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E N T O M O L O G I S T'S

tlseful Ccmpentiium ;

on
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGE

OF

BRITISH INSECTS,

COMPniSlNG

THE BEST MEANS OF OBTAINING AND PRESERVING THEM, AND
A DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS GENERALLY USED;

TOGETHER WITH

THE GENERA OF LINNE,

AND

The Modern Method of arranging the Classes Crustacea, MjTiapoda,
Spiders, Mites and Insects, from their Affinities and
Structure, according to the views of Dr. Leacii.

ALSO

AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY i

A CALENDAR OF THE TIMES OF APPEARANCE AND USUAL SITUATIONS

OF NEAR 3,000 SPECIES OF BRITISH INSECTS j

wrrn

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING AND FITTING UP OBJECTS

FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

Illustrated with Twelve Plates.

BY GEORGE SAMOUELLE,

ASSOCIATE OF TtlE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON,

LONDON;

PRINTED FOR TliOM.iS BOYS, XO. 7, LUDGATE HILL.
(from no. 3, PATERNOSTER ROW.)

1819.

FEB 2 8 1989

Printed ly R. and A Taylor, Shos-Ume.

TO

Dr. W. E. leach, F.R.S. &c. 8cc.

Sin,

T may justly dedicate iliefullowhig pages to you, being
indebted for the ynost valuable part of their contents to your kindness and
liberality. I am happy in thus having it in my power to acknowledge my
sense of the many obligations which I lie under to you : and at the same,
time I trust tlie present work will be the means of aiding you in the very
praiseworthy cause in which you are engaged. It is also to be hoped that in
England, ere long, Entomology will stand on the same ground with Botany,
Chemistry, or Mineralogy ; and that your labours will eventually be us
duly appreciated in this country us they are now on the Continent.

I remain, Sir, with the greatest respect,

Your most obliged and obedient servant,

GEORGE SAMOUELLE.

Blackfriars Road,
March 1819.

PREFACE.

It must be acknowledged that the very rapid progress which
every science for some years past has made in this country,
is greatly to be attributed to Elementary works, and at the
same time it is to be regretted that as yet none has appeared
on the practical part of Entomolog\-, by which I mean the
method of collecting and preserving insects, the elements of
the science, &LC. It is true such a work is announced, and it
is hoped will shortly appear ; I allude to the completion of
Messrs. Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology.—
From the profound knowledge of the subject which these ex-
cellent authors possess, we certainly may expect a most com-
plete work ; yet its extent, and the necessary expense of at least
four octavo volumes, must exclude many from purchasing it,
and especially young persons to whom the study of Entomo-
logy is particularly adapted.

From this consideration I was induced more than twelve
months ago to begin a work, the mere outline of the present,
and which was intended to comprise little more than the
Linnean Genera, Vxith a slight notice of the more natural
Genera which had been separated from them, with references
to the best essays or papers that had been published on the
subject, and directions for collecting, &c. This was to have
been published in duodecimo, and would have made but a thin

6 PREFACE.

volume. On the return of Dr. Leach from the contment m
May I consulted him on the subject, when he most liberally
promised me every assistance, with the free use of his books
and manuscripts, if I would extend the work. This was a
kindness which I certainly did not expect, although I knew
his zeal and ardour in the promotion of science : it was also
an offer I could not withstand, and which no lover of science
will regret. It has been my wish in no instance to omit ac-
knowledging what has been derived from his valuable assist-
ance : should this however have been in any case neglected, I
trust that Dr. L. will pardon the oversight-

To experienced scientific Entomologists this work cannot
be expected to afford much additional information: their
good sense will however admit its necessity and utility, since
a publication on such a plan has long been a great deside-
ratum ; yet even to these it is presumed it will not be altoge-
ther useless, since it contains the characters of many genera
lately established by the most celebrated Entomologists on
the continent, and never before printed in this country'.

The Genera of Linne I have been obliged to give according
to my former plan, as the plates were engraved previous to the
alteration. The Modem System is nearly the same as that
given in the Supplement to Encyclopasdia Britannica, article
Crustaceology, and Dr. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopsedia,
article Entomology, with the exception of the foreign Genera
and the alteration of Tribes to Families terminating in idee.

The introduction of Objects for the Microscope may '^y
some be considered as rather foreign to the subject of Ento-
mology ; but this I cannot altogether accede to, since the as-
sistance of this instrument is so often required, and many ^^ ho
possess a microscope might be induced to extend their views

PREFACE. 7

to Entomology if they were acquainted with the method of
collecting insects, and were furnished with some work to give
them an insight into their distribution and arrangement.

The utility of the Calendar must be obvious to every one,
as containing extensive and substantial infomnation such as
the Tyro will require. Those who reside at a distance from
the metropolis have a gi'eat advantage, as by carefully examin-
ing such places as are refeiTed to in the Calendar they may
not only meet with the species enumerated, but are likely to
capture new insects, at least undescribed, for as yet \ ery little
is known of the Entomology of Britain.

I cannot omit returning my thanks to that acute and ex-
cellent Entomologist J. 1''. Stephens, Esq. F.L.S. whose ex-
tensive knowledge of the subject and the readiness \\\\.\\ which
he has always assisted me deserve my warmest acknowledge-
ment. To Mr. Sowerby also 1 am indebted for many per-
sonal favours.

CONTENTS.

Page

Introduction - - - - - - -If

Elements of Entomology - - - - - 19

Definition of Insects - - - - - - 21

Parts of Insects - - - - - - ib.

Caput, -the Head - - - - - - ib.

Eyes - - - - - - - ib.

Antenn/£ - - - - - - - lb.

Os, the Mouth— Labrum, MandibulEe, Maxillae, Galea:>, Li-
gula, Lingua, Ilostmm, Proboscis, Haustellum, Palpi,

Frons, Clypeus, Vertex, Gula - - 27 — SO

Truncus, the Trunk— Thorax, Pectus, Sternum, Scutellum 30, 3 1

Abdomex — Cauda, Aculeus - - - - 33

Aetus — Pedes, Coxa, Femur, Tibia, Tarsus, Unguis, Ala:",

Elytra, Halteres . - - - 33—37

(ECONOMY OF INSECTS 38

Of the Larva state - - - - - - 40

Of the Pupa state - - - - - -41

Of the Imago or Perfect state - - - - 42

Observations on the different Systems of Entomology - - 43

Orders and Genera of Linne - - - - - 47

Order I. Coleoptera - - - - - - ib.

II. Hcmiptera - - - - - - 60

III. Lepidoptcra - - - - - 63

IV. Neuroptera - - - - - 65

V. Hymenoptera - - - - -66

VI. Diptera - - - - - - TO

VII. Aptera 72

On the Division of Animals from their Organization - - 74

Division of the Animal Kingdom " - - - - 75

Characters of the Annvdata - - - - - 76

Class I. CRUSTACEA.— History - - - - ib.

Subclass I. Entomostraca - - - - 82

Subclass IT. Malacostraca - - - - ib.

Legion I. Podophthalma - - - - ib.

Order I. BRACHYURA - - - ib.

Order II. MACROURA - - - 91

Legion II. Edeiophtiialma _ , - loo

CONTENTS. 9

rage

Class II. MYRIAPODA 112

Order I. CIIILOGNATIIA - - - -113

Order II. SYNGNATIIA - - - - 115

Class III. ARACJINOlbA 117

Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA - - - - 118

Order II. DIM EROSOM ATA - - - -119

Class IV. ACARI 130

Class V. INSECTA 134

Subclass I. AAfETABOLIA _ - _ _ i^io

Order I. TUYSANURA - - - - ib.
Order II. ANOPLURA 141

Subclass II. MtTABOLIA . - - _ 143

Order III. COLEOPTERA - - - - ib.

IV. DERMAPTERA - - - - 216

V. ORTIIOPTERA 217

M. DICTYOPTERA - - - - 219

VII. HEMIPTERA - - - - 220

VIII. OMOPTERA - - . . 229

IX. APTERA 233

X. LEPIDOPTERA - - - - 234

XI. TRICnOPTERA . . . _ 256

XII. NEUItOPTERA - - - - 257

XIII. IIYMENOPTERA - - - - 262

XIV. RIIIPIPTERA - - - - 283

XV. DIPTERA 289

XVI OMALOPTERA - - - - 302

Articulated Animals of doubtful situation - - -305

Apparatus used by Entomologists _ _ _ _ 307

Cabinet, and Method of Corking Drawers - - 310-11

Method of Collecting Insects - - - - -312

Seasons for Collecting - - - - - -314

Setting and Preserving Crustacea and Myriapoda - - 3 16

Arachnoida and Acari - - - 317

Insects - - - - - 318

Method of Relaxing Insects, &c. to reset - - -321

Method of arranging Insects in a Cabinet _ _ - 322

Directions for the Microscope _ _ . - 303
A Tabular \'iew of the magnifying Powers of Convex Glasses - 325

Method of Using the Microscope - _ _ - 326

Method of Dissecting Insects - - - -331

Parts of Insects for the Microscope - - - - 332

Parts of Animals for the Microscope - - - - 333

10 CONTENTS.

Page
Vegetables. — Seeds of Plants — Moss — Pollen of Plants — Mr.

Howard's Observations on the Pollen of Plants - - 335

Minerals _--_-.- 336

Explanation of the Terms used in Entomology - - 338

Entomologist's Calendar for January _ _ - - 358

_ for February _ . _ 360

. for IMarch - - - - ib.

— for April _ _ _ - 354

— for May - - - - 372

. for June - - - - 387

— ; for July _ _ - - 415

for August - - - ■ - 428

— for September _ _ - 438

. for October - - - - 442

for November _ . _ 443

.^ for December - - - ib.

Explanation of the Plates - - - - - 445
Index 453

AUTHORS QUOTED.

Adams. — Essays on the Microscope, by John Adams. 4to, London 17S7.
Aldrov. — De Aniiualibus Inscctis Libri septcm, Autore L'lysse Aldrovando. fol.

Bonon. IGO'2.
Blainville.—-V toArome d'une Nouvelle Distribution Systematique. (Bulletin

des Sciences, Sec. 1816.)
Bonelli. — Observations Entomolojiiqnes. 4to. Turin 1809.
Bonnet. — Traite d'Insectologie, par Cli. Bonnet. 8vo. Paris 1748.
Bonsdorf. — llistoria Naturalis Ciirculionuni Succiae, Autore Gabriel Bons-

dorf, &c. 4to. Upsaliae 1785.
Bosc. — Histoire Naturelle des Cruslaccs, faisant Suite k ['Edition de Buflbn,

par Castcl. ISOl.
Christius. Johann Ludwig — Naturgeschichte, Klassification und Nomenclatnr

der Insekten vom Bienen, Wespeu nnd Anieisengescblect. 4lo. Frank-
furt am Main 1791.
Clairo. — Entomologie Helvetique, ou Catalogue des Insectes de la Suisse,

ranges d'aprcs une nouvelle Methode, avec Descriptions et Figures. 4to.

Zurich 1798.
Clark. — An Essay on the Bots of Horses and other Animals, by Bracy Clark,

Veterinary Surgeon. 4to. London 1815.
Coqueierl. Anton. Joann. — lllustratio Iconographica Insectorum qua^ in Mii-

saeis Parisinis observavit et in hicetn cdidit Job. Christ. Fabricius. Tabu-

larum decas prima, fol. Parisiis An. 7.
Cuvier. — Le Tableau Elementaire de I'ilistoire Naturelle des Animaux, par

G.Cuvier. 1797.
Cuvier. — Lectures on Comparative Anatomy. Translated from the French of

G. Cuvier by William Ross under the inspection of James Macartney.

1 vols. 8vo. London 1802.
Cuvier. — Le Rrgne Animal distribue d'aprcs son Organisation, par M. Le

Chev. Cuvier, avec figures. 8vo. Par. 1817.
De Geer. — Memoires pour servir a I'Histoire des Insectes, par Charles De

(ieer. 7 torn. 4to. Stockholrae 1752.
Donovan. — The Natural History of British Insects, explaining them in their

several States, illustrated with coloured Figures, &e. By E. Donovan.

If) vols. 8vo. London 1792—1818.
. Donov. Inst. — Instructions for Collecting and Preserving various Subject? of

Natural History, ^c, by E. Douu\au. "2d edition, 8vo. London 18U5.

12 AUTHORS QUOTED.

Dumeril. — Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, par phisJeurs Professeursdu

Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle et desaiitres pvincipaies Ecolesde

Palis (i'Histoire des Insectcs, par le Piofesseur C. Diimeril). 8vo, Paris.
Fnlr. Sysl. Ent. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Systema Entomologias, sistens Insec-

torum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, &c. 8vo. Flensburgi et Lipsise

1T75,
Fair. Gen. Ins. — Jo. Clirist. Fabricii Genera Insectorum, &c. 8vo. Kilonii

1776.
Fabr. Sp. Ins.— Jo, Clirist. Fabricii Species Insectorum, &c. 2 toni. 8vo. Ham-

burgi et Kilonii l7Sl.
Fair. Mant. — Jo, Christ. Fabricii Mantissa Insectorum, &c. 2 torn. 8vo. Haf-

nix 1787.
Fair. Ent. Syst. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Entomologia Systematica emendata et

ancla. 4 torn. 8vo. Hafnirv: 1792.
Fabr. Supp. — Jo. Christ. Fabricii Supplementum Entomologiac Systematica,

8vo. Hafnia; 1798.
Fabr, Fawm, — Oth. Fabricii Fauna Groenlandica. 8vo. Hafnia? ctLipsiaj 1780,
First. Cent. — Novx Species Insectorum. Centuria 1. Autore Joanne Reinoldo

Forstero. 8vo. Londini 1771,
Fuurc. Em. Par. — Entomologia Parisiensis, sivc Catalogus Insectorum qua in

Agro Parisiensi reperiuntur, &.C, Edeute A, F. Fourcroy, M.D. 2 torn,

12rao. Parisiis 1785.
Gioff. — Histoire abregee des Insectes, dans laquelle ces Animaux sent ranges

suivant un Ordie Methodique, par M. GcotiVov, M.D. 2 torn. 4to. Paris

1764.
Oexmar. — Germar'sand Zincker Somnier's Magazin der Entomologie. vol, 3.

for 1817.
GweZ.— Carol! a Linne, .Systema Naturx per Regna Tria Naturae. Editio de-

cima tertia, aucla, reformata, cura Jo. Frid. Gnielin. 3 torn. 8vo. Lip-
six 17S8. ^
Graven. — Colcoi)tra microptera Brunsvicensia nee noii exoM^um quotquot

exstant in Collectionibus Entomologonim Rrunsvicensiu|^^Genera, Fa-

tnilias el Species distribuit D. I. L. C. Gravenhorst. ^^^Brunsvigje

Gyll, — InsectaSuecicadescripta a Leonardo Gyllenhall. 3tom.^^M|808 &c,
Harris. — Exposition of English Insects, arranged according to the^Hfcean Sy-
stem on 51 coloured plates, exhibiting nearly 500 figures. 4^K London

Jiaw. Prod. — Prodromus Lepidopterorum Britanniconim. A conc^^mtalogue
of British Lepidopterous Insects, with the Times and Place^Bippear-
ance in the winged State, by a Fellow of the Linnean Societ^Bto. Holh

Uaii}. — Lepidoptera Britannica, sistens Digestionem novam Inse^^Bm Lepi-
dopterorum quae in Magna Britannia reperiuntur, Larvarum fflipula,Tem-
poreque pascendi j Expansione Alarum; Mensibiisquc volandi; Synony-
mis atqne Locis Observationibusque variis. Autore A, II. Haworth. 8vo.
Londini 1803 &c.

Hellwig. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quce in Provinces Florentina et Pi-
sana prrescrtim collegit Petrus Rossius, iterum edita et Annotatis perpe-
tuis ar.cta a D. Job. Christ. Lud. Hellwig. 8vo. Helmstadii 1795.

Hirbsl. — Natursystein aller btkaniiten in und ausljindischen Insecten, &c.
Von Carl. Gusiav, Jablonsky, uud fortge!;et:;t von Johann Friedrich Wil-
lielmHerbst. 8vo. Berlin 17S9.

AUTHORS QUOTED. 13

Hermann. — Memoire Apterologique, par Jean Frederick Hermann, M.D. fol.
Strasburgh 1804.

llillner. — Der Saiiilung Europaischer Schtncttcrlinge von Jacob lliibncr. 4to.
Ausburg: 1796 &c.

7/;^. — :Maaazin fur Insectenkunde berausgegeben von Karl Illiger. 8vo.
Braiinfcliwf'ifr 1^ 01.

Jurine. — Nouvellc Metliode dc Classes les Ilymenopt^res et les Diptercs, avec
rigiires, par L Jurine. Tom. 1. Hymcnopteres. 4to. Gene\e 1807.

Kirly. — Monopraphia Apum Angliae; or An Attempt to divide into their Na-
tural Genera and Families snch Species of the Linnean fienns Apis a;;
have been discovered in England; with Descriptions, &c. '2 vols. 8vo.
Ipswich 1802.

Kirly andSpence. — An Iiitrodnetion to Entomology; or Elements of the Na-
tural History of Insects, with Plates. By William Kiri)y, M.A. and Wil-
liam Spence, Esq. 2nd Edition. Vol. 1 and 2. London 1S16 &c.

Klug. — Die niattwespen. Berlin Magazin 4to. for 1 8 12.

Kiioch. — Beitrage zur Insektengrschichte von August Wilhelm Knoch. 8vo.
I>eipzig 1781.

Laich. — Johann Nepomuk Verzeichniss von Laicharting der Tyroler Insectcn.
Svo. Zurich 1 73 1-4.

Laspeyres Sesiae Europaes, Iconibus depict, et Descriptionibus illustratz. 4to.

IJerol. 1801.

Lamarck Hist. Nat. — HistoireNaturellc dcs Animaux sans Vertebres, presen-
tant les Caraclcres generaux et particuliers, &c. &c. Par M. le Cheva-
lier dc Lamarck. 3 torn. 8vo. Paris. V. Y.

Lamarck Exlrait. — Extrait du Cours de Znologie du Museum d'Histoire Na-
turelle sur les Animaux sans Verl^bres, [lar M. de Lamarck. Par. 1812.
Svo.

Lamarck Syst. Anim. — Lamarck Systeme des Animaux sansVert^bres,pr^cede
du Discoiirs du Cours de Z'lologie. 8vo. Par. 1801.

Latr, Hist. Nat. des Cr. el des Ins. — Uistoire naturclle, generale et particuliere
des Crustaci's et des Insectes. Par P. A. Latreille. torn. 8vo. Paris.

^aract.gen. des Ins. — Precis des Caract5res generiques des In-
•P. A. Latreille. Paris 179J.

Naturelle des Fonrmies, el Recueil des Memoires et des Ob-

ir ks Abeillcs, les Araignes, les Froncheurs et autres Insectes.

A. Latreille. 8vo. Paris 1S02.

Lair, Gen. Crust, et Ins — P. A. Latreille Genera Crustaceorim et Insectorum

secundum OrdinemNaturalcm in Familiasdisposila, Iconibus Exemplisque

plurimisexplicata. 4 torn. Svo. Parisiiset Argentorati. 180()&c.

Leach. — Article Kntomology in Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopedia, vol. 9.

§;cts vol. 12.
f. — Malacostraca Podophthalma Britannie ; or De-criptions of
Crabs, Lobsters, Sec. by Wm. Hiford Leach, M.D. Illustrated with
highly finished Figures of all the Species by James Sowerhy. 4to. London
1818.
Leach. — ^The Zoologl- al Miscellany; or DescviptionB of New, Rare, or highly
Interesting Animals; by William Elford Leach, M.D. &c. Illustrated
with coloured Figures, accurately drawn from Nature, by R. P. Nodder.
Svo. Vol. 1, 2, 3. London 1814 &c.
Lench. — Article Annulosain Supplement to Encyclopaedia Eritannica, Vol. 1.
Leeuwenhoek. — Anatomia sen interiora Rerum cum animatarum tum inani-
mataviim, ope et beneiicio exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum detecta,
1687.

14 AUTHORS QVOTED.

Lehmann. — De Sensibiis extcrnis Animaiium exsanguiiim Commentatio, Pre-*
mio Regis oniata. Gcelting. 1798.

Lehmann. — I)e Antennis Insectorum. 8vo. 1799.
.— » Linne. — Systema Natiirs, sive Regiia tria Naturae systematice proposita per

Classes, Ordines, Genera et Species. 4 torn. Svo. 1767.
V- Marsh. — Eiitomologia Biitannica, sistens Insecta JBritannise indigena secun-
dum Methodiitn Linnsanam disposita. Auctoie Thoma Marsliam. Vol. 1.
Svo. CoJeoptera. Londini 1802.

Meigan. — Klassificazion und Besctireibung der Europaischen Zweiflugligen la-
sekten (Diptera Linn.) Von Johaan Wilhelm Meigan. 4to. Braunschweig
1804.

Mem. IFern. Society. — Memoirs of the Weruerian Natured History Society,
vol. 2. Svo. Edinburgh 1817.

Mull. — Zoologias Danicx Prodroinus, seu Animaiium Danias et Norvegiae in-
digenarum, &c» Auctore Othone Frederico Miiller. Svo. Hafniae 1786.

Ochsenheimer. — Die Scliinetterling vonEuropa. Von Ferdinand Ochsenheimer.
Svo. Leipzig 1816.

O'iv. — Entoniologie, ou llistoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec les Caracteres
generiques et specifiques, &c. Par M. Olivier, M.D. 4 torn. 4to. Paris
1789.

Ol/ers. — De vegetativis et animatis Corporibus in Corporibus animatis reperi-
undis Commentarius. Autore L F, M. de Olfers. 8vo. Berolini 1816.

Pall. Spec. ZooL — Spicilegia Zoologica,quibus novx imprimis et obscurje Ani-
maiium Species Iconibus, Descriptionibus atque Commentariis illustran-
tur, a Petr. Sim. Pallas. 4to. Berlin 1767 — 1780.

Pallas. — Icones Insectorum prsesertim Rossis Sibiriseque peculiarum,quae col-
legit et Descriptionibus illustravit Petrus Simon Pallas, M.D. 4to. Er-
lang. 1781.

Panz. Ent. Germ.' — Georg. V/olfg. Franz. Panzeri Entomologia Germanica,
exhibens Insecta perGermaniam indigena, &c. l'2mo. Norimberga: 1795.

Panz. Faun. Germ. — Faunas Insectorum Germanica Initia. D. Georg. Wolf-
gang. Franz. Panzer. Nurnberg 1798 &c.

Penn. Brit. Zool. — ]3ritish Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 4 vols. 8vo. War-
rington 1776.

Penn. Arc. ZooL — Arctic Zoology, by Thomas Peimant. 3 vols, 4to. London
1784.

Payk. — Monographia Stapbylinorum Sueciae a Gustavo de Paykull, Svo. L^p-
saliK 1789.

Payk. — Monographia Caraborum Sueciae. 1790.

Payk, — Monographia Curculionum Suecis. 1792.

Payk. Faun. Suec. — Gustavi Paykull Fauna Suecica. Insecta. 3 torn. Svo. 1798.

Rees'i Cyclopcedia. — Articles Entomology and Insects.

Redi. — Experimenta circa Generationem Insectorum. 1G71.

Rcemer. — Genera Insectorum Linnasi et Fabricii Iconibus illustrata, a Joanne
Jacobo Roemer. 4to. Vitoduri Helvetorum 1789.

Fossi Fn. Elr. — Fauna Etrusca, sistens Insecta quae in Provinces Florentina
et Pisana pra;sertim collegit Petrus Rossius, &c. 4to. Liburni 1790.

Savigny. — Memoiressur les Animaux sans Vertebres, par Savigny. 8vo. Paris
1816.

Sihellenie-g. — Genres des Mooches Dipteres representees en 42 Planches par
Schclleiiberg, et decrites par deux Amateurs d'Entomologie. In French
and Grrman. Svo. Zuric 1803.

S.hieff. — D. Jacobi Christian! Schaefferi Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam
indigenorum, &c. 3 torn, 4to. Regensburg 1769.

AUTIIOnS QUOTED. 15

Schonherr. — Synonymia Insectoium, &c. vonC. J. Schonherr, &c. 8vo. Stock-
holm ISOr, & isOS.
Schrank.—Vranchc\ de Pavla Schrank Enumeiatio Insectorum Austria indi-

genorum. 8vo. 1781.
Scopnli. — Joannis Antonii Scopoli Entomologia Carniolica, exhibens Insccta

Carniolias indigena, &c, 8vo. VindobonaE 17(33.
Shaw Nat. Mnr. — Vivarium Naturx, or 'I'he Naturalist's Miscellany, by G.

Shaw. The Figures by L. P. Nodder. 8vo, London, 1790 &e.
SuwerLy. — The British Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of new, rare, or little

known Animal Subjects ; many not before ascertained to be Inhabitants of

the British Isles. 8vo. vol. 1. London 1806.
Spinola. — Insectorum Liguriae Species novx aut rariores, quas in Agro Ligu-

stico nuper detexit, descripsit et Iconibus illustravit RIaximil. Spinola.

2 vols, in 4. Genuae 1806 — 1808.
• ^^ett'ar/.— Elements of Natural History, being an Introduction to the Systema

Naturx of I.innxus. vol. 2. 8vo. London and Edinburgh ISO'J.
' Swammtrdam. — The IJook of Nature, or History of Insects. Translated by

Thomas Flloyd, with Notes by J. Hill, folio. London 1758.
TJiunlerg. — Dissertatio Entomologicu sislens Insecta Suecica. Partes 1,2, 5,

4. 4to. Upsalix 1784.
Travs. Linn. Soc. — Transactions of the Linncan Society of London. 12 vols.

4to. 1791— 1818.
7'ranj.£7j<.5'oc.— Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, vol, I.

8vo.
Turton. — A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms

of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, systematically di^id.d into their

several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, &c. By Sir Charles Linne :

Translated from Gmelin, Fabricius, Sec. by William 'I'urton, M.D. Vol. 2

and 3. 8vo. London 1806.
Fillers— Car. Unnxi Entomologia, &c. curante et augente Carolo de Vjllers.

4 torn. Svo. Lugduni 1739.
JJalck. — Faune Parisienne (Insectes), on Histoireabregeedes Inscctes des En-
virons de Paris, classes d'apr6s le Sysleme de Fabricius, &c. Par C A.

Walckaer. Paris 1802.
JVeher — Observationes Entomological, continentes novorum qua condidit Ge-

nerum Characteres, et nuper detectarum Specierum Descriptiones. Svo.

Kiel 1801.

//■T,.//^._lconesCimicum, Descriptionibus illustrate, Fascic. J, 2, 5. 4to. Er-
Jang 1800—2.

TUE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S

(Llseful Compenliiunu

INTRODUCTION.

liiNTOMOLOGY is a study which may be considered as in its infancy.
So prone is man to look with contempt on those parts of the creation
which are diminutive, that insects have been almost overlooked in his
researches after knowledge. His ignorance, the conse((ucnce of this
contemptuous neglect, has led him to consider the whole class as of
small importance, and to arraign the Creator for forming an useless,
and in many cases offensive and injurious tribe of beings. Such can be
tiie language only of " haughty ignorance:" the modest observer of
Nature, although he may have learned little of the habits, ceconomy,
aiid uses of insects, will acknowledge that they have been created with
design, and will not doubt but the design was benevolent.

The insect race constitute by far the most considerable portion of
animated beings; — in this view the science of Entomology becomes one
of the most important and interesting that can engage the mind of the
natural philosopher. He who neglects the study of insects, or thinks
it beneath his notice, cannot deserve respect as a general observer of
nature, nor be considered a scientific naturalist. The views of such a
man will be partial, and his inquiries circumscribed : he regards only
aja inconsiderable portion of animated nature ; and he confines his re-
marks to such as from their size and distinctness of character present
tlie least obstacle to investigation. In the study of Entomology, the
man of science will find abundant scope for the exercise of his zeal.
The amazing number of species; their curious forms, so infinitely va-
ried, and yet so nearly and gradually approximating through an endless
series of transitions from one species to another; the diversity of struc-
ture observable in those parts which afford generic characters, added
to the wonderful changes in form which they undergo, with their sur-
prising a-conomy, — are circumstances which contribute to render them
objects of most curious speculation to the philosopher. The study of

18 INTIIODUCTION.

every class of animals is most indisputably attended with peculiar ad-
vantages : yet I will ventin-e to aftirni, that it is from a knowledge of
the characters and metamorphoses of these little animals, and the va-
rious modes of life which they are destined to pursue, that he will ob-
tain a more intimate acquaintance with the great laws of nature, and
veneration for the Great Creator of all, than can be derived from the
contemplation of any other class in nature. The beauty of insects
in general, renders them engaging to many who have neither time nor
inclination for studying their more complicated structure; and the
gaiety of their colours, often combined with the most graceful forms,
displays a beauty, splendour and vivacity, greater than that bestowed
by the hand of Nature on any of her other works. One dcftct in ap-
pearance must indeed be conceded; and this may be regarded, in
point of beauty, a material deticiency indeed, — they are not always so
considerable in magnitude as to become, even with these embellish-
ments, strikingly attractive. Were they equal in size to the smallest
birds, their elegance would render them more inviting to the eyes of
mankind in general ; but, even amongst the minor species, when ex-
amined with a microscope, we find their beauty and elegance far supe-
rior to that of any other class of animals in the creation. " After a mi-
nute and attentive examination," says Swammerdam, '*' of the nature
and structure of the smaller as well as the larger animals, I cannot but
allow an equal, if not superior, degree of dignity to the former. If,
Avhilstwe dissect with care the larger animals, we are filled with wonder
at the elegant disposition of parts, to what a height is our astonishment
raised when we discover their parts arranged in the least in the same
regular manner ! "

Insects may be divided into two kinds; those which are immediately
or remotely beneficial or injurious to mankind. Many insects in-
deed seem not to aft'ect us in any manner; others, and by far the
greater number, most assuredly fall under one or the other denomi-
nation, and on this account demand our most serious attention. But,
lest the alleged utility of some insects should seem hypothetical
to the superficial observer, whilst the noxious eftects of others are
too obvious to admit of doubt, I shall be more explicit upon this
suijject. The depredations of insects upon vegetable bodies are often
detrimental; but it must be remembered, that in these ravages they
often repay the injury they commit. Locusts, the most destructive
of all insects, whose numbers spread desolation through the vegetable
world, are not (except on some occasions when their multijilication e.x-
ceeds all bounds) unproductive of advantage. Although they deprive
mankind of a certain portion of v^egetable food, yet, in return, their
bodies aftbrd ruitriment of a wholesome and palatable kind, and in
much greater abundance. Tiie various species of locusts are the com-
mon food on which the inhabitants of several parts of the world sub-

INTUODrCTIOX. ig

sist at particular seasons. The honey of bees, in many warm climates
constitutes another primary article of food. The caterpillars of sevcril
moths furnish materials for the silken raiment so universally worn by
all ranks in the eastern parts of the worl.l; and hence in these coun-
tries the silky produce of these industrious little animals is of as much
use as the fleecy coat of the sheep is to us. As an ubject of traffic
silk is one of the utmost importance in China and Tartary and in
those parts paper is manufactured from the refuse of the sa'me matc-
rial. The extensive use of wax in all ages is well known. Some in-
sects are used with success in medicine; and many others (the cochi-
neal for instance) are rendered useful in the arts: and greater nurn-
bers might perhaps be employed for the same purpose. These few
out of a vast many instances, are sutlicient to prove the absurdity of an
opinion very prevalent, " that insects are too insignificant to deserve
the attention of the philosopher." But allowing these benefits to be
unknown, and that the study of Entomolo-v is not productive of any
substantial advantages, how absurd would it still be to treat such an
extensive portion of the creation with neglect! The objection, that they
are in nowise conducive to our interests (even if founded in truth)
would be no evidence of the frivolity of the science; unless we are to
conclude, that the only inquiries which merit our rational attention
are those which tend to the gratification of .selfishness. If this be ad-
mitted as an objection, how many objects of philosophical invcstic^
tion must be rejected as frivolous! From the earliest period in whfch
tlie light of natural knowledge dawned, this class of animals has ob-
tained a certam portion of attention : and although the study has not
at all times been cultivated with equal ardour, yet it has not been ut-
terly neglected but has engaged the .study of men endowed with ta.
Jents as splendid, and judgement as refined, as the most exalted of those
wiio attect to ti-eat it with contempt.

• i

ELEMENTS

E N T O M O L 0 G Y.

So great is the number of natural bodies on the face of our eartb^
that on a general view the mind recoils at the attempt to investigate
them as impossible. But the invention of systems has facilitated the
task; and every natural object can be traced by certain characters to
its place in the system, whether natural or artificial.

Those who with a philosophical eye have contemplated the produc-
tions of Nature, have all by common consent divided them into three
great groups; namely, the Animal, the Vegetable, and the INIineral
kingdoms.

Animals are distinguished by being organized bodies, which have
life, sensation, and are capable of voluntary motion.

\'egetables arc organized bodies, which are endowed witli a living
principle but want sensation.

Minerals are unorganized, without life or sensation.

iioology, or the study of Animals, is not only the amplest and most
difficult, but the most pleasant and profitable part of Natural History.
The following is the system of the celebrated Linne.

Division 1. A heart wilh two auricles and two ventricles; mtnn and red

blood.
Class I. Mammalia. Viviparous animals, or such as suckle their young.
Class II. AvES. Oviparous animals. Birds.

Division 2. Heart zcith one auricle and one ventricle ; cold and red blood.

Cia-ss III. Amphibia. Animals breathing arbitrarily through lungs.
Class IV. Pisces. Aijimals with gills, i'ishes.

Division 3. Heart with one ventricle, no auricle; white and cold blood.
Class V. Insecta. With -antennae, and undergoing transformations.

Insects.
Class VI. Vermes. With tentacula, and undergoing no change. Worms,

PARTS OF INSECTS. 21

DEFINITION OF INSECTS.

IxsECTS are so called because they are divided into numerous seg-
ments; and not from their beinc^ ahuost separated into two parts, which
are merely attached to each other by a slender thread, as is generally
Mipiposed.

All genuine iusccts have six legs; a head distinct from their body,
and furnibhcd with two antenna; or horns; and have pores conducting
to trachea- arranged along their sides for respiration : they are all pro-
duced from eggs. Some undergo no metamorphosis, others but a par-
tial change, whilst the remainder pass through three stages of exist-
,ence, after being hatched irom the egg.

PARTS OF INSECTS.

An insect may be divided into four parts.
1. Caput. 2. Trvxccs. 3, Addomen-. 4. Artus.

CAPUT, the Head, \\h\ch is distinguished in most insects, is fur-
nished with Ei/es, Aiitfnna-, and a Mouth.

Eyes. Many insects have two crescents or immoveable caps, com-
|)Osing the greatest part of their head, and containing a prodigious
number of little hexagonal protuberances, placed with llie utmost re-
gularity and exactness in lines crossing each other and resembling lat-
tice-work : these are termed compoiuid eyes.

Leeuwenhoek reckons in each eye of the Libellula, or Dragon-fly,
12,511 lenses, or in both 2a.08H-. th^ .>ir«M«r«c r.f -KJ^ptc jv^mf^d
thereon must be millions of times less than the miages of them pic-
tured on the human eye. There id no doubt that insects stil smaller
have eves adapted to discern objects some tJiousands ot times less than
themselves- for so the minute particles they feed ou must certainly
be Besides these larger eyes, many insects have three small spheri-
cal bodies placed triangularly on the crown of the head, called ocelh or
stemmata {Fl. lO.fg.ll. h). They are simple, and made tor viewing
large an.d distinct objects; the other eyes tor small and near ones.

\NTENNE The antenna; are two articulated moveable processes
placed on the head : they are subject to great variety, and were the parts
fnjm whence Linne formed his genera : they are called

Setaceous, when thev gradually taper towards their extremity;

Clavated, when tliev grow gradually thicker from their base ;

Filiforrn, of an equal thickness throughout the whole ot their length ;

Moniliform, formed of a series of knots, resembling a string of

beads ;

Capitate, when they terminate in a knob;

22 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY/

Fissile, with the knob divided longitudinally into laminae or plates;

Ferfoliate, having the knob divided horizontally ;

Pectinate, having a longitudinal series of hairs or processes project-
ing from them in form of a comb ;

Furcate, or forked, having the last joint divided into parts.

