 122 Vanessa atalanta L. Reverse Migration by Red Admirals A. Harmer, 39 Vapourer Moth. Buddleia davidii and Lycesteria formosa as Larval Food- plants of the B. K. West, 122 Vestal in three Consecutive Years in Croydon. The Appearance of the K. G. W. Evans, 103 West Indian Butterflies. Notes Con- cerning Certain J. G. Coutsis, 113 Westwood. Oxford University v. The Smithsonian Institute. The Papers of. J.O. R. S. Wilkinson, 166 White Spot: Hadena albimacula Borkh. in Surrey. The G. A. Collins, 222 Willoughby Gardner Library: A Collec- tion of early Printed Books on Natural History by J. R. Kenyon. The J. M. Chalmers-Hunt, 241 Xestia castanea Esp.: Grey Rustic in Kent. J. Platts, 224 Xylecampa areola Esper (Lep.: Noctui- dae) pupa. Possible Defence Re- action of C. W. Plant, 186 Yorkshire Lepidoptera in 1982. Notable S. M. Jackson, 84 Zerinthia rumina L.: a Second Brood and Other Interesting Butterflies in Spain D. and S. Howell, 120 Zygaena trifolii Esper ssp. palustrella Verity in East Kent in 1982. The Five Spot Burnet. M. A. Enfield, 85 CURRENT LITERATURE: Butterflies and Moths of Britain and Europe, by David Carter, 42 A Complete Guide to British Butterflies, by Margaret Brooks, 43 The Biology of the Coleoptera by Dr. R. A. Crowson, 44 A Key to the Families of British Diptera, by D. M. Unwin, 127 Insect Neurohormones by M. Raabe, 127 Large White Butterfly, The Biology, Biochemistry and Physiology of Pieris brassicae (Linnaeus), by J. Feltwell, 128 The Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of Fen- noscandia by S. Bily, 134 Vii The Butterflies of Northern Europe, by Bjorn Dal, 140 The Butterflies of Scandinavia, by H. J. Henriksen, 171 The Insects, by R. F. Chapman, 171 Tabellen en Verspreidings Atlas van de — Nederlandse Microlepidoptera, by J. H. Kuchlein, F. Leffef & R. F. Kleinpaste, 250 Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis Flies, by T. T. Macan, 251 Annales Historico-Naturales Musei National Hungarici, and Acta Zoo- logica Acadamii Scientiarum Hun- garici, 251 Butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic by T. B. Larsen, with a Review of Species in the Charaxes viola Group from Arabia and East Africa, by Dr. A. H. B. Rydon, 252 OBITUARY NOTICES: Major-General C. G. Lipscomb, 34 Douglas Cottrill, 88 T. D. Fearnehough, 114 Agassiz, D. J. L., 187 Al Houty, W., 202 Allen, A. A., 24, 38, 72, 76, 80, 82, 85, NOGA US= IZO we sIS2eeals Seales 154, 222, 223, 248 Archer-Lock, A., 112, 129 Baker, B. R., 180 Baldwin, D. G., 122 Banner, J. V., 231 Barrington, R. D. G., 122 Bland, K. P., 77, 183 Bond, K. G. M., 28 Briggs, J., 39, 84 Bretherton, R. F., 89, 141, 211 Brown, D. C. G., 39 Buckham, A., 38 Burton, J. F., 123, 132, 242 Cassar, L. F., 249 Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 23, 89, 106, 114, 141, 169, 170, 241, 247, 248 Chatelain, R. G., 248 Chipperfield, H. E., 52 Christie, J., 224 Clemons, L., 86, 123, 213 Collins, G. A., 222 Cooter, J., 121, 134, 185 Copestake, D. R., 95, 115, 156 Coutsis, J. G., 113, 196, 200 viii Darch, P. B., 180 Majerus, M. E.N., 21, 40 Denning, R. C., 155 Marren, P. R., 18 Dennis, R. L., 7 Martin, J., 153 De Prins, W., 87 McCrea, M.N., 225 Dey, D., 215, 231 McLeod, L., 211 Dickson, C. G.C., 1 Michaelis, H. N., 217 Disney, R. H. L., 181 Duncan, Sir A. B., 123 Newnham, T., 121 Nash, D. R., 195, 201, 204, 205, 207 Dunn, T. C., 67 Dyson, R. C., 122, 210 O:}Connormlebo2 el O’Connor, M. A., 111 Elliott, B., 238 Owen, D. F., 20, 29, 242 Emmet, A. M., 15, 168 Enfield, M. A., 85 Earsons, Min 64 Erzincloglu, Y. Z., 118 Payne, J. H., 121 Evans, K. G. W., 103 Peachey, C., 139 Evans, L. J., 124 msn eae i Pelham-Clinton, E. C., 212 Fairclough, R., 83 Phillips, J. W., 87 Feltwell, J., 169 Pickles, A. J., 86, 224, 231 Foley, M. J. Y., 249 Pilcher, R. E. M., 87 Foster. A) P1216 Plant, C. W., 115, 124, 186 Plattse Je 21 1235254224 Gardener, A. F. J., 184, 199 Poulding, P. H., 83 Goater, B. 68 Prance, D., 122 Gane, Bis Pratt, C., 45, 161, 232 Pringle, E. L., 173 Hadley, M., 37,57 Read, R. W. J., 117, 167, 168 Haes; BC. M.. 4102 Richardson, J., 118 Hall, M. R., 224 Roche, P. J. L., 42 Halsey, M. F., 87 Rutherford, C. I., 58, 157 Hancock, E. G., 83, 86 Harmer, A., 39 Sankey-Barker, P. B., 36, 126 Hayes, A. H., 19 SimsonwEe Cleese, Heal, N. F, 64, 72, 84, 85, 116, 182, Smith, F. H. N., 53, 222 212 Smith, G., 38 Heath, J., 37 Smith, R., 33 Heckford, R. J., 229 Sokoloff, P., 116 Hockin, D. C., 96 St. John, W. G., 116 Howarth, T. G., 103, 106 Sterling, P. H., 231 Howell, D., 120 Howell, S., 120 Tennant Weds 2 Hyde, G. E., 180 Tillotson, I. J. L., 133 Tweedie, M. W. F., 67, 126 Jackson, S. M., 84 Wales, C., 123 Jacobs, S. N. A., 169 Webb, K. F., 204, 215 Jewess, P. J., 117,119 West, B. K., 6, 116, 119, 122, 250 Wild, E. H., 65, 231 Kemp, J. K.C., 204 Wilkinson, R. S., 166 Kielland, J., 107 Wilson, D. E., 117 Winter, P.Q., 118 Larsen, T. B., 66 Winter, T. G., 125 Liston, A. D., 208 Littlewood, S.C., 104 Youden, G. H., 103 Luckens, C. J., 11, 140, 171, 175 Zammit-Maempel, G., 73 Printed by Frowde & Co. (Printers) Ltd., London, SES 8RR lee) TL ae f nt - alcetas, Everes The Entomologist’s Record Journal. of. ‘Variation SPECIAL INDEX COMPILED BY S.N.A. JACOBS (LEPIDOPTERA) AND A. A. ALLEN (OTHER CRDERS) For British Lepidoptera this Index follows the homenelaliie of A Check List of British Insects, Part 2 by Kloet & Hincks (1972), brought up-to-date to correspond with the Label List of British Butterflies & Moths by Bradley & Fletcher (1979). Where a contributor has used a synonym, a cross reference is given. Any newly described taxa (species, genera, etc.) are distinguished by bold (Times) type, and taxa new to British or newly recognised as British by an asterisk. Moreover, with Orders other than Lepi- doptera, (1) A bracketed asterisk denotes the reinstatement of a species long omitted from the British list, or the confirmation of one previously doubtful; (2) A formerly subspecific taxon raised to specific rank is treated as an addition to the fauna, but a correction of identity is not; and, finally (3) The “‘equals” sign indicates a new synonym, i.e. published for the first time; italics without this sign, recent synonymy that may be Vol. 95, 1983 unfamiliar to many. PAGE LEPIDOPTERA A abreviata, Eupithecia.......-. 69 abietans, ACleTIS: <<. -aemeie eee 192 bankianas Deltotenaicuss. sens 925 ss.0 batselihyatina st eee seein 69, 226 barony ehilotesmn icine 98, 140 beliawAnthocharis: 4i-is.5)-) sae) eee 246 bellargus, Lysandra. . . 11, 25, 35, 101, 124, 178 benanderi, Coleophora. .... 191, 220 bennetiAodistis:. cases eases sone 88 bermistorius@haraxes! y scree cee vee 252 betilaeDheclay.csan cis ole 119, 178 petularias Bistome see 20S 21226 berulicolay Caloptiliaaes-paswsnew mene 228 bidentata, Odontopera..... PANS eval bindereliay Coleophora. epee ee Sh biplagariniasiaa. 5 a) ce eames 89, 150 bipunctellasEthinta se. eee le 74331 bjerkandrella, Tebenna 28, 142, 188, 190 blandulella, Caryocolum....... 1)3) boeticus, Lampides. . 89, 99, 143, 243, 244 bractea, Autographa ... 92,119, Nee ey? brassicae aMamiestta ).mep-sesuem ae vee 20 7, 104-106, 128, 164, 243, 244, 245 brendelli, Gnathothlibus...... 19-20 brassicae, Pieris . brumata,Operophtera 4: 2. 2: brunnearia, Selidosema ....... bucephalayPhaleray ys) sree C Caecana Cy didi... G .lctetre ae eae GaissaAlaena’nss, aicacwe ch vets. ceaats CajawATCtiaias Avian) xt cate) anes c-album, Polygonia.... 99, 126, 2 callidicesPontiay. a. con eee 101, calodactyla, Platyptilia . 168, 169, camillanWadorars eas) caer 52). capucinas Ptilodoni uses caer cardamines, Anthocharis Raihes's)y 179, 226, 246, cardui, Cynthia . . 87,90, 91,93, 97/598, 99 101F OG. 17. 124, N77 2285243" carolynnae, Aloeides......... Ccanmelita: Odontosiay-)5 4 ee ee carphodactylus, Leioptyla...... CarthamisPyreus 2) 2) eee eee Castanea, -Xxestiav. 2 4 a eee eee cataphanes, Autophila........ Cecelia Pyronia yn. «kt eee eee ete celerio, Hippotion celtissIhibythea =). ols commen cantaureata, Eupithecia =). one centrago. Atethmiae 5 nee oes eee cerasivorella, Coleophora .. .191, Cerasana.Pandemis<"s 2 ane onene cespitalis, Ryrausta ts.) .) ec) esaen es chloerata, Chloroclystis 3a). .csre GNIS peTe Olas se. =) gece pace oie chrysidiformis, Bembecia 76, 169, chrysippus, Danaus... . 66,120, chrysorrhoea, Euproctis . . 70, 84, 92, 147, cidarella, Bucculatrix ..... 188, cinctana, Pariclepsis cinctaria, Cleora cinxia, Melitaea.. . citranasihiodia: ue 5 yee pe eee clathrataSemlothisaie.: 2) esse ClavipalpissCaradrina =f eye) sees eee cleopatra, Gonepterpyx .. 43,97, 100, clintoni,Scrobipalpay.]e. 4e chlonindeSAnteos mei eter we eee Coleophorasps ee ae ae 187, columbariella) dunea,. 2265 7 see combinella, Pseudoswammerdamia . comes, Noctua wi Olsctah fat Tas: 1@:* 16) mw, fa” hw) PAGE Commas hesperiay.-4..= + ae 179 complana, Eilema ..... 84 compositellanGy diay se) ts ae 194 comptay Hadenaw nes. Ws 57 compunctella, Swammerdamia ... 190 confusa, Macdunnoughia . 23, 89, 90,91 151 GOMLUSAHSSNOlas os ee eres le eG 70 congressariella, Nothris .... 32, 193 conicolanasCydiay. 2.5. a5 a2 163 Consonatia ECtropis’.. .%.- . 226 consortana, Dicrorampha ...... 194 cGonspiciwians, Pgira 2.4... . « 91226 conturbatella, Mompha ....... G18) convolutella, Zophodia ....187, 195 convolvuli, Agrius 39, 87, 90, 145, 248 coracipennella, Coleophora ..... 191 coridon, Lysandra . 23,100,101, WSs) 228 corinna,Coenonympha .... 98, 99 corylatasblectrophaes! |. fiers e..- 226 coryli, Colocasia’... 34.22: Tl, 226 COStalissElypsOpyeia. -ieweaene ine 227 GlaSSangAPTOPISi 4 4... . Eee cee 3i7/ crataegi, Aporia.... 45-52,124, 161-166, 170, 232, 233, 245 crepuscularia. Ectropism acs sale 226 Glesphontesbaplligs a.nees -eaneneae 114 cristatella, Bucculatrix ..... 183, 190 eroceago- Todidie., =... setae cieeaue 71 eroced Coliass. sara 50. 57. 9 Oodle 93, 96, 98, 100, 101, 243, 246, 248 eTOSC LARVA elAinteter ys. baie s, ce TIRE 189 Gnudan Orthosiayaae uw mae Wl 225 cryptella, Trifurcula 189 cucullina, Ptilodontella ....... 70 culiranias Drepanaloer-a . .) 1 5 eect DO, Cumilanaeucosma’-.. . wean eee 64 CULSOLIA UNOS 5. 2c aie. 4) sk ene 119 eynthiaskuphydtayas 2... 3.4. - 102 ey tisellasbaltodoras cys 2 192 D dale Dianrsidvcwe tees, See sane 211 dapiine wSrenunisi caren 13 NOW daphnis Meleageria....... 12, 100 daplidice, Pontia . . 100, 101, 243, 245 dama=|@harazes a... ete eee ake 252 darwiniana,Caenonympha ..... 13 daueella Depressaniaie..1-) > sasieee 229 deauratella,Coleophora ....... 219 debiliata,Chloroclystis. 2). 4.5... - 85 decentella»Etainia =a 24h... 189 decorellas Teletodcam spin oie) ke 192 decrepitalisy Udeaen.s..5 eae ene 195 PAGE detoliariae EranniSiy. -1. meanest 225 degeerella, Nemophora ....... 123 deionesMellictars 3) 2vaseunt 13, 124 dentaria, Selenia ... . 43,70,87, 227 dentellasY psolophus] .).0-..:es-an 190 dianiinay Velutacalen: cn.) mee snan 14 didowPhilacihiniats mrt eenes sacs 1A didyma, Melitaea..... IB elOl 24 dilutatasEpirrita je... . seus ee 43 discordella, Coleophora ....... 220 dispar Lymantria —— sees ie ls 2ee 26 dissimilata Catachysmessa eens ole 69 distans, Crombrugghia, ....... 15-18 itskehe LESS: distinctaria, Eupithecia .:..:.:- 69 distinctatay Alcucisie-a-uanemer -) Gane 70 dodomaensis, Alaena....... 107-110 dodoneata, Eupithecia........ 83 dolabrariayPlarodis, 25 fete. = 2 226 dominula, Callimorpha .... 82, 277 dorus, Coenonympha ........ 97 douglasella, Depressaria ....... 192 dromedarius, Notodonta ...... 226 dnyas.sManoiSeris- amet emcee aan inte 100 duicellasStiome llanmens as ey sien te 83 duponcheli, Leptidea ..... 100, 102 E editha. Phoecbisueuemearmats © ome 113, 114 elbana,Coenonympha........ 100 elinguania Cro calls ise 2) ne P| elisas babnicianau ene cacy arene cae 99 CuoenyeIels NOMS wa) 2 6 21b8o oe c 12, EMOreMaliss Mrisateles syed nn-n eae 240 epiphronsErebiayer an - 5... 101 @pommasvAlcnaeay es yes etic) MEE ce 66 equitella, Glyphipterix........ 183 erythrocephala,Conistra ...... iia escheri, Agrodiaetus ...... 100, 102 esculi, Nordmannia. < 2 = .cl Of s153 eumedon, Eumedonia ..... LSS Lo euphrosyne, Boloria ...... 13 6 euphorbiae, Acronicta........ 71 euphorbiae, Apatele ....:.... 1) exigua, Sposoptera . 36,57, 84, 90, 91,94, 149 XI PUALAS EU pILNe Cla seen ie sew uals 20 exsoletanexylenayy pan + ethene 43 F fabressei, Agrodiaetus ........ 23 fapata, Operophiteraa: 25 ane 0: 43 facellanDiinneaeeo- a.) austen tee 226 fAPi a STAULODUS met ai eenew ere hele HOw 227 fantula BIChrOMa | Sessile fila lene 69 PAGE fasciaria. Hyjlaeas = 4 remote sen 145 frolewaslamagnyas seen ener 113 ferchaultella, Luffia .... 53,55, 56 feroniasHamaGryass =. of. ee sats) ferrugaliss Wdea\ = = -es 4 ene 91, 93 ferulasSatviuss ue ce eee is}, sayy filipendulae, Nepticula........ 189 fischella, Coleophora. ........ 191 itammecanbanolismeuces ¢.oaseamen ie 225 flammedySentdae eae ene crews 90, 148 flavicilianas COGhYLIS = ewes eens 193 flavicincta, Polymixis ..... 20%) S77. flavipennella, Coleophora ...... 218 flavofasciata, Perizoma .... 57, 227 MAVUSs LV INElICUS ss cusneas ce) cmemeue 124 flocciferus, Carcharodes ....... 101 fluctuata, Xanthorrhoe 69, 211 formosanus, Lozotaeniodea.... . 123 TraxininCatocalas a. y.memeamene ee Isl freyerella, Cosmiotes = 29... 2.02 83 fiitlATINTS MEY ESUS Menen eta tentieat 124 fulgurata, Neptidopsis ........ 155 fulipinaria’, Parascotia) 2°02 2-2. 84 fulviguttella, Phaulernis ....... 191 fulvimitrella, Triaxomera ...... 189 fumatellay Ghionodesi ies) sleet 192 funenellaayEiihinniaee sees emeneten oat 192 UNTO RUIRCHIEY bs Sie 6-0 ceo 226 fuscatella ampronial |. 2.5 e 189 fuscocuprella, Coleophora. ..... 191 fusconebulosa, Hepialus....... 72iN Ih G galathea, Melanargia .. .7,11, 13, LOU, WOZI24 755228 galliiHivales) .s-u5 i ee 90, 146 gamma, Autographa .. . 23,71, 87, 90, O22 7 Cemunanay ANCYIIS) veeetemeeel tacit 194 plaucatan(Gilixegs vy caemeraretns 69, 226 glaucicolella, Coleophora ...... 221 glaucinalis, Orthopygia ....... 195 glycerion,Caenonympha ...... 101 glyphicayEctypa-.. casasiae: peel. 226 enomaaPHEOSIaG-senou- wena ene. 227 gothicaOrthosiay. .-)5 - 4 - M225 priseellassiniiunculayenei oleae eae 189 gryphipennella, Coleophora . . 218, 226 H haasij-plutella sen. eucreeeee on iUt337/, WEN hastatae Riheumapteraus: ise taneaene 231 hastianalvACleris) cause aeene renee 182 hemerobiella, Coleophora ...... 191 heracliana, Agonopteryx, 83, 142 PAGE herminata, Diplodoma..... 183, 189 hexadactyla, Alucitaes..y-guc see! oi 125 hibernicella Psyche =A. aces a3 hippocastinaria, Pachycnemia. ... 70 hippothoe, Paleochrysophanus . 13, 101 hintanian by cia > 5 cas, ree ek 70 homers. Papilion 5-0) ee oe 114 honoraria. |Campacas =. ai eaten 710 hospitons Papillion eee ee 98 hyale,Colias ... .100,143, 244, 246 hyalinalis, Microstega ........ 195 hyperantus, Aphantopus 35, 102, 124, 176 hyperia wBiblis e-e)-yo eee Nig hy periciwActino tiaye sj )san aeons Hil I icarus, Polyommatus . . 23, 98, 99, 100, 101, 124, 178, 226, 228, 249 idas,Aviciaw.4)c...) cee oemeae 100 ilicis, Nordmannia ....100,102, 153 impura, Mythimina, 4) 4. 2 eneeene 227 incertasOrthosia’ — . 42 eee 71 inconspiculella, Solenobia...... 189 insecurella, Epermenia.... . 188, 191 intermedius, WuNOTeCCtSS Henne WS interrogationis, Syngrapha 723). i151) imulae., Coleophora.) eee eee 110 io; INachisie sae D9 Se Sel ie 180, 248 1oOlaSLolanapeyea cee 12. 3s 4. iphigenia nonacriensis, Agrodiaetus, 196-199 Ipsilon. AprOus) = eueeseeen: 90 49 e227 itis. -APatuitar.. ssc. 3. > Gea LOe Wg imrorellay Setina .". -. Skee eee 86 J jacobacac-wlhyilaleeme seem een PET} jaspideas.V dletiaue. ta-eswerrne ei5 1 jatrophaewAnaniiay vie eee eerie 185 johnson, Andean athe ene 113 }OltasyANItOeTaphiaiees 3 ieee ennai 43 juncicolella,Coleophora....... 218 jumiperata® Wheraney., --.aeete teen 64 jurtina. Maniolara ys. cen 35599 SOI 102, 124, 176, 228, 249 jutta sOenecis p-.-n-: eee ee 140 K knysiia) Zidera: =. as Sa ch ele 120 L laetus, Cromburgghia albumeMythiminal . suc) weed cae. lapidellan Ws utitials cee. ay Sky iltey7e lappellas Metzneriay, janis cee, susie lanicella Coleophora.) oy.) 4 ene farsemin@haraxesauscere ss) cyeiecd bes) c larseniella, Syncopacma ....... lathonia, Argynnis . latistria, Agriphila lavatherae, Careharodus .... 12, leaublenalbithoplane)-sencnanaleeie fleroma. @rudanlas aiuens souencn ie ake leucostigma,Celaena...... 192, leuwenhoekella Pancalia....... levana, Araschnia . 11, 89, 93, 102, libatrix, Scoliopteryx lienigalis, Pyralis lieniganus, Leioptulus ........ es earshre Dida ...=) + \-ucsmcua sae MEUM SMEG Biete ooo bole oc limibalissUrespital. sess ccie Sie imibanias IStursiay. . - . + ect pei 70, lineola, Coleophora neolasdihymeliCus’ Goan secs eens iteranasyA'Cleris: 2) upasuebices coeur lithargyrinella, Coleophora . . 184, 191, lattoralis-wWobesiaysewu wet wa sl ee littoricolella, Elachista.. 65, 187, livornica Hyles\ =. semen.) - 90, 94, lixella, Coleophora lOnICeTAce ZV SAciialc shee k emer loreyi, mythimna..... lucina, Hamearis ... lucipara, Euplexia lunalisaHenminiay same eae ness MUN aTISe Batias nen. iota she cohceeiis PUNATIS MIN CIAN yan eee 68, lunosas'Omphaloscelis 7. ss)... dunulariaaSeleniaen.. oe ee 43, iMnideolaskilentane bse) es ener lutescens: Alocides .... 22. Smar lutipennella, Coleophora lutulentula, Aporophyla....... luteolata, Opistopgraptis ... 21, lutulentula, Meonochroa lycaon, Hyponephele pimulkeliies yay ie,) kent jal tei in CWC Chueh Ame coment: M 212,035 905.98, 101 102,143. machaon, Papilio . PAGE 244 PAGE machaonidess Papilio... . 4. 114 machinella,Coleophora ....... 191 maera, Lasiommata 12,101,102, 124 malvae,Pyrgus ...... 101,124, 179 maluti Aloeides: se) ta eae oe 173 marginaria, Agriopis ...... WO, 2S manitimasChilodes!. ese See 57 maritimella Coleophora ....... Bil matura, halpophilay., 25 5 4.5 22) 227 IMALUIHAaMelIGtares = es ae 11, 140 mannii, Artogeia ... 12,13, 100, 101,102, 124 meeki, Gnathothilibus - 2... 2. ° 19 megacephala Acronicta ....... 43 megera, Lasiommata . . . 7-10, 98, 99,100, 124,175, 248 MenGi cay DiatSiaeer et ay eee 84 IMC Olan aisle Oldway wearer ne ene 101 merdella, Proterospastis, 73, 75 meticulosa, Phlogophora . 20, 40, TAR TOG 227 metzneriana,Eucosma..... 188, 194 god yurolbiabianeel Al, Aho ola oe oe 226 mulhausenubWanpyial ss. sue ene ee 70 milvipennis,Coleophora....... 218 minimus, Cupido .. . 13, 100, 124 178, 228, 248 miniosa, Orthosia. .... minorella, Glyphipterix ....... 190 miscellasMomphaseeiiens 193 mnemosyne, Parnassius ....... i! molothina, Lycophotia ....... 71 monacha luyiniantiiaie se eee 227 montanata, Xanthorhoe....... 21 mucidarius,Gnophos ........ 70 munGgayOrnchosiay eyes iwee 225 miunaniellaMined sete ae SRO STIS) murinipennella, Coleophora. .... 221 MUSCeLO da helO Slaves sae ue 222 my rtillanasGreselda 9 so. eee 194 N manellaaWeCunvaniane | es iasc ln. eos 192 napi, Pieris (Artogeia) .. 7,10, 11, 13, 98, 99, 124, 226, 244, 245 narbonea, Pterophora NetboOnedeLOlidasen = had) eee 204 nemoralis, Agrotera ... 37,188, 195 ni, Trichoplusia . . . 84, 89, 90, 91, 94,117, 150 nicias, Aricia noctuella, Nomophila . 87,90,91, 93 nodicolella, Mompha.: 5.0... - 193 nostrodamus, Gegenes........ 120 MOLAtAe SeIMOtMISAl. such icone cee 227 MOUMAwATCMICATIS cee a ce a oes Dey vi PAGE nubilalise@strinials sas ace yee 216 MUptaCatOCalayer. toes aseeeeat tac 84 nymphagoga Catocala ..... 11338 }e JIS) O obscuranas Pammene = ..one ene ee 169 obsitalis, Hypena ... . 73,74, 75, 126 obstipata, Orthonama ... 90,91, 145 Occvlta Euros: sss eo eee 23,90, 147 ocellea, Euchromius .... 33,89, 142, 188, 194 ochredy Coleophotaueaes a aha 188 ochroleuca, Eremobia ........ 227 OCtaVia byte CIS anaes mace (op PALI oedippus,Coenonympha ...... 102 officinalis, Sanguisorba ....... 102 Oenone-UNOMIidy ese cmsucy cece 66 oleracedlbacono Did spy. ces eat 20 ononidis Parectopa "ay a. ke 190 operculella, Phthotimaea 142,188, 193 ophione, Neptidopsis ........ 156 onbitellay @oleophora ss ais ae a 218 Orbonalis, Lucmodes= . 6... 445.6 187 orichalcea, Diachrysia . 89, Sy ornitopus, Lithophane........ 71 OropanaMGviGiae «vac ee the, earn cee 194 Opes Lttaanicias si). ene 200, 201 Ostrina. EUblemimar.. ... . cee) eee 224 ovetlaeti, Ornipholidotes ...... 107 oxyacanthae, Phyllonorycter .... 83 P pactolanda@yidiawens «seen 188, 194 palaenowColiasve: = -6-) o.5 ce oe eee 102 podalirnisalphichdes py. ean eeene 244 polychloros, Nymphalis . . 37, 43, 101, 143 populetis Orthosiaw seman eee 225 Populi Mimenitisi oe re elem neee 11 populi, Poecilocampa ........ 228 POsticanasblastesthiane sss eaenene 194 postvittana, Epiphyas ..... 1205 237) potatoria, Philudoria...... PAL 2727) Prinvatiaeelinenian. sae sie) pees 225 pringlei, Lepidochrysops ...... ] procellata, Melanthia......... D2 procerella. Bisisnay >= 5. 4. 188, 192 processionea, Thaumetopoea .... 216 procellatas Melanthia’- sac enene 227 pronuba, Noctua .... 20,71,90, 227 pronubama, Cacoecimorpha .... 193 prunataybulithiss © sees 227 PLuNI, Strymmonidia =). es 42, 179 pPuLnAaX= Discesttale nen eres ipl pulchella, Utetheisa .... 89,91, 147 pulchrina, Autographa........ DT puppillaria, Cyclclophora ... 69, 144 purdeyi, Clavigesta 205 <1). eases ce 194 pusicanae. Melanchrat ses ssmenaeee 20 pupillanas Eucosma 4 eee 194 papillaria, Cyclophora ........ 144 pylaonsPlebejuSee-s-)-is eae iy? pyramidea, Amphipyra 20 227 PYyiinas LEUZELA« ey ae) ee 227 pyrrhulipennella, Coleophora... . 219 Q quadzras Pithosiaie see o te NO Bie quadrimaculella, Bohemannia 198 quadripuncta, Oegoconia ...... 193 quadripunctaria, Quercusia ..... 147 quercus, Quercusia .. . . 100,120, 178 quexcuscalis;Anidnicus - jenn see 123 R ranavalonanAcracdlsie) alee eneneee 66 rapae, Pieris (Artogeia) . . 7,100,101, 104-106, 121, 124, 243, 245 rapiniculas Cry phial reer os eens 231 favidasSpaclothism. 4 seine 57 reducta. Limenitiay, .. 2... - 3}s FOUGUAN Ae ODESSA) mere Gla lle 2 fe fel MEVAVANA NY CLEOlA 4. gaa es a cue thamni, Gonepteryx, 43, 175, 225; thomboidaeia, Peribatodes ..... RAGENS sy LOL DLO Calas, cwewsicousnei olen oft rigana, Xerocnephasia ........ mparii, AeTodiaetus: ..- =... ..- WAAL Son ide NOS! ay iu eo cameo dao ane mvinlanis, Hadena = s.6 o. 26. FOWOLARIA BOATINIA . . 2).c.- st oon as roboris, Phyllonorycta..... 72. ropustella Caloptilia =. 2... .- EOLrela, Yponomeulta ©... ...:. rubi, Callophrys mubiemata, Scopula. ... 2 2 sey. = muiginea. CONIStta 2. =. 5. % eles MUINTICOSAsCrASUIS ac = eye) cite) oe tufata, Chesias ruficornis, Drymonia...... 68, rafifasciata, Gymnoscelis ... . 20 Tuticinerea, Elachista.... =... « .« rugosana, Phtheochroa........ rumicis, Acronycta.... ..: 43, RUMMIAe LeLintotaee + = tees a: 120, musticelias MONOpIS. = ).t- 2. © = aac foticella Spudaea .°. 2.775; - 68, S sacraria, Rhodometra 39, 90, 103 144, 216, salicata, Coenotephria ........ salicorniae,Coleophora ....... Salicalis/Golobochylay-. .. 5... .. samiatella, Stigmella ...... 188, sangiella, Syncopacma..... 184, saportella, Phyllonorycter . . . 188, saturatella,Coleophora ....... saucia, Peridroma. . . . 39, 91, 94, Saxiiarae= StenOptiliay. -. . 2 <.- © scalptata-syriata group, Eupithecia . shuetzeella, Dioryctria..... 187, SCDetIM ASTOLISE mss) cpr) aes, ops Scoticeilas barOnniX aos0s. 2 2) ee sehestediana, Choreutis ....... SCIENCAO@IOSSIANAy tans) a) cae semele, Kumenis ....-.. . ie semiargus, Cyaniris....... 13; SemmacsEnOebDISs . . ste c.. Ss Sep BACOLIa syste eaten sto = 53); sequella, Ypsolopha ......%.:. SericcalsSuRivula, .. 3 3 «= = 92. serpylletorum, Coleophora ..... serratella, Coleophora ........ siccifolia, Coleophora ........ PAGE silaceata, Ecliptopera’ = = = 2 = - > = 226 simplonia, Euchloe..... 12,13, 245 simulans, Rhyacia 57, 67, 84, 87, 88, 118 sinapis. Leptidea .. 7,10, 13, 98, 99, 100,124,179, 246 smaragdaria, Thetidia ........ 42 smiilesi;'Charazes* ;-= eee ae 252 Sociaslithophane} Gee eee 225 sociella, Aphomia ....... IH} NSS) sodalianayHuUsSterOsias -i4 ates 193 sororculana, Apotomis........ 193 spadicearia, Xanthorrhoe ...... 83 Sparsanas ACIenISy =. = often cee 198 Spinis Sthymonidia fe. ees eee 100 spissicornis, Coleophora ....... 219 Sponsa. Catocalaeee sss. ln ene 227 Stabilella Gosmiotes: == oe 192 Stabiliss Orthosiays)) ss |e ZOST IS 125 Staudinger. Conistrae. se. nee 71 stellatarum, Macroglossum 36, 70, 91, 93,122, 224 sternipennella, Coleophora ..... 220 Sticticalisa Mareanitian. 0. )- eer rne 142 Stratatia, Biston =<. 2s ee = 2 70 striatipennella, Coleophora ..... 220 strigilatay Polypogon’ + 222. Sst 238 subalbidella, Elachista -.:..... 192 suberifolia, Epicnaptera ....... 69 suffumata, Lampropteryx...... 226 suffusella, Monochroa ........ 192 sulphurellasEspertas 9.2 2... 2. - 124 SUSpeCtasbarasticChtlsye. sees -lyr-n cee 148 NMA JEhGMST 2555505 006 250 sylvestris, Thymelicus ..... 79> 228 syringella, Caloptilia ......... 83 T taeniipennella, Coleoptera. ..... 72744 tages, Erynnis 2 LOM A022 1797226 tamesis, Coleophora ...-..... 221 tanganyike, Ornipholidotes . . .107-110 tarsicrinalis, Polypogon ....... 151 tarsipennalis, Herminia ....... 133 {AUWA Pianola ten. Ps cnsee a 69 telejus.Maculineal a5 \.8s0- ere eer 102 tephradactyla, Leipotylus...... 195 terminella, Mompha ......... 193 LELSALAMEIOTISMNEG ss. 2) Ges ahs eee eh 69 fetralunaniaselemiay .) ees 2 eee 43 thapsiella, Agonopteryx, 73, .... 74 thapsiphaga, Cucullia ........ ve: testacealanbiydrelia 2.52.9) ee. 250 thersites, Plebicula ....... 14, 100 thoracella, Bucculatrix........ 190 EtnyanilasNOlAN e-em) tote fe fel 70 Vili thyravAloeidear.’ 5 4 eis 23.0 Se titaniaaG@losstanay .) = 2 eben Seehe tithonus, Pyronia..... 99, 176; tEyEUSHHCOGeS 2)... cei eee ee tophaceatasiNe bulla aes. iae- names ie transversa, Eupsilia . . . . 116, 123, trapezinasCOsmia \. eve eis oe tLAUTMAaN a eamMmMeticn. umes ce treitSchKel. DWiscestra, » aeiceeyen eee [Hoehne eA eLOE eens cue Eo oak otoy trifasciata, Arguresthia. .... oe thtOlievDISCEStidmayseekoeeee oeeee ns PIfOlieZvedetiqe ee, «| crepe hake txipoliana, HUCOSM ayaa ien-v oneal) trochilella, Coleophora .... 84, trogloditella, Coleophora ...... TUK A CTOLSH.. ce ea yal syan ane as olen tunbergella, Micropterix....... *turbidella, Ectoedemia.... 188, typica, Naenia 20, U uliginosellus./Crambus « :& .%,- Dini Dicrantirae sues seen 68, ultimella, Depressaria . . 188,192, 229, unguicella Ancylis) > 3 2).08 aie = unipuncta, Mythimna ... 90,91, unionalis, Palpita . . . . 90, 91, 94, 123, 143; 188, Urticae, Aglais.. . -ss iar 180, 225, Vv VacCcinilConistral 9 ere eeeee (Livs vandaliellasRudonia |= =... scr: Vala GHEYSOGISTISE 4) cues eta et venatuss OchlodeSe:. 4 -).s5 sale Wemoee (Curewility 1.5 ga pro pb ee VeESTISTAlISssAPTOLS sey memehricneh- ere versurella, Coleophora ........ MEALS. GUIS 5 a 6 alo oul of eke vibummana, Apheliaye ss 4 sen Ge eee viminitella, Coleophora ... .191, Vina Genunal ene ec enema 70, Viretata ACAaSiSia saereysest eo see 69, violai@haraxesm: parvewer- citucle violacea(\Goleophora > sie cass eee virzaureatas Pupithecia is. mieyenee Virgauriae. Coleophora aysiu ae eee WITSAUTIAe VHCOGeSm ales hee ee 101, Vitalbata: Orismies si se cee = 69, vitellina, Mythimna . . 80, 90,91, 148, 216, Vuloellamieleiades = 5 ean 116, vitisella, Coleophora ......... PAGE W w-album, Strymonidia .. . 35, 67, 139° 179 Wallatiay Semiothisal | o1ss see 57 weaverella. Monopis' =) 5.5. 4 ..ne 2 Weirellass Depressaiia as nen ienenen 192 wykehami,Crudaria ......... 1 », « xylostella, Plutella ..... 80, 90, 165 Z *7elleralis; Herminia |: 2... < isi, 155i SLICES MRAUCISIen ae) caeee eaten 114 ZOegaAnay AgaApetal eis eee eee 22, COLEOPTERA Adaliaibipunctatas-s- 0. neach cnemene 30 Avonumypracilipes) ys caneuenene 205-7 Amara aenea, aulica, bifrons, CiDIaliss vie, 2: Shavccaryemeieee ene 205 Anomalaaeneaie =. -1- uemaeeeanens 96 Aspisoma ignitum v. polyzona ... 185 Atholusiconmnis\ ee vus 2)- ienenene 185 Bradycellus harpalinus........ 205 Broscus cephaloteSscyesasencueus meee 95 Calviayli4-subtataes tc, 24s 21) ee 30 Ganthanidindet. aes iecn ee mene 185 Carabusjcrannlatuses- eens aeeneee 82 monilis;nemoOralisy . saeco case 80-1 PLObIeEMatICUS =) ome, Ree Cuenee 81 VIOIACCUS's 3. Sua amen nohenene tee 81-2 Chilocorus renipustulatus ...... 30 Chlorophorus pilosus v.glabromaculatus ........ 195 Chrysolina brunsvicensis, graminis, polita-staphyleas-vseuce-n-nene 152 G@icindelaamaritimal-y-s-sses eee 96 Coccinella, /-ounctatas |. semen 29-31 ii ounce tata eee 29-31, 201 Cry PUCUSISD.. 5 atom cist cack Clee 185 Cryptorhynchus lapathi....... 96 Cycloneda sanguinea ........- 185 Diaprepes abbreviatus, famelicus . . 186 Dorcatoma chrysomelina, HLAVICOLMIS) 4) eens Gnesdensisi ses ae SClid cemeteries Eburia (Eubria evr.) 10-maculata .. 185 Eledona agricola .... Euchlora dubia, see Anomala Eurynebria complanata Galerucella tropica.......... 185 Gronops *inaequelis, lunatus . . . 213-5 Gymnetron pascuorum, PlantaPiniSy., znone. c= - cane cl ge 135-8 Harpalus affinis (aeneus), anxius, rubripes, rufitarsis, smaragdinus 205 H@TELOGELES SD) 2-0 5-20 2515.6, a0) 185 Homophoeta albicollis........ 185 Hy pera ataton ys <<. suse os ewe 167-8 Lachnopus sp. curvipes grp...... 186 anicoviusenichsom . 40.6 3 s).- 207 Weistusferrugineus ... . -- «.. =: 205 MECIN ASPs Gievene. siete sj ws erate oes 185 Wepturascuteliata, 2). ce om make 122 HISYTUSICUNICUIUS 2m ee) eh euclisic 185 Litostylus pudens ~: 1... + 4. - 186 Metabletus foveatus ......... 205 Meimiona trisionata =: 2 c-bs sie 185 Microlestesanaurus «<0. -4, «nse 3c 205 Nanophyes marmoratus ....... 167 Nebria, see Eurynebria Olisthopus rotundatus........ 205 Panagaeus bipustulatus ....... 115 Phaleria fullva) epeerectaace cyte 3. = 185 Phiyvdano buss r30 si is eons) ol aed cite 96 Phytonomus, see Hypera Rropylea U4-punctatai is acu us «). 29-30 PSCHUGOMUS'SD). © «, «25 speaebdad comin 186 Rhizophagus depressus, nitidulus. . 121 Sitophilus linearis. . 2. 554.4 > 185 MTECRUS-ODUUISUS) sii ene) Geet) 205 Trogoderma ornatum ........ 185 PrOxXsSabulOsus! /iaisnecs oe eet one 156 DERMAPTERA Huborelliaystalian, cere. nse yen ees 185 DIPTERA Acanthiptera rohrelliformis ..... 74] Agromyza abiens, myosotidis.... 77 Anasimyia contracta, lineata, ved Sur ara avcse che suet ale ny o>, eset cle i? @erodonthaireoss.« seu a see o 79 Chewosiaispser.ccuetins owe aoe 85 Chrysogaster hirtella, solstitialis .. 85 Miastatarne balosaiy aces eet ues: 2 25 Dizygomyza, see Cerodontha Dory ceraigraminum’ 2... 24... 25 Emp hisjeusedign ele vaue onal ie 85 Episyrphus balteatus ;........ 41 RIStAMS ITCH AN: pcuen acs novayencie tts fs eS Ernestia laevigata, rudis ....... 26 Estheriaoretatay 705666. 3 hives 4 fe 26 Eustalomiyia festival 25:56... . Zi Graphogaster, see Rondania PAGE Graphomyaipicta’.. ase) + eae Zi Helophilus, see Anasimyia, Parhelophilus ejoeastenmetallina seas) casi 85 IpoptenarCeLvir. - --ueuel- denon 22-3 Eanlomyzastrivata 2) 5 -a-wec esac ZT Lonchaea contigua, flavidipennis (limatitla), postica. 9:65 ausur 4s 25 Mallota cimbiciformis ........ 82 Megamerina dolium ......... 24 Megaselia *aculeata, *insons .... 181 PATITETCOStAta an cay Saeco 181-2 TSUDCONVEXKA:) see. cele aera 182 Melangyna labiatarum, unvoellatanumsps oe eee eae 85 Metasyrphus corollae ........ 31 Napomyza scrophulariae ...... a, Norelliaispinipesin. ssn mist eeu 26 Ochtherajmantis: = 5 <5). - 4 iene 154 Orthoneura nobilis, splendens ... 85 GQUEITES PUCARAy nek caer ctier en sire aaesiasite 25 Paraphytomyza discrepans, populicola, similis ........ 77 Rarhelophiluss -sgec -tauce= abouts 1?) Phaonia pratensis, vittifera ..... Pad Pherbellia‘annulipes) <3) < js 2) « sysk- 25 Bhnyxe villoatise) eye) sueiieemene 104,105 Phytomyza aprilina, autumnalis, Calthoplitlag ce smcncecn-ae oueneus 77 chaerophylli, crassiseta, cytisi, hendeli, heracleana, horticola, ilicis, lonicerae (harlemensis), MathicaMaes MIPTA] 2. 6 es cine 78 MOCACAl cscecereysceney areca nrstevonauene 78-9 obscurella, periclymeni, petoei, primulae, sphondyliivora, tussilaginis, virgaureae........ 79 Rainienaicalceatar sums eminent 24 Renocera fuscinervis......... 25 Rondania fasciata. cee. es) ee = 26 Senvillialuridams 9 suse. sie) eens 26 Steganina coleoptrata ........ 25 Tachydromia *terricola ...... 2234 Tephritis formosa, hyoscyami, COMeta COMjUNCtar eis ie) eae 24 Tintxarcaenulesceusy srene iene el eee 26 HEMIPTERA Brevicoryne brassicae ........ ail Odontoscelis dorsalis......... 205 HYMENOPTERA Allantus cinctus, Ametastegia. . . 208-9 Andricus quercuscalicis .... Apanteles glomeratus ....... 104-5 PAGE Apethymiuse aires as saeco once: 209 BOmMDUSISD=. huts one oe ees 103 Calameuta pallipes, filiformis . . 111 Camponotus cruentatus ...... 1534 Dineura virididorsata......... 208 Henichroarcroced ancien mercies 208 Wey SIDiaenana as eee ern eine 105, 106 Rintplainstigator «1-0. seen 104, 105 Protemphytus 2+ 4 7s ee © 209 Pteromalus puparum...... 104, 105 Tetrastichus galactopus ....105, 106 WespalQVespulajispamcseie ie anne 103 ODONATA Aeshna caerulea, grandis....... 131 Cyanea mixta nt ss ore se ous i137) ISOSCCIES ta ie sie actiear tetas 130 FUN CEA nena cee sie sites ics ighikeisy Agrion splendens, virgo ....... PX) INDE THT SAMO 4 og Gop aleve tio 6 129 Brachytron pratense ...... 129,730 Ceriacniontenellum) =. > 4 4 e-- 130 Coenagrion hastulatum ....... 131 mercuriale, puella, pulchellum . 130 Cordulegaster boltonii........ 129 Corduliadeneay. . 4... 129-30 Enallagma cyathigerum ....... 129 Erythrodiplax umbrata Erythrommanajasi seems eae Gomphus vulgatissimus Ischnura elegans PUMTIO ascn aati eee Lepthemisivesicwlosars-)ea-ses eens LesteSispOmsSain cai. sca veiey ous ene Peucombinia@ubia eee «isu e) bent ieae eecOiceyw, Oeme Oe ce AUD Vials ss eee watery eee Seen Orthenis fermusincaly 4a eee Orthetrum cancellatum, Coerulescensis). 2.) se anne Platyicnemis: pennipes: cn-i-aenenees Pyrrhosoma nymphula........ Somatochloravarctica) = serene metallicad:s) cc vercsayel eee Sympetrum danae, sanguineum.. . MIGTESCENS) cs \-aacucs Mee ee ee Striolatum(.): With a thick crust of whitish scales CO : about as in ? pascuorum ? : very long, much longer than head & thorax together (Reitter) o*: 2/3 of the way to apex 9 : ? (doubtless well behind middle) Much longer, about as long as as funicle Narrower and longer, scarcely transverse, with a groove right across front forming a collar: surface dull Smaller, each bearing a minute light scale almost flush with the surface Marked, somewhat callose With a row of extremely short white setules Unarmed in both sexes With a smaller, shorter tooth concolorous with tibia (rufous) & hardly visible from above Longer than lobes of 3, which are broader Small, rufous, concolorous with tarsi 11 337/ pascuorum Surface fairly closely covered by long, pale, often shining scale- hairs, on elytra partly raised (except in worn or depauperated exx.) Without such a crust of scales oO -:relatively short 9 : considerably longer than ing Oat or rather before middle 2: well behind middle Very short, much shorter than funicle Broader, plainly transverse; if such a groove is traceable, it is very near apical margin, so that collar is much narrower; interstices shining Larger, each bearing a long decumbent scale- hair Not marked, not at all callose With more than one row of long raised scale-hairs With a tooth in gd , strong & sharp on front pair With a thorn-like black tooth set almost at a right angle, very small in (may be largely hidden by pubescence) Shorter than lobes of 3, which are narrower Long, shiny black to- gether with apical part of onychium 138 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL.95 15.VII.83 long antennal scape, flat eyes not disrupting outline of pronotal sides, and reddish antennae, tibiae and tarsi, of which the claw-joint is shorter than the rest together, and the claws much shorter. It is also generally smaller. It shares however with the veronicae/bec- cabungae/villosulum group the character of a band of lighter scales at sides of pronotum, on account of which Reitter and others place it in that section. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Mr. Colin Johnson, of Manchester Museum, for the opportunity of studying Edmonds’s putative G. plantaginis; to Dr. L. Dieckmann, Eberswalde, for his valued opinion of my specimen and much other help with weevils; and to the staff of the Coleoptera Section at the BMNH Entomological Department for their kind co-operation on various Occasions. References Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., 1931. An annotated list of additions to the British Coleopterous fauna; 82. London. Donisthorpe, H. St. J. K., 1939. A preliminary list of the Coleop- tera of Windsor Forest: 107. London. Edmonds, T. H., 1930. Gymnetron plantaginis Epph., a species of Coleoptera new to Britain. Ent. mon. Mag., 66: 110. Hoffmann, A., 1958. Faune de France, 62 (Coléoptéres Curculioni- des 3): 1298. Paris. Joy, N. H., 1932. A practical handbook of British beetles, 1: 223. London. Reitter, E., 1916. Fauna germanica: die Kafer des deutschen Reiches, 5: 226, 228. Stuttgart. SIn two or three respects the Vine specimen appears not to fit the description: the uniformly scaled pronotum, i.e. scales not whiter and more thickly placed at sides; the broad flat elytral intervals, seemingly glabrous and filled with illdefined puncturation, compared with Reitter’s ‘intervals narrow” and a row of punctures and of tiny white setules on them as he and Hoffmann indicate. Abrasion may possibly account for two of these discrepancies, but not for all. There thus remains a minute element of doubt about the identity of the Burgess Hill specimen; in any case the two characters marked 5 above are taken not from it but from the literature, since authors seem agreed that plantaginis possesses them. It should be added that the elytra are either extensively red except to- wards base, or, as in the British example, black with an apical red patch extending broadly up the sides. In pascworum the area of red coloration varies greatly, and Reitter is incorrect in stating, among his key-characters for its group (p. 226), that the elytra are “‘niemals einfarbig schwarz” — since uni- formly dark examples are frequent, here if not in Germany. Hoffmann states that according to Eppelsheim the species under notice lives on Plantago media L. British coleopterists able to recognize P. media should give it close attention when they meet with it, for this Gymnetron surely awaits rediscovery in our country. THE WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK: A NATIONAL SURVEY 139 THE WHITE-LETTER HAIRSTREAK (STR YMONIDIA W-ALBUM KNOCH): A NATIONAL SURVEY By C. PEACHEY* As a follow-up to the request for information on the status of the White-letter Hairstreak by A. Archer-Lock (Ent. Rec., 92: 254), the Nature Conservancy Council is organising a national survey under the auspices of the Invertebrate Site Register. Initially, a re- quest for information on the butterfly was placed in the News of the British Butterfly Conservation Society (April 1982). Over 20 mem- bers responded and three major points emerged from the letters. (i) The majority of the colonies mentioned, excepting the most northerly, appear to be on the decline and could become extinct in a matter of years. For example, in the Ruthin Valley in North Wales the White-letter Hairstreak was the commonest butterfly in the area prior to 1977. In 1977 Dutch Elm Disease hit the area and has been spreading very rapidly, and not surprisingly the butterfly has since undergone a decline. In fact in 1982 only two specimens were seen. (ii) The White-letter hairstreak appears to have survived better on Wych elm rather than English elm. Smooth-leaved elm was also mentioned although it is not certain whether the butterfly will use this species as a foodplant. (iii) There is evidence to suggest that the White-letter Hair- streak can utilize growth from suckers — but can they survive on these indefinitely? When the young trees reach a certain height elm disease has a tendency to recur. Clearly more information is needed before any effective conser- vation measures can be undertaken. The means of doing this would be to have a team of recorders from all over the country — ideally one percounty. Existing county lepidoptera recorders might like to take this up as an ongoing survey. A county survey could in- clude:— (a) a survey to check out all known colonies (surviving colonies could then be monitored each year), and a search for new colonies. (b) a survey to locate elm trees. Elms which have survived the disease should be conserved for they could be used for future ex- perimental introductions. Elm sucker growth, wherever it is still alive, should also be retained, particularly in areas which have been hit badly by the disease. (Do we know if Dutch Elm Disease has reached the furthest limits of the White-letter Hairstreak’s range and are steps being taken to halt the spread of the disease?) May I appeal to all butterfly enthusiasts to have a good search for the White-letter Hairstreak this summer. It is possible that the species is not as rare as we think it is. All Hairstreaks are secretive butterflies and tend to spend much of their time flying around *NCC, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SW1 8PY. 140 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 tree tops and feeding on honeydew. Time and patience is certainly needed and binoculars will be helpful. Searching for eggs in late July/August is another way of locating a colony and becomes easier after finding the first egg! I would be very happy to offer any advice to readers who wish to participate in such a survey. I would also welcome any views you may have on this species and would be interested to know of people who have successfully reared it on alternative foodplants. If you can help please write to Caroline Peachey, NCC, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London SWIX 8PY. The Butterflies of Northern Europe by Bjorn Dal. Edited by Michael Morris. Translated by Roger Littleboy. Croom Helm, London. July 1982£5.95: This is a particularly attractive book because of its fresh approach to illustration and lay-out, the author, Bjorn Dal, being an artist of skill and sensitivity. Described on the flyleaf as an identification guide and general introduction to the butterflies of Northern Europe, it covers Britain, Fennoscandia and the Baltic countries. The fas- cinating butterflies of the high Arctic are unfortunately excluded, although one of them, Erebia pandrose makes a mysterious, uni- dentified appearance on page 49. The introduction is followed by short accounts under various headings — the section on conservation containing some eminently sensible comments on the subject of collecting. In the main part of the guide the butterfly species are not arranged systematically but are grouped under biotopes. This arrangement is quite effective in view of the difficulty with overlapping habitats in many species. It is surprising however to find Argynnis paphia in the Meadowland and Marsh group rather than with the woodlanders. Each species also has a concise but informative descriptive text and a distribution map. The latter is differentiated by three colours into the normal range in northern Europe, the normal range in the rest of Europe and areas where the insect occurs irregularly. This generally works well apart from the two maps on page 47 which are obviously in- correct. The illustrations depicting butterflies in natural positions are delightful, and I know no other artist who has captured so well the attitudes of butterflies at rest and in flight. One is hard put to choose favourites but selected for special mention are the two hiber- nated Nymphalis antiopa (frontispiece), Oeneis jutta page 26, Euphydryas maturna page 47, the delicate trio of Philotes baton page 74, and Aglais urticae page 122. There are also enlarged figures of individuals’ wings of those species more difficult to determine, such as the three members of the 7hymelicus genus the Heaths and the Clossiana. The English edition has been thoughtfully edited by Dr. Michael Morris. As a supplement and northern summary to the Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe, it succeeds admirably. — C. J. LUCKENS. IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 141 THE IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 By R. F. BRETHERTON* and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT** (Concluded from page 94) An especially interesting novelty this year has been arrangements for recording on several of the North Sea oil rigs, which, if they can be repeated to cover longer periods and more species, could throw much light on the conditions for immigration from northern Europe. ANNEXE I Names of recorders Albertini, V. M.; Agassiz, Rev. D. J. L.; Allen, Dr. A. A.; Allen, D. per PB; Badmin, J.; Baker, B. R.; Baldock, D. W.; Baldwin, A. J.; Barber, T. per MANM; Batten, A. per CRP; Bell, R. A.; Beraet, P.; Billett, D. F. per JMW; Birchenough, R.; Birkett, Dr. N. L.; Blath- wayt, C. S. H.; Bond, K.G. M.; Bonney, J.; Botwright, G.; Bradford, E. S.; Bretherton, R. F.; Briggs, J.; Brown, D. C. G.; Buckham, A.; Buddle, R. F.; Burgess, G. per RGW; Burrage, W. per CRP; Burton, J. F.; Campbell, Dr. J. L.; Carpenter, E.; Castle, E. per IH; Chalmers- Hunt, J. M.; Chambers, D. A.; Chatelain, R. G.; Chipperfield, H. E.; Chastie, 1. C.; Church, S. H.: Clarke, Dr. J.; Classey, Ey Wes Clouter: F. H.; Collins, G. A.; Colombé, J.; Convey, P. per NMH; Corley, M. per DJLA; Courtier, F. A. per IJLT: Craddock, B. per RGW; Craske, R. M.; Dacie, Sir John; Davey, P. A.; Davies, Miss N. per IJLT; Dewick, A. J.; Dey, D.; Dillon, T. J.; Dixon, D.; Dobson, a He Doe. B. per Dickerson, G.; Down, D.; Dunn, 1. C.; Dyer, J. per.B. Skinner; Dyke, R.; Dyson, R. C.; Eley, R. per JLF; Ellis, Dr; E. A. per HEC; Elliot, B.; Elvidge, M.; Emley, D. per RGW; Emmet, Col. A. M.; Enfield, M. A.; Evans, K. G. W.; Ezard, A. H. per PQW; Fairclough, R.; Fenn, J. L.; Fitzacerley, Mrs. per PS; Fordham, B. per CRP; Foster, A. P.; Gandy, M.; Gardiner, B.O.C.; Gardner, A. per DCGB; Gascoigne, J. per CRP; Gauld, S. V. per RIL; Gill, N.; Goater, B.; Green, J. E.; Greenwood, J. A. C.; Gregory, J. per CRP; Hadley, M.; Hall, N. M.; Halsey, M. & J.; Halstead, A. J.; Hancock, E.G’: Harman, IT. W.; Harmer, A. 