Nothing has been the source of greater speculation than the iise of
the untentuc : nor is this surprising, considering the variety constantly
exhibited in their structure, occupation, and appearance. Some insects
seem to keep them in continual employment ; in others they are pre-
served in a quiescent state. Those of the ichneumon show an inces-
sant ti-emulous vibratory motion, anxiously searching into every cre-
vice; while those of the carrion-fly scarcely appear endowed with flexi-
bility. They have successively been considered as the organs of hear-
ing, feeling, smell, and taste, or of an unknown and indetinite sense.

Bonnet seems to think the antennae the organ of smell. "Difterent

insects," he observes, " have an exquisite sense of smelling, the organ

of which is yet undiscovered. May it not reside in the antenna ? "

Lehmann, from the result of experiments on this subject, denies that

the antennas are the olfactory organ. He made an opening an inch wide

in the side of a glass vessel, and surrounded the edge with wax, so

that a close covering could i)e applied. An aperture was made in this

covering, through which either the whole head, or the antennae only

of an insect could be introduced. By means of a tube the glass was

filled with penetrating odours, vapours, or heated air; but neither the

fumes of sulphur nor burnt feathers produced the smallest effect on

buttei-flies, bees, or beetles, whose antenna? were exposed to them. lie

judges that the olfactory organ must be sought in the spiracula; " for

,,rV.Qf nU^ " ^"'''' ^^" " '"^ *^'^ concA of the particles inspired than smell-
ing ? " ^

Bonsdorf, in discussing whether the antenna; may be the scat of
hearing, mentions an experiment where a species of beetle, Avhose pe-
culiar property it is to fold in the antenna- when alarmed, did so on a
loud noise being suddenly made, and fell to the ground, according to
the nature of the species. But, notwithstanding "that the animal pre-
viously reposed in a tranquil state, his experiment cannot be consi-
dered altogether conclusive. Butterflies are seen to erect their an-
tenna? on any sudden noise, and many Coleoptera to depress them ;
which may equally arise from the sudden shock or vibration of the air.
Spiders also, which want antenna?, are extremely sensible of sound.
Lehmann relates that, on obserA'ing one descend from the roof by its
thread in quest of a female, while he was reading, he began to read
aloud: the animal, alarmed at the noise, retreated upwards; he was
silent, and it returned; on again reading aloud, it testified alarm and
ascended its thread; nor was its apprehension of danger dispelled,
until familiarized with the sound ur conquered by the" object of its

PARTS 0» IK3ECTS. 23

jmrsiiit. Tlie same author deprived crickets, which arc animals noted
tor acuteness of hearing, of the antennte ; yet they were equally sen-
sible of sound as before. Lehmann concludes on the whole, that as
the antcnntc are not the organs of either smell or hearing, their prin-
cipal thougli not sole office is feeling. But they are also endowed
with an imknown sense, wliich he denominates acroscepsin, and con-
jectures that in certain species tliey may contribute to the defence of
tlie head.

Iluber, well known for his ingenious and acute observations on
bees, has made several most interesting experiments on the sub-
ject. Amputating one oi' the antennit of a queen he found was
not attended willi any perceptible effect. Privation of i>oth anten-
na^, liovvever, produced very singular consefjuences. M. Huber cut
them from a queen whose fecundation had been retarded, so that
«he laid none but the eggs of males. From tiiat moment a marked
alteration in her conduct was seen; she traversed the combs with
extraordinary rapidity, scarcely had the workers time to recede be-
fore her; and, instead of tlie care which a perfect queen displays in
depositing her eggs in those places alone suitable for their exclu-
sion, she dropped them at random without selecting proper cells : she
retired to the most solitary parts of the hive, seeming to avoid the
bees, and long remained motionless. Several workers, however, fol-
lowed her there, and treated her with the most evident respect. She
seldom required honey from them ; but when that was tlie case, she
directed her trunk with a kind of uncertain feeling, sometimes on the
head and sometimes on the limbs of the workers; and if she did reach
their mouths it was by chance. Queens leave tlieir hive but once in
tlieir whole lives, which is for the purpose of obtaining impregnation;
they remain voluntary prisoners ev(;r afterwards, unless in leading out
a swarm. This queen, however, seemed eager to escape; she rushed
towards the opening of the hive, but finding it too small for her exit she
returned after fruitless exertion. IS'otwitlistanding the symptoms of
delirium by which she was agitated, tlie workers never ceased to pay
her the same attention as they invariably do their queens, though she
received it witli indifterence.

Apprehensive tliat the queen's instinct might be impaired, from her
organization suffering by retarded fecundation, M. Iluber deprived
anotlier female of the antennae, and introduced her into the hive. She
■was quite in the natural state, and had already proved of great fertility:
but now she exhibited exactly the same symptoms of agitation and de-
lirium that the other had done. Perfect queens, possessing all their
organs, testify the most violent animosity against each other; they
fight repeatedly ; the workers seem to incite them to combat, until
one at length falls, while the other survives to presen'e and perpetuate
the colony. INIutilated of the antenna?, ho^^■ever; they testily oo reci-

24 ELEMENTS OF EKTOMOLOGY.

procal aversion ; in traversing the hive they meet without showing the
smallest indications of resentment. If a perfect stranger (|nccn is
introduced, either when one already exists in a hive or within a
few hours after she is lost, that stranger is immediately surrounded,
and so closely henmied in hy the bees that she sometimes dies. But
here the nuitilated stranger was quite well received ; her arrival cre-
ated no discontents in the hive, and the workers paid the same ho-
mage to her as to their own. " Was it," asks ?.I. Iluber, " because
after losing the antennae these queens no longer retained any cha-
racteristic which distinguished^ie one from the other? lam the more
inclined to adopt this conjecture, from the bad reception experienced
by a third jierfect queen introduced into the same hive: it is probably
because they observe the same sensations from those two females, and
want tlie means of distinguishing them from each other." Bees ne-
ver abandon their queen ; her presence seems almost indispensable to
their existence; and, as before observed, the queen never forsakes her
hive. If she docs so to found a new colony, the bees accompany her in
her flight. Here, as both the mutilated queens constantly endeavoured
to escape, the tirst and third were removed, and the entrance of the hive
enlarged; the fertile mutilated one therefore left it, but none of the
workers followed her; she was allowed to depart alone. The wise pro-
visions of nature are amply illustrated by these facts. It is fortunate
that a queen deprived of the antenna^ is thus impelled to leave the
hive: while she remains, the bees incessantly attend her, and never
think of procuring another. The secret which the workers possess,
of converting a common worm into one, which will become a queen,
nuist be exercised within the first three days of its existence; therefore
if the queen remained, this limited term would elapse. Neither can
her presence contribute to preserve the hive ; for mutilation of the an-
tenna; deprives her of the power of discriminating the different kind of
cells adapted to receive the various species of eggs which she lays.
M. Iluber considers the antenna; as the organs of touch or smell,
though he declines afhrming which of these senses resides in them;
and thinks it possible that they may be so organized as to fuliil both
functions at once.

Mr. Kirby, in speaking of the F.ncera (or long-horned bee), says :
*' A singular circumstance distinguishes their antenna?, which, to
the best of my knowledge, has never before been noticed, and which
may possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these organs. Placed
under a powerful magnifier, the last ten joints appear to be composed
of innumerable hexagons, similar to those of which the eyes of these
insects consist. If we reason from analogy, this remarkable cir-
cumstance will lead us to conjecture, that the sense of which this
part so essential to insects is the organ, may bear some relation to that
conveyed by the eyes. As they are furnished with no instrument fbi>

PARTS OF IXSF.CT!?. 25

receiving and commimicating the impressions of sound, similar to the
ear, that deticiency may be supijhcd by extraordinary means of virion.
That the stemmata are of this description seems very probable; and
the antenna; may, in some degree, answer a similar pnrpose: the cir-
cumstance just mentioned, furnishes a strong presumption that they
do this, at least in the case of these males; else why do they exhibit
that peculiar structiire which distinguishes the real eyes?"

IVIr. Marsham observed the Iclmciiwon MuniJ'estafor, in June 1787,
on the top of a post in Kensington Gardens. It moved rapidly along,
havuig its antenna^ bent in the form of an arch ; and, with a strong
vibratory motion in ihem, felt about until it came to a hole made by
some insect, into which it thrust them quite to the head. It remained
about a minute in this situation apparently very busy, and then, draw-
ing its antennie out, came round to the opposite side of the hole, and
again thrust them in, and remained nearly the same time. It next
proceeded to one side of the hole, and repeated the same operation
there. Having now again withdrawn its anteimaj it turned about, and,
dexterously measuring a proper disUxncc, threw b;ic.k its abdomen over
its head and ihorax, and projected the long and delicate tube at its tail
into the hole. After remaining near two minutes in this position, it
drew out the tube, turned round, and again apjilied its antenna- to the
hole for nearly the same time as before, and then again in-erted its
tube. This operation was repeated three times ; but Mr. Marsham ap-
proaching too near, in order if possiijle to obser\'e with a glass what
was passing in the tube, he frightened the insect entirely away.

About a week afterwards Mr. ^Marsham was in Kensington Gardens,
and saw several of these ichneumons at work. They appeared to
pierce tlie solid wood with their tubes, which they forced in even to
half their length, constantly passing them between the hinder thighs,
which they closed in order to keep the tubes straight, when over re-
sistance would otherwise have forced thein to bend. It appeared truly
surprising to see an instrument, apparently weak and slender, able,
Avith the strength of so small an animal, to pierce solid wood half or
three-quarters ol' an inch deep ; but, on particular attention, it w-as dis-
covered, that all tho'-e that appeared to pierce the solid wood, did it
through the centre of a small white spot resembling mold or mildew,
which on minute examination was found to be fine white sand, deli-
cately closing up a hole made by the Apis iim^iUvsa, and where, no
doubt, there were young bees deposited.

In deep holes that were not closed, the insect not only thrust in the
whole tube, but in some cases the whole of the abdomen and posterior
legs, leaving out only the two fore feet and wings, which it placed in
contrary directions, like arms. The two cases of the tube were ahn
projected up the back, with the ends appearing above the head out of
■X\yi hole.

26 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

From Mr. IVIarsham's account it appears that these insects do not
adopt any hole indiscriminately as a situation for their eggs; for in
many instances he saw them thrust their antennEe into holes and cre-
vices from which they almost immediately withdrew them, and pro-
ceeded in search of others. As the whole of the ichneumons deposit
tlieir eggs in the body of some other creature as a nidus, it appears
probable that in these instances they found the holes empty, and that
they went on in search of tliosc in which the young of the Jpis majcil-
losa were deposited.

From these remarks may we not infer that the antenncC may be the
organs of smelling? for the antennae of the Ichneumon Manlfestator
(PL 8. Jig. 4.) are not so long as the tube from which the eggs are ex-
cluded, and consequently could not have touched the animal in which
it afterwards deposited its eggs. In many species of Lcpidoptera the
females arc destitute of wings : the males in general have pectinated
antenna, and are so extremely eager after the female, that they have
been known to enter the pocket of an entomologist who had one se-
cured in a box.

These experiments are in some measure corroborated by the ob-
ser\'ations of Latreille, who supposes the antennae to be the olfactory
organs. In the twelfth number of the Edinburgh Review is a critique
(on the Nouveau Bictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, 24 tom. 8vo. Paris,
1803-4.) : the following extract I here insert, hoping it will produce a
further inquiry.

" That insects possess the faculty of smelhng is clearly demonstrated.
It is the most perfect of all their senses. Beetles, of various sorts, M-
tidulie, the different species of Dermestes, Si/lpha, Flies, &,-€., perceive, at a
very considerable distance, the smell of ordure and dead bodies, and
resort in swarms to the situations in which they occur, cither for the
purpose of procuring food or depositing their eggs. The blue flesh-
fly, deceived by the cadaverous odour of a species of ArH7n, alights on
its flower. But though we can thus easily prove the presence of the
sense of smell among insects, it is much more difficult to discover the
seat of that particular sense. Several naUiralists have supposed that
it resides in the antennae. Dvuneril, in a dissertation published in
1799, attempts to prove that it must be siUiated about the entrance of
the stigmata or respiratory organs, as Baster had previously supposed.
His arguments, however, did not induce Latreille to relinquish the for-
» mer opinion, which places it in the antenus. The following are the
reasons which he assigns for his belief

*' 1. The exercise of smell consists only in the action of air, impreg-
nated with odoriferous particles, on the nervous or olfactory mem-
brane, which transmits the sensation.

" If insects be endowed with an organ furnished with similar nerves,
and with which air, charged witli odoriierous particles; comes in con-

PARTS or IXSECT3. 27

tact, Siich an OTgan may be regarded as that of smell. Should the an
tenna present a tissue of many nerves, M'hat inconvenience can result
from supposing that this tissue is capable of transmitting odour?
Would not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple and more
consonant to anatomical principles, than that which fixes the seat of
smell at the entrance of the stigmata? Besides, this last mode of ex-
planation will not, I presume, suit the crustaceous animals, which so
nearly approach to insects.

" 2. i\Iany male insects have their antenna; more developed than the
females ; a fact easily explained, if we admit that these organs are tlie
seat of smell.

" 3. It is certain that most of those insects which live or deposit
their eggs on putrid animal or vegetable matters, stagnant waters, or
any substance, in short, which, for a time, affects peculiar localities,
are almost uniformly distinguished by a greater development of the an-
tenna?. Sucli, for example, are the Sairabtrus, Dermcsfcs, Silpha, Clcrus,
Tcnehrio, Tipula, Bibio, ^r. These require a more perfect sense of
smell, and are organized accordingly.

" 4. A great many insects which arc entirely jiredaceous have simple
antennae; and those which are characterized by similar manners, and
which are sedentary, have none at all ; as, for instance, the Acuri, and
a considerable portion of Lamarck's Arachnida.

" 5. Insects discover their habitation and food by the sense of smell,
I have deprived several insects of their antenna>, when they instantly
fell into a state of stupor or derangement, and seemed to be incapable
of recognising their haunts or their food, though just beside them.
Such experiments deserve to be prosecuted. I would recommend, for
example, the varnishing or covering the antenna; of dung beetles, and
placing them near animal excrements, of which they are particularly
fond, to observe if they would repair to them as usual.

" 6. The ner\-es terminate at the antenna?; and their articulations,
though externally covered with a pretty thick membrane, are hollow,
lined within by a soft substance, which is often of a watery consist-
ency, and whose extremit}', when opposed to the air, may receive its
impressions."

Os, the Mouth. In order to afford some idea of the amazing dif-
ference that prevails in the structure of the several parts or organs
which constitute the mouth, it will be only requisite to observe, that
the classification of all insects in the Fabrician system is founded on
this character. There are ten principal parts of which the mouth con-
sists ; and it is from the relative proportion of each, from the dissimi-
larity in the form, position, variation in number, or occasional pecu-
liarities, that the most permanent characters are deduced. These parts
have one disadvantage ; they are generally small, and from this cir-
ciunstaiice have not been so universally adopted in the arrangement

£8 IIXMENTS or r.XTOMOT.OOY.

of insects a« tlicv would othcnvise have been. Without, however, be-
^to\ving some Httle attention on these organs, it is impossible to distri^
butc insects into their natural order with any great degree of certainr\'.
In the works of Latreilie, Leach, and most other modern writers on
Entomology, the essential characters are established chiefly on the pe-
culiarities of these organs.

The ten principal parts of which the Mouth consists are the follow-
ing.

Lacuvm, or Labium, si'PERius, the UpprrLip: a transverse, soft,
moveable piece, of a coriaceous or membranaceous nature, known from
its situation at the anterior or upper part of the mouth. This part is
very distinct in many of the Coleoptcra, and in (ifi/llus, Apis, and some
other genera. Linne sometimes confounds the upper lip with the c/y-
pt'us or shield of the head ; and similar instances occur in the works
of Faijricius. These two parts may be distinguished by one invariable
character; the cli/peus is liNcd, and forms a portion of the head; the
upi)er lip is moveable, and is placed more forward.

L.vBRUM, or Labium, iXFERius, the piece which terminates the
mouth beneath, and which is sometimes lengthened so as to form the
instrument called ligu/a. It is often bifid, and has the posterior pair
of feelers placed at the base.

Manoibul.t., Mandibles: (PL W.Jig. l.d.) two hard pieces, in sub-
stance resembling horn,v.-hich are placed one at each side of the mouth,
below the upper lip. 'Jlicse have a lateral motion, while the upper
and lower lip move up and down, as in other animals. These difter
from the mdxilUe, with which they are sometimes confounded, by not
having any of tlie palpi or feelers attached to thc^in. In ra])acious in-
sects these are longer than in those which perforate wood ; and the lat-
ter again have stronger mandibles than insects which feed only on her-
bage or leaves.

Maxilla {PL 10. fig. 1. e.—fig. 2. a. f fie same inagnifwd): two small
pieces generally of a somewhat membranaceous consistency, and in
figure diiferent from the mandibles. These are commonly indented at
the extremity, and nearly all ciliated at the inner edge. 'J'hcy are
placed under the mandibles, and above the lower lip ; their motion is la^-
teral. In those insects which have more than two pair of tieelers, the pos-
terior ones take their origin from the sides of the maxilla-, {jig. 2.b.c.)

C.'ale.e, S/ticlJs of the Moatf) : two membranaceous appendages,
usually of a large size and cylindrical form, placed one on each side,
at tlie exterior part of the jaw, and which cover and protect the organs
of the mouth conjointly with the lips. The galea: are inserted at the
back of the jaws, as is well exemplifitd in tlie Gryllus tribe.

■ Lig fi,A. This is the j)art considered by many authors as the lower
lip: its situation is immediately under the jaws; and it consists of a
single piece, which is generally of a soft texttire, often bifid, and, if at-

PARTS OF INSrCTS. 29

tentively examined at the base, will be frequently found of a horny sub-
stance.

In the Cokopfera, and in some of the JJcmiptera Tas in Bhitta, Gn/Hus,
Si-c), this appendage terniuiates at the point in a nienibranaccous sub-
stance:— its form is extremely various in the difierent genera. The
Hi/mt)ioj)tcra and some Ni'tuopttra have the %m/u situated in the
same manner; but it is in these concave, and is frequently ])rolong-
ed into a sort of proboscis, which sometimes exceeds the lengtii of the
whole body. It is membranaceous, but of a soft and spongy texture,
and well suited for receiving the impressions of taste. Tiiis kind of
process is extremely well exempliticd in the bee.

Lingua, the Tongue: an involuted tubular organ, which constitutes
the whole mouth in Icpidoptcrous ins"Scts. This is of a setaceous form,
and either very long, as in the FapUio and Sp/iiiix genera; or short, as
in most of the Bo/nbi/ccs and other moths. It consists of two filamen-
tous pieces, which are externally convex, concave within, and connected
longitudinally by a suture along the miudle above and beneath. These,
in uniting, form a cylinder, through which the ncctareous juices of tlie
flowers on which these insects subsist are drawn up with facility.
These two pieces are not very closely united, and may be separated by
means of a needle point. When the insect takes its food, this tube is.
exserted; at other times it is rolled up spirally between ihc palpi.

liosTKUM, or Beak: the part which forms the mouth in muny of the
hemipterous order of insects. This instrument is moveable, articu-
lated, and bent imder the breast. Witliin, this beak is hollow, imd
contains, as in a slicath, three or more very fine and delicate bristles^
the points of which these insects introduce into the body of the ani-
mal, or substance of the plants, from wliich they draw nourishment.
The rosti-um is conspicuous in the genera Cicada, Kcpa, and Ci/ne.v.

Proboscis, the Trunk: inserted in the })lace of the mouth in most
dipterous insects. It is rather tieshy, retractile, of a single piece, and
often cylindrical ; the end forming t%vo lips, which are of a soft suIj-
stance, and from the delicacy of their teguments mu-st possess the fa-
culty of taste in a very high degree. Example in the House-fly.

Lingua, 7-ost?-u)n, and proboscis, are Linnean terms ; and are adopted
according to the definition of thtit aullior. Ligula is a I abrician ex-
pression, indicating a process of the lower lip.

Haustellum : formed of two or more very small and delicate fila-
ments, inclosed in a sheath of tvvo valves.

Palpi, Feelers. These are the small, moveable, filiform organs or
appendages, placed at each side of the mouth in the generality of 'n\-
sects. In some respects they resemble the antenna-, but are more
distinctly articulated. They vary in number in different insects, being
either two, four, or six, (P/. 10. fig. i.f-f. and g.) and are commonly in-
serted at each side the exterior part of the jaw. In those which have

30 ELEMtNTS or O-MOJIOLOoY.

only one pair, they are usually situated on the upper lip ; when two
or more, the posterior ones are generally on the lower lip; and in
some insects furnished with a sucking trunk, they are oftentimes
found inserted at each side of that organ. These feelers are com-
posed of several joints, the number of which vary. Like the antennae,
to which they bear analogy, they are endowed with powers of motion,
but still more extensively. They also serve, like the antennse, as an
essential character in the construction of genera ; and from their situ-
ation, the number of joints, termination, and relative proportion and
size, are exceedingly useful for that purpose.

Frons, the Front: the anterior or fore part of the head, the space
between the eyes and the mouth.

Clypeus, Shield of the head in coleopterous insects : the part cor-
responding with the front of the head in the other orders. In the
beetle kind it is advanced more or less upon or over the mouth, and
in some forms a sort of cap, the rim of which extends so far over the
head as to conceal the mouth beneath. The anterior edge of the c/y-
peus is sometimes mistaken for the upper lip.

Vertex, the Crozon or summit of the Head.

GuLA, that part which is opposed to the front of the head, usually
called the Throat.

TRUNCUS, the Trunk: the second principal division of which an
insect consists, comprehending that portion which is situated between
the head and the abdomen. The trunk includes the Thorax, Collar,
Sternum, and Seutel.

Thorax : a term indefinitely applied sometimes to the whole trunk,
the seutel excepted : in a stricter sense it implies only the dorsal part
of the trunk, and maj^ be considered as expressive of that portion of
the superior surface which lies between the head and the base of the
wings. The appropriation of suitable terms, by which a thorax con-
.sifting of one or of several pieces may be discriminated from each
other, is desirable. In some the thorax is of a single piece, as in the
orders Coleoptera and Hemiptcra; in that of Lepidoptera it comprehends
several segments, and a similar structure is still more conspicuous to
view in the order Hymenoptera. The first or anterior segment of the
thorax, in those consisting of several pieces, has been sometimes
called the collar ; but in admitting this, the coleopterous and hemipterous
orders of insects can have no thorax. This will be rendered plain,
v'hen we consider that in the latter kinds of insects the first pair of
legs arises from what is usually luiderstood by the lower surface of
the thorax ; the interior segment, in hymcnopterous insects, corre-
sponds with the whole thorax in the former, for the first pair of legs
arises from it in exactly the same manner. In the former, the thorax
of 3, single piece is immediately succeeded behind by a seutel^ while in

PAP.TS OF INSECTS. 31

the Hymenoplera and Lepidupiera a large plane of one or more joints in-
tervenes between tlie true thorax and the scutel; and it is to this last-
inentioncd dorsal space that the term thorax is assigned. Hence it ia
evident that the language of Entomology in tliis point is not altogether
consistent; because what we denominate the collar in Hymcnoptcra,
is the thorax in Cokoptcru ; and in Colcoptcra we find nothing analo-
gous to the thorax of the other order, except the collar.

The thorax in those insects which have that part consisting of a
single piece, or the first segment in such as are of a compound nature,
has the first pair of legs arising from the lower surface, and it is in
this part that the muscles which move the head as well as this pair of
legs are said to be contained. The thorax in difterent kinds of insects
varies considerably in form, and affords very excellent generic and spe-
cific distinctions. Some are armed with spines, others denticulated,
inarginated, &c.

Pectus, the Breast, is the third segment of the body, or that to which
the four posterior feet are attached, and which is longitudinally di-
vided at tlie anterior part of the sternum. The wings in lepidojiterous
and most other insects have their origin or base in the superior part
of the breast. The wings and elytra in the Colcoptcra and Hcmiptcra
deviate a little from this, as they are placed more iiinnediately on the
back tlian in a lateral position; the breast contains tlic muscles that
move the wings and give action to the four posterior legs. This part
is capable of being compressed and dilated, the alternate motion of
which is very evident in some insects of the butterfly or moth kind
when held between the fingers. The power of compression and dila-
tation is supposed to iu-ise from the action of some very strong mus-
cles, being reddish yellow, and extremely loose. It has been con-
jectured that these muscles may assist the motions of the organs of
flight.

Sternum, or Breast-bone. By this term entomologists define that por-
tion of the middle part of the breast which is situated between the
base of the four posterior legs. This piece terminates in some insects
anteriorly in a somewhat acute point; in others it appears rather bi-
lobate; and in the far greater number ends obtusely or in an obtuse
lobe. There are few insects in which the sternum is remarkable, either
from its magnitude or figure. In some of the coleopterous tribes, as
in the Jiydrophili and Dytici, this part is most conspicuous.

ScuTELLtM (Linne),the Scutel or Escutcheon: thelobc-like process ;ji-
tuated immediately at the posterior part of the thorax in the scutellate
insects. The scutel is not of the same form in all insects, yet its general
tendency is towards a sub-triangular figure. In the coleopterous tiibes
it approaches nearest to this form; its deviations incline more or less to
heart-shaped, with the tip pointing backwards. The same figure pre-
vaijs \xi some of the Hemiptcra, In the JVeMropfera, Hymenoptera, and

32 r.T.EvrxTS or ^^'TOM0I.OGY.

Diptera, the triangular contour is still more obsen-ablc under various
jnodifications, and most commonly with the iiosteriur tip rouudcil oif.
Sometimes, as in several of the hymenopterous insects, the posterior
end is armed with spines or denticulations; this is, however, not usual.
The sctifcl in the far greater number of insects, whetluT terminaling
in a point or rounded, is commonly unarmed. In point of size the
scutcl is more variable than hi figure : in some it is so small as almost
to escape notice, merely forming a point at the extremity of the tho-
rax, as we observe in certain kinds of the beetle tribe; in others it is
very conspicuous, being sometimes so lai'ge as to cover the middle of
the back; and in otliers, as the scutellate kinds of Cinikcs and a few
of the genus Acridiwn, it expands over the back, entirely concealing
the wings and wing-cases, and covering the margin of the abdomen.

ABDOMEN. The third principal division, or posterior part of the
body, is connected with the breast, either closely or at a (Ustance, by
means of a fillet. The abdomen is composed of annular joiiit'; or
segments, the number of which vary in different insects. The upper
part of the abdomen is called by entomologists, tergum ; the inferior
or belly, venter. The opening at the posterior part of the abdomen is
the vent; and the extremity in most insects contains the organs of ge-
neration : there are exceptions to the latter.

The total movement of the abdomen is not very obvious, except in
insects which have that portion of the body pediculated, as in many of
the hymenopterous genera. It has then a real joint, in which the first
annulation is indented above, and receives a projecting jirocess from the
breast, on wh'ch it moves. Tins joint is rendered secure by elastic liga-
ments, which have a considerable degree of force. Some muscles
which arise within the breast are inserted into the first ring, and de-
termine the extent of its motions. The partial motion of the ring is
produced by very simple uuiscles, consisting of fibres which extend
from the anterior edge of one ring to the posterior edge of that \\ hich
immediately precedes it. When the dorsal fibres contract, the superior
part of tlie abdomen being shortened, it turns up towards the back ;
but when the contraction takes place in the ventral or lateral fibres, the
abdomen is inflected towards the belly, or directed towards one of the
sides. The extent of the motion, however, depends on the number of
the rings and their mode of junction. In the Coleoptera, for example,
the rings only tuuch each oilier by their edges, and the motion is very
limited; but in the Hymenoptcra they are so many small hoops, which
are incased one into another like the tubes of a telescope, so that scarcely
half, and sometimes not above one-third, of their extent appears visible
externally.

The form, connexion, projwrtion, and appearance, of the surface
of the anuulations of the abdomen, afford numberless specific distiuc-

PARTS or IXSF.CTS. 33

tions; and so likewise do the appendices at the extremity of the ab-
domen.

The abdomen contains the intestines, the ovary, and part of the or-
gans of res))iration : it is affixed to tlie thorax, and in most insects di-
stinct from it, forming the posterior part of the Ijody.

Cauda, the Tail. An appendage of any kind terminating the abdomen
is usnally denominated tlie tail. Tliese appendages vary in tignre con-
siderably in different insects, and many tribes are totally destitute of them.
They are supposed to be destined to direct the motion of the insect in
flight, to serve ibr its defence, and for the deposition of its eggs. In some
insects this tail is simple, and yet capable of being extended and with-
drawn at pleasure ; in otliers elongated. Some are setaceous or bris-
tle-shaped, as in the Rap/iidia. Those termed triseta have three bristle^
shaped appendices, as in the Ep/temera. In some it is forked, as in
Fodura. When it terminates in a pair of forceps it is called J'orciputa.
In the Bhdta and others it is Jhlioaa, or resembling a leaf. In the
Panorpa it is furnished with a sting, and is called tclijira : this last may
be more properly referred to the next.

AcuLEus, the Stiijg : an instrument with which insects wound and in-
stil a poison. The sting generally proceeds from the under part of the
last ring of the belly : in some it is sharp and pointed, in others ser-
raied or barbed. It is used by many insects both as an offensive and
defensive weapon : by others it is used only to pierce wood, or the
bodies of animals, in order to dej^osit their eggs. In wasps and bees
the sting is known to be retractile. In some insects it exists in the male
only, and in others nature has provided the female alone with
this instrument : it is not frequently met with in both sexes of the
same species, and the far greater number of insects have no such
organ.

ARTUS, the Members.

Pedes, the Legs. In all insects the legs amount to six, and never
exceed that number ; and the same is observable of the true feet in the
larvae of those insects ; the latter have spurious feet to a greater amount,
but the true feet do not exceed six.

The leg of an insect may be divided into four, or more correctly in-
to five, parts: Coxa, the first joint or haunch, at the base; Femur, the
thigh; Tibia,the shank; Tarsus, the foot; and Unguis, the claw. Each
of these parts is enveloped in a hard case of a horny substance, and
varies in shape in different insects, the form of the feet in all the kinds
being admirably adapted to their mode of life and convenience of their
motion, from the different conformations of these limbs it is easy to
recognise, even in the dead inbcct, the mode of life which the species is
destined by nature to pursue. Those which have the legs adapted for
running or walking have them long and cylindrical : the thighs of the

c

34

ELEM£M3 OK ENTOMOLOGY.

leapcrs are remarkably large and thick, with the shank long and com-
monly arched, by which means they possess great strengtli and power
for leaping: the legs are broad, serrated, and sharp at the edges, in
those accustomed to dig in the earth; and such as are of the aquatic
kind have the legs, especially the posterior pair, long, flat, and ciliated,
or fringed at the edge with hair. The leapers are well exemplified in
the saltatorial kinds of Curcidlo and Chrysomelu ; and the swimmei-s, in
the genera Hydrophilns and Di/licus.

The Coxa, a small joint at the base, connects the thigh to the body,
and moves in a corresponding cavitj' of the collar or thorax in the lirst
pair, or breast in the two posterior ones. This part varies in form : in
the Ccramhices, Coccinellcc, and other insects in which the feet serve for
walking only, its shape is globular: such as require that the feet should
have a lateral motion, and which is necessary to those that dig into the
earth, have the coxa broad and flat; this is also observable in some of
the aquatic beetles : in the Dt/ticl the coxa of the posterior legs is
imbedded in the trunk, and in the B/atta, lepismn, and others which
walk very rapidly, it is compressed into a lamellate form.
. Femur, the I'/iigfi. There is more diversity in the form of the thigh
than the coxa to which it is united. The articulation of these two parts
is internal, and is produced in such a manner that when the animal is
in a state of repose it is parallel to the inferior surface of the body. It is
limited to a forward and backward motion with respect to the first piece.
The nature and extent of the motions of the thigh appear to determine
its form. In those insects which walk much and fly little, as in the Ca-
rabus, ^c. the thigh lias two little prominences at the base called ti-o-
c/ianlers, wliich appear to be intended tor remo^'ing the muscles from
the axis of the articulation. Those which require stroug muscles
adapted for leaping, have the thigh not only thick but generally elon-
gated ; as in the Gryllus and Locuata tribes, the Pidiccs or fleas, &c.
And in the Aphodiux, Geotrupes, Sfc. {Scarabu-i Linn.), and also the
mole cricket, (ail which burrow in the earth,) the thigh is moved with
much force, and has an articulated surface correspontling to the flat
part of the coxa on which it rests. This part is sometimes spinous.

TiBi.\, or Shank, is the third joint of the legs, and moves in an an-
gle according to the direction of the thighs. The figure of this part
depends essentially on the uses to which the habij:s of the insect re-
quire it to be applied : in the natatorial kinds it is usually flat and cili-
ated— at least tlie tibia of the posterior pair; and in many others, as in a
variety of the burrowing kinds of beetLes, it is serrated. The shaiik is
more frequently serrated or spinous than the thighs.

The Tarsi;s, or Foot, is the fourth joint or last portion of the leg
except the claw. This part consists in general of five joints : this is
usually the number in the Coleoptera, Ilymcnoptcra, and Dipfera. In
some of these, however, and also in the Haniptera, there are only four

PARTS or INSECTS. 35

articulafions in this part of the leg, as we obscn'^e in Co-anihi/x, Gn/l-
/iis, and others: in JJbclInIa, Forikuhi, S^x. three: in the anterior feet
of Nepa only one. The figure of the tarsus is more variable than any
other portion of the leg, and is in a most singular manner adapted
to the insect's mode of life. The articulations in such as walk on the
surface of the earth are slender; those which burrow have them more
robust. Many of those which inhabit waters have them flat and cili-
ated at the edges, as in the Ui/dnnis. Others are furnisbed with
bristly tufts or vascular fleshy tubercles, which enable them to move
with security' on smooth and slippery bodies in any direction: an ad-
mirable example presents itself in the common hou.-<o-fly, which " treads
the ceiling, an inverted floor," with the same facility that other insects
walk on the surface of the ground. An occasional difference in the
number and form of the joints of the tarsus is sometimes observed in
the two sexes of the same species. The motion of each joint of the
tarsus is performed in a single plane, and is directed hy two muscles in
each joint, one of which is small and placed on the dorsal surface, the
other larger and situated beneath.

Unguis, or C/aw, the termination of the tarsus. In the greater
number of insects there are two claws attached to each tarsus : some
have only one; and in others furnished with two there is an interme-
diate process, forming by tliis means three. An ajipearance similar to
this is seen in the legs of the I.ucanus; but this on minute examina-
tion is found to be a distinct joint also, armed with a pair of claws pre-
cisely resembling those wliich more obviously, from their size, appear
to terminate the tarsi. It is considerably smaller, but is perfectly well
defined.

ALiE, or Winga : the organs appropriated to flight. These are
either two or four, and are attached to the lateral part of the breast
close to the lower margin of the thorax. They arc placed to an equal
amount and in a corresponding situation on both sides of the insect,
whether the number be two or four. Those insects which are fur-
nished with only one pair of wings ha,ve in these organs both an uni-
form appearance and size. Such as have two pair most frequently
(lifter, tiie first being larger than those behind : there is also a difference
in shape, and very conmionly a considerable \ariation in the spots,
markings, and other particulars, notAvithstanding the prevailing hues
in all the wings may he the same. In general the posterior pair is
paler, and the marks obscure.

A skeleton of ner\T.ires, (which are considered in the light of bones
by Dr. Leach, who has named them Plerigostia or Wing-ho7ies,
and are parts more or less numerous and differing exceedingly
in disposition,) placed bet\veen two thin and closely united mem-
branes^ constituies the true wing in insects. This conformation is very

ct^ at > 9^ ">}

2G ELEMENTS OF EXTOMOI.OGY.

clearly exemplified in that description of wings which is usually term-
ed transparent, as in the common house-tty and the bee. The true
wing, by means of which the insect is enabled to fly, is always con-
structed in tliis manner, whatever may be its appearance externally,
arising from a superficial covering of down, feathers, hair, or any other
cause. Tlie variety in the form and structure of the wings, in the
number, figure, and disposition of the nervures, or the colours with which
they are adorned, is infinite. The diversity in the disposition of the
nervure is evident from a comparison of the simply constructed wing ot
the common house-fly witli the complex wing of the Fanorpa or the
Ephemera, or the wings of an earwig, which consists of a series of sin-
gle nervure, with the elaborately wrought lattice-work of the wing of the
LibcUula. The whole of the Icpidopterous order exhibit the superficial
coating of feathers, down, or hairs; and upon the removal of these the
wings are found constructed in the same manner as the transparent
wings of the other orders. A variation in the form of the wing as well
as its texture is manifest throughout all insects of the winged kind.
Those of tlie Cokoptera have two n\cmbranaceous wings, wliich fold
upon each other, forming a plait or double at their external margin,
which fold is accommodated by a peculiar joint in the main rib ot
the wing, and the disposition of the nerxaires in the middle of the whig
contiguous. In the Hcmiplcra the wings generally fold longitudinally,
without any transverse double ; so that in expansion these parts open
somewhat like a fan. The anterior wings of the Lepidopiera are neither
doubled aci'oss nor folded longitudinally; they are entirely llat, and
are but little capable of contraction and dilatation. In the genus Pa-
pilio they are endowed with the power of erection, which is rarely the
case in the Phalaua:, though occasionally observed among the Sphin-
ges; the Pha/ana have the lower wings concealed under the anterior
pair, the latter being laid in a flat position over them. The wings of
tlie Lepidopfera are downy, and often decorated with very beautiful
colours disposed in the most pleasing and varied manner. The Ke}4-
roptera in general have the wings flat; this is not invariable; they are
constantly membranaceous, and reticulated with nervures. In the
Hymenoptera the wings are membranaceous, generally flat, but some-
times folded when the insect settles, as in the wasp genus. The Dipte^
rous order cannot be confoimded with the preceding, as they have only
two wings : they are membranaceous as in the former.

In all insects of the winged kind these organs present the greatest
diversity, and aftbrd characters both for genera and species less liable
tf> fluctuation than common observers would conceive. The numl)cr,
figure, construction, proportion, consistence, and texture of the wings
have enabled natiu'alists to distribute insects into principal groups
with considerable precision. Linne derived nmch assistance from an

PARTS OF IKSECTS. 37

at tentionfo these parts; later writers have in many instances regarded
them more closely; and in the further progress of the science these
parts will be consulted with still greater advantage.

Elytra, or Wing-cases, appertain to the coleopterous order. These
are two in number, of a substance resembling leather; for the most
part moveable, and opening by a longitudinal suture along the middle
of the back. These wing-cases or sheaths are often confounded
with the wings; but they are really not wings from their structure or
substance, nor do tlicy answer the purpose of flight; they merely open
to afford the true wing, concealed beneath, the power of expansion and
motion, and close down upon the wing when the insect is at rest, to
preserve it from injury. Some Cokoptera have the elytra united.

The superior surface of the elytra is more or less convex, and the
lower surface correspondently concave: the texture in some, as in
many of the Curadiones and Ccramhi/ces, is so hard that it is pierced
with difficulty by means of a strong pin; in others so flexible that they
spring into their proper form immediately after being bent double.
The proportions of the elytra compared with the body are various ;
their form dissimilar ; and the diversity' of their surface — arising from
dots raised or depressed, protuberances, flutings, colours, and other cir-
cumstances— endless. These differences in the elytra furnish some ex-
cellent generic distinctions, and arc still more extensively useful in
constituting the characters of species.

H ALTEREs, Poisers, or balancers : appendages peculiar to insects of the
dipterous order, and which, with sufficient reason, are deemed an essen-
tial character of that group. ITiese poisers are two short, moveable,
clavated filaments, placed one contiguous to the origin of each wing.
They seldom exceed one-tenth the length of the wing, though in cer-
tain genera they are rather longer. The capital, or head, in which the
filament terminates, is either roundish, oval, truncated at the end, or
compressed at the sides : in some insects its situation is directly under
a small, arched, filmy scale, which also varies in size and form; and in
several families is apparently wanting.

The exact purpose to which natiu-e has destined these organs has
not been hitherto ascertained in a very satisfactory manner. The
most prevalent, and perhaps in some measure the most consistent,
opinion seems to be, that they balance or counterpoise with the action
ot the wings, when the insect is in flight, in the same manner as rope-
dancers exercise a pole to preserve their equilibrium. The diminutive-
ness of their size is a plausible objection to this idea. Others consider
these as the organs of that vibratory sound which dipterous insects emit
in flight : they compare the filmy scale to a kind of tambour, and liken
-the balancer to a drum-stick, which striking repeatedly upon it, they
conceive, must occasion this noise. It is apprehended the sound they
emit inflight cannot be traced to this cause; for the best of all possible

38 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

reason^, that this buzziiio; soiuul is observable in a vast number of in-
sects which have no ]>oisers or balancers, such as wasps and bees. The
two penera Asilus and Bombi/lius have no scale, and yet the noise perr
ceptiblc in their flight is louder than in most of those which have both
scale and poisers, as in the Musca. Nor does this noise issue from the
poiscr, either by striking on the scale or by any other means, since it
is known that if the. poisers, or both poisers and scales, be cut off, the
same sound continues to be heard from the mutilated insects as befure.
There are many terms at present in use, to discriminate with greater
precision the parts I have here described, and which should be under-
stood by the student in entomology. I have thought it therefore best
lo insert them in alphabetical order at the end of the work.

THE CEC0X03IY OF INSECTS.

Most animals retain during life the form which they receive at their
birth. Insects are distinguished from these by the wonderful changes
they undergo. The existence of an insect partakes of two, three, or
four distinct states; and in each of these diflers most essentially in ap-^
pcarancp, organization, and manners of living.

The changes through which the greater number of insects pass are
from the ligg to the Larva, from the Larva to the Pupa, and from the
Pupa to the Imago or perfect state. Exceptions occur to this : for
some insects are viviparous; but the number of these is not consi-
deral le.

Of the EGG state. The egg, containing the insect in its smallest size,
is exjellcd from the ovary as in other oviparous animals. They are con-
tained and arranged in the body of the insect, in vessels which vary in
nmnberand ligure in diftcrcnt species. The same variety is found in
the eg^s: some are round, others oval, and some cylindrical. The
shells of some are hard and smooth, while others are soft and flexible.

The eggs of insects are of various colours : some are fomid ot al-
most every shade of yellow, green, and brown, a few are red, and
others bla:k. Green and greenish are not unusual, and they are some-
times speckled with darker colours, like those of birds. Some are
smooth, and others beset in a pleasing manner with raised dots.

Insects are instructed by nature to deposit their eggs in situations
where their yoimg ones will And the nourishment most convenient fur
them. Some deposit their eggs in the oak-leaf, producing there the
red gall; odiers choose the leaf of the poplar, which swells into a red
bladder : and to a similar cause may be assigned the knob which is often
seen outhc leaf of the willo\\-. The Laslocawpa }icustria glues its eggs

CECONOMY OF INSECTS. 39

witTi great sjTnmetry in rings round the smaller tAvigsof trees; others
affix them to the surface of leaves; and again, others lodge them in the
crevices of trees.

The Ephemera, Pfin/ganea, Libellii/a, and Gmt, hover over the water
all the day to drop their eggs : these hatch in the water, and continue
there while in the larva and pupa form, quittifig the water only when
they attain ihe winged state. The mass formed by the eggs of the gnat
resembles a little vessel, and floats on the surface. This inject is said to
deposit only one egg at a time ; the tirst is retained by means of the legs,
Avhen dropped, till a second is depo'-ited next to it, then a third, fourth, and
4iirther number, till the mass becomes capable, li-om its synnnetry, to
support itself ujiright. ]Many moths cover tiieir eggs with a thick bed
of hair or down, collected from their own body ; others cover them with
a glutinous substance, which when hard protects them from the ill ef-
fects of moisture, rain, and cold. The solitary bees and wasps pre-
pare nests in the earth, hollow trees, or cavities in old walls, wherein
they place a quantity of food for the support of the young brood when
ihey lireak from the egg. The ants are known to construct nests in
the earth, in which their eggs are jilacetl with the utmost care. Some
deposit their eggs in the larva of other insects, chiefly those of the
moth and butterfly kind; and havingpassed through all their changes
in their bodies, become what is termed the ichneumon-fly. The
Gasteroplulus jE^m^' (bot-fly) deposits its eggs on the bodies of horses in the
following remarkable manner. When the female has been impregnated,
and the eggs sufliciently mat\ired, she seeks among the horses a sub-
ject for her purpose; and approaching him on the wing, she carries her
body nearly upright in the air, and her tail, which is lengthened for
the purpose, curved inwards and upwards : in this way she approaches
the part where she designs to deposit the egg; and suspending herself
for a few seconds before it, suddenly darts upon it, and leaves the egg
adhering to the hair : she hardly appears to settle, but merely touches
the hair with the egg held out on the projected point of the abdomen.
The egg is made to adhere by means of a glutinous liquor secreted
with it. She then leaves the horse at a small distance and prepares a
second egg, and, poising herself before the part, deposits it in the same
way. The liquor dries, and the egg becomes firmly glued to the hair :
this is repeated by these flies till four or five hundred eggs are sometimes
placed on one horse.

The inside of the knee is the part on which these flies are most fond
of depositing their eggs, and next to this on the side and back part of
the shoulder, and less frequently on the extreme ends of the mane.
But it is a fact worthy of attention, that the fly does not place them
promiscuously about the body, but constantly on those parts which are
most likely to be licked with the tongue ; and the ova, therefore, are
^hvays scrupulously placed within its reach.

40 ELEMENTS OV ENTOMOLOGY.

Of the LAlTV^A, or CutcrpiUar state. All caterpillars are hatched
from the egg, and when they first proceed from it are generally small
and feeble, hut grow in strength as they increase in size. The body of
the caterpillar consists of twelve rings ; the head is connected with the
first, and is hard and crustaceous. No caterpillar of the moth or butterfly
has less than eight, or more than sixteen, feet; those which have more
than sixteen belong to some other order of insects. The six anterior
feet, or those next the head, are hard and scaly, pointed and fixed to
the first three rings of the body, and are in number and texture the
same in all Lepidopterous larvae. The posterior feet are soi't, flexible, or
membranaceous ; they vary both in figure and nvnnber, and are observa-
ble only in the caterpillar state, the perfect insect having only six feet,
the rudiments of which are the six anterior scaly feetbeibre mentioned.
These spurious feet are either smooth or hairy, soft to the touch, or
hard like shagreen. On each side of the body are nine small oval
apertures, which are the spiracles or organs of respiration.

The caterpillar, whose life is one continued succession of changes,
often moults its skinbefore it attains its full growth. These changes are
the more singular, because when it moults it is not simply the skin that
is changed ; ibr we find in the exuviae the jaws, and all the exterior parts,
both scaly and membranaceous.

. The change in the caterpillar is effected by the creature's withdrawing
itself from the outer skin as from a sheath, when it finds itself ijicom-
moded from being confined within a narrow compass. But to accomplish
this change is the work of some labour and time. Tho^e caterpillars
which live in society, and have a nest or habitation, retire there to change
their skin, fixing the hooks of the feet, during the operation, firmly in
the web of their nest. Some of the solitary species spin at this time a
slender web, to which they affix themselves. A day or two before the
critical moment approaches, the insect ceases to eat, and loses its usual
activity ; in proportion as the time of its change approaches, the colour
of the caterpillar delines in vigour, the skin hardens and becomes
withered, and is soon incapable of receiving those circulating juices by
which it was heretofore nourished and supported. The insect is now
seen at intervals with its back elevated, or with the body stretched to
the utmost extent: sometimes raising its head, moving it from one side
to another, and then letting it fall again. Near the change the second
and third rings are seen considerably swollen. By these internal ef-
forts the old parts are stretched and distended as much as possilile, an
operation attended with difficulty, as the new parts are all weak and
tender. However, by repeated exertions, all the vessels which con-
veyed nourishment to the exterior skin are disengaged, and cease to
act, and a slit is made on the back, generally beginning at the second
or third ring. The new skin may now be just perceived, being distin-
guished by its freshness and brightness of colour. The caterpillar then

CECOXOMY OF INSECTS. 41

presses the body like a wedge into this opening, by which means it is
soon torn down from the first to the fourth ring : this renders it large
enough for the caterpillar to pass through.

The caterpillar generally fasts a whole day after each moulting ; for
it is necessary that the parts should acquire a certain degree of con-
sistency before its organs can perform their ordinary functions. Many
perish under this operation. The caterpillar always appears much
larger after it has quitted the exuviee than before; for the body had
grown under the old skin till it had become too large for it, and the
parts being soft they were much compressed; but as soon as this skin is
cast oft', the parts distend, and with them the new skin, which is yet of
a flexible and tender texture, so that their increase in size at each
moulting is considerable. Some caterpillars in changing their skin alter
very much in colour and ap[)earance; sometimes the skin from being
smooth becomes covered with hair, spines, or tubercles ; and others that
are in one stage hairy, have the skin smooth in the next. No sex is de-
veloped in the caterpillar state.

Of the PUPA state. By this term, as understood in the very exten-
sive sense Linne proposes, is signified that state of an insect which suc-
ceeds the larva, without any regard to the particular appearance it as-
sumes in this stage of transformation. From this latitude of meaning it
includes therefore, with equal precision and no less propriety, states of
the most discordant character. It alike imi)lies the uncouth grub in-
cased in its shelly repository and immured in the earth, sluggish, al-
most destitiite of motion or the appearance of any animal function,
with the lively half-winged locust, or the Cicada, animals sporting in
the full enjoyment of life. The hot imprisoned in its oval covering,
M ithout the least external sign of animation, is termed a pupa. The
moth, quiescent and absent for months, concealed in its shelly cover-
ing in the earth, or suspended aloft in its silky envelope to the branch
of a tree, is a pupa; and we denominate those pHyja- also which have
the vv-ings only hah' expanded ; though, like the nimble-footed Cimex,
they are perpetually roving, and deriving sustenance from the blood of
other animals; and so also the restless Libe/lulu, which is continually
traversing the watery element with the facility of fishes in search of
prej'. Modern writers have therefore considered this state as essential
in the formation of Orders, and have even laid down certain rules,
which taken in conjunction with the characters of the perfect insect,
are otten of great use in ascertaining the order to which any genus be-
longs. In my account of the Larval have given that of the lepido-
pterous order, and shall therefore describe - he Pupa of the same.

The length of time an insect remains in this form varies much in dif-
ferent species. As soon as the inclosed animal acquires sufficient strength
to break the bonds of its coufineraent, it makes a powerful eftbrt to escape.

42 XLEMEXTS OF rNTOMOLOGY.

Tnc opening through which they pass is.ahvays at the same part oftlie
skin, a Uttle above the trunk, bet\veen the wings and a snjall piece
which covers the head : different fissures are generally made in the
.same direction. When the operation begins, there seems to be a vio-
lent agitation in the humours contained in the little animal; the fluids
being driven with rapidity through all the vessels, the limbs and various
])arts of tlie body are put in motion, and by repeated efforts it breaks
through the brittle skin that envelopes it. Those inclosed in cones or
cases, after bursting through the pupa covering, have another difliculty
to overcome, that of piercing through the inclosure, which in many
instances is of a stronger texture than the case of the pupa. For the
accomplishment of this, most insects arc provided with a liquor, which
they discharge from the mouth upon that part of the cone through
which they intend to esca'pe; and this so moistens and weakens it, that
after a short time they force their passage through with some facility.
Some insects not provided with this tluid leave one end of their cone
weaker than the rest, and close it only with a few threads, so that a
slight effort of the head enables the insect to burst from its prison.

The butterfly or moth on emerging from the pupa is moist, the ab-
domen swollen, the antennaj bent down, and the wings crumpled,
small, and shapeless. These parts are gradually unfoldcil, and assume
their destined form. The wings, which at one instant are small and
like four little buds at the sides of the thorax, in a few minutes after
acquire their full size ; and the fibres, which were at first flexible, be-
come hard and rigid like bone. In proportion as the fibres lose their
flexibility, the fluids which circulate within them extend, and the wings
cease to act; so that, if any extraneous circumstance arrests the progress
of this fluid througii the fibres at the first instant of the moth's escape,
the wings immediately become crippled, and never afterwards assume
any other form. Most insects, soon after they have attained their per-
fect state, void an excrementitious substance, which in some places,
where the insects were abundant, has produced reports of showers of
blood.

Of the IMAGO or Pnfcct Slate. As the present work is not in-
tended to enter into all the particulars relative to the habitat iom, foud,
modes of life, 4-c. I must refer the student to ]\hssrs. Kirbij and Spence's
popvdar intiviluction, in which much information on these points will
be found collected togetlier.

OBSERVATIONS

ON THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF

ENTOMOLOGY.

1 HE simplicity of the arrangement adopted by Linne, tlie celebrity
of his name, and the princely patronage inider which he wrote, con-
spired with other favoin-alile circumstances to render this science more
universally cultivated, admired, and respected about his time, than it
had probably been at any former period. The credit due to this natu-
ralist ibr his labours in entomology is great. This must be allowed.
But let us also remember, that he is not alone entitled to our commen-
dation for the arrangement proposed in his work. We must in candour
acknowledge the merits of many among his predecessors, who wrote
under circumstances of less encouragement, and have nevertheless ex-
celled in this science; men to whom the writings of Linne stand in a
very high degree indebted, and without the aid of which it is impossible
To imagine the system, which now commands our admiration, could
have been produced, at least in its present state of pm-ity.

In the works of Aristotle and Pliny, in those of Agricola, Aldro-
vandus, Franzius, Mouftet, Swammerdam, Kay, Willughby, Lister,
A'allisnieri, and various others, we distinctly perceive, with some oc-
casional variation, the outline of the superstructure raised in the

" SVSTEMA NaTURA."

These valuable sources of information furnished him with abundant
materials, which he selected with profound judgement, and inter-
>vove vi'ith ability, industry, and success. Linne was in this respect
commendable : he did not suffer liis mjnd to swerve on this oc-
casion, from any ambitious or innovating motives; and so far as he
deemed it consistent with his plan, he appears to have adhered to
the examples of his predecessors. The characters of his Ordines aje
to be found in several publications earlier than his own, and so like-
wise are most of his Genera, and the far greater number of his
Species. But these he remoulded throughout with so much skill, that
this " Systenia" constitutes the central point in which the scattered
rays of natural science are concentrated with more precision than
they really appear in the original authors to whose industry he stands
indebted. It was in the concise and very expressive style which Linne

44 0BSEXVATI0N5 OX THE DITFEKENT

adopts in all his works, and which was almost peculiar to himself,

that he excelled.
The following are the definitions of the several Orders established

by this eminent naturalist.

Order I. Coi.eoptera (derived from the Greek words for a shcnth and
a uino) comprise those insects wliich have crustaceous elytra or
shells, which shut together and form a longitudinal suture down the
back, as in beetles.

Order II. IIemiptera (from /(«//" and a rtv\§). Insects having their upper
wings half crustaceous and half membranaceous, not divided by a
longitudinal suture, but incumbent on each other, as in grasshop-
pers, tSf".'

Order lit. Lepidopteua (from a scale and a 7ci)ig). Insects with four
wings covered with fine scales in the form of powder or meal, as iu
the hutterflt/ and moth.

Order IV. Neuroptera (from a nene and a 7cing). In this order the
wind's are four; membranaceous, transparent, and naked, reticulated
with veins or nerves; the tail is without a sting, as in the Libellula
or Dragon-fly.

Order V. IIymenoptera (from a w?effi6rawe and a wing). The insects of
this order have also four wings, and the tail furnished with a sting
for various purposes, as in wasps, bees, t^r.

Order VI. Diptera (from two and a wing). Those insects with two
win2;sonly, and poisers or lialancers, as in the common House-Jly.

Order VD Aptera (from without and a zcing). In this order Linne
placed the spider, crab, scorpions, &c. As these are now universally
rejected from insects, and referred to a class named Crustacea, I shall
hereafter speak of them when mentioning the system proposed by
Dr. Leach.

Fabricius distributes all insects into thirteen Classes, the characters

of which are as follow :

Class I. Eleutherata. Jaws bare, free, and bearing feelers.

Class II. Uloxata. Jaws covered by an obtuse mouth-piece.

Class III. Syxistata, J«rfs elbowed near the base, and connected to
the lower lip.

Glass IV. PiEZATA. Jaws horny, compressed, and usually elongated.

Class V. Odonata. Jazcs horny, dentated; palpi two.

Class VI. Mitosata. Jfm's horny, vaulted ; no palpi.

Class VII. Unogata. Jaws horny, unguiculated.

Class VIII. PolVgnata. Jaws several (usually tsvo), within the lip.

Class IX. Kleistagnatha. Jaws several outside the lip.

Class X. Exociinata. Jazcs several, outside the lip, and covered by the
palpi.

Class XI. Gloss ATA. Mouth composed of a spiral tongue, situated be-
tween two palpi.

SYSTEMS OF EXTOMOLOGY. 45

Class XIT. RiiYNGOTA. ilfowiA composed of a beak or articulated sheath.
Class XIII. Antliata. Mouth composed of a sucker, not articulated.

In the Edinburgh Encyclopa'dia, edited by Dr. Brewster, several
valuable ])apers have appeared from the pen of that excellent and dis-
tinguished naturahst, Dr. W. E. Leach, the present Zoologist to the
British Museum. The well-known abilities of this gentleman, his
sound judgement, his great caution, and extensive correspondence with
the most distinguished naturalists of Europe, will, I trust, fully justify
me in adopting his system in the present work, as there is no doubt
that when it is duly studied it will be imiversally followed ; yet I must
confess much still remains incomplete, and many errors no doubt
will require future correction. An obserAation of Mr. Kirby I sl)all
here quote, as it is valuable, and should be strongly impressed upon
the mind of every naturalist, and must fully convince every liberal-
minded entomologist how far the system proposed by Dr. Leach is
consonant to the views of one of the first of entomologists.

" An account of any genus, perfect and elaboratein all its parts,
must be the work of him who is versed in the history and ceconomy of
every individual that belongs to it; he, and he only can go upon sure
grounds, for no other person can in all cases with certain tv' distinfnush
the sjiecies from the variety, and unite each sex to its Icgitima^s part-
ner. But so much knowledge, even with respect to a single o-enus
where the species are numerous, is not to be expected from one jnan.
nor should the naturalist attempt, like the spider, to weave his weii
from materials derived solely from within himself; but rather let him
copy the industrious bee, and draw genuine treasures from those flowers
of science which have been reared by other han:'.s, and combining these
with his own discoveries let him endeavour to concentrate all in one
harmonious system, with parts curiously formed, arranged, and adapt-
ed to each other, and to the whole; and calculated to preserve the
sweets of true wisdom pure and unsophisticated."

It would appear that the system of Dr. Leach, or at least the numerous-
genera into which it is divided, has not met with the approbation cf
every entomologist; since the Doctor in his Zoological Mkcellavy,\ol.-3,
in an account of two species of tlie Fabrician genus Geotrupes, has
made the following obser%ation : " I am a warm advocate for generic
divisions (founded on the consideration of every character), being fully
satisfied that such exist in nature, and, when distinguished with judge-
ment, tend materially to the advancement of science. Those entomo-
Jogists of the Linnajan school, who, by dilating the characters either of
their genera or species so as to admit of almost any thing, bend na-
ture to the artificial system of their master, would do well to consider
whether they do not show greater veneration for it than for nature,
and not upbraid those who hold a different o])iniou from themselves."

In the present work, the gencja of Linnt arc given, ^ot with a -^n&h

46 SYSTEMS OF £iN tOMOLOG'i'.

that the stiuleiil should coiifine himself to that system, but merely to
introduce him to a knowledge of the Families, for in this term tJie
genera of Linne may certainly be applied in most cases, and which
every entomologist will readily admit. Mr. Spence has observed, in
his excellent Monograph of the Genus Choleva in the Xlth vol. of the
Trayisudions of the Lbuucan Socictj/ : " It is contrary both to analogy
and experience to suppose the Creator has formed fewer of those
groupes into which we divide the vast tribes of nature by the name of
genera in one department than in another. Now in Botany, in which
not more than about 20,000 species have been described,we have upwards
of 2000 genera. In Entomology at least as many species are already de-
scribed; and when we combine the circmnstances, that in Britain not
fewer than SOOO species of insects are to be found, while we have about
3000 plants; and these are probably not one half of the European insects,
while we know that every other quarter of the globe is still more pro-
litic in species wholly different; and lastly, that every kind of plant
probaljly affords nutriraent on the average to three or four species of
insects, there can be little doubt that the insect is vastly more popu-
lous than the vegetable world. Is it likely then that the number of
genera should be much fewer than in botany; or at any rate that ir
shoidd not very greatly exceed its present amount? We need not
fear that the science will be rendered more difficult by an augmen-
tation of its genera. This cannot happen, if a proper system be adopt-
ed. If two or three insects, or even a single one, be strikingly charac-
terized by peculiaritj' of habit, they certainly pught in any system to
be distinguished at least as sections of the genera under which they are
placed. And will it increase the difficulty of investigation if they be
established as genera upon the same characters, and tUstinguished by a
name ? Clearly not. On the contrary, the science can be effectually
promoted in no other way; for names have an important iniluenct-.
upon the clearness of our ideas, and it will be impossible for us eve?
to gain correct views of the philosophy of our science while genera es-
sentially distinct are jumbled together under one title.

" Entomology, therefore, is under the greatest obligations to Illigcr
in Germany, Latreille in France," (Kirbv, Leach, and Spence in En-
gland) ; " who ha\ing had the good sense to reject the useless while they
retain the valuable parts of the Fabrician system, are laljouring, liy the
institution of new genera built upon firm and intelligible characters, to
extricate the science from the chaos into which that author has un-
wittingly reduced it. Fabricius's system has now had a fair trial of
upwards of thirty years, and it was at one time universally followed on
the continent; yet so fiir is experience from having confirmed the as-
sertion of its author, that the Linna'an system is only calculated to
introduce confusion into the science, that the very system professing
to dissipate that confusion is c\en now fast sinking into oblivion, while

ltnNjEan system. 47

the Linnccan orders and generic characters, with such improvements
as reason and analogy suggest, and as Linne himself would ha^'e ap-
proved, are reverted to by the most acute and learned entomologists of
the asie."

ORDERS AND GENERA OF LINNE. "

Order I. COLEOPTERA.

The insects of this Order form a very natural division. They have
hard cases to their wings, with a longitudinal suture; these in some
are united, and therefore such insects can have no wings; but tlie
wings in most arc two. The mouth in general is furnished with
izvo, four, and sometimes sir pa/pi, two mandibles, and tzco inuxiila ; the
month is covered above with the clypeus, and closed below with the
lips: they have all six feet in their perfect state; in the antennae there
is the greatest diversity of shape and form, in this system the princi-
pal character of the genera : they have a hard horny skin ; on each
side they have nine spiracula, one on the thorax, and eight on the al)-
domen. The females lay their eggs in the earth, dung, plants, wood^
&c. and from these proceed the larvTe.

The larvtB have six feet near the head, which differs in form and size
in the different genera; jaws at the mouth; two eyes; often short an-
tenna; and on each side nine spiracula. Those that feed on plants
and their roots move but slowly ; those which li\ e on dead animals are
more active; others, as the Caruhiche, Dj/iicidce, and Stapliylinidts, which
feed on living animals, are very rapid in their motions. The larva
state, during which insects change their skins, endures in most spe-
cies for a year; in the larger species longer, sometimes three or four
years. When tlie lan'a arrives at its app- inted time, it drav\'s itself
together, and changes for the most part into a pupa incompkta, which,
sometimes below tlie earth or in rotten wood, reposes for several weeks
or months. Afterwards the skin of the pupa bursts, and the perfect
insect appears. It is now fit for the propagation of its species.

Genus 1. Scaradsus.

Antenna clavated; the club lamellated ( P/. 1. fig. 1. a.): pulpi four:

mandibles horny, in general withou.t teeth : the tibia or second joint of

tiie foremost pair of feet generally dentated.
Species 1. Sc. Tt/plueus. Three horns on the thorax, the middle one the

smallest; the other t-w^o extending forwards and of the same lengtl%

with the head, which has no horns. {PI. 1. fg. I.)
Inhabits Europe.

48 SYSTEMS OF ENTOMOLOGY.

This species burrows in cow-dung and under the earth, digging deep
holes; and is found plentiful on heaths and commons during April
and May. Mr. Marsham in his Eutomologia Britannka has described
80 species of Scai-abai found in this country.

Genus 2. Lucanus.

Antenna; clavated; club perfoliate: maxillie prominent and dentatcd:

hodi/ oblong : anterior tibia dentated.
Sp. 1. L. Cervm, the Stag-beetle. With a scutcllurn; the maxillrB

projecting, bifurcated at the apex, with many teeth on the internal

edge. (P/.l.y^g.3.)

This is the largest of the British Coleoptera; the larva is white, and
lives on putrid wood, particularly oak ; its head and feet are of a rust
colour. The perfect insect varies in size and colour ; in general it is
dark brown or blackish ; the jaws are very large, about one third of
the length of the whole insect, and have a distant resemblance to the
horns of a stag; Mr. Marsham's inermis is only the female of this
species.
Sp. 2. L. puvallclipipedus is considerably smaller, and may be obtained

in June and Jidy in the neighboiu'hood of willows.
Obs. i. caruboides has not yet occurred in Britain, at least no British

specimen is known.

Genus 3. Dermestes.

AntenncB cl'diVzX.efS.; the club perfoliated {Ft. l.fig.4. a.); the three ter-
minating articulations larger than the rest: thorax convex, with
scarcely any margin: head inflected, and partly hid under the thorax.
The lai'vEB of the insects of this genus feed on decayed animal sub-
stances, and are exceedingly injurious to the meat in larders, skins,
furs, and books.
Sp. 1. D.murinus. Oblong; downy clouded with black and white ; abdo-
men covered with fine white down or hair.
Inhabits Europe ; and may frequently be found in the dead moles hung

up on the hedges by countrymen. (PL i.fig. 4.)
Sp. 2. D. Scoli/tiis. Elytra truncate, blackish and striate : abdomen re-
tuse : front downy and of an ash colour. (PL l.fig. 5.)
The insects of this genus are very ]>roHfic ; both the lar\TE and per-
fect insect eat the roots and wood of trees, and are sometimes very de-
structive to woods. 'I"he following account, from Mr. Kirl )y's Introduction
to Entomology, of jBcw/^/'/cAws Ti/pographm l''abr.,will further illustrate
the habits and manners of this genus : " This insect in its preparatory
state leeds upon the soft inner bark only: but it attacks this important
part in such vast numbers, 80,000 being sometimes found in a single

ORDER T. COLEOPTERA.

49

tree, that it is infinitely more noxious than any of those that bore into
the wood : and such is its vitality, that though the bark be battered
and the trees plunged into water or laid upon the ice or snow, it re-
mains alive and unhurt. The leaves of the trees infested by these in-
sects first become yellow; the trees themselves then die at the top,
and soon entirely perish. Their ravages have long been known in Ger-
many under the name of Wtmn tjvkniss (decay caused by worms); and
in the old liturgies of that countiy the animal itself is formally men-
tioned under its vulgar appellation of ' The Turk.' This pest was par-
ticularly prevalent and caused incalculable mischief about the year
^665. In the beginning of the last century it again showed itself in the
Hartz forests ; — it reappeared in 17 j7, redoubled its injuries in 17G9,
and arrived at its height in 1783, when the number of trees destroyed
by it in the above forests alone was calculated at a million and a half,
ahd the inhabitants were threatened with a total suspension of the
working of their mines, and consequent ruin. At this period these
Bostrichi \s'ere arrived at their perfect state, and migrated in swarms like
bees in Suabia and Franconia. At length, between the years 1784
and 1789, in consequence of a succession of cold and moist seasons,
the numbers of this scourge were sensibly diminished. It appeared
again however in 1790, and so late as 179G there Was great reason to
fear for the few fir-trees that were left."j

Genus 4. Ptinus.

Anfenme filiform {PL 1. fig. 6. a..); the last articulatioiis the largest:
thorax nearly round, not margined, receiving the head under it.

Sp. 1. Ft.imperialis. Brown: thorax subcarinate : elytra elegantly va-
ried with white hair. (P/. l.^g. 6.)

Inhabits Europe, in decayed trees.

Genus 5. Hister.
j4/(^f«H« clavated (PL 'i-fig- 1. a.); the club solid; the lowest articula-
tion compressed and bent: Iietid retractile within the body: e/y^ra
shorter than the body : the fore-tibiie dentated.
The insects of this genus are. generally found in dung, in spring,
summer, and a great part of the year. Like the DehnesliJes and
Bi/irhi, they contract their antennas and legs when touclied, and coun-
terfeit death.
Sp. 1. Hist, semipunctatiis. Brassy-black, polished: shells obliquely

striate at the base. {PL ^.Jig- 1.)
Inhabits dung, and is very common in this country.

Genus 6. Gyrinus.
Antenn(E cylindrical, and very short {PL l.fig. 2. a.) : maxilla horny and
very acute: eyes divide, so as to appear as four : the four hinder feet
compressed, and formed for swimming. {PL '2- fig- 1. b.)

50 tlNNEAN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Gyr. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured striae: the inflected
margin testaceous. (P/. 2./jg-. 2.)

Inhabits stagnant waters, running swiftly in circles on the surface,
and when it dives carrying along with it a bubble of air which appears
like quicksilver. These insects live in society, and often in their brisk
motions strike against one another. In the evenings they betake them-
selves to still places under bridges, or under the roots of trees which
grow at the water's edge.

Genus 7. Byrrhus.
Antenna: a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal
joints gradually thicker, compressed (PI. 2. Jig. 3. a.): pa//;* short,
the last joint longest; thick, somewhat ovate : bodj/ somewhat ovate,
very convex above: scutellurn minute.

When touched, they apply their antennae and feet so close to the
body, remaining at the same time motionless, that they resemble a seed
more than an animated being. They are found in sand-pits and road-
ways in the spring months, and are very common.
Sp. 1. %r. Pilula. Brown; the elytra with black internipted stris.
{PL 2. Jig. 3.)

Genus 8. Anthrenus, Fahrieius.
Antenns shorter than the thorax, with the club solid (PL I.Jig. 4. a.):
jKilpi filiform, short : body orbiculate, ovate : scutellum very minute :
maxilla; and lip bifid.

These insects are found on flowers ; they are small, but in general
prettily coloured. Thev contract on the appearance of danger, and ap-
pear as if dead. Their larvce are found in carcases, skins, and dried
animal substances. They pass nearly a year in that state before chang-
ing into a pupa; the perfect insects are found chiefly in spring.
Sp. 1. Anth. Scrophularice. Black; sides of the thorax and three trans-
verse bands on the elytra, grey; suture and external margin of the
elytra and hinder margin of the thorax, red-lutescent. {PL 2.fg. 4.)

Genus 9. Silpha.
^»<e?i«<c gradually thickening towards tlieir extremities (P^. ".fg- 7. a.),
or terminated by a solid or perfoliated club {fg. 6. a.) : elytra cover-
ing the greater portion of the abdomen and marginated : head pvo-
^ecimg: thorax flattish and margined: body oval or parallelepiped.
The Silpha; feed on dead carcases and the excrements of animals ;
they have generally a fetid smell, and when taken they discharge by
the mouth or the anus a drop of black liquor of a very disgusting
O'lour; this liquor serves to accelerate the putrefaction of the matters
on which they feed. The larvcB live in the earth in dung-hills and
dead carcases; they have six short feet; the head is small, armed with
strong jaws; they undergo their transformations underground.