'S.; Hart, €.; Harvey, M. S.; Harvey, R. per MAE; Haynes, R. F.; Heal, N. F.; Heath, J.; Heckford, R. J.; Hogg, P.; Holborn, J. M.; Horton, Dr. G. A. N.; Hudson, I.; Ironside, Miss M. per MAE; Jackson, S. M.; Jenkins, A.; Jewess, P. J. & G. T.; Jordan, M.; Kiddie, R.; Knapp, D. per AHD; Knill-Jones, Dr. R.; Lane, C. G. & R. E.; Langmaid, Dr. J. R.; Largen, R. E. per CRP; Lavery, J. W. per RFH; Levington, R. per BRB; Lorimer, R. I.; Lovell-Pank, R.; Luckens, Dr. C. J.; Lumley, * Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. **] Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent BR4 9LG. 142 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 T.; Mackay, Mrs. L. per J. Heath; Mackworth-Praed, H. N.; McCormick, R. F.; McRitchie, B. B.; Majerus, Dr. M. A. N.; Mansell, G.; Mascard, I. per CRP; Merrifield, R. K.; Miller, J. R.; Milne- Readhead, E. per CRP; Mitchell, D. W. per J. Heath; Morgan, Mrs. M. J.; Morris, Dr. M. G.; Morris. R. K.; Moss, G. per RGW; Mow- bray M. J. per CRP; Murray, R. J. H.; Myers, Dr. A. A.; Newnham, T.; Newton, J.; Notton, D. per BRB; Oates, M. R.; O’Connor, Dr. J. P.; O'Heffernan, H. L.; Owen, D.; Owen, J. Palmer, S. per MRY;; Parsons, M. S.; Peet, Dr. T. N. D.; Pelham-Clinton, E. C.; Penney, C. G.: Philips, A. per CRP; Phillips, J. W.; Philp. E.; Phil- pott, V. W.; Phillpotts, J. L.; PickessB. P.; Pickles, Aw J-. Pilcher, RoE: Me Pittis, (Rey. s., C.; Platts. Je: Pooles. so. W. Pa pennies Porter, J; Potter, T. A. per PQW; Prance, D. A.; Pratt, D. A.; Pratt, C. R:: Price, LL. per JN: Pyman,'G. Av Radtord, J; 1. per By skinner CRP; Reid, J.; Ralph, Miss J. M. per CRP; Rogers, M.; Rough, K. per CRP; Ruck, A.; Sankey-Barker, J. P.; Shearer, I. per NMH; Skidmore, P.; Skinner, B.; Smith, E. G.; Smith, Dr. F. H. N.; Smith, G.; Smith, Miss P. per RGW; Softly, R. A.; Sokoloff, P. A.; Spalding, A. per FHNS; Spence, B. R.; St. John, W. G.; Stallwood, B. R’; Statham, B:; Sterling, Col. D. H.; Sterling, M. J.; Sterling, P. H.; Sutherland, G. per RIL; Thomas, R. per DCGB; Tillotson, I. J. L.; Torlesse, Rear Admiral A. D.; Tremewan, W. G.; Tubbs, R. S.; Turk, Miss S. per J. Heath; Tweedie, M. W. P., Tyler, M. W. per J. Heath Utten: “RoW VicesMeper DEG Vincent Nie Wake, A.; Wale, C. A. R.; Walters, J. M.; Warren, Miss E.; Warren, R. G.; Waters, P. per CRP; Waterton, P. W. per RWJU; Weddell, B. W.; Weekes, B. per MAE; West, B. K.; Whiteside, J. G.; Whittaker, E. per CRP; Wild, E. H.; Wilkes, Miss M. per MGM; Wilson, D. E.; Winter, P. Q.; Withers, B. per B. Skinner; Woodward, C. J. per CRP; Young, Dr. M. R.; Youden, G. H. ANNEXE II Records of scarce immigrant species in 1982 (probable or possible migrants of resident species marked*) * AGONOPTERIX HERACLIANA L.(1) NORTH SEA: oil rig F Delta, August (per MRY). *TEBENNA BJERKANDRELLA Thunb. (16) DEVON: Bud- leigh Salterton, two bred 11/14.9; Heybrook Bay, 15/16,9, three bred; Axmouth, 24/25.9, two bred: all from cocoons on Pulicaria dysenterica (RJH). CO. CORK: Douglas, 20.8/4.9, nine at flowers or dusk flight (KGMB); is first Irish record. *PHTHORIMAEA OPERCULELLA Zeller (1) KENT: New Romney, 10.9, in trap with other immigrants (ECP-C); possible immigrant, or from imported tomatoes or potatoes. EUCHROMIUS OCELLEA Haw. (1) WILTS: Steeple Ashton, 7.10 (G. Smith, Ent. Rec., 95: 33). *MARGARITIA STICTICALIS L. (1) HANTS: Southsea, 7.8.(JRL). URESIPHITA LIMBALIS D. & S. (2) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 2.10, female (AJD). KENT: Westbere, 1.10, very worn (TWH). IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 143 *SITACHROA PALEALIS D. & S. (4) HANTS: Isle of Wight, July, n.d. (RK-J). SURREY: Milford, n.d. (DWB). SUSSEX: Walberton, 14.7 (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 15.7 (CRP). PALPITA UNIONALIS Hbn. (c. 80) CORNWALL: Trebrown- bridge, 25.10 (AS per FHNS). DERBYSHIRE: Kelstedge, 19.9, male (BE). DORSET: Portland, 12.9. female (PHS), 13.9 (RAB), 17.9 (NMH), 9.9, 17.9 (BWW). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 31.7, 13.9, 2.10 (AJD); Grays, 1.7 (DJLA) HANTS: Highcliffe, 13.9, 15.9, 16.9, two 17.10 (EHW); Hayling Island, 15.9, female, 16.9, male, 18.9, male, 21.10, male, 30.10, male (JMW); Lymington, 17.9, male, 5.10, male (AJP, ASH). HERTS: Welwyn, 3.9, 18.9 (RWJU). KENT: Dover, 9.7 (GHY); Gravesend, 9.7, 10.7, worn, 9/28.9, nine (RK); Wye, 14.9 (MAE); West Wickham, 15.9 (RB), 17.9 (M & JH); Westbere, 12.9, 18.9 (TWH); New Romney, 10.9, four (JRL, ECP-C); Dungeness, 18.9 (J. Bonney per -RD), 18.9, female (RKM). SURREY: Croydon, early 7 (GAC); Bramley, 18.9, male, 20.10, female (R. F. Bretherton); Buckland, 20.10, female, 21.10, male (CH); North Cheam, 16.9 (RFMcC); Wimbledon, 17.10 (Sir J.. Dacie). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 1.7, 19.9 (CRP), 17.9. (B. Skinner); Plaistow, 27.10 (SHC); Eastbourne, 12.7 (SWP per CRP); Walberton, 14.9, 15.9, 16.9, three, 17.9, 19.9, two, 17.10 (JTR per CRP); Ninfield, 18.9 (MSP per CRP); Rogate, 20.10 (JACG). WARWICKSHIRE: Chapelfields near Coventry, 8.7 (CARW). INNER HEBRIDES: Mull, n.d. (MC per DJLA). CO. CORK: Foun- tainstown, 12.9, 17.9,8.10(AAM). *DIORYCTRIA ABIETELLA D. & S. (1) ORKNEY: Orphir, 5.8, with other immigrants (RIL); is probably first Orkney record. PAPILIO MACHAON L. (3 or 4) DURHAM: Nevill’s Cross, seen in a garden by Dr. P. Evans, 5.6; Durham City, 11.6, seen by Dr. P. MacDougal (TCD). KENT: Foreness Point, about 25.7, photographed by David Allan (PB). LANCS: Farnworth, 5.8, ap- peared to be of continental form, but much rubbed (EGH). COLIAS HYALE .L.- or C.- AUSTRALIS ‘Vty> (2). DEVON: Branscombe, 2.6, male seen (ECP-C,JRL). SUSSEX: Seven Sisters cliffs, 15.7 (J. Gascoigne per CRP). LAMPIDES BOETICUS L. (1) SUFFOLK: Freston, 23.7, seen by a reliable observer (EM-R per HEC). *NYMPHALIS POLYCHLOROS L. (7 or 8) KENT: Park Gate near Elham, 16.5, photographed by Miss M. Ironside (MAE, EP); Hayes, 15.7, on buddleia (M. Halsey), 19.7 (BE); Beckenham, 29.7 on ground, and again on 30.7, on buddleia (BD per GD); Newington, three on buddleia, about 7.8 (GJJ per PJJ). SURREY: Ranmore Common, 9.5, watched settling and flying round tree trunks (MSH, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). WARWICKSHIRE: Langley Green, 12.8, possibly locally bred (JEG). NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA L. (4) LINCOLNSHIRE: Saltfleetby, 9.8 (REMP). YORKS: Balby, Doncaster, 12.8, seen by K. Rich (PS). ABERDEEN: Brig of Don, 19.8 (SP per MRY). ORKNEY: Race- wick Hoy, 16.9, two witnesses (per RIL). ARASCHNIA LEVANA L. (1) SURREY: Friday Street, 21.5, in mint condition, beaten from bilberry and retained (D. Down). 144 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 Suspected immigrant; previously known in England only as a result of artificial establishment about 1912, but is widespread in France; its foodplant is Urtica dioica (nettle). DANAUS PLEXIPPUS L. (7) DEVON: Fingles Bridge, Drew- steignton, about 10.8, followed in flight by D. Liley (per JMH). DORSET: Durlston, 2.6, 30.6, 7.7 (RJHM). ESSEX: Laughton, end July, in garden, identified later from book (Miss Wilkes per MGM). KENT: Wye, August, early a.m., seen by B. Weekes (per MAE); Harty Ferry, Sheppey, 8.9, probably this species (RH). Recent prevalence of releases from captivity makes immigrant status for these very doubtful. CYCLOPHORA PUPPILLARIA L. (5) CORNWALL: Lizard, 11.9, male; Poltesco, 12.9, male (B. Skinner). HANTS: Highcliffe, 31.8 (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 204). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 14.9, 17.9 (AAM). *SCOPULA RUBIGINATA Hufn. (1) KENT: Dungeness, 31.7, at light (J. Porter per B. Skinner). RHODOMETRA SACRARIA L. (c. 130) CORNWALL: Ky- nance, 19.6 (M. Halsey); Lizard, 2.9 (J. Clarke), 11.9, 12.9, four males (B. Skinner); Perranporth, 9.9, 18.9, two (FHNS); Mawnan Smith, 11.9, two males (APF); Ruan Minor, several (BE); Mullion, 12.9 (HEC); Par, 15.9, onwards, many, 1.11, f. sanguinaria (JG per CRP). DEVON: Yealmpton, 9.8 (RL-P); Stoke Beach, 3.9, male (J. Clarke); Plymstock, 5.9, male (J. Clarke); Axminster, 18.9, 29.9 (ECP-C); Plymouth, 20.9, disturbed from grass (RFH). DORSET: Portland, 19.6 (AB per CRP); Brownsea Is., 5.9, male (AAA); Port- land, 17.9, two (NMH), 18.9, two (DCGB), 23.9 (SCP); Poole, 20.9, 21.9 (SCP). ESSEX: Grays, 8.9 (DJLA); Bradwell-on-Sea, 10.9, 22/29.9, five (AJD). HANTS: Winchester, 4.9., 5.9 (DHS); Havant, 5.9, male, 25.9, male (JWP); Highcliffe, 7.9, two, 9/21.9, six (EHW); Weyhill, 8.9, male (MJ); Oakley, 10.9, Stockbridge, 11.9 (AHD); Hayling Is., 17.9, male, 20.9, male ab. labda, 29.9, male (JMW); Lymington, 25.9, 4.11, 7.11 (ASH); Sway, 25.9 (ADT); Sparsholt, 29.9, male, 3.11, male (RAB); Sutton Scotney, n.d. (DO). HERTS: Royston, 10.9, female (JR). KENT: New Romney, 9.9 (ECP-C, JRL); Minster-in-Sheppey, 17.9/20.9, four (FHC); Gravesend, 26.9, two, 28.9 (RK); St. Mary Cray, 28.9, male (RGC). SOMERSET: South Chard, 7.9/19.9, twelve including one f. sanguinaria, 3.11 (AJ). SUFFOLK: Walberswick, n.d. (HEC). SURREY: Addington, 20.9, female (B. Skinner); Bramley, 14.9, female, 1.10, male very worn (R. F. Bretherton); Croydon, 25.9, two (KGWE); Leigh, 25.9, male, 3.11, female (RF); Buckland, 28.9, male, 29.9, male (CH); Rushmoor, 19.9 (PAD); Wisley, 7.9 (AJH); Thursley, September, two (per DWB). SUSSEX: Amber- sham, 30.6 (B. Skinner); Peacehaven, 28.8, 7.9, 9.9, 23.9, all males (CRP); Brighton, 5.9 (KR per CRP); Ringmer, 6.9 (AB per CRP); Walberton, 10.9, 13.9, male, 1.10 (JTR per CRP); Ninfield, 14.9, 28.9 (MSP); Plaistow, 25.9 (SHC); Hassocks, 2.11 (D. Dey). WEST- MORLAND: Beetham, 10.9, 11.9, three (J. Briggs); Kendal Wood, 11.9, male, 12.9, female, 13.9, 16.9 (NLB). WILTS: Redlynch, 6.9 (ECP-C); Ashton Common, 12.9, 14.9 (G. Smith). MONMOUTH: IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982. 145 Usk, 10.9, male (GANH). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 20.9 (AAM). CO. KERRY: Killarney, 23.6 (RFH). ORTHONAMA OBSTIPATA F. (69) CORNWALL: Boscastle, 31.8 (ECP-C); Kynance, 9.9, female (B. Skinner); Lizard, 10.9, male, 11.9, male, female (B. Skinner); Poltesco, 12.9, female (B. Skinner) Par, 2.11 (per CRP). DEVON: Axminster, 1.11, male, 2.11, male, 3.11, female (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland, East Cliff, 18.9, B.O., 2.9, 3.11, two (MR per NFH). HANTS: Hayling Is., 17.9, 21.9, 28.9, males, 31.10, two females, 1.11, male (JMW); Highcliffe, 25.10, 4.11, two, 6.11, 8.11, two (EHW); Lymington, 2.11, two, 5.11, 7.11 (ASH); Sparsholt, 9.11, male (RAB). HERTS: Much Hadham, 2.8 (DEW). KENT: Dungeness, 9.9 (ECP-C); Wye, 24.10, female (MAE); Orpington, 2.10 (RGC). OXON: Caversham, 3.9 (BRB). SURREY: Bramley, 2.9, male, 30.10, male, 4.11, female (R. F. Bretherton); Wisley, 9.11, male; Leigh, 7.11, male; Rushmoor, 25.10 (PAD). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 7.6, male, 19.9, female, 18.10, male (CRP); Walberton, 12.9, 28.9, 1.11, 4.11, two females, 6.11, 7.11, two females (JTR per CRP); Ninfield, 19.9, female, 1.10, female, 9.11, male (MSP); Rogate, 9.11, female (JACG). WARWICK- SHIRE: Charlecote, 2.10, 21.10, 30.10 (DCGB, AG, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). YORKS: Spurn, 3.11 (BRS). INNER HEBRIDES: Loch na Keal, Mull,-17.9, three (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 4.9, 2.11 (AAM). *ENNOMOS AUTUMNARIA Werneburg (c.10) HERTS: Much Hadham, mid 9, “steady arrivals, some years none” (DEW). LINCS: Gibraltar Point, 22.9 (REMP). YORKS: Spurn, 17.9, first county record (BRS). Possibly immigrant, probably vagrant from Essex or Kent. “HY LABA -—FASCIARIA L; (()*SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 17.9, female at light, f. prasinaria (CRP). Possibly immigrant: this form is very rare, except in Kent where it is resident. AGRIUS CONVOLVULI L. (c. 180 moths, two larvae) BERKS: Uffington, 3.8, 10.9 (EWC). CORNWALL: Mylor, 31.8 (RKM); Mullion, 10.9 (HEC); Lizard, 11.9, male (FHNS), 19.9, on light- house wall (DCGB); Poltesco, 12.9, male (B. Skinner); Perranporth, 6.9, male (per FHNS). DEVON: Chillington, 31.8, female (WLO’H, Ent. Rec., 94: 237); Woodbury, mid. 8 / mid. 9, c.20 (VWP). DORSET: Weymouth, 30.8 (VWP); Portland, 10.9 (AJP), B. O., 10.8, 28.8, 2.9, 13.9, 20.9 (MR per NFH); Arne, 15.9 (BPP); Stud- land, 25.9, two (DCGB). ESSEX: Danbury, mid. 9 (GAP per AME); Bradwell-on-Sea, 18.9, 19.9, two, 26.9, three (AJD). Elmdon, 19.9, with 200 P. meticulosa (AME); Saffron Walden, 5.10 (AME); Col- chester, 7.10, three (AW). GLOS: Tetbury, 25.9 (JN). HANTS: Highcliffe, 2.8, worn, 1.10 (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 204); Sparsholt, 20.9, male (RAB); Lymington, 22.9 (ADT); Fisher’s Pond, 27.9 (AHD); Sway, 1.10 (ASH); Havant, 2.10, at nicotiana (E. Castle per IH); Ashurst, 3.10 (per RKM); Hythe, 7.10 (per RKM). HERTS: Royston, September, two (JR). KENT: Dover, 12.8, larva (GHY), 2.10, adult (TWH); Ashford, August, larva (per MAE); Boughton Aluph, 5.9, male, 25.9, male, female, 2.10, male (MAE); Sittingbourne, 17.9, 24.9 (JB); Minster-in-Sheppey, 17.9, 19.9 (FHC); Westbere, 17.9, 146 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 30.9, 4.10 (TWH); Deal, 17.9 (per TWH); Wrotham, 23.9 (AR); Kennington, 30.9 (per MAE); Brook, 30.9 (per MAE); Sandwich, September, several (per MAE); Cliffe Woods, 1.10, at window (per EP); Wye, 6.10 (MAE); East Malling, 6.10 (DC); Dymchurch, 7.7, battered, 2.10, 3.10 (JO); Whitfield, n.d. (per R. F. Buddle). LINCS: Saltfleetby, 3.8;South Thoresby, 18.9, 22.9, 25.9, all males (REMP). SOMERSET: South Chard, 19.9 (AJ). SUFFOLK: Nowton near Bury, 14.9, 27.9 (per HEC); Bury St. Edmunds, 29.9 and one earlier (RE per JLF), SUSSEX: Walberton, 27.7, 6.9; 109. 15-922 five, 26.9/30.9, nine, 1.10/5.10, eight, 11.10 (RTR per CRP); Eastbourne, 8.8 (DAC); Iden, 31.8 (BG); Anstye, 23.8 (TN); Plais- tow, 15.9) (SHC): Peacehaven, 23.9, male, 27.9, 30.9. male, 1enop male, female at nicotiana, 3.10, female, 4.10, male, female, 5.10, two, 6.10, male (CRP); Ringmer, 26.9, two males (AB per CRP); Ninfield, 27.9 (MSP); Hassocks, 28.9 (D. Dey); Brighton, 30.9, male, 1.10, male, female (per CRP), 3.10 (RCD); Fairlight, 3.10, on a door (per CRP). WARWICKSHIRE: Charlecote, 23.9, 27.9 (AG per DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). WESTMORLAND: Beetham, 31.8, male, female, 14.9, male (J. Briggs). WORCESTERSHIRE: Sinton Green, late 9 (JRG). ABERDEEN: Aberdeen City, 28.9 (MRY); North Sea oil rigs: Fulmer, 26.9; Sedneth, 30.9; Sedco, 11.9; Auk, 28.10 (per MRY). AYRSHIRE: Kilmarnock. October (per J. Heath). DUMFRIES: Moffat, 28.9, on car (AB). INNER HEBRIDES: Loch na Keal, Mull, 17.9 (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). ORKNEY: Orphir, 10.9, 18.9, two (RIL). SELKIRK: Galashiels, 12.10, on wall (AB). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 17.9 (AAM). CO. WATERFORD: Villierstown, early 8, many 1.9 (per KGMB). CO. WICKLOW: Wicklow Harbour, 22.9 (JCO’C). ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L. (12 moths, four larvae, one pupa) ESSEX: Colchester, 7.10, brought to museum (per curator). HANTS: Ashurst, 8.10, larva on potato (per RKM). KENT: Dover, about 1.10, brought to museum (per TWH); Whitfield, n.d., pupa (R.F. Buddle). LANCS: Bury, 22.10, later brought to Bolton Museum (EGH). NORTHANTS: Dean’s Hanger School, 6.9, two full grown larvae, female emerged 20.10 (per DCGB). NOTTS: Harworth, 4.9 (Mrs. Fitzakerley per PS). OXON: Tackley, n.d., three larvae (PHS). RUTLAND: Stretton airfield, 10.11, at hanger lights (MWT per J. Heath). SUFFOLK: Felixstowe, 19.9 (per HEC); Southwold, early 10 (EAE per HEC). SURREY: Betchworth, 14.9, dead on path (J. Colombé). SUSSEX: St. Leonards-on-Sea, 30.9, at rest on garden path (MJM per CRP); Ore near Hastings, 25.10, at rest in garden (AW per CRP). ABERDEEN: Aberdeen City, 28.5 (MRY); North Sea oil rig F Delta, 3.10 (per MRY). HYLES GALLII Rott. (3) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 31.7 (AJD). SUSSEX: Ringmer, 14.7 (AB per CRP). ORKNEY: Stronsay, 13.7, female (G. Sutherland per RIL). HYLES LINEATA LIVORNICA Esp. (7) DORSET: Portland B. O., 2.7 (MR per NFH). KENT: Orlestone Forest, 23.6 (RGC, Ent. Rec., 94: 204); Newington, 16.9 (CGL). OXON: Emmer Green, 2.7 (DN per BRB). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 30.6 (CRP); Brighton, 8.7, 5.9 (KR per CRP). IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 147 HIPPOTION CELERIO L. (1) ROXBURGH: Hawick, 7.11, found under window (per AB). *EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA L. (2) YORKS: Spurn, 9.7, male at light (B. R. Spence); Rudston, 15.7 (AHE per PQW). LYMANTRIA DISPAR L. (1) KENT: Sevenoaks, 4.8, male at light (JD per B. Skinner). *EILEMA LURIDEOLA Zincken SUSSEX: Walberton, 14.7, “abundant suddenly; hundreds on and around trap” (JTR per CRP). Possibly immigrant. *LITHOSIA QUADRA L. (c. 50) [CORNWALL: Perranporth, 31.7, three males (FHNS). Probably from resident colonies nearby. | DEVON: Axminster, 14.7 (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland B. O., 9.7 (MR per NFH); Arne, 10.7, two, 11.7, 14.7: all males (BPP). HANTS: Lymington, 28.6, 9.7, five, 11.7, four: all males (AJP); Highcliffe, 9.7, two, 10.7, seven, 12.7, 14.7, seven: all males (EHW); Sway, 11 & 12.7, six males (ASH). KENT: Boughton Aluph., 1.7 (MAE); Orlestone, 9.7, male (J. Halsey); Dover, 13.7, male (GHY). SURREY: Buckland, 28.6, male (CH). SUSSEX: Walberton, 1.7, 10.7, 14.7, males (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 10.7, male (CRP); Rogate, 11.7, worn male (JACG). Numbers, dates and association strongly suggest immigration. URE RHEISASPULCHELLA. by(1).,.CO, KERRY = Fenit, near Tralee, 29.10, in good condition at car headlights (JWL per RFH). *EUPLAGIA QUADRIPUNCTARIA Poda (1) DORSET: Portland B.O., 28.8/2.9, one seen about the garden by day (MR). Possibly immigrant; otherwise vagrant from south Devon. *MEGANOLA ALBULA D. & S. (c.20) ESSEX: Bradwell-on- Sea, 2.7, 15.7, 1.8 (AJD). KENT: Minster-in-Sheppey, 13.7, three, nightly until 28.7 (FHC, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). Some possibly immi- grant, others from local colonies. *NOLA AERUGULA Hbn.: TRITUBERCULANA Heslop: CENTONALIS Hbn. (8) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 15.7 (AJD). KENT Minster-in-Sheppey, 13.7, three (FHC, Ent. Rec., 94: 203); Orlestone, 14.7 (B. Skinner & JMC-H). YORKS: Spurn, 9.7, 10.7 (B. R. Spence); Flamborough, 13.7 (PQW, Ent. Rec., 95: 118). Probably immigrants: regarded as perhaps extinct in Kent since c, 4898: *EUROIS OCCULTA L. (24) ESSEX: Harlow, 17.7 (BMcR). MIDDSX: Grange Park, 1.8 (RD): Percy Green, 2.8 (DEW). MON- MOUTH: Usk, 3.8, male (GANH). NORFOLK: Hickling, 29.7 (TNDP). STAFFS: Eccleshall, 28.7 (G. Moss per RGW); Penkridge, 31.7 (BG per RGW); Scot Hay, Newcastle-under-Lyme, 2.8, two, 3.8, two, 4.8, three (G. Burgess per RGW). This species only once before recorded from Staffs.,a 19th cent. record (RGW). SUFFOLK: Cavenham, 31.7, male of continental form (CGP, Ent. Rec., 94: 202). WARWICK: Charlecote, 29.7, 31.7 (AG per DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). WESTMORLAND: Kendal Wood, 31.7, 5.8 (NLB). YORKS: East Ayton (TAP per PQW). ORKNEY: Orphir, 7.8, three, 8.8, three, all pale, with broad ashen grey post-median fascia (RIL). 148 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 *DISCESTRA’ TRIFOLI Hufn:@)- ORKNEY: | Orphirs 528: with undoubted immigrants (RIL). *NOCTUA PRONUBA L. HANTS: Keyhaven, 13.7, a massive immigration; Highcliffe, 13.7, about 3,000 in cliff light trap, about 400 %4 mile inland, continuing plague until 25.7 (EHW). Long regar- ded as migrant on the continent, but not previously confirmed as immigrant to Britain. MYTHIMNA ALBIPUNCTA D. & S. (1) DORSET: Portland, 29.7, one netted at dusk (AME, ECP-C). MYTHIMNA VITELLINA Hbn. (in Cornwall many, 22 else- where) CORNWALL: Chyenhal, 30 & 31.5, several faded (MWFT, Ent. Rec., 94: 150). Mawnan Smith, 19.6, male, 29.8, male, 11.9, female, two males (APF); Porthleven, 20/25.8, six (NG, Ent. Rec., 94: 203); Lizard, 27.8, 28 & 29.8, twenty five (DCGB), 1.9, many (SCP), 2 & 3.9, seven (MJS), 9/12.9, very common (B. Skinner). LAS four (FHNS): Gunnalloe, 2.9, male (RJH); Sennen, 2.9 (M. Hadley); Mullion, 10.9, two, 11.9, 12.9 (HEC); Perranporth, 9.9, two, 18.9 (FHNS). DEVON: Stoke Beach, 3.9, two males (J. Clarke). DORSET: Studland? 2:5 (DCGB); Portland By OF-1-9; 329 10 - 15.9, 19.9, 2.10, 5.10, 6:10 (MR per NMH); East Cliff, 14.9 IS per NMH); Arne, 30.9 (BPP). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 29.9 (AJD). HANTS: Weyhill, 23.8, male, Hayling Is., 8.9, female, 6.10, male (JMW). SURREY: Oxted, about 1.11 (TJD). YORKS: Spurn, 18.9 (B. R. Spence). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 16.9, 17.9, 18.9 (AAM). dee uetee UNIPUNCTA Haw. (19) CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 23.6, worn male (APF); Lizard, 4.9 (EHW per AJP); Black Head, a 9 (FHNS); Rocky Hill, Scilly Is., 13.10, at ivy (NMH). DEVON: Axminster, 1.11, male (ECP- C). DORSET: Studland, 25.9 (DCGB); Portland B. O., 2.10, 6.10, 10.10 (MR per NMH). HANTS: Hayling Is., 22.8, male 289, female, 18.10, female, 28.10, male (JMW).SURREY: Rushmoor, 18.9 (PAD). INNER HEBRIDES: Loch na Keal, Mull, 17.9, three (Corley, Ent. Gaz., 34: 4). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 16.9, 18.9 (AAM). MYTHIMNA LOREYI Dup. (1) CORNWALL: Porthleven, 25.8, dark (NG, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). *SENTA FLAMMEA Curtis (2) KENT: Sandwich B.O., 30.5, 5.6 (per TWH). The species is evidently established inland at Wye, having been noted there in numbers by MAE both in 1982 and in 1983. *ENARGIA PLAEACEA Esp. (4) DORSET: Arne, 18.9 (BP & DCGB). KENT: Long Rope, Orlestone Forest, 1.8, male (CGL). SURREY: Croydon, 16.7 (GAC). SUSSEX: Walberton, 18.7, male (JTR per CRP). *PARASTICHTIS SUSPECTA Hbn. (6) YORKS: Muston, 17.7, 21.7, 23.7, three, 25.7: all darker than the local form and much worn (PQW). *CELAENA LEUCOSTIGMA Hbn. (24) YORKS: Muston, 18.7, 1.8/27.8, fifteen, 14.9 (PQW). ORKNEY: Orphir, 4.8, 6.8, EGr three: f typica and f. fibrosa, not f. scotica (RIL). IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 149 SPODOPTERA EXIGUA Hbn. (c. 180) BERKS: Uffington, 25.7, 18.9 (EWC). BUCKS: New Bradwell, 13.7. male (M. Hadley). CORNWALL: Mawnan Smith, 21.6, worn male. 11.9, fresh male (APF); Lizard area, 9/12.9, eleven (B. Skinner. APF, BE). DEVON: Stoke Beach, 3.9, female (J. Clarke); East Budleigh, 11.9, female (RJH); Axminster, 12.7, two (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland B. O. and East Cliff, 12/18.7, about twenty, 28.8/29.9, about 22 (AJP, BE, MR); Poole, 15.9 (SCP); Arne, 18.9 (BPP): Studland. 25.9 (DCGB). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 19.7, 4/27.9. eighteen (AJD); Grays, 23.7 (DJLA). HANTS: Highcliffe, 8.7/21.7, thirteen (EHW); Lymington, 9.7, 23.7, 27.8/17.9, four (AJP): Oakley, 13.7 (AHD); Medstead, 13.7, three (FHNS); Hayling Is., 10.7/21.7, nine, 1.9. 5.9 (JMW); Brockenhurst, 14.8 (M. Halsey); Weyhill, 9.9, 17.9 (MJ): Sparsholt, 19.9, three, 20.9 (RAB). KENT: Greatstone, 14.7 (B. Skinner); Westbere, 19.7 (TWH); Boughton Aluph, 22.7, Wye, 22.7 (MAE); Newington, 9.9 (PJJ); New Romney, 10.9, two (ECP-C). MONMOUTH: Usk, 6.9, 10.9 (GANH). OXON: Caver- sham, 9.7, 18.7 (BRB). SURREY: Bramley, 11/20.7, four, 9.9, 4.9 (R. F. Bretherton). SUSSEX: Peacehaven, 21/24.6, four, 14/18.7, six, 28.8/18.9, five (CRP, B. Skinner); Rogate, 23.6, worn, 24.8, 11.9, 19.9 (JACG); Ninfield, 14/19.7, four, 12/14.9, three (MSP); Plaistow, mid. 7 (SHC); Walberton, 9/18.7, four, 22.8 (JTR per CRP); Ringmer, 15.9, two, 28.9 (AB per CRP). WARWICKS: Charlecote, 8.7, 21.8, 17/19.9, four (DCGB, AG, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). YORKS: Spum, 18.7, 21.7 (B. R. Spence). DUMBARTON: Gartlea, 13.7, one at cersatium by day (ICC). DUMFRIES: Dum- fries, about 10.7, two (RK-J). CO. CORK: Riverstock, 17.7, male (KGMB); Fountainstown, 9.9, 18.9 (AAM). CO. KERRY: Kilmaha, 9.7 (KGMB). HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA Hbn. (14) CORNWALL: Lizard, 9.9, female (B. Statham per BE); Mullion, 10.9 (HEC). DEVON: Plymstock, 30.8, male (J. Clarke). DORSET: Portland B. O., 16.7, East Cliff, 17.7, 8.10 (MR, NMH). ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 20.9, 27.9 (AJD). HANTS: Lymington, 29.9, male (AJP). KENT: Newing- ton, 24.9, female (PJJ). SOMERSET: South Chard, 18.9 (AJ). SUFFOLK: Walberswick, 26.8 (HEC). SUSSEX: East Dean, 9.10 (BG); Ninfield, 5.11 (MP). WARWICKS: Charlecote, 23.9, 27.9, females, both infertile eggs (AG, DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239). HELIOTHIS PELTIGERA D. & S. (c. 50 moths, over 200 larvae) BERKS: Didcot, 9.9 (RL per BRB). CORNWALL: Loe Bar, late 8, larvae common on Matricaria (NG, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). DEVON: Plympton, 18.7, female (RJH); Axminster, 19.9 (ECP-C). DORSET: Portland B. O., 21.6, 4.7, 9.7, 16.7, 20.7, 23.7 (MR per NFH); East Cliff etc., 18.6, two females, 17.9, dark male (AJP), 18.6, two males (EHW), 16.7 (NMH), mid.7, female (J. Porter); Swanage, mid. 7, two females (J. Porter). HANTS: Highcliffe, 16.7, 10.9, 15.9, 20.9, dark form (EHW); Hayling Is., 23.7, male (JRW). HERTS: Bushey, 19.7 (BG). KENT: Newington, 13.7 (CGL); Detling, 13.7 (NFH); Dover, 23.7, f. pallida (GHY); Sandwich Bay, July (TWH); Dungeness, 5.9, three, 18.9, three (B. Skinner, JMC-H, RFMcC), 3.8, larvae common on Senecio viscosa (B. Skinner), 150 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 10.9, about 50 larvae (ECP-C, DCGB). OXON: Caversham, 19.9 (BRB). STAFFS: Mill Meece, 17.7, at knapweed flowers by day (DE per RGW); Tettenhall near Wolverhampton, 26.7, in m.v. trap (Miss P. S. per RGW). Never before recorded from Staffs. (RGW). SUFFOLK: Walberswick, 19.9, 25.8, about 20 larvae (HEC). SURREY: Buckland near Reigate, 4.8 (CH); Rushmoor, 11.7 (PAD); Leigh, 21.7, male (RF); Addiscombe, 18.9 (KAGE). SUSSEX: Plaistow, 14.6 (SHC); Walberton, 23.6, 18.7, Petworth, 18.7 (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 24.6, 5/22.7, five (CRP); Lancing, 18.7, on knapweed (RMC per CRP); Rogate, 19.7 (JACG); Hove, 3.9, at rest (RMC per CRP); Fairlight, 3.10, on a door (per CRP). Larvae: Crumbles, 31.7, twelve (CRP), 5.8, fifteen (M. Hadley, JMC-H), 10.8, seventeen (MP); Church Norton, 4.8, five (SHC), Pagham, 10.8, many (RAB), 13.8, twenty-three (R. F. Bretherton), 3.9, full grown (B. Skinner), 18.9 (J. Clarke), 3.10, five full grown (JWP). WILTS: Ashton Common, 18.9 (G. Smith). EUBLEMMA PARVA Hbn. (twomoths, about 10 larvae) DEVON: Chudleigh Knighton, 20.8, larva feeding on flower head of Pulicaria dysenterica, bred 19.9 (RJH); Weston Bay, 8.9, two larvae feeding on flower head of /nula conyza (RJH); Maidencombe, 19.9, larva on P. dysenterica (RJH), 25.9, three larvae on P. dysen- terica (ECP-C, EWC). DORSET: Portland, 23.7, at m.v. light (B. Withers per B. Skinner). DUMFRIES: Parkgate, Dumfries, 10.7, in m.v. trap (RK-J). *DELTOTE BANKIANA F. (2) KENT: St. Margaret’s Bay, on cliffs, 14.7, male (J. Platts, Ent. Rec., 94: 200); Boughton Aluph, 15.7 (MAE). Possibly immigrant, or from recently established colony. EARIAS BIPLAGA Walker (1) HANTS: Lymington, 23.7, male at light, det. D. S. Fletcher (AJP). Third British record; pos- sibly introduced. CHRYSODELXJS. ACUTA Walker (3) ESSEX: Bradwell-on-Sea, 17.9, female, ova reared (AJD). SUSSEX: Walberton, 18.9, 2.11 (JTR per CRP & B. Skinner). TRICHOPLUSIA NI Hbn. (69) BERKS: Didcot, 9.9 (R. L. per BRB). DEVON: East Budleigh, 7.9 (RJH). DORSET: Portland East Cliff, 10.9 (AJP), 18.9 (DCGB), 18.9 (PC & IS per NMH); Poole, August (TB per MANM), 15.9 (SCP); Arne, 17.9 (BPP). ESSEX: Grays, 15.9 (DJLA); Bradwell-on-Sea, 25.9 (AJD). GLOS: Tetbury, 16.9 (JN); Stroud, 16.9 (LP per JN). HANTS: Old Basing, 10.7 (PAD); Medstead, 11.7 (FHNS); Southsea, 14.7 (JRL, Ent. Rec., 94: 204): Weyhill, 11.9, 16.9 (MJ); Lymington, 11.7, male, 16.9 , female, infertile eggs (AJP); Hayling Is., 12.9, male (JRW); Sparsholt, 17.9, female, 20.9, male (RAB); Sway, n.d. (ASH). HERTS: Roy- ston, 17.9, male (JR). KENT: Gravesend, 13.9, two, 15.9, 17.9, three (RK); Newington, 15/17.9, three (CGL); Dungeness, 17.9 (RD). LINCS: South Thoresby, 18.9 (REMP). NORFOLK: Hock- wold, early 9 (JLF). SOMERSET: South Chard, 15.9, 18.9 (AJ); Weston-super-Mare, 17.9 (CSHB). SUSSEX: West Chiltington, 9.7 (JTR per CRP); Peacehaven, 16.7, male, 18.7, female, eggs infertile, 20.7, male, 22.7, male, 23.7, female, 12.9, male, female, IMMIGRATION OF LEPIDOPTERA TO THE BRITISH ISLES IN 1982 151 14.9, female, 15.9, two males, 18.9, male, female (CRP), 18.9 (DEW); Walberton, 17.7, 18.7, 21.8, 17.9 (JTR per CRP); Brighton, 16.9 (KR per CRP); Glynde, 12.9 (WB per CRP). WARWICKS: Hartshill Hayes, 18.9 (RT); Charlecote, 19.9, 20.9, Marton, 20.9 (DCGB, Ent. Rec., 94: 239); Coventry, 19.9 (MV per DCGB). YORKS: Spurn, 17.7 (B. R. Spence); Selby, 16.9 (SMJ). CO. CORK: Fountainstown, 19.9, 10.10 (AAM). DIACHRISIA ORICHALCEA F. (2) SUSSEX: Walberton, 3.8,9.10 (JTR per CRP). MACDUNNOUGHIA CONFUSA Steph. (2) ESSEX: Bradwell- on-Sea, 24.8 (AJD). NORFOLK: Hickling, 3.8 (TNDP). *AUTOGRAPHA BRACTEA D. & S. (5) HERTS: Much Had- ham, 31.7 (DEW). KENT: St. Margaret’s Bay, 14.7, on cliffs (Platts, Ent. Rec., 94: 200); Minster-in-Sheppey, 14.7 (Clouter, Ent. Rec., 94: 203). YORKS: Muston, 17.7, 20.7 (PQW). Probably immigrants; alternatively, resulting from internal spread. *SYNGRAPHA INTERROGATIONIS L. (2) NORFOLK: Hickling, 3.8 (TNDP). ORKNEY: Orphir, 5.8, of Scandinavian form (RIL). CATOCALA FRAXINI L. (1) HANTS: Highcliffe, 10.9, escaped from house wall above light trap (EHW, Ent. Rec., 94: 204). CATOCALA NYMPHAGOGA Esp. (2) CARDIGAN: Tregaron, 28.7, in Rothamstead light trap (IJLT). HANTS: Denny Lodge, New Forest, 31.7, in Rothamstead light trap (FAC per IJLT). Species new to Britain. *RIVUBA SERICEALIS: Scop: “(3)) YORKS?® *Spum) 317, 1.8, two, 3.8, 4.8, 5.8, four (B. R. Spence); Wykham Forest, 30.7/ 1.8, 3.8, 4.8; Hornsea, 1.8; Flamborough, 1.8; Muston, 2.8, 4.8, two, 6.8, two, 8.8, three (PQW). These sudden appearances on or near coast, coincidently with undoubted immigrants, suggest the arrival of a migratory swarm, either from abroad or possibly from East Anglia. *PARASCOTIA FULIGINARIA L. (1) YORKS: Spurn, 23.7, in trap (B. R. Spence). Probably the first county record. Origin possibly similar to that of R. sericealis. HERMINIA ZELLERALIS Wocke (1) PEMBROKE: Stackpole NNR, about 29.7, in light trap (Miss ND per IJLT). New to Britain. [POLYPOGON TARSICRINALIS Knoch SUFFOLK: an ap- parently strongly established colony was discovered in July, moths and larvae from which were shown (B. Skinner & BE, AES exhibi- tion, 9.10.1982). The only two British specimens previously known were taken on the Suffolk coast in 1965 and 1966 and have been regarded as immigrants. | POSTSCRIPT A number of records, including three of considerable import, were received too late for mention in the first part of our paper, notably those of Catocala nymphagoga and Herminia zelleralis 1S) ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 (but see the Note in this issue by I. J. L. Tillotson). Likewise, the record of the single example of Lymantria dispar and of the Dorset specimen of Eublemma parva. Furthermore, we have since learnt that Autographa bractea was in fact taken in Kent as long ago as 1974, but was never recorded, so that its occurrence in Kent in 1982 does not constitute a new county record. A NOTE ON FOODPLANTS OF TWO CHRYSOLINA SPP. (COL: CHRYSOMELIDAE). — Two notes have appeared in recent volumes of this Journal (93: 27, 94:199) recording Chrysolina polita L. as feeding in at least moderate numbers on Gipsywort, Lycopus europaeus L. Evidently, therefore, this is a major foodplant of polita in some parts of the country — more especially, I would think, in the midlands and north. In the south my experience is that the primary host is water mint, Mentha aquatica L.; for where the beetle does occur on it, it is often present in large numbers. A secondary host at any rate in the south-east is marjoram, Ori- ganum vulgare L., a plant of chalk downs. Here, however, there is a great difference, the beetle always occurring — so far as I have found — singly and, as it seems, in complete isolation, even when the marjoram is swept over quite wide areas. Since the plant often grows extensively and forms large masses, one can but speculate as to why populous colonies of the Chrysolina do not build up in such circumstances. The rather uncommon C. brunsvicensis Grav. is usually stated to feed on Hypericum (e.g. by Joy, 1932, for Britain and by Mohr, 1966, for mid-Europe). I have taken it once on that plant (Shefford, Beds., 1930) and seen the imago thereon (Epping Forest, 1941), likewise several larvae (N. Somerset, 1931); unless these last be- longed to C. hyperici Forst., which I doubt. But it also, and even perhaps more often with us, lives on Mentha aquatica — a fact that appears to have escaped notice very largely. My first specimen (1928) was actually on a leaf of the mint, with a C. polita, ina N. Somerset valley, the second not far away by a stream where again there was no St. John’s wort, but certainly mint at no distance. At Rickmansworth, Herts. (24.ix.46), I took two by sweeping among thick beds of water-mint, and a few at roots of herbage on the cliffs at Totland Bay, Isle of Wight (23.v.48) in a damp spot where Mentha may well have been present, but again no Hypericum was visible. The attachment of C. brunsvicensis to foodplants of different families is paralleled in the genus by C. graminis L., which has been found (in Britain) on both Mentha and Tanacetum. In each case, be it noted, both plants are strongly aromatic, and this is doubtless the crucial factor. Sometimes it is hard to reconcile host data in Chrysolina as between Britain and the Continent: thus for C. staphy- lea L., Mohr gives three Labiatae (one of them Mentha) whereas here it appears only to have been certainly associated with Ranunculus. — A. A. ALLEN. NORDMANNIA ESCULI AND CAMPONOTUS CRUENTATUS 153 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NORDMANNIA ESCULI HUEBNER (LEP.: LYCAENIDAE) AND CAMPONOTUS CRUENTATUS LATREILLE (HYM.: FORMICIDAE) By J.MARTIN and P.GURREA* Introduction Associations between ants and Lycaenid larvae are known since the nineteenth century, though the biological meaning as well as the origin and evolution of this relationship and the ““myrmecophilous” organs have not been thoroughly explained. One of the causes of this, is a lack of knowledge evidenced by the scarcity of bibliography of this subject which has, until now, hampered a global understand- ing of a phenomenon which seems rather generalized in nature. This is the reason why we would like to give a new reference of these relationships in this paper. Results Results come from direct field observations in the locality known as “Dehesa de Arganda’”’ (UTM 30tvk66). This area corre- sponds to a man-altered oak forest on basic (alkaline) soil, Ce- phalanthero-Quercetum faginae (RIVAS-MARTINEZ, 1982). The caterpillars of Nordmannia esculi Huebner fed on leaves of Quercus coccifera and were attended by ants of the species Campo- notus cruentatus Latreille. The relationships were normal inside the group of facultative phytophagous myrmecophilous larvae of WAR- NECKE (1932). The ants were observed close to the caterpillars, slightly touching them with their antennae and buccal parts. Two caterpillars were taken to our laboratory in order to con- tinue their development until the attainment of the imago phase. The butterflies, a male and female, as well as the accompanying ants have been placed in the collections of the Instituto Espanol de Entomologia. Discussion We have found no previous citation of NV. esculi in association with ants, though other closely-related species of Lycaenids are known to do this as stated by MALICKY (1969). Among the closest references we can point out that of FIORI (1957) of WN. ilicis Esper accompanied by C. arthiops Latreille. The ant, C. cruentatus, is rather frequent on mediterranean forests and, after the experiments of MALICKY (op. cit.) and bibliographical data given on other species of the same genus, becomes readily associated with Lycaenid larvae. Ants of this species have been previously found by us (MARTIN, 1982) with other Lycaenids. *Dep. Zoologia, Fac. Ciencias, C-XV, Univ. Autonoma, Madrid-34, Spain. 154 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 Summary Caterpillars of Nordmannia esculi have been found accompanied by Camponotus cruentatus. The larvae of the Lycaenid fed on leaves of Quercus coccifera in Arganda (Madrid). Resumen Se han encontrado orugas de Nordmannia esculi acompanadas por Camponotus cruentatus. Las larvas del Licenido se alimentaban de hojas de “‘coscoja” (Quercus coccifera) en Arganda (Madrid). References FIORI, G., 1957. “Strymon ilicis’’ Esp. (Lepidoptera Lycae- nidae). Boll. Ist. Ent. Unic. Bologna 22: 205-256. MALICKY, H., 1969. Versuch einer Analyse der okologischen Beziehungen zwischen Lycaeniden (Lepidoptera) und Formiciden (Hymenoptera). Tijd. Entom. 112: 213-298. MARTIN, J. 1982. Similitudes biologicas y diferencias ecolo- gicas entre Glaucopsyche alexis (Poda) y Glaucopsyche melanops (Boisduval). (Lep. Lycaenidae). Bol. Est. C. Ecologia 10 (20): 59-70. RIVAS-MARTINEZ, S. 1982. Mapa de las Series de Vege- tacion de Madrid. Ed. Diputacion de Madrid. WARNECKE, G. 1932. Uebersicht uber die bisher als myrme- kophil bekannt gewordenen palaerktischen Schmetterlinge Raupen der Familie der Lycaeninae (Lep. Rhop.). 1 Allgemeine Uebericht. II Systematische Aufzahlung der bisher als myrmekophil bekan- ntgewordenen palaearktischen Lycaeninen. /nt. Ent. Z. 26: 165-171, 215-219, 238-242, 285-291, 375-378, 431433, 460-462, 479-480, 514-516; 27: 4446, 121-127, 145-150, 178-180, 305-309. OCHTHERA MANTIS DEG. (DIPT.: EPHYDRIDAE) IN NORFOLK. — It is difficult to discover what is known of the British distribution of this remarkable Ephydrid, since records relating to flies of this family are few and scattered. O. mantis may, possibly, be already well known from the Fen and Broad districts of East Anglia; but as it appears to be both uncommon and extremely local (cf. Colyer & Hammond, 1951, Flies of the British Isles: 219-221), it may be worth recording my capture of a specimen at Catfield, Norfolk, on 22 June 1981. It was flying low down among lush herbage in open wet fen, and accompanied by another fly characteristic of such habitats — Tropidia scita Har. (Syrphidae). Colyer & Hammond (/.c.), in an interesting account of their experiences with the present species, mention finding it in some numbers in a very small area in the New Forest, in mid-April, but that in June the flies were scarce, and by September they had all disappeared. This may explain my finding but one specimen at Catfield, and the indication is that O. mantis is basically a spring insect. — A. A. ALLEN. EARLY STAGES OF THE AFRICAN NYMPHALID SS EARLY STAGES OF THE AFRICAN NYMPHALID NEPTIDOPSIS FULGURATA PLATYPTERA ROTHSCHILD AND JORDAN by R.C. DENING, M.A., F.R.E.S* ABSTRACT A description is given of the ovum, larva and pupa of Nepti- dopsis fulgurata platyptera, together with notes on Oviposition. BIOLOGICAL NOTES This butterfly is common in gardens on the Msasani Peninsula outside Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. It appears to be much commoner than species of Neptis in this locality, flying continuously from December to May, and probably well into the dry season. On 11th January 1981, a female was observed flying at short intervals up and down a hedge and attempting to Oviposit on the tender shoots of the common climbing vine Dalechampia scandens L. var. hildebrandtii (Pax) Pax (Euphorbiaceae). On examining the shoots, no eggs could be found. The procedure continued for about half an hour, exasperating alike for an entomological observer and no doubt also for parasitic wasps and Phorid flies. Suddenly, after a short absence, the female returned and in a quick, purposeful manner oviposited in the middle of a developing flower; thereafter it flew’ away immediately and was not seen again. Unfortunately the egg did not adhere and was seen to fall out of the flower, but examination of other flowers revealed another egg and numerous larvae. The latter feed on the fresh flowers and developing seedpods almost throughout their life, although some were seen to eat young leaves during the 4th and Sth instars. The Oviposition procedure Suggests how this species may have derived a special advantage through utilising a new inche on a foodplant, which may also be occupied by its relatives in the genera Byblia and Eurytela, both of which occur in the same gardens. Colour slides were obtained of the life cycle. OVUM The egg is very pale green and is difficult to distinguish from the plant tissue with the naked eye. It is about 0.8 mm high and 0.6mm in diameter. It has longitudinal ribs, but unlike Byblia, Eurytela and Ariadne, no spines. The egg hatches in about five days. LARVA. Instar sizes are approximately: Ist 1-2 mm, 2nd 5-7 mm, 3rd 10-15mm, 4th about 20 mm and Sth 22 mm. The ground colour of the larva is light green, with a black head and two pronounced *20 Vincent Road, Selsey, West Sussex, PO20 9DQ, England. 