ORDER I. COLEOPTSnA. 51

Sp. 1. S'llpha Vespillo. (PI. 2. fig. 6.) Oblong and black : the clypeus or-
bicular and unequal : the elytra marked with two ferruginous fascke.
This species is subject to great variety in size. It is infested with
Acari; it flies very swiftly with its elytra erect. The elytra are shorter
than the abdomen. It feeds on carrion, and a small dead animal is
soon visited by a number of this species, which join in burying it after
they have deposited their eggs in its body. Thus a mole or a mouse is
often buried by the industry of four or five of them in the space of
four-and-t^venty hours. They scoop out the earth all round and be-
lo\v the animal, which gradually sinks down; and while the agents are
invisible, we see the effect by the disappearance of the carcase.
Sp. 2. Silplia quadripimetata. {PI. 2. fg. 7.) Black: elytra and thorax
yellow, with two black spots on each elytron : head, antennae and legs
black.

Found at the roots of oak trees in the winter, and in the foliage in
the months of May, June, and July.

Genus 10. Nitidula, Fabr.
A'ltenniz davated: the club solid: elytra marginated: head prominent:

thorax dattish and marginated.

In the former editions of the Systema Kctunz the insects of this ge-
nus were included in the genus Silpha, the habits of which they greatly
resemble, being found in decayed animal substances, under the bark
of trees, bones, &c.

Sp. 1. Nit. diacokka. Black: the thorax marginated: the disk of the

elytra ferruginous: length l| lin. {PL 2. fig. 5.)

The species of this genus are numerous, subject to great variety, and
require a minute examination.

Genus 11. Opatrum, Fabr.
Antennte. moniliform, growing thicker at the end: elytra marginated:

head prominent : thorax flattish and marginated.

The insects of this genus are found in sandy situations in May, June,
and July. — They were arranged with the Silpha by Linne.
.Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. Brown: thorax emarginate: el;ytra dentated,

with three elevated lines. {PL 2. fig. 8. a. antenna: magnified^

Genus 12. Tritoma, Fabr.
Antenna: clavated: club perfoliated {PL 2. fg. 9. a.): Up emarginate:

anterior palpi securiform : body much elevated : thorax flat.

Of this genus we have but one species at present known in this
country, which inhabits fungi : I once took them in profusion atCoombe
Wood in the month of March.
Sp. 1. Trit. bipustidatum. Black: the elytra with a scarlet spot on tht

shoulder,, in which is a '■mall black dot. {PL 2.fg. 9.)

32 UNNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 13. Cassida.
Antenn<F moniliform : thorax and elijtra marginated : head concealed

under the thorax : body aho\e gibhous, beneath tiat and margined.

Of this genus we have several species, some of which are very bril-
liant in colours, which disappear when the insect dies, but are said to
revive when put in warm water.

The larvai of these insects are found under the leaves of the plants
on which thov feed : by means of the lateral spines and bristle at the
end of the tail they form a kind of parasol with their own excrements
to shelter themselves from the sun and rain, and probably to screen
themselves from their enemies.
Sp. 1. Cass. 7nacidatu. The elytra vary in colour, the young state of the

insect being green, and as it advances in age gradually approaching

to red spotted with black: black on the under side. C. iimrTaa of

Marsham is only a variety of this. {PL- 2. Jig. 10.)

Genus 14. Coccinella.
Antenna clavated : the club solid : maxiUarii palpi terminated by a large

securiform joint: iw^/j/ hemispherical : thorax and tli/tra margined:

abdomen flat.

The insects of this genus are commonly called in England Lady-
cows, or Lady-birds. The larvae feed chiefly on the Aphides or plant-
lice, and are very serviceable in clearing vegetables of the myriads with
which they are often infested. Mr. Marsham in his Entomologia Bri-
fannica has described 50 species, two-thirds of which only are genuine.
So great is the variety in the species of this genus, that by a close ex-
amination scarcely two specimens will be found alike : this shows the
necessity of collecting varieties, for by this means species may be de-
cided upon ; T should therefore strongly recommend the young ento-
mologist never to disregard them, as they tend greatly to the advance-
ment of the science, and certainly enrich a collection. Mr. Stephens
(the author of the continuation to the ornithological part of Shaw's
Zoologii, and a most excellent entomologist,) for some years past has
paid great attention to this genus of insects; and it his intention to lay
his obsen'ations before the Linnean Society.
Sp. 1, Cocc. 14-guitafa. Elytra red: with fourteen white dots: antennjt

and eyes black: the spots on the elytra form four lines; the first line

contains two spots, the second six, the third four, and the last two.
Inhabits willows. {PL 2.Jig. 11.)

Genus 15. Chrysomela.

Antennre moniliform : palpi six, thickest at their extremitj' : thorax mar-
gined, but not the elytra: hodi/ for the most part ovate.
The insects of this germs are in general adorned with shining and

splendid colours. They live on leaves, but do not eat the iiervures.

ORDEU I. COLEOPTERA. 53

Their lar\'fe are in general of an oval shape, somewhat elongated and
soft, with six feet near the head. Tlie last joint of their feet or tarsi
consists of four articulations, which in most cases serve for sexual di-
stinctions, the tarsi of the fore feet being considerably broader in the
males than in the females. This numerous and beautiful tribe is found
in almost every situation : their motion is slow ; and some of them
when caught emit an oily liquor of a disagreeable smell.

In this genus of Linne we tind many insects that differ widely from
the generic character given above, which form many natural families
consisting of numerous genera, the characters of which will be given
in the system proposed by Dr. Leach.
Sp. 1. Chrys. coriaria. Apterous, oval; varies in colour from a dark

blue to a black. It is a very common species, and may be found oa

heaths from April to June in abundance. (PI. "i.fg. 12.)
Sp. 2. C/uys. Tunacdi. Black and punctTued: the antennie and feet

black. {PL 'i.fig. 13.) Galeruca Tanaceti, Gcoffroy, Latreille, Fabri-

cius, Olivia; and Leach.
Sp. 3. Clirys.mirdigcra. {PI. I.fig- H.) Auchenia merdigera, Manliam.
Inhabits the white lily.

Genus 10. Cryptocepiiaixs, Fabr.
Antenntc finform : pulpi four : thorax margined, but not the elytra : body

nearly cylindrical.

The insects of this genus in some of the sections into which it has
been divided by Gmelin resemble the preceding in form and manners,
and were accordingly in the former editions of the Si/stcma Natures ar-
ranged with Chrysonield. Mr. Marsham's Auchenia, Crioccria, and TilluSj
are separated from this genus.
Sp. 1. Crypt. Lineola. Body black : elytra red, with a black line on

each. {PI. 2. fg. 15.)

Genus 17. Hispa.

AntenneE cylindrical, approximate at the base and seated bet^veen the

eyes : palpi fusiform : thorax and elytra often spinous or toothed.
Sp. 1. Hispa mutica. {PL 2. fig. 16.) Orthocerus muticus, Lair.
Inhabits sandy situations.

Genus 18. Bruchus.
Antenntz filiform: palpi equal and filiform: lip acuminated.
Sp. 1. Bruchus Pisi. Elytra black, with white spots; the extremity

white, with two black dots. {PL 2. Jig. 17.)
Inhabits Europe, and is very destructive to fields of peas.

64 IINNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 19. Cuhculio.

Anfennts clavated, situated on the rostrum : palpi four, filiform.

The inGects of this genus are very numerous, and^uliject to great
diversity in form and colours. Mr. Marsham has dek;riljed 234 spe-
cies in his Entomologia Britannica, some of which are but varieties.
Many species have been discovered shice his work was written, and
the number is probably doubled.

Sp. 1. Cure, nitens. Oblong, dark-violet: thorax and elytra of a blueish

green. (PL 2.fg. 18.)
Inhabits Europe ; is found in England on the white-thorn in woods in

the month of May.
Sp. 2. Cure. Fyri. Bronzed with a changeable colour of yellow, red, and

green: legs rufous. {PL 2. Jig. 19.)
Inhabits the nut-tree, but is very local.

Rp. 3. Cure. Nucum. Grey-brown; rostrum as long as the body.
Inhabits the nut-tree ; the larva is frequently found in the hazel nut.

{PL 2. Jig. 20.)
Sp. 4. Ciirc. Serophularia. The coleoptra with two black spots on the

back. {PLQ.fg. 21.)
Inhabits the Scrophularia in marshes.

Genus 20. Attelabus.

Aiitenn-a: mo'n'iWfon'n; thickest towards the apex: head inclined, and

acuminated behind.
Sp. 1. Att. Cort/li. Black; elytra red and reticulated. {PL Q. Jig.' ^2.)
Inhabits Europe : is found on the hazel; the leaves of which the larva
rolls up into a cylinder, close at both ends. The form of the head
in this insect is remarkable : it is shaped like a long triangle ; the
acute angle attached to the thorax, the eyes in the- other two angles,
and from the base the rostrum arises.

Genus 21. Notoxus, Fabr. Meloe, Linn. Lytta, Marsh.
Antenn<E filiform; palpi four, securiform: maxilla with one dent or

tooth.
Sp. 1. Not. monoceros. The thorax projecting like a horn over the head.

{PL 2. fg. 23. a. head, thorax, and antenna magnified.)
Inhabits sand-pits, is rare near London. This species has been taken in

profusion on the sandy sea shores of South Wales.

Genus 22. Cerambvx.

Anlennm setaceous : palpi four : thorax spinous or gibbous : eli/tra

linear.
This is a numerous c;enus: it has therefore been divided into several

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 55

genera by later writers. Few of them are natives of Britain. Their
larva' hve in wood, which tlaey perforate and consume. They are the
favourite food of the woodpecker. They have sliorter feet than the
larvae of most other Coleoptera. The antennae are often longer than
the whole body, being in some species four times its length.

Sp. 1. Cer. moschatus.

Inhabits Europe. In England it frequently occurs on willow-trees in
June.

Sp. 2. Ccr. Tcitor.

Inhabits Europe. This is esteemed a very rare British insect; it occiu'S
on willows at the Eft'ord Mills, near Lymington in Hampshire, and
near Bristol. {PL. 2. fig. 24.)

Sp. 3. Cer. arcuafus. The elytra with four yellow fasciae; the first inter-
rupted, the others arched backwards. (PL 2. fig. '25.)

Inhabits Europe. Is found on the trunlis of trees, but is rare in
Britain.

Genus 23. Lkptura.

Antenna setaceous: palpi four, filiform: cli/lra attenuated towards the

apex: thcvax somewhat cylindrical.
Sp. 1. Lept. quadrifasciata. Black ; elytra testaceous with four black

fasciae, (PI. 2. jig. 26.)
Inhiihits Europe. In Britain it is found in the woods of Kent on

umbelliferous plants.
Sp. ■i. Lept. Ni/mphaa. Hind thighs toothed: thorax and elytra coppery :

body cinereous, downy.
Iniiabits Europe. May trequently be found in ditches on the leaves

of Ni/7npht£a alba in the month of May. {PL 2. fig. 2?,)

Genus 24. Necydalis.

Antenna setaceous or filiform : palpi four, filiform : eli/t7-a smaller tlian

the wings.
Sp. 1. Nect/d. cterulea. Elytiu subulate : abdomen blue : hind thighs of the

male clavate, arcuate; those of the female simple. {PL 2. Jig. 28.)
Inhabits flowers in woods and chalk-pits.

Genus 25. Lampyris.

Antenna filiform: {PI. 3. fig. 1. a) palpi four: elytra flexible: thorax
flat, semiorbicular, concealing and surrounding the head : the sides
of the abdomen with papillary folds : the females for the most part
are destitute of wings and elytra, and resemble herbivorous larvae.

Sp. 1. Lamp, noctiluca, Q\ov!-\\oxm. Oblong and brown; the thorax
a^h-coloured. {PL S.fiig. 1. male, fig. 2. lemale.)

Inhabits woods, heaths, and grassy banks in the months of June
and July; tlie female alone i.s luminous. The light, which is phos-

56 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

phorlc, proceeds from the last segment but one of the abdomen, and
seems intended to attract the male. Lampyris sphndidula is said to in-
habit this conntry, but I have not yet seen any British specimen : I
should therefore advise those entomologists residing at a distance from
London to collect all the specimens they can obtain, and carefully ex-
amine them : the males may be taken in profusion in the evenings of
the above months, if a few females be put in the entomologist's fold-
ing-net as he walks in the above places of an evening.

Genus 26. Pyrochroa, Tuhr. Gtriel.

^/i/c?m<E pectinate : thorax orl)icular: 6o(/y elongate, depressed. The

prevailing colour in this genus is red and black.
Sp. 1. Pi/roch. cocclnea. Black : thorax and elytra of abright scarlet red ;

the antennae strongly pectinate.
Inhabits the woods of Kent in the months of June and July. {PL 3.

fiS- 3.)
Sp. 2. Pi/roch. rubens. Black : thorax and elytra ot a duller red tharj

the preceding species.

A very common insect in the months of IMay and June, and may be
found in most hedges where white-thorn grows.

Genus 27. Cantharis.

Antenna' filiform; thorax (in most species) marginated; c/j/;?y/ flexible ;
the sides of the abdomen with papillary folds.

This is an extremely rapacious genus, preying upon other insects,
and even its own tribe.

Sp. 1. Canth. fmca. Thorax red, with a black spot; elvtra brown.
{PL3.fg.4.) ■

This is a numerous tribe, and forms several natural genera of mo-
dern authors.

Sp. 2. Canth. bigutfafa. Thorax black in the middle ; elytra greenish-
bronze; red at the apex. (P/. 3. fg. 5.)
This insect is furnished with two red obtuse vesicles at the base of

the abdomen, and two at the apex of the thorax, which are raised and

depressed alternately. Common on various plants in woods in the

months of May and June.

Genus 28. Elater.

Antenna filiform : palpi four, securiform : mandibles notched, or bifid at

their extremities.

Many of the coleopterous insects have a great difficulty in restoring
themselves when laid on their back ; the apparatus with which the in-
sects of this genus are provided for that purpose is singular and curi-
ous. An elastic spring or spine projects from the hinder extremity of
the breast, and there is a groove or cavity in the anterior part of the ab-<

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 57

doraen. When laid on its back, the insect raises and sustains itself on
the anterior part ot" tlie head and the extremity of the body, by which
means tlie spine is removed from the groove where it is lodged when in
its natural position ; then suddenly bending its body, the spine is struck
with force across a small ridge or elevation, into the cavity from whence
it was withdrawn, b^ which shock, the parts of the body before sus-
tained in the air are so forcibly beat against whatever the insect is
laid on, as to cause it to spring or rebound to a considerable distance.
The antcnnpeare lodged in a cavity scooped out of the imder side of
the head and thorax, probal)ly to preserve them from injury when
the insect falls, alter its singular l("jp. 'J"he larvte reside in decayed
wood.
Sp. 1. Eldt. sanguineus. Black; thorax smooth and shining: elytra of

a l)lood red colour. {PL 3. Jig. 0.)
Inhabits decayed oaks, and lias been found in abundance vmder the

bark of trees in June, in the New Forest of Hampshire, which is

a most excellent and fertile county for insects.
<Sp. 2. Eldt. ct/ancus. Blue, varying from a purple to a greenish hue;

elytra striated and finely punctured. (/■*/. 3. Jig. 7.)
Inhabits gravel-pits in the months of May and June, under stones,

clods of earth and conglomerated masses, by turning up of which

the entomologist will frequently find other insects equally rare.

Genus 29. Cicindel.v.
Antenna setaceous: palpi s'w, filiform; the posterior ones hairy: man-
dibles projecting with many dents : ct/cs prominent : thorax- rounded
and marginatcd.

This is in general a very beautiful tribe of insects; they are found
in dry sandy places, and prey with the most ravenous ferocity upon
all weaker insects which come in their way. The larva is soft and
white, with six feet, and two tubercles on its back which assist it in
retreating with its prey; the head is brown and scaly, and armed with
a pair of large jaws. It lurks in a round perpendicular hole in the
ground, v.ith its head at the entrance, to draw in and devoiu- whatever
insects may come near or fall into it.

Sp. 1. Ciciiid. canipestris. Green; the elytra with five white dots.
Inhabits sand-pits and other hot and dry places from Ai)iil to July.
Sp. 2. Cicind.sylvutica. {PL 3. fig. o.)

Genus 30. Buprestis.
Antenna filiform, serrated ; the length of the thorax : palpi four, fili-
form; the last articulation obtuse and truncated: liead partly re-
tracted within the thorax. {PL 3. Jig. 9.)

Few of this numerous genus are natives of Britain. Many of the ex-
Otic species are remarkable for their rich metallic colours, having fre-

58 llNKEAN SYSTEM.

quently the appearance of the most highly polished gold or copper :

the larvaj live in wood.

Sp. 1. Bupr. biguttata. Green above, blue-green beneath ; scutellutn
transversely impressed ; apex of the elytra serrated ; a white villose
spot on each side of the suture, and three on the sides of the ab-
domen.

In England it is rather rare, but was once observed in very great
abundance, by Dr. Latham, in Darent-wood, Kent.

Genus 31. Hydropiiilus, Fahr. Dytiscus, Linn.
Antenna clavated, club perfoliate : jjalpi four, filiform : hinder feet cili-
ated and formed for swimming, with minute claws.
The insects of this genus live in water and moist places. They
may be seen in ponds during the summer and calm mild days in
winter, frequently rising to tlie surface for fresh air; they swim well,
and when luid on their backs restore themselves by whirling round ;
they rest in the shade, keep in the water during the day, come abroad
in the evening, and are sometimes found sitting on the plants by the
edge; they Hy by night; after having ucen long out of the water they
cannot dive but with difficulty : the foremost ft et of the males have a
hemispherical appendage, the larvae always live in the water, and are
the crocodiles of their class, killing not only aquatic insects but even
fishes.
Sp. 1. Hydroph. piceua. Black; the sternum channelled and spiny

behiiid.
Hydrous piceus. Leach, from the Li/inean MSS.

this is the largest British species of the genus. The larva lives in
still waters and ponds; is about an inch and a half in length; black; its
head smooth and chesnut-coloured ; with six short slender feet, which
are actually placed on the back, and a tapering tail through which it
respires. — In the month of July it is said to attain its utmost size, and
leaving the water, creeps upon the dry ground to a heap of dung, (cow-
dung if it be near,) and makes a hole under it pretty deep, and so wide
that it can lie in it rolled up in a circk, and there it changes into its
pupa state. About the middle of August the perfect insect appears.
Like most of the aquatic insects it lives through the winter, divmg deep
into the mud in the most inclement weather.
Sp. 2. Hi/droph.caruboides. (PL 3.fg. 16.)

Genus 32. Dytiscus.
AiUenTKC setaceous; palpi six, fiUform: hind feet villous, formed for
swimming, with the claws very minute. {PL S.f'g. 13, 14 4" 15.)
The insects of this genus are very numerous, and are well deserving
the attention of the entomologist. In Dr. Leach's system they are di-
vided into several very natural genera : they are found in almost every

ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 59

pond, dttch, and rivulet, but many of the species are very local : they
may be obtained in the above-mentioned situations at all seasons of
the year.

Genus 33. Carabus.

AntenncE filiform; palpi six, the last articulation obtuse and truncated :

thorax obcordate, trrmcated at the apex, and marginatcd : elytra

margined.

Mr. iMarsham has described 109 British species of this genus: the
generality of them are foimd on the ground, under stones, in sand-pits
&c. a few are found in trees, feeding on the larva? of Lepidopteru. The
whole of this tribe are very voracious, preying on all insects which they
can overcome; they discharge, when tsikcn, a brown caustic and fetid
liquor: many of them want wings; though their elytra in general are
separate and moveable: their larvai live in putrid wood, among mosses,
in the earth, &:c.

PL 3.Jig. 17, 18, 19, <5- 20, belong to this genus of I.inne. They are
types of so many genera, the characters of which are given in the
system of Dr. Leach.

Genus 34. Teneerio.

AntciiniC moniliform; the last articulation nearly round : ^^omr with a

small degree of convexity, and marginatcd : luad standing out: eli/tra

.somewhat rigid.
Sp. 1. Teneb. Molitor. Brownish-black ; the anterior thighs the thickest.

{PL 4. Jig. 1.)

The larvas ot this insect are called ]\Ical-zoonns, and are found in
meal, bakers' ovens, dry bread, &c. They are of a pale colour, smooth,
with thirteen segments, soft ; and are the favourite food of nightin-
gales, and other JMotacilU.

Genus 35. Blaps, Fair., Marsh. Teneerio, Linn.

Antenna filiform; palpi four: thorax with a small degree of convexity,

and marginated : head standing out : eli/ira somewhat rigid : zcings

(in most species) wanting.
Sp. 1. Bl. mortisaga. Black ; coleoptra ending in a point, and smooth ;

the antennae moniliform at the apex.

This species wants the wings : it walks slowly, and is therefore called
the slow-legged beetle : when taken it emits a certain colourless but
very fetid liquor.

Genus 36. Lytta, Tahr. Meloe, Linn.
AntenncE ^XiioxYO.: pa^^i four, unequal, the hind ones clavated: thorajs
somewhat round : head inflected and gibl)ous : elijtra soft and flexible.
Sp. 1. Lytta vesicatoria. Green; the antennae black. (PL 4;. fig- 5.)
Inhabits the south of Europe, and is occasionally found in Britain.

60 IINNEAN SYSTEM.

This is the common Spanish fly : it is found on the privet, the ash,
the elder, the jwplar, &c. It is so hght when dried that fiftj' of them
scarcely weigh a dram.

Genus 37. Meloe.

Antenntp moniliform : thorax nearly round : eh/tra soft, flexible, and
shorter than the abdomen : head inflected, gibbous. {PL 4. jig. 7.)

Sp. 1. Mel. Proscarabaus. Of a violet colour,

Found in spring, particularly in open sandy fields, feeding on the

difterent species of Ranunculus, &c. ; its ova have an agreeable smell ;

when touched, there issues from it a very limpid yellowish oil, which

is exceedingly diuretic, and when mixed with honey or oil has been

recommended in cases of hydrophobia.

Genus 38. Mordella.

Antenna: moniliform or pectinated : palpi four, the anterior ones cla-
vated, the hinder filiform : when frightened, it hides its head be-
neath the thorax : elytra narrower towards the apex, and slightly
curved : before the thighs a broad plate at the base of the abdomen.
The insects of this genus inhabit flowers.

Sp. 1. Mord.fasciata. {PL 4. Jig. 8.)

Genus 39. Stapuylinus.

I shall omit the generic character of Linne, and refer the student to
those genera given in Dr. Leach's system. Mr. INIarsham has de-
scribed only 87 species of this very extensive family : 500 species at least
are found to be natives of this country, many of which are exceed-
ingly minute, but very interesting. {PL 4. fg. 10, 11, 12, 13 Sf 14.)

Genus 40. Forficula.
Atitcnna; setaceous : ;7«/;>i unequal and filiform : elytra truncated and

shorter than the abdomen, the extremity of which is armed with

forceps.
Sp. 1. Foif. auricular ia, Earwig.

Order II. HEMIPTERA.

Many of the insects of this Order are fiirnishcd with a rostrum
which is inflected and bent inwards towards the breast. Their wing-
cases are hcmelytratec, or of a substance less hard than those of the
preceding order; they do not meet together and form a longitudinal
suture, but have some part of tiicir anterior margins crossed or laid
one over tlie other.

ORDER IT. HEMIPTERA. 6i

Genus 41. Blatta.

Head inflected : antenna setaceous: jsa/pj unequal, filiform: eh/tra and
a:;/w°-s flat, and nearly coriaceous: thorax nearly flat, orbicular, and
marii-inated : feet formed for running : two horns above the tail in
most species. (PL ^-fg- 17-)
Sp. 1. Bl. orientalis, Black-beetle or Cock-roach.

This insect was originally a native of South America, but is now very
generally spread throughout Europe. It cannot be considered a British
insect, though it frequents kitchens, ovens, and warm places, and de-
vours meal, bread, and other provisions, shoes, &c. It conceals itself
during the day, and comes abroad in the night; it runs quickly, and is
very tenacious of life. They are killed by red wafers.

Genus 42. Gryllus.

Head inflected, furnished with maxilke and filiform palpi : antenna se-
taceous or filiform : wings four, deflected and convoluted ; the under
ones folded: hind legs formed for leaping: two daws on all the feet.

Sp. 1. Gr.Jiavipes. {PL 4. Jig. 19.)

Inhabits marshes, but is very local in Britain.

Genus 43. Cicada.

Bostnim inflected : antenna: setaceous : wings four, membranaceous and

deflected : ,/te^ formed for leaping. {PL 5. fig. 1 Sj- 2.)
Sp. 1. Cic. Ti/-idis. Elytra green: head yellow, with black dots.
Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches.

Genus 44. Notonecta.

Rostrum inflected : antenna shorter than the thorax : wings four, folded
together crosswise ; coriaceous at the base : hinder feet ciliated,
formed for swimming.
The insects of this and the following genus live in water, feeding

on aquatic animalcula; the larva and pupa have each six feet; they

are active, and swim like the perfect insect; the former wants wings,

the latter has the rudiments of them. {PL 5. fig. 3.)

Sp. 1. Not. jninutissinia. Grey; the head brown: the elytra truncated.

Inhabits ponds.

Genus 45. Nepa.

Rostrum inflected : antenna short : wi?igs four, folded crosswise, the an-
terior part of them coriaceous: the tzoo fore feet cheliform; the
others formed for walking.

Sp. 1. Nepa cinerea. Of an ash colour : the thorax unequal: tlie body
oblong, ovate. {PL 5. fig. 4.)

Inhabits ponds and ditches; is very Common in Britain throughout the
year.

62 LI^^^KA^ system.

Genus 46. Cimex.
lloUrum inflected : antenna longer than the thorax : zclngs four, folded
crosswise; the upper ones coriaceous in the anterior part : buck flat:
thorax marginated : /te/^ formed for running. {PL 5. Jig. 0, 7, 8.)
The insects of this genus, whether as larvte or in the perfect state,
feed for the most part on tlie juices of plants; some on the larvje of
other animals: they have in general a very disagreeable. smell. The
larvae and pupas have six feet; they are active, and walk about like the
perfect insect : the former has no wings, the latter has the rudiments
of theiii. A great number of species are found in Britain.

Sp. 1. Cimex kctidarius. Without wings.
Inhabits Europe.

This insect (the bed-bug) is unhappily but too well known, and was
an inhabitant of Europe [irior to the Christian a ra; at least it is men-
tioned by Aristophanes and other Greek writers. Southall says it was
hardly known in London before 1(370; but there is good authority for
asserting that it was common enough there before the great tire iu
1666. It is a nocturnal animal, very fetid; seldom, though sometimes,
found with wings ; easily killed when taken alive. Bugs are said to be
expelled in a variety of ways, viz. by charcoal and oil of turpentine, soft
soap, or hard pomatum.

Genus 47. Aphis.
Rostrum inflected : the vagina with five articulations and a single seta :

antenna setaceous, longer than the thorax : wings four, erect, or none :

feet formed for walking : the abdomen generally armed with two horns.

{Pl.5.fg.Q.)

The insects of this genus are small and defenceless ; but very nox-
ious animals, and most remarkable for the singularities in their history
and manners. They seldom appear before autimm, when the males im-
pregnate their females, which soon thereafter lay eggs or rather a sort of
capsule in which the young Aphides lie already perfectly formed, but
do not break their shell till the following spring. When they appear,
it is very remarkable that they are almost wholly females, with hardly
a male to be seen during the whole spring and summer. Notw^ith-
standing this, all these female Aphides without any communication
with a male are able to propagate their species, and seem to have re-
ceived the genial influence not merely for themselves alone but for
their posterity to the ninth generation. During the whole summer they
are viviparous ; and if a young Aphis be taken immediately upon ex-
clusion from the mother, and kept apart, it will produce young ; which
young, if also kept apart, will likewise produce, and so on, without the
presence of a male. Towards autumn, however, this singular fructifi-
catiou begins to lose its wonderful effects ; the Aphides cease to bring

ORDER III. LEPIBOPTERA. 63

forth females only ; males likewise are produced, which immediately
celebrate their nuptial rite, that is to communicate fertility- to the whole
female posterity of the following summer.

Genus 48. Chekmes.'

The rostrum rising from the breast with a vagina and three inflected
seta; : antenna cylindrical, longer than the thorax ; icings four, de-
flexed; thorax gibbous: fret formed for leaping. {PI. 5.fg. 10.)
The lars'ae of the insects of tliis genus are furnished with feet and
generally covered with down. In the perfect state they greatly resem-
ble the Aphides.

Genus 40. Coccus.

Antenna filiform : abdomen furnished with two set£e : rostrum rising from
the breast with a vagina and seta; : tico erect Things in the males ;
none in the females. {PI. 5. Jig. 11.)
Sp. 1. Coccus Cacti.

This insect, so useful when properly prepared to painters and dyers,
is a native of South America, where it is foimd on several species of
Cactus, particularly the Cactus Opuntia or Prickiy-pear. The insects are
collected in a wooden bowl, tiuckly spread from thence upon a flat
dish of earthenware, and placed alive over a charcoal fire, w here they are
slowly roasted imtil the downy covering disappears and tlie aqueous
juices of the animal are totally evaporated. During this operation the
insects are continually stirred about witli a tin ladle, and sometimes
water is sprinkled upon them to prevent absolute torrefaction, which
would destroy the colour and reduce the insect to a coal ; but a little
habit teaches when to ren)ove them from the fire. 'J'hcy then appear
like so many dark, round, reddish grains, and take the name of Cochi-
neal, preserving so little the original form of the insect that this pre-
cious dye was long known and sought in Europe before naturalists had
determined whether it was animal, vegetable, or a mineral substance.

Genus 50. Thrips.

Rostrum indistinct : untenne filii'orin, of the length of the thorax : body
linear : abdomen curved upwards : wings four, straight, lying upon
the back; longitudinal,narrow, and somewhat crossed. {PI. 5.Jig.l2.)
The insects of this genus are small, and aie found on the flowers of

variou-s plants.

Order III. LEPIDOPTERA. (Gicssata, Fabr.)

The insects of this order contain the butterflies, moths, and hawk-
moths; have all four wings covered with scales or a sort of farina:
they {lavc a mouth (the jaws of which ha%'e lately been dbcovered, de-

64 lisni:an systlm.

scribed and figured by Savigiiy in his Manoircs sur ks AnhnuuT sum
Vertchrca, Paris, 1816.), with palpi, a spiral tongue; the body covered
with hair. The scales resemble feathers : they lie over one another in
an iniltricated manner, the shaft towards the body of the insect anil the
expansion towards the end of the wing, reflecting the most brilliant co-
lours. .

Genus 51. Papilio.

Antenna: clavate, gradually thickening towards their extremity: icings
when at rest erect and meeting upwards. All the insects of this ge-
nus ily in the day-time.

Linne in a peculiar and instructive manner divided this beautiful
and numerous tribe into sections, instituted from the habit or general
appearance, and in some degree from the distribution of the colour of
the wings.
Sp. 1. Pap. Machaon.

This is an insect of great beauty, and may be considered as the only
British species of Papliio. It is well known to collectors by the title of
the Swallow-tiiiled butterfly, and is of a beautiful yellow, with black
spots or patches along the upper edge of the superior wings; all the
wings are bordered with a deep edging of black, decorated by a double
row of crescent-shaped spots, of which the upper row is blue and the
lower yellow. The under wings are tailed, and are marked at the in-
ner angle or tip with a round red spot bordered with blue and black.
The larva of this species feeds on fennel and other umbelliferous
plants. It is of a green coloin- encircled with numerous black bands
spotted with red, and is furnished on the top of the head with a pair of
short tentacula of a red colour. In the month of July it changes into
the chrysalis or pupa state, fixed to some part of the plant on which it
feeds, and in the month of August the perfect insect appears. It fre-
quently happens that two broods of this butterfly are produced in the
same summer; one in May, having been in the pupa state all the winter,
the other in August from the pupa of July. {PL 6-fg. !•)

Genus 52. SiniiNX.

Jlntennte attenuated at each end : tongue in most species stretched out

palpi two: t/JiH^'s deflected.
. Some of the species of this genus are the largest of Icpidopterous in-
sects. They fly very swift, for the most part early in the morning and
late in the evening, some of the smaller species during the day.
Sp. 1. Sphinx Eipenor, ElcphantHawk. (Pl.G.Jig.'Z.)

Genus 53. Phal-ena.

Antenna setaceous, and gradually tapering from the base to the tip ;
tongue spiral : the xcingi when at rest are generally deflected.

ORDER IV. NEUROPTERA. 65

Moths fly abroad only in the evening and during the night, and ob-
tain tlieir food from the nectar of flowers. The larva is active and cjiiiek
in motion, and preys voraciously on the leaves of plants.
Sp. 1. P. Quercus. Bomby.x Quercus, Fabr. {PL 6.Jig. 3.)

Order IV. NEUROPTERA.

The insects of this Order have four membranaceous wings, generrdly
transparent with strong nervures. At the tail they have often an ap-
pendage like pincers, but no sting.

Genus 54. Libellula, Dragon-fly.
ilfo;<if/t armed with jaws, more than two: lip trifid: anlcnna: shorter

than the thorax; very slender and filiform : wings extended : the tuil

of the male is furnished with a hooked forceps.

The insects of this genus are well known ; they are remarkable for a
long slender body and wings standing out at right angles. The larva'
have six feet, and move with great activity in the water : at the mouth
they are furnished with an articulated forceps : they are very voracious,
and are the crocodiles of aquatic insects. The larvae and pupse are not
very different; the latter have the rudiments of wings: in a fine day in
Jime, a person standing by a pond may observe them approach the
l)ank for the purpose of changing their element. Having crawled up
a blade of grass or bit of dry wood, the skin of the pupa grows
parched and splits at the upper part of the thorax. The insect issues
forth gradually, throws off" its slough, in a few minutes expands its
wings, flutters, and then flies off". The sexual parts in the male are
placed under the thorax ; in the female at the extremity of the body.
Sp. 1. L. quadrimaculata. (PI. l.fig. 1.)
Inhabits the banks of ponds, but is not common.

Genus 55. Ephemera.
Mouth without mandibles : palpi four, very short, and filiform : maxilla

short, membranaceous, cylindrical, connected with the lip : aniennai

short, and subidated : tcco lai^ge stemmata above the eyes : uings erect,

the hind ones very small : setce at the tail.
Sp. 1. -E. vulgata. (Pl. l.fg. 2.)

This is the largest of the British species. In the evenings in the
month of June it assembles in vast numbers under trees near waters,
and seems to divert itself for hours together, ascending and descending
in the air as if dancing. In the neighbourhood of Luz, in Carniola,
these insects are produced in such quantities, that when they die they
are gathered to manure the land by the country-people, who think they
have been unsuccessful if each does not procure twenty cart-loads of
them for that purpose. Their larv'ce are the favourite food of fresh-

E

G6 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

water fishes, as are also the files : they are more numerous in running
than in standing waters.

Genus 56. Piirygaxea.
Mouth with a horn}', short, arched, acute mandible, without teeth ; and
a membranaceous maxilla: palpi four: stetiimaf a three: aiitemi^ i>c-
taceous, longer than the thorax: uiiigs incumbent; the hinder ones
folded. {PU.Ji-.-d.)

Genus .'^7. Hemerobu's.

Mouth with a straight horny mandible: a cylindrical, straight, cleft
vmxilla: lip stretclied forward and entire: four projecting, unequal,
{\V\ion\\ put pi : no all miiiatu : ?««^'s defiected, not folded: antenna se-
taceous, projecting, and longer than the thorax, which is convex.
The species of this genus in all their stages feed upon small insects,
especially the Aphixks; their larvse have six feet; in most species they
are oval and hairy; the pupa^ are inactive, and inclosed in a case. The
eggs are deposited on leaves in the midst of Aphidca ; they are sup-
ported on small pedicles and set in the form of bunches. The larvae at-
tain their growth in illtcen or sixteen days, and the pupa incompleta re-
mains for three weeks before the fly comes forth.
Sp. 1. H. Chrysops. {PI. T.ftg.-i.) Chrysops maculata, Leach.

Genus 58. Panorpa.

Muuth stretched out into a cylindrical horny rostrum : the mandible is
without teeth : nui vilLc bifid at the apex : lip elongated, and covering
the whole mouth : /^w//)/ four, nearly equal : stemmataihvee: antennae
filiform : the lad of the male armed with a chela, that of the femal^
unarmed.

S|i. 1. P. conmnotis. {PI. 7. fig. 5. a. chela magnified.')

Genus 59. Raphidia.
Month with an arched, dentated, horny mandible : a cylindrical, obtuse
horny maxUlu : a rounded, entire, and horny lip : palpi foiu", very
short, nearly equal, and filiform : stemmata three : 7cings deflected : un-
tennec filiform, of the length of the thorax; elongated before, and
cylindrical : tail of the female with a lax recurred seta. {PI. 7. fig. G.)

Order V. IIYMEXOPTEUA.

Wings four, membranac(^ous : mouth with maxilla", and some of them
likewise a tongue. Between ihe large eyes they have generally three
slemmata. At the extremity of the abdomen the females of several of
the genera have an aculcus or sting, that lies concealed within the ab-
domen, which is used as a weapon, and instils into the wound an acid
poison : those which want the sting, are furnished with an oviduct, that

ORDER V. HYMENOPTERA. 67

is often exserted, and with which the eggs are deposited either in the
bodies of the caterpillars of other insects, or in wood. From these eggs
the larvEE are produced, which in some have no feet; in others more
than sixteen. They change to pupce incompletfc, which are inclosed in
cases. Some of the insects of this Order live in societies, others are
solitary.

Genus 60. Cyxips.
JSLouth with a short membranaceous maxilla with one dent : an arched
horny mandible cleft at the apex : a short, cylindrical, entire, horny
lip : four short unequal palpi : antenna moniliform, aculeus spiral, and
in general hidden within the body.

The Cj/nipes pierce the leaves, &c. of plants with their sting, and de-
posit their eggs in the wound; the extravasated juices rise round it and
form a gall, which becomes hard, and in this the larva lives and feeds,
and changes to a pupa.
Sp. 1. C. Quercusfolii. (PI. Q.Jig. 1.)

The larva is found in galls, adhering to the under side of oak leavc^,
of the size of hazel-nuts.

Genus 61. Textiiredo.
Month with a horny arched mandible, dcntated within : maxilla: obtuse at
the apex : lip cylindrical and trifid : palpi four, unequal, and filiform.
The larvLe of the insects of this genus have from sixteen to twenty-
eight feet; a round head: when touched they roll 'themselves together.
They feed on the leaves of plants. When full-grown, they make, some-
times in the earth and sometimes between the leaves of the plant on
which they feed, a net-work case, and within it change to a pupa in-
compkta, which for the most part remains during the winter in the
earth. The species are very numerous, and consist of many natural
genera.

Sp. 1. T. ScropJiulariiC. (PI. S.Jig. 2.)
Inhabits the Water Betony.

Genus 62. Sirex.
Mouth with a thick, horny mandible, truncated at the apex, and denti-
cidated : an incurved, acuminated, cylindrical, ciliated maxilla, and a
lip, both of them membranaceous and entire; the whole short: palpi
four, the hind ones the longest, increasing towards their apex : an-
tennce filiform, with more than twenty-four equal articidations : ovi-
duct exserted, stiff, and serrated : abdomen sessile, terminating in a
point or spine : zolngs lanceolated, and not folded.
Sp. 1. S. Gigas. {PL Q.fg 3.)

Genus 63. Ichneumon.
Mouth with a straight membranaceous, bifid maxilla, rounded at the
apex, dilated, ciliated, and horny: an arched, acute, horny mandible,

E 2

68 LIKXKAN SYSTEM.

without teeth: lip cyhndrical, cmarginated, horny, and membrana-
ceous at the apex: palpi four, unequal, fihform : antennce setaceoi\s.
The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the bodies of caterpillars
or pupff, which are there hatched : the larvae have no feet ; they are
soft and cylindrical, and feed on the substance of the caterpillar; this
last continues to feed, and even to undergo its change into a chrysalis,
but never turns to a perfect insect : when the larvc? of the ichneumon
are full grown they issue forth, spin themselves a silky web, and change
into a pupa incompleta, and in a few days the fly appears. The genus
is very numerous, upwards of 800 species are found in this counuy.
Sp. 1. I. Manifestator. {PL S.fig. 4.)

Genus 64. Spiiex.

Mouth with an entire maxilla: a horny, incurved, dentated mandible :
a horny lip, membranaceous at the apex : palpi ibur : antemuc fili-
form : the aculeus or sting concealed within the abdomen.
The insects of this genus form their cells in sand-banks, and they
are occasionally found on umbelliferous plants; the larva is soft, with-
out feet, and lives in the bodies, of dead insects in which the mother had
j)reviously deposited her eggs.
Sp. 1. S.sabulosa. {Pl.S.fg. 5.)

Inhabits sand-banks: is conmion in Norfolk, Suffolk, and the Hamp-
shire coast, in June and July.

Genus 65. Chrysis.

Mintlli homy and porrected: the maxilla linear, much longer than the
/t/> which is emarginated : palpi four, unequal and filiform : antenn,t
filiform, the first articulation the longest, the remainder short: torfy
shining and finely punctured, the abdomen arched underneath; th(?
extremity, in most species, dentated : the sting somewhat exserted :
wings not folded.
The species of this genus inhabit sand-banks, old walls, or decayed

wood. They rarely appear but in the middle of the day, and then only

when the sun shines.

Sp. 1. C. bidentata. {PI. B.jig. 7.)

Genus 66. Vespa, Wasp.

Moulh horny; maxilhe compressed; palpi four, unequal and filiform ;

untc7in(C filiform, the first articulation the longest, and cylindrical ;

eyes shaped like a crescent; boih/ smooth; the sting hid within the

abdomen ; the upper icings folded in both sexes.

The insects of this genus live in society; they prey on insects that
liave naked wings, particularly bees and flics; the larva is soft and with-
out I'ect; the pupa is motionless. Wasps make a hive of a substance
like paper formed of wood reduced to a pa'>tc; tlic combs are horizontal.

ORDER V. HYMENOPTERA. 69

and have only one row of hexagonal cells, flat at bottom, the month
turned downwards, which serve only for holding the young. Every hive
is begun by a mother, who at first deposits a few eggs, from which neu-
ters are produced, or working wasps, who assist her in increasing her
work and in feeding the young afterwards produced. Neither males
nor females are produced till tbwards the month of September. Be-
fore that time there are none in the nest but the female and the neuters
she has engendered.. The females remain in the nest. The males do
no work. Wasps feed their larvre with "insects, meat, and the frag-
ments of fruits. Towards autumn they are siid to kill such of the la^v^e
and pupffi as cannot come to perfection before the month ot November.
The males and neuters perish themselves during winter, and none re-
main but a few impregnated females to perpetuate the species.
Sp. 1. V. Crabro, the Hornet Wasp. (PL 8. fg. 8.)
Inhabits Europe, generally forming its nest in the trunks of trees.

Some little caution is necessary 'in taking the insects of this species, as
without care the entomologist is subject to be stung by them. 1 have
found that the bag net(P/. H-./'j?- 4.) is the best means of taking them.
The insects when secin-ed in the net^«hc^uld be gently trodden upon,
not sufficiently to injure, but merely Wnumb them ; a pin should then
be passed through the thorax, and the insect placed in the pocket box.

' i

Genus 67. Apis, Bee.

Mouth horny : nmx'dla and lahiinn mertibrrtnaceous at the apex : tongiie
inflected : ^w//ji four, unequal" and filiform : untcniuc filiform ; zcingsnot
folded : aculeiis in the females and neuters concealed in the abdomen.
S>^. \. Af retusa^ Linn, (female) ^oc/mii^fs, (nale) {PL Q. fig. 9. male.)
Mr. Kirby has described upwards of 200 indigenous species of this i
genus in his admirable ^\lkork entitled Jtlonographia Ajmiii Aiigrue,^ vols, j
&\o. This work is indispensable in the library of every entomologist.'

I
Genu^ 68. FormicA, Ant^

Prt//>/ four, unequal, with cylindrical -articulations, seated on a sub-
membranaceoas cylindrical lip: antenna: filnbrm; between the thorax
and the abdomen a small erect scale : the sting concealed in the ab-
domen, and posscssec^only by the ferrules and neuters. The males
and females only have wings. » * » , .

All the species of this i^nus ar^oi three sorts, males, female*, and
neuters. The neuters alone labour; thf^ form the ant-hill, bring in
the provisions, feed the yoniig, bring them to the air during the day,
carry them back at night, defend them against attacks, &c. The fe-
males are said to be retained-, rntrely for laying eggs, and as soon as
that is accomplished they are*Vi^ercifully discarded. The males and
females perish with the first cola ; the neuters lie torpid in their nest.
.Sp. 1, F. hcrculanca. (PL 8. j^g. 10.)

70 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

Genus 69. Mutilla.

Mouth horny, without a tongue: ??;«.!77/« membranaceous at the apex,
the hp projecting, ol)Conical, bearing on its apex four unequal palpi
with obconical articulations : an fcmue fiWt'orm. In general the males

■ are winged, and the females are apterous : bodi/ pubescent : sting
concealed.

Sp. 1. Mutilla curopaa. (Fl. 8. fg. 11. male.)

Order VI. DIPTERA.

This Order includes all those insects that have but two wings, and
behind, or below them, two globidar bodies, supported on slender pe-
dicles called Haltcrcs orpoisers. At the mouth they have a proboscis,
sometimes contained in a vagina, and sometimes furnished at its sides
with two palpi but no maxilla. Their eyes are reticulated and large.
The females, in general, lay eggs, but some are viviparous; the larvce
of the insects of this order are as various in their a])]>carance as the
places in which they are bred. In general they do not cast their skins,
but change into a pupa state.

Genus 70. Oestrus, Gud-jiy.
Maustelhim retracted within the lips, which arc tumid and grown to-
gether with a small pore and no palpi ; the vagina is membranaceous,
cylindrical, obtuse, including three membranaceous scfie, which are
flexible, short, and reflected; antenmc short and setaceous.
The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the nostrils or in the skins
of horses, oxen, rein-deer, goats, and sheep ; their larva is bred, and
feeds on the fat of these animals, or on the matter which is generated
in the wound. It is soft and without feet : in some species it has at the
extremity two hooks, which it uses to assist it in walking. I'hese hooks
are wanting in the larvae which reside in the skins of oxen and rein-r
deer. When full grown the larvaj let themselves fall on the ground,
they enter the earth and change into an oval hard pupa. The perfect
insect takes no food. [Mr. Bracy Clark has written an excellent paper
on the insects of this genus, published in the third volume of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society ; which has been re-pulilishcd w'lxh
additional remarks, and entitled an Essay on the Bots of Horses, &:c.
4to, 1815.]
Sp. 1. 0. Bovis. {PL 9. fig. 1.)

Genus 71. Tipula.
Mouth furnished with a very short proboscis, membranaceous, grooved
on the back, and receiving a bristle; a short haustcllam without a
vagina; two incurved palpi, equal, filiforni; and longer than the head]
antenna: in most species tiliform.

ORDER VI. DIPTERA. 71

The insects of this genus hve on garhagc ; the lanvns have no feet,
they are cyhndrical and soft ; they feed on the roots of plants under
which they live; the pups are motionless and cylindrical, with two
horns hefore, dentated behind. Some species live in the water, and
either swim or roll themselves up in a case.
Sp. 1. T. okracca. {PL 9. Jig. 2.)

Genus 7'2. Musca.
Mouth with a fleshy exscrted proliosc-is ; two equal lipx and a hausteUwn

furnished with setie, and two short ^;«//;<; untcniuem nwsX species

short.
Sp. 1. M. inanis. {Fl. 9. fg. 3.)

Genus 73. Tabanus.

Mouth with a straight exscrted membranaceous prol)oscis, ending in an
ovate capltulum or knob; with two ecpial lipH ; haustcUnni projecting,
c.xserted, and received into a groove in the back of the proboscis;
rcigina univalve, with five seta- and two equal pnlpi, the last articula-
tion of which is thicker than the rest ; antenna: short, ap])roximate,
cylindrical, with seven articulations; the third generally largest, and
armed with a lateral dent.
. The insects of this genus suck the blood of animals. They are of a

dull j)lain appearance, but their large eyes are in general beautifully

coloured — these colours fade after they are dead.

Sp. 1. T. tropicus. {PL 9. fig. 4.)

Genus 74. Culek, the Gnat.
With an exserted, univalve, flexible vagina; five seta; palpi two, con-
sisting of three articulations; antcnnce fiViioriVL.
Sp. 1. C.pipiens. {PL 9. jig. 5.)
Inhabits Europe and the northern parts of Asia and America.

This insect is frequent in the neighbourhood of Avaters and marshy
places. In southern regions there is a larger species which is known
by the name of Musijiwtoe. Its bite is painful, raising a considerable
degree of inflammation, and its continual piping note is exceedingly
irksome where it abounds, especially during the night. When it settles
to inflict the wound and draw the blood, it raises its hind pair of feet.
In Lapland, the injuries the inhabitants sustain irom it are amply re-
paid by the vast numbers of water-fowl and wild-fowl which it attracts,
as it ibrms the favourite food of their young.

Genus 75. Empis.
Hanstellinii inflected; vagina univalve, with three sets and a proboscis;
palpi short and filiform; antenna ^cta-ccou^.
The changes of these insects are unknown; they are common on

7*2 LINNEAN SYSTEM.

flowers and in gardens ; their head is small and round, the thorax gib-
bous, the feet long, the proboscis small and inflected,

Sp. 1. E.pennipcs. {PI. 9. fig. 6.)

Genus 76. Conops.
Mouth with a porrected, geniculated rostrum ; nntcnnee clavated ; the

clava acuminated.
Sp. 1. C. macrocephaki. (PI. 9. fig. 8.)

Genus 77. Asilus.
Mouth with a straight, horny, liivalve haustellum, which is gibbous at

the base; antennte filiform.

The insects of this genus live by preying on those of the Dipterous
and Lcpidopterous orders. When they are at rest, their wings in
general are incumbent on the abdomen, which is long and small, often
hairy, particularly the feet, and these end in small claws. Their larvae
feed in the earth, on the roots of plants : they change into a pvpa
coardata, beset with seta".
Sp. 1. A, crabronifiormis. {PI. 9. fig. P.)

Genus 78. Bombylius.
ilfowM with a very long setaceous, straight, bivalve haustellum ; the

valves unequal, with three setje; two short hairy palpi; antenna: subu-

lated, united at the base.

The insects of this genus, while they fly, suck the nectareous juices
of flowers.
Sp. 1. B. 7najor. {PI. 9. fig. 10.)

Genus 79. IIiproBoscA.
Mouth with a short, cylindrical, bivalve haustellum ; the valves equal ;

nntenntE filiform ; feet with several claws.

The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood of animals ; and
stick so fast to their skins, that they must be torn before they can be
taken off.

Sp. 1. H. equina. {PI. 9. fig. 11.)

Order VII. APTERA.

In this Order Linne arranged (if wee.xcept the Flea, Louse, and Le-
pisma,) animals widely different from genuine insects: I shall only
enumerate the names of Linne, and the Classes they constitute. The
characters of the numerous tribes and genera into which they are dis-
tributed, are fully detailed in the article "Anmilosa'' in the Supplement
to Enn/c. Brit. vol. 1. part 2.

The following genera belong to the Class Insecta, the characters of

ORDER VII. APTERA. 73

which vnll be found in Dr. Leach's .System, viz. Lepisma, Podura, Pe-
DicuLus, PuLEx, and Termes. Genera Acarcs, Phalangium, Ara-
>EA, and Scorpio, belong to the Class Arachnvidea. Genera Cancer,
MoNOcuLus, and Oxiscus, to the Class Crustacea: Scolopendra and
JuLus, to the Myriapoda. The characters ot" the above enumerated
Classes will be given hereafter.

^3^ It should be observed that those of the above genera, to which
are affixed the names of other authors, arc not to be found in the writ-
ings of Linnc, but have been adopted in the various translations and
editions since the twelfth of the St/sterna J^'atura ; and are generally re-
ceived by those who adhere to that system. The following synoptical '
view from the 12th edition of the Sijstcma Natura:,\\'\\\ show the extent
of Entomology as left by Linne himself.

Order I. COLEOPTEPtA.

* AnteniKE clavated or gradually 'mcreashig.
Scarab^eus, Lucaxus, Dermestes, Hister, Bykkhus, Gyrinus,
Attelabus, Curculio, Silpha, Coccixella.
** Antenna jiliform.
Bruchus, Cassida, Ptinus, Chrysomela, Hispa, Meloe, Texe-
Biuo, Lampyris, Mordella, Staphylixus.
*** Antenna setaceous.
Cerambyx, Leptura, Cantharis, Elater, Cicixdela, Bupres-
XEs, Dytiscus, Carabus, Necydalis, Forficula.

Order II. HEMIPTERA.

Br.ATTA, Grvllus, Cicada, Notonecta, Nepa, Cimex, Aphis,
Chermes, Coccus, Thrips.

Order III. LEPIDOPTERA.

Papilio, Sphinx^ Phal.^ina.

Order IV. NEUROPTERA.

LiBELLULA, Ephemera, Phrygaxea, Hemerobius, Paxorpa,
Rapiiidia.

Order V. HYMENOPTERA.

Cynips, Texthredo, Sirex, Ichneumon, Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa,
Apis, Formica, Mutilla.

Order \T. DIPTERA.

CEsTRUs, Tipula, Musca, Tabanus, Culex, Empis, Cokops,
AsiLus, Bombylius, Hippobosca.

Order VII. APTERA.

The genera of the animals of this Order are already enumerated ;
any further observation will therefore be unnecessary.

74 MODERN SVSTLM.

ON THE

DIVISION OF ANIMALS from their ORGANIZATION.

It is the object of comparative anatomy to point out the dift'crencc
which each organ presents when considered in every animal : but this
exposition would prove very tedious and intricate, were we obliged at
every step to eiuimerate all the animals in which particular organs have
a uniform structure. It is certainly much more convenient to indicate
them all at once under the name of a class or genus which may com-
jirehend the whole : but to enable us to form this arrangement, it is ne-
cessary that all the animals which compose a genus or a class, should
possess some reseml)lance not only in one, but in all their organs.

Nature never oversteps the bounds which the necessary conditions
of existence prescribe to her: but whenever she is unconfmed by these
conditions, she displays all her fertility and variety. Never departing
from the small numl)er of combinations that are possible between the
essential modifications of important organs, she seems to sport with in-
finite caprice in all the accessary parts. In these there appears no ne-
cessity for a particular form or disposition. It even frequently happens
tliat jiarticidar forms and dis]iositions are created without any apparent
view to utility. It seems sufficient that they should be possible ; that
is to say, that they do not destroy the harmony of the whole.

Among these numerous combinations there are necessarily many
which have common parts, and there are always a certain number
which exhibit very few differences. By the comparison therefore of
those which resend^lc each other, we may establish a kind of series
which will appear to descend gradually from a primitive type. These
considerations are the foundations of the ideas from which certain na-
turalists have formed a scale ofhdii^n, the object of which is to exhibit
the most perfect, and terminating with the most simple kind of organ-
ization— with that which possesses the least numerous and most com-
mon jiroperties; so that the mind passes Irom one link of the chain to
the other, almost without perceiving any interval, and, as it were, by
insensible shades.

The object of system is to T-cduce a science to its simplest terms ; by
reducing the propositions it comprehends to the greatest degree of ge-
nerality of which they are susceptible. A good method in comparative
anatomy must, therefore, be such as will enable us to assign to each
class and to each of its subdivisions, some qualities common to the
greater part of the organs. This object is to be attained l)y tAvo dif-
ferent means, which may serve to prove or verify one another. The
first, and that to which all men will naturally have recourse, is to pro-
ceed from the observations of species to uniluig .hem in genera, and

nrvisioN or aximat.s. 76

to collecting them into a superior order, according as we find ourselves
conducted to that classification hy a view of the whole of their attri-
butes. The second, and that which the greater part of modern natu-
rahsts have employed, is to fix beforehand upon certain bases of divi-
sions, agreeably to which, beings, when observed, are arran^^ed in their
proper places.

The first mode cannot mislead us; but it is applicable only to those
beings of which we have a perfect knowledge: the second is more ge-
nerally practised, but it is subject to error. When the ba'^es that have
been adopted remain consistent with the combinations which observa-
tion discovers, and when the same foundations are again pointed o\it
by the results deduced from observation, the two means are then in
vmison, and we may l)e certain that the method is good. On the ana-
tomy of animals, science is most deeply indebted to the learned, acute,
and indefatigable Cuvier, who has contributed more than all others,
(save Hunter,) to our accurate knowledge of the characters on which
the classes are foimded. The whole animal kingdom is by Cuvier
divided into four great types : —

1st. That of the animals which have their brain and the principal
part of their nervous system inclosed within vertebrse, and their mus-
cles attached to a bony skeleton. _ _ - - Vertebrosa.
2dly. Those that have no skeleton; whose muscles are attached
-to their skin, and whose nervous system is irregular in its form and
distribution. __-____- Mollusca.
3dly. Those that have no skeleton ; whose muscles are attached to
their skin, which is hard, or to processes proceeding from.it; and whose
nervous system consists of a series of knots or ganglia, brought into
commimication by two longitudinal nervous cords. - Anxulata.
4thly. Those whose bodies are radiated, and in whom no nervous sy-
stem has ])een discovered, and who have but one opening for the recep-
tion and rejection of their food. - - Radiata or Zoophytes.

The animals which come under my observations in this work, be-
long to the type Annuluta, and the classes to which they belong may
readily be distinguished by the following characters.

* Gills for reftpiration. Classes.

Legs sixteen: antcnme two or four. - - 1. Crustacea.

** Sacs fur respiration.
Legs twelve: antennee none : - - - 3. Arachkoidea,

■*** Trachea for respiration.

a. No antenna.

- - 4. Acari.

b. Tuo antennte.

Six thoracic legs : abdomen also bearing legs: - 2. Myriapoda.
Six thoracic and no abdominal le9;s - - 5. Iksecta.

76 MODERN SYSTEM.

Class I. CRUSTACEA.

History. — "All the Crustacea, as their name imports, are covered by
integuments composed of cnistaceous materials, more earthy than
those which envelo])e the Myrinpoda, the Arftchnoiden, and Insccta. The
greater portion of these animals live on putrid or decomposing animal
substances, and in all the sexes are distinct."

To the kindness and liberality of my much respected friend Dr.
Leach, I am indebted for the above passage and following review (which
he has since published in the eleventh volume of the Dictionnaire des Sci-
ences Aatu?-elles) of the rise and progress of Crustacea ; which is selected
from his valuable manuscripts.

" The ancients were well acquainted with the Malacostraca {MaXa-
v.0(j7pa.K0i), which they placed between the Mollusca and Fishes. Ari-
stotle has dedicated a chapter to the species known to him : Athenjeus
has emunerated those used as food; and Hippocrates has made mention
of such species as were considered to be useful in medicine. To the
observations of Aristotle very little was atided by Pliny; and from his
time until that of Rondeletius, Belon, Gesner, Aldrovandus and John-
son, (who likewise placed them between the Mollusca and Fishes,) lit-
tle or nothing was done that tends in any way to illustrate their natural
history or structure. Linnc, in the first (1735) and subsequent editions
of his Systcma Xatune, placed all the Crustacea amongst the apterous
insects, in the genera Monoculus, Cancer, and Ouiscus.

" The Ci-ustacca were arranged by Brisson (Regnum Animale) along
■with the IShjriapoda and Arnchn'uidea, being placed between the Fishes
and Insects, under the Class Crustacea.

" Fabricius in his Sijstcma Eutomologia: (1775) distributed "these ani-
mals into two Classes: 1, Syngnatha, comprehending 3/oHOt7</«s and
Oniscus, which he associated with Ephewera, Phri/ganca, Fodnra, Tcn^
thredo, and other genuine Insects: 2. Agonata, containing Cancer, Pa-
gurus, Scyltai'vs, Astacus, and Gammarus, to wbich he also added Scorpio.
The same author in his .S'/xr/cs (1781) and ^fantissa Insccforum (1787)
maintained the same general distribution; adding in the former of those
works tlie genus Squilla, and in the latter Ilippa, removing in each
work the genus Scorpio from the Agonafa. In the second volume of
his Entonwlogia Syslematicu (1793) his class Si/iignatha contained only
genuine Insects, the Onisci being removed to a new division named Mi-
tosaiu, where they were associated with tbe Mi/riapoda ; the rest he still
placed with the Agonala, to which he added the gonus Limulus, Cymo-
thoa and Galathca.

"Latreillein his Pmv.s des Caractcres drs Tusectcs (1796) (a Mork
which commences a new ara in the science of Entomology, and in
which, for the first time, the distribution of Insects into families is in-
dicated), considered tlic Crustacea as forming three Classes or Ordcr.>5

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 77

of Insects: l.Les Entomostraccs (of MMev): 2. Les Crustacts: 3. Les
Mj/ri(tpodps.

" In that excellent little work Ze Tableau Elementaae de rUlstoire
Nuturclle dcs Anunauv, par G. Cuvici- (1797), the Crustacea ave arranged
witli the Inscclu, Arachnu'ulea, and Mj/riapoda, under a division entitled
< Inscctes poun-its de Muchoires, et sans Ailts,' where they are placed at
the head of the Insects, in a limited and well defined section (A.),
which he afterwards, in his Le(;ons d' Anatomic Compurce, estahlished
on anatomical principles, as a distinct class, named Crustaccs.

"^ In 1798 I'abricius published a Supplement to his last work, in
which, by the aid of the Baron de Daldorft', he established several new
genera, and amended the arrangement of the whole.

"Lamarck in his Sj/stlme des Animaux sans Vertebres (1801) adopted
the Crustacea as a peculiar class. This system was adopted by

" Bosc, who in the same year published his Histuire Naturelle des
Crustaccs fuisant Suite (i i'edition de Buffon par Custel, in which for the
first time we are made acquainted with his interesting genus Zuia.

" Latreille in his Histoire Naturelle des Crustaccs et des Insectes, torn. 3.
(1802,) adopted the class Crustacea, and distributed the genera compos-
ing it into t^vo subclasses ; 1. Entcmiustracis : 2. Malacoslraccs: exclud-
ing however the Tetracercs, (Asellidcr, and Oniscida,) which he referred
to a sub-class of Insects.

" Dumeril (Zoologie Analytique, 180G) arranged these animals into
1. Entomostracis, und Q. Astacoides, e\dadmg Oniscus, Armadillo, &c.
which he placed with the apterous insects.

" Latreille in the same year produced his celebrated Genera Crus-
taceorum et Insectoruw, where they are divided into Entomostraca and
Malacostraca, the Tetracera being referred to the Insects.

"The same author in his Considerations GtHtrafo, Sec (1810) fol-
lowed the same divisions, referring however the Tetracera to the Araclt-
noidea.

" In the seventh volume of the Edinburgh EncijclopxJia,a.v\.\c\e 'Crus-
taceologj/,''DT. Leach distributed the Crustacea into three Orders : 1. En-
tomostraca: 2. Malacostraca: 3. Myi-iapoda: in which the Tetracera
were included. In the Appendix, however, he divided the Tetracera
from the Myriapoda (which he established as a distinct Class), and
placed them with the Malacostraca in an Order named Gasteruri, where
they were associated with the Gammeridtz, and considered the Mala-
costraca and Entomostraca as sub-classes. This opinion he has since
maintained in a paper published in the eleventh volume of the Trans-
actions of the Linnean Societi/ of London, in the first volume of the Sup-
plement to the Enci/clopitdia Britannica, and in the Bulletin des Sciences
for 1816.

" Blainville in his Prodrome d'une Nouvelk Distribution Syslematiqve
(Bull, des ,Sc/e«<-t:s, 4c. 1816) has arranged the Crustacea' mto three
Classes: 1. Decapodes: 2. Heferopodcs: 3. I'dradecapodes.''

MODERN SVSTtM.

Class T. CRUSTACEA.

Classification. — The Crustacea form two l;irf^e groii[)s or sub-
classes. The tirst of these, the j\Ialacostraca, liavc a pair of luaiulibles
and two pair of maxilkt bearing palpi, ami eight jiair of legs liirnished
with branchiae at their bases : all the genera that do not present the
above characters are referred to the artiticial assemblage denominated
Entomostraca.

Subclass 1. Entomostraca — Legs branchial, or furnished with a]>-
pendages : mandibles wanting or generally simple : eyes sessile or pe-
dunculated.

Subclass 2. Malacostraca. — Legs simple, without appendages :
viundibles \ alpigerous: eijes pedunculated or sessile.

Subclass 1. E N T O ai O S T R A C A. ■

The animals of this subclass are but little known, and consequently
their arrangement is extremely imperfect. Some of the genera are pa-
rasitic, being found on the bodies of other animals, and some even un-
dergo transformation during their growth.

The following arrangement is artiticial, but is well calculated to
enable the student to discover the Genera.

Division I. — hoJy covered by a hoi'izontnl shield: eyes sessile.

Subdivision 1. — Shell composed of hid one part.
* With jaus.

Genus 1. APUS, Cuvicr, Latr., Leach. Apos, Scopoli.

5Ae//crustaccous-membranaceous,orbiculate-ovate, behind deeply emar-
ginate: the back (with the exception of the anterior part) carinated:
eyes two, inserted at the anterior and middle part of the back ; some-
what prominent, slightly lunate, approaching each other, especially
anteriorly, where they touch each other : aiitennoi two, short, some-
what filiform, biarticulated, scarcely exserted, inserted behind the
mandibles : mandibnla two, corneous, somewhat cylindric, short, hol-
low within, points arcuated and compressed, the extreme apex straight
and very much denticulated : legs branchial and very nmnerous.

The Api inhabit stagnant waters and ponds.

Sp. 1. Ap. Montagui. Carina of the shell produced into a point behind :
anterior legs with articulated seta;: no lamella between the caudal
setffi. Encycl. Brit. Sup. i. Fl. '20.

Inhabits England near Christchurch in Hampshire, where it was dis-
covered by Montagu, and was named allcr him by Leach.

Apus pi-odudusol' Ldtrcille is synonymous wiUi thcLinncan Mono-
culus Apus.

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 79

** With a rosfrwn, hit no juzos : anten?i{E two.
Genus (?. CALIGUS, MiUL, Lafr., Bosc, Leach.

Shell coriaceous-memljranaccoiis, bipartite; the anterior segment in-
versely cordiform, very deeply notched behind (the notch receiving
the hinder segment, which is round), the anterior part subproduced,
notched ; the laciniee at their base externally bearing antenna' : an-
tennce biarticulate, the first joint thickest, the second with a simple
seta at its extremity : abdomen narrower than the thorax, with its base
contracted and bearing the hinder legs, its extremity on each side
with a rounded process of" the length of the body: 7-ostrum rounded,
rather more slender towards its apex, which is obtuse : legs fourteen,
anterior; second and fourth pairs with a strong claw; the second
pair short; the third slender, elongate, the last joint double, with
unequal lacinia;; the fifth, with the last joint on one side setose, tlie
sette ciliated on each side; the sixth with a dou])le triarticulated tar-
sus, the last joints on each side setose, the sette ciliated on each side;
the seventh pair with its last joint trifid: the hinder segment of tlie
thorax beneath, terminated by a large broad lamella, ciliated behind.

Sp. 1. Cat. Midleri. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Supp.,vol. 1. Fl. 20.

Inhabits the common cod-fish.

Genus 3. PANDARUS, Leach. Camgus, Midi, Lafr., Bosc.

Shell coriaccous-membranaceous, composed of but one part, deeplj
notched behind; the angles acute; the middle of the notch toothed 7
anteriorly narrower, rounded, with a process on each side externally
bearing the anteunre: antenmc composed of two joints, the secoipi
joint terminated by several setaj : abdomen somewhat narrower than
the shell, the base above with two transverse lamella^, tlie first <£
which is four-lobed, the second bilobate: the apex notched, with twQ
filaments longer than the body, with a lamella at their base above-:
rostrum elongate, attenuated, inserted behind the anterior legs : legs
fourteen; anterior pair short, terminated by a short claw, and arising
from beneath an ovate process; second pair with a double, unequal
tarsus ; third pair without any determinate form, without any claAv;
fourth pair bifid; fifth and six pairs bifid, their coxse connected by a
lamella; seventh pair bifid, the exterior lacinia longest, with a notcli
externally towards its apex.

Sp. 1. 'Fund, bkolor. Shell and the middle of the abdominal lamells
black; tail with filaments double the length of the body.

Pandarus bicolor. Leach, Encycl. Brit^ Siipp. vol. 1. PL 20.

Inhabits the Squalus galeus of Linne.

Genus 4. ANTIIOSOMA, Leach.
Shell coriaccous-membranaceous, unipartite, rounded before andbehind-
the anterior part as if uni-lobate, the lobe higher than the shell, be-
hind on each side, bearing the aiitcnnec : anicnnci si-x-jointed : ub((t^

80 MODERN SYSTEM.

vtcn much narrower than the shell, on every side imbricated with
membrai-aceous, foliaceous lamella", which surrramd or embrace
it: two of the lam clke are dorsal, the one being placed over the
other; the other lamella- are placed on the sides of the belly, three
on each side ; apex of the abdomen terminated by two very long iila-
ments, and with two shorter filaments below them : rostrum elongato-
cylindric, inserted behind the anterior legs, furnished at its extremity
with two straight corneous mandibles: legs six; anterior pair three-
jointed, the second joint near the apex above unidentate, the last ter-
minated by a claw; second pair triarticulated, the last joint ovate,
compressed; third pair biarticulate, the second joint very thick, in-
ternally dentated, armed at its extremity by a strong claw.
Sp. 1. Anth. Smithii. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Supp. vol. 1. PL 20.

This species was discovered sticking to a shark which was thrown
ashore on the coast of Exmouth, in Devon, by T. Smith, esq.

Division II. — Bodi/ covered ly a bivalve sliell: eyes seasilr.
Subdivision l.^-Hend porrected.
Genus 5. DAPIINIA, Mull., Latr., Base, Leach.
F.i/e one only : antenna two, branching.
Sp. 1. Daph. Pulex. Tail indexed: shell mucronate behind.
Monoculus Pulex. Linne, Fair.
Inhabits ponds and marshes.

Subdivision 2. — Head concealed.
Genus 6. CYPPJS, Midi., Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Antenna: terminated by a brush.

The animals of this genus inhabit pools and ditches containing
pure ^vater ; they swim with very great rapidity, and whilst in mo-
tion conceal their whole body within their shell, which is truly bi-
valve.
Sp. 1. Ct/p.conchacea. Shell ovate, tomentose.
Monoculus conchaceus. Linn., Fair. Cypris pubera. Mull. Cypris

conchacca, Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France, Germany, and England.

Genus 7. CYTHERE, MiilL, Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Antennic simply pilose.

This genus was first discovered and established by Miiller, wlio
first observed all the species described in his Fntomostraca. It is di-
stinguished from Cypris by the antenna-, which are not terminated by
a pencil of hairs. The legs are eight in number, and are rarely drawn
within the shell, which is really bivalve.

The Cytlteres have no tail, and their antennae, like those of the ('(/-
prw/c";, have their articulations pilose. They have but one eye. Ail
the species inhabit ihe sea, and may be found aiTiong the conferva

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 81

and corallines, which fill the pouls left by the tide in most of the

rocky coasts of Europe.
Sp. 1. Ci;th. viridis. Shell reniform, velvet\% and green.
Inhabits the European ocean. Is occasionally found on the shores of

Scotland amongstjHci and conferv(£.

Division III. — BoiJif covered neither hy a bivalve shell nor shield. Etje one,

sessile.

Genus 8. CYCLOPS. Mull., Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

Body ovate-conic, elongate : eye one, situate on the thorax : anlenn(E
four, simple : legs eight.