156 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 spiny cephalic horns, which are always black. In the first three instars, there are brown patches or bands on segments 2 and 3, 6 and 7, and 10, surmounted by black spines; some of the other spines are also black. In the last two instars, corresponding to the period when the larvae may emerge from the seedpods to eat young leaves, the brown and black pigments largely disappear (except on the head), and at most the tips of the spines are black. The first segment has three short greenish spines on either side of the thin dark dorsal stripe, without any branching thorns. Segments 2 and 3 also have three spines on each side, black in the early instars, and branching into about five sharp thorns. Segments 4-9 have similar spines and thorns, but four sets on each side, coloured green or black according to the segment as described above. Segments 10 and 11 have a thorned spine in the middle on the dorsal line, black in the early instars, and three thorned spines on each side. The 12th segment has only two thorned spines, always green. The amount of brown varies from larva to larva, even in the early stages. The larval stage lasts about 14 days. PUPA The pupa is 15mm long, pale green with a pale reddish ventral stripe on the abdomen. The back of the thorax is slightly lighter than the sides and the abdomen. There is an overall light pink, even brownish suffusion. The head is bifid. Attachment is by the cremastral hooks. The pupal stage lasts 5-6 days. DISCUSSION The larva is almost identical to that described by Aurivillius for Neptidopsis ophione velleda and is characteristic of the Tribe Biblini. The egg lacks the spines common to the other genera, but possibly these would confer no advantage inside the head of a flower. The pupa is closer in appearance to Byblia than Eurytela, not having the latter’s winged sides. References VAN SON, G. 1979. The Butterflies of Southern Africa, Part IV Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae, Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. TROX SABULOSUS. L. (COL): A NEW COUNTY RECORD IN GLAMORGAN. — _ 1982 was a good year for dead sheep in the S. Wales mountains following heavy winter snow. In a remote and tiny valley where dead sheep are not removed, to the N.E. of Gilfach Goch (of ‘How Green was my Valley’ fame), Mid-Glamorgan, (SS 97391), I discovered Trox sabulosus under a dried sheep carcase on July 24th. It was covered in dirt like a ball of dung. No previous record of this species in Glamorgan is known to the National Mu- seum of Wales. In spite of investigating several other carcases and setting taps, no further specimens were discovered. — D. R. COPE- STAKE, 5 High St., Gilfach Goch, Porth, Mid-Glam. CF39 8SS A CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA 157 A CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MOTHS (MACROLEPIDOPTERA) By C.I. RUTHERFORD* (Concluded from page 64) Geometridae — Archiearinae (B. & F. p. 79) R Archiearisypanthenias,,A.nothia:o.( 6 cl. as ue ahe - 2: Geometridae — Oenochrominae (B. & F. p. 79) R Alsoplila-aescullantar =. % yey A ese 2 eee Pete Be ] Geometridae — Geometrinae (B. & F. pp. 79-80) R Aplasta ononaria, Pseudoterpna pruinata, Geometra papilionaria, Comibaena bajularia, Thetidia smarag- daria, Hemithea aestivaria, Chlorissa viridata, Thalera fimbrialis, Hemistola chrysoprasaria, Jodis lactearia 10 Geometridae — Sterrhinae (B. & F. pp. 80-82) R Cyclophora pendularia, C. annulata, C. albipunctata, Ciporata, Ce punctania, ©. lineania® 2+, ese ees ee 6 TR or SM C. puppillaria R Timandra griseata, Scopula nigropunctata, S. ornata, S. rubiginata, S. marginepunctata, S. imitaria, S. emutaria, S. immutata, S. floslactata,S.ternata .... 10 ER S. immorata (? date) R Idaea ochrata, I. muricata, I. vulpinaria, I. sylvestraria, I. biselata, I. dilutaria, I. fuscovenosa, I. humiliata, I. seriata, I. dimidiata, I. subsericeata, I. contiguaria, I. trigeminata, I. emaginata, I. aversata, I. degeneraria, I. Simamiitidta-atentetos 2 7).. siverceiacss a opiececetntuoee 2 17 OM I. serpentata, I. inquinata FM Rhodometra sacraria 33, Geometridae — Larentiinae (B. & F. pp. 82-94) ER Lythria purpuraria (1861) R Mesotype virgata, Orthonama vittata ........... 2 *Longridge, Macclesfield Road, Alderley Edge, Cheshire SK9 7BL. 158 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 O. obstipata Xanthorhoe biriviata, X. designata, X. munitata, X. spadicearia, X. ferrugata, X. quadrifasciata, X. montanata, X. fluctuata, Scotopteryx bipunctaria, S. chenopodiata, S. mucronata, S. luridata, Catarhoe rubidata, C. cuculata, Epirrhoe tristata, E. alternata, E. nivatas Bs galiiata yess. i mires, 2 F8 eet ei eee Costaconvexa polygrammata (1880-1908) Camptogramma bilineata, Entephria flavicinctata, E. caesiata, Larentia clavaria, Anticlea badiata, A.derivata, Mesoleuca albicillata, Pelurga comitata, Lampropteryx suffumata, L. otregiata, Cosmorhoe ocellata ...... Coenotephria salicata, Eulithis prunata, E. testata, E. populata, E. mellinata, E. pyraliata, Ecliptopera silaceata, Chloroclysta siterata, C. miata, C. citrata, C. concinnata, C. truncata, Cidaria fulvata, Plemyria rubiginata, Thera firmata, T. obeliscata, T. variata, T. cognata, T. juniperata, Eustroma reticulatum, Colostygia olivata, C. multistrigaria, C. pectinataria, Hydriomena furcata, H. impluviata, H. ruberata . Coenocalpe lapidata, Horisme vitalbata, H. tersata, Melanthia procellata, Pareulype berberata, Spargania luctuata, Rheumaptera hastata, R. cervinalis, R. undulata, Triphosa dubitata, Philereme vetulata, P. transversata, Euphyia biangulata, E. unangulata, Epirrita dilutata, E. christyi, E. autumnata, E. fili- grammaria, Operophtera brumata, O. fagata....... Perizoma taeniatum, P. affinitatum, P. alchemillata, P. bifaciata, P. minorata, P. blandiata, P. albulata, P. flavofasciata, P. didymata, P. sagittata......... Eupithecia tenuiata, E. inturbata, E. haworthiata, E. plumbeolata, E. abietaria, E. linariata, E. pulchel- lata, E. irriguata, E. exiguata, E. insigniata, E. valeria- nata, E. pygmaeata, E. venosata, E. egenaria, E. centaureata, E. trisignaria, E. intricata, E. satyrata, E. absinthiata, E. goossensiata, E. assimilata, E. expallidata, E. vulgata, E. tripunctaria, E. denotata, E. subfuscata, E. icterata, E. succenturiata, E. subum- brata, E. millefoliata, E. simpliciata, E. distinctaria, E. indigata, E. pimpinellata, E. nanata, E. extensaria, E. fraxinata, E. virgaureata, E. abbreviata, E. dodo- neata, E. pusillata, E. phoeniceata, E. lariciata, E. tantallania’y |. ..¢s.. Sic coon etcetera toes ene Chloroclystis v-ata, C. chloerata, C. rectangulata, C. debilitata, Gymnoscelis rufifasciata, Anticollix 18 11 26 20 10 44 ER ER CHECK-LIST OF BREEDING BRITISH MACROLEPIDOPTERA sparsata, Chesias legatella, C. rufata, Carsia sororiata . Aplocera plagiata, A. efformata, Odezia atrata, Lithostege griseata, Discoloxia blomeri, Venusia cambrica, Euchoeca nebulata, Asthena albulata, Hydrelia flammeolaria, H. sylvata, Minoa murinata, Lobophora halterata, Trichopteryx polycommata, T. carpinata, Pterapherapteryx sexalata, Acasis VIRCLALA Teer emetic Me ee es Suen. aren, Mae RAGA lee AM Geometridae — Ennominae (B. & F. pp. 94-101) Abraxas grossulariata, A. sylvata, Lomaspilis mar- ginata, Ligdia adustata, Semiothisa notata, -S. alter- naria, S. liturata, S. clathrata, S. carbonaria, S. Grunneata. S, Waldilde ee ho. ve one we, Isturgia limbaria (? date) Cepphis advenaria, Petrophora chlorosata, Plagodis pulveraria, P. dolabraria, Pachycnemia hippocastana- ria, Opisthograptis luteolata, Epione repandaria, E. paralellaria, Pseudopanthera macularia, Apeira syrin- garia, Ennomos autumnaria, E. quercinaria, E. alniaria, E. fuscantaria, E. erosaria, Selenia dentaria, S. lunu- laria, S. tetralunaria, Odontopera bidentata, Crocalis elinguaria, Ourapteryx sambucaria, Colotois pennaria, ANGCrONAPTUMANA sy shoca es eenke = oye. See eee Apocheima _hispidaria, A. pilosaria, Lycia hirtaria, L. zonaria, L. lapponaria, Biston strataria, B. betularia, Agriopis leucophaearia, A. aurantiaria, A. marginaria, Erannis defoliaria, Menophra abruptaria, Peribatodes thomboidaria, Selidosema brunnearia, Cleora cinc- taria, Deileptenia ribeata, Alcis repandata, A. jubata, Boarmia roboraria, Serraca punctinalis, Cleorodes Mee an a ype. hs eee eer CO RIG fetta ep home Fagivorina arenaria (1872) Ectropis bistortata, E. crepuscularia, A. consonaria, E. extersaria, Aethalura punctulata, Ematurga atoma- ria, Bupalus piniaria, Cabera pusaria, C. exanthermata, Lomographa bimaculata, L. temerata, Aleucis distinc- tata, Theria primaria, Campaea margaritata, Hylaea fasciaria, Gnophos obfuscatus, G. obscuratus, Psodos coracina, Siona lineata, Aspitates gilvaria, A. ochrea- ria, Dyscia fagaria, Perconia strigillaria .......... 159 156 11] 23 74 160 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 Geometridae total 280 species This list thus gives a total of 691 (99 + 312 + 280) species of macrolepidoptera as defined by the generally accepted classifi- cation in use today. However, rightly or wrongly, ever since South’s original publication those of us who concentrate on the macrole- pidoptera have almost invariably included five other families in their sphere of activity and for this reason these families are treated in the same way. Families of the Microlepidoptera which have over the years been traditionally included in collections of Macrolepidoptera. Zygaenidae (B. & F. pp. 7-9) R Adscita statices, A. geryon, A. globulariae, Zygaena exulans, Z. loti, Z. viciae, Z. filipendulae, Z. trifolii, Zloniceraes.Z.. purpuralisies cw tess een 10 Limacodidae (B. & F. p. 9) R Apoda limacodes, Heterogenea asella ........... Dy Cossidae (B. & F. p. 7) R Phragmataecia castaneae, Zeuzera pyrina, Cossus COSSUS coi catheele exc webriins oe aie eee hoe ea ae 3 Sesiidae (B. & F. p. 18) R Sesia apiformis, S. bembeciformis, Synanthedon tipuliformis, S. vespiformis, S. spheciformis, S. scoliaeformis, S. flaviventris, S. anthraciniformis, S. myopaeformis, S. formicaeformis, S. culiciformis, Bembecia scopigera, B. muscaeformis, B. chrysidi- VOUS Sy ee nel. Site ie Sako tetera eats tee arene 14 ER Paranthrene tabaniformis (1909) Hepialidae (B. & F. p. 2) R Hepialus humuli, H. sylvina, H. hecta, H. lupulinus, Mdusconebulosasncis: haiwtetecma et tee ee 5 It would therefore appear that there are 725 species gene- rally accepted macrolepidoptera currently resident in some part of the British Isles. A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 161 A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L.: THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE ByCOLIN PRATT* (Continued from page 52) INTRODUCTIONS AND BREEDING Experts disagree as to whether or not the butterfly was success- fully introduced into Kent during the 1880s, the native insect having been thought by some to have just previously died out; Tutt (1896) and Allan (/oc. cit.) thought our butterfly extinct since about 1880, whilst Frohawk (1914), Bretherton (1951) and other modern analysts believe it survived naturally as a breeding species until around 1925. The comparatively low September rainfall after 1887 supports the more recent view. According to Merrifield (1893), a Mr. Edmonds of Windsor had for some years imported the species and allowed numbers to escape, but they had never “taken” until offspring were noticed flying in 1892; the insect successfully colonised the spot until at least the larval stage of spring 1894. September 1891 was roughly average for rainfall, the following season enjoyed 137% of average, and the following two seasons less than usual. Tutt (1896b) over- wintered some German larvae during the 1895/96 winter and was “astonished .... at the great death rate’; only 5-10% survived and the relevant September was a very dry one. In 1903, Frohawk (Joc. cit.) tried to breed the species from locally caught examples, but all died “‘during hibernation”; national rainfall that September averaged 151% of normal, although this did not prevent a local abundance in Kent. He repeated the experiment the following season, with some success, when rainfall was less than average. More modernly, between 1930 and 1940 according to Newman (1954), the insect was for a time successfully re-established near Sandwich with continental stock; unfortunately more precise information is lacking. In the autumn of 1948 and the spring of the following year Newman tried again, with continental larvae being released in Winston Churchill’s garden at Chartwell, Kent. This resulted in complete failure ‘‘after the hungry tits had been on their rounds in the early morning”, as they apparently ate all the pupae (New- man, Joc. cit.). More than half a century earlier, Tutt (1896a) mentioned that “larvae have pupated well in some of these instances we know, but .... the specimens appear to have utterly failed to establish themselves’, with a few odd exceptions. More recently, Newman (1965) again reported that the butterfly was breeding in east Kent, in 1964; little further information is available on the occurrence although he did note that other personal attempts at *“Oleander’’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. 162 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 re-introduction with German larvae on the North Downs of Kent had been unsuccessful owing to birds eating both larvae and pupae. In modern times, P. W. Cribb and A. Waters have successfully bred the species in this country from continental stock over several generations, but only by overwintering the larvae under the drier arti- ficial conditions within an unheated greehouse. Large losses were incurred when larvae were sleeved outside, although this should have eliminated most predators. Mortalities occurred mainly during spring and were thought to be due to fungal infection; significantly, deaths were not avoided when larvae originally placed outside were withdrawn to greenhouse conditions at this time. Further small losses were also experienced owing to the parasite Apanteles glomeratus, to predatory insects and to birds eating dispersed larvae. Hundreds of specimens were released on Holmwood Com- mon, Surrey in the mid 1970s but none could be seen during the fol- lowing season. This recent work strongly supports the view that conditions in England are still not suitable for continental examples of the black-veined white. In Scotland, however, success has been achieved with a colony over the last few years. In 1974 stock from a few hundred Spanish ova began to be reared outside in Fife by Elliott (1977). The next season saw about 200 butterflies success- fully emerge and the following year about 100. This artificially assisted introduction has continued, with reinforcements from Swiss/Italian border stock in 1978, more or less successfully until the present time (Elliott, 1982). The colony was shielded from insectivorous birds in 1981 and a 65% survival rate was thereby attained. Over these years a few of the noted losses were due to Apanteles glomeratus but adult butterflies were “very often heavily persecuted by local birds . . . . a blackbird, a song-thrush and a great tit”. The evidence presented overall by the general lack of success of foreign introductions and some artificial native rearing is in- consistent with a single causal factor; in the absence of rele- vant, and intimate, environmental and other recorded data made when our native butterfly was reared in the distant past, any inferences drawn from success or failure are inconclusive, except to say that several elements apparently played a part. Ford (loc. cit.) thought that the black-veined white and some other native species could “only survive by adapting themselves closely to the environment which they find in certain places which chance to suit them particularly well’. This could indicate that in addition to the problems already being encountered by our own A. crataegi, foreign imports endured an increased difficulty in finding, and then adapting to, a favourable environment in our country. AVIAN PREDATION As was mentioned earlier, birds were sometimes blamed for the disappearance of the butterfly in question; Dale (1887) thought the A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 163 decline ‘‘due to the great increase of small birds” after their protec- tion. Allan (Joc. cit.) said that there “‘was undoubtedly a rise in the population of many species of our smaller birds suring the 19th cen- tury”? which was precipitated by the decline of raptorial birds brought about by increased efficiency in game preservation, in turn made poss- ible by several technical advances in the shot-gun: there was no such change on the Continent. The periods of abundance of the black- veined white do not correlate with those times when severe winters were known to have caused heavy mortality amongst insectivorous birds, although it may be of importance that sparrows did not sub- stantially decrease in numbers during the severe winters of 1878 to 1881 (Gurney & Russell, 1885). Nevertheless, Kollar (Joc. cit.), writing of larvae, stated that “‘small birds, particularly the titmice, devour them soon after they are hatched, as well as in the following spring . . . .So eager are the birds in the pursuit of these caterpillars, that they break into their nests late in the autumn” in central European colonies. Martelli (Joc.. cif. ) makes a similar assertion. More recently in this country, Newman (1965) noted of several introductions that “larvae steadily diminished in numbers; so ob- viously some birds, probably tits, were taking them. The same thing happened to the chrysalids’’. He also noted that of 300 or so larvae he had put on a hedge, only three survived to become butterflies owing to predations by birds and parasites. The Tit family is probably foremost among birds for initiating new and adaptive feeding habits; whilst there is no evidence that the group changed its predatory habits towards A. crataegi larvae during the 19th century (although it would probably have gone unnoticed), “it is certainly true that the tits may take relatively large proportions of their prey when the prey is not exceptionally abundant” (Perrins, 1979). The long-tailed tit is almost wholly insectivorous and during autumn feeds primarily among hawthorn twigs, spending more than 30% of its time around this feeding site; similarly the great tit spends up to 19% of its time on hawthorn during the months of September and May (Perrins, Joc. cit.). In illustration of their efficiency as predators, several other species of tit prey on the early stages of the tiny eucosmid moth Cydia coni- colana Heyl. and can eat more than half of the available pupae (Gibb, 1958). In Germany at least, titmice attacked larvae of A. crataegi during the cold season and locally accounted for between 70% and 80% (Stellwaag, 1924). Martelli (Joc. cit.), reporting from Italy during the late 1920s, noted that sparrows ate many black-veined white pupae and that unclassified birds were also recorded as taking up to 4% of larvae in Russia. As regards the house sparrow in this country, although the bird could be found all over the British Isles by the end of the 17th century (this not having been the case previously), the period up to 1800 was one of consolidation (Summers-Smith, 1963). An extension of numbered range was noted here after that time, following the increase in human population and wheat production, and coincidentally with the decline of A. crataegi; locally,by the 1880s a position had been reached such that “‘sixpence per dozen 164 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 heads of sparrows (until the end of March) will be given to anyone producing them” (Gurney & Russell, loc. cit.). In fruit-growing areas “the sparrow does a fair proportion of good” and in “exceptional cases large numbers of insect pests may be taken by sparrows to feed their young”, up to 40% of a nestling’s diet being lepidopterous larvae (Summers-Smith, Joc. cit.). Attacks by birds on adult white butterflies (Pieris spp.) have been frequently recorded; Collenette (1935) listed 26 published records of the house sparrow attempting to catch such insects, the sparrow being the foremost bird recorded for assaults on butterflies in this country. So although there is no proof that birds were solely responsible for the decline of A. crataegi, there is plain evidence for their in- volvement at a significant level. DISEASES The mode of the butterfly’s disappearance, both locally and nationally, could be described as typical of a disease epidemic and Franz (1971), writing from Germany, considered A. crataegi to be a species which undergoes ‘“‘more or less cyclic gradations regularly terminated by epizootics’’. Martelli (/oc. cit.) discusses in detail the causes of death in the black-veined white in Italy during the late 1920s. Three diseases were major mortality factors — the virus- associated “‘la flaccidezza” and “‘giallume’’, and the protozoan in- fection “‘pebrin”. However, there was no report of diseased larvae being found in Britain at the time of the insect’s decline, despite the fact that diseases are the largest single cause of death in insects in general and their significance had been known since the early 19th century. Fungi Leatherdale (1958) listed 33 species of fungi which were known to attack lepidoptera in Britain and Madelin (1968) noted that “fungous diseases of insects are both common and widespread, and sometimes are severe enough almost to eliminate a population of insects in a given habitat”; it is “for many sorts of insect the major maortality factor” although this is “usually only one of a number of factors limiting their numbers’. The scale of destruction was considerable in Finland, for example, during the autumns of 1928, 1936 and 1939, when P. brassicae L. larvae were attacked by the fungus Entomophthora sphaerosperma F., and during ““many an autumn” this was the most important cause of disease (Kanervo, 1946). Past objections to the theory that disease caused the disap- pearance of the black-veined white mainly rested on how such a disease could affect many isolated colonies at about the same time. This objection was first overcome by Steinhaus (1954), who wrote that “spores of certain entomogenous fungi may be continuously present in large numbers in fields ready to attack susceptible insect hosts, but these spores may remain inactive until appropriate con- A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L: 165 ditions of temperature and humidity prevail”; these fungi would then “spring up abundantly and simultaneously in widely separated localities” with “catastrophic rapidity and thoroughness’’. Tanada (1964), Franz (Joc. cit.) and Christensen (1972) concurred with this view. In many colonies the decline of A. crataegi was nothing if not quick and absolute (Jenner Weir, 1887). Most insect diseases are affected by humidity and temperature, but none is more dependent on the former than fungi. ““Most ento- mogenous fungi attack their host through the integument, requiring adequate external humidity or moisture to carry out the process. Most bacteria, viruses and protozoa, on the other hand, are in- gested by the insect, and their moisture requirements are satisfied by the provisions of the insect’s alimentary tract or body cavity” (Steinhaus, Joc. cit.). This mode of invasion “imposes rather rigid tolerances in the environmental conditions which permit disease induction” (Roberts & Yendol, 1971), these limits being more strict than the requirements of other diseases. Young and, particu- larly, gregarious larvae are more prone to disease, as after initial infection its spread is largely dependent on host-density; in addition, hibernating caterpillars are especially at risk because of the accom- panying seasonal moisture. Roberts & Yendol (loc. cit.) thought that fungal epizootics were “usually associated with periods of high humidity, particularly rainy periods’. Other foreign ecologists were so certain of the connection that Steinhaus (loc. cit.) wrote, “The actual amount of rainfall has been used in prognosticating the probable success or failure of entomogenous fungi in naturally con- trolling certain insects’. Furthermore, in some countries special agricultural techniques have been used to help keep a moist environ- ment for the induction of fungal epizootics (Franz, Joc. cit.); and Wilding (1981) mentioned that one particular insect species was only infected after monthly rainfall exceeded 20mm. Ullyett (1947) reported that a fungus attacked larvae of Plutella xylostella L. in South Africa when rain occurred, yielding high mortality rates; and Barrett (1882) had already postulated that as regards British lepidopterous larvae and pupae “mild winters act directly. . . encouraging the growth of mould, which we know attacks them as soon as, from excess of rain or humidity, they become sickly”’. Despite the absence of reports of fungal disease within our butterfly at the time of its disappearances, modern experience with con- tinental stock has apparently shown the presence of such a pathogen. Moreover, Martelli (Joc. cit.) recorded that some A. crataegi were attacked by a fungus in Italy in 1928, although this was in the pupal stage. A hypothesis of a fungal epizootic being mainly responsible for the extinction of A. crataegi in this country dovetails into most of the known facts and thus answers almost every question. Viruses Heath (loc. cit.) suggested that the numbers of the black-veined white might have been heavily reduced by a virus disease. Although there is no direct evidence from this country, Hughes (1957) listed a bibliography of papers concerning insects which had been recorded 166 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VI1.83 as suffering from virus diseases anywhere in the world and such in- fections in A. crataegi have been noted in Italy, and in Germany from 1921 to 1924 (Steinhaus, 1967). Kreig & Lagenbuch (1956) mentioned that a polyhedral virus had been described many times within German A. crataegi larvae. High humidities, such as those brought about by rainy Septembers, could assist a catastrophic virus attack (Franz, loc. cit.). Steinhaus (1967) confirmed that certain virus diseases caused autumnal epizootics in America. However, the environmental conditions under which such outbreaks occur are not essentially associated with rainfall, as was mentioned under the previous heading, although the possibility remains. (To be continued ) Notes and Observations THE PAPERS OF J. O. WESTWOOD: OXFORD UNIVERSITY V. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. — A contribution to the Record seldom causes an international controversy, but this writer’s account of the collection of John O. Westwood’s papers in the Smithsonian Institution Archives, Washington, D.C. (91: 245-246) achieved that dubious distinction. The affair is of concern because of the disturb- ing results of negotiations between the Smithsonian and Oxford University. Although the Smithsonian’s collection of Westwood’s corre- spondence and manuscripts had been properly acquired in the nine- teenth century, Oxford officials strenuously claimed it after noticing the 1979 Record account, arguing that the University was the holder of Westwood’s papers (recte, the majority of them). The request appears to have been based on insufficient knowledge of the nature of archival collections and the historical realities of their distribution. Scholars and informed archivists know well that papers of individuals have often been divided and scattered through historical circum- stance, accumulating in several or more repositories. Yet Oxford pressed its curious demands until the Smithsonian relented and gave up the collection. The ceremony of transfer was described in the Oxford Times (21 May 1982, p. 1). One can understand the Smithsonian’s desire to keep the peace between major institutions, but it and the University must share the blame for establishing such an unfortunate precedent. It is perhaps true that scholars might benefit by consulting both collections under one roof, but such convenience was not the issue in this debate. Apparently Oxford officials believed that another repository should ‘stand and deliver’ under the circumstances. But why should repository A give up its manuscripts to repository B when B has a larger collection of similar papers and demands A’s holdings? Such a confrontation might have been more appropriate in the American Wild West or in the Essex countryside of Dick Turpin’s time. If small institutional collections of personal papers are to be claimed and acquired by the present holders of larger portions, the result will be unfortunate, to say the least. Many of us depend upon NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 167 archival stability and integrity when citing locations of manuscript materials. We hope that other repositories will not follow Oxford’s unfortunate example and the Smithsonian’s response. — R. S. WILKINSON, 228 Ninth Street, N. E., Washington, D. C. 20002, U.S.A. SOME RECORDS OF NANOPHYES MARMORATUS (GOEZE) (COL., APIONIDAE) FROM WEST CUMBRIA. — WNanophyes marmoratus (Goeze) has previously been recorded from Cumbria and vice county 70, Cumberland on a few occasions, and W. F. Davidson in his list of local and uncommon Coleoptera from Cum- berland and Westmorland, (1961, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 97:21) gives three localities, Thurstonfield, (NY35), Great Orton and Little Orton, (NY35). While F. H. Day, (1923, Trans. Carlisle Nat. Hist. Soc., 3: 103) cites one record of Fowler’s from Eskdale, (SD19); this latter record originating in the &Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 48: (1912):287 . Apart from these records I have been unable to locate any other published ones for the weevil from the county, especially the western region. During the past five years or so of collecting I have found this decorative little beetle in a number of localities within West Cumbria and a selection of my records are as follows, Nr. Middlebank Farm, Beckermet, NYO1.05, 4.viii.79; Gaterigghow Bridge, Gosforth, NY10.04,21 .vii.79; Nr. Annaside, Bootle, SDO8. 87,29 .vii.78; Williamsons Moss, SD08.91, 12.vi.82; Hall Carleton Farm, (by roadside), SD07.97,25.vi.78; Kirksanton Haws, SD13. 79,5 vili.78 and Stock Bridge near Holmrook, SD13.97,27.vii.80. On each occasion specimens have been taken by working the main hostplant, Lythrum salicaria L. (Purple Loosetrife) and quite often the adult beetles were found in large numbers around the flower heads of individual plants; and some were observed feeding on the leaves where they made small round open holes. A few brief notes on the biology of NV. marmoratus are provided by Hoffman, (1958, Faune De France., 62 (Coleopteres Curcu- lionides, 3: 1246) who states that the larvae develop inside the flowers of Lythrum where they feed on the ovaries. Hoffmann (Joc. cit) also gives a key to some seventeen varieties of this species which are known to occur in France. — R.W.J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF, 19.xii.82. HYPERA ARATOR LINNAEUS (COL., CURCULIONIDAE) IN ASSOCIATION WITH BARLEY. = On 10 July, 1980 while sweeping some weedy vegetation along the edge of a barley field at Church Moss near Beckermet, West Cumbria, (Grid ref. NYO1.05) I came across some green weevil larvae and cocoons on a few plants of Spergularia arvensis L. (Corn Spurrey) growing in among some stems of barley, Hordeum sp. The larvae were apparently feeding on the flowers, and a number of the cocoons had been constructed around the flower heads and on the main stems just below the leaves. Having previously known that S. arvensis was a foodplant of the weevil, I assumed that the larvae and cocoons were Hypera arator Linnaeus. Identification was later confirmed by rearing some larvae collected at the site through to the adult stage at home. While searching further along the edge of the same field, I noticed that a 168 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 few cocoons, similar to those found earlier on the spurrey, were present on some ears of barley growing close by. The cocoons were of a pale yellowish-green, the colour resembling quite closely that of the young developing barley ears, which at this time were predomi- nately green and had not darkened to the normal golden, pre- harvesting colour. The cocoons had been constructed mainly around the awns, and a few were present lower down the ears above the spiklets. It was observed that each individual cocoon of H. arator in a sample of twenty ears of Barley collected from Church Moss had been constructed at between 17mm and 60mm from the top of the spiklet to the awns. The average distance was found to be 43mm. One ear from the above sample contained two cocoons which had been made directly at the apex of the spiklet. H. arator is known to be associated with barley during the late larval period and some notes on this somewhat curious association are given by M. W. Shaw, (1961, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 96: 104), whose observations were carried out at Lonmay, Aberdeen- shire during July, 1959. According to the account given by Dr. Shaw, it was suggested that the presence of larvae and pupae on barley and other cereal crops was due to conditions favouring the growth of one of the weevil’s hostplants, (in this case spurrey). It may also be caused through a partial failure in the cereal crop due to high acidity in the soil. Although the report by Dr. Shaw goes some way to explain the association of H. arator with Hordeum and other cereal crops, the main question of why the larvae should migrate from its normal hostplant to the barley ears in seeking a pupation site still remains unanswered. Therefore this particularly intriguing aspect of larval behaviour requires further explanation and calls for more detailed observations and research. — R.W.J. READ, 43 Holly Terrace, Hensingham, Whitehaven, Cumbria, CA28 8RF, 20.xii.82. FOODPLANTS OF PLATYPTILIA CALODACTYLA D. & S. (LEP., PTEROPHORIDAE ). — The only foodplant given for this species in the literature is goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea). In 1976 a single specimen was taken at mercury vapour on Colne Point Nature Reserve (near St. Osyth in north-east Essex) by Mr. M. Heath, the acting warden. Subsequently the moth was passed to me; I concurred with Mr. Heath’s determination but to make trebly sure I obtained confirmation at the British Museum (Natural History). On 14.vii.1982 Mr. A. J. Dewick took a second Essex example in his famous light-trap near Bradwell-on-Sea. It was identified by the Revd. D. J. L. Agassiz; the specimen is in mint condition and there is no doubt that the determination is correct. Colne Point and Bradwell-on-Sea are in North Essex (VC 19) and South Essex (VC 18) respectively. They face each other across five miles of open sea at the entrance to the estuary of the R. Colne. Both have shingle spits where terns nest and both extensive salt- marshes. Goldenrod does not grow at either site; it is a scarce plant in Essex and where it does occur it is present only in small quantity. The nearest stand is on Berechurch Common which is eight miles NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 169 from Colne Point and ten from Bradwell; the next nearest is at Hockley, fifteen miles from Bradwell and twenty from Colne Point. An alternative foodplant is probable. In The smaller moths of Essex, p.153, I suggested sea-aster (Aster tripolium); this comes next to goldenrod in botanical text-books and [I still think it the most likely candidate. The star-wort (Cucullia asteris D. & S.) and Coleophora virgaureae St. feed on both goldenrod and sea-aster. Golden samphire U/nula crithmoides) is less likely, since Mr. Dewick knows of only two or three plants in his area. He has suggested ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) since the goldenrod pug (£upithecia virgaureata Doubl.) feeds on this as well as on its eponymous host; but this is not essentially a coastal plant. Beirne (British pyralid and plume moths, p.109) wirtes of P. calodactyla, “It is very local and has been recorded, mainly from coastal districts, from Cornwall, north Devon, Kent and Lancashire”. Goldenrod is some- times found on cliffs and dunes, but Beirne’s statement suggests at least the possiblity of a littoral foodplant, though he then pro- ceeds to describe the moth’s behaviour in inland wood clearings. It would be interesting to hear of any other coastal locality for P. calodactyla where goldenrod is apparently absent. According to Beirne, there is little evidence of larval feeding and prodigious luck would be needed to find such an elusive species on a plant as locally abundant as sea-aster — A.M. EMMET, Labrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex, CB11 3AF. BEMBECIA CHRYSIDIFORMIS ESPER (LEP.: SESHDAE). — Re- ferring to Mr. Allen’s Note (antea 76) ona Dorset record, I was some- what puzzled by his statement that this species is practically con- fined to The Warren, Folkestone. On 3rd June, 1944, while on a buffer depot inspection at Whitstable, Kent, I saw a specimen visiting flowers on a waste patch on the coast there. I was able to pillbox it and the specimen was passed to the British Museum (Natural History) with my collection. —S.N. A. JACOBS, 54 Hayes Lane, Bromley, Kent BR2 9EE. PAMMENE OBSCURANA STEPHENS (LEP.: TORTRICIDAE) IN ESSEX. — On the night of the 7th/8th June 1983, while collecting at m.v. light with Mr. B. Skinner in Epping Forest, I was delighted to take a fresh specimen of this species, which according to Emmet (The Smaller Moths of Essex, 126) had not been seen in Essex for at least 80 years. The night was close and humid with hardly a breath of wind, there was no moon, and at 10pm the temperature registered 64° F. which had only dropped two degrees by 2am. — J.M. CHALMERS~— HUNT. BUTTERFLY BEHAVIOUR — CELTIS, CRATAEGI, SPINI. _ I would just like to put on record various behavioural observations regarding three butterfly species. The first concerns the feeding behaviour of the Nettle-tree butterfly (Libythea celtis Laicharting) Europe’s only example of a snout butterfly. During the spring of 1982 (early April) in an apple orchard in the C&vennes (near St. Martial, 30440) some 15-20 L. celtis had selected just one of the apple trees on which to feed. All the trees were in the stage of leafing up and bursting out of their buds yet the butterflies had 170 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 selected only one tree and were moving about fairly rapidly feeding on some secretion or other which was not obvious with the naked eye. This raises the question of whether these hibernators were imbibing sugary solutions for sustenance or whether they were taking up essential ingredients to be used in some physiological process such as pheromone manufacture. A most memorable feature of a visit to the Cevennes in early June 1981 was the abundance of Black veined whites (Aporia crataegi L.). They are normally scarce during Easter and late sum- mer (i.e. April and August) but clearly the period of early June coincides with their peak of flight activity. In one place on the Causse de Blandas (633 m or 2077 feet) near the magnificent Cirque de Navacelles there were so many A. crataegi bobbing about that some sort of count was deemed necessary. This was done by turning slowly through 360° while standing in the same place and count- ing the numbers of butterflies seen up to about 95 metres (or about 317 feet) away. Three revolutions gave counts of 141, 167 and 130 respectively, i.e. about 150 Black veined whites could be seen around one’s-self at any one time. There were thousands of acres like this so that the total population of crataegi here must lie in the millions. All the time the butterflies were really engaged in courting and seeking out and ovipositing on the sloe Prunus spinosa bushes. Another memorable event was an evening stop at the roadside where there were plenty of scrub Juniper (Juniperus communis) bushes up to two metres high. On these were groups of up to five Blue-spot Hairstreaks (Strymonidia spini D. & S.) resting head up for the night at the top of the bushes. They seemed to prefer com- munal resting spots and other butterflies such as the gatekeeper (Pyronia tithonus L.) joined them. — JOHN FELTWELL, Marlham, Henley Down, Catsfield, East Sussex, TN33 9BN. CONCERNING THE FIERY CLEARWING: BEMBECIA CHRYSIDI-— FORMIS ESPER. — _ Apropos the Notes on this moth by Messrs. A. A. Allen and S.N.A. Jacobs (antea 76 and 169). For more thana centurey the Fiery Clearwing has been found fairly regularly, and sometimes in considerable numbers, on the coast between Folke- stone and Dover though nowhere else in Britain now for over 30 years, and then mainly as singletons widely scattered along the south-west, south and south-east coasts and amounting in all to perhaps little more than a dozen examples. Localities whence it has been recorded besides those referred to above are. — SUSSEX: Eastbourne, one vii.1874 (Shearwood, Entomologist, 7: 224). HAMPSHIRE: Haslar neighbourhood, one 1851 (Barron, Zoologist, 3289): Southsea, bred 1885 (Moncreaff per Pearce, Entomologist, 24: 93); Hayling, formerly (A. E. Burras per Fassnidge, List of Macro-Lepidoptera of Hants. & Isle of Wight (1924), 36). ESSEX: Between Leigh and Southend, one 23.vi.1851 and several others at different times including one 3.vii.1859, by P. Bouchard (B. Gill per Vaughan, Essex Nat., 3(7-9):127) KENT: Millstrood, one 6.vii. 1946 (Harris, Entomologist, 81: 127. DEVON: Hartland, late vi. 1950 (Wakely per Stidson, The Lepidoptera of Devon, 73). Woola- NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 7/1 combe, one seen 7.ix.1888, but questionably this species (Long- staff, Ent. mon. Mag., 38:28). GLOUCESTERSHIRE: Forest of Dean district (Flint, Entomologist, 35: 329). The last two records are considered doubtful. — J.M. CHALMERS-HUNT. Current Literature The Butterflies of Scandinavia in Nature by H. J. Henriksen and I. B. Kreutzer. Translated from the original Danish text by Elisabeth Folino. 