All the animals of this genus inhabit fresh waters. The females
carry their eggs in a pouch resembling a bunch of grapes on each
side of the tail. The organs of generation of the male are placed in
the antennae; those of the female, beneath the belly, at the base of
the tail, which is abruptly narrower than the abdomen. The antennte
are hairj^ at the base of their joints.

Sp. 1. Cyc. Geoffroyii. Tail straight and bifid; colour brownish.

I\Ionoculus quadricornis. Linne, Fair. Cjxlops quadricornis. Mull.,
Latr., Bosc. Cyclops GeoftVoyii. Leach.

Genus 9. POLYPHEMUS. Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Cepiialo-
cuLUs. Lamarck.
£;/eone, forming the head : legs ten; two bifid, elongate, and extended
. horizontally.
Sp. 1. Pol. Oculus. Body luteous, with a few blue spots.

The only species known of this genus. It inhabits lakes and
marshes; and is subject to very considerable variation in size and
colour.

Division IV. — Body covered by neither a bivalve shell nor shield. Eyes
pedunculated.

Genus 10. BRANCHIOPODA. Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach.

Body filiform and very soft: head divided from the thorax by a very
narrow but distinct neck : eyes two, lateral : antennm two, short, two-
jointed, capillary, inserted behind and above the eyes: front with two
moveable processes (which are broader towards the apex in the male
sex), that are notched, those of the female furnished with a papilla at
their point. The organs of generation are situate at the base of the
tail.

Sp. 1. Br. stagnalis. Body transparent, of a light brown colour, slightly
tinged with green or blue, particularly on the head and legs.

Cancer stagnalis. Linne. — An interesting account of this species is
given by the late Dr. Shaw in the Transactions of the Lin/wan Society
of London, vol. i.

82 MODERN SYSTEM.

Subclass II. MALACOSTRACA.

A very valuable work is now publishing by Dr. Leach, in quarto, and
illustrated with highly finished engravings, entitled, Malacostrac.\
PoiioPiiTiiALMA Britann!.-!;, in which the whole of the indigenous spe-
cies hitherto discovered of this subclass are figured. It is necessary to
state that this gentleman has spared neither pains nor expense to ren-
der the work complete, having with unexampled zeal and perseverance
amassed together one of the finest collections e\ er formed, which is,
with the remainder of his cabinet, consisting of insects, shells, &c. de-
l>osited in the British Museum, and, under certain restrictions, may
alw ays be consulte^l by students of Zoology.

Legion I. PODOPHTH ALM A.

" The Mulucoatnica Podophthdma include those animals which, in
conmion language, are denominated Crabs, Lobsters, Cray-fish, Prawns,
I'andals, and Shrimps, all of which have the power of reproducing their
ciaws when they are lost."

Order I. BPtACHYURA.

A. Abdomen of the male five-jointed, the middle joint longest; of t/te
feimile seven jointed. Anterior pair of legs didactyle. {Shell //'«/*-
cate behind. Two anterior legs of the male elongate, of the femiik
moderate.)

Fam. I. CoRYSTiD.E. Leach.

Anteniuc long, ciliated on each side.

Genus L CORYSTES. Latr., Leach.

Eiiernal antenna; longer than the body ; the third segment comi>osed of'
elongate, cylindric joints : external double palpi-with the external foot-
stalk narrow; the second joint largest, having its internal side deeply
emarginate: anterior pair (f legs, of the male twice the length of the
body, subcylindric, the hand gradually somewhat thicker and some-
what compressed; of the female, of the length of the body, with a
compressed hand : other legs with tibia; and tarsi of ecpial length :
ckzcs elongate, straight, acute, and longitudinally sulcated : abdomen,
of the male, with the first joint linear-transverse; the second longer,
and produced on each side ; third, nearly equally quadrate; the fourtii
txansverse, and narrower than the third ; tlie fifth narrower, nearly
triangular, with the tip rounded ; of the female, with six joints trans-
verse, arcuated in front; seventh triangular, with the apex rounded :
sAt7/ oblong-ovate, anteriorly slightly rostrated, behind maigintd:

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. g3

eyes not thicker than their beading-backward peduncles : oi-hits above

with one fissure.
Sp. 1. Cor. cassivcUumus. Shell granulated, crenulated behind; front

bifid; the sides tridentate.
Cancer cassivelaunus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. t. 7. male and female,

Herbst,\. 195. t. 12. f. T2. male. Cancer personatus. Herhst, 193.

t. 12.,/: 71. female. Alburnea dentata. Fabr. Snpp. Ent. Si/st. 398.

Bosc, Hist. Nut. des Crust, ii. 4. Corystes dentatus. I^itr. Corystes

cassivelaunus. Leacit, Malac. Podoph. Brit. t. 1.
Inhabits most of the sandy shores of the European ocean, and is often

thrown up after heavy gales of wind.

Genus 2. ATELECYCLUS. Leach, Lutrcille.
Hitimal antenna half the length of the body; the third segment com-
posed of elongate and cylindric joints: external douhk putpi with the
second joint of the internal footstalk shortest, with the internal apex
produced, and the internal side notched towards the joint: anterior
le^s of the male longer than the liody, with a compressed hand :
other legi witl» tibiie and tarsi of equal lengths, furnished with elon-
gate, quadrate nails that are longitudinally sulcatcd, having their tips
naked, rounded and sharp, the hinder unes obscurely subcoinpressed :
abdomen of the male with the first joint transverse, linear, twice the
length of the second; the third much elongated, narrower towards
its extremity, the apex nearly straight; the fourth subquadrate, with
the anterior angles produced ; fifdi tlask-shaped, with a very sharp
extremity; of tlie female, with the first five joints transverse qua-
drate, anteriorly notched ; the last elongate, "subtriangular behind,
subproduced : shell subcircular, the sides gradually converging into
an angle behind ; hinder part truncate and graiudate-margined : eyes
narrower than their footstalks ; orbits behind \\i\h. two fissures, be-
low, with one,
Sp. 1. At. heterodon. Shell granulated, the sides wiih seven serrulated
teeth, and other smaller teeth between some of the other teeth :
front with three serrulated teeth, the middle of which is the largest. -
Leach, Mulac. Podoph. Brit. tub. 2.

This elegant crab was discovered by Montagu on the southern
coast of Devon, where it is not an uncommon species in deep water.
To the fishermen it is \\ ell known by the name of Old Mans Fact
Crab.

Fam. II. PoRTUNiD^. Leach.
Antenna moderate, simple: hinder pair of legs with compressed claws.

Genus 3. PORTUMNUS. Leach.
Eyes not thicker than their peduncles: orbits entire: unttrior pair of
legs equal : other legs with compressed claws, internally towards their
base dilated :JlJlh pair with a compressed, foliaccous, lanceolate cla>\ .

84 MODEIiN SYSTEM.

abdomen of the male with the fourtli joint elongate: shell with the
transverse and longitudinal diameters the same.
Sp. 1. Por. rat-iegatus. Shell obscurely granulated on each side, with
five teeth, the sf cond and third somewhat obsolete ; front with three
teeth; wrists internally with one tooth. Leach, Malac. Fodoph. By-it.
t. -1. male and female. Cancer latipes. Pean. Brit. Zool. iv.3. t. l.f. 4.
female.

Plane first discovered this species on the shores of the Adriatic
sea. It burrows beneath the sand, where it may be found by dig-
ging at low water, on most of our sandy shores.

When living it is most beautifully mottled, and the legs are of a
luteous-orange colour.

Genus 4. CARCINUS. Leach.

J)j/es narrower than their peduncles: oriiVs behind and beneath with
one fissure : anterior pair of legs unequal, the hands externally
smooth; hinder pair compressed, and slightly formed for swimming:
abdomen of the male with the fourth joint transverse, and scarcely-
narrower than the third; shell with the transverse diameter greatest.

Sp. 1. Car. MiEnas. Shell with five teeth on each side; front with three
rounded teeth or lobes : hands with one tooth, wrist with a spine.

Cancer Mtenas of authors. Car. Msnas. Leach, Malac. Fodoph. Brit,
tab. o.

This most common species inhabits all the shores and estuaries of
Britain. It burrows under the sand, or conceals itself beneath fuci
Hud stones. It is sent to London in immense quantities, and is eaten
by the poor.

Genus 5. PORTUNUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Lam., Leach.

Eijes much, thicker than their peduncles ; o/'6/Ys behind, with two fis-
sures, below with one fissure : abdomen of the male with the fourth
joint transverse: anterior pair of legs somewhat unequal, the hands
externally with elevated lines, arms generally unarmed; hinder pair
compressed, foliaceous, and formed for swimming : shell with the
transverse diameter greatest; the sides with five, rarely with six,
teeth.

* Hinder claws with an elevated longitudinal line ; e.rternal double
palpi rcith the second joint of' their interjiul footstalk truncate at their
internal apex.

z. Orbits at the insertion of the antenna: imperfect. Wrists bi-
dentate.

Sp. 1. Por. puher. Anteimaj half the length of the body: shell pu-
bescent; front with many teeth.

Cancer puber. Linne. Cancer velutinus. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. pi. 4.
fg. 8. Portunus puber. Leach, Mai. Fodoph. Brit. tub. 6.

CLASS I. CRrSTACrA. 85

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon. In France it is used as an ar-
ticle of food.

b. Orbit internally slightly imperfect. Wrists unidentate.
Sp. 2. For. corrugatus. Shell convex, with transverse serrate-granulate
ciliated lines, the side with five teeth on each side, the three hinder
of which are more acute; front trilobate, the lobes subgranulate-ser-
rate, the middle one largest; hands above, unidentate; hinder claws
with sharp points.

'uncer corrugatus. Fcnn. Brit. Zool. iv. pi. 5. fig. 9. Portunus corru-
iZatois. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 31"). — 2Iat. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 7.
jig. 1 4- 2.
'iiiutbits the British seas.

** Hinder claws zcithout the derated line. External double palpi
with the internal apex of the second joint of the internal footstalk enutr-
ginate. Orbits internally beneath the insertion of the antenna' imperfect.
Sp. 3. For. marmorcus. Shell convex, obsoletely and slightly granu-
lated, with five nearly equal teeth on each side; front witli three
equal teeth, with rounded points; hands smooth, with one tooth
above; hinder tarsi with acute points.
Cancer (pinnatus) marmoreus. Montagu's MSS. Portunus marmoreus.
Leach, Malacost. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 8.

This elegant specie'-, which derives its name from its colour, was
discovered by G. Montagu, esq. It is very common on the sandy
shores of southern Devon, from Torcross to the mouth of the river
Ex, and is frequently found entangled in the shore-nets of the fisher-
men, or thrown on the shore after storms.

Fam. III. Cancertd.t,. lueach's MSS.
Antennae simple, short: four hinder pair of legs simple.

Genus G. CANCER of authors.

External antenniz short, inserted between the internal cantliuS of the
eye and the front; internal antennas placed in foveols in the middle
of the clypeus, with their peduncle nearly lunate : external double
palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk notched at the
internal apex : shell emarginatc behind ; orbits behind with one fis-
sure, and externally with one fold : beneath with one* fissure, and
externally with one fold : anterior pair cflegs unequal.

Sp. 1. Can. Fagurus. Shell granulated with nine folds on each side;
front with three lobes.

This species is the common crab of Britain. It is considered to
be in season between Christmas and Easter, and about harvest, being
much esteemed as an article of food. Its natural history is but little
known. During the summer months it is very abundant on all our
rocky coasts, especially where the water is deep. At low tide they
are often found in holes of rocks in pairs, male and female; and if

86 MODERN SYSTEM.

the male be taken away, another will be found in the hole at the next
recess of the tide. By knowing this fact, an experienced fisherman
may twice aday take, with little trouble, a vast number of specimens,
after having once discovered their haunts. In the winter they are
supposed to burrow in the sand, or to retire to the deeper parts of
the ocean. They are taken in wicker baskets, resenibhng mouse-
traps, or in large nets with open meshes, which are placed at the
bottom of the ocean and baited with garbage.

Genus 7. XANTHO. Leach.

External antenna very short, inserted in the internal corner of the eye;
internal antenna" received in a foveola under the prominent margin
of the clypeus, the peduncle sublinear : external doiMc palpi, with the
second joint of the internal footstalk, notched at the internal apex :
shell submargined behind : orbits entire above, below externally with
one fissure: anterior pair of legs miequal.

Sp. 1. Xun.florida. Wrists above, with two tubercles : shell on each side
with four obtuse teeth, the interstices cut out: fingers black.

Montagv, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 85. t.2.f.\. Cancer incisus. Leach,
Edin. Enci/cl.v'u. o91. Xantho incisa. Leach, EcUn. Encycl.Vn. 430.
Xanthoflorida. Leach,Tram. Linn. Soc.xi. 320. — Suppl. toEncycl. Brit,
—Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 11.

B. Abdomen in both sexes seven-jointed. Tuo anterior legs didacti/le.
Division I. Eight hinder legs simple, and alike in form.
Fam. IV. PiLTjMNiD.i:. Leach's MSS.
Shell anteriorly arcuated, the sides converging to an angle : two anterior
kgs unequal.

Genus 8. PILUMNtS. Leach.
External double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk
with the internal apex truncate emarginate : chms simple, with naked
tips.
Sp. 1. Pil. hirtelhis. Body and legs bristly: shell with five teeth on

each side : claw somewhat muricated on the outside.
Cancer hirtellus. Linn., Pcnn., Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. Pilunurus hirtelhis.

Leach, Snppl. to Encijcl. Brit. Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. VI.
Inhabits the south coast of Devonshire.

Fam. V. OcypodaidjE. Lecwlis MSS.
SheU quadrate or subquadrate : eijes inserted in the front.
* Shell quadrate. Ei/es zcith a long peduncle.
Genus 9. VIN'^OTVAIES. Lair., Bosc, Leach. Alpii.tas. Dahlorf.
^ntennavery short (the first three joints largest), inserted in the inte-
rior corner of the eyes: external double palpi, with the hitcrnal foot-

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 87

6talk, one-jointed : anterior pair of ki^s unequal : CT/es thick : shell
ovate-orbicular, orbiculate-quadrate, or transverse subquadrate.

All the species of this most interesting genus inliabit the bivalve
shells of the acephalous Molluxcu, and were supposed liy the ancients
to be consentaneous inmates with the animal, bound Ity mutual in-
terest.

Aristotle supposed them to act as sentinels, and believed that they
guarded the Pinna (the animal in whose shell they were iirst observ-
ed) from the attacks of its enemies. Rondeletius and some other
naturalists held the same opinion.
Sp. 1. Pin. Cranchii. Shell orl»iculatc-subquadratc, soft, very smooth,with
the sides dilated behind : front straight, obscurely subemarginatc :
hands oblong below, and ibe thighs above with a ciliated line:
thumb subarcuate: abdomen very broad; the sides of the segment
arcuate; the second and following ones distinctly notched ; the fifth
segment somewhat broader; the last narrower than the preceding
segment. Female.
Pinnoteres Cranchii. Leach, Malncosf. Poflopfi. Brit. tab. 14. ftg. 4. .5.
The male of this species, which was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch,
whose name it bears, is unknown. It is distinguished from P. Pisum
(the common species) by the form of the front of the shell, which is
straight, and slightly notched ; by the dilated hinder part of the shell,
and l)y the abdomen, all the joints of which, excepting the first, are
distinctly notched behind.

** Shell quadrate. Ej/es witli a long peduncle.

Genus 10. GONOPLAX. Leac/i. Ocypoda. Bosc.
Ej/es terminating their peduncle: anterior p/iir of leg.s equal; of the

male very long ; of the female twice the length of the body : antenna

half the length of the body, inserted at the internal canthus of the

eyes.

The animals of this genus inhabit the ocean, preferring such parts

as have a slimy l)ottom. They burrow laterally in the clay or slime,

making two entrances to their hole; entering by one and going out

by the other.
Sp. 1. Gon. hispinosn. Shell on each side with two spines: arms above,

and wrists internally, with one spine.
Cancer angidatus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t.S.f. 10. Fahr. Suppl. Entom.

Si/st. 341. Ocypoda angulata. Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust 1. 198.

Gonoplaxbispinosa. Jj-ach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 323. — Edin. Enci/cl.

— Supp. to Enct/cl. Brit. — 2Ial. Podoph. Brit. tab. 13.
Inhabits the British sea. It is not uncommon at Salcombe and in

Plymouth sound; and likewise occurs at Weymouth, and at Red

Wharf in Andesea.

88 MODERN SYSTEM.

Division II. — Sliell rostrated in front. Eight hinder legs alike, and simple.
Fam. VI. — Maiad^. Leach.
Subdivision 1. — Fingers dejicxed.
Genus 11. EURYNOME. Leach.
External antoince rather long, with the first joint shorter than the se-
cond : shell verrucated, anteriorly terminated by a bitid rostrum with
divaricating lacinitE : eijes distant, thicker than their peduncle which
is of moderate length : external double palpi with the interior point of
the second joint of their internal footstalks truncate-emarginate : an-
terior legs equal ; of the male, three times the length of the body ; of
the female, longer than the body.
Sp. 1. Eur. aspera. Anterior legs and thighs tuberculated : shell with
eight tubercles on the back that are more elevated than the others,
which are irregular and margined with hairs ; the sides with four la-
mellce; rostrum v.-ith simple acuminate laciniffi.
Cancer aspera. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. o. Eurynome aspera. Leach, Edin.
Enc)/cl. vii. 431. — Maluc.Fodvph. Brit. tab. 17. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.
326.
Inhabits the British seas.

Subdivision 2. — Fingers not dejlexed. External antenna zcith tlte first
joint simple. Anterior pair of legs distinctly thicker than the rest.
Genus 12. PISA. Leach. Blastus. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.
External antenna with clubbed hairs, the first joint longer than the se-
cond: external double palpi with the second joint of the internal foot-
stalk with its internal apex triuicate or emarginate: dazes internally
denticulated: sAt// villose; the lacinia? of the rostrum divai-icating :
orbits behind with two, below with one fissure.

* Shell densely villose, the sides on each side behind terminated with
a spine.
Sp. 1. Fisa Gibhsii. Rostrum descending: shell with a spine behind

the eyes on each side ; arms and thighs simple.
Cancer biaculeatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 2. f. 1. f. 1. Pisa
biaculeata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 431. I'isa Gibbsii. Leach,
Linn. Trans, xi. 327. — Mai. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 19.
Inhabits deep waters on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall,

** Shell villose, zcith spiny sides.
Sp. 2. Fisa tetraodon. Shell on each side with six spines; tAvo small,

the rest larger.
Cancer tetraodon. Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. 7. t. o.f. 1.5. Maja tetraodon.

Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Crust. 1. 254. Blastus tetraodon. Leach, Edin.

Encycl. vii. 131. Pisa tetraodon. Leach, Trails. Linn, Soc. — Supp. to

Encycl. Brit. I. 415.— Mai. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 20.
Inhabits the south-west coast of England.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 89

Subdivision 3. — Finga's not dcjiexcd. External antenna: mth their- first
joint simple. Anterior pair of legs scarceli/ t/iieker than the others, zc/iich
are rnoderately long.

Genus 13. MAJA. Lam., Lafr., Base, Leach.

External antenna with the two first joints thiclvcst, and of nearly equal
length : shell con\e\ ovate-subtriangular, very spiny : ei/es not thicker
than their elongate peduncle : external double palpi with the second
joint of their internal footstalk deeply notched at its internal apex :
claws with naked sharp points.

Sp. 1. M'jj. Sqninado. Shell fasciculate-pilose; orbit above, with our
spine ; the sides with five strong spines : clypeus beneath the front
with a short spine excavated above.

Cancer Squinado. Herhst, iii. t. 56. (full grown.) Id.'i. t. 11. f. 85. 84.
junior. Cancer Maja. Scopoli Entoni. Cam. 112(3. Sowerhfs Brit. Mis-
cell, t. 39. Maja Squinado. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 37. Bosc,
Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 257. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 394. 431.
— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 32(3. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 415. — Malac.
Podoph. Brit. tab. 18.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Coinwall. By the fishermen
it is named Thornback or King-crab.

Subdivision 4. — Fingers not dcjlcxed. Extovjal antenna with the first
joint externally dilated.

Genvis 14. IIYAS. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 415.
Shell elongate-sublriangular, subtuberculated; the sides behind the

eyes produced into a lanceolate projection : roslrtun fissured, the la-

cinia? approximating: external antennee with the first joint dilated,

larger than the second: external double palpi \\\\h. the second joint

emarginate at the internal apex.
Sp. 1. Hyus araneus. The lastiform process behind the eyes tidjerculalcd

behind.
Cancer araneus. Linn. Syst. Nat. 1044. Cancer Bufo. Ilerbst, i. 142.

if. 17. _/'. 59. Ilyas araneus. Leach, Edin. E?icycl. vii. 437. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 329. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 9.1. a.
Inhabits the Scottish sea in great plenty; on the English coast it is

more rare.

Subdivision 5 . — Second, third, fourth, and fifth pair of legs alike and slender.

Genus 15. INACHUS. Fabr., Leach.
Shell slightly spined, with a spine on each side protecting the eye when
retracted : eyes distant, scarcely thicker than their peduncles : exter-
nal double palpi with the second joint of the internal footstalk trun-
cate at its internal point: external anfeiina with the three first joints

BO MODERN SYSTEM.

thickest: second pair of legs thicker than the following ones: cbm)$
curved.

Sp. 1. Li. Dorsettensh. Beak short, emarginate ; the clypeus beneath
produced into a spine : shell anteriorly, with four little tubercles
placed transversely; then with three spines, the anterior one strong-
est; behind with three strong sharp sjiines, the middle one gene-
rally longest and strongest, forming a slightly recurved line; hinder
margin with two distinct obsolete tubercles.

Cancer Dorsettensis. Peim. Jhif. Zonl.'w. 8. pl.O.fg. IR. Cancer
Scorpio. Fahr. Sp. Inst. i. 504. Cmel. Si/st. Nnt. i. 2078. Hetbst, i.
237. 130. Inachus Scorpio. Fabr. Ent. Si/st. Supp. 358. Macropus
Scorpie. Lair. Hist. Nat. des Crust, ct des Insect, vi. 109. Maja Scor-
pio. Base, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 252. Tnachus Dorsettensis. Leac/i,
Edin. Enct/cl.vn .iSl.—Malac. Podoph. Bril. lab. '22. fg. 1—0.— Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 330.

Inhabits the British seas.

C. Abdomen in both sexes six-jointed. Two anterior legs didacti/le.

Fam. VII. LiTHODiADx. Leach's MSS.
Fifth pair of legs minute, spurious.

Genus 16. LITIIODES. Latreille, Leach.

External double palpi with narrow cylindric footstalks: ei/es approximat-
ing at their base : shell very spiny, anteriorly rostrated.

Sp. 1^ Lith. Maja. Legs and shell with sharp spines: beak spiny, with
the tip bifurcate : fingers with tufts of hair.

Cancer Maja. Linn. Si/st. Nat. 104C. Cancer horridus. Penn. Brit.Zool.iv.
7. pi. 7. fig. 14. inachus Maja. Fabr. Ent. Si/st. Supp. 358. Maja
vulgaris. Bo.ic, Hist. Nat. des Crust, i. 251. Lithodts arctica. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 40. Lithodes Maja. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vn.
Qg^^^Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 332.— Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. iW.—Ma/.
Podoph. Brit. tab. 24.

Inhabits the Northern sea, and in our seas is very rare, or at least very
local ; occurring only on the rocky shores of Yorkshire and of Scot^
land.

Fam. VIII. Macropodiad.'e.

Second, third, fourth, and fifth pair of legs alike and slender. Eyes not
retractile.

Genus 17. MACROPODIA. Leach. Maciiopus. T^itr.

Shell slightly spined ; beak long and fissured : eyes distant, subreniform,
much thicker than their peduncles : external antcnme half the length
of the body; the second joint three times the length of the third:
external double palpi slender ; the internal footstalk with the two equal

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA.

91

joints: jinlpi very hairy, the middle joint shortest, the third a little
longer than the first: /««?■ anterior claws with their tips hent: /y«r
hinder ours aliniptly curved at their base.

Sp. 1. Mae. Vlmlaji<iiiun. ik-ak acimiinatc, much shorter tlian the an-
tenna' : slicll beliiiid the rostrum, with three tubercles placed in a tri-
angle, the hinder tubercle largest: arms internally subscabrous and
hirsute.

Cancer Phalangium. ram. Brit. Zool. iv. 8. pi. 9. Jig. 17. Macroptis
longirostris. iMtr. Gen. Crust, et Insect. IVIacropodia longirostris.
J^ach, Edin. Enci/cl. \\i. — Z(wl. Misc. ii. 18; — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 331.
—Mai. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 23.

Inhabits the mouths of rivers, and is very common in Great Britain.

p. Abdomen of both sexes four-jointed. Two anterior legs didactyk.

Fam.IX. Leucosiad.e.
Genus 18. EBALIA. Leach.

Shell rhomboidal, produced in front; the sides entire: anterior pair of
/c^.s depressed, much larger than the rest; arms subangulatcd ; fin-
gers subdctlexed : external pedipulpes with their external footstalk li-
near: abdomen of the male with its last joint at its base furnished
with a dentiform ])roccss.

Sp. 1. Eb. Pennantii. Shell gramdated, with an irregular ele\ated cross :
abdomen with 3 — G joints confluent.

Cancer tuberosus. Penn. Orn. Zool. iv. 8.^. 9. A./. 10. Ebalia Pennan-
tii. Leach, Malar. Podoph. Brit, t.'iii.f 1—6. ^ ik, Q .

Order II. MACROURA.

This Order contains the Families Pagurii, Palinurini, Astacini., and
Sc^uillares of Latreille.

Division l.— Tail on each side with simple appendices.

Fam. I. Pagurid.1. Leach,
Legs ten ; anterior pair largest and dactyle.

Genus 19. PAGURUS. Fabr., Latr., Base, Leach.
Erfer-nal antenna with the second joint of their peduncle with a move-
able spine affixed to the apex above: abdomen membranaceous: tail
tliree-jointed, crustaceous; the second joint on each side appendicu-
lated : four hinder legs spurious, short, didactyle.

The curious economy of the genus Pagurus attracted the attention
of the ancients. One species is well described Vjy Aristotle.

All the species are parasitical, and inhabit the cavities of turbi-
nated univalves. They all change their habitation during their
growth, first occupying the smallest shells, and latterly those of very

^2 MOUEll^' SVSTEiM.

considerable dimeusioiis. The abdomen is naked and slender, being
covered merely wiliia skin of a delicate texture; but its extremity is
furnished with appendages, by means of which it secures itself within
tlie shell el' which it makes choice. It is really astonishing with
v'hat facility these animals move, bearing at the same time the shell,
\vhich is destined to preserve the botly from injury and to guard them
from the attacks of fishes, which would otherwise devour them. All
the species are termed indiscriminately Soldier-crabs and Hermit-
crabs, from the idea of their living in a tent, or retiring to a cell.

Sp. 1. JPag. S(reblmi/x (common Soldier-crab). Arms hairy, muricated,
the left largest; hands subcordate, fingers broad.

Cancer Bernhardus of Pennant and other English authors. Pagurus Stre-
blonyx. Mai. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 26. Jig. 1^-4:.

Inhabits the European ocean, and is very abundant in the British seas,
inhabiting various kinds of univalve shells, changing its habitation
as it grows. Pagurus araneiformisj Edinb. Enci/cl. wil. 396, is merely
the young of this species.

Division II. — Tail on each side tfith foliaceous appendages, forming witli^
the middle tail-process a fan-like fin.
a. Interior antenne with very long footstalks.

Fam. II. Palinurid.t. Leach.
External antenn<£ setaceous, and very long: legs ten, alike and simple.
Genus 20. PALINURUS. Dald., Fabr., Lam., Lair., Bosc, Leach.
The animals of this genus have the powder of producing a sound
by rubbing their exterior antennas against the sides of the projecting
clypeus.
Sp. 1. Pal. vulgaris.
Astacus homarus. Pcnn. Brit. Zool.'w. IG.pl.'il. Leach, Mai. Podoph.

Brit. lab. 30.
Inhabits the European ocean. It is commonly eaten in London, and is
sometimes denominated Spiny-lobster or Sea Cray-fish.

Fam. III. Galatead^.

External antenna-- very long and setaceous : legs fen, anterior pair didac-
tyle, fifth pair spurious.

Genus 21. PORCELLANA. Lam., Latr.,Bosc, Leach.

External doable palpi with the first joint of the internal footstalk di-
lated internally : shell orbiculate subquadrate.

Sp. 1. For. plati/chclcs. Anterior margin of the shell with three entire
teeth : claws very large and nuich depressed : wrists internally den-
ticulated ; hands externally deeply ciliated.

Cancer platychcles. Penn. Brit. Zool.'w. 6. pl.6. & 12. Porcellana pla-
tychcles. Latr. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii.

CLASS I. crv^tacea. D3

Inhabits the rocky shores of the southern and western coasts of Bri-
tain, conceahng itself beneath stones, to the under side of which it
adheres closely.

Genus 22. GALATEA. Leach. Galathea. Fahr., Latr., Lam.,
Bosc, Leach.
External double palpi with the internal edge of the firstjoint not diluted :
shell ovate.

* Rostrum acuminate, acute, zcith four spines on each side. Anterior
legs compressed. Abdomen -with the sides of' the seg7ne7its obtuse. Tail
zcith the intermediate lamella triangular, the tip enuirginate, the apex
of the lacinia rounded. Interior untennm xcith the Jirst joint of' the
pedu7icle trispinose.

a. Second joint of the intei'na I footstalk of the external double palpi
longer than the first.

Sp. 1. Gal. squam'fera. Anterior legs granulate-spinose : hands exter-
nally subserrated : wrists and arms internally spinose.

Galatea Fabricii. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. 'i. 4l9.pl. 21. Gala-
thea squamifera. Leach, 2'iavs. Linn. Soc. xi.310. — ]\Ial. Podoph. Brit,
tab. 28. A.

b. Second joint of the internal footstalk of the external double palpi
ahoj-ter than the first.

Sp. 2. Gal.spinigei-a. Anterior legs subgranidate squamose; above and
on each side spinose : arms externally without spines.

Astacus strigosus. Pe^in. Brit.Zool. iv. 18./)/. 14. Cancer (-^.sfrtcws) stri-
gosus. Herbst, tab. 26. f. 2. Galathea strigosa. Fubr., Lafr., Leach.
Galathea spinigera. Leach, Malac. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 28. B.

** Rostrum elongate, spiniform; the base on each side bispinose.
Anterior pair of legs snbci/l'indr'ic. Abdomen zvith the sides of the seg-
ments acute. Tail zcith the intermediate lamella transverse-quadrate ;
the apex subemurg'niate. Interior antenna: with the frst joint of the pe-
duncle four-sp'ined. {Fxlernal double palpi zcith the first joint of the in-
tcrnal footstalk longer than the second.)
Sp. 3. Gal. rugosa. Anterior legs spinose, especially internally : abdo-
men Avith the second segment antcriorl}' with six ; the third with
four spines.
Astacus Bamffius. Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. pi. 27. Galathea rugosa.
Fabr., Bosc, Latr. Cancer rugosus. Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 2985. Ga-
lathea longipeda. Lain. St/st. dcs Anim. sans Vert. 158. Galathea Bamf-
fia. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 398. Galathea rugosa. Leach, Malac.
Podoph. Brit. tab. 29. — Trans. Lijin. Soc. xi. 341.
Inhabits the European ocean and Mediterranean sea. It is very rare
in Britain, but has been found on the Bamffshire coast and in Pl}'-
mouth sound.

S4 MODERN SYSTrM.

h. Interior antenna uith moderate footstalks.

Fam. IV. AsTACiD.i. IxaeWs MSS.
Aiitenna: inserted in the same horizontal hne, interior ones with two

setffi, the exterior ones simple : legs for walking ten, anterior pair of

these largest.
Stirps 1. — Exterior lamella of the tail composed of one part.

Genus 23. GEBIA. Leach.

Two anterior legs equal, subdidactyle, witli the thimil) short : interior an-
tenna: with an elongate peduncle; the second joint shortest, the third
largest and cylindric : external double palpi with the third joint of the
internal footstalk shortest : tail with 1 )road lamelkf ; the exterior
ones costated, the middle one quadrate.

Sp. 1. Geb. Deltdura. Abdomen with the hack membranaceous : tail with
the apex of the exterior lamella dilated and somewhat rounded ; in-
terior one truncate, and formed like the Cheek delta.

Gebia deltaura. Lcac/t, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, '^V2.—Mul. Podoph. Brit,
tub. 31. Jig. 9, 10.

Inhabits beneath the sand on the southern coast of Devonshire, and is
found by digging to the depth of two or three feet.

Genus 24. CALLIANASSA. Leach.

Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, very unequal ; second
pair less; third pair monodactyle ; fourth and fifth pairs spurious :
internal antennae with an elongate biarticulate peduncle, the second
joint longest : external doable palpi with the second joint of the inter-
nal footstalk largest and compressed: tail with broad lamella;; the
middle process elongate-triangular, with the apex rounded.

The thorax anteriorly abruptly subacuminate; the rostriform pro-
cess divided from the shell by a suture: anterior pair of legs very
much compressed, the liand articulated : the larger leg with the base
of its wrist furnished with a curved process.

Sp. 1. Cal. subtcrranca. Shell with the rostriform i)roceM_, with one Ion-
gitudinal ridge, the point rounded.

Cancer Astacus subterraneus. Montagti, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. Callianassa
subterranea. Leach, Edin. Encijcl. vii. 100. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. oVo.
—Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. VlO.—Mulac. Bodoph. Brit. tab. 32.

This animal lives beneath the sand on the sea-shore. It was first
described by INlontagu, who found it l)y digging in a sand-bank in
the estuary of Kingsbridge, on the soutliern coast of Devon.
Genus 25. AXIUS. Leach.

Four anterior legs didactyle; anterior pair largest, and somewhat un-
equal; third, fourth, and fifth pairs iurnished with a compressetl
claw: k<mV»r fl?/if)i/uc with a three-jointed peduncle, the first joint
longest : external double palpi with the two first joints somewhat large

CLASS I. CUUSTACEA. 95

and une(iiial: tail broad; the intermediate lamella elongate-trian-
gular.

Sp. 1. Ax. Stlrync/ius. Rostnmi margined, the middle carinatcd: thorax he-
hind the rohtnim, with two elevated abbreviated lines n<jtched behind.

Axius Stirynchiis. Ixach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3*3. — Si'pp. tu EncycL
Brit. i. A20.—MaL Fodoph. Brit. tub. 33.

Inhabits the British sea.

Stiups 2. Exterior InnicUa of the tail bipartite : external antenna: with a
spine-shaped s(piame at the lir.^t joint ot" the peduncle: anterior pair
of legs didactyle.

* Ei/es suhglobose, not thicker than their ped unites.
Tlie coxaj of the third pair of legs of the female, of the fifth pair
of the male, ])erforated. These perforations are for the passage of
the semen and of the eggs ; and although placed differently in other
genera, yet they serve the same functions.

Genus SG". ASTACUS. Leach's MSS.

Abdomen with the sides of its segments obtuse: middle tail lamella com-
posed of one piece.

Sp. 1. Ast. (jammarus. Rostrum on pach side with four teeth, and with
one on each side of its base.

Cancer Gammarus. Linn. S^/st. Nat. \. lO.'iO. AstacusGanmiarus. Pewn.
Brit. Zool. iv. O.pl. 10. Astacus marinus. Fabr.Supp. Ent. Si/st. 406.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 51. Astacus Gammarus. Leach, Edin. Eih-
cycl. vii. 308. — Trans. Linn. Soc. \'h 34 1. — Snpp. to Enci/cf. Brit. i. -120.
This species, wduch is the counnon lol)stcr of our markets, inhabits
deep clear water at the foot of rocks which hang over the sea. They
breed during the early sunuuer months, and are very prolific, Baxter
having comiited no less than 12,414 eggs under the abdomen. In
warm weather they are very active; they have the power of spring-
ing backward in tile water to a most astonishing distance into tlieir
holes in the rocks, as has been frequently observ ed by naturalists of
credit. Their food consists of dead animal matter, and, it is said, also
ofsea-weed. The female is stated to deposit her eggs in the sand, but
tiie young state is not known.

The common lobster inhabits the European ocean. It is found in
very great abundance in the North of Scotland; but is nuich more
common on the coast of Norway, from whence the London markets
are for the most part supplied.

Genus 27. POTAMOBIUS. Leach's MSS.

Abdomen with the sides of its segments sharp : n\iddle tail lamella bi-
partite.

Sp. 1. Fot.Jiuviatilis. Rostrum laterally dcntated, the base with one
tooth on each side.

Cancer Astacus. Linn. Sysl. ]S\i(. 1. 1051. Astacus astacus. Pcnn.

f'G MODE UN SYSTEM.

Biif. Zool. iv. 14. pL 15. f;^. 17. Astacus fliiviatili^. Fuhr., Lutr.,

Leach.

** Eyes reniform, abniplh/ shorter than their pcdnncJea.
The coxa; of the third pair of legs of the female, of the hflh pair

of the male, perforated.

Genus 28. NEPHROPS. Leach.
E.itermd uutenna; with the first joint of their peduncle furnished at its

apex with a squama, which is produced 'beyond the apex of the

peduncle.
Sp. 1. Ncph. Norvegkiis. Abdomen with hairy areola: ; shell somewhat

spiny in front.
Cancer Norwegicus. Linn. S^st. Nat. i. 1053. Astacus Norwegicus.

Peiin. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. pi. 12. Jig. 21. Nephrops Norwegicus.

Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 3(3.
Inhabits the northern parts of Europe. It is found in the Frith of

Forth during the summer months, often attaching itself to the lines

of the fishermen : colour, when living, flesh red. Fabricius, Bosc,

and Latreille, cannot have seen this animal, since they all describe

it as having four instead of six didactylc legs.

Fam. V. Pal^monid.?:.

External antenna: with a large squama at their base.

Stirps 1. — External antenna; inserted in the same horizontal line with
the interior ones, which have tvvo seta; : tail with the external la-
mella composed of but one part.

Genus 29. CRANGON. Lair., JBo.?c, Leach.

Second pair of legs didactyle, of the same length with the third pair :
pedipalpes with their last joint obtuse at its point.

Sp. 1. Gran, vulgaris. Thorax behind the rostrum, and on each side, as
well as the arms beneath v.ith a spire.

Cancer Crangon. Linne. Crangon vulgaris. Fair., Leach, Mai. Fod. Br.
t. 37. B. Common Shrimp.

Genus 30. PONTOPHILUS. Leach.

Second pair of legs didactyle, muc-.h shorter than the third pair : pedi-
palpes with the last joint acuminated.

Sj). 1. Pont, spinosus. Thorax with five ranges of spines, disposed
longitudinally ; three ranges dorsal and one on each side.

Pontophilus spinosus. Leach, Mai. Pod. Brit. t. 37. A.

Discovered by C. Prideaux, esq., amongst some rubbish from Ply-
mouth Sound ; a second specimen was afterwards taken off Falmouth
by the late John Cranch, Zoologist to the Congo Expedition.

Stirps 2. — External antennae inserted below the internal ones : interior
ones with two set« inserted in the same horizontal line : exterior la-
mella oi the tail bipartite.

CLASS T. CRUSTACEA. 97

Genus 31. PROCESSA. irac^. N ika. Risso.
Anterior pair of legx, with one side didact vie, the other armed with a
simple claw : second jiair unequal, didactvle, slender ', one very long;,
with the wrists and tore arm many-jointed ; the other shorter, with
the wrists many-jointed ; other legs terminated hy simple claws.
Sp. 1. Pro. canu/iculuta. Base of the rostrum with one tootli ; inter-
mediate lamella of the tail longitudinally canaliculated.
Processa canaliculata. Leach, Mul. Fodoph. li/it. tub. 41.

The thighs of the third and fourth pairs of legs are spinulosc be-
neath; at the base of the rostrum there is an elevation dividing it
from the thorax.

The above species, which forms the type of the genus, was dis-
covered at Torcross, on the southern coast of Devon, by Montagu.

Stirps 3. — External antenna: inserted below the internal ones; interior
ones with two setae, one placed above the other. (^External lamella
of the tail composed but of one i>art.)

a. Internal antenna with the superior sclee excavated below. Claxos

spinulose.
Genus 3Q. PANDALUS. lA-ach.

Anterior pair of legs adactyle; second pair didactyle, unequal. External
double palpi with the last joint of the internal footstalk longer than
the preceding joint.

Sp. 1. Pan. unnuUcornis. Ilostrum ascending, many-toothed, apex
notched; inferior antennaj annulated with red, and internally spinu-
lose.

Pandalus annulicornis. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit, tab, 40. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 346. — Suppl. to Encycl. Brit. i. 421.

• Genus 33. HIPPOLYTE. Leach.

Four anterior legs didactyle : external double palpi with the last joint of

the internal footstalk shorter than the preceding joint.
Sp. 1. Hip. varians. Rostrum straight, with two teeth above and below j

shell above and beneath the eyes with one spine.
Hippolyte varians. Leach, Trans. TJnn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Encycl.

Brii. i. 4'21.— ill«/. Podoph. Brit. tab. 33. fg. 6—16.
Inhabits the rocky shores of the south of Devon. It varies much in

colour, being often foimd red, green, and blueish green.

b. Internal antennce loith the superior seta not excavated. Claws simple.
Genus 34. PEN.EUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach.
Six anterior legs didactj'le: evte?iial double palpi wlthGLveexsertedjo'mtff

the last of which is obtuse.
Sp. 1. Pen. trisulcatus. Thorax trisulcated behind ; rostrum descend-
ing, mullideiitate above.

gg MODEUN SYSTEM.

Penseus trisulcatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Encyd.

BrU. i. -121. — Mid. Podop/i. Brit. tab. 42.
Inhabits the Welsh Sea.

Stirps 4. — LrtSrnal antennce inserted below the internal; internal
ones with three setae. {External lamella of the tail composed of but
one part.)

Genus 35. PALiEMON. Fair., Latr., Base, Leach.
Tow anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair smaller than the second pair :
external double palpi with the last joint shorter than the preceding
joint.
Sp. 1. Val. scrrntus (common Prazon). Rostrum ascending above, with
from six to eight teeth, the apex emarginate ; below with from four
to six teeth.
Astacus serratus. Petin. Brit. Zool. iv. 19. {pi. 16. ftg. 28.) Cancer
{Astacus) Squilla. Hcrbst, ii. 55. tab. 27. {Jig. 1.) Palsemon Squilla.
Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 54. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 401. Pa-
la?mon serratus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 348. — Supp. to Encijcl.
Brit. i. 421. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 43. fig. 1 — 10.

Variet}' a. Rostrum with six teeth above.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.
2. five teeth.

Variety /3. Rostrum above with seven teeth.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.

2. five teeth.

3. six teeth.

"^'ariety y. Rostrum with eight teeth above.

Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth.

!2. five teeth.

3. . ■ six teeth.

'- Although all the above varieties are common, yet /3 occurs most
frequently. In some may be seen the upper edge of the rostrum with
ten, the lower with five teeth ; and both edges with but three teeth.
The apex is generally notched above, and in t\vo specimens, which
may be considered a rare occurrence, the point has been found en-
tire. The situation of the teeth on the upper edge is variable, but in
most instances the second tooth is at a greater distance from the first
than the rest, which are generally equidistant, and rarely extend flir
beyond the middle, the rostrum from that part being edentate, with
the exception of the emarginate apex."

Herbst, Latreille, andLeach, formerly considered this species^
as Cancer SijuiUa of Linne ; but Dr. L. has, since the publication of
tlie error, met with the true C. Squilla of that author, and has de-

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA, 99

scribed it in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of the Linnean
Sucidj/, p. 3 lii.

"Falamon sci'rat us of ¥'dhric\us is distinct, and, if his description be
correct, it is not even refurublc to this genus ; behaving expressly
given as its specific chavdcicr ' Antinnis posticis bfidis,^ (hinder an-
tenna' bitid ;) -whereas, in his generic character, he has stated these
organs to be trifid (' Antenna: superiores trijida.' ")

Genus 36. ATHANAS. Leacfi.
Four anterior legs didactylc : anterior pair larger than the second pair:
external double palpi witli the last joint longer than the preceding
joint.
Sp. 1. Ath. nilescens. Rostrxnn straight, and simple.
Cancer (^Astacus) nitescens. JMontagu's MSS. Athanas nitescens. Leach,
Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Enc^cl. Brit. — il/«/. Fodoph. Brit. tub. 44.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire.

Stirps 5. — E.rtcrnal antenna; inserted below the internal : interior ones
with a large scale at their base. Legs for movement sixteen.

Genus 37. MYSIS. Latr., Leach. Praunus. Leach.

Legs bifid, the last joint of the four anterior pairs with the interior
lacinia uniarticidate, ovate, compressed ; of the other pairs of legs
niulliarticulate : external double /^///u with the middle joint of 'the
internal footstalk longest, the fust very short.

At the base of the abdomen of the female is situated the external
uterus, composed of tvvo valve-like membranes, in which the young
ones, just excluded from the egg, live and grow until they become
strong enough to take care of themselves.

The animals of this genus swim with tlieir head uppermost, and with
their eyes spreading, which gives them a singular and grotesque ap-
pearance.

* hitermediate lamella of the tail emarginate.

Sp. 1. 3It/sis spinulosa. Tail with the intermediate lamella externally
spinulose ; the apex acutely emarginate ; exterior lamellcE acuminate,
and very broadly ciliated.

Praimus flexuosus. Ixach, Edin. Enctjcl. vii. 401. ISIysis spinulosa.
Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 350. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422.

Inhabits the Frith of Forth near Leith.

" Colour when alive, pellucid cinereous : eyes black, red at their
base : lamina of the external antenna; with a black longitudinal line
and spots. A clouded spot on each side of the hinder part of the
thorax, and another above the legs. Every segment of the body
most beautifully marked with a reddish-rust coloured spot, disposed
in an arborescent form ; tail fin spotted with the same colour, mixed
with black : pouch of the female with two rows of fuscous-black
spots : under side of the abdomen regularly mottled with rufous black."

c 2

lOO MODLUJ. SYSTEM.

It Avas observed with young from the middle of June to the
middle of July. The females are one-third more abundant than
the males.
Length an inch and a quarter.

** Intermediate lamella of the tail entire.
Sp. 2. Mysis Integra.
Praunus integer. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.vn. 401. Mysis Integra. Leach,

Trans. Linn. Sue. xi. SoO.—Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 422.
Inhabits brackish pools of water, left by the tide at Lock Ranzain the

Isle of Arran. Common in the month of August with young.
Length one third of an inch.

Females more abundant than the males. Colour whilst living pel-
lucid cinereous, spotted with black and reddish brown.

Division III. — Tail ziiih tu-osctie, one on each side.
Fam. VI. Nebaliad.t. Leach.
Genus 38. NEBALIA. Leach.
Thorax anteriorly with a moveable rostrum : anterior pair of legs longest,
simple; other pairs equal, approximate, with the last joint bifid:
antenna two, inserted above the eyes, the last joint bifid and multi-
articulate.
Sp. 1. Kcb. Hcrhxtii. Gray or cinereous-yellowish ; eyes black.
Cancer bipes. Ofh. Fabr. "Fh. Groti. no. 223. Jig. 2. Hcrbst, ii. tab. 24.
fig. 7. Mysis bipes. Latr. Hixt. Nat. dea Crust, et dcs Insect, vi. 285.
Monoculus rosU-atus, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 14. tab. 2.fig.5.
Nebalia Ilerbstii. Leach, Zool. Miscel. i. 100. tab. U.— Trans. Linn.
Soc. xi. 351. — Snpp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 422.
Inhabits the European Ocean ; it is common beneath stones lying on
black mud, on the southern coast of Devon.

Genus of doubtful situation.

Genus 39. MEGALOPA, Uach.

The situation of this curious genus, which is figured in Dr. Leach's

Malacostraca Brit. {tab. 25.), is still doubtful. It however decidedly

belongs to the Macrofra, as Dr. L. has discovered to be the case,

since the publication of the first volume of the Si'pp. to Enci/d. Brit.

Legion II. E D R I O P II T H A L M A.

Tlie Malacostraca Edriophthahna, or at least a greater part of them,
were placed amongst the Macroura by Latreille, who considered theiu
as forming a particular family of that order

Body laterally compressed.

sr.
Section I.

CLASS I. CRl'STACEA. 101

Fani. I. PnRONYMAD.^. Lcoclis MSS.

Legs fourteen : antenna two, inserted one on each side of the front of
the head. (Tuil fnrnislied with styles.)

Genus 1. PIIRONYMA. . Lutr., Leach, Lamarck.

Head large, nutant: antenna biarticulate, the first joint small : thorax
seven-jointed, all its segments bearing legs : /egs compressed, tzco
anterior pairs with the antepenidtimate joint furnished at its [)o:nt
with a foliaceous process ; the penultimate joint with the point bifid
and terminated with a small claw: Ihh-d and fourth pitirs simple,
longer, somewhat thicker, terminated by a bent claw: ffth pair
large, very long, thicker, didactyle ; the tirst joint gradually thick-
ened towards its point; the second subtrigonate ; the third ovate,
and abruptly narrowed at its base ; the last narrowed at its base ; the
lingers cuned, and intf rnally furnished each with one tooth : sixth
and seventh pairs simple, terminated with a nearly straight claw :
ubdovten triarticulate, each segment, on each side, with a double ap-
pendice, placed on a peduncle : tail biarticidate, the first joint on
each side furnished with a biarticulate process, terminated by two
styles; second joint with four processes, each terminated by t'.vo
stj'les; the inferior processes biarticulate, the superior triarticulate.

Sp. 1. Phron. sedentaria. Fifth pair of legs with tlie apex of the thumb
and base of the fingers internally denticulated.

Cancer sedentarius. Forsk. Fn. Arab. 95. Phronyma sedentaria. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Lis. i. 57. Leuch, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 403 — 433. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 353. Cancer (Gammartllus) sedentarius. Hcrbst, ii.
13G. t. 37. fg. 8.

Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and Zetland Sea, residing in a cell
composed of a gelatinous substance, open at each extremity, where
it sits in an incurved posture.

The only specimen of this most interesting, rare, and curious
animal was taken by the Reverend Dr. J. Fleming, one of our most
zealous naturalists, wlio found it on the 3d of November 1809, at
Burray in Zetland, amongst rejectamenta of the sea, and communi-
cated it to Dr Leach.

Fam. II. Gammaridj-. Leach's MSS,

Body laterally' compressed : legs fourteen, with lamelliform coxae :
antenna four, inserted by pairs. (Jail furnished with styles.)

Stirps 1. — Antenna: four-jointed, the last segment composed of many
little joints ; the upper ones very short.

Genus 2. TALITRUS. Latr., Base, Leach.
Four anterior legs in both sexei> subequal, monodactyle : upper antennas
shorter than the two first joints of the under ones.

102 MODERN SYSTEM,

Sp. 1. Tal. LocuslH. Antennas subtestaceous-rufous, of the male longer
than the body, of the female shorter ; body cinereous, varied with
darker cinereous.

Oniscus Locusta. Pallas? Talitrus Locusta. Lafr., Bosc, Leach. As-,
tacus Locusta. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 21. Cancer {Gummarm) Saltator.
Montagu, Tram. Linn. Soc. xi. 94.

Inhabits the sandy shores of the European Ocean.

The specific name Locusta is probably derived from the form of
its protruded mouth, which has a general resemblance to the same
part in the Gryllides.

It has never been observed in the water ; it burrows in the sand,
and leaps about on the shore. Talitrus littoralis, described in the
seventh volume of the Edinburgh Encijclofadia, is merely the fe-
male of T. Locusta.

The use of this animal (which is generally denominated Sand-
hopper) in the economy of nature, appears to be that of contributing
to the dissolution of putrid animal and vegetable matter ; serving
in return as food to the shore birds, who devour it with avidity.

Genus 3. ORCHESTIA. Leach.

Four anterior legs of the male monodactyle ; second pair with a com-
pressed hand ; of the female, with the anterior pair monodactyle, the
second didactyle: upper antcnme not longer than the two first joints
of the under ones.

Sp. 1. Ore. littorea.

Pancer Gummarus littoreus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 96. Orche-
stia littorea. Leach, Edin. Encjjcl. vii. 402. pi 21. Jig. C. — Trans.
Linn. Soc. xi. 356. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.'i. 424.

Inhabits many of our shores, and is found at the mouths of rivers, but
has never been observed in the water. It resides under stones and
fuci, and in the evening it leaps about and is devoured by birds.

Stirps 2. — Antenna four-jointed, the last joint composed of several
littl-e joints ; upper ones rather shortest.

Genus 4. DEXAMINE. Leach.

pour anterior legs sub-equal, monodactyle, furnished with a filiform-
subovate hand : antoiwrf' with their first joint shortest: fj/es oblong,
not prominent, inserted behind the superior antennae : tail on each
side with three double styles, and above on each side with one move-
able style.

Sp. 1. De.v. spinosa. Segments of the abdomen behind, produced into
spines.

Cancer (Gammarus) spinosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3. Dex-
amine spinosa. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 433. — Zool. JMisccl. ii. 21,
— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.

Inhabits the sea of the western coasts of Britain.

CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 103

Genus 5. LEUCOTIIOE. Leach.
Anterior pair of legs didactyle; the thumb biarticulatc: second pair with

a dilated and compressed hand, furnis.hcd with a crooked thumb.
Sp. 1. Leu. arficulom.
Cancer articulasus. Mmitagii, Trans. Linn.Soc. vii. 71. f. G.f. 6. I^u-

cothbe articulosa. Leach, Edin. EncycLVii. 403. — Trans'. Linn. Soc.

xi. 35S. — Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. i. 42.5.
Inhabits the British sea, but is very rare.

Stirps 3. — .J/i^fWHtf four-jointed, the last segment composed of several
little joints; upper ones longest.

Subdivision 1. — Four anterior /eg.< vwnodactylc, second pair with a much

dilated compressed hand.

Genus 6. MRLITA. Leach.

Anterior pair of legs monodactylc; second pair with the thumb inflexed

on the palm: /«/7on each side with an elongate foliaccous lamella.

Sp. 1. Mel. palniutu. Body blackish: antciuue and legs annulated with

pale colour.
Cancer palmatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. S(k\ vii. 69. ISIelita palma-
ta. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3j8. — Sajip. to
Enci/cl. Brit. i. 423. pi. 21.
Inhabits the sea shore on the Devonshire coast under stones.

Genus 7. INI.ERA. Lxach.
Four anterior l,gs didactyle ; thumb of the second pair bent on the side

of the hand : tail with no foliaceous appendices.
Sp. 1. Ma. grossinuina.

Cancer Gammurus grossimanus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 97. t. 4,
f. 5. Ma;ra grossimana. l.cach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn,
Soc. xi. 359. — Snpp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire beneath stones.

Subdivision 2. — Tco anterior pair of legs monodaclyle and alike.
Genus 8. GAMMARUS. Latr., Leach.
Superior antennas furnished at the base of the fourth joint with a little
jointed seta: tail above with bundles of spines.

* Tail with the superior double styles, having the upper style process
very short.
Sp. 1. Gam. agnaticus. Process between the antennje rounded, obtuse.
Gammarus Pulex. I^ach,Edin. Encycl. \n.iOQ— 432. Gammarus aqua-
ticus. Leach, Trans. Linn.Soc. xi. 359. — Snpp. to EnCycl. Brit.i. 425.
Inhabits ponds, ditches, and springs in great plenty.
Sp. 2. Gam. marinus. Process between the antenna^ subacuminate.
Gammarus marinus. Leach, Trans. i/««. 5oc. xi. 359. — Supp. to Encycl,

Brit. i. 425,
Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Devonshire in plenty.

101 MODERN SYSTEM.

** Tail uith the superior double styles, having the style processet
snhequal.
Sp. 3. Gam. Locusta. Ei/es lunate.
Cancer Gummarus I.ocusta. JMoutagn, Trans. Linn. Sor. ix. 92. Gara-

inarus Locusta. Leach, Edin. Encycl.xn. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

359. — Siipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 42j.
Inhabits the British sea.
Sp. 4. Gam. Camptolops. Eyes flexuous.
Gammarus Camptolo[)S. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn^

S'K. xi. 3(30. — Sapp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 4'2.5.
Inhabits the sea al)out Loch Rauza, in the Isle of Arran.

Genus 9. AMPITHOE. Leach.

Superior antenna with no seta at the base of their fourth joint: tail
simple above : hands ovate.

Sp. 1. Am. ruhricata.

Cancer Gammarus rubricatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 99. Gam-
marus rubricatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402. Ampithiie rubri-
cata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Trans. Linn. Soc. \i. 360. — r
Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425.

Inhabits the sea of the southern coast of Devon.

Genus 10. PHERUSA. Leach.

Superior antennae with no seta at the base of their fourth joint : tail sim-
ple above : hands filiform.

Sp. 1. Phe. Fucicola. Testaceous-cinereous or gray cinereous mottled
with reddish.

Pherusa Fucicola. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. -132. r:— Trans. Liyin.Soc. xi.
360. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. pi. 21.

Inhabits fuci on the southern coast of Devon.

Stirps4. ^nYcnn^ four-jointed; under ones longest, leg-shaped. (Four,
anterior legs monodactyle.)

Subdivision 1. — Second pair of legs with a large hand.

Genus 11. PODOCERUS. Leach.
Eyes prominent : four anterior legs monodactyle.

Sp. 1. Pod. variegatus. Body varied with red and white.

Podocerus variegatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn.
Soc. xi. 361. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst confervae and co-
rallines.

Genus 12. JASSA. Leach.
jPyes not ])romincnt: Jour anterior legs monodactyle, with oval hand»^
second pair with its internal edge dentated.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 106

Sp. 1. Jan. pulchella. Thumb of the second pair of legs with its internal

edge notched at the base; colour white painted with red.
A'ar. a. Hands of the second pair with an elongate obtuse tooth.
Var. /3. Hands of the second pair \\ ith the internal edge tridentate.

Jassa pulchella. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

3(31. — Siipp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 4^6.
Inhabits the sea of southern Devon amongst fuci.

Subdivision 2. — Second pair of legs zcith a moderate-sized hand.

Genus 13. COROPIIIUM. Latr., Leach.
Sp. 1. Cor. longicorne. '

Cancer grossipes. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. 1055. Astacus grossipes. Penn.

Brit. Zool.'iv. pi. 16. ^^'.*31. Corophium longicorne. Latr. Gen.

Crust, ct Lnsect. i. 59. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 403 — 432. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 662. — Si(pp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426.
Lihabits the coast of the European ocean. At low tide it may be o\>-

served crawling amongst the mud. It is very common at the mouth

of the river ]Mcd\vay, where it was first observed by J. Hcnslow, esq.

Section II.
Body depressed: antenna four: legs fourteen.
A. Tail without appendices.

Fam. III. Caprellad.e. Leach.
Bodjj with all the segments bearing legs.
Stirps 1. -Bo(/y linear.

Genus 14. PROTO. Leach.
Second, third, and fourth pair of legs appendiculated at their bases.

To this genus belongs Squilla pedata, and probably also venlricn.':a
of Miiller, with Cancer Guinmarns pedatus of Montagu, which is prc-
bably the same with S. pedata of MiiUer. See Transactions of the Li::-
nean Society, vol. xi. p. 6. t. 11. f. 6.

Genus 15. CAPRELLA. Lamarch, L.atr., Base, L.each.
Second, third, and fourth pairs of legs not appendiculated at their bases;
the third and fourth pairs spurious, subgelatinous, and globose.

The animals com.posing this genus inhabit the sea, living amongst
Sertulariae and marine plants, moving geometrically like the larvai of
the Phal/enadtv.

The specific character may be taken from the nimiber and situ-
ation of the spines on the head and back, form of the second pair of
legs, &c.
Sp. 1. Cap. Fhasma. Hands of the second pair of legs narrow, their in-
ternal edge acutely notched backwards: back anteriorly with three
spines, turning forwards.

106 MODERN SYSTEM.

Cancer Phasma. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 66. t. G.f. 3. Leach,
Supp. to Envycl. Brit. i. 4Q6.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devon.

Astacus atumos of Pennant and Squilla lohutu of Miiller belong to the
genus CaprcUa, of which in the British Museum there arc several
tindescribed species.

Stirps 2. Bodij broad.

Genus 1(5. LARUNDA. Leach. Cyamus. Latr., Bosc. Paxope.
Leach.

Antenna four-jointed, upper ones longest: /cgs compressed, with strong
cla\\^s ; the third and fourth pairs elongate, spurious, cylindric, with-
out claws; the two anterior pairs monodaclyle.

External uterus, or pouch of the female, composed of four valves.

Sp. 1. Lar. Cetl Bases of the third and fourth pairs of legs with pro-
cesses resembling the figure 6; the hands of the second pair of legs
anteriorly, with three obtuse teeth.

Oniscus Ceti. Linn. Si/st. Nat. i. lOGO. Pall. Spec. Zool. ix. 4. /. 11.
Squille de la Baleine. Be Geer, Man. surks Insect. Vn.pl. 42./. (3, 7.
Pycrogonum Ceti. Fubr. Supp. Ent. Syst. 570. Cyamus Ceti. Latr.
Gen. Crust, et Lisect. i. 60. Panope Ceti. Leach, Edin. Enct/cl. vii.
404. Larunda Ceti. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 36-k.— Supp. to En-
ci/cl. Brit. I. 426. pi. 21.

Inhabits whales, and according to Latreille it is also found on some
sjiecies of the genus Sco)nher.

By the Greenland fishermen it is termed the Whale-louse.

Fani. IV. Idotead.e. Leach.

Both/ with all the segments not bearing legs : {ventral appendages co-,
vered by two longitudinal plates.)

Genus 17. IDOTEA. Fubr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Asellus. Ohv.,
Lamarck. Extomon. Klein.
External antenna; half the length of the body, or less; the tliird and

fourth joints equal : body ovate.
Sp. 1. LI. pelagica. Body linear-oval: tail roimded, tlie middle, with a
very obsolete tooth: antenna^ one third of the length of the boily.
Idotea pelagica. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 365.— Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. i.

426.
Inhabits the Scottish seas.

Colour when alive ash-gray or fuscous, speckled with darker co-
lour, and often variegated or mottled with white spots : legs pale.

The female seems to be very rare, as amongst 400 specimens of
the animal, one only of that sex was found.
Length one inch and a (piarter.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 107

Genus 18. STENOSOMA. Leach.
Evtcrmil antenna: as long as tlie body, tlic third joint longer than the

fourth: body linear.
Sp. 1. St. liiicare. Last segment of the tail somewhat narrowed at its

base, and dilated towards its apex, which is truncate and notched.
Oniscus linearis. Fenn. Brit. Zoul. iv. pL 18. fg. 2. Idotea hectica.

Leach, Kdin. Emycl. vii. 401. Stenosoma hecticum. Leach, Edin.

Enct/cl. vii. 433. Stenosoma lineare. Leach, Trans. Lmn.Soc. xi. 366.

— Sapp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 427.
Inhabits the European ocean. It sometimes occurs in the Firth of

Fortli, and amongst the Hebrides.

B. Tail on each side, rcith one or tuo appendices.

Fam. V. AxTHURAD.c Leach.

A»lenn(E inserted in nearly the same horizontalline: ventral appen-
dages closed by two longitudinal plates.

Genus 19. ANTHURA. Leach.

AnlenniB short, subequal ; inserted one after another in the same ho-
rizontal line, the internal ones a little longest : bodij linear : tail
with the last joint but one very short; the lust elongate, narrower,
with two elongate lamclke on each side.

Sp. 1. An. gracilis. Lateral processes of the tail obliquely truncated.

Oniscus gracilis. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. lab. 5 4" G. Anthura
gracilis. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. — Trans. LJnn. Soc. — Supp. to Encijcl.
Brit.

Fam. VI. CYMOTnoAD;E. L^each.

Anlemut inserted in jtairs, one above the other.

Stir PS 1. Tail with one lamella on each side.

Genus 20. CAMPTECOPEA. Leach.

Tuil with its last segment furnished on each side with a compressed,
curved appendage: bodi/ six-jointed, the last joint of the same size
with the others : unienna setaceous, upper ones longest, their pe-
duncle biarticidate, the space between the antennas very great: an-
terior elates bifid.

Sp. 1. Cam. hirsuta. Brown; the last joint of the body with a few
foint blueish spots.

Oniscus hirsutus. Montagu, Trans. LJnn. Soc. vii. t. 6.f. 8. Camptc-
copca hirsuta. Leach, Trans. LJnn. Soc.xi. 367. — Edin. Encycl. vn.AOj.
— Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. i. 427.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, but is rather rare.

Length one eighth of an inch.

108 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus 21. N^TLSA. Leach.

Tall oil each side of the last segment, with a straight siibcompresscd
process attached to a peduncle : boch/ six-jointed, the last joint largest:
antennte setaceous, subequal ; upper ones with a very large biarticu-
lated pedimclc, the first joint largest: space between the antennae
easily to be discerned : claus bifid.

Sp. 1. A«. hidentata. Last segment of the body armed with two spines
or teeth ; colour cinereous, faintly streaked with blue, or reddish.

Oniscus bideiuatus. Adann;, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 8. t. 2./ 3. Nacsa hi-
dentata. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. A05.— Trans. Linn. Soc.xi. 367.—
Supp. to Emyc/. Brit. i. 427.

Inhabits the coasts of Wales and Devonshire.

Stirps 2. Tail with t^vo laraellje on each side.

* Superior antennte nitli a very large peduncle. Claus bifid.

Genus 22. .CYMODICE. Leach.

Eyes touching the anterior margin of the first segment of the body :
'/joo'y seven-jointed: tail at the base, on each side with two subcom-
pressed Init not foliaceous appendages, the exterior ones largest; the
apex of the tail notched, with a lamella in the centre: clau^s bifid.

Sp. 1. Cy.tnincata. Apex of the tail truncate.

Oniscus truncaUis. Montagus MSS. Cymodice truncata. Leach, Edin.
Encycl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 303. — Snpp. to Encycl. Brit.
i. 127.

This species is very rare, and has been found but tliree times on
the southern coast of Devonshire.

Genus 23. DYNAMENE. Leach.
Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the
"^body: body seven-jointed: tail wkh two equal foliaceous appendages
on each side of its base ; the apex notched : clazcs bifid.
Dvnamene. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433.

There are several indigenous species cf this genus, and their cha-
racters will be given under the article Cymothoade'es, in the Di£-
tionnaire des Sciences Natu/xlles, by Dr. Leach.
Genus 24. SPILl-LROMA. Latr., Leach.
Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the
body : body seven-jointed : tail with its apex entire ; the base on each
side with two equal foliaceous appendages: claws bifid.
Sp. 1. Sph. scrruta. Body smooth, unarmed: tail very smooth on each
side; obli(|uely truncated : lamella; elliptic, acute, the external ones
externally serrated.
Oniscus Globator. Pall. Spec. ZooLfasc. ix. t. 4. /. 18. Cymothea ser-
jata. Eabr. Ent.Syst.u. b\0. Sphperoma cinerea. Latr. Gen. Crust.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA^ 109

et Insect, i. 05. Sphceroma serrata. Leach, EJln. Enci/cl. vii. 405.
— Trans. Linu. Soc.x'i. COS. — Supp. to Enci/cl. B?it. i. 427.

** Superior antenne uith a very large peduncle. Claws simple.
Genus 25. iEGA. Leach.
Eyes large, granulated, oblong, oblique, marginal : tail with its ap-
pendages foliaceous.
Sp. 1. JEga emarginala. Tail with the last joint acuminate; the inte-
rior lamella internally oblicjuely truncated, externally emarginated.
iT".ga emarginata. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 370. — Supp. to Encj/cl.
Brit. i. 427. pi. 21.

*** Superior autenn/e ziith a moderate peduncle.

Genus 16. EURYDfCE. Leach.
Eyes distinct, simple, lateral : head as broad as the first segment of the

body.
S]). 1. Eu.pulchra. Tail with the last joint semioval : body cinereou?,

variegated with black.

Genus 27. LIMNORTA. Leach.

Head as broad as the first segment of the body : ei/cs granulated. '

Sp. 1. Lim. terebrans. Body cinereous : eyes pitchy black.

Liranoria terebrans. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.\i\. -J33 — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.
ii70.—Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 428.

Inhabits the British ocean, perforating buildings of wood, piles, &c. It
is common at the Bell-rock, and on the coasts of Suffolk and York-
shire. It generally jiroduces seven yovmg ones.

Genus 28. CYMOTIIOA. Fabr., Bald., I^ach.
Head narrow and small: eyes obsolete: body with the first segment

notched to receive the head.
Sp. 1. Cam. (Est rum.
Cymothoa CEstrum. Fahr. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.

C . Tail furnished with two seta.
Fam. VII. Apseudiad.e.

Genus 29. APSEUDES. I^yich.

Bo'Jy six-jointed: to7 with six segments; the last largest, armed at the
apex with appendices: feet fourteen; the anterior pair with a finger
^!id thumb; Xh^ second pair compressed and dentated; the third and
foi'rth alike and simple ; the fifth with a double nail ; the sixth and se~
Txnth spurious : the superior antenna with a biarticulated peduncle
armed at the apex witli a jointed seta; the inferior antenne^ bilurcate,

Sp. I. A. Ta/pa. Rostiaira acute, with three excavated Icngiiudina!
grooves.

110 MODTRN SYSTEM.

Cancer Gammarus. Alontagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. f. 4. f. 6. Apscudes
Talpa. Leach, Ediii. Emycl. vii. 40-i. — Trans. Linn. Site. xi. 377. —
Supj). to Ena/cl. Brit. 4'2U. vol. i.

Inhabits the British ocean : length four lines : colour yellowish-white :
is very rare.

D. Tail furnished with stijles.

Fam. VIII. AsELLiD.^.
Interior antenna distinct.
Stiups 1. Stt/ks of the tail exserted: anterior legs monodactylc.

Genus 30. JANIRA. Leach.
Claws bifid : cijcs moderate, kiteral-subvcrtical : internal antenna:, shorter

than the peduncle of the external ones.
Sp. 1. Jan. maculosa. Body cinereous, maculated with fuscous.
Oniscusmaculosus. Montagu's 2ISS. Janira maculosa. Leach,Edin. En-

ci/cl. y'li. 431. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Snpp. to Emycl. Brit. i. 428.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst marine plants.
Genus 31. ASELLUS. Geoff., Olivier, Latr., Bosc, Leach. Ento-
MON. Klein.
Claws simple : ei/es minute, lateral : interior anteamc of the length of the

setiferous joint of the exterior ones.
Sp. 1. Asel. aquaticus. Colour cinereous, either spotted with gray or

whitish.
Oniscus aquaticus. Linn. Syst.lS[at.\.10Q\. Aselle d'eaudoucc. Geoff.

Hist, dcs hisect. xi. 672. 7;/. 22. /. 2. Squille Aselle. Be Gcer, Man.

sur Ics Lisect.vu. 496. pi. i^-fg- 1- Aselle ordinaire, Latr. Hist.

Nat. des Crust, et des hisect. vi. 33f>. Asellus vulgaris. Bosc, Hist.

Nat. dcs Crust, ii. 170.;?/. 15. jig. 7. Latr. Gen. Crust, ct Lis.i. 63.

Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 404. Idotea aquatica. Fuhr. Sapp. Ent.

Si/st.'Mli. Entomon hieroglyphicum. Klein, Bub. fig. 5. Asellus aqua-
ticus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.373. — Supp. to EncycL Brit. i. 423.
Inhabits ponds and ditches, and is generally considered a sign of the

purity of the water.

Stirps 2. Styles of the tail not exserted. Anterior legs simple.

Genus 32. JiliRA. Leach.

Eyes moderately large, situated between the sides and the vertex of the
head.

Sp. 1. Ja.alhifrons. Cinereous; front whitish.

Oniscus albifrons. Montagus MSS. Ja^ra albifrons. Leach, Edin. En-
cycL vii. 434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 373. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428.