4to. Published by Skandinavisk Bogforlag, Odense, Denmark, 1982. Price £50. Of all the butterflies of Europe perhaps least known are those of the Arctic region, and in this fine book many of the gaps in our knowledge of these species have at last been filled. It is also the first comprehensive survey in English of all the butterflies of Scandinavia, as the 121 species occurring in the region are described, and superbly illustrated in 207 pages. The general format for each butterfly is a page of text opposite a full page of colour photographs. There are a few exceptions to this rule — some of the Clossiana and ‘Blues’ and all the ‘Skippers’ share space whereas Parnassius apollo L. is favoured with two pages of plates and two of text. The plates are composed of between 5 and 12 colour photographs of habitat, living imagines, (usually male and female upperside and underside) and early stages where possible. Some of the high Arctic species of Clossiana, Oeneis and Pyrgus, still have incompletely known life histories and the illu- strative gaps are mainly among these genera. The imagines are well photographed and are, as the title of the book suggests, living examples in the wild. Variation and subspeciation are also included among these plates. Some butterflies are represented by up to 11 individual specimens. One sub-species omitted from the plates however, is the interesting ssp. norvegica Aurivillius of Mellicta athalia. This seems a pity, as it has one of the most distinctive wing patterns of all the forms of athalia, and is confined to northern montane Scandinavia. The attractive photographs of habitat are relevantly presented in opposition to the butterflies they harbour. Usually only one locality view is given per species; in some instances two are included, usually where different biotopes are involved. All these seem appro- priate to the given species and with one or two minor exceptions are in pinpoint focus and reproduced in fine natural colour. The distribution maps are inserted in the top right of the text page and represent current range only. The occurrence of Colias palaeno in Denmark is not registered on the relevant map but that is the only error that I can detect among these. The original Danish text has been translated into excellent grammatical English with a distinctive style. Classification is in the old style order starting with the Papilionidae and Pieridae, and ending with the Hesperiidae. 2 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.VII.83 Scientific name, English name and type locality, are given at the top and the text page is divided into headings of description; geo- graphic variation; individual variation; early development; time of appearance; habitat; habits and distribution. The sections on early development and habits are especially interesting and reveal obvious first hand knowledge. Much new information is included: there are meticulous accounts for example of diurnal variation of flight pattern; preferred nectar-sources are listed and accounts of the biology of some of the rarer arctic butterflies are provided for the first time. The book is well produced in green book-cloth and printed on glossy paper. The reviewer is hard put to avoid superlatives. The text is accurate, plates are excellent, and in general it is a pleasure to use. The authors, translator, photographers and publishers all deserve the highest praise for producing one of the finest books on the butterflies of a European region to appear in many years. — C. J. LUCKENS. The Insects by R. F. Chapman. Third edition. xiv + 919 pp. numerous text figs. 245 x 190 mm. Hodder & Stoughton, 1982. £19.50 (paperback). It is now ten years since the second edition of Dr. Chapman’s book, and much of the original material has been revised and ex- tended. It is a pity that the book is only available as a hefty (but sturdy) paperback. Perhaps this is the only way to keep costs within reasonable limits. This is not a taxonomic work, nor a textbook of entomology in the ‘classical’ style, but a book which emphasises the interdepen- dance of structure and function. The text is divided into six major sections, these being: the head; the thorax; the abdomen; the cuticle; the nervous and sensory systems, and the circulartory and endocrine systems. Each section is supported by chapters which develop the theme of the section. For example the “Head’’ leads to chapters on the structure of the head and its appendages, feeding, the alimen- tary canal, digestion and absorption, nutrition, fat body and general metabolism, and colour, whereas the “Abdomen” contains chapters on general structure, reproductive systems, mating behaviour, oviposition, embryology, unusual types of development, hatching, post-embryonic development and metamorphosis. Other sections are covered in a similar fashion, and each chapter concludes with a bibliography. This interesting approach to entomology is coupled with the provision of numerous, clear text illustrations and a highly readable narrative. It is refreshing to see a sensible integration of morphology, physiology and biochemistry in a single volume. There are, of course, misprints and the odd biochemical “irregularity” but on balance this is a first class book — well written, well organised and informative. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. 4 ol THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially tor the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 30p towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, c/o 355 Hounslow Road, Hanworth, Feltham, Middlesex. L. CHRISTIE 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment WANTED: Livestock of the Mullein moth — Cucul/lia verbasci. (Adult males and females — occurrence : April — May — or larvae — occurrence : June — July). e Also interested in location of possible habitats (i.e., Mullein plant populations — Verbascum thapsus). C. Cardoso Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS. WANTED: One Robinson pattern M. V. Trap (p/astic type) Please phone Stratford-on-Avon 841085 THE PROFESSOR HERING MEMORIAL RESEARCH FUND The British Entomological & Natural History Society announces that awards may be made from this Fund for the promotion of entomological research in the following order of preference: (1) leaf-miners, (2) Diptera (paticularly Tephretidae and Agromy- zidae), (3) Lepidoptera (particularly Microlepidoptera) and (4) general entomology. Awards may be made to assist travelling and other expenses necessary to field work, for the study of col- lections, for conference attendance or, exceptionally, for the costs of publication of finished work. In total they are not likely to exceed £250 in 1983/1984. Applicants should send a statement, if possible in sextuplicate, of their qualifications, their plan of work and the precise objects and amount for which an award is sought to A. M. Emmet, Hon. Secretary, Larbrey Cottage, Victoria Gardens, Saffron Walden, Essex CB11 3AF before 30th September, 1983. THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) CONTENTS A-Year of Odonata, A. ARCHER-LOCK, 129. Catocala nymphagoga Esper and Herminia zelleralis Wocke: Two Species of Noctuidae New to Britain, I. J. L. TILLOTSON, 133. An Inquiry into the British Status of Gym- netron plantaginis Epp. (Col.: Curculionidae). A. A. ALLEN, 135. The White-letter Hairstreak: a National Survey, C. PEACHEY, 139. The Immigration of Lepidoptera to the British Isles in 1982, R. F. BRETHER- TON and J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, 141. Relationship between Nord- mannia esculi Hbn. (Lep.: Lycaenidae) and Camponotus cruentatus Lat. (Hym.: Formicidae), J. MARTIN and P. GURREA, 153. Early Stages of the African Nymphalid Neptidopsis fulgurata platyptera Roths. and Jordan, R. C. DENING, 155. A Check-list of Breeding British Moths (Macrolepidoptera), C. 1. RUTHERFORD, 157. A Modern Review of the Demise of Aporia crataegi L.: The Black-veined White, C. PRATT, 161. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 132, 152, 154, 156, 166-171. CURRENT LITERATURE, 134, 140, 171-172. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to MARK HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradwell, Wolverton, Bucks, MK13 OEB. Specimen copies will be supplied by Mr. Hadley on payment of £1.20 sterling. Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back numbers, Volumes and Sets to: P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. Johnson, B.A., F.R.E.S., ~ 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. Additional copies may be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Most ILLUSTRATIONS can be inserted in the text at no extra cost. However, full page plates can only be inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE. — The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SES 8RR G7 Oo GH OO GC G7 GG GO OO Gs GS SS SSS iss Vol. 95 Nos. 9-10 September/October 1983 ISSN 0013-8916 Se Bio, /064 nt, THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER. B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) C. J. LUCKENS, M.B., CH.B., D.R.C.O.G. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 95 £11.50 for overseas subscribers. £10.00 for all U.K. subscribers. Hon. Treasurer: P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS Ve VW Ve Te VU VES SES St Vee Ve VEE VAG PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY Yava Sa Yee Ya Va Va a a a ee a a eee UU eae a RRR New Books for the Entomologist from The Dragonflies of Great Britain and Ireland by Cyril O. Hammond; revised by Robert Merritt The first edition of this highly acclaimed iden- tification guide, published in 1977 and now out of print, has been principally responsible for the great upsurge of interest in the British Odonata, leading to an expansion of the nationwide mapping of their distribution and the formation earlier this year of the British Dragonfly Society. This new, considerably re- vised and completely reset edition contains the latest information on distribution, habitats and the flight periods when these insects may be seen. It illustrates the whole of the British and Irish breeding dragonfly fauna including one species new to the British Isles, disco- vered in Ireland in 1982. There are over 7,500 additional records on the 10 km square dot distribution maps. Of the first edition, reviewers wrote: ‘Likely to be the standard reference work for many years to come.’ The Entomologist’s Re- cord ‘An outstanding addition to the naturalist’s library.” Biological Conservation. ‘Any museum with a natural history depart- ment should make a special effort to add it to their library.” Museums Journal. ‘This book will make it possible for any natur- alist in this country to identify the dragonflies and damselflies. Strongly recommended.’ Wildlife. 25 x 20cm, 120 pages, including 20 colour plates and 23 text figures. ISBN 0 946589 00 3; August, 1983; £16.95 net. The Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland Editors: John Heath and A. Maitland Emmet We are pleased to announce that Harley Books has taken over the publication of this important work, including the stock of previously published volumes. Of the series Harold Oldroyd, in the Journal of Natural History, wrote that it was ‘the most scholarly treatment of the British Lepidoptera yet to appear’. Two further volumes are in preparation and will be published in the course of the next year: Volume 10 Noctuidae (Cucullinae to Hypeni- nae) In this volume, the description of the Noc- tuidae begun in Volume 9 is completed. These two volumes comprise an important mono- graph on this large family of the macrolepi- doptera. There is also a special chapter on migration by R. F. Bretherton. 25 x 20cm, approx. 520 pages, including 13 colour plates and 25 text figures. ISBN 0 946589 01 1; due October/November, 1983. Pre-publication price (for orders with pay- ment, received before end of September, 1983): £35.00 Price on publication: £40.00 net Already published: Volume 1 Micropterigidae to Heliozelidae; with additional introductory chapters on such topics as Diseases, Parasites and Conserva- tion. ‘This important work of reference will be un- surpassed for many years.’ Country Life. 25 x 20cm, 344 pages, including 4 colour plates, 9 monochrome plates of larval leaf mines and cases, and 85 photographic and line text figures. ISBN 0 632 00331 6 Price until end of September, 1983: £28.50 net Price from 1st October, 1983: £30.00 net Volume 2 Cossidae to Heliodinidae. Apart from the Cossidae (Goat and Leopard moths) the Zygaenidae (Burnets), and the Sesiidae (Clearwings), this volume deals mainly with microlepidoptera, covering eleven of its families. No comprehensive work including all these smaller moths has yet been published in Britain. 25 x 20cm, approx. 350 pages, including 10 colour plates plus text figures. ISBN 0 946589 02 X; due Spring, 1984 Pre-publication offer to be announced Price on publication: approx. £35.00 net Volume 9 Sphingidae to Noctuidae, part (Noctuinae and Hadeninae); with special chapter on Eversible Structures. 25 x 20cm, 320 pages, including 16 colour plates and 19 text figures. ‘One of the most important events in the his- tory of entomological publishing in this coun- try.’ Natural Science in Schools. ISBN 0 902068 07 5 Price until end of September, 1983: £30.00 net Price from 1st October, 1983: £32.50 net Harley Books, Martins, Great Horkesley, Colchester, Essex CO6 4AH Telephone: Colchester (0206) 271216 PEATE Aloeides maluti sp. nov. Fig. 1. Male holotype (upperside), Rafoelatsane, Lesotho, V. L. Pringle, 17.i.1976. Fig. 2. Idem (underside). Fig. 3. Female allotype (upperside), Rafoelatsane, Lesotho, E. L. Pringle, 17.1.1976. Fig. 4. Idem (underside). Figures approx. 2x natural size. Photograph reproduced by Unifoto (Pty) Ltd., Cape Town. A NEW LYCAENID BUTTERFLY FROM LESOTHO 173 A NEW LYCAENID BUTTERFLY FROM LESOTHO, OF THE GENUS ALOEIDES HUEBNER No. 1 By E. L. PRINGLE, B.A. (Natal), LL.B. (U.C.T.)* Aloeides maluti spec. nov. This striking insect was found in the heart of the Lesotho highlands. In appearance, it combines the characteristics of Aloeides pierus (Cramer) and Aloeides trimeni Tite & Dickson, coming closer to the former on the upperside, and to the latter on the underside. Male (Upperside). Forewing. Heavy black borders extend along the distal portion of the wing, extending inward as far asa third of the way along vein 1, and a quarter of the way along veins 3, 4 & 5, and their corresponding areas; and, with great inward expansion of the black area subapically and below the costal margin. The remaining inner area of the wing exhibits a dusky orange colouration. There is, however, a marked degree of variation among individual specimens in some of which the wing is almost entirely suffused with black, leaving a very reduced orange area basally. Veins are all dusted with black, and the cilia are faintly chequered. In comparison with pierus, maluti males show a greater extent of orange on both fore- and hind-wing uppersides, with none of the specimens examined showing the extreme reduction of the orange area on these wings evidenced by many specimens of pieruws. Further, the orange colouration in all specimens of Al. maluti is more dusky in appearance than in pierus. Another feature is that, in all examples studied, the males of pierus show blackish markings at the base of the forewing: in this species, however, the males always show dusky orange at the base of this wing. Hindwing. As in the forewing, all veins are dusted with black, and the cilia are faintly chequered. Black lunules are evident along the distal margin, and the apical patch is well-developed, if variable. In some of the specimens examined, the apical patch extends all the way through area 4, up to vein 4, and inwards all the way to the base. In the majority of specimens examined, however, the apical patch extends only as far as vein 5, and inwards only half-way along vein 7. The remainder of the hindwing bears the same dusky orange markings evidenced in the forewing. Female (Upperside). Forewing. The wings are more rounded than in the males, and the dusky orange markings are more extensive. The broad black band along the distal margin does not reach further inwards than one-third of the way along veins 1 and 2, and approximately a quarter of the way along veins 3, 4, 5 and 6. In all specimens examined, the apical patch is bisected by two, and in some cases three, orange dots extending towards the costa. Veins are dusted with black, and the cilia is lightly chequered. Hindwing. Similar to the male, except that the apical patch is much reduced. As in the male, the female shows a much greater extent of orange on the upperside of the wings than does pierws, and the orange basic colour is more dusky in appearance. Male and female (Underside). Forewing. The basic colour is dusky orange. Dull brown markings extend into the apical area, and down, or close to, the costal and distal margins. The spots of the submarginal series are placed well within the orange portion of the wing in areas 1b, 2, 3 and 4 and beyond these areas, above the orange *Huntly Glen, Bedford, 5780, South Africa. 174 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 field. These spots are, as in pierus but not as in trimeni, black, and are not touched inwardly with white. Otherwise, the spotting is fairly typical of the genus Aloeides, consisting of well-defined silver spots edged with black rings, and arranged in an irregular postmedian series of five spots, together with a discoiaal spot, median cell-spot and a basal cell-spot. Hindwing. Basic colour dark greyish-brown, showing in some cases a very faint light suffusion towards the distal margin, Like trimeni, and unlike pierus, the hindwing colouration is extremely uniform, showing none of the dappled maroon or dappled sandy colours exhibited by pierus. Unlike both species, maluti shows no tendency towards any variation of the basic colour of this wing, and none of the specimens examined show any trace of the maroon basic colour often seen in both trimeni and pierus. There are a number of large, round, dull silver spots in this wing: these spots are not elongated as in pierus, but are consistently large and rounded. All specimens exhibit three, and in some cases four, sub-basal spots, as well as a median costal spot. The remaining spotting is highly irregular, and varies considerably between speci- mens. In at least one specimen examined, the median series of spots is arran- ged in a continuous band, running all the way from the costal to the inner margins. The majority of specimens examined, however, exhibit only three spots lying adjacent to one another in areas 6 and 7, and a further three suf- fused spots in areas lc, 2 and 3. This spotting does not, therefore, show the uniform and characteristic pattern seen in piertws, which in all cases exhibits a distinct break in the median series of spots at vein 4. Similarly, since the median series in trimeni also shows a regular and consistant pattern, the species can in this respect also be distinguished from triment. Further, the underside spots are much larger and fewer in number than in frimenti, and the black rings encircling these spots are markedly more pronounced. This species was discovered by the author and his father on an expedition to Lesotho in January, 1976. It was found near the village of Rafoelatsane, flying on the summits and slopes of low- lying hills and ridges. Specimens were encountered singly, and the species, though widespread, was found to be uncommon. The species was again encountered on two subsequent trips to the area in Feb- ruary, 1977 and January 1979, and on both of these expeditions was once more observed to be unusually scarce. This may in part be as a result of the heavy erosion and destruction of the environment sustained by the low-lying sandstone ridges upon which it flies — caused in turn by the over-population and over-grazing characteristic of most areas of Lesotho. The species is named after the lofty and spectacular range of mountains which traverses the western areas of Lesotho. I would like to place on record my sincere thanks to Mr.C.G.C. Dickson for the great assistance which he has rendered me in pre- paring this paper. HOLOTYPE: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 17-1-1976 (E. L. Pringle) ALLOTYPE: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 17-1-1976 (E. L. Pringle) PARATYPES: Rafoelatsane, Lesotho 16 19 17-1-1976 (VV) Lp Pringle): 2°" 17-121976; (Es BP): tee) 2-2-1977 QerER)- Iuds2-2-1977 (VLE); bo 1 OS 20-19 79 WEEP). SS -o ore (E.L.P)e 3202 <.221-1979 (EL Ps sic lS 2271179 ale Ba) Two paratypes will in due course be presented to the British Museum. A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 175 A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 By Dr. C.J. LUCKENS* Contrast between the two seasons of 1981 and 1982 could hardly have been greater. Whereas the former year was characterised by reduced populations in nearly all our native species, last year saw a very welcome revival for many of them. Once again weather seemed to have been the important factor, with fine settled con- ditions at the critical times in April, May, June and August. The season started off well in mid-March in southern England with hibernators such as Gonepteryx rhamni L., Nymphalis to L. and Polygonia c-album L. in good numbers and Aglais urticae L. in some abundance. April was warm and sunny almost throughout, and this enabled all these species to produce excellent summer and autumn broods. Pararge aegeria L. is often the first newly emerged butterfly to appear in this area. I saw many of these early specimens in shel- tered spots in our garden from April 4th onwards. The later summer broods of the Speckled Wood were slightly disappointing in southern England, however, and no more than average numbers appeared. An example of a third brood was recorded from Easter Ross on October 3rd. This is perhaps unusual for the colonies in north east Scotland, though an antumn brood appears regularly in the milder coastal areas of the western Highlands. The Wall Brown, Lasiomata megera L. seemed to vary in abundance from region to region. In Cumbria it was considered to have had a below average season, but it was re- ported commonly in the west Midlands, and in the late summer brood did very well on the chalk of Sussex and Wilts. I found it abundant on the edge of the downs near Stockbridge in early August. In the west Midlands, Melanargia galathea L. once confined to local colonies, continued its spread and was abundant at Ledbury. The Winchester colonies seemed slightly weaker, though there was a good showing at Stockbridge in late July, and also in the Warminster area. In Sussex (Brighton area) it was below average and apparently had not recovered from its poor season in 1981. Many recorders noted the abundance of Eumenis semele L. in its favoured localities. The Portland colonies were selected for special mention with ab. holanops and ab. monocellata appearing among the old quarry workings. The Grayling was also common elsewhere along the Dorset coast — in the Lulworth area and around Swanage and the colonies on limestone grassland in Cumbria and in the Malverns did well. Most interestingly it seems to be recovering on the Kentish chalk and there was an encouraging report of it building up numbers at its former haunts at Folkestone. It also appeared in the Swans- *Swallowfield, Manor Road, Durley, Hants SO3 2AF. 176 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 combe area in Kent and on the Downs near Compton in the Isle of Wight. Maniola jurtina L. and Pyronia tithonus L. both had an exceptionally good year in southern England. The latter literally swarmed in the lanes in this area of south Hants, and there were equally favourable reports from north Dorset and Wilts for both these species. News from Cumbria was slightly less favourable, where there has been apparently a gradual decline of jurtina over a number of years. In spite of the general increase of these two Satyrids very few aberrations of any kind were recorded. At the well known site at Arnside Erebia aethiops Esp. appeared to have done well in 1982. Good numbers were seen in early August, and contrary to the statements in many text books, the butterflies were recorded flying of their own accord in dull windless weather conditions. Another success story in 1982 concerned Aphantopus hyperantus L. After several seasons of relative scarcity this butterfly showed a definite increase in Hampshire. From Dorset came a report of six ab. arete seen in one day and several of this variety were noted in the Warminster area of Wiltshire. The two Pearl-bordered Fritillaries Clossiana selene D. & S. and Clossiana euphrosyne L. continued to thrive near here at Botley Wood. I saw many euphrosyne in mid-May but was out of the coun- try for the main selene emergence. Several ragged examples were flying in late June and the habitat so far remains ideal for these two attractive butterflies. Both species were reported numerous in Wyre forest last year and also in several localities in Cumbria. Selene apparently outnumbered euphrosyne in both these two areas but the opposite was the case at Parkhurst forest, Isle of Wight, where the Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary was rather scarce. One butterfly that seems to have decreased in this area over the last few years is Argynnis aglaia L. and the fine weather of 1982 did not seem to halt this trend. It was described as a poor year for the Dark Green Fritillary in north Dorset and Lulworth and from the Downs around Warminster. In south Cumbria it is also rather thinly scattered, but Argynnis adippe F. on the other hand is flourishing in this area around the Kent estuary. The High Brown also appears to be thriving in Wyre Forest though colonies elsewhere in the west Midlands were reportedly slightly down on numbers. In Wiltshire, where adippe seems to have just hung on in some areas, one correspondent made a search of the usual localities and failed to see it at all. Only small numbers of Argynnis paphia L. appeared around Warminster last year, but it seems to have had a better year in its haunts else- where in England. Particularly good numbers were noted around Durfold and Cranleigh and f. valezina, formerly very scarce in this area of the Surrey/Sussex border, also made an appearance. On the Isle of Wight, however, valezina was not uncommon in 1982 and it also occurred fairly frequently in the Cranborne area of Dorset. In Wyre forest paphia appeared in good numbers and was recorded A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES IN 1982 a as early as June 30th.kuphydryas aurinia Rott. had the benefit of excellent weather for its flight period in late May/early June, Reports from Dorset were generally favourable and the isolated Worcestershire colony also had a good year. The Cumbrian colonies however appear to be in serious decline. Of five remaining localities visited by one correspondent, only three still held the butterfly and then in very small numbers, (less than ten seen in any one locality). On the southern coastal strip of the Isle of Wight Melitaea cinxia L. was reported locally abundant in 1982, the best colonies being at Compton, and around St. Catherines Point. Mellicta athalia Rott. was not uncommon locally in Blean Woods and two recorders noted evidence of colonisation of new sites. There seems to have been an exceptionally long emergence period last year, as worn specimens of the Heath Fritillary were noted as early as June Ist and fresh examples were still flying on July 7th. I have no reports of the formerly thriving west country localities but I am informed they are under pressure from a variety of factors. A welcome abundance of Vanessa atalanta L. was a feature of 1982. Early examples were reported in late April and by late May atalanta was building up numbers to a remarkable extent. All through the summer, from late June onwards, larvae were common on the nettles in our garden, and I finally saw a specimen sunning itself on the roof of our house on a warm day in mid-November. This abundance of the Red Admiral seems to have been noted from southern England to Easter Ross. It was recorded as far north as Durness, Sutherland, on June 7th. Vanessa cardui L., on the other hand, I found rather scarce in southern Hampshire, though elsewhere good numbers were recorded in the late season. I have mentioned already the excellent numbers of the commoner Nymphalidae in 1982, but a particular interesting record is of Nymphalis io L., caught and photographed on June 26th by the R.S.P.B. warden on Handa, Sutherland. This seems an exceptionally early date for a newly emerged peacock so far north. I have seen hibernated speci- mens in Argyll as late as June 10th and I wonder if this was the status of the Handa specimen. Apatura iris L., The Purple Emperor, seemed to have enjoyed another favourable year. I saw a few examples in local woodland, and on July 3rd a superb, newly- emerged male displayed on the road in front of me in south west Wilts. In west Sussex and Surrey it apparently had an excellent season. Unfortunately one report was received of large numbers of iris having been taken by individual collectors in this area. I have no wish to stir up controversy about this. The Purple Emperor is not endangered by moderate collecting, but if individuals are irre- sponsible and excessive there may be a call for yet more restrictive legislation. Undoubtedly the greatest threat to Apatura iris L. comes from forestry policy. Creating a “‘Conservation Area” in south west Wilts where the butterfly was already common, then subse- 178 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD. VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 quently devastating the woodland, is an unhappy example of this. The White Admiral Limenitis camilla L.has had similar problems in recent years. It seems to be slightly more subject to adverse meteorological conditions. In 1982 it was reported in good numbers in west Sussex and is reappearing in some Wiltshire and Hampshire localities where it has been virtually absent for several years. It also appears to be extending its range in Worcestershire and Shropshire. 1982 was generally a very favourable year for Hamearis lucina L. It was described as “holding its own or better’, in Westmorland. In north Dorset and in the Hampshire chalk localities it appeared in strength. In east Kent the Duke of Burgundy had declined almost to extinction in 1980 and 1981 but now appears to be on the in- crease again. Few records were received of Cupido minimus Fuessl. Small numbers were seen flying with cinxia on the Isle of Wight; specimens were noted imbibing moisture at Downe in Kent and a second brood was recorded in August from Banstead Downs, Surrey. Two reports of Aricia artaxerxes. F. concerned the Witherslack colonies. Though remaining local, these limestone colonies were found to be flourishing in 1982. The Common Blue, Polyommatus icarus Rott. produced a good second brood nearly everywhere, but had a patchy time earlier on in the year. The same applied to Lysandra bellargus Rott. which was reported in good numbers as early as May 9th at Ranmore, Surrey, and produced a healthy second generation in late August/September in many of its colonies. There was a prolonged emergence in the second brood; it was recorded as early as August 15th at Corfe and I saw fresh females in mid September along the Dorset coast path near Swanage. In Sussex bellargus improved on its 1981 showing and it also appeared in a new locality near Warminster, Wiltshire. In the Queensdown area, Kent, bellargus occurs in one or two sites and in these was described as fairly common. This beautiful ‘blue’ was also seen commonly in one locality on the Isle of Wight. Lysandra coridon Poda. also made something of a comeback in 1982 after several very lean years: at Portland ab. fowleri, ab. caeca and ab. obsoleta forms were reported. The Warminster colonies recovered slightly but the coridon population there has been at a very low ebb recently. It was interesting to hear of signs of local recovery in the case of the Holly Blue, Celestrina argiolus L.1 saw one in May on Southampton Common and a few near Bishops Waltham in late July. A few also were seen in Breconshire and it was recorded at Folkestone as late as August 26th. It became comparatively plentiful in Kew, Surrey, however in both spring and summer broods and it is also making something of a comeback in the Lewes area of Sussex. One butterfly that was consistently reported as scarce through- out was Theclaquercus L. — the only exception being a report from Banstead, Surrey, where it was seen in numbers on August Ist. Thecla betulae L. on the other hand had a good year. I esti- A REVIEW OF BRITISH BUTTERELIES IN 1982 i739 mated the number of winter ova near Selborne to be higher than usual and in the lanes north of Oxford around the Bucks border, Dr. T. W. Tolman and I found ova almost ubiquitous in hedge-rows and wood borders in January of this year. A count was made of ova in the isolated localities in Worcestershire and favourable numbers were reported from there also. Sporadic reappearance of Stry- monidia w-album Knoch. also seems to have been a feature of 1982. It was reported from near Orpington Kent and a sprinkling of sight- ings were made in Worcestershire, Shropshire and near Hereford. A healthy colony was discovered on the Isle of Wight in 1981 and this was holding its own in 1982. It still occurs in the woods west of Winchester, but a search for ova on a healthy wych elm, where w-album used to occur only two miles from my present home, resulted in disappointment. Its congener Strymonidia pruni L. was present in numbers in at least one south Bucks locality in 1982 and in the same area the editor and I saw one or two resting in the blackthorns during a day of continuous rain at the end of June. Leptidea sinapis L. had a good season in west Sussex near Plaistow, and, though down on numbers slightly in the west Midlands, it was reported as extending its range in Worcestershire and Hereford. I personally found Antocharis cardamines L. abundant in south Hants in 1982, but in Wiltshire it was apparently less com- mon than usual and in Cumbria it is apparently becoming scarcer each year. The Spring Skippers Erynnis tages L. and Pyrgus malvae L. were both up to strength in south Hants, Dorset, Wiltshire and Wyre Forest, Worcestershire. On the other hand both were reported as very scarce in Sussex in 1982. Tages was also generally uncommon in Cumbria. A new locality was discovered in east Scotland, near Rosemarkie, where the Dingy Skipper is a very local insect indeed. Thymelicus lineola has apparently almost replaced the closely related Thymelicus sylvestris in the Isle of Sheppey and this has been taking place gradually over the last ten years. Lineola is also spreading along the Sussex coastal strip to west of the Adur Valley and in many places is present in good numbers. The very local butterfly Hesperia comma L. had a thoroughly successful year in this area of Hampshire where there are two good strong colonies. The best of these is undoubtedly that near Broughton, where the butterfly was out in force in the first fortnight of August. It was also fairly plentiful in the east Kentish locality near Dover, which is probably its last stronghold in Kent. A rediscovered locality near Stroud, Gloucestershire, apparently revealed only one example last year, but I am informed the habitat is not ideal for it there. The fine last summer weather in 1982 led into a very wet autumn. The weather remained fairly mild however and many of the hardier butterflies were seen well into October and November. It will be interesting to see whether the wet, mild, winter will offset the generally favourable butterfly season of 1982. 180 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 Acknowledgements I would like to thank the following for their contributions to this review: Messrs. A. J. Baldwin, R. D. Barrington, J. M. Chalmers- Hunt; P.sHisClouter; (RaM.Craske PA. CrossisMi eye Boleys J. E. Green, G. C. Haines, M. S. Harvey, D. C. Hulme, M. Oates, H. G. Phelps, J. Platts (per J.M.C.-H.) P. J. Sankey-Baker (per J.M.C.-H.) P. A. Sokoloff, Rev. J. H. Vine-Hall, and Miss E. J. M. Warren. THE QUEEN OF SPAIN FRITILLARY REARED FROM EGGS. — I was very sorry to learn of the death of Mr. T. D. Fearnehough (Ent. Rec., 95: 114), whose notes I enjoyed reading over many years. The reference to his successful breeding of Argynnis lathonia L. (Queen of Spain Fritillary) is of special interest to me. Mr. O.G. Watkins, with whom I corresponded over the years, although we never met, kindly sent me several eggs of the same butterfly in 1949, and I reared no less than five butterflies. They emerged in the autumn of that year, and they are now in my collection. The larvae fed on pansy leaves. — G. E. HYDE, 26 Warnington Drive, Bessacarr, Doncaster, S. Yorkshire DN4 6SS. AGLAIS URTICAE L. AB. NIGRA TUTT. — A fine example of this rare aberration occurred in August 1982 near Dosthill Quarry, Tamworth, Staffs. As it flew from thistle head to thistle head, it was immediately distinguishable from the normal small tortoise- shells it was amongst, of which there were about 300 on two exten- sive patches of thistle. The specimen was first seen on the 27th, and again on the 28th and 3 Ist of August. A good photograph was taken of it and submitted to the Editor of the Record. — P.B.DARCH, 9 Maxstoke Close, Dosthill, Tamworth, Staffs, B77 INP. COURTSHIP AND PAIRING IN INACHIS IO L. — Courtship and pairing of butterflies is not a frequently observed event and I don not previously recall observing this in /nachis io L.. On 16th April, a warm sunny day, peacocks and small tortoiseshells were flying frequently in and across our garden at Caversham. Towards mid afternoon two peacocks were indulging in an interesting flight pattern, one butterfly following the other in a fairly straight flight path and both insects exhibiting an unusual regular fluttering of wings. After making two of these purposeful looking flights the pair suddenly flew out of view under the eaves of a garden shed and I went down to investigate. Both butterflies were found sitting quietly in copula in a dark corner — it was 3.45 p.m. Two hours later they were still in the same position and they were left undis- turbed until 9.30 a.m. the following morning. By that time one of the pair, presumably the male, had disappeared, but the other butterfly remained under the eaves for another three days, each of these days being cool and wet. By the fourth day sunny, warm weather had returned and, as expected, the remaining butterfly had flown some- time before 9.30 am. — _ B.R. BAKER, 25 Matlock Road, Caver- sham, Berks. FOUR SPECIES OF MEGASELIA NEW TO BRITAIN 181 FOUR SPECIES OF MEGASELIA (DIPTERA:PHORIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN FROM HAYLEY WOOD, CAMBRIDGESHIRE By R. H. L. DISNEY * Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire (Grid ref. 52/2953) is a Grade I Site of Special Scientific Interest (Site W. 40 in Ratcliffe, 1977). It was with interest, therefore, that I examined collections of scuttle flies made by D. M. Unwin, during 1980, in this famous wood. The collections represented specimens of more than 70 species. Only ten species did not belong to the giant genus Megaselia. Among the latter four species are new to the British List. They are detailed below. Megaselia aculeata (Schmitz, 1919). Males of this species are readily distinguished from related species by the presence of a pair of sclerotised plates, bearing bristles, situated on the venter of abdominal segment 6 (see fig. 255 in Schmitz, 1958). Four males were recorded from Hayley Wood, two in June and two in September. In addition P. J. Chandler has sent me a male caught on 25 May 1980 at Chippenham Fen, Cambridgeshire (Grid. ref. 52/6469). I have also caught a male at Flatford Mill, Suffolk, (Grid ref. 62/079330) in August 1981. The species has previously been recorded from Germany, Holland and Portugal. Megaselia insons (Lundbeck, 1920). This species is more variable than has been supposed and only some specimens will key out correctly in Schmitz’s (1957) Key. However, I have confirmed the identity by comparison with the type (kindly loaned by Dr. Lief Lyneborg, Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark). Six males were recorded from Hayley Wood, three in June, one in July and two in August. I have collected it from Flatford Mill, Suffolk (Grid ref. 62/080329) in August 1981; from Malham Tarn, North Yorkshire (Grid ref. 34/889673 and 34/893673) in June 1976 and June 1982: from Aviemore (Grid ref. 28/893112) in July 1982; and D. Henshaw collected it at Waltham Abbey, Essex (Grid ref. 52/3-0-) in May, 1982. The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Ger- many, Denmark, Holland, Portugal and Poland. Megaselia intercostata (Lundbeck, 1921) The costal index and costal cilia of the single specimen from Hayley Wood (collected in June) are a little longer than as given by Lundbeck (1922) and Schmitz and Beyer (1965). However I have *Malham Tarn Field Centre, Settle, North Yorkshire, BD24 9PU. 182 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 confirmed the identity by comparison with the type (kindly loaned by Dr. Lief Lyneborg). A detailed description in English is given by Lundbeck (1922). The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Ger- many, Denmark, Holland and Poland. Megaselia subconvexa (Lundbeck, 1920) Males of this species can be readily distinguished from several similar species by the upper part of the epandrium forming a curious, collar-like development around the base of the anal tube (see figs. 355 and 356 in Schmitz and Beyer, 1965). Five were collected in Hayley Wood, in August and September. In addition P. J. Chandler collected a single male at Chippenham Fen on 25 May 1980. The species has previously been recorded from Austria, Den- mark and Holland. Acknowledgements I am grateful to the Royal Society for grants to support my investigations of Phoridae. References Lundbeck, W. 1920. New species of Aphiochaeta from Denmark. Vidensk. Medadr. dansk. naturh, Foren. 71: 1-34. Lundbeck, W. 1921. New species of Phoridae from Denmark, to- gether with remarks on Aphiochaeta groenlandica Lundb. Vidensk. Medadr. dansk. naturh. Foren, 72: 129-143. Lundbeck, W. 1922. Pipunculidae, Phoridae. Diptera Danica 6: 1-455. Ratcliffe, D. A. (Ed). 1977. A Nature Conservation Review, vol 2. University Press, Cambridge. Schmitz, H. 1919. Neue europaische Aphiochaeta-Arten. I. Ent. Ber. Ned ent. Ver. 5: 139-146. Schmitz, H. 1957. In Lindner, E (Ed). Fliegen palaerkt. Reg. 4(33) Phoridae (Lief. 196): 417 - 464. Schmitz, H. 1958. Ibid. (Lief. 202): 465 - 512. Schmitz, H. & Beyer, E. 1965. /bid. (Lief. 258, 260): 513 - 608. APOTOMIS SAUCIANA SAUCIANA FROLICH (LEP.: TORTRI- CIDAE) IN KENT. — From two larvae collected 181.1982 whilst sweeping the Bilberry at Oldbury Hill, Nr. Sevenoaks, a single adult emerged on 21.vi.1982. The foodplant is very local in the county and restricted to the sandy areas of the south-west, and it is possible that this species is very scarce in Kent as I am not aware of any recent records. — N. F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. NOTES ON SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA, 1982 183 NOTES ON SCOTTISH MICROLEPIDOPTERA, 1982 K. P. BLAND* The following species of special note have come my way in 1982; Diplodoma herminata (Geoff.) Larvae of this species were found in a rather unusual location on 9 & 25.iv.1982 in Meggernie and Gallin Pinewoods, Perthshire (O.S.Grid NN/5244, 5545 & 5645: V.c.88). They were among the debris behind the loose bark of dead Caledonian Pines — in one instance they were as much as 2 feet above the ground. An imago emerged on 25.v.1982. Larvae of this species were also found on the latter date (25.iv.1982) in a roadside oakwood at Balnaguard, Perthshire (O.S.Grid NN/9451; V.c.88). These were in the more typical location of just above the ground litter in the buttressroot angles at the base of large oaks. They produced an imago on 30.v.1982. Bucculatrix cristatella Zell. In 1894, William Evans (Evans, 1897) recorded Bucculatrix cristatella from Pettycur, Fife (V.c.85). This has remained the only Scottish record for this species until present. On 29.v.1982 a search of Achillea millefolia at Pettycur (O.S.Grid NT/2686) yielded a single empty Bucculatrix moulting- cocoon. A further search on 31 vii.1982 was more successful yield- ing several empty moulting-cocoons and 5 pupation-cocoons; the latter producing imagines of B. cristatella between 1-5.vii.1982. Its persistence in its former locality was thus established. Sub- sequently vacated Bucculatrix moulting- and pupation- cocoons on Achillea millefolia were found at Seton Bents, East Lothian (O.S. Grid NT/4376:V.c.82 on 10.viii. 1982) and Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh (O.S. Grid NT/2872;V.C.83 on 12.viii.1982) suggesting that it is quite widespread in the Forth region. Glyphipterix equitella (Scop.) Three imagines of this species were taken about Sedum acre on Arthur’s Seat, Edinburgh (O.S. Grid NT/2772:V.c.83) on 4.ix.1982. This appears to be only the second record of this species from Scotland; it previously having been taken at Moncreiffe Hill, Perthshire in the 1870s (Moncreiffe, 1880). Coleophora albitarsella Zell. This species was bred from larval cases found feeding on Origanum vulgare (Marjoram) at Aberdour, Fife (O.S.Grid NT/1985; V.c.85) on 9.v.1982. An imago emerged on 22.vi.1982. Cases of this species have been collected at this location previously (6.xi.1977) but failed to produce imagines. This appears to be the first recorded locality for this species in Scotland. Coleophora lithargyrinella Zell. A small coleophorid larva was found feeding on Stellaria holostea near Hartside, Berwickshire *35 Charterhall Road, Edinburgh EH9 3HS. 184 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 (O.S.Grid NT/4753;V.c.81) on 9.viii.1981. The imago was success- fully reared (emerged 16.vi.1982) and proved to be Coleophora lithargyrinella. This appears to be the first record for this species in Scotland. Syncopacma sangiella (Stt.) Several dark larvae in spun shoots of Lotus corniculatus collected on Cramond Island, Midlothian (O.S.Grid NT/1978; V.c. 83) on 29.v.1982, produced imagines of this species on 10-28.vii.1982. Although known from Scotland for a long time, this species appears to have been recorded only from Kincardinshire (V.c.91) and Aberdeenshire (V.c.92 & 93) (Hulme, Palmer & Young, 1978). Dichrorampha alpinana (Treits.) Four females of this species were bred from larvae in the rootstocks of Chrysanthemum leucan- themum collected on 31.v.1982 at Blackford, Edinburgh (O.S.Grid NT/2571;V.c.83). Imagines emerged between 6-10.vi.1982 and appear to be the first specimens of this species recorded in Scotland (Bradley, Tremewan & Smith, 1979). Chilo phragmitella (Hbn.) Several worn specimens of this species came to M.V. light by the Phragmites bed at Adderstonelee Moss, Roxburghshire (O.S. Grid NT/5311;V.c.80) on 3-4.viii.1982. This species seems to be rather uncommon in Scotland, only having been recorded previously from Mid-Perthshire (1959) and the Tay Estuary (1967). Acknowledgements In preparing these notes liberal use was made of the Scottish Insect Records Catalogue at the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh by courtesy of Dr. M. R. Shaw. References Bradley, J. D., Tremewan, W. G. & Smith, A. 1979. British Tortri- coid Moths; Tortricidae: Olethreutinae. Ray Society. Evans, W. 1897. Notes on Lepidoptera collected in the Edinburgh district. Annals of Scottish Natural History 1897, 89-110. Hulme, P. D., Palmer, R. M., & Young, M. R. 1978. Lepidoptera of Aberdeenshire and Kincardinshire. Entomologist’s Record 90 (9), 237-241. Moncreiffe, T. 1880. The Lepidoptera of Moncreiffe Hill. The Scot- tish Naturalist 5, 69-77. THE PINE HAWK: HYLOICUS PINASTRI L. IN WARWICKSHIRE. — On the 28th June 1982, a worn male of this species visited the light trap here at Charlecote. This appears to be the first record of this species for the county. — A. F. J. GARDNER, Willows End, 29 Charlecote, Nr. Warwick. INSECTS FROM MONTSERRAT 185 A FEW INSECTS FROM MONTSERRAT, WEST INDIES By J. COOTER* In view of the apparent paucity of records from this small member of the Leeward Islands, I thought it worthwhile to list the few species captured by my father and myself during a brief visit in 1975. Montserrat is about 30 miles south-west of Antigua, 16° 45'N, 62° 14’ W. None of the residents we came into contact with could recall entomologists visiting the Island, but there are a few records in Blackwelder, R.E. (Checklist of the Coleopterous Insects of Mexico, Central America, the West Indies and South America. United States National Museum Bulletin 185, parts 1-6 (1944-1957)). Of the few species recorded here, only two are listed by Blackwelder as occuring in Montserrat (indicated by an asterisk*). Lepidoptera: Anartia jatrophae Johanss., Salem, 4.ix. Odonata: Lepthemis vesiculosa F., Orthemis ferruginea F., Triacanthagyna trifida Rambur and Erythrodiplax umbrata L., all in flight around a pool at the road side near the sports stadium between Plymouth and Richmond Hill, 31 viii. Dermaptera: Carcinophoridae — Euborellia stali (Dohrn) 2 ? (det. A. Brindle) Richmond Hill, 28 viii. Coleoptera: Histeridae — Atholus confinis (Er.) (det. J. Thérond) Richmond Hill, 28.viii. Scarabaeoidea — Ligyrus cuniculus (F.) (det. R. D. Pope) Richmond Hill, 31.viii., dead specimens floating in swimming pool. Elateridae — Heteroderes sp. (det. C. M. F. v. Hayek) Spanish Point, 31.viii. (no species recorded by Blackwelder from the Leeward Islands). Cantharidae — genera and species in- determinate (det. E. R. Peacock) Salem, 4.ix. (3ex). Lampyridae — Aspisoma ignitum L. var. polyzona Chev. (det. E. R. Peacock) Richmond Hill, 29.viii. (3ex). Dermestidae — Trogoderma ornatum Say @ (det. E. R. Peacock) Richmond Hill, 29 viii. Coccinellidae — Cycloneda sangiunea (L.) (det. R.D. Pope). Tenebrionidae — Phaleria fulva Fleut. & Salle (det. C. A. Triplehorn) 17 examples under a dead fish on the beach at Foxes Bay, 6.ix.; Crypticus sp. Botanic Gardens, Plymouth (Blackwelder lists no species from the West Indies). Cerambycidae — Eubria decemmaculata F., Richmond Hill, 29 viii., at light. Chrysomelidae — (all det. S. L. Shute) — Metriona trisignata Bohm., Salem, 4.ix. (2 ex); Galerucella tropica Jac. Plymouth, 29. viii., Homophoeta albicollis F. Richmond Hill, 31 viii. (8ex); Lema sp. indeterminate, Salem, 4.ix. (2ex), Curcu- lionidae — (all det. R. T. Thompson) — Sitophilus linearis (Hb.) “The Tamarind Weevil’’, common in ripe tamarind pods, Richmond *20 Burdon Drive, Bartestree, Hereford. 186 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 Hill and Old Towne; Diaprepes abbreviatus (L.)* Plymouth, 2.ix. (ex); D. famelicus (01.) Plymouth, 30.viii. (4ex), Spanish Point, 31. viii. (2ex), Upper Galways Estate 3.ix. (2ex); Lachnopus species, curvipes-group Richmond Hill, 29.viii (lex), Plymouth, 30.viii. (3ex), Spanish Point 31 .viii (lex) (no Lachnopus species are recor- ded from Montserrat by Blackwelder); Litostylus pudens (Bohe- man)* Plymouth, 28.viii. (lex) Spanish Point, 31 .viii. (lex); Psewdo- mus species indeterminate, Richmond Hill, 30.viii, Salem, 8.ix (no Pseudomus species recorded by Blackwelder from the Lee- ward Islands). Examples of all the Coleoptera have been donated to the British Museum (Natural History), London. I would like to ex- press my thanks to Martin Brendell (BM(NH)) and to all the other authorities who determined material. | am also grateful to Mr. and Mrs. E. Herman for generous hospitality afforded to us while on Montserrat. POSSIBLE DEFENCE REACTION OF XYLOCAMPA AREOLA ESPER’ (LEP) NOCTUIDAE) PUPA,’ >On 25th July; 1932) Fa silk cocoon containing a pupa of Xyvlocampa areola Esp., the Early Grey, was discovered on a piece of sack-cloth in a garden shed at East Ham, Essex, when I promptly placed this in a suitable container and put it on one side for the winter. | did not examine it again until 14th August, 1982, when I was surprised to discover that a noise seemed to be produced from the cocoon when it was picked up. Employing a 100 watt light bulb to ‘‘candle” the cocoon, (as one would a chicken egg to monitor embryo development), it was possible to see that the noise, which resembled the crushing of dead leaves under foot, was produced by rapid vibration of the abdominal segments of the pupa against the internal walls of the extremely rigid cocoon. The sound produced was clearly audible 4 metres away across the room. I can only assume that this is some form of defensive reaction; it certainly startled me, although one has serious doubts as to the value of causing a predator to drop a rigid silk cocoon which is then completely unable to escape further attack. Since the cocoon was firmly stuck to the surface upon which it was found however, it may simply be that the noise acts as a deterrent to more casual predators that might investigate the cocoon and be simply scared away by the sudden noise. I cannot see it being terribly effective however! The moth, a male, emerged on 12th May, 1983, having been kept on a west facing window-sill inside an unheated room since its discovery. — C. W. PLANT, Assistant Curator, Natural Sciences (Biology), Passmore Edwards Museum, Romford Road, Stratford, London, E15 4LZ. MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 187 MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 Compiled by DAVID J. L. AGASSIZ * This is the third year I have attempted to compile this review, but the first time it has been such a joyful account of interesting records and discoveries, thanks largely to better weather in 1982. It is also the first attempt at a rather more comprehensive set of records. I approached a number of field entomologists around the country and the response has been very encouraging. It is hoped that the list of records included will be of greater use to researchers in future years. Pride of place must go to the discovery of species new to Britain: an Agonopterix species was found to be resident by Dr. J. R. Langmaid and E. C. Pelham-Clinton; each had taken an adult in earlier years and their search for larvae was duly rewarded — we await publication on this with great interest. In a similar category is a Coleophora species bred by N. F. Heal; this was first exhibited as C. suaedivora Meyr. but further investigation proved it to be a different species — a paper on this is also awaited. It is possible that these species have yet to be described and named. Two specimens of Elachista littoricola Le Marchand were taken by E. H. Wild in South Hampshire; its status has yet to be estab- lished, but it could well be resident. A single Zophodia convolutella Hb. was taken in Kent by J. Roche; this large Phycitid could easily gain a foothold for it is sometimes a pest on the Continent. On the outskirts of London a specimen of Argyresthia trifas- ciata Staud. was taken by R. A. Softly and it will be interesting to see whether this has become established on cultivated junipers. Although first taken in 1954, it was not until 1982 that Plutella haasi Staud. was correctly identified by the Finnish entomologist Dr. J. Kyrki. A single specimen was taken by Canon G. A. K. Hervey in western highlands of Scotland where it must surely be resident. Leucinodes orbonalis (Guen.) was added to the list of casual imported species by H.E. Beaumont who bred one from an aubergine. Although it had been recorded from Ireland, Coleophora ramosella Zell. was taken for the first time in the United Kingdom by N. F. Heal who works so well on that group. Also confirmed as resident on the British mainland was Luffia lapidella Goeze complete with males! Hitherto only the parthenogenetic females of L. ferchau- Itella Steph. have been found except in the Channel Isles, but Dr. F. H. N. Smith in Cornwall has remedied the position. Recent arrivals in Britain continued to be found: Dioryctria *The Vicarage, High View Avenue, Grays, Essex, RM17 6RU. 188 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 schuetzeella Fuchs was taken in Kent again by several entomologists, but as yet there is little evidence of spread further afield. It is encouraging to hear that Bisigna procerella D. & S. seems to have a good foothold in or near its original locality in East Kent, where J. M. Chalmers-Hunt and others have taken specimens. Metzneria aprilella H.-S. has been found much more widely than its discovery in central southern England suggested, with records coming from Yorkshire and East Anglia. Stigmella samiatella Zell. is found by A. M. Emmet to have a yet more sure base in north-east Essex. Eucosma metzneriana Treits. yielded a second British specimen to Dr. J. R. Langmaid in Southsea — a long step from the first in Cam- bridgeshire. Cydia pactolana Zell. has been found by T. G. Winter to have extended its range into Surrey and Berkshire and is probably even more widespread but overlooked. Very rare or rediscovered species include Pammene agnotana Rebel of which the second British specimen was taken by R. Fairclough. A. M. Emmet found the very local Phyllonorycter sapor- tella Dup. to be locally common in East Anglia. Tebenna bjerkan- drella Thunb., a very little-known species was found in south-west England by R. J. Heckford who bred the species, and also in South Ireland by K. G. M. Bond. Other long-lost species found were Epermenia insecurella Stt., Coleophora ochrea Haw. and Pyralis lienigialis, all of which are an encouragement when so many habitats seem threatened. New understanding of life histories is at least as important as the discovery of adults and can lead to a better understanding of a species’ distribution. Such a case is Depressaria ultimella Stt. which R. J. Heckford found on Apium nodiflorum; other interesting new information was found by A. M. Emmet about Crombrugghia distans Zell., and it seems Platyptilia calodactyvla D. & S. may have a foodplant other than Solidago virgaurea. Palpita unionalis Wb. was probably the most widely recorded migrant ‘micro’ in 1982 but there was also a record of Phthorimaea operculella Zell. by E. C. Pelham-Clinton at Dungeness, and from Wiltshire G. Smith recorded Euchromius ocellea Haw. T. Peet’s record of Agrotera nemoralis Scop. in Guernsey seems to place that species among the migrants and raises questions about its status in south-east England, where perhaps it is only a temporary resident, depending largely on migration. Within the country the most noticeable movement is that of Crocidosema plebejana Zell. which has spread from the south-west, turning up not only in Hampshire but in Kent and Essex. Ectoede- mia turbidella Zell. is found to have moved in the opposite direc- tion, and Bucculatrix cidarella Zell?s habit of feeding on Myrica has been found to occur even in England! The systematic list now follows. Most of the records given are new county (or vice-county) records. References are included MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 189 wherever possible and the source of the record is given by the initials of those whose names follow and to whom I am very grateful for their help and collaboration. It has not always been easy to decide which records to include, but to cover any imprudent omissions I have prepared a duplicated list of all the records submitted which is available to contributors and others interested who send a S.A.E.; numbers of vice-counties are given in parentheses. Year: 1982 unless stated otherwise. Contributors: H. E. Beaumont, K. P. Bland, J. M. Chalmers- Hunt, H. E. Chipperfield, M. F. V. Corley, A. M. Emmet, R. J. Fairclough, J. L. Fenn. M. W. Harper, N. F. Heal, R. J. Heckford, J. R. Langmaid, H. N. Michaelis, E. C. Pelham-Clinton, J. Roche, A. N. B. Simpson, F. H. N. Smith, P. A. Sokoloff, D. H. (& P. H.) Sterling, M. J. Sterling, R. G. Warren, E. H. Wild & M. R. Young. MICROPTERIGIDAE Micropterix tunbergella Fab. Blairgowrie (89) °81 — KPB, Ent. Rec. 94: 219 NEPTICULIDAE Bohemannia quadrimaculella Boh. Loch Kindar (73) — new to Scotland MRY, Etainia decentella H.-S. Ectoedemia argyropeza Zell. E. turbidella Zell. Trifurcula griseella Wolff T. cryptella Stt. Stigmella filipendulae Wocke S. samiatella Zell. S. acetosae Stt. INCURVARIIDAE Lampronia fuscatella Tengst. Adela croesella Scop. PSYCHIDAE Solenobia inconspicuella Stt. Diplodoma herminata Geoff. Luffia lapidella Goeze TINEIDAE Triaxomera fulvimitrella Sodof. Notts. (S56) °81 — MJS Inverpolly (105) — MRY, most northerly record. Faringdon (22) — MFVC Beer (3) 13-iv — RJH Worcs. (37) bred — ANBS Brixham (3) vacated mines — RJH N. E. Essex (19) becoming well established — AME Dalbeattie (73) °81 — KPB, Ent. Rec. 94: 219, new to Scotland. Romford (18) — N. Nash per AME Caerlaverock (72) ’81 — KPB, Ent. Rec. 94: 219 Queen’s Wood (36) — MWH Perths. (88) larvae — KPB Marazion (1) ’81.& ’82 — FHNS, - Ent. Rec. 95: 53 — 57 Harewood Forest (12) — DHS; Powerscourt (H20) — JMC-H, 190 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 Tinea columbariella Wocke LYONETIIDAE Bucculatrix cristatella Zell. B. cidarella Zell. B. thoracella Thunb. GRACILLARIIDAE Caloptilia robustella Jackh Parectopa ononidis Zell. Phyllonorycter roboris Zell. P. saportella Dup. CHOREUTIDAE Tebenna bjerkandrella Thunb. Choreutis sehestediana Fabr. GLYPHIPTERIGIDAE Glyphipterix minorella Snell. YPONOMEUTIDAE Argyresthia trifasciata Staud. Yponomeuta rorrella Hb. Swammerdamia compunctella H.-S. Ypsolophus dentella Fabr. 15.1X.83 Ir. Nat. J. 20: 532 Witham and Wickham Bishops (19) 50 — E.M.M. 87: 171 Rainham (18) ’81 — G. S. Robinson, Ent. Gaz. 33: 51; Grays (18) 81 & ’82 — DJLA Scotland (82; 83" 1 "85 = KPB Larva on Myrica in England (9) — AME, Ent. Rec. 94: 238 S. “Hants*(11)="DHS @IRIe Ent. Rec. 89: 315 & 94 : 206 New to Ireland (H1) JMC-H, ir Nat. Jo 20. 53:2 S. Essex (18) locally common from Purfleet to Foulness — AME Surrey (17) — NFH & RIF, Ent. Rec: 93 12 Norfolk (27 & 28) & Suffolk (25) — AME, Ent. Rec. 94: 119, 244. Douglas (H4) — K. G. M. Bond, Ent. Rec. 95: 28; bred Devon etc. — RJH, Publication awaited. Danbury (18) ’81 — AME; Plympton (3) — RJH; Coll (103) larvae on Scutellaria minor, — KPB, Ent. Rec. 94: 219 Edinburgh (83) 4.ix. — KPB Hampstead (21) June — R. A. Softly (AME), Ent. Rec. 94: 180 - 182 Ham Street (15) — NFH; Faringdon (22) — MFVC Hough Wood °79 & Queen’s Wood (36) ’81/2 — MWH; Scarborough (62) — HEB; New Forest (11) ’71 — DJLA Larvae on Symphoricarpus rivula- MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 19] Plutella haasi Staud. EPERMENIIDAE Phaulernis fulviguttella Zell. Epermenia insecurella Stt. E. aequidentellus Hofm. COLEOPHORIDAE Goniodoma limoniella Stt. Coleophora sp. C. coracipennella Hb. C. cerasivorella Pack. C. limosipennella Dup. C. fuscocuprella H.-S. C. viminetella Zell. C. binderella Koll. C. albitarsella Zell. C. frischella Linn. C. hemerobiella Scop. C. lithargyrinella Zell. C. ochrea Haw. C. currucipennella Zell. C. trochilella Dup. C. machinella Brad. C. ramosella Zell. C. benanderi Kanerva ris at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe (54) — HEB Beinn Eighe (105) 11.vii. °54, G.A.K. Hervey, det. J. Kyrki °82, new to Britain, Kyrki & Jalava, Ent. Gaz. 34: 61 Breney Common (2) — FHNS S. E. England — S. Palmer per MRY Stodmarsh (15) — JMC-H, Ent. Rec. 94: 202 Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe (54) — HEB, most northerly record. Bred from Suaeda (Kent) — NFH, identity and publication awaited. Worcs. (37) — ANBS; S. Yorks (63) ’81/82 — HEB, Ent. Rec. 94: 108, most northerly record. S. Yorks (63) larva on Prunus spinosa — HEB, most northerly record. Sprotbrough (63) ’81/82 — HEB, Ent. Rec. 94: 190 Worcs. (37) — ANBS Larva on Filipendula ulmaria — FHNS Warwicks. (38) — ANBS Larva on Carpinus — NFH, Ent. Rec., 94: 129 Aberdour (85) bred — KPB, new to Scotland. Grays (18) — DJLA; Saffron Walden (19) — AME Worcs. (37) — ANBS Hartside (81) bred — KPB, new to Scotland Rediscovered in Kent — NFH Hilton (57) — MJS Larvae on Artemisia absinthium —MJS A further Surrey (17) record — RJF Whitstable (15) bred — NFH, new to U.K., Ent. Rec. 95: 84 Grays (18) — DJLA 192 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 ELACHISTIDAE Elachista alpinella Stt. E. littoricola Le Marchand E. subalbidella Schlag. Cosmiotes stabilella Stt. OECOPHORIDAE Bisigna procerella D.& S. Batia lunaris Haw. Depressaria ultimella Stt. D. badiella Hb. D. douglasella Stt. D. weirella Stt. Agonopterix sp. A. astrantiae Hein. ETHMIIDAE Ethmia funerella Fabr. GELECHIIDAE Metzneria aprilella H.-S. M. lappella Linn. M. aestivella Zell. Paltodora cytisella Cutt. Monochroa suffusella Doug}; M. lutulentella Zell. Recurvaria nanella D.& S. Teleiodes vulgella Hb. T. decorella Haw. Chionodes fumatella Dougl. Worcs. (37) — ANBS Keyhaven (11) 4.vi. — EHW, new to Britain, Ent. Rec., 95: 65 Alford (54) 6.vi. — HEB Axmouth & Beer (3) bred — RJH Ham Street (15) — JMC-H etc., Ent. Rec. 94: 204 Notts. (56) ’81 — MJS Larvae on Apium — RJH then others, various localities, publication awaited. Notts. (56) — MJS Worcs. (37) — ANBS Herefs. (36) — MWH; Long Eaton (57) — MJS Cornwall, bred — JRL & ECP-C, identity and publication awaited. East Meon (11) — DHS & JRL, Ent. Rec. 94: 182 Gt. Sampford (19) 19.v. — N. Nash per AME; Clough Wood (57) — MJS Freckenham (26) bred — ANBS; Faringdon (22) — MFVC; S. Yorks (63) — HEB Derbys (57) — MJS; Cresswell (67) — HEB Purfleet (18) — DJLA Edwinstowe (56) — MJS Worcs. (37) — ANBS Matching (19) — AJF; Axminster (3) 13 vii. — ECP-C Worcs. (37) — ANBS Larvae on Juniperus — PAS Great Horkesley (19)— B. H. Harley per AME Fingringhoe (19) previously mis- identified as B. similis °72 — AME; Faringdon (22) — MFVC; Barton Mills (26) — AME & MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 193 Scrobipalpa clintoni Pov. Phthorimaea operculella Zell. Caryocolum blandulella Tutt Nothris congressariella Bruand Syncopacma larseniella Gozm. S. sangiella Stt. Oegoconia quadripuncta Haw. MOMPHIDAE Mompha terminella H. & W. M. miscella D. & S. M. conturbatella Hb. M. nodicolella Fuchs. COCHYLIDAE Hysterosia sodaliana Haw. Phalonidia alismana Rag. Cochylis flaviciliana Westw. TORTRICIDAE Cacoecimorpha pronubana Hb. Aphelia viburnana D. & S. Acleris sparsana D. & S. A, abietana Hb. A. literana Linn. Apotomis sororculana Zett. ECP-G: Long. Eaton, (57)i .— MJS; Woodthorpe (54) — HEB. It seems Meyrick’s distribution as ‘coastal’ is misleading. Jura (102) bred — MRY New Romney (15) 10.ix. — ECP-C Sandwich (15) from larva on Cerastium semidecandrum, not previously reared in Britain — DJLA Herm (113) bred — DJLA, Ent. I AGES IB B17) Woodthorpe (54) 3.viii. — HEB: Life history notes — RJH, Ent. Rec. 94: 134 Cramond Island (83) bred — KPB; Notts. (56) — MJS; Sprot- brough (63) — HEB Faringdon (22) — MFVC Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Leckford @2)— DHS Beer (3) — RJH Grays (18) 7.vii.81 — DJLA Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Deneby Ings (63) — HEB Heydon (19) larvae 11a AME; Faringdon (22) — MFVC Attenborough (56) & Hilton (57) — MJS Worcs. (37) — ANBS Larvae on conifers — T. G. Winter, Ent. Gaz. 33: 229-230 Larvae on Genista tinctoria — FHNS Larvae on Acer campestris — MFVC Reared from Abies grandis — MRY Hockwold (28) — JLF; Faring- don (22) — MFVC; Handsworth (39) — RGW Derbys. (57) — MJS 194 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 Lobesia reliquana Hb. L. littoralis H. & W. Ancylis geminana Don. Crocidosema plebejana Zell. Griselda myrtillana H. & W. Eucosma metzneriana Treits. FE. pauperana Dup. E. pupillana Cl. Thiodia citrana Hb. Clavigesta purdeyi Durr. Blastesthia posticana Zett. Pammene agnotana Rebel P. aurantiana Staud. P. trauniana D.& S. Cydia caecana Schlag. C. compositella Fabr. C. pallifrontana L. & Z. C. orobana Treits. C. pactolana Zell. Dicrorampha alpinana Treits. D. consortana Steph. PYRALIDAE Euchromius ocellea Haw. Crambus uliginosellus Zell. Agriphila latistria Haw. Pediasia aridella Thunb. Eudonia vandaliella H.-S. Copperas Wood (19) ’81 — AME Larvae on Lotus corniculatus (45) — JRL Alford (54) 20.vi. - HEB Highcliffe (11) three, xi. - EHW; Newington (15) 9.ix. — P. J. Jewess; Grays (18) 18x. — DJLA Mynydd Prescelly (45) several 30.v. — ECP-C Southsea (11) 21.vi. — JRL, Ent. Rec. 94: 202 Hockwold (28) bred — JLF Edwinstowe (56) & Long Eaton (57) — MJS Llandudno (49) 10.viii. - HNM Notts. (56) ’81 — MJS Faringdon (22) — MF VC Fleam Dyke (29) 25.iv. — RJF, Ent. Rec. 95: 83 Matching (19) — AJF Faringdon (22) °77 & °82 — MFVC Faringdon (22) ’79 — MFVC Staffs. localities (39) 81/82 — RGW Hadstock (19) 29.vi. — AME; Worcs. (37) — ANBS; Herefs. (36) — MWH Stoke Ferry (28) — JLF; Salt- fleetby-Theddlethorpe (54) 3 .viii. — HEB Windsor Forest (17 & 22) — TG. Winter, Ent. Gaz. 332212 Edinburgh (83) — KPB Traeth-y-Mwnt (46) larvae — ECP-C Trowbridge (8) 7.x. — G. Smith, Ent. Ree: 93233 Loch Log (96) amongst Carex — RWJU Notts. (56) 81 — MJS Needs Ore (11) — DHS Faringdon (22) — MFVC. MICROLEPIDOPTERA — A REVIEW OF THE YEAR 1982 195 Microstega hyalinalis Hb. Grays (18) — DJLA Udea decrepitalis H.-S. Talybont on Usk (42) 6.vi.78 — P. J. Jewess Ent. Rec. 94: 124 Agrotera nemoralis Scop. Guernsey (113) — T.N.D. Peet, ENTEIRCCLIS 53] Orthopygia glaucinalis Linn. breed from pupal detritus (16) — PAS Pyralis lienigialis Zell. nr. Faringdon (22) three — MFVC Aphomia sociella Linn. bred from litter in an outbuild- ing, unconnected with bees’ or wasps’ nests — PAS Dioryctria schuetzeella Fuchs Rye (14) — M. W. F. Tweedie, Ent. Rec. 94: 220; Ham Street (15) — various recorders Alispa angustella Hb. Grays (18) — DJLA; Dartford (16) 5.x. believed to be a partial third brood — PAS Zophodia convolutella D. & S. nr. Whitstable (15) 30.iv. new to Britain. — JR, publication awaited. PTEROPHORIDAE Crombrugghia distans Zell. Discovery of larva — AME, Ent. Rec. 95: 15-18 Platyptilia calodactyla D.& S. Bradwell-on-Sea (18) — A. J. Dewick Stenoptilia saxifragae Fletch. Holloway (57) — MJS Leioptvlus lienigianus Zell. Long Eaton (57) — MJS L. carphodactyla Hb. Walton-in-Gordano (6) — ECP-C & JRL L. tephradactyla Hb. Luxulyan ’79 & Ladock Woods (2) — FHNS CHLOROPHORUS PILOSUS FORST. VAR. GLABROMACULATUS GZE. (COL.: CERAMBYCIDAE) FROM AN IMPORTED CHEESE BOARD. — During the summer of 1981, two friends presented me with an example of the above named species. It had been found dead in its emergence hole in an imported softwood cheeseboard (country of manufacture ? Italy) which had been bought some while earlier in Manningtree, Essex. Powdery sawdust had been noticed in the larder housing the board for some time, but my friends had not identified its source. Unfortunately, fearing infestation of other timber in their cottage, they burnt the board immediately upon discovery of the beetle. The species breeds in dry, deciduous timber and is not uncommon in middle Europe. — D. R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. C011 2BU. 196 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 THE FEMALE OF AGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA NONACRIENSIS BROWN By JOHN G. COUTSIS* When the first two male butterflies of this species were dis- covered in Greece, they were provisionally identified as Agrodiaetus damone Eversmann. (Brown & de Worms, 1975). Later on, and with the aid of more material, Brown described these butterflies as subspecies nonacriensis of Agrodiaetus iphigenia Herrich-Schaeffer (Brown, 1977) and included in his description, what he believed, with reservations, to have been the female of this species. He refrained, however, from establishing it as an Allotype. After six years of painstaking search, a single female of nona- criensis was eventually taken by the author on 13th July 1982, at 1600 metres, on a mountain of N. Peloponnissos, Greece. The superficial characters of this specimen suggest that Brown’s questionable female is, within all probability, Agrodiaetus pelopi Brown. The single female of nonacriensis may be described as follows (Figs. 1 & 4): FW length 14mm. Upperside ground colour uniformly dark chocolate-brown. FW with clear white Costa and inconspicuous black discoidal Stria; fringes brown along their proximal half, pure white along their distal half from the Apex to about S6 and whitish from S6 to Sla. Fringes on HW as on FW, but proximal half chequered with dark brown; outer half whitish throughout. Underside ground colour light brown with marked greyish tinge; both wings with light brown fringes and a fine dark brown marginal line; FW with con- spicuous, but fuzzy, submarginal black markings and traces of orange-brown lunules, especially in Sla to S4, also present a few traces of antemarginal black spots; post-discal black markings and black discoidal stria as in male. HW with prominent white stripe along V4 and vestigial submarginal markings and orange-brown lunules; post-discal black markings and discoidal black stria, as in male. The genitalia (Figs, la & 4a) are as follows: Eversible Tube entirely diaphanous, with rounded distal end; Ostium Bursae with LEGEND Females of: Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis Brown: Fig. 1. Upperside; Fig. 4. Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii.1982. Agrodiaetus pelopi Brown: Fig. 2. Upperside; Fig. 5. Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii. 1978. Agrodiaetus aroaniensis Brown: Fig. 3. Upperside; Fig. 6. Underside. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii. 1981. *4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. ISY7/ THE FEMALE OFAGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA NONACRIENSIS BROWN | cm _, 198 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 Dorsal view of Eversible Tube of female genitalia of Agrodiae- tus: Fig. la. A. iphigenia nonacriensis Brown. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1600m, 13.vii.1982. Fig. 2a. A. pelopi Brown. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 800m, 7.vii.1973. Fig. 3a A. aroaniensis Brown. Mountains of N. Peloponnissos, Greece, 1400m, 24 .vii.1971. Corpus Bursae of female genitalia of Agrodiaetus: Fig. 4a. A. iphigenia nonacriensis Brown. Data as in fig. la. Fig. 5a. A. pelopi Brown. Data as in fig. 2a. Fig. 6a. A. aroaniensis Brown. Data as in fig. 3a. 199 THE FEMALE OF AGRODIAETUS IPHIGENIA NONACRIENSIS BROWN sclerotised plate, which is oblong, with down-turned ends; Corpus Bursae without Signa. Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis is sympatric and synchronic with Agrodiaetus pelopi Brown and Agrodiaetus aroaniensis Brown, both of which have females that somewhat resemble that of nona- criensis. The female of nonacriensis differs from those of pelopi (Figs. 2 & 5) and aroaniensis (Figs. 3 & 6) by: (a) The darker ground colour upperside. (b) The pure white FW costa upperside. (In pelopi and aroaniensis it is light beige). (c) The whitish outer half of fringes upperside. (In pelopi and aroaniensis it is light beige on HW and light brown of FW). (d) The marked grey tinge of ground colour underside, which is absent in both pe/opi and aroaniensis. It differs from that of pelopi by: The uniform ground colour upperside, which in pelopi is disrupted by the darker veins. It differs from that of aroaniensis by: The presence of a prominent white stripe on HW underside, which is either absent or vestigial in aroaniensis. The genitalia differ from those of pelopi (Figs 2a & Sa) and aroaniensis (Figs 3a & 6a) by: (a) The entirely diaphanous Ever- sible Tube. (In pelopi and aroaniensis it is sclerotised along its distal half). (b) The shape of the sclerotised plate at the Ostium Bursae. (Oblong with down-turned ends in nonacriensis, oblong with straight ends in pelopi and aroaniensis). (c) The fact that the Corpus Bursae lacks Signa. (These are present in pelopi and aroa- niensis). References Brown, J. & Worms, C. G. M. 1975. Agrodiaetus damone (Evers- mann) (Lep., Lycaenidae) discovered in the Peloponnese. Entomologist’s Gazette, 26: 191-196. Brown, J. 1976. On two previously undescribed subspecies of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) from Greece. Entomologische Beri- chten, Deel 36: 46-47 Brown, J. 1976. Notes regarding previously undescribed European Taxa of the Genera Agrodiaetus Huebner, 1822 and Polvom- matus Kluk, 1801 (Lep., Lycaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 27: 77-84. Brown, J. 1977. On the status of a recently discovered Grecian Agrodiaetus Huebner (Lep., Lycaenidae). Entomologist’s Gazette, 28: 3-8. Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1980. (4th Edition). A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. ORTHOSIA MINIOSA D. & S.: BLOSSOM UNDERWING AND O. OPIMA HBN.: NORTHERN DRAB IN WARWICKSHIRE. — Despite the cold spring, on the 8th May 1983 a male O. miniosa D. & S. appeared here at m.v., and on the 10th May, O. opima Hbn. These are the first records for these two species for Charlecote in the 16 years of the light trap being run here. — A. F. J. GARDNER, Willows End, 29 Charlecote, Nr. Warwick. 200 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 NOTES ON ULTRAARICIA ANTEROS FREYER (LEP.; LYCAENIDAE) FROM GREECE By JOHN G. COUTSIS* In the Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe (Higgins & Riley, 1980) it is mentioned that Ultraaricia anteros flies in June/early July in a single brood. In Greece, I have collected fresh specimens of this species from as early as 7th May to as late as 29th September. The time lapse between these two captures suggests that anteros is at least double brooded; a view also shared by other authors. Cima Ultraaricia anteros Freyer, male undersides: Fig. 1. Mt. Par- nassos, Greece, 2000m, 18.iv.1967. Fig. 2. Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 2000m, 3.vii.1965. In a recent revisional article of Ultraaricia Beuret (Nekrutenko, 1980) a new species of Ultraaricia is described from Mts Alibotusch and Pirin, in Bulgaria, under the name of orpheus. Amongst the diag- nostic characters listed are the morphology of the male genitalia and the presence of a black discal spot on FW underside. In fact, this latter character is also used in a key to the identification of the males of all Ultraaricia species recognised by Nekrutenko. In Greece there fly in sympatry both individuals that possess and that lack the black discal spot on FW underside (Figs. 1 & 2). The genitalia of these two morphs are identical with each * 4 Glykonos Street, Athens 139, Greece. NOTES ON ULTRAARICIA ANTEROS FREYER 201 la 2a Ultraaricia anteros Freyer, side view of Labides, Falces and Tegumen of male genitalia: Fig. la Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 2000m, 18.vi.1967. Fig. 2a. Mt. Parnassos, Greece, 2000m, 3.vii.1965. other (Figs. la & 2a) and it is reasonable to assume that they are conspecific. In view of this, it is doubted that the presence of a black discal spot on FW underside in orpheus, constitutes a valid diagnostic character for differentiating it from anteros. References Higgins, L. G. & Riley, N. D. 1980. (4th Edition). A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe. Collins, London. Nekrutenko, Y. P., 1980. Revisional notes on lycaenid butterfly species assigned to Ultraaricia Beuret (Lycaenidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 3: 55-68. AUTUMNAL AGGREGATION OF COCCINELLA UNDECIM- PUNCTATA L. (COL.: COCCINELLIDAE) IN BRITAIN. —_ In their detailed study of the ecology of Coccinella undecimpunctata L. (1970, Entomologist 103: 153-170) Benham & Muggleton stated (loc. cit. p. 157) that winter aggregation of this species had never been reported from the British Isles. Whilst collecting by the estuary of the River Stour near Hark- stead, East Suffolk (TM 1833) on October 25th, 1976, I came across an old, mature, uprooted oak stump which had been washed into the saltmarsh and left stranded — presumably after an extremely high tide. It was now thoroughly desiccated and the bark was at the very loose stage i.e. when it can easily be removed by hand in large, curved ‘slabs’. Removing the bark revealed hundreds of C. undecim- punctata bunched tightly together, and I was able to pick out one or two interesting varieties. Moving on a little, I encountered many smaller but, nonetheless, noteworthy concentrations (ca. 20-50 individuals) behind slabs of loose sandstone in the remains of the cliffs at Harkstead. From their choice of microhabitat, large numbers and semi-convatose state, there can be little doubt that these aggre- gations represented beetles which had almost certainly gathered to overwinter together. — D. R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. CO11 2BU. 202 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 BUTTERFLIES AND HAWKMOTHS OF KUWAIT By W. AL-HOUTY* The State of Kuwait extends between latitude 28930 and 30905 N and longitude 46033 and 48°30E, and occupies an area of approxi- mately 1800 sq. km. in the northeastern part of the Arabian penin- sula. Besides the mainland, Kuwait includes a number of off-shore islands of which only the island of Failakka is inhabited. The climate is typically arid with temperature ranging from —3°C. to 49°C, and an average rainfall of 118 mm. The topography consists of desert landscape characterised by elevations, wadis (drainage lines), depressions, sand dunes and salt marshes. The vegetation which is poor open scrub of undershrubs, perennial herbs and ephemerals, is controlled primarily by rainfall. There are published lists of lepidoptera for neighbouring coun- tries, by Larsen (1977), Pittaway (1979a, 1979b) and Wiltshire (1964, 1980), and for Kuwait by Brown (1970). Excepting those lepidoptera recorded by Mr. J. N. Brown and specified as such, all others stated hereunder as having been captured in the State of Kuwait, were taken by me and are in my collection in the Department of Zoology, Kuwait University. Lycaenidae Tarucus balkanicus Freyer: Little Tiger Blue. Rika, in the southern part of Kuwait City, one 1.x.1980. T. rosaceus Austaut: Mediterranean Tiger Blue. Kuwait City, 4.v.1980, 20.x.1980, 15.xi.1982; Wafra, six v.1980, imbibing at Zizyphus; Jahra, one 3.iv.1980; Rika, one 28.ix.1980. Zizeeria karsandra Moore: Small Mauve Blue. Kuwait City, one iv.1980; Wafra, one 13.iv.1982; Failakka Island, two 15.iv.1982. Lampides boeticus L.: Rika, one 5.xi.1980; Wafra, five 13.iv. 1932. Chilodes galba Lederer: Desert Small Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). Cupido minimus Fuessly: Little Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). Pieridae Colias crocea Geof.: Clouded Yellow. Abundant in Kuwait City, in Khaldiyah, Al-Rabiyah and in Sulaibikhat. Specimens were taken Sulaibikhat, 3.xi.1980; Kuwait City, 23.xi.1980, 20.x.1980; Wafra, 13.iv.1982. Colotis fausta Olivier: Salmon Arab. Kuwait City, one 10.xi. 1980, flying in cultivated fields. Anaphaeis aurota Fab.: Capper White. Salmy, one 30.x.1980. Pieris rapae L.: Small White. Kuwait City. Larvae on cauliflower, ii-v. *Department of Zoology, University of Kuwait. BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS OF KUWAIT 203 P. brassicae L.: Large White. Kuwait City. P. napi L.: Green-veined White. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). Euchloe belemia Esper: Green-striped White. Kuwait City, one iii.1980. Pontia glauconome Klug.: Desert White. Kuwait City, one early iii.1981, imbibing at Crucifer sp. Papilionidae Papilio demoleus L.: Swallow Tails. Ahmadi, one specimen only, c. 1978. Danaidae Danaus chrysippus L.: Plain Tiger. Abdelli, one 8.iv.1982. Nymphalidae Cynthia cardui L.: Painted Lady. Migrant, widespread over State from Abdelli in the north across the centre to Mushriff and Audaillyah down to Wafra in the south. Specimens taken, Wafra 10.iv.1980, 13.iv.1982; Sulaibikhat, 4.v.1980; Kuwait City, 3.xil. 1980; Fintas, 12.11.1980; Mina abdullah, 18 .ii.1980. Vanessa atalanta L.: Red Admiral. Ahmadi (Brown, 1970). Junonia orithya L.: Pansy Blue. Kuwait State (Brown, 1970). Hesperidae Spialia phlomidis H.-S.: Persian Skipper. Ahmadi (Brown, 1970). Sphingidae Hyles lineata livornica Esp.: Striped Hawk. Occurs in the central area as at Sulaibikhat and Mushriff, also along the western border and at Al-Salmi. Specimens taken Sulaibikhat, three 10.ii. 1980; Salmy, one 27.ii.1980; Kuwait City, 12 ii1.1980,28.iv.1981. Macroglossum stellatarum L.: Humming-bird Hawk. Kuwait City, 5.x.1980, 6.ix.1980, 5.ix.1982. I have no record of it being seen elsewhere in the State. Daphnis nerii L.: Oleander Hawk. Kuwait City, one 1981. Sulaibikhat, four larvae on Nerium oleander. Acherontia atropos L.: Death’s Head. Kuwait City, a larva on Clerodendron inerme: False Jasmine in the British Embassy garden at Shaab, 20.xi.1981, imago bred. Hippotion celerio L.: Silver-striper Hawk. Common in east Kuwait. Acknowledgments This is part of a survey done while holding a grant from the 204 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 research council in the University of Kuwait. I also gratefully ack- nowledge Mr. A. R. Pittaway for help in identifying the lepidoptera mentioned in this paper. Bibliography BROWN, J. N. B. 1970. Preliminary List of Butterflies of Kuwait. Ahmadi Nat. Hist. Fld. Stud. Group News L. No.2, p.7. LARSEN, T. B. 1977. The Butterflies of Eastern Oman and their Zoogeographic Composition. In: The Scientific Results of the Oman Flora and Fauna Survey, 1975:179-208. Muscat, Oman: Journal of Oman Studies Special Report [No.1]. PITTAWAY, A. R. 1979a. Butterflies of Qatar. Ent. Gaz., 31:103-111. PITTAWAY, A. R. 1979b. Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Eastern Saudi Arabia. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., 12: 90-100. WILTSHIRE, E. P. 1964. The Lepidoptera of Bahrain. J. Bombay Nat. Soc., 61: 119-141. WILT- SHIRE, E. P. 1980. Lepidoptera of Saudi Arabia. In: The Fauna of Saudi Arabia, 2: 179-240. THE NAME “‘APRILINA”’. — The Romans neglected to make use of a separate adjective meaning “of April’, but Linnaeus was following grammatical rules in inventing the feminine form Aprilina for his purpose. I had not given the matter much critical thought before but it had always appeared to me that the poetic suggestion of “‘spring-like green” lay behind the term. Does anyone feel inclined to agree? I am not happy over the modification of the compound “‘a-philos” to take a diminutive, as suggested, however. — J. K. C. KEMP, Westlow Cottage, Bates Lane, Souldern, Bicester, Oxon, OX6 9JU. NOCTUID LARVA AT SUGAR. — Whilst operating a mv. lamp in a Bedfordshire birch wood on the last and typically cold night of April this year and hoping for a visit from Odontosia car- melita Esper (Scarce Prominent), I decided to try some half-hearted sugaring. No moths came to the sugar but a one inch long noctuid larva. This larva with the adult palate was subsequently identified as that of Polia nebulosa Hufnagel (Grey Arches). A single O. carmelita turned up that night, making the site apparently the third recorded Bedfordshire locality for this species. — K. F. WEBB, 2 Kingsdown Avenue, Luton, Beds LU2 7BU, 16.v.83. LEDRA AURITA L. (HEM.: LEDRIDAE) CONFIRMED FROM WILTSHIRE. — In 1975, the late C. H. Andrewes published a note recording the Pipunculid Nephrocerus flavicornis Zett. from Grovely Wood, near Salisbury, Wilts. (1975, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 110 (1974) : 231). He stated that he had not seen its reputed Cicadellid host, the very distinctive Ledra aurita L., in that locality or elsewhere in the county. In over ten years collecting in Wiltshire, I have only met with a single specimen of Ledra . Interestingly, in view of Andrewes’ comments, it was taken on a live beech trunk in the Chilfinch area of Grovely Wood (SU 0433) on August 4th, 1978. — D.R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. CO11 2BU. NOTES CONCERNING AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) 205 NOTES CONCERNING THE HABITAT OF, AND OTHER COLEOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH, AN EXAMPLE OF AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) (COL.: CARABIDAE) TOGETHER WITH A REAPPRAISAL OF ITS BRITISH STATUS By DAVID R. NASH* In a recent note (Nash, 1982) I briefly reported the capture of an example of the very rare Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) in dry gravel workings near Ipswich, Suffolk. As there is (a) an almost total absence of ecological data concerning this species and (b) widespread recognition of the importance of substrate and associated vegetation as major determinants of the presence or absence of particular Carabids in a macrohabitat, it would seem important to detail the other Carabids taken at the same time from the locality. It should not be forgotten, however, that the specimen may not have de- veloped at the site in question, thus rendering such information spurious. Species recorded — chiefly from under stones — were as follows: Leistus ferrugineus (L.), Trechus obtusus Er., Olisthopus rotundatus (Pk.), Amara aenea (Deg.), A. aulica (Pz.), A. bifrons (Gy.), A. tibialis (Pk.), Harpalus schaubergerianus Puel, H. affinis (Sch.), H. anxius (Duft), H. rubripes (Duft.), H. rufitarsis (Duft.), H. smaragdinus (Duft.), Bradycellus harpalinus (Ser.), Microlestes maurus (St.), Metabletus foveatus (Fourcroy). Several examples of the bug Odontoscelis dorsalis (F.) were also found. Mr. A. A. Allen has recently deleted A. gracilipes from the Irish list and questioned the authenticity of the records from Cam- bridgeshire and Yorkshire (Allen, 1977). There are recent records of a single specimen at M. V. light in Sussex (Hodge, 1978), and of one flying at Ailsa Craig (Crowson, 1980). Apart from the two aforementioned specimens, the few remaining records are of single- tons from the Suffolk and Norfolk coast — for details see Allen (/oc. cit.) and Morley (1898). East Anglian coastal localities have probably attracted more attention over the last century and a half than almost any other stretch of the British coastline. It does, therefore, seem most sur- prising that, despite all this activity over such a lengthy period of time, only a handful of single specimens of gracilipes have been found, the majority of captures having been made before the turn of the century. Agonum gracilipes seems to have always been afforded full residential status on the British list. If a species is truly resident then, theoretically, it should be possible, particularly in the case of *266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Manningtree, Essex CO11 2BU. 206 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.1X.83 a relatively large Carabid, to collect examples at, or close to, a previously-known site of capture. It is, of course, well-known that some species of insects appear to maintain their populations at an unusually low level of density. In such cases, the species is often only captured sporadically in its known habitats, usually as odd specimens, but occasionally in numbers after a rare population explosion. The published data, however, seem to refute the pos- sibility of gracilipes belonging to this latter group of species, and the late Carl Lindroth has suggested (Lindroth, 1974) that our specimens were ‘probably stragglers’ (op. cit. p.83) — a view with which I concur. In the light of the published evidence, it might perhaps be more appropriate to asterisk gracilipes in our ‘Checklist’ (Kloet and Hincks, 1977) although the beetle does not fulfil, in full, the criterion for that symbol (op. cit. page v), in that it is not ‘of fairly regular occurrence’. Acknowledgements I thank Mr. A. A. Allen for confirming my determination of the specimen of Agonum gracilipes and also a specimen of Odon- toscelis dorsalis taken from the same habitat. References Allen, A. A. 1977. Agonum gracilipes Duft. (Col., Carabidae) in Sussex, and its deletion from the Irish list. Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var. 89: 343 — 344. Crowson, R. A. 1980. Coleoptera from Ailsa Craig. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 116: 4344. Hodge, P. J. 1978. Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col., Carabidae) in East Sussex. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 113(1977):150. Kloet, G. S. & Hincks, W. D. 1977. A Checklist of British Insects. Second edition. Coleoptera and Strepsiptera (revised R. D. Pope). Handbk. Ident. Br. Insects vol. XI part 3. Lindroth, C. 1974. Coleoptera — Carabidae. Handbk. Ident. British Insects vol. XI part 2. Morley, C. 1898. Anchomenus gracilipes Duftschm., in Britain: an additional record. Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 34: 221-223. Nash, D. R. 1982. Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col., Carabidae) in Suffolk. Entomologist’s mon, Mag. 118: 124. [Mr. Nash’s thesis concerning the British status of A. gracilipes is eminently reasonable, and I would support it. The fact is that no one has really made a serious attempt as yet to identify the NOTES CONCERNING AGONUM GRACILIPES (DUFT.) 207 probable non-resident immigrants in our beetle fauna, and the cautious and perhaps sometimes over-sparing use of the asterisk indicating these in the ‘Check List’ may be justified by the lack of hard evidence in most cases. The concentration of such a high proportion of the few captures of gracilipes in such a short stretch of the Suffolk coast is striking and curious. Do the beetles come from the Dutch and Belgian coastal area? Assuming they do occa- sionally fly across, what keeps most of them to such a narrow flight-path? Or do they reach us by what have been called floating bridges (driftwood etc)? One really needs to know something of the habits and distribution of the species on the parts of the Con- tinent nearest to us, and whether it is known (or thought) to be mi- gratory there — a point on which there is, I believe, no information. My doubt (referred to by Mr. Nash) about the Hornsea record was merely because Fowler tells us that the specimen was lost before it could be properly identified; while again, the Cambs. one can hardly be considered quite certain unless supported by a published record. Was the beetle securely determined? It seems rather unlikely that Dr. Moore himself had seen it. Still, the record is probably correct, and if so is likely to be the most inland of the British captures. Also, when I wrote, the Yorks. one was much the furthest north and isolated from the rest; but now, that on Ailsa Craig (the sole authentic one for the west of Britain) renders the Yorks. one far less unlikely, while itself the most remarkable and isolated of all. — A. A. A.] SPRING EMERGENCE OF LARICOBIUS ERICHSONI ROSENHAUER COL.: DERODONTIDAE). — Hammond & Barham have recently added this interesting species to our list (1982, Entomologist’s Gaz. 33: 3540). on the basis of specimens taken in Suffolk during the months of May and July. In an attempt to ascertain if the life cycle of erichsoni is the same in this country as described by Franz for south Germany (vide Hammond & Barham loc. cit. p. 37), I visited the Shrubland Estate, Coddenham, Suffolk on April 19th, 1982. i.e. one month earlier than any published capture date for the species in Britain. Beating Spruce and Douglas Fir resulted in small numbers of erichsoni dropping onto the tray — no more than two or three individuals at any one time. This contrasted strongly with my experience of the species in the same locality in the last week of May in 1980, 1981 & 1982, when it occurred very commonly. This would indicate that the species does have the same life cycle here as on the continent, overwintered individuals beginning to appear on the branches in mid-April and peak numbers being found towards the end of May. At the present time, no-one in this country appears to have reported finding the new generation (resulting from the hibernated individuals) in numbers in the. year of their con- ception. — D.R. NASH, 266 Colchester Road, Lawford, Essex. CO11 2BU. 208 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15 .1X.83 ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND VENATION IN SAWFLIES (HYM., SYMPHYTA) By A. D. LISTON* Examples of teratology in specimens of Hymenoptera Sym- phyta are not rare, and have been recorded for most families and genera (Wolf, 1966; Zirngiebl, 1966). Malformation of legs and antennae account for the greatest proportion of cases reported in the literature. The head capsule is probably the next most affected area, then the abdomen, but only rarely the thorax itself. Gynan- dromorphs are also frequently observed (Nuorteva & Kontuniemi, 1972). As in the Lepidoptera, not only the genitalia may be affected but also body parts that exhibit secondary sexual characters, such as the antennae (Chevin, 1973). On 12.8.1981 I beat one female and two male Dineura viri- didorsata (Retzius) out of birch at South Park Wood, near Peebles, Peebleshire (NT 235402). The female proved to be teratological. Its right-hand compound eye (viewed dorsally) is abnormally small, though approximately normally shaped, and the right antenna, which shows no sign of post-emergence damage, comprises only three misshapen segments (Fig. 1). These seem similar types of deformity to those recorded by Moller (1975) in a female Hemi- chroa crocea (Geoffroy). Extreme abnormality of venation, however, seems much more frequent in some groups of sawfly than in others. Particularly affected are some Siricidae, Xiphydriidae and Blennocampinae of the Tenthredinidae. Venation of some other groups varies slightly so that, particularly in the northern species of Nematinae (Ten- thredinidae), additional veins may be present in some specimens. Such variation most often involves the number of cross-veins present in the forewing. Frequently only one wing is aberrant, making the specimen asymmetrical. However, I have seen several specimens of Ametastegia and Allantus species (Blennocampinae of Tenthredin- idae) in which venational abnormalities are more extreme than this. Most unusual is the right forewing (Fig. 2) of a female A/lantus cinctus (L.) trapped by Prof. H. Pschorn-Walcher in the grounds of the Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control’s research station at Delémont, Canton Jura, Switzerland, on 7.8.1976. This has three superfluous veins: 1 in C1+C2, 1 in B1, and 1 distally in the anal cell. (Nomenclature of Muche, 1967-70). In addition both the anal cell and cell B2 are open distally because of absent venation (compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 3 which illustrates a normal wing). The left forewing and both hindwings are normal. Hoop (1968) mentions *99 Clermiston Road, Edinburgh, EH12 6UU. ABNORMAL MORPHOLOGY AND VENATION IN SAWFLIES = 209 Figs. 1-3 — 1, head of adult female Dineura virididorsata (Retzius) with deformed right antenna and under-developed eye; 2, right forewing of Allantus cinctus cinctus (L.) with abnormal vena- tion; 3, normal venation of A. cinctus. Scale lines = 1mm. and figures several similar examples in the genera Apethymus, Pro- temphytus and Ametastegia (all Blennocampinae). It seems possible that the relatively high incidence of deformed venation in these genera might result from the sites chosen for overwintering and pupation. Most species overwinter without a cocoon in the earth, or in bark, rotten wood, plant stems, etc. Possibly the developing wings may be more prone to slight damage 210 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 under such conditions than in species which build a cocoon for over- wintering. It is interesting to note in this connection that highly aberrant venation also occurs not infrequently in the wood-boring families Siricidae and Xiphydriidae. Deformity of other body parts is not apparently more common in the above groups than in the rest of the Symphyta. References Chevin, H. 1973. Quelques anomalies morphologiques chez les Hymenoptéres Symphytes. Soc. Versaill. Sc. Nat., 1973: 11-13. Hoop, M. 1968. Holsteinische Pflanzenwespen (Symphyta). Schr. Naturw. Ver. Schlesw.-Holst., 38: 51-72. Moller, G. J.1975.A list of Irish Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) in the Ulster Museum. Including a new Irish record and a note on a teratological specimen of Hemichroa Steph. Jr. Nat. J., 18: 133-136. Muche, W. H. 1967-70. Die Blattwespen Deutschlands. Ent. Abh. Mus. Tierk., Dresden, 36 (Suppl.): 236pp. Nuorteva, M. & Kontuniemi, T. 1972. Gynandromorphe Sagewespen (Hym., Symphyta). Ann. Ent. Fenn., 38: 1-6. Wolf, F. 1966. Anomalies morphologiques observées chez des Hymenoptéres Symphytes. Bull. Rech. agron. Gembloux N.S. 1532159" = Zirngiebl, L. 1966. Uber Missbildungen bei Blattwespen. NachrB1. bayer. Ent., 56: 52-55. Notes and Observations LACANOBIA BIREN GOEZE: GLAUCOUS SHEARS: AN UNUSUAL RECORD. — During a recent illness I have been re-arranging my Noctuid Cabinet. Among the Lacanobia biren Goeze (Hadena bombycina Hufn.) was a specimen taken in Cornwall on 7th. June, 1970. I am sure I did not record this at the time, but as it was a most unusual capture it should be recorded. All my other specimens came from Aviemore, Scotland. I was staying at a Hotel on the sea front of West Looe and set up a trap on the balcony outside the bedroom french windows. My diary mentions only a few other common species taken with the Glaucous Shears. This appears to be a very unlikely locality for this species and I would like to know if it has been recorded in the south-west on any other occasion. There is no doubt of the identification, verified by Dr. J. V. Banner. Incidentally, while strolling along the sea front the same morn- ing I saw a butterfly coming in from the sea from the direction of Looe Island which settled on the beach in front of me. It was Euphydryas aurinea Rott. The butterfly I assumed must have come from a local colony, perhaps on Looe Island. — R.C. DYSON, 58 Stanford Avenue, Brighton, E. Sussex, BN1 6FD. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS Zina CALOTEPHRIA SALICATA HBN.: STRIPED TWIN-SPOT CARPET AGAIN IN SURREY. — On the night of May 31, 1982 I took from my light trap at Bramley a dark grey Carpet moth which I wrongly assumed to be an example of the suffused aberrational form of Xanthorhoe fluctuata L., of which typical forms were also in the trap. More careful examination belatedly shows that it is a rather dark male C. salicata. The only previous record of this species in Surrey appears to be of one found by the late J. L. Messenger on May 22, 1962, at Wormley Hill, near the spot where his garden light trap had been run on the previous night (Ent. Rec., 74: 175). This specimen, a male slightly less dark than mine, is now in his collection presented to the British Entomological and Natural History Society. C. salicata is known in Britain as an inhabitant of hill and mountain country, where its larval food is said to be various species of bedstraw (Galium verum, G. saxatile, G. mollugo). It is wide- spread in Scotland and northern England, and has been recorded in Wales as far south as Radnorshire; South in various editions says that it has been found not infrequently on Dartmoor and Exmoor and once in Dorset; Turner (1955) mentions in Somerset records at Cannington in 1954 and Weston-super-Mare, 1955. In Sussex C. R. Pratt quoted with reserve two records from near Midhurst and one at St. Leonards-on-Sea; but he has now kindly investigated these further and is satisfied that they are mistaken. It is locally well spread from north to south in Ireland. The origin of the two Surrey specimens must remain specula- tive. J. L. Messenger suggested that his might have been vagrant immigrant, or an unwilling deportee. perhaps brought in by a neighbouring gardener. The dates, both in 1962 and 1982, coincide with those of immigrataion of other species across the Channel; but the nearest places of residence of the species on the Continent appear to be in the Belgian Ardennes. Another possibility, still to be investigated, is that C. salicata may indeed be a “‘Surrey Alpine’’, with colonies above the 600 feet contour from which strays may occasionally reach light traps several miles distant at lower levels, as happens with Diarsia dahlii Hbn., Hepialus fusconebulosa de Geer, and some other species. — R. F.BRETHERTON, Folly Hill, Birtley Green, Bramley, Guildford, Surrey GUS OLE. CONCERNING OBSERVATIONS ON PRECIS OCTAVIA CRAMER IN NATAL, S. AFRICA. - The observations concerning P. Octavia recorded by Mr. B. K. West (Ent. Rec. 95: 6) are precisely those which stimulated me to commence research in the field of seasonal polyphenism in african Precis butterflies. Many similar observations were reported in the entomological press early this century and more recently by Clarke & Dickson (1956) also at Durban, Natal. Experiments with any insect which exhibits seasonal poly- phenism must be carried out using controlled environmental con- ditions, preferably electronically controlled. This was the case with the last series of investigations which I carried out in England during 1975, using P. octavia larvae which I had collected from the hills around Byrne, near Richmond, Natal. This work was reported AMA ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 at the RESL Symposium on Butterfly Biology held in London in September 1981, the proceedings of which should be published later this year. Unless I am mistaken, the several insects mentioned by Mr. West, although perhaps maintained in similar containers in the one locality, will have pupated at different times of the day and will have ex- perienced different temperatures at the susceptible period when the initial chemical reactions prior to pigment formation are influenced by temperature. In insects of approximately the same age the emergence of the f. sesamus butterflies would also be expected to occur after that of f. natalensis, because the rate of development is related to tem- perature, lower temperatures slowing down the rate of development. — L.McLEOD, Quartier des Ecoles, 84330 St. Pierre de Vassoles, France. PARORNIX SCOTICELLA STAINTON (LEP.: GRACILLARIIDAE ) IN KENT. — From leaves containing ‘Phyllonorycter-type’ mines collected 1.x.1982 on a Malus which adjoins the tiger pens at How- letts, Nr. Littlebourne, I have bred five specimens of this species between 27.ii and 10iii.1983; all left the leaves, preferring to pupate in the tissue paper. I understand this record is the first confirming its presence in vice-county 15 (East Kent). — N.F. HEAL, Fosters, Detling Hill, Nr. Maidstone, Kent. MONOPIS WEAVERELLA (SCOTT), A CONTINUING MYSTERY. — Since the history of this tineid moth was reviewed by Bankes (1910, Entomologist’s mon. Mag. 46: 221-228), Monopis weaverella has been found, often commonly, in many parts of mainland Britain and in Orkney. It is most common in wooded country and on heaths and moorlands, especially in the Scottish highlands. In 1953 (Bull. ent. Res. 44: 744) Woodroffe reported that he had reared it twice from pigeons’ nests, both from the centres of large towns, and once from a jackdaw’s nest in the country. Through the helpful agency of Mr. R. G. Adams I have been able to examine two of these specimens, which are in the collection of the M.A.F.F. Slough Laboratory, one from a pigeon’s nest from Russell Square, London and one from a jackdaw’s nest from Flatford Mill, Suffolk. I was not surprised to find that both were Monopis rusticella (Huebner), an abundant species in birds’ nests. In the British Museum (Natural History) general collection is a specimen of Monopis weaverella bred in 1935 by H. M. Edelsten from a hedge-sparrow’s nest at Balcombe, Sussex. This is apparently the only genuine breeding record of this species, but it was surely an aberrant event. Old birds’ nests are collected so frequently not only for moths but for fleas and other fauna, but with this one exception weaverella has not been bred this way and its normal food material remains a mystery. The solution may come from who- ever is prepared to collect detritus of many kinds, however un- pleasant, or perhaps to put out various materials as bait. — E.C. PELHAM-CLINTON, Furzeleigh House, Lyme Road, Axminster, Devon, EX13 SSW. Ny —Sotheby’s at St. Mary’s, Bramber, near Steyning, West Sussex on Wednesday 26th October 1983 and following day at 10.30am SALE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE HOUSE AND THE NATIONAL BUTTERFLY MUSEUM to include the extensive collection of world lepidoptera with many rare forms. Also collections of Palaearctic Moths, Exotic Coleoptera, Orthoptera and many other orders. The important Smart collection of British Butterflies consisting almost entirely of historic specimens and aberrations in an outstanding cabinet by Gurney. The Entomological Library with fine illustrated works by Mouffet, Albin, Harris, Drury, Lewin, Donovan, etc. up to recent authors. Also important prints and manuscripts. The comprehensive photo library of original transparencies of lepidoptera. Insect cabinets, dioramas and museum showcases and the contents of the Museum Shop. The Stamp Collection relating to insects with many rare First Day Issues and the fine collection of Sea Shells, Stuffed Animals and Birds. Enquiries to Christopher King Sotheby’s, Pulborough, Sussex RH20 1AJ Telephone: (07982) 3831 THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) CONTENTS A New Lycaenid Butterfly from Lesotho, of the Genus Aloeides Huebner, E. L. PRINGLE, 173. A Review of British Butterflies in 1982, Dr. C. J. LUCKENS, 175. Four Species of Megaselia (Diptera: Phoridae) New to Britain from Hayley Wood, Cambridgeshire, Dr. R. H. L. DISNEY, 181. Notes on Scottish Microlepidoptera, 1982, Dr. K. P. BLAND, 183. A Few Insects from Montserrat, West Indies, J. COOTER, 185. Micro- lepidoptera — A Review of the Year 1982, Rev. D. J. L. AGASSIZ, 187. The Female of Agrodiaetus iphigenia nonacriensis Brown, J. G. COUTSIS, 196. Notes on Ultraaricia anteros Freyer (Lep.: Lycaenidae) from Greece, J. G. COUTSIS, 200. Butterflies and Hawkmoths of Kuwait. Dr. W.AL- HOUTY, 202. Notes Concerning the Habitat of, and other Coleoptera Associated with, an Example of Agonum gracilipes (Duft.) (Col.: Cara- bidae), D. R. NASH, 205. Abnormal Morphology and Venation in Saw- flies (Hym.: Symphyta), A. D. LISTON, 208. pons on TER ee 180, 182, 184. 186, 195, 199 202048 07, 210-212. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to MARK HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradwell, Wolverton, Bucks, MK13 OEB. Specimen copies will be supplied by Mr. Hadley on payment of £1.20 sterling. Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back numbers, Volumes and Sets to: P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Subscriptions should be sent to the Treasurer, P. J. Johnson, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS. REPRINTS: 25 copies, taken straight from the magazine are sent gratis to contributors of articles; these may contain extraneous matter. Additional copies may be had at cost price, and orders for these should be given, at the latest, with the return to the Editor of the corrected proof. Most ILLUSTRATIONS can be inserted in the text at no extra cost. However, full page plates can only be inserted on condition that the AUTHOR DEFRAYS THE COST. Contributors are requested not to send us Notes or Articles which they are sending to other magazines. All reasonable care is taken of MSS, photographs, drawings, maps, etc., but the Editor and his staff cannot hold themselves responsible for any loss or damage. Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE. — The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SES 8RR Vol.95 Nos. 11-12 November/December 1983 ISSN 0013-8916 es nS Fn ge an O45, 7054 Bait, THE. ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION Edited by J. M. CHALMERS-HUNT, F.R.E.S. with the assistance of A. A. ALLEN, B.SC., A.R.C.S. P. J. CHANDLER, B.SC., F.R.E.S. NEVILLE BIRKETT, M.A., M.B. C. A. COLLINGWOOD, B.SC., F.R.E.S. S. N. A. JACOBS, F.R.E.S. J. HEATH, F.R.E.S., F.L.S. J. D. BRADLEY, PH.D., F.R.E.S. E. S. BRADFORD Lieut. Col. A. M. EMMET, M.B.E., T.D., F.R.E.S. P. A. SOKOLOFF, M.SC., M.I.BIOL., F.R.E.S. (Registrar) C. J. LUCKENS, M.B., CH.B., D.R.C.O.G. ree ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION FOR THIS VOLUME No. 95 £11.50 for overseas subscribers. £10.00 for all U.K. subscribers. Hon. Treasurer: P. J. JOHNSON, B.A., F.R.E.S., 10 Crossfield Road, Hampstead, London, NW3 4NS We Vesa VaR ESSE ESE Ve Vg Ve VS SEIT PUBLISHED BIMONTHLY OG CGO 7 GH GH Go Go Ce GO GG 7 OO SSS SS SSS 2 aA RU RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRR Wanted: Set specimens of the following butterflies:— Pale Clouded Yellow Colias hyale and Bath White Pontia daplidice both with British data; also Grayling Hipparchia semele and Scotch Argus Erebia aethiops, both with Yorkshire data. Please state coridition as well as price asked. M. Densley, Clifton Park Museum, Rotherham, South Yorkshire. Joint Committee for the Conservation of British Insects — Butterfly Survey 1983 National surveys of the Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia) and High Brown Fritillary (Argynnis adippe) are being carried out in 1983. A note in this journal requesting old and new records for the two species has produced an excellent response from subscribers. We would like to thank all those who have contributed to the surveys so far, and to remind those who have not yet sent in their records, that we will be most grateful to receive them. All records will be treated with discretion and acknowledged in the concluding report. Please reply to: D.J.Simcox c/o Furzebrook Research Station Wareham Dorset BH20 5AS. GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN 213 GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN (COL: CURCULIONIDAE): A WEEVIL NEW TO BRITAIN By LAURENCE CLEMONS * Amongst a bag of material swept after dark on the evening of August 3rd 1982 from Murston, North Kent were a number of weevils bearing the general appearance of a Gronops. However, they differed from the hitherto sole British species Gronops lunatus (Fabricius) in being larger, more robust and of a much darker colour. On the advice of Mr. A. A. Allen I took a specimen to Mr. R. T. Thompson at the British Museum (Natural History) who, in turn, submitted it to Dr. Dieckmann of Eberswalde, East Germany where it was determined to be Gronops inaequalis Boheman. aS il ty, y d } Fig. 1 Gronops inaequalis Boh. In a covering letter Dr. Dieckmann explained that this species was found in Warsaw in 1945 and thence in Sweden in 1946, Born- holm Island in 1954 and Denmark in 1960. A specimen has also been seen from Holland and in parts of East Germany the insect * 76 Tonge Road, Sittingbourne, Kent ME10 3NR. 214 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 is quite abundant. It is mainly active by night and spends the day- time in the soil beneath its foodplant. Although it is probably a polyphagous species it has been found to be closely associated with Chenopodium album L. on the continent. On the evening of August 13th 1983 I revisited the site at Murston in the company of Mr. John Parry with the aim of finding more specimens and elucidating its main foodplant. Chamomile, a reputed host plant for another continental Gronops species, was quickly dismissed. Within a short period Mr. Parry found a specimen of inaequalis together with /unatus on the soil beneath a mat of Spergularia marina (L.) Griseb. Eventually it was decided that the occurence of inaequalis under Spergularia was most probably acci- dental and our attention was diverted to Atriplex prostrata DC. which was growing with the Spergularia. Large numbers of inaequalis were subsequently found, not only on the soil surface beneath Atriplex but also at the roots, especially when pure stands of the plant were investigated. The whole insect is illustrated in figure 1 and the typical forms of both our Gronops species are so distinct that confusion is unlikely to arise. Nevertheless a brief description of both species is given below as there is always the possibility that a further species may be found in these islands as well as hybrid forms of inaequalis and lunatus. Gronops inaequalis Boh. Size larger, the length measured from the base of the rostrum to the apex of the elytra ranging from 3.96 to 4.72 mm. Width at shoulders 1.47 to 1.9 mm (measured on 15 specimens). Frons with a wide, coarsely punctured depression, deepest at the base, which extends some half way towards the apex of the rostrum. Upper margin of eye strongly raised. Rostrum, in profile, sharply angled above tip of antennal scrobe; dorsally with two more or less regular rows of strong brown setae. Pronotum with three deep foveae in apical half, the middle one extending back to the base as a wide sulcus; closely and coarsely punctured and with scattered scales and brown setae. Elytra with conspicuous rows of tubercules bearing strong, curved spines which are mainly white in colour. Two prominent lateral tubercules at apical tenth to fifth beyond which the elytra are abruptly tapered. Ground colour dark with conspicuous patches of light scales at the middle and at the level of the lateral tubercules; the central patches appearing as lunules to the naked eye. Abdomen beneath uniformly clothed with white setae. Legs with variegated pattern of scales and somewhat densely clothed with coarse setae. Gronops lunatus (Fabr.) Size smaller, length 3 to 3.5 mm (based on Joy (1932)). Frons with a shallow depression between the eyes and entirely covered GRONOPS INAEQUALIS BOHEMAN 215 with relatively large scales. Upper margin of eyes not raised, con- fluent with vertex. Rostrum, in profile, more smoothly curved above tip of antennal scrobe. Pronotum more parallel — sided and narrower than in inaequalis; the three foveae less pronounced. Elytra without the prominent rows of tubercules of inaequalis, although raised ridges bearing coarse white setae are discernable. Lateral tubercules smaller and the elytra beyond these are more gradually tapered. Each elytron with a conspicuous pattern of light and dark bands, without small white lunules at the middle. Abdomen beneath with white setae. Legs more or less as in inaequalis; ground colour paler. Scales more uniform in size in inaequalis. In view of the essentially nocturnal habit of Gronops species in general, G. inaequalis may already be widely established in this country, having gone unnoticed until the present. It is therefore hoped that further records will be forthcoming, since the extent of its distribution may shed some light on how long it has been with us. It will be pertinent to note that the area at Murston lies close to the heart of the Sittingbourne paper industry which utilises wood pulp shipped from Northern Europe, in particular Sweden. A series of five Gronops inaequalis has been presented to the British Museum (Natural History). Acknowledgements In addition to those gentlemen mentioned above, I wish to acknowledge the help of Mr. E. G. Philp in the quest for an identity to my initial specimens of the beetle. Reference Joy, N. H. 1932. Practical Handbook of British Beetles, Vol. 1 p.208. COMMOPHILA AENEANA HBN. (LEP.: COCHYLIDAE). — On the afternoon of 11th June 1983, under cloudy but bright condi- tions, I noticed and caught a specimen of this scarce and attractive species. The habitat was the lower slopes of railway cutting through chalk, near Dunstable in Bedfordshire. — K. E. WEBB, 2 Kingsdown Avenue, Luton, Beds LU2 7BU. THE SCARCE MERVEILLE DU JOUR: MOMA ALPIUM OSBECK IN SUSSEX. — On the night of 2nd July 1983, I accompanied Mr. Steve Church to a large forest in Sussex, where we had four specimens of the above noctuid to light. — D. DEY, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex. 216 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 THAUMETOPOEA PROCESSIONEA (LINN.) (THE OAK PROCESSIONARY MOTH) : THE IMAGO RECORDED IN BRITAIN, TOGETHER WITH OTHER RARE MIGRANTS FROM CORNWALL. By A. P. FOSTER * On the night of 19/20th of August 1983 a single very worn male of Thaumetopoea processionea was taken in my m.v. light trap at Mawnan Smith, Cornwall. This appears to be the first recorded occurrence of the adult in Britain and probably the first genuinely British example. The species was originally reported from this country during the last century by Batchelor (1874), when he claimed to have found a quantity of pupae in an old magpie’s nest in a tall pine tree at Ashour Wood, Kent in 1873. It was on the basis of this record that the species was included in Kloet & Hincks (1972). However, these examples were reported under dubious circumstances and were only very doubtfully regarded as genuinely British, see Allan (1943) and Chalmers-Hunt (1962-68). This species is known from Central and Southern Europe and Asia Minor. The larvae are gregarious, feeding on the leaves of oak and on occasions the caterpillars can reach such high density to be destructive. It would seem highly likely that the individual taken in Cornwall was a casual immigrant, particularly as three other scarce migrant species were taken in the trap on the same night : Ostrina nubilalis Hbn. (one male), Lymantria dispar L. (one male) and Mythimna loreyi Duponchel (one female). In addition, on this night I ran an actinic trap at Kennack Sands on the Lizard Peninsula from 21.21 hours on the 19th to 00.54 hours on the 20th, here a fresh male M. vitellina arrived at 22.36 hours. On the following night of 20/21st August the m.v. light was again operated at Mawnan Smith, this resulted in two further note- worthy migrants being recorded : Palpita unionalis Hbn. (one male) and Rhodometra sacraria L. (one female). References Allan, P. B. M., 1943. Talking of Moths. 340pp. Newtown. Batchelor, T., 1874. Bombyx processionea in Kent. Entomologist, 6: 487. Chalmers-Hunt, J. M., 1962-68. The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, (Sphingidae to Plusiidae), 2 (published as supplements to Entomologist’s Rec. J. Var.). Kloet, G. S. and Hincks, W. D., 1972. A Check list of British Insects (Edn. 2). Handbk Ident. Br. Insects 11 (2): viii, 153 pp. se Nature Conservancy Council, 19/20 Belgrave Square, London, SW1X * RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 217 RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE (LEP) IN NORTH WALES By H. N. MICHAELIS * In the records available to me, there are few from the five Watsonian vice-counties of north Wales and these are mainly from the Annual Report and Proceedings of the Lancashire and Cheshire Entomological Society from 1930 to the mid-1950s by W. Mans- bridge, B. B. Snell and R. Prichard, all deceased. Records were kindly supplied by Mrs. M. J. Morgan from the cards at the UCNW at Bangor and the bulk are from my observations of species mainly reared from larvae. I am indebted to Dr. J. D. Bradley of the British Museum for his kind help with identifications. The Watsonian vice-counties are indicated by their numbers as follows:— Merionethshire (48), Caernarvonshire (49), Denbighshire (50), Flintshire (51) and the isle of Anglesey (52). These are covered by the Ordnance Survey map sheets 23(SH) and 33(SJ) apart from an occasional mention of Cardiganshire (46) in west Wales. Months of occurrence of various stages are shown as 1 - Xii. The larvae in their later instars construct portable cases of silk and vegetable matter and these are moved freely around their food- plant. Leaves are attacked on the underside by the larva extruded from the case, making blotch mines with an almost central puncture; one larva will feed in a number of mines. Such mines are easily seen on plants with fair sized leaves but are more difficult to find on those with small leaves such as Thymus and Stellaria. Apart from two common species feeding on seeds of Juncaceae, larvae feeding on flowers and seeds especially those incorporating a floret in the case are more difficult to see and are to be found by the hit- or-miss method of gathering a sample of seedheads; a hole in the side of seed will indicate the presence of a larva. Many species hibernate as full-fed larvae and pupate within the case; many of the hibernating larvae of salt-marsh species are frequently inun- dated by sea water without a noticeable diminuation of numbers, a condition noticed among some Crambinae (Pyralidae) species living in similar situations. While it is preferable to rear moths, for cases are always a useful guide for identification, a bee-smoker is effective on a summer evening if care is taken against possible fires. For those prone to insomnia, the hour after sunrise gives good results providing there is not a heavy dew. Between 4 to 5.30 a.m. ona June or July morn- ing many species are flying; additionaly Elachistidae, Pterophoridae, Pyralidae and to a lesser extent Gelechiidae are on the wing. Strong coffee and biscuits are a necessary, almost vital, preparation for such early activity — alcohol is mainly counter-productive. *5 Glan-y-Mor, Glan Conwy, Colwyn Bay, LL28 5TA. 218 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 Coleophora lutipennella (Zell.) Widespread throughout but not plentiful; mature larvae on Quercus, v-vi. C. flavipennella (Dup.) Easily confused with the previous species, the only authentic specimens are from 49 & 50, det J. D. Bradley; larvae on Quercus, v. & vi. C. gryphipennella (Hbn.) Plentiful throughout; the moth flies at sunset and sunrise in vi & early vii; larvae on Rosa species including Rosa pimpinellifolia but not observed on garden roses, ix-v. C. serratella(L.) Larvae plentiful throughout, mainly on Betula less so on Alnus, Ulmus, Corylus and Sorbus, x-v. C. cerasivorella Packard. Larvae widespread but never plentiful, on Crataegus, Prunus spinosa and once on Prunus padus, viii-vi; the moth flies shortly after sunrise also at sunset, vii. One on P. avium in 50, 1983. C. milvipennis (Zell.) Larvae on Betula pubescens on eastern mosses of 50 and 51. Mature larvae were found in late ix and early x, well concealed on lower leaves of smaller bushes and should be over- wintered in a sleeve outside; no sign of feeding was seen in the following spring. C. siccifolia Staint. Larvae found occasionally on upper leaves of Betula pubescens in 48, 49, 51 and Cardiganshire (46) in vii, viii & ix; it is most difficult to rear even when over-wintered out of doors. I am uncertain of the status and distribution in Britain and think it must be an uncommon species. C. viminetella Zell. Larvae are plentiful throughout on Salix species, vili-v; the moth flies at sunset and sunrise in vi. C. vitisella Gregson. Though Vaccinium vitis-idaea is local but well established where found in north Wales, I have found only one case in 51, while in neighbouring Cheshire (58) the moth is well estab- lished in the few places on high ground where the plant occurs. This is an interesting species to rear on a potted foodplant if the primary case is taken in iv, for it has a spring diapause while the evergreen leaves fall in iv/v until the new leaves mature. If the plant is kept out of doors, moths will emerge the following year after feeding in summer and the following spring. Sometimes pupates on upper surface of a leaf. C. juncicolella Staint. Overwintered larvae may be beaten in 48, 49, 50 (and probably elsewhere) from heather in iv-v. The moth flies in the late afternoon but is more readily seen at sunrise. C. orbitella Zell. Larvae are occasional in 51 on mossland Betula, ix-x; the mine is smaller than that of milvipennis and the larva seems to frequent more mature trees. To rear, it is essential to sleeve larvae on a growing branch until late iv. C. albitarsella Zell. Larvae local on Calamintha on limestone in 49, ix-v. It was found that these larvae would not feed on Origanum (a listed food), and I have not found signs of feeding though the plant is fairly common in the area. Has the larva been reared on RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 219 Origanum for, in May, the early stages of both plants appear alike, but are easily distinguished by the scent of crushed leaves? When full grown the case is attached to a nearby stone or debris on the ground. C. spissicornis (Haw.) Occasional moths recorded in 49 and SO, vii. The foodplant is given as Trifolium repens. C. deauratella L. & Z. Moths occasionally taken in morning or in a light trap in 49 and 52, vii. Trifolium pratense is the recorded foodplant. C. lineola (Haw.) Occasional full grown larvae were found on lower leaves of Marrubium vulgare on limestone in 49 and 50, v-vi. The abandoned mine turns pale brown and is a good indication of larval presence: pupation is on the main stem just above the root. C. lithargynella Zell. Well grown larvae are fairly common but difficult to find on the undersides of leaves of Stellaria holostea in 48, 49, SO and 52 from iv-vi. Larvae were found and reared on a ““mouse-ear” Cerastium species growing in hedgerows in 50, iv. C. laricella (Hubn.) Larvae are plentiful throughout and easily beaten from established larch, iv-v. C. lixella Zell. The moth is widespread on limestone in 49, 50,51 and 52, usually flying in early evening; vi-vii occasionally v. In the early instars, the larva feeds on Thymus changing to unidentified grasses from which it cuts a further case; the few larvae found were on grasses adjacent to Thymus growing on small ledges or in crevices; iv/v. Larvae will feed ona selection of garden grasses (since foundin 51). C. albidella (D. & S.). The characteristic pistol-shaped cases are locally common near the coast in 52 on Salix atrocinerea group and S. repens, and are occasional in 50 & 51; iv-vi. Often pupates on the upperside of leaves. C. pyrhulipennella Zell. Widespread among Calluna and Erica on mosses and high ground and flies in the evening sun, vii. The keeled slender black case is easily beaten from the heather in v, in ix & x, cases may be found on Erica, feeding on the underside of the upper leaves; when, by hanging down, they appear opposite to the upright leaf growth — best seen by lying on the ground. C. albicosta (Haw.). Common among Ulex europaeus and U. galii, flying in early evening. Larva in case made from part of the flower and not of the seed pod as sometimes stated; feeds on seeds and hibernates full fed, vii-iv. Usually pupates on a branch but occa- sionally on grass stems under the bush where it is more easily seen, iv-v. C. saturatella Staint. Reported in Ent. Weekly Intelligencer, 2: 55 as having been found in 1856 at Llangollen (50); and from same locality by C. S. Gregson, in 1860. C. genistae Staint. One case on Genista anglica near Cors Geirch (49) but not reared, v. A suspected mine on this local plant was seen in east 52, ix. 220 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 C. discordella Zell. Common throughout among Lotus corniculatus, vii. White blotches on leaves indicate presence of larvae. C. striatipennella Ny|. Occasional specimens in wet places in 50,51 and 52, vii-viii. The foodplant Ste/laria was not noticed in the wet- land, but Myosoton aquaticum was usually present though no larvae were found. C. inulae Wocke. Restricted to one locality near Deganwy (50) now unfortunately destroyed by building. The long larval case was found in varying sizes on the undersides of leaves of Pulicaria from v-viii. Larval growth is spread over two years. It is most difficult to rear even on a potted plant, for many overwintering larvae die. Usually pupates low down on the stem of the foodplant, though occasionally on stems of other plants growing nearby. C. troglodytella (Dup.). Occurs in all vice-counties, but is locally plentiful among Eupatorium and Pulicaria in 52, and comes to light, Vii-vili. Larval cases are easily found on lower leaves of Eupatorium in iv-v. There is variation in the length of the mature cases, though they never approach the length of a mature inulae case. C. peribenanderi (Toll). Local in 49 and 50. The cases are most easily found in ix & x, on Cirsium arvense and Carduus tenuiflorus near the sea, and are readily detected by the conspicuous whitish mines. Most larvae hibernate full-fed and must be kept outside until v. I have seen cases attached to stems of grasses, brambles and Burnet Rose occasionally during winter. C. paripennella (Zell.). Larvae are locally common throughout on Centaurea nigra, especially on lower leaves in v & vi. The moth is rarely seen during the day but will come to light, vi-vii. C. benanderi Kanerva. The commonest saltern Coleophora in all vice-counties, flying at sunset and after, vii-viii; larvae collected in late ix & x from seeds of Atriplex, are easily reared if kept out- of-doors until vii. C. sternipennella (Zett.). Two specimens in vii, 1966, from waste land near Llandudno Junction saltmarsh (49), flying among Cheno- podium album, and a few seen there subsequently. Identified by J.D. Bradley. C. versurella Zell. A few moths were found on the saltmarshes of the Conwy estuary (49) in vii/viii in 1960/80, and though Atriplex littoralis and A. hastata are common there, no identified larvae have been found. Determined by J. D. Bradley. Unfortunately, the localities for this and the previous species may be destroyed by the present construction of the North Wales Expressway. However, it is possible that versurella also occurs on the Lavan sands (49). C. adspersella Ben. Locally plentiful on salterns in 49 and SO, occasional in 52, and the distribution suggests that it has long been established. The moth flies readily in early evening in vi-vii and may be found paired at sunset. The whitish larval case is found princi- pally on Atriplex littoralis; also on seeds of Halimione and more RECORDS OF COLEOPHORIDAE IN NORTH WALES 221 rarely on seeds of Beta maritima, from viii-x; it overwinters as a full-fed larva and the cases must be frequently submerged by high tides with no obvious effect on the subsequent numbers of moths. C. atriplicis Meyr. Occasional on the Conwy salterns among Halimione in vii, though I have not yet found the larva, Determined by J. D. Bradley. The moth emerges almost a month later than C. adspersella and flies over foodplant at sunset. The cases are frequently submerged by winter and spring tides. C. artemisicolella Bruand. There is an old record in Ent. mon. Mag. 64: 76 (1928), of one taken in 1924 at Llandudno by E. G. R. Waters among Artemisia vulgaris. C. murinipennella (Dup.). Though the foodplant Luzula campestris is widespread, the moth is uncommon in 48, 49 and 51 but may be overlooked, vi. C. taeniipennella (H.-S.). First taken by Mrs. M. J. Morgan in 49 and later found sparingly in 52, vii. Determined by J. D. Bradley. The various species of Juncus on which the larva feeds are common in north Wales. C. glaucicolella Wood. A common saltmarsh species easily bred from cases found on seeds of Juncus maritimus and J. gerardii in iv/v: the moth flies low among the rushes at sunset in vii-viii and emerges about a month later than the common C. alticolella. C. alticolella Zell. Common throughout among Juncus species from sea level to over 2,000 feet, where it flies both by day and night in vi-early vii. Larval cases are abundant in late summer and autumn feeding on the seeds; on higher ground appears to prefer those of J. squarrosus to other species. C. tamesis Waters. One at light at Bangor (49) by Mrs. M. J. Morgan in July 1975 is our only certain record. Determined by J.D. Bradley. The larva feeds on seeds of Juncus articulatus, a common rush in north Wales. C. maritimella Newman. Though I have not seen the moth in the wild, it can be reared from the seeds of Juncus maritimus gathered in winter on edges of salterns in 49,50 and 52. C. adjunctella Hodg. Bred from seeds of Juncus gerrardii gathered in winter and kept outside until v; is local in all vicecounties where the plant is well established. The larval case, which is formed partly of a floret, is very difficult to find. The moth has been taken oc- casionally in late vi. C. serpylletorum Hering. As far as I know, this species occurs only on the Creuddyn limestone at Llandudno (49) and in West Corn- wall. I should be glad to hear of any certain records from else- where. The overwintered larva is in a dark brown case made up of several leaves of Thymus drucei, set sideways one above the other. In v-vi, it mines leaves towards the end of a spray and is most easily found on ledges and in crevices where the thyme is isolated from other herbage, though it can be found with more difficulty where 222 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.XI1.83 the plant grows in limestone turf; yellowish brown mined leaves often indicate the presence of a larva nearby. It is essential to rear the larvae on a potted plant for enclosure usually results in death. The normal flight is uncertain, probably after dusk, and it may be smoked out in the evening in vii-viii. C. violacea (Strom) (paripennella sensu auctt.) A typical winged case was found on Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa) near Llandudno (49) in ix together with two mines in which the upper cuticles were also pierced — a typical habit of this larva. I do not find Castanea listed as a foodplant though the late Basil Snell and myself fre- quently found cases on young saplings at Delamere, Cheshire in the 1950s. A SECOND RECENT LOCALITY FOR ELEDONA AGRICOLA (HERBST ) (COL.: TENEBRIONIDAE) IN V.C. 17. — Mr.A. A. Allen (1979, Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 114 (1978): 156) has recently confirmed the presence of this species in Surrey by publishing his Box Hill locality. I can now ‘add’ Richmond Park by virtue of two specimens found on the 9th April this year (1983). These were both taken from a long since dead and very hard fungus at above head height on oak (TQ1872). In Fowler, 1891, Col. Brit. Isl., 5: 13 it seems that both these localities were noted last century and so have, in effect, been confirmed, since Brendell, 1975, Handb. Ident. Br. Ins., 5 (10): 6 has cited only the more recent records. — D. PRANCE, 23 Brunswick Road, Kingston Hill, Kingston-upon- Thames, Surrey. THE WHITE SPOT: HADENA ALBIMACULA BORKH. IN SURREY. — A specimen of this moth turned up in my light trap here on the night of 3rd June 1983. It was a female in very poor condition. The following night at Dungeness, Kent, produced several examples of this species which were in excellent condition. — G. A. COLLINS, 15 Hurst Way, S. Croydon, Surrey. THE DEATH’S HEAD HAWK: ACHERONTIA ATROPOS L.IN 1983 » — [think it is worth reporting that a fine Death’s Head Hawk came to the bright lights at the Goonhilly “‘Earth Station”, Cornwall, on June 14th, and was found by Mr. N. Exebly, who is an engineer there. — F. H.N. SMITH (Dr.), Turnstones, Perrancoombe, Perran- porth, Cornwall TR6 OHX. PELOSIA MUSCERDA HUEN.: DOTTED FOOTMAN IN KENT. — I took a male specimen of this moth on the night of 16th July 1983, during the field meeting of the British Entomological and Natural History Society at Orlestone Forest, Kent. It was attracted to the m.v. light on Brigadier Simson’s sheet, and as he already possessed the species kindly offered it to me. — G. A. COLLINS, 15 Hurst Way, S. Croydon, Surrey. TACHYDROMIA TERRICOLA ZETT. NEW TO BRITAIN 223 TACHY DROMIA TERRICOLA ZETT. (DIPT.: EMPIDIDAE) NEW TO BRITAIN By A. A. ALLEN, B.Sc., A.R.C.S.* On 11th July 1973, on a visit with my late friend G. Shephard to the sandpit near Lydd, East Kent, already referred to more than once in the literature, | caught a small Empidid fly running on fairly dry sand. Examination much later showed it to be (apparently) a Tachydromia (Sicodus auct.), in rather poor condition. It could not be named from Collin’s key (1916:81), since it had no dark cross-bands on the wings yet was evidently not halterata Col.; but terricola Zett. “which should be found in Britain” (p.83) appeared, from the information given, a strong possibility. The fly was sub- mitted to Mr. K. G. V. Smith, of the BMNH, who agreed that it cer- tainly seemed to belong to that species, but that a male was desir- able to clinch the matter. On Ist June, 1978, I revisited the locality with my friend Alex Williams and made a point of working for the insect. It proved quite hard to locate, indeed I had almost given up hope after a two- hour hunt when it turned out that the one very restricted spot in the whole pit (as it seemed) inhabited by my quarry was that on which — guided by who knows what obscure intuition or kindly daemon? — we had dumped our baggage! This was a slight shallow depression in the sand not far from the edge of the lake filling the bottom of the pit, but dry on the surface. The rather common T. aemula Lw. occurred on bare or lightly vegetated ground over most of the pit; at the spot just mentioned, however, it was accom- panied by the new British species very sparingly. I managed in the time available to secure half-a-dozen, including two males, by grub- bing at the roots of the thin herbage and in the open among frag- ments of plant debris etc. — the habits of the two species being as far as I could see quite alike. A pair, subsequently confirmed from the male as T. terricola, has been placed in the National Collection. As above indicated, this Tachydromia may at once be known among those recorded as British by its comparatively clear, un- banded wings which are only faintly clouded longitudinally, and apically in cell R3, combined with pale halteres and very exten- sively pale legs. Chvala (1975) gives a description (pp.230-1) and figures the male middle leg (p.230), genitalia (p.232), and wing (p.303 fig. 755). He records it (p. 232) as uncommon, but well distributed over north and central Europe, in sandy coastal bio- topes (and according to Loew “‘in grasses”). The Lydd sandpits, though not on the coast, are near it and their fauna is in great part a maritime one. Because of the extraordinary degree of identity *49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London, SE7 8QG. 224 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 found between the rarer and more characteristic Coleoptera of the Lydd pits and the similar one near Rye Harbour (Sussex), well known to several entomologists, it is highly probable that 7. terri- cola occurs also at the latter place. In fact, I retain a distinct impres- sion of having seen there (about 1970) what was most likely that species, but had then no reason to think it anything out of the ordinary. Acknowledgement I am indebted to Mr. K. G. V. Smith, our leading expert on the family, for his authoritative determination. References Chvala, M., 1975. The Tachydromiinae (Dipt. Empididae) of Fen- noscandia and Denmark. Faun. ent. Scand., 3. Klampenborg. Collin, J. E., 1961. British Flies, 6(Empididae). Cambridge. THE PURPLE MARBLED: EUBLEMMA OSTRINA HBN. AT PORT- LAND. — On the night of 17th June 1983, I took a female of this rare migrant moth at light near Church Ope Cove, Portland, Dorset. A few Autographa gamma L. and Nomophila noctuella D. & S. accompanied it. I failed to obtain eggs over the next week from the moth, which was in mint condition and of the form carthami H.-S. Eventually I set it whilst it still retained a few scales. — A.J. PICKLES, 2a Park Avenue, Lymington, Hampshire. XESTIA CASTANEA ESP.: GREY RUSTIC IN KENT. — From a larva of this species which I swept from heather on 26th April 1983 in a heathy wood near Hawkhurst, I bred a female moth of the dark reddish form on 10th August. This appears to be the first record of occurrence of X. castanea in Kent since one was taken at Lee by C. G. Bruce in 1952 (cf. Chalmers-Hunt, Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 2 : 136). — J. PLATTS, 11 Maydowns Road, Chest- field, Whitstable, Kent. EUPROCTIS CHRYSORRHOEA L. IN LONDON. — _ While pass- ing David Copperfield Gardens in the New Kent Road today I noticed many trees infested with Euproctis chrysorrhoea larvae, in particular the flowering cherries. — L. CHRISTIE, 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London SW17 8DZ. 10.vi.83. THE HUMMINGBIRD HAWKMOTH IN 1983. — _ Yesterday, 12th June, at a little after 2.00 pm, my wife and I watched a Macro- glossum stellatarum L. feeding in sunshine at the red valerian, Kentranthus ruber for about half an hour. The temperature was 19°C or 2 or 3 degrees lower than the previous few days. The only occasions when we have seen ™. stellatarum in the garden in the last 20 years have both been in mid-July in 1976 and 1979. — M.R. HALL, “Hopefield”, Norwich Road, Scole, Diss, Norfolk IP21 4DY. RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS 225 RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS DURING 1982 MICHAEL N. MCCREA* 1982 has proved to be both an interesting and rewarding year for lepidoptera here in Gloucestershire. Although the season opened with some of the coldest temperatures of all time in the county, the arrival of moths to my actinic trap at Nailsworth was moderately consistent. A surprisingly mild evening on January 30th produced a large number of moths, particulary Operophtera brumata L. Erannis defoliaria Cl. was comparatively abundant and a few Apocheima pilosaria D. & S. were also noted. The following evening, after this propitious start to the season, I ventured out onto the nearby common, armed with a tilley lamp, where I found plenty of Theria primaria Haw. and several Agriopis marginaria Fabr. The rest of February remained rather mild, but very wet, with temperatures in the low 50s. On February 28th my Nailsworth trap brought in the first Alsophila aescularia D. & S. of the year, as well as a further influx of O. brumata L. My activities were limited during the first two weeks of March, but during the latter part of the month I visited Painswick Beacon with the specific purpose of seeking Panolis flammea D. & S. I was joined by my colleague Mr. David Cooper, who has provided me with companionship on many a field trip. By now the sallow blos- som was in full bloom, and, with an overcast sky above, our thoughts were very optimistic indeed. We placed a tilley lamp on a white sheet, beneath several selec- ted sallows, and commenced beating. In no time at all our sheet was covered with moths as well as other debris dislodged by our over-enthusiastic physical exertions. Orthosia gothica L. was un- doubtedly the most numerous species present, with about 500 counted during the course of the evening. Other visitors included Orthosia miniosa D. & S. (2), O. populeti Fabr. (3), O. munda D. & S. (100), O. cruda D. & S. (45), Xvlocampa areola Esp. (5) and a very worn Lithophane socia Hufn., but no P. flammea. This seemed strange to me, as there is a good supply of Scots pine in the vicinity, and my friend Mr. John Newton has taken a fine series from this area in recent years. Several further visits to the site failed to produce the moth. April opened with the first really sunny days of spring, and, with the thermometer at 60°F on the 4th, quite a few of the hiber- nating butterflies were in evidence. Throughout the Stroud district, many Aglais urticae L. were active around stinging nettles, with the occasional Gonepteryx rhamni L. making an appearance. On April *3 Blockley Cottages, Middle Street, Uplands, Stroud, Glos. GLS 1TQ. 226 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 17th Mr. Cooper and I set out towards Daglingworth near Ciren- cester, on a mild but blustery evening that yielded little of interest except a few Eupsilia transversa Hufn. and Diurnea fagella D. & S.., the latter swarming around our lamp in huge numbers. Despite the lack of activity, however, we were rewarded by the overhead roding of a woodcock, and a couple of inquisitive tawny owls. On April 29th I sugared a stand of poplars near my home at Nailsworth, and whilst examining the visitors after dusk, I boxed a moth which at first seemed unfamiliar to me. On examining it later, I was delighted to confirm a specimen of Egira conspicillaris L. This species appears to be extremely local in Gloucestershire with previous records occurring very infrequently. May opened with glorious sunshine which was prevalent throughout the rest of the month. On the evening of May 19th I visited Standish Wood, a popular site on the most western escarpment of the Cotswold hills. The night was very warm and muggy with a mild south- westerly breeze. We positioned our heath-trap along a woodland ride which presented both deciduous and coniferous cover. After a short while our sheet was seething with moths, so much so that it presented us with the frustrating task of calculating the numbers of visitors on an almost continual basis. 30 species of macros were recorded, the most interesting of these being Ectropis consonaria Hb. (4), rather local in this part of the county, E. crepuscularia D. & S. (2), Plagodis dolabraria L. (2), Horisme vitalbata D. & S. (1), Ecliptopera silaceata D. & S. (9), Lampropteryx suffumata D. & S. (5), Thyatira batis L. (4) and Ptilodon capucina L. We were also interested to note the extremely large numbers of Colocasia coryli L. About 300 were counted during the evening, the most I have ever seen at one time. On May 20th an afternoon walk near Stroud in very hot con- ditions produced plenty of butterflies. The fields were alive with Pieris napi L., Polvommatus icarus Rott. and Anthocharis cardamines L. At nearby Hawkwood a small colony of Hamearis lucina L., which I have been observing for several years now, was thriving, to- gether with Erynnis tages L. and Pararge aegeria L. I also noted Euclidimera mi L. and Ectypa glyphica L. Whilst examining a small clump of wild rose at this site, | found about 12 cases of Coleophora gryphipennella Hb. I collected several of these and moths bred from them emerged between August 2nd and 5th. On May 26th I again operated my actinic trap in the garden at Nailsworth. Some interest- ing moths came to the light, 43 species in all, including, Electrophaes corylata Thunb. (6), Eppirhoe rivata D. & S. (40), Biston betularia L. (typical 7, f. carbonaria Jord. 4), Cilix glaucata D. & S. (2), Hadena rivularis Fabr. (5), Furcula furcula L. (2) and a very large female Cerura vinula L. The following morning I was surprised to discover at Nailsworth, about a dozen larvae of Notodonta drome- darius L. feeding on lime. I collected six of these and moths bred RECORDING LEPIDOPTERA IN THE COTSWOLDS 227] from them emerged during the first week of August. South (1961, The Moths of the British Isles) states that the larvae of this species feed “on birch, alder, and sometimes hazel. usually on the former, in June, July and August’. This appears true from my experiences with the species, I have never before encountered the larvae feeding on lime. During June temperatures soared into the 80s and a succession of hot and muggy evenings between June 3rd and 16th produced vast numbers of moths at my Stroud actinic trap. Although the diversity of species was rather low, the incredible multitudes were adequate compensation. During these two weeks a total of 48 species of macros were recorded; amongst the more interesting ones were: Acasis viretata Hb. (2), Semiothisa notata L. (3), Autographa pulchrina Haw. (6), Tyria jacobaeae L. (45), Callimorpha dominula L. (4) and at least 1,000 Noctua pronuba L. With the warm weather continuing into the first week of July, my colleague and I found ourselves in the New Forest for a few days. During our brief stay, we were fortunate in obtaining several Catocala sponsa L. from the Minstead area. Our portable m.v. lamp brought in a large assortment of moths including Hyloicus pinastri L. (3), Stauropus fagi L. (6), Zeuzera pyrina L. (2), Boarmia roboraria D. & S. (2, at sugar) and Amphipyra pyramidea L. (8, at sugar). On returning from the Forest on July 12th, I visited Edge Common near Gloucester. The site is excellent for many species of butterflies and moths, consisting of open limestone grassland and scrub with mature deciduous and coniferous woodland. Although a slight drizzle persisted during the greater part of the evening, this did not deter insect activity. A fairly extensive sugar round was established and this proved highly successful with Amphipyra pyramidea L., Thalpophila matura Hufn. (9), Peridroma saucia Hb. (2), Agrotis ipsilon Hufn. (5), Scoliopteryx libatrix L. (4) and Phlogophora meticulosa L. (2). The most spectacular sight at sugar however, was of no less than 500 Mythimna pallens L. and M. impura Hb. on one patch. Our actinic trap was doing well also, with 56 species of macros. Amongst these were Eremobia ochroleuca L. (3), Lymantria monacha L. (2), Philu- doria potatoria L. (5), Melanthia procellata D. & S. (7), Eulithis prunata L. (12), Perizoma flavofasciata Thunb. (2), Selenia dentaria D. & S. (1) and Drepana cultraria Fabr. (8). We returned to the site the following evening, this time joined by Mr John Mcfeely, but poor weather conditions resulted in a poor catch at both light and sugar. Nevertheless, despite recording most of the species from the previous evening, we noted Ennomos alniaria L. (6), Pheosia gnoma Fabr. (8), Ypsolopha sequella Cl. (4), Agapeta zoegana L. (9), Aphomia sociella L. (14) and Hypsopygia costalis Fabr. (2). August was congenial for the time of year, although most of the sunny days were intermitted by the occasional rain storm. 228 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 On August 20th I visited Randwick Wood near Stroud, where many butterflies were on the wing. Melanargia galathea L. was plentiful, with a sprinkling of Thymelicus sylvestris Poda., Maniola jurtina L. and Pyronia tithonus L. Several Lysandra coridon Poda and Aricia agestis D. & S. were also present. A further trip to Min- chinhampton Common that afternoon produced a good number of Cupido minimus Fuessl. and P. icarus Rott., the former species enjoying a successful season throughout the county. On August 29th my Stroud trap brought in several Arctia caja L. and a large influx of Autographa gamma L. The latter species appeared spora- dically throughout September and well into October. During Sep- tember there occurred an evident invasion of Cynthia cardui L. throughout the Stroud area, or possibly offspring from a spring immigration, although many of the singletons observed were in very poor condition. This invasion continued well into October, the last one being noted on the 14th. During a surprisingly mild spell the first half of October, A. urticae L. swarmed on the last few blooms of buddleia, together with Vanessa atalanta L. and Poly- gonia c-album L. The last week of October was extremely wet and temperatures declined dramatically. The absence of anything substantial to my Stroud trap on October 3lst, indicated that winter was nearly there. On November 4th however, a mild evening yielded Colotois pennaria Hb. (a few) and Eppirita autumnata Borkh (3). Late November saw a sharp change in the weather, and a series of cold frosts during the last few days of the month more or less closed my activities for the year. In complete contrast, the latter part of December was exceptionally mild, and whilst visiting a friend at Slad near Stroud on the 19th, I observed large numbers of Poecilocampa populi L. The following day I paid a return visit to Edge Common in very windy conditions where I beat Caloptilia betulicola Her. (4) and C. alchimiella Scop. (2), thus closing, for me, an enjoyable year of activity. Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to Mr. J. Newton for his interesting and helpful correspondence, past and present, and Mr. D. Cooper for an interesting working relationship. References South. R., 1961. The Moths of the British Isles series | & II. Meyrick. E., 1928. A Revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. APIUM NODIFLORUM 229 APIUM NODIFLORUM: A PREVIOUSLY UNRECOGNIZED FOODPLANT OF DEPRESSARIA ULTIMELLA STAINTON By R. J. HECKFORD* On 4th May 1972 I took a worn Depressaria at Saltash, Corn- wall. In late 1981 I dissected it to discover it was a male D. ultimella Stainton. The only other Cornish records of which I am aware are three specimens taken by the Revd. D. J. L. Agassiz at Treyarnon on 27th August 1970 and one taken by Dr. J. R. Langmaid at Veryan on 8th. September 1978. Meyrick (1928) gives only Oenanthe aquatica as a foodplant and describes the species as common. However by Meyrick’s defi- nition a species is common if it is found wherever its foodplant is plentiful. O. aquatica is distinctly local. Margetts and David (1981) do not record it from Cornwall. Emmet (1979) adds O. crocata and Sium latifolium. O. crocata is common in Cornwall but S. /atifolium is not recorded. Spuler (1913) and Toll (1964) both give O. aquatica and S. latifolium. Palm (1973) simply states ““Oenanthe, Sium”’. On 11th. July 1982 I revisited Saltash to look for larvae. I had taken my specimen in a lane having a hedge on either side and a small stream at one side. There were a few plants of crocata and a quantity of a plant which I subsequently identified as Apium nodi- florum. No larvae were feeding on the crocata but the stems con- tained pupae. I suspected that these were too large and too early for ultimella. Indeed in due course they produced D. daucella D.&S. I then noticed that several tips of nodiflorum were withered. On splitting open the stems I found some very small larvae. Some were feeding in stems just below the tip, others were further down but in every case there was only one larva in each plant. Because of the withered stems it was very easy to see which plants contained larvae. It was clear that the larvae were quite common. On my way home I examined some nodiflorum at Plymouth and immediately found similar larvae. Between then and Sth. August I found larvae in several localities in Devon. All were in nodiflorum. | found none in crocata, although in most places it grew nearby. Thereafter I found only pupae. In all I found the species in fourteen localities in Devon. As the larvae grew they moved down the stems. Most of the pupae were very low in the stems. Some were even in stems under water. How the adult emerges in such circumstances I could not tell. Dr. J. R. Langmaid noticed in Hampshire, stems with exit *67 Newnham Road, Plympton, Plymouth. 230 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 holes plugged with frass. By mid August it was difficult to find tenanted stems as the rest of the plant had decomposed. The tenanted part was then covered by the growth of unaffected plants. Generally the larvae appeared to prefer noaiflorum growing in small ditches by roadsides rather than that growing more luxuriantly in streams. Meyrick describes the larva of u/timella as pale green; dots dark brown; head pale brownish. Emmet says it is whitish green with head black. My description of the young larva was: head shining dark brown, plate yellowish brown; body yellowish, pina- cula dark brown; anal plate transparent. By the fourth instar the head and plate were light red brown; body light grey, pinacula black; anal plate transparent. In the final instar my description was: head shining red brown, plate yellowish; body greyish green, pina- cula black; anal plate yellowish. On 3lst. July the first specimen of wultimella emerged. Emergence continued until late August. Emmet does not record any species of microlepidoptera feeding on A. nodiflorum. As | found ultimella almost wherever the food- plant occurred it is obviously an established foodplant. As A. nodi- florum is widespread it is likely that w/timella will now be found more commonly. Dr. Langmaid and I reared some parasites which Dr. A. A. Allen and Dr. M. R. Shaw have kindly identified. Dr. Langmaid’s were all reared from larvae taken at Droxford, Hampshire. They were Barichneumon lepidus (Gravenhorst), Phaeogenes stipator Wesmael and Dicaelotus morosus Wesmael. Mine from two loca- lities in Devon were all D. morosus. P. stipator is a fairly common species and the other two are not uncommon. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Dr. J. R. Langmaid for his assistance in the preparation of this note, to the Rev. D. J. L Agassiz for his records and to Dr. A. A. Allen and Dr. M. R. Shaw for their identifications of and information about the parasites. References Emmet, A. M., editor, 1979. A Field Guide to the Smaller British Lepidoptera. 271 pp. London. Margetts, L. J. and David, R. W., 1981. A Review of the Cornish Flora, 388pp. Institute of Cornish Studies. Meyrick, E. 1928. A Revised Handbook of British Lepidoptera. vit 914pp. London. Palm, E. 1973. De Danske ‘Depressarier’’, Lepidopterological Society of Copenhagen, 61 pp. APIUM NODIFLORUM ipa) Spuler, A. 1913. Die Sogenannten Kleinschmetterlinge Europas. 337pp. Stutgart. Toll, S. 1964. Lepidoptera-Oecophoridae, in Klucze do Oznaczania Owado Polski, Ser. 43, part 27, no 35. 174pp. THE MARBLED GREY: CRYPHIA RAPTRICULA HBN. IN KENT. — I wish to report the capture of the fifth British specimen of this noctuid moth, at m.v. light on the night of the 20th June 1983, at Dungeness, Kent. The wind that night was a light S.E., the tem- perature cool, with a night minimum of 120C. — P.H. STERLING, Department of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, Commonwealth Forestry Institute, South Parks Road, Oxford [The previous records are: 1953: Arundel, Sussex, male in m.v. trap, 12.viii (Haggett, Ent. Gaz., 5: 94A). 1955: Southsea, Hampshire, one in m.v.trap, 18.viii (Langmaid, Ent. Gaz., 7: 112). 1969: Worth, Kent, one 9 viii; Sandwich Bay, Kent, one 9.viii, both taken by T. W. Harman (Chalmers-Hunt, The Butterflies and Moths of Kent, 3: 252). — J.M.C.-H.] ARCHIEARIS NOTHA HBN.: LIGHT ORANGE UNDERWING, THREE YEARS IN PUPAL STAGE. — In June 1980, I found some larvae of A. notha in Orlestone Forest, Kent, one of which produced a moth on the 26th April 1983. — J. V. BANNER, 41 Varndean Gardens, Brighton BN1 6WJ, Sussex. LARVA OF THE DOTTED CHESTNUT: CONISTRA RUBIGINEA D. & S. IN THE WILD. — It may be of interest toreport finding a larva of this local moth feeding on an apple tree here in my garden. I found the larva, which was approximately 3 mm. long, exposed in daylight near the terminal shoot of a low branch on 7th May 1983. There was evidence of its feeding, and it has now become an un- mistakably full grown larva. I have in the past had occasional speci- mens of the moth to my garden m.v.l. including a female on 8th April this year. The apple is of the Worcester variety. — A. J. PICKLES, 2a Park Avenue, Lymington, Hampshire. ETHMIA BIPUNCTELLA F. IN HAMPSHIRE. — _ I took in my m.v. trap here on the 16th August 1983, a specimen of E. bipunc- tella. As it was accompanied by Rhodometra sacraria L. and My- thimna vitellina Hbn. and there is no Echium locally, it was probably a migrant. The only previous record for the county is of one for Alverstoke on 7.viii.1967. — E.H. WILD, 7 Abbots Close, High- cliffe, Christchurch, BH23 5BH. THE ARGENT AND SABLE: RHEUMAPTERA HASTATA L. IN SUSSEX. — During a visit to a Sussex wood on 30th May 1983, I noted three of this pretty geometrid in good condition flying in a birch-lined ride in the afternoon sun. Mr. S. Church tells me this is a scarce moth in the county. — D. DEY, 26 Manor Avenue, Hassocks, West Sussex. 232 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 SEM 837y A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L.: THE BLACK-VEINED WHITE By COLIN PRATT* (Concluded from page 166) HABITAT CHANGE Recently Morton (loc. cit.) suggested that, in common with Maculinea arion L., A. crataegi disappeared because both species had become “‘victims of a changing countryside’, although even to this day some former localities have altered little. At the time of the latter’s decline, McLachlan (1893) wrote “there have been no great changes in the physical condition of its former localities’, Goss (loc. cit.) having made the same point earlier. It is therefore apparent that habitat change or loss played little part in this extinc- tion. PARASITES Martelli (/oc. cit.) recorded much detailed information on the parasites affecting the black-veined white in Italy during the late 1920s. There is no doubt that parasitism can be heavy in the species as he noted that in one area more than three-quarters of the larvae examined eventually died owing to the attentions of a total of seven species of parasite. Stellwaag (loc. cit.) reported similar occur- rences from Germany and listed more than a dozen parasitic species from A. crataegi. Apanteles glomeratus held a prominent position among the parasitic species mentioned, and in modern times it has been named in connection with larval losses encountered within continental introductions of A. crataegi in this country. This parasite alone has been reported as causing 100% lethality in P. brassicae larvae in Germany (Feltwell, 1982). However, there is no evidence that parasites contributed at a primary level to the fluctuations in population of the butterfly under review in this country; unusually high losses due to this cause were not reported at the time and the likelihood of this being noticed would have been high. PESTICIDES Heath (loc. cit.) suggests that pest-control measures by fruit- growers in Kent may have been the cause of the insect’s final extinction in this country. In Kent, the use of insecticides on apple- *“Oleander’’, 5 View Road, Peacehaven, Newhaven, Sussex. A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGI L. 233 trees commenced before the last quarter of the 19th century when quicklime was used to kill lepidopterous ova, presumably mainly of the winter moth. By the turn of the century the more advanced fruit-growers sprayed systematically with quassia, soft soap, and paraffin emulsion; a few used Paris green (cupric acetoarsenite) alone. According to ADAS (pers. comm.), the use of these sprays increased dramatically after the first world war, substantially with arsenic compounds; additives such as the fungicidal Bordeaux mixture also came into use, making a wider spectrum spray. How widely these chemicals were used in, and their exact effect on, the black-veined white’s very local last strongholds are not known. It is just possible that when the butterfly was reduced to a very few colonies, as it was after the first world war, ill-timed spraying by fruit-growers delivered the coup de grace; but chemicals played no larger part in this disappearance and it is much more likely that they did not materially contribute to its departure at all. SUMMARY Examination of the available national average weather records from the earliest dates possible for temperature and rainfall on a monthly, seasonal, annual and twenty-year-running-average basis since the 17th century shows that the only significant relationship with the fluctuations of Aporia crataegi L. is that of September rainfall; high rainfall during this month over successive years, both in the short and long term, seemed to be linked to low numbers and the butterfly’s ultimate extinction in this country. There seems little doubt that the cause of the disappearance was multifactorial — the unique coincidence of several adverse influences. There is con- siderable circumstantial evidence to suggest that the butterfly was severely affected by a disease in historical times. There are inferential indications that a fungal epizootic was the most probable disease encountered, although the possibility of a virus disease cannot be eliminated. With disease being the primary culprit, it is likely that avian predation also contributed heavily to the decline, with other of the more usual deleterious factors following. To conclude, I believe the black-veined white became extinct in Britain because of a coincidence of both natural and man-made pressures, these being a prevalent climatically induced disease and an increase in predation by birds, due to changing attitudes towards conservation, game and agriculture. Nevertheless, as Barrett (1893) said, ““much mystery hangs over this species” in this country, and some always will. Acknowledgements During the research for this article several different disciplines 234 ENTOMOLOGSIT’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 were encountered, including meterorology, ornithology and ento- mogenous diseases; the author claims no expertise in any of these and has consequently drawn extensively on the authoritative pub- lished work of experts, to whom any credit is due. My thanks are due to Mrs. I. Amos and all the library staff at Brighton Polytechnic, and to Mr. H. Rimmington and the computer staff of the same establishment. I am also indebted to Mr. P. W. Cribb for detailed information on his breeding experiments with the black- veined white. I would especially like to express my gratitude to Mr. R. F. Bretherton for his assistance with records, and to Col. A. M. Emmet for constructive criticism during the final stages of the paper. References Allan, P. B. M., 1948. 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Snowfall in Britain over the past 300 years. Weather, 24: 428-437. —_——————— 1970. Climate in Britain over 10,000 years. Geo- graphical Magazine, 43: 100-107. ——— 1974. Central England Temperatures : monthly means 1659 to 1973. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteoro- logical Society, 100:389405. Martelli, G. M., 1931. Contributo alla conoscena dell’ ‘“‘Aporia crataegi L.” e di alcuni suoi parassiti ed epiparassiti. Boll. Lab. Zool. gen. agr. R. Scuola Agric. Portici, 23: 171-241. McLachlan, R., 1893. The Decadence of British Butterflies, with suggestions for a close time. Entomologist’s mon. Mag., 29: 132-135. Merrifield, F., 1893. Aporia crataegi introduced. Entomologist’s mon, Mag., 29: 163. Meteorological Office, 1915. Monthly Normals of Temperature, Rainfall, and Sunshine (1876/1881 - 1910). British Meteroro- logical and Magnetic Year Book, 1913, part 1; Appendix 4, 260-263. ———————— 1952. Climatological Atlas of the British Isles. H.M.S.O., London. Morton, A., 1982. The Importance of Farming Butterflies. New Scien., 94: 503-511. Newman. E., 1871. An Illustrated Natural History of British Butter- flies. London. Newman, L. H., 1954. Butterfly Farmer. London. —— 1965. Return of the Black-veined White. Country Life, 137, LORS. Nicholas, F. J., & Glasspoole, J., 1932. General Monthly Rainfall over England and Wales, 1727 to 1931. British Rainfall, 1931: 299-306. Perrins, C., 1979. British Tits. London. Pollard, E., 1979. Population Ecology and Change in Range of the White Admiral Butterfly L. camilla L. in England. Ecol. Ent., 4: 61-74. A MODERN REVIEW OF THE DEMISE OF APORIA CRATAEGIL. 237 Pratt, C., 1981. A History of the Butterflies and Moths of Sussex. Borough of Brighton, Booth Museum of Natural History. Roberts, D. W. & Yendol, W. G., 1971. Use of Fungi for Microbial Control of Insects. /n: Burges, H. D. & Hussey, N. W., Microbial Control of Insects and Mites. London. Steinhaus, E. A., 1954. The Effects of Disease on Insect Populations. Hilgardia, 23: 197-250. ———————— 1967. Principles of Insect Pathology. London. Stellwaag, F., 1924. Der Baumweissling Aporia crataegi L. Zeitschrift fur Angew. Entom., 10:273-312. (In German with extensive international bibliography). Summers-Smith, D., 1963. The House Sparrow. London. Tanada, Y., 1964. Epizootiology of Insect Diseases. Jn: DeBach, P., ed., Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. London. Tutt, J. W., 1887. The Decadence of Aporia crataegi in Kent, and its probable cause. Entomologist, 20:220-221. ee 1896a British Butterflies. London. a 1896b. Aporia crataegi Wintering in England. Ento- mologist’s Rec. J. Var., 8:86. Ullyet, G. C., 1947. Mortality Factors in Populations of Plutella maculipennis Curtis (Tineidae: Lep.), and their Relation to the Problem of Control. Ent. Mem. Dep. Agric. Un. S. Afr., Di Oe. Uvarov, B. P., 1931. Insects and Climate. Trans. ent. Soc. Lond., 79: 1-247. Wilding, N., 1981. Pest Control by Entomophthorales. /n: Burges, H. D., Ed., Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 19 70- 1980. London. Williams, C. B., 1951. Changes in Insect Populations in the Field in Relation to Preceding Weather Conditions. Proc. R. Soc., 138: B: 130-156. EPIPHY AS POSTVITTANA WALK.: A SEQUEL. — Having taken a single specimen of the above Tortricid at m.v. light here last year (antea: 120), it was with more interest than surprise that I encoun- tered several of these moths attracted to a wall-lamp in a by-way not far distant on the night of 7th June 1983 — that is, almost exactly a year later. It was, in fact, the very spot where an Epichoris- todes acerbella Walk. had occurred five years previously (Ent. Rec., 92: 33). I took four of the postvittana, which, though showing some little variation, are all of the more typical and easily recognizable form with basal area of forewings contrastingly pale — unlike the 1982 example. They are in good order, one female being particu- larly fresh and perfect. The arrival of the species in this district must surely be very recent. Further captures in the south-east can now be confidently expected. — A. A. ALLEN, 49 Montcalm Road, Charlton, London SE7 8QG. 238 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 SOME NOTES ON POLYPOGON STRIGILATA L. (LEP.: NOCTUIDAE) By B. ELLIOTT This charming hypenid moth, better known as Herminia barbalis Clerck, has as its vernacular name the ‘Common Fanfoot’, a name which seems to belie its modern status since ‘Scarce Fanfoot’ would be more appropriate. Distribution During the latter half of the 19th century, Morris (1872) gave its distribution as from York to Birkenhead in the north and Tenterden to Arundel in the south, with an east-west spread from Stowmarket to Marlow and through to Worcester. The species figures frequently in early county lists, such as those for Yorkshire and Nottinghamshire by Porritt (1904) and Carr (1916) respectively, but there are apparently no more recent records for these counties. Indeed, after conversations with many lepidopterists, it seems that the species now occurs only locally in the southern central region of England (there are some old, but no recent records, for Ireland). The principal areas of occurrence now seem to be based in the oak woods of Berkshire and, to a lesser extent, the woods in south-east Kent. These two areas are the only places where I have personally seen the moth. Its distribution in Kent is well written up by Chalmers-Hunt (1962-81). For Wiltshire, de Worms (1962) describes it as ‘fairly common’, but I know of no recent records for that county. My first encounter with this species was a male moth tapped out of an oak tree in Orlestone Woods, Kent, late one afternoon in mid-June 1969.1 did not see the moth again until June 1981 when, in the company of Bernard Skinner, I captured a worn female in a Berkshire woodland where he had seen five males the previous week. Rearing Notes I took the female home, and since it was in a worn state fed it at once on a dulute sugar solution. (NB. It has been my experience that members of this species’ group dessicate easily, so an early feed and a humid atmosphere are advisable). I have not been able to trace any complete account of rearing this species, so the following description of its life history may be useful. *“Three Pieces”, Vernon Lane, Kelstedge, Derbyshire. NOTES ON POL YPOGON STRIGILATA L. 239 21.6.81. I-placed the female in a plastic container with oak and birch leaves and black netting after carefully feeding it again dilute sugar and honey solution. A search through the literature that evening for any information produced an excellent brief description of the ovum by Haggett (1953), and a description of the post- hibernation larva by Buckler (1901). 22.6.81. The first ova were laid this evening on the netting, with a total of 44 between now and the 29th, when the moth died. They were a shiny, pale, translucent green, becoming reticu- lated and darker after two days. Fine ribbing is apparent. It is 0.6mm in diameter and 0.3mm high. Of the number laid, the first 25 hatched, the rest soon crumpling— presumably being infertile in an old moth. 2.7.81. The first larvae began hatching during the day. They were pale, translucent and glossy, with a dark dorsal line, broad on the first segment and tapering away 73 along length of body. They fed on fresh rather than stale oak leaves and ignored birch leaves. 8.7.81. The hatch was completed by this date, but the earliest larvae were now ready for their second instar. They began by eating fresh leaves, skeletonising them and continuing to feed on these same leaves even though they had become overtly mouldy. Indeed, the older the larvae became, the more they preferred withered leaves. 4.9.81. The leading larvae gave the appearance of being full grown, the largest ones being 15.0mm and the smallest 12.0mm, and were now eating only very withered or dead leaves. 1.11.81. The larvae increased only a further 1.0mm in size to a maximum of 16.0mm, and were now very sluggish. On the advice of Mr. G. Haggett, I had dried some green oak leaves, which I then put in a ventilated plastic box with other dead leaves on coarse tissue paper, and placed them in the garage for overwintering. Over the next week or two, the larvae settled in hibernating positions on the tissue and there they stayed without further move- ment until early April, when some wandering was observed. Assuming that further eating might take place, | added more dried oak leaves, plus a few holm oak leaves picked off a tree, and some birch catkins. 27.4.82. There was little evidence of feeding. One holm oak leaf was nibbled and there was some sporadic chewing of the old leaves. The catkins were not touched. The first cocoon noted was in a dead oak leaf, but the rest pupated in flimsy but adequate cocoons in folds of the tissue paper, incorporating any fragments of leaf in the vicinity. Eleven larvae formed cocoons. 13.5.82. All the remaining larvae had pupated by this date. The pupa is about 12.0mm long, narrowish and not very glossy. 240 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.XE-83 7.6.82. The first moth emerged today, and the remaining nine over the next few days. They sat quietly in the plastic box, choosing the darkest place. Description of mature larva The larva at or approaching full growth is a warm, pale brown in ground colour, with a dark dorsal line. There is a lateral line running on each segment, running ventrally from the dorsum. This line is inter- sected at the spiracular level by a vague line running disto-dorsally, so that when viewed from the side, the larva has a latticed appea- rance and when viewed dorsally the lines give the appearance of a row of diamonds. Each segment has four black spots in two pairs. the two anterior ones are close to the midline (when viewed dor- sally), and the two distal ones are wider apart. The spiracles are black, the head is brown with a pronounced taper of the body to the head. Length is just over 16.0mm. The foregoing description was made on 10.10.1981. Feral habits South (1908) mentions that the moth ‘frequents the more open parts of woods, and in the daytime may be induced to show itself by tapping the lower branches of trees or brushing the bushes or undergrowth as we pass along’. The truth of this statement has certainly been borne out by my personal experience. It sits for preference on the lower branches of oak trees, and when disturbed quickly flies off to another hiding place, usually in the woodland undergrowth. I have not looked for the larva in the wild, but it is interesting to read the careful researches into the life history of its relative Trisateles emortualis Denis & Schiff. by Baker (1969), bearing in mind the way strigilata also skeletonises withered leaves. It would probably be profitable to examine dead oak branches with attached leaves for evidence cf skeletonisation of the leaves in old mature oak woodland. This moth has another relative which is well known for existing in exceedingly small numbers, that is Colobochyla salicalis Denis & Schiff., which is rarely encountered until optimum conditions occur. I wonder whether these conditions are provided by a period of forestry activity, in which branches with leaves on are left lying about. Likewise, I have more than once stood in one of the Chiltern localities for 7. emortualis and speculated on whether the period when the moth was common coincided with clearance and felling in the area. NOTES ON POLYPOGON STRIGILATA L. 241 Acknowledgements I should like to thank Mr. G. Haggett for advice on overwinter- ing the larvae and also Mrs. Lorraine Culpin for patiently typing the manuscript. References Baker, B. R. 1969. Notes on Breeding Trisateles emortualis Schiff. and the Discovery of Larvae and Pupae in the Wild. Proc. Brit. ent. nat. Hist Soc. 2(1): 5-8. Buckler, W.. 1901. The Larvae of the British Butterflies and Moths, 9: 14-15, plt. 148, figs. 6, 6a. Carr, J. W. 1916 The Invertebrate Fauna of Nottinghamshire, 193; Chalmers-Hunt, J. M. 1962-81. The Butterflies & Moths of Kent, 2350-1. 33 263): de Worms, C. G. M. 1962. The Macrolepidoptera of Wiltshire, 107-8 Haggett, G. M. 1953. The Egg and Pupa of Minucia lunaris Schiff, and Colobochyla salicalis Schiff. (Lep: Plusiidae). Ent. Gaz., 4: 266-268 (description of egg of Herminia barbalis, p. 268). Morris, F. O. 1872. A Natural History of British Moths, 3: 69-70. Porritt, G. T. 1904. List of Yorkshire Lepidoptera, 102. South, R. 1908. The Moths of the British Isles, 2: 92. The Willoughby Gardner Library: A Collection of Early Printed Books on Natural History by J. R. Kenyon. 54pp., including frontispiece and 9 other illusts. Stiff, decorated cover. National Museum of Wales, Cardiff, 1982. £4.50 (£4.80 by post). This is a catalogue of the 288 books forming the collection of the late Willoughby Gardner (1860-1953), which was acquired by the Library of the National Museum of Wales in 1953. The items are arranged alphabetically under authors’ names, and with each entry there is a concise collation. Most of the collection consists of early printed books on the natural sciences ranging from the 15th- 18th centuries, a fair number being of entomological interest. Among the more notable books on entomology are those by Aldrovandi, Albin, Drury, Moses Harris, John Jonston, L’Admiral, Lewin, Linnaeus, Matthew Martin, Merian, Merrett, Moffet, Petiver (including a copy of the exceedingly rare Papilionum Britanniae icones, 1717), Ray, Reaumur, Roesel von Rosenhof, Schaeffer, Sepp, Swammerdam and Wilkes (including only the second known copy of Directions for making a Collection, 1742). The catalogue is well printed on a good quality paper, and tastefully got up. — J.M.C.-H. 242 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982, INCLUDING A RECORD OF NORTHWARD MIGRATION By J. F. BURTON* & D. F. OWEN** Introduction From 10th to 24th May, 1982 inclusive we visited the neigh- bourhood of the Sierra de Guadarrama, near Madrid, and the Sierra de Gredos further west; areas whose butterfly fauna has not received a great deal of attention. The main purpose of our expedition was to make sound recordings in stereo of birds and other wildlife for the B.B.C. Natuaral History Unit as well as three radio programmes about the wildlife of these areas which were broadcast on B.B.C’s Radio 4 between 25th March and 8th April, 1983. We were accom- panied by D. J. Tombs, an experienced B.B.C. recording engineer and keen amateur ornithologist. In spite of these preoccupations we paid as much attention as possible to the butterflies and featured them in the programmes we made. We travelled to Spain with the car ferry from Plymouth to Santander, docking at 1000 hrs. local time on 10th May. During the drive from Santander via Burgos to our headquarters for the next week at the mountain resort of Miraflores de la Sierra, in the Sierra de Guadarrama, we made some casual observations at points along route E25 where we stopped for refreshment. These are included, for convenience, in the species list below together with our notes made in the Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos mountain regions where we spent most time. As mentioned above, we spent the first six days, from 10th to 15th May, in the Sierra de Guadarrama. We concentrated on a mountainside wood consisting chiefly of Pyrenean Oaks: Quercus pyrenaica Willd., at an altitude of around 1,300 m. We also made a few excursions elsewhere: to Guadalix on 11th May; Puerto de Canencia (1,600m.), Canencia and Lozoyuela on 13th; and during our drive from Miraflores to the Gredos mountains on 15th we explored the mountain slopes above Rascafria. From 16th to 24th May inclusive we explored an area of ap- proximately 600 square kilometres between Arenas de San Pedro and Madrigal de la Vera in the southern foothills of the Sierra de Gredos and Oropesa and Calzada de Oropesa on the E4 Naval- moral de la Mata to Talavera de la Reina road to the south. A little time, however, was spent on the road leading up to the moun- tain pass of Puerto del Pico (1,352 m.) on 23rd May, where we *B.B.C. Natural History Unit, Broadcasting House, Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 2LR. **66 Scraptoft Lane, Leicester LES 1HU. BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982 243 observed the migration of butterflies described below, and also in the northern part of the Gredos Mountains around Navarredonda de la Sierra on 23rd and 24th May where we had stayed the night in the Parador — a splendid old hunting lodge. From the bare granite tops of the Gredos Mountains the habitat graded through extensive pinewoods to mixed woodland and cul- tivated land on their lower slopes; to the south the land undulated fairly gently to and beyond the River Tietar through the Sierra del Agulla before flattening out to a dry, dusty plain which extended all the way to the next ridge of high ground on which Oropesa and its castle stands. Near Oropesa, there are large, semi-arid culti- vated fields, but most of the country between the town and the River Tiétar consists of sandy, heavily grazed grassland with a fairly extensive, park-like cover of Cork and Holly Oaks: Quercus suber L. and Q. coccifera L. here and there. The weather throughout our sojourn in central Spain was mainly fine and sunny, although thundery showers occurred occa- sionally on the high mountain tops where quite a lot of snow still lay. It was distinctly cooler in the Sierra de Guadarrama, especially in the early morning, than in the Sierra de Gredos. The latter range is, of course, farther south and west, and we were there later in the month. It was usually very warm or hot in the valleys of the Sierra de Guadarrama, and especially hot in the foothills and the plain to the south of the Sierra de Gredos, except when an occasional breeze blew from the mountains. Migration through the Sierra de Gredos On 23rd May, a hot sunny day, we left Arenas de San Pedro and drove northwards along the steep road which zig-zags up to the mountain pass of Puerto del Pico (1,352 m.). We noted many butterflies on the way to the top, including several migratory species (eg., Large White: Pieris brassicae L., Small White: Artogeia rapae L., Bath White: Pontia daplidice L., Clouded Yellow: Colias crocea Geoff., Long-tailed Blue: Lampides boeticus L., Red Admiral: Vanessa atalanta L. and Painted Lady: Cynthia cardui L.), but were not conscious of a migratory movement in progress until after we had reached the pass and had settled down towards noon in the narrow valley between the mountain peaks to spend a couple of hours making sound recordings of the Ortolan Buntings: Emberiza hortulana L. and other birds present there. While we were doing so we became aware that most of the butterflies we saw were flying northwards through the pass. We decided to make a count, starting at 1300 hrs., of the numbers per hour of each species passing between us on a 50 m. front. This gave the following figures:— Total/hour Height above ground Artogeia rapae L. 360 1 - 3 metres 244 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 IS) Aefei3) Colias crocea Geoff. 250 O - 1 metre Combined total: 610 These were the only species which crossed out line of vision during the sample count, but during the three hours we spent in the pass other species noted flying north were Large Whites: P. brassicae L. (a few), Green-veined White: A. napi L. (several), Berger’s Clou- ded Yellow: C. australis Verity (a few), Pale Clouded Yellow: C. hyale (a few), V. atalanta L. (a few), C. cardui L. (a few) and L. boeticus L. (several). All the butterflies were flying purposefully against a fresh north wind, mostly at low level. The majority of those in our sector flew straight on through a thick plantation of small conifers, dodging between the trees. Some of the female crocea were of the form helice. We recorded a short eye-witness description of the migration by D.F.O. which was broadcast in B.B.C. Radio 4’s “The Living World” on 30th May, 1982. When we finished our sound recording work and continued north through the Sierra de Gredos on the Avila road we were surrounded by butterflies of the species already mentioned flying in the same direction. The movement was still in progress at 1400 hrs. when we stopped for lunch at Vta. del Obispo, some 5 km. further north, but appeared to have stopped when we emerged from the inn soon after 1500 hrs. Systematic List of Species Recorded Swallowtail: Papilio machaon hispanicus Eller. Sierra de Guadar- rama: one, Miraflores town, 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: one, Arenas de San Pedro, 15.v.; a full grown larva on Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Miller near Ramacastanes, near Arenas de San Pedro, 16.v. According to Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b), supported by de Freina (1975), the Swallowtail is sporadic and solitary in its distribution in Spain with the exception of the mountain ranges of the Sierra de Guadarrama, Sierra de Gredos and the Sierra de Estréla. Manley and Allcard (1970) state that it is to be found in all parts of the Peninsula, although it has never been their experience to find it in abundance. Scarce Swallowtail: /phiclides podalirius feisthamelii Duponchel Sierra de Guadarrama: one, Miraflores, 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: one, Oropesa, 19.v. Like machaon, this species is also considered by Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b), who have searched for it in many localities, to be rather solitary and sporadic in its distribution, while de Freina (1975) remarks that it seems faithful to its preferred haunts and that he has only found it in elevated places. Spanish Festoon: Zerynthia rumina L. Sierra de Guadarrama: common around Guadalix. and Miraflores, especially in open clear- ings of Pyrenean Oak woods. Here 2nd instar larvae were found BUTTERFLIES IN CENTRAL SPAIN IN MAY 1982 245 singly, or in twos and threes on birthwort Aristolochia pistolochia L., 12.v. Sierra de Gredos: locally plentiful in the foothills around Arenas de San Pedro and also on the Cerro del Agulla near the River Tiétar between Candeleda and Corchuela, 17-22.v. Black-veined White: Aporia crataegi L. Sierra de Gredos: several, Cerro del Agulla, near River Tiétar, 21.v.; two flying on flowery bank below the Canal de Rosarita, near Madrigal de la Vera, 21.v. (one collected by D.F.O.). Presumably those we saw belong to the race rutae Bryk: de Freina (1975) recorded it in the Sierra de Guadarrama at El Escorial in June, 1973. Large White: Pieris brassicae L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent around Miraflores, 11-14.v.; Sierra de Gredos: fairly common 17-22.v.; a few seen migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (q.v.). Eitschberger (1970) and Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b) found the apparent scarcity of this species puzzling during collecting trips to Spain in 1969 and 1972. Small White: Artogeia rapae L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent around Guadalix, Miraflores, Puerto de Canencia and above Rasca- fria, 11-15.v. Sierra de Gredos: common, 16-23.v., in foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro; 360 per hour seen migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (q..). Green-veined White: A. napi L. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent around Miraflores, 1 1-14.v., including glades in pinewoods at around 1,500 m.; also at ca. 1,400 m. on mountain slopes above Rascafria on 151. Sierra de Gredos: frequent in foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, 16-23.v.; a few seen migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (q.v.). Bath White: Pontia daplidice L. Sierra de Guadarrama: one, Guadalix, 1l.v.; apparently frequent around Miraflores 11-14.v. Sierra de Gredos: apparently common in foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, and southwards on the Cerro del Agulla and the Sierra del Agulla, 17-23.v.; as already mentioned, this species was present in small numbers with other migratory species in the steep valley leading up to the Puerto del Pico on 23.v., but we did not obtain any clear evidence of its involvement in the migration we observed through that pass at midday on that date. As we only caught and examined a sample of the butterflies we saw and found it difficult to separate this species from Euchloe simplonia Freyer by sight when on the wing, we were unable to establish a precise idea of the relative abundance of the two species. Dappled White: Euchloe simplonia Freyer. Apparently common on open ground in most of the places we visited in the Sierra de Guadarrama and Sierra de Gredos regions, including Miraflores, Poyales de Hoyo, Candeleda, Arenas de San Pedro, below the Puerto del Pico, Madrigal de la Vera, Carro del Agulla and Sierra del Agulla. 246 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 Orange Tip: Anthocharis cardamines L. Road from Santander to Burgos 10.v.: one male at Puerto de Carrales (1,020 m.), com- mon at Pesquera de Ebro along the banks of the Ebro where it flows through a deep gorge; Sierra de Guadarrama: a few, Guadalix, 11.v., common in the Pyrenean Oak wood near Miraflores, 1 1-14.v., and also on the mountain slopes above Rascafria, 15.v. Not met with in the Sierra de Gredos or its environs. Morocco Orange Tip: A. belia euphenoides Staud. Sierra de Guadarrama: common around Miraflores, 11.14.v., especially in the wood of Pyrenean Oaks. Frequent on the mountain slopes above Rascafria, 15.v. Sierra de Gredos: common locally in the foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, and in the steep valley leading up to the Puerto del Pico. Clouded Yellow: Colias crocea Geoff. Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent around Miraflores, 11-14.v.; two near Guadalix, Il.v. Sierra de Gredos: common in the southern foothills and on moun- tainsides, and here and there in flowery fields in the plain to the south, 17-22.v.; 250 per hour migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (g.v.). A small proportion of the females were of the variety helice. Pale Clouded Yellow: C. hyale L. Road from Santander to Burgos, 10.v.: one. Sierra de Guadarrama: none seen; Sierra de Gredos: as least one and a few other possibles migrating north over the Puerto del Pico, 23.v. (qg.v.). There are apparently few authen- ticated records of this species in Spain and its status is uncertain (Manley and Allcard 1970). Eitschberger and Steiniger (1973b) and de Freina (1975) did not encounter any during their visits to the Guadarrama and Gredos ranges. Berger’s Clouded Yellow: C. australis Verity. Sierra de Gredos: several identified, including a few migrating north with crocea over the Puerto del Pico, 23 v. Brimstone: Gonepteryx rhamni L. Road from Santander to Burgos, 10.v.: several at Puerto de Carrales (1,020 m.), common at Pesquera de Ebro; Sierra de Guadarrama: frequent in pinewoods at ca. 1,500 m. between Miraflores and Canencia, 13.v., also at ca. 1,400 m. on mountain slopes above Rascafria on 15.v. Sierra de Gredos: frequent in the foothills between Madrigal de la Vera and Arenas de San Pedro, 16-23.v. Cleopatra: G. cleopatra europaea Verity. Pesquera de Ebro, north of Burgos: common, 10.v. Not seen elsewhere. Wood White: Leptidea sinapis L. Sierra de Guadarrama: a few noted in woods dominated by Pyrenean Oak Q. pyrenaica, near Miraflores, 11-14.v. Sierra de Gredos: a few encountered in the foothills between Poyales de Hoyo and Candeleda, 17-22..; Madrigal de la Vera: one collected 18.v.; several on shady banks of the Canal de Rosarita, 21.v. (To be continued) NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 247 Notes and Observations TREASURER’S NOTICE. — I am pleased to announce that the subscription to ‘The Record’ for 1984 (Volume 96) will remain at £10.00 (U.K.) and £11.50 (Overseas). — P. J. JOHNSON. BOOK TALK SIX. — _ That impressive, finely illustrated work The Lepidoptera of the British Islands by Charles Golding Barrett (1836-1904), is still regarded as the most authoritative account of the subject despite its age. Published from 1893-1907 in 11 volumes 8vo. large paper, it contains 504 hand coloured plates, the quality of which can vary considerably in different sets. In the earlier or subscribers’ copies the colouring is superior, whereas in those sets which were coloured up later — the work was still obtainable new from Lovell Reeve the publisher until shortly after the end of World War II — the illustrations tend generally to be relatively poor. In my own copy which belonged to E. A. Atmore, who collaborated with the author, the illustrations are among the finest I have seen in this work and contrast favourably with those of the original pattern plates in the Department of Entomology, British Museum (Natural History), with which they have been compared by kind permission of the Librarian. The work was evidently published originally in parts with printed wrappers, but with what frequency these parts were issued is not known. I have only seen one example in parts, and that is very incomplete. It is in the library of Mr. D. S. Burrows and collates as follows: Part 35, 1896, pp.1-32, plts. 137-140; Part 38, 1897, pp. 97-128, plts. 149-152; Part 39, 1897, pp. 129-160, plts. 153- 156; Part 42, 1897, pp. 225-256, plts. 165-168; Part 43, 1897, pp. 257-288, plts. 169-172; with each part printed on the wrapper “Price 3s Plain, 5s Coloured”. I have not seen a copy with the plates uncoloured, though there is of course the ordinary 8vo. unillustrated edition which is not rare. After the author’s death, Richard South undertook respon- sibility for seeing the final portion of the MS. through the press and so enabled volumes 10 and 11 to be published. Subsequently, in 1907, there was published separately, both in large paper and in ordinary 8vo., a most useful pamphlet of 20 pages (including title page and verso), listing alphabetically every species (with synonyms) mentioned in the work, together with the references to plate, volume and page numbers, and entitled Alphabetical List of Species contained in C. G. Barrett’s Lepidoptera of the British Islands form- ing a Supplementary Index to that Work. The remaining stock of this index was acquired by Mr. L. Christie, 129 Franciscan Road, Tooting, London SW17 8DZ, from whom copies are still obtainable at the time of writing. — J. M. CHALMERS— HUNT. 248 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 COLIAS CROCEA IN 1983. — We have received so many reports of sightings of this butterfly this year that it would be impossible to publish them all. They range from Cornwall to Kent and Essex, north to Westmorland (vc.69), and to Breconshire in Wales. We hope in due course to produce a summary of its occur- rence in the 1983 Migration Report. — J.M.C.-H. BUTTERFLIES AT M. V. LIGHT AND AN AGRIUS CONVOLVULI. — On 17 August 1983 in the Burren, a Grayling entered the trap and refused to leave. The next night a Wall was attracted and on 19 August it was a Speckled Wood. On the night of 20, I operated at Kylemore, Connemara, when the next morning revealed a Peacock sharing an egg carton with a worn Convolvulus Hawk. All four nights were mild and muggy. R. G. CHATELAIN, 65 East Drive, Orpington, Kent. A SECOND NORFOLK RECORD OF DORCATOMA SERRA PANZ. (COL.: ANOBIIDAE ); AND A CORRECTION. — On 22nd June, 1981, I swept a Dorcatoma from tangled mixed foliage in a row of straggly trees in a lane at Catfield Fen, E. Norfolk, which to my surprise proved to be a fine fresh male of D. serra. There is one previous record known to me for the county, from Swainsthorpe near Norwich by the late F. D. Buck; I do not have the date, but it would be about 40 years ago. The species is very local and usually rare but, like any of the genus, can sometimes be found in plenty when its breeding-place (various tree fungi) is discovered. There were some rather decrepit alders where the Catfield specimen was taken, one of which no doubt was the source. In a recent note on Dorcatoma spp. in Kent (antea 115-6) I mentioned that there appeared to be no Kent record of D. dresdensis Hbst. Since then Mr. E.G. Philp has kindly informed me of a record of Capt. J. A. Stephens having exhibited specimens of dresdensis from Cobham Park in 1944, reported in Proc. S. L. ent. nat. Hist. Soc., for 1944-5, p.19. This is of interest in offering a conceivable ex- planation of Fowler’s VCH record of D. flavicornis “in fungi on trees” at the same locality by J. J. Walker, on which I commented in the above note. If we can believe that the species found by Walker was actually dresdensis — a bare possibility — long before it was known to be British, Fowler’s puzzling reference to tree fungi is accounted for. An earlier Kent record of D. dresdensis has come to light, not known to either Mr. Philp or myself at the time of writing the above. A visit to the BMBH has revealed three specimens with data ‘East Malling, 10.v.42, A. M. Massee, bred ex Polyporus’. Dr. Massee must surely have published this discovery, but I have seen no note of it. — A.A. ALLEN. THE SMALL BLUE: CUPIDO MINIMUS FUESS. IN CUMBRIA. — On July 8 1983 I discovered a colony of the Small Blue in Cumbria. In a careful three hour search in ideal weather conditions, I located NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS 249 seven (and possibly eleven) separate individuals flying with Small Heath, Common Blue, and Meadow Browns. The food plant (An- thyllis vulneraria) was locally abundant. This being at a rather late date in what was an already late season, some specimens were a little worn but at least one male was freshly emerged. Whilst loca- lised, individuals were prepared to range for up to 50 metres and were difficult to follow for long periods, for although relatively slow and low flying, they were readily lost against the background in the bright conditions pertaining. To my knowledge this is the first reported record for Cumbria within the last decade where the species was thought to be possibly extinct. It is also perhaps the first record for several years for North West England as a whole. The locality which is a warm sunny bank and flat below, is in a previously un- recorded 10 km square for this species, (Distribution Maps of the Butterflies for the British Isles, Ed. J. Heath, 1982), but for obvious reasons the site is not disclosed. Several specimens were photo- graphed, but none were taken. I hope to further monitor the pro- gress of this colony in future years and it is hoped that it will be unaffected by any form of commercial development or by col- ‘lectors. — M.J. Y. FOLEY, 87 Ribchester Road, Clayton-le-Dale, Blackburn, Lancs. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF DANAUS CHRYSIPPUS L. IN TUNISIA IN 1983. — Further to the remarks on this butterfly by J. F. Burton (Ent. Rec., 94: 208), I may add that I too had the wonder- ful experience of seeing this butterfly on the move in Tunisia. On July 10th 1983 while on a birdwatching expedition with a colleague Dr. Charles Galea Bonavia, a number of specimens of D. chrysippus were noted. They were flying in a NNW'ly direction across the vast glasswort plain adjacent to the west sector of Kairouan, during a shade temperature which increased to 40°C by noon while the wind remained relatively calm throughout the day. The first specimen was observed at 0725 hrs. and a total of 13 butterflies was seen up till 0910 hrs. No more were accounted for until later on in the afternoon of that day, when at 1715 hrs. a further four were sighted sailing over the locality in the same general direction. Three days later (13/7) we travelled to El Kef, a bus journey lasting some 3% hours across almost 200km of country- side. During a short stop along the route in an area known as La Kesra (approx. 80km from Kairouan), we spotted yet another specimen: further evidence that the species was heading towards the Maghreb coast and possibly crossing the Mediterranean to southern european localities. On arrival at El Kef we sought accommodation at the local Youth Hostal, afterwards strolling around the grounds where we caught sight of another chrysippus at 1625 hrs. (13/7). The writer is indebted to Mr. Anthony Valletta, F.R.E.S., for his valuable advice. — L. F. CASSAR, Villino Fralimar, Nazju Ellul Road, Msida, Malta. 250 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 HYDRELIA SYLVATA D. & S: TESTACEATA DON. (LEP.: GEOME- TRIDAE) — LARVAL FOODPLANT IN MID-KENT. — _ It has long been thought that the larvae of this moth fed here upon sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa), — the moths were frequently observed resting on these trees, but Chalmers-Hunt in his “Lepidoptera of Kent’ states for this species — foodplant unknown. On August 16th, 1983, I visited a sweet chestnut plantation last coppiced several years ago, near Barming, and by beating the lowest branches which were just within reach secured half a dozen of the quite distinctive larvae. A month earlier, on July 18th, one m/v light within half an hour had attracted about one hundred H. testaceata, the vast majority of which were males, and almost all specimens were melanics approaching, or of the form, goodwini Bankes. Undoubtedly, in these woodlands, sweet chestnut is not only the major larval foodplant, but probably the only one. — B.K. WEST, 36 Briar Road, Bexley, Kent. Current Literature Tabellen En Verspreidingsatlas Van De Nederlandse Microlepidoptera. A4 format. limp. PART I: Pyralidae by J. H. Kuchlein, F. Leffef & R.H. Kleinpaste. 77pp: 149 figs: 99 maps. Pub. 1980 (now reprinting). PART II: Pyralidae, Pterophoridae by J. H. Kuchlein & C. Gielis. 86pp; 119 figs; 113 maps. Pub. 1982, price 21.75 Dutch Florins. Obtainable from Agricultural University, Centraal Magazijn, De Dreyen 4, Wageningen, Netherlands. The title of this series of publications translates as ““Keys and distribution atlas of the Dutch microlepidoptera’’. Part I covers the sub-families Galleriinae, Crambinae and Phycitinae whilst Part II covers the Pyralinae, Pyraustinae and Pterophoridae. Between the two parts, 211 species are considered. The works are essentially illustrated keys together with dis- tribution maps (for the Netherlands) and brief notes on the biology and occurrence of each species. The illustrations comprise diagrams of wing patterns, genitalia and other structures for selected species very much in the style of the text figures in “British Pyralid and Plume Moths” (1954) by B. P. Beirne, but in the opinion of the reviewer these illustrations are far superior to those in Beirne. A considerable amount of information is available to the patient reader with no knowledge of Dutch, and with a dictionary it is (just!) possible to creep through the keys. The reviewer was unable to translate enough of the text to comment on its accuracy, but the quality of the figures makes them a worthwhile purchase for the serious student of the Pyra- les. It is a great pity that the publishers did not follow the exam- ple of the “Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica” series in choos- CURRENT LITERATURE 75) I ing English as the text language, for had they done so there is no doubt that they would have enjoyed substantial European sales. — PAUL SOKOLOFF. The Study of Stoneflies, Mayflies and Caddis Flies by T. T. Macan. 44pp. and 17 text figs. Stiff wrapper. The Amateur Entomolo- gist, volume 17. 1982. £2.70 inclusive. Obtainable from: AES Publications, 4 Steep Close, Green Street Green, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. Here we have another of those inexpensive, handy and ad- mirably practical monographs for which the AES is so renowned, attractively written by an authority of high repute. A brief general introduction on collection, equipment, methods and identification is followed by accounts of the Plecoptera (about 9pp.), with habitats of the larvae and adult, life history, food of larvae; then the Ephe- moptera (about I5pp.), with structure and development, food, life history, habitat of the various species, ecological factors, the adults, mating and oviposition; and finally, the Trichoptera (about 14pp.), with literature, description, the adult, eggs, larvae, pupa, classifica- tion, life histories, general distribution, ecology, migration, food, trichoptera and man. The enlarged (for the most part) illustrations add considerable interest, and a list of 34 bibliographical references completes the booklet. — J.M.C.-H. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici (abbreviated to Ann. H-N.), and Acta Zoologica Academii Scientiarum Hungarici (abbreviated to Acta Zool.). I have received from Dr. A. M. Vojnits a series of separates of his papers on mainly oriental Eupitheciid and one or two other Geometrid species. These papers are in the English language and are illustrated by clear line-drawings of genitalia dissections, and include several new species and sub-species. I list below the titles and referen- ces of these papers, which appear in either one or other of the above periodicals. (1) Archieariinae, Rhodometrinae, Geometrinae II, Sterrhinae II and Ennominae III (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) from Mongolia. Ann H-N. 69: 165-175, 1977. (2) New Eupithecia Species and Sub-species from Asia and North Africa. Acta Zool. XXIII, 1-2: 227-236, 1977. (3) Geometridae Eupitheciinae III (Lepidoptera). Acta Zool. XXIII, 3-4: 461-485 1977. (4) Larentiinae (Lepidoptera) Geometridae) from Mongolia: Ann. H-N. 70: 191-195. 1978. (5) Eupithecini from Korea and China. Acta Zool. XXIV, 1-2: 225-252. (6) Investigations in the ‘“‘Eupithecia scalptata-syriata”’ Group (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Zool. XXIV, 3-4: 431- 438, 1978. (7) Data to the Eupithecia Fauna of China (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Acta Zool. XXVI, 4: 433-449, 1980. (8) Data to the Eupithecia Fauna of Nepal I. (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Acta Zool. XXVII, 1-2: 217-238. 1981. (9) Data to the Eupithecia Fauna of Asia (Lepidoptera, Geometridae) Ann. H-N. 73: 221-237. 1981. 252 ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD, VOL. 95 15.X1.83 (10) On Some Chinese Eupithecia Material Collected by H. Hone (Lepidoptera, Geometridae). Acta Zool. XXVII, 3-4: 407-430, 1981. (11) A Revision of the “Eupithecia innotata Group” I (Lepidoptera) Geometridae). Ann. H-N. 74: 217-239. 1982. (12) New Eupithecia Species from the Asiatic Regions of the Soviet Union and Iran. Acta Zool. XXVIII, 3-4: 403-420. 1982. The quoted periodicals are obtainable from: Blackwell’s Periodi- cals, Oxenford House, Magdalen Street Oxford. Collet’s Subscription Import Department, Denington Estate, Wellingborough, Northants. Robert Maxwell and Co. Ltd., 4-5 Fitzroy Square, London W. — S.N.A.J. Butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic by Torben B. Larsen, with a Review of Species in the Charaxes viola Group from Arabia and East Africa by Dr. A. H. B. Rydon. Three coloured and two other plates; paper wrappers. Royal Danish Academy of Scien- ces and Letters. Obtainable from: Munksgaard Export and Subscription Service, 35 Norre Sogade, DK 1370 Copenhagen K, Denmark. Kronen 120,00. In this survey of the butterflies of the Yemen Arab Republic the author has followed a similar scheme to that used in his well known book on The Butterflies Of Lebanon. An introduction outlining the very restricted history of butterfly research in Yemen is followed by a comprehensive bio-geographic description of the country and brief comments on the author’s own experiences there in May 1980. In the systematic part Torben Larsen draws on the meagre published information and some unpublished data, as well as his own records. 106 butterfly species are listed in this section but a further 13 are included in a postscript, most of these additions being a result of a further visit to Yemen by the author. Some of the species resulting from these two visits were not only new to the Arabian peninsula but three of them were new to science. In my opinion the outstand- ing feature of all of Larsen’s writing, however, is in the interesting personal observations he includes of habits, foodplants, and general ecology. This paper is no exception. In the Appendix, Dr. A. H. B. Rydon has contributed an interes- ting paper on aspects of the taxonomy of the Charaxes viola group. This includes descriptions of three new species, one of them Charaxes bernstorffi, collected in the Yemen for the first time by him in May 1980 and the only member of this group to have been recorded from Arabia. The other two new species described are both from south west Ethiopia Charaxes smilesi, previously lumped with Charaxes daria Van someren and Jackson; and Charaxes larseni, also a member of the viola group. Other members of which are discussed in this paper. Para. 7. This joint publication concludes with five plates, (three in colour) of Yemen butterflies and their habitats; and illustrations of some of the closely related Charaxes viola group — including the three new species. — C. J. LUCKENS. THE AMATEUR ENTOMOLOGISTS’ SOCIETY The Society was founded in 1935 and caters especially for the younger or less experienced Entomologist. For details of publications and activities, please write (enclosing 20p towards costs) to A.E.S. Registrar, 8 Heather Close New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey KT15 3PF. BRITISH NATURALISTS’ ASSOCIATION has twenty active branches in Britain and a world-wide membership. Its official organ, Country-Side (published three time a year), is the oldest-established British magazine devoted to general natural history Membership subscription £2.50 per annum Full details and application form (s.a.e.) obtainable from: B.N.A., 23 Oak Hill Close, Woodford Green, Essex THE NATURALIST (founded 1875) A Quarterly Illustrated Journal of Natural History Edited by M. R. SEAWARD, M.Sc., Ph.D. Annual subscription: £8.00 (post free) Single numbers £2.00 Separates of the collected instalments of the:— LEPIDOPTERA OF YORKSHIRE (Macrolepidoptera) which appeared serially in The Naturalist (1967-1970) are also available on application. Price 50p plus postage The Editor of the Naturalist University of Bradford, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP L CHRISTIE 129, Franciscan Road, Tooting, London, $SW17 8DZ Telephone: 01-672 4024 FOR THE ENTOMOLOGIST Books, Cabinets and Set Specimens Price lists of the above are issued from time to time so if you would like to receive them please drop me a line stating your interests. Mainly a postal business but callers welcome by appointment Member of the Entomological Suppliers’ Association THE ENTOMOLOGIST’S RECORD AND JOURNAL OF VARIATION (Founded by J. W. TUTT on 15th April 1890) CONTENTS Gronops inaequalis Boheman (Col.: Curculionidae): a Weevil New to Britain. L. CLEMONS, 213. Thaumetopoea processionea L. (Oak Processionary Moth): the Imago Recorded in Britain. A. P. FOSTER, 216. Records of Coleophoridae in North Wales. H. N. MICHAELIS, 217. Tachydromia terricola Zett. (Dip: Empididae) New to Britain. A. A. ALLEN, 223. Recording Lepidoptera in the Cotswolds during 1982. M. McCREA, 225. Apium nodiflorum: a Previously Unrecognised Foodplant of De- pressaria ultimella Stainton. R. J. HECKFORD, 229. A Modern Review of the Demise of Aporia crataegi L.: the Black-veined White. C. PRATT, 232. Some Notes on Polypogon strigilata L. B. ELLIOTT, 238. Butterflies in Central Spain in May 1982, including a Record of North- ward Migration. J. F. BURTON & D. F. OWEN, 242. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS, 215, 222, 224, 231, 237, 247-250. CURRENT LITERATURE, 241, 250-252. TO OUR CONTRIBUTORS All material for the TEXT of the magazine as well as books for review must be sent to the EDITOR at 1 Hardcourts Close, West Wickham, Kent. ADVERTISEMENTS, EXCHANGES and WANTS to MARK HADLEY, 2 Thompson Street, New Bradwell, Wolverton, Bucks, MK13 OEB. Specimen copies will be supplied by Mr. Hadley on payment of £1.20 sterling. Changes of address, and enquiries regarding back numbers, Volumes and Sets to: P. A. SOKOLOFF, 4 Steep Close, Orpington, Kent BR6 6DS. 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Readers are respectfully advised that the publication of material in this Journal does not imply that the views and opinions expressed therein are shared by the Editor and publisher. SPECIAL NOTICE. — The Editor would be willing to consider the purchase of a limited number of certain back issues. va Printed by Frowde & Co (Printers) Ltd Orpheus St. London SES 8RR i " ~_ a ¥ a al haa ae etapa ita | tang R61 MAP ADA Le AND wo: (ee , iy ea, Hi he wit? ‘ iy a 9 ene a Be Pater fe ae ¥ Ny aU fo yh ts ae r ai ei. Cm cae AUD | Be Le i 1 7 ala : Bi \ © | ” ir ra yal. } lay Me 14i¢ ttle n Sean eas " Joy inscalon wi a 7, Nd ) Ane nv ie Mh ial i One i) ' ena says? Li we : \ rie ae he Ml ho r ‘ ria ban ‘em Z " Ra mine OM 4 a he whee anne A 7 :

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