Inhabits marine plants, and beneath stones ou the southern coast of
Devon.

CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. Ill

Fam. IX. Lir.iAD.T.. Leach's MSS.

Inferior antenna distinct. Sl^le of the tail double, \\[\h double foot-
stalks.

Genus 3.3. LIGIA. Fahr., TMfr., Bmc, Uach.
EatcnuU antenntewhh the last joint composed of several other joints.

Sp. 1. Lig. oceanica. Antennae as long as the body : back subscabrose.
Ligia oceanica. Fair. Supp. Ent. Si/st. 301. Leach, FxUn. Enci/cl.v'u. 406.

— Supp. to EiuycL Bril. i. 123. Ligia Scopulorinn. ]A:ach, Ediu. Eih-

ctjcl. vii. 40G. Oniscusoceanicus. Linn. Sj/st. Aut. i. lOGl.
Inhabits the rocJcy shores of tlie European ocean. The last joint of

the antenna varies much in the number of its segments, even in the

two sides of the same individual.

Fam. X. O.NtsciD.E.

A)itenv<e two. St i/lcs of t\\c tail four, the lateral ones biarticulate.

* Boilj/ not capable of contracting into a ball,
a. External antenna: eight-jointed.

Genus 31. PIIILOSCIA. Latr., Leach.
External antenna with their bases naked : tail abruptly narrower than

the body.
Sp. 1. Phil. Muscoruin. Body variegated ; sometimes pale brick-red.
Oniscus Muscorum. Scop. Ent. Ctirn. 1145. Oniscus sylvestris. Fabr.

Ent. Sj/st. iv. 397. Philoscia Musconmi. lAdr. Gen. Crust, et Liscct.

i. 69. JxY/c/(, Edin. Enct/cl. vii. 406. — Supp. to Enct/cl. Brit. i. 428.
Inhabits France, Germany, and England, under stones and mosses.

Genus 35. ONISCUS of authors.

Antenna inserted beneath the anterior margin of the head, on a promi-
nent part.

Sp. 1. On. Asellus. Above, obscure-cinereous, rough; the sides and a se-
ries of dorsal spots yellowish.

Oniscus Asellus. Li/tnc, Latr., Leach. Oniscus murarius. Fabr. Supp.
Ent. S)/st. 300.

Inhabits rotten wood and old walls throughout the greater part of Eu-
rope.

It was formerly used in medicine, and was supposed to cure agues,
consumptions, &c. but has now, like many other medicines, deser\-
edly grown out of fashion, and is rejected from the modern Pharma-
copoeias. It is commonly called Pig's-lousc, Wood-louse, Millepede
or Carpenter.

112 MUl'ERN SySl'EM.

b, External anlennm with seven jointi.

Genus 36. PORCELLIO. Latr., Leach.
External antcnme inserted on a prominence luider the anterior margin

of tlie head : tail with its lateral styles conic, prominulous.
Sp. 1. Por.scaber. Body rough.
Oniscus Asellus. Fubr. Supp. Ent. Si/st. 300. Porcellio scaber. Lat7\

Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 70 Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 406. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 37. — Supp. to Enci/cf. Brit. i. 1'29.
Inhabits Europe. This species is found under stones, in rotten wood,

and on old walls. It varies much in colour, beinii: at one lime blue-

ish black, at another time yellow. In Scotland it is called Sclater.

** Body contracted info a hall.

Genus 37. ARMADILLO. Lutr., Leach.

Erternal antenna seven-jointed, inserted on a prominence in a cavity
on each side of the head: /«('/ with the laLeral styles not prominent.

Sp. 1. Ai-m. vulgaris. Griseous lead-coloured; hinder margins of the
segments whitish.

Oniscus Armadillo. iLinn. Syst. Kat. i. 10G2. Armadillo vulgaris^
I^ifr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 70. — Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 406. —
Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 376.—^Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 429.

Inhabits Europe amongst moss and under stones. It is commonly
named the Pill-millepede, and pavas the way to the Myriapoda : in ge-
neral external appearance and in economy it is allied to the genus
Glomcris.

Class U. MYRIAPODA.

This Class was proposed by Dr. Leach in the Edinburf^h Encyclopa^
A'fljVol. vii. and has since been distinctly established, with its characters
more decidedly shown, in a paper published in the eleventh vohuxie of
the Transactions of the IJnneun Society, and also in the Supplement to
Encyclopmlia Br tannici, vol. i.

By Linne the animals composing this group were denominated Sco-
■LOPF.NDR.T. and JuLi, and were arranged with apterous insects. His
pujiil, J. C. Fabricius, in the Supplement to his Entomologia Systcma^
tica, placed them in a particular Class named Mitosata, comj-,rehend-
ingall the species, like Linne, under the generic appellations of Julus
and ScoioprxDRA. Cuvier, in his Tableau Elementaire, arranged tlie
Myriapoda whh insects, in which he was followed by Dunieril, who has,
however, adopted the new (Jcnera proposed by Latreille.

They were arranged in the older works of Latreille along with In-
sects; i)ut in his last work be has placed them in a peculiar Order of the
Class AitAcnNoiDKA,which be had dcnuniiualed MYKiArou^; and has
divided them into two Families.

CLASS ir. MYRIAPODA. 113

Lamarck arranged them with the Arachnoidea in three Genera;
1. Scolopendra; 2.Scutigeraj 3. Julus; and in his last work he has
adopted a fourth genus, Pollyxenus.

Having given a shght sketch of what has been done by systematic
writers, 1 shall proceed with the arrangement proposed by Dr. Leach,
which differs from them merely in considering them as constituting a
distinct Class, and in disposing the species under some additional ge^
neric heads, which a minute examination of their structure has most
fully warranted.

Classification. — All the Mj/riapoda have their head distinct from
the body, furnished with two antenna?. Mandihles two. Maxilhe four,
confluent and forming a lower lip. All or most of the segments of the
body furnished with two or four legs.

The nervous system is composed of a series of gangUa, one in each
segment of the body; these ganglia are brought into communication
with each other by two longitudinal bundles of nerves, or, as they are
generally but improperly denominated, by a spinal marrow.

The CniLOGXATiiA and Syxgnatha, established as Families l)y La-
treille, are adopted as Orders by Dr. Leach.

Order L Ciiilognatha. — Antenna seven-jointed. Legs short. Jiodi/
generally crustaceous.

Order ILSyngnatha. — ^?j^en»« composed offourteen or more joints.
Legs elongated. Borfy depressed, coriaceous or membranaceous.

Order I. CHILOGNATHA,

Fam. I. Glomerid.e. Leach,
Body contractile into a globe. Eyes distinct.

Genus I. GLOMERIS. Latr., Drmer., Leach. Armadillo. Cuv.

^«^ew7;,€ with the two first joints shortest, the sixth largest includhig
the last, which is very small : body elongate-ovate, convex above,
arched beneath; £rst segment a little semicircular lamina; the se=-
cond larger than the others; the last semicircular and arched; legs
sixteen pairs.

Sp. 1. Glo. murginutu. Black; the margins of the segments Juteous
or orange.

Oniscus marginatus. Villers, Entom. iv. 187, t. 11. f. 15. Glomeris
horde, Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crmt. ct, des Lisect. vii. 66. Oniscus mar-
ginatus. Oliv. Encycl. Mith. Hist. Nat. vi. p. 24. Julus oniscoides.
Tuwnsons Tracts, p. 151. Stewarfs Elem. Nat. Hist.'n. 307. Glome-
ris marginata. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 74. Lcadi, Edin. En-^
cycl. vii. 407.— Trans. Linn. Soc. x\.—Supp. to Encycl Bnt. i. 43P,
pL2Q,~^Zool. Misc. iii. tab. 132.

114 MODERN SYSTEM.

Inhabits Britain, France, and Germany, under stones ; but has gene-
rally been considered by British naturalists as a variety of Armadillo
vulgaris.

Fam. II. JuLiDi. Leach.

Body not contractile into a globe : ei/cs distinct.

Genus 2. JULUS of authors.

Both/ serpentiform, cylindric: antenna with the second joint longer
than the third : legs a great many.

The British species of this obscure genus may be found described
in vol. xi. of the Transactions of the Linvean Society. The follow-
ing species, which is the most common, will best serve as an exam-
ple of the genus.

Sp. 1 . Jul. sabu/osus. Black-cinereous, with two red dorsal lines ; last
joint mucronatcd : legs luteovis.

Julus sabulosus of authors.

Inhabits Europe, lurking beneath stones, especially in sandy places.

Genus 3. CRASPEDOSOMA. Leach.
Body linear, depressed; the sides of the segments laterally prominent;
nntcnna towards their extremities somewhat thicker, the second joint
shorter than the third.

This genus was discovered by the late R. Rawlins, esq. one of the
most promising naturalists of tliis country.

* Middle of the segments prominent.
Sp. 1. Cras. Raulinsii. Back fuscous-brown, with four lines of white

spots: belly and legs reddish.
Craspedosoma Raulinsii. Leach, Edin. Encycl.vu. 407-434. — Trans.

Linn. Soc. xi. 380.— Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 430. pi. Q2.—2ool. Misc. iii.

fab. 134. fg. 1-5.
Inhabits the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where it occurs in some

plenty under stones and amongst moss. It was first noticed by

jMr. Rawlins.

** Hinder angles of the segtnents produced.

Sp. 2. Cras. poly desmoides. Body" reddish gray: belly pale: legs red-
dish, with their bases pale; jiroduced angles of the body each fur-
nished with a seta.

Julus polydesmoides. Montagus MSS. Craspedosoma polydesmoides.
Leac/i, Edin. En-cycl. vii. 407-434. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 380. — Supp.
to Encycl. Brit. i. 430.;)/. 22.—Zool. ilf/sc. iii. tab. 134. fg. 6-0.

Inhabits Devonshire, imdcr stones. It is common all along the borders
of Dartmoor, and on the southern coast. It was once taken by
Dr. Leach in the garden of tlie British INIuseum.

CLASS II. MYRIAPODA, 115

Fam. III. POLYDESMIDJE. ifrtc//.

J^ycs obsolete.

Genus 4. POLYDESMUS. Latr., Dumtr., Leach.

Antenna with the second joint scarcely longer than the first, and much
shorter than the third: body linear; the segments laterally com-
pressed, margined : eya obsolete.

Sp. 1. Fol. coniplanatus. Reddish cinereous; last segment of the body
mucronuted.

Julus complanatus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1065. Fair. Ent. Syst. ii. 393.
Polydesmus complanatus. Latr. Gen. Crust, e.t Lisect. i. 76. Leach,
Edin. Encycl.v'n. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc.\\. 381. — Suppl. to Enct/d,
Brit. i. 430. p/. 22.-— -SooZ. Misc. iii. tab. 135.

Inhabits Europe, beneath stones.

Genus 5. FOLLYX^NVS.- Latr., Leach.
Body elongated, linear, and depressed; the segments on each side with

small bundles of scales, ending in pencils : feet twelve on each side ;

antenna inserted beneath the head at the interior margin.
Sp. 1. Pol. Lagurus. Body brown: head black: the pencils of the tail

white.
Scolopeudra Lagura. Linn., Fabr. Pollyxenus Lagurus. Ddr. Gen,

Crust, et Lisect. i. 77, Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. p. 38. pi. 135. B. Cuv,

Reg. An. 3. 155.
I-,ength of the body from 14 to 2-|- lines.
Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in profusion beneath the bark

of trees.

Order II. SYNGNATHA.

Fam. I. ScoLOPENDRAD^E. Leach,

Body with each segment bearing two legs : hinder legs distinctly longer
than the others.

SxiRPS 1. — Legs on each side fifteen.

Genus 6. LITHOBIUS. Leach, Lamarck.

Antennm conic-setaceous ; joints (about forty-five) conic^setaceous, ttie
two first joints largest; wider lip anteriorly broadly notched; the
margin very much denticulated : eyes granulated.

8p. 1, Lith.forficatus. Head broad : under lip entirely and deeply co-
vered with impressed dots : legs testaceous-yellowish.

Scolopendra forficata. Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1062. Fabr. Ent. Syst. ii. 390.

• Lithobius forficatus. Leach, Fklin. Encycl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn.
Soc. xi. 381. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 431. pi. 22. — Zool. Mine. iii.
tab. 1ST.

Inhabits Europe, beneath stones.

u 'I

116 MODERN SYSTEM.

The other species are described in the eleventh volume of the
Transactions of' the Linnean Society.

Stirps 2. — Legs on each side twenty-one.

Genus 7. CRYPTOPS. Leach.

Antenna conic-setaceous, composed of (seventeen) globose-subconic
joints: imder Up not denticulated; anterior margin scarcely emar-
ginate: hinder legs with the first joint toothless : eyes obscure.

Sp. 1. Cn/p. hortensis. Testaceous-ferruginous: back deeper in co-
lour: antenna; and legs hairy.

Scolopendra hortensis. Donovan's Brit. Ins. Cryptops hortensis. Leach,
Edin. Encycl. vii. 408. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i.
431. pi. 22.—Z00I. Misc. iii. tab. 139.

Inhabits gardens in and near Exeter. It has likewise been found near
Plyxnouth in Devonshire.

Fam. II. GEOPHiLiD.i:. Leach.
Body with each segment bearing two legs : hi7ider legs not distinctly
longer than the otliers : legs many, varying in number in the same
species.

Genus 8. GEOPIIILUS. Leach.
Eyes obscure: {lip divided by a fissure?) mandibles strong: antenna
cylindric in some, towards the apex gradually somewhat narrower in
others ; composed of (fourteen) subcylindric joints a little narrower
at their base.

* Antenna with short joints.

Sp. 1. Gcoph. carpophagus. Head, antennae, and arms fulvescent ; body
violet, anteriorly yellowish : legs pale yellowish. Var. /3. Body ob-
scurely subviolet-testaeeous, anteriorly subtestaceous.

Gcophikis carpophagus. Leach, Trans. Linn, Soc. xi. 384. — Supp. to
Encycl. Brit. i. 431. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 43.

Inhabits Devonshire, in garden fruit : it is not uncommon.

Sp. 2. Geoph. subterraneus. Body yellow: head subferruginous.

Scolopendra subterranea. Shaw, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 7. Geophilus sub-
terraneus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 385. — Zool. Misc. iii. p. 44.

Inhabits the earth. It is very common in England.

Sp.3. Geoph. acianinatm. Body ferruginous, anteriorly gradually nar»
rower ; head anteriorly, and the legs paler.

Gcophilus acuminatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Zool. Misc. iii.
p. 45.

Lnhabits moss and beneath the ground. It is rare.

CLASS III. ARACIINOIDA.

117

** Antenna with elongate joints.
Sp.4.Geoph.lougicomis. Body yellow: head ferruginous : antenncelons^.
Geophilus longicornis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 386. — Supp. to En-

cycl. Brit. i. 481./)/. 22.— 2bo/. Misc. iii. tab. 140. /. 3-6.
Inhabits the earth and under stones.
Obs. — Scolopendra elecfrica of Linne belongs to this genus.

Class III. ARAC IINOlDA.
Arachnoida. Fischer.
Arachnides. Lamarck, Latreille, Leach.

From apx^vrj, a spider, and eiSos, resemblance. A class of animals
formerly arranged with Insects, but first shown to be distinct by the
celebrated Lamarck, and established as such l)y Latreille, Cuvier, and
Leach.

Linnc arranged all of these animals with which he was acquainted
with apterous insects, under the generic titles, Piiat.angium, Aranea,
AcARUs, and Scorpio; and in this disposition he was followed by Cu-
vier.

Lamarck, in his Sj/stcme des Animaux sans Vcrtlbres, has included
amongst tlie Arachnoida the Myriapoda, and certain animals which in
the system proposed by Dr. Leach form a distinct order of insects,
which will be mentioned hereafter.

Dumeril, in his Zoologie Anali/tiqne, has placed the Arachnoida with
the apterous insects. He arranges the genus: 1. Ixodes Lutr. with
Pediculus and Pulex; the other genera he has placed in a peculiar
family: 2. Araxea; 3. Mygale; 4. Phryxis; S.Scorpio; 6. Che-
lifer; 7. Galeodes; 8. Phalaxgil-m.

Lamarck, in his Extrait dii Cours, S^c. has placed the Arachnoida with
some genuine insects and JMyriapoda ; but he has formed for them a
separate Order, which he terms Arachnides palpati, and disposes them
into the following little groups of Genera.

I. PYCNOGOXIDES.

Genus 1. Nymphum: 2. Phoxichilus: 3. Pycnogoxlm.
11. ACARIDES.
* Parasitic.
a. Six legs.
Genus 4. Astoma: .5. Leptus: 6. Caris.

b. Eight legs.
Genus 7. Uropoba : 8. Argas: 9. Ixodes: 10. Acarus.

lis MODEKN SYSTEM.

** Wanderers.

a. Land,

Genus 11. Oribata: 12. Smaris: 13. Cheyletus: 14. Bdella,
15. Erythr^us: 16. Trombidium.

b. AquatiCi

Genus 17. Elais: 18. Limnocharis: 19. Hydrachna.

III. PHALANGIDES.

Genus 20. SiRO : 91. Trogulus: 22. Phalangivm: 23. Galeod{;s.

IV. SCORPIONIDES.

Genus 24. Chelifer: 25. Scorpio: 2(3. TiiELEPHONUsi 27. Pkrv-

KU3.

V. ARANEIDES.

Genus 28. Aranea: 29. Mygale.

Classification. — The following Classification is that lately pub-
lished in the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany.

Order I. Polymerosomata. — Body composed of a series of seg-
ments: abdomen not pedunculated: mouth furnished ■<vith didactjle
mandibles and with maxillae : eyes two, four, six, or eight : legs eight.

Order II. Dimerosomata. — Body composed of two segments ; the
abdomen pedunculated: mouth furnished with mandibles and with
maxillae : eyes six or eight.

Order I. POLYMEROSOMATA. Leach.
Fam. T. Stkonid.e. Leach.

Palpi simple. Mandibles didactyle.

Genus 1. SIRO. LatreiUc, Leach.

Mandibles Vwo; two-jointed, cylindric, compressed; their points armed
with a forceps: palpi two, five-jointed ; joints elongate, the second
longest : body oval : eyes tsvo, placed one on each side of the thorax
on an erect peduncle : legs elongate, filiform; tibict and tarsi two^
jointed, the latter parts terminated by an arcuate claw.

Sp. 1. Sirorubens. Pale red: legs paler.

Siro rubens. Latr. Gen. Crust, et hisect. i. 113. Leach, Edin. En^
cycl. vii. 416. — Trans. Linn Soc xi. 390. — Stipp. to Encycl, Brit, i,
483. pi. 23.

Inhabits moss at the roots of trees and m woods.

CLASS III. ARACIINOIDA. 119

Fam. II. Scoui'ioNiD.t. Leach.

Palpi arm-shaped. Mandibles didactylc. lA^gs alike.

The animals composing this Family constitute a most natural
groupe.

Stirps 1. — Tail none. Ej/es two, or four. Pccttn none.

" The ocelli of the animals of this division are placed on the sides
of the anterior segment of the body or thorax. They want the tail
and the pectinated processes near the base of the abdomen, by which
they may very easily be distinguished from those of the second Stirps,
with which they were formerly arranged by Fabricius under tlic title
Scorpio. Two species only were known to Linne, who referred them
to his artificial genus Phalaugium. The greater number of the spe-
cies live beneath the bark of decaying trees or under stones; but one
at least is parasitical, and attaches itself to the legs of flies." Leuclia
Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Those genera of the second Stirps include the
Scorpion, &.c.

Genus 2. OBISIUM. Illiger, Leach.
jBof(j/ cylindric: <//o;'tfjr composed of one segment: mandibles porrcct

eijes four.
Sp. 1. Obi. trombidioides. Second joint of the arms elongate : fingers

long and straight.
Inhabits France and England, under stones.

, A \'akiable Monograph has been published on the British species
of this and the following genus in the third volume of the Zoological
Miscellani/, and is illustrated with very accurate figures of the whole.

Genus 3. CHELIFER. Geoff., Leach.
Thorax composed of three parts: mandibles short : eyes two.

Sp. 1. Ch. fascicdus. Hands oval; segments of the abdomen bordered

with whitish.
Chelifer fasciatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix.
Inhabits beneath the bark of willow and other trees.

Obs. — Of the second stirps there are no British genera.

Order II. DIMEROSOMATA. Leach.

Fam. I. Phalaxgid^. Leach.

Eyes two : anus simple.

Genus 4. PHALANGIUM of authors.
Eyes placed in a common peduncle : mandibles corneous, subcylindric,
compressed, biarticulate, iiifie.xed or genicidated at the second joiafc

120 MODjeRN SYSTEM.

tlie apex of which bears a forceps with equal fingens : palpi formed
hke legs, terminated by a hook : body more or less oval. Second
pair of legs almost six times the length of the body : tarsi all capil-
lary, very slender, the first joints elongate, four times (or more)
longer than broad.

Sp. 1. Ph. Opilio. Lad: — Male, Phalangium cornutimi. Linn., Fubr,
Female, Phalangium Gpilio. Linn., Fabr.

Inhabits Europe on walls and rocks.

Genus 5. OPILIO. Leach.

Ei/es placed on a common peduncle : mandibles corneous, subcylindric,
compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint,
the apex of which has a ibrccps with equal lingers : palpi formed
like legs, terminated by a hook : bodtj more or less oval. Hccond pair
of legs three or four times the length of the body, the fourth and fol-
lowing joints a little elongate, twice as long as broad.

Sp. 1. Op. Histrix.

Inhabits France and England.

Fam. II. Aranead-^, Leach,
Araneides. Latreille.

Ei/es six or eight : anus with nipples for spinning.

The animals composing this most natural family are familiarly
denominated Spiders, and, as before observed, were included by
Linne, Fabricius, and other authors in one genus, which they called
Aranea ; but as the species are very numerous, they were obliged to
divide them into sections, which they distinguished by the situa-
tions of their eyes. These organs are immoveable, and consist each
of a single lens, which deprives them of the faculty of seeing in
every direction.

" The Aranead.e are by far the most interesting animals of that
chiss of which they form the type ; and consequently their habits
and structure excited the attention of naturalists at a very early pe-
riod. Spiders frequently change tlieir skins, and their skins are often
found in their webs, being dry and transparent, with their mandibles
attached to them. When about to cast their covering, they suspend
themselves in some corner, and creep out of a fissure which takes
place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs from the skin,
as if from a glove. They have likewise the power of reproducing
their legs : the mode in which this takes place was first made known
by that accurate observer of nature. Sir Joseph Banks."

" As he was writing one evening in his study, one of the web-
spinning spiders, of more than the middle size, passed over some
papers on the table, holding a fly in its mouth. Much surprised to
see a spider of this description walking about with its prey, and

CLASS IIT. ARACHNOIDA. 121

being struck with somewhat unusual in its gait, he caught it, and
placed it within a glass lor examination, when, instead of eight, he
perceived it had but three legs, which accounted for tb.c inability of
the creature to spin its web ; but the curious circumstance of its
having changed its usual economy, and having become a hunting
instead of a spinning spider, as well as a wish to learn whether its
legs would be renewed, induced him to keep the animal in the glass,
from whence it could not escape, and to observe its conduct.

" On the following morning the animal ate two flies given to it,
by sucking out the juices, but left the carcases entire. Two or three
days afterwards it devoured the body and head of a fly, leaving only
• the wings and legs. After this time it sometimes sucked and some-
times ate the fly given to it. At first it consumed two flies in a day,
but afterwards not more than one in two days. Its excrement, which
it voided, was at first of a milky-white colour, but afterwards the
white had a l)lack spot in the centre, of a more solid appearance than
the surrounding fluid.

" Soon after its confinement it attempted to form a web on the
side of the vessel, but performed the business very slowly and clum-
sily, from the want of the proper number of legs. In about a fort-
night it had completed a small web, upon which it generally sat.

" A month after having been caught, it shed its skin, leaving the
slough on the web. After this change five new legs appeared, not
half as long as the other three legs, and of very little use to the ani-
mal in walking. These new members, however, extended themselves
a little in three days, and became half as long as the old ones. The
web was now increased, and the animal continued immoveably sit-
ting on it in the day time, unless drawn from it, or attracted by a
fly thrown to it as its usual provision.

" Twenty-nine days afterwards it again lost its skin, leaving the
slough hanging in the web, opposite to a hollow cell it had woven,
so as to prevent it from being completely seen when lodged in it.
The legs were now larger than before the change of skin, and they
grew somewhat longer still in three or four days, but did not attain
the size of the old legs.

" The animal now increased its web, and being put into a small
bowl as a more commodious residence, soon renewed a better web
than the first. In this state it was left on the first of November.
No further observations have yet been made on the subject."

" The principal use of the Araneada, in the economy of nature,
seems to be that of preventing the too great increase of insects."

Stirps 1. — Legs simple, hinder eyes not placed on the anterior and su-
perioT part of the thorax, nor fomiing an irregular hexagon. The
tiw exterior nipples of the anus longer than the others, and project-

m

MODERN SYSTEM.

ing. Lip not advancing between the maxilke nor prominent, but as
long as broad.

* Ei/cs eight. Mandibles projecting.

Genus G. ATYPUS. Latr., Leach. Oletera. Walckcn'der.

Ei/es on each side geminated : //); very small and quadrate, inserted
imder the base of the maxilla; : palpi inserted at the external base of
the maxillae, which are dilated at that part.

Sp. 1. At^. Sulzcri. Black and shining : mandibles very long and
strong : thorax nearly quadrate ; plain behind, abruptly elevated be-
fore : the two middle eyes placed on an eminence : back of the ab-
domen coriaceous and more shining : joints of the legs shining.

Olctere difforme. Walck. Tub. dcs Aran. 7. Atypus Sulzer. Latr.,
Leach.

Inhabits France and England. In the latter country it was discovered
by Dr. Leach near Exeter, and it has twice occurred near London.

** Mandibles pcrperidicular. Ei/es six.
Genus 7. SEGESTRIA. Latreille, Walcken'der, Leach.

■Mavillte straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened, dilated exter-
nally, somewhat wedge-shaped, the middle longitudinally convex :
Up elongate-quadrate, longer than broad, the middle longitudinally
convex or subcarinated : legs, the first pair longest, rest in propor-
tion, the second, then the fourth, the third pair being shortest :
eyes placed in a transverse line, the extremities somewhat recur\'ed.

Sp. 1. Seg. senoculata. Thorax blackish-brown : abdomen oblong, gri-
seous, with a longitudinal band of blackish spots : legs pale brown
with obscure l^ands.

Aranea senoculata. Fabr. Segestria senoculata. Walck., Latr., Leach,

Inhabits rocks and old buildings. It is common in France, near Paris,
and in England it is not rare.

Genus 8. DYSDERA. Latreille, Walckcnder, Leach.

Maxilla: straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened and externally
dilated at the insertion of the palpi : the apex internally obliquely
ti-uncated, and thence externally acutely terminated : palpi with the
first joint short and nearly obsolete : lip elongate, (juadrate, gradu-
ally narrowing towards its point : eyes forming the figure of a horse-
shoe, the open part in front : legs with the first, then the fourth,
then the second pair longest, the third shortest : clurxs with a little
brush beneath.

Sp. 1. Dys. erythrina. Mandibles and thorax sanguineous : legs lightly
coloured : al)domen soft, grayish yellow and silky.

Aranea erythrina. Fourcroy Fa. Faris. ii. 2'lk Dysdcra erythrina.
Lafr.j Walck., Leach.

CtASS III. ARACHNOIDAL 123

Inhabits the south of France, and England, beneath stones. It is
rare in this coiuitry, but has been taken in Devonshire, near Ply-
mouth and Exeter, and near London.

**•'■ Mandibles perpendicular. Ei/es eight.

Genus 9. DRA.SSUS. Walck., Latr., Leach. Gnaphosa. I^dr.

Palpi inserted under the lateral and external margin of the niaxilhc
towards their middle : jnaxilla: longitudinal, arcuated, gradually be-
coming broader from the base towards the middle, somewhat con-
cave internally, smooth externally, their middle impressed, the
points bent inwards above the lip, and obliquely tnmcated within :
lip elongate, ovate-quadrate, or rather oval ; the base transversely
truncated, inclosing the maxilla : legs with the first, and afterwards
the second pair longest.

* TJp somewhat oval ; the external side of the maxilla much bent
and arched.

Sp. 1. Dras.melanogaster. INIandibles blackish : thorax and legs obscure
bro\ni : thighs light reddish-brown ; abdomen cinereous-brown and
silky.

Drassus melanogaster. Latr., Leach. Drassus lucifuge. Walck.

Inhabits France and England, under stones.

** Lip orate (juadrate.

Sp. 2. Dras. ater. Entirely black.

Drassus ater. iMtr., Leach.

Inhabits the vicinity of Paris, and near London, under stones.

Genus 10. CLUBIONA. L(ttr., Walck., Leach.

Maxilla straight and longitudinal : the basis a little dilated externally :
the apex rounded and obliquely truncated on the inside : lip elon-
gate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards the point: legs, the
first or the fourth pair longer than the second pair.

* The tico outer7nost eyes on either side neither placed rery close to-
gether, nor inserted on a distinct pronnncnce. (The maxilla in all
zcith an incrassated ba^t ; the fourth pair i>f feet (rarely the first)
longest.)

Sp. 1. Clu. lapidicola. Thorax and mandibles pale reddish: feet very

light red : abdomen ash-grey coloured.
Inhabits France and England under stones, constructing a globular

cell of the size of a common hazel nut, in the centre of which are

deposited a vast number of pale yellowish eggs agglutinated into a

spherical mass,

124 MODERN SYSTEM.

The mandibles of the male are porrect, and rather more than
half the length of the thorax ; those of the female rather vertical.

** The tzoo external ei/es on each side placed rather close to each
other. (Max ill (E not aizcai/s thickened at their base ; the first and
then the second pair of legs longest.)

A. Maxilla somewhat thickened at their base, and transtersely im-

pressed before the middle.
Sp. 2. Clu. Nutrix. Ungulae black: thorax and mandibles light red:
legs very light red : abdomen yellowish green, with an obscure lon-
gitudinal band.

It has once occurred in England, near Cheltenham.

B. MaxillfB not thickened at their base ; front not transversely/ im-

pressed.

Sp. 3. Clu. atrox. Brown: legs pale: tibia; with dark spots: middle of
the back of the abdomen with a somewhat quadrate black spot,
margined with yellow.

Inhabits old walls and the fissures cf rocks. It is verv- common in
Britain and France.

Genus 11. ARANEA o/'ajrf^ors. Tegenekia. Walck.

Maxilla straight and longitudinal, with their internal angle distinctly
truncate, diameter equal, apex rounded : lip elongate, nearly qua-
drate, longer than broad, towards the superior angles a little nar-
rower : legs, the anterior pair about the same length with the fourth
pair ; third pair shortest : eyes disposed in two transverse lines near
each other, and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. Ar. domestica. Livid-cinereous ; thorax of the male immaculate ;
of the female, on each side with a longitudinal blackish band : abdo-
men blackish, middle of its back with a longitudinal, maculosc,
dentated band, and the lateral lineote livid.

Aranea domestica. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Tegeneria domestica.
Walck.

Inhabits houses in Euroj.e; spinning its web in a place where there is
a cavity, such as the corner of a room. The mode of constructing
the web is curious. Having chosen a convenient situation, she fixes
one end of the thread to the wall, and passes on to the other side,
drap-ging the thread along with her, till she arrive at the other side,
where she fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes and repasses
initil she has made as many parallel threads as are necessary; she
then crosses these by other threads. This net is intended for the
capture of her prey ; and, in addition to it, the animal prepares a
cell for herself, where she remains concealed, and on the watch. Be-
tween the cell and the net the spider builds a bridge of threads, which,

CLASS HI. AKACHKOIDA. 125

by communicating with the threads of tlie large net, both gives her
intelligence when any thing touches the web, and enables her to pass
quickly in order to seize it.

Genus 12. AGELENA. Walckcniier, Leach.

Maxillce straight and longitudinal, their internal angle slightly tnm-
cate ; diameters equal, apex rounded : lip not longer than broad, to-
wards the superior angle a little narrower : legs moderately long, the
anterior and fourth pairs of nearly equal length, the third pair
shortest : eyes disposed in two transverse lines neat to each other,
and bent backwards.

Sp. 1. Ag. lahyrinthka. Griseous pale-reddish : thorax on each side
with a blackish longitudinal line : abdomen black, above and on
each side with white oblique Imes forming obtuse angles, running
together anteriorly in pairs; the weaving appendices or nipples
conic, elongate.

Inhabits the fields. It is very common in most parts of Europe during
the summer months. In Britain it is most abundant in the au-
tumn. It spins a horizontal web on the ground, in which it watches
for its prey, consisting of flies and other dipterous insects. The
spider itself lives in a funnel-shaped cavit}-, often extending below
the surface of the ground.

Genus 13. ARGYilONETA. Lutreille, Wakkenaer, Leach.

MaiUU short, straight, elongate quadrate, the sides of nearly equal
diameters ; anteriorly convex ; die apex rounded : lip short, shotter
than tlie maxilla' ; of a narrow elongate-triangular form ; the ante-
rior aspect convex ; the apex obtuse or truncate : legs, the first, the
fourth pair longest; the second pair shortest: eyes with the four
middle ones forming a quadrangle, tlie t%vo on each side set obliquely
and subgeminated.

Sp. 1. Arg. uquatica. Blackish-brown: abdomen black velvety, with
some impressed dots on its back.

Aranea aquatica. Linn., Fubr. Argyroneta axjuatica. Latr., Walck.,
Leach.

Inhabits Europe, frequenting slow running waters and ditches, spin-
ning a wdb most beautifidly constructed under the water, in which
it lives, being surrounded with air, which shines through the water
with a silvery lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky
bag. It is extremely conmion in most of the ditches round Lon-
don, and may be observed, especially in the beginning of the sunij
mer, building its nest beneath the water, or rimning along the lines
by which it is suspended.

$Trap9 2. — Legs simple : hinfier eyes not placed ori the anterior and
superior of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon : nipples

126

MODERN SYSTEM.

of the anus short and nearly equal, of a conic form ; lip nearly se-
micircular, broader than long, and projecting between the maxillae :
(ej/es eight,)

* Ei/cs n'oi describhig the segment of a circle. Maxilla straight'
ened towards their extremities, but not dilated.

Genus 14. SYCTODES. Latreille, Walckenaer, Leach.

Maxilla: oblique and longitudinal, covering the sides of the lip; their
bases thickened, the apex internally oljliqucly truncated : lip some-
what quadrate, the base a little contracted': legs with the fourth,
then the first pair longest; the third pair shortest.

Sp. 1. Si/c. thoixicica. Pale reddish-white, spotted with black : thorax
large and somewhat orbicular, elevated round)}' behind : aljdomen
lighter in colour, and subglobose.

Inhabits Paris, in houses. It has twice occurred near Dover, but both
the individuals were females.

Genus 1.5. THERTDIUM. Wakkender, Latreille, Leach,

Maxilla with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, con.
verging towards their points ; of equal breadth ; the internal apex
obtuse, or obliquely truncated : lip small, triangular, or semicircu-
lar ; the apex truncate or subrounded : legs elongate, the first, then
the fourth pair longest ; eyes Avith four in the centre, forming a qua-
drangle, the under ones placed on a common elevation ; two others
on each side geminated, and situated on a common elevation,

Sp. 1. Th. sisiphum. Rufous : abdomen globose, with three lines,

Theridium sisiphum. Leach.

Inhabits Europe, in the eorners of buildings, walls, and rocks. It is
Jigured by Lister, t. li.Jig. 14.

Genus 16. PHOLCUS. Wakkemier, Latreille, Leach.

Maxilla oblique, covering the sides of the lip, converging from the
base to the apex : apex internally truncated : lip transversely qua-
drate ; the lateral angles of tlie apex rounded and somewhat mar-
gined: /<'^s very long and very slender ; the first, then the second
and fourth (nearly equal) the longest: eyes inserted on a tubercle ;
two geminated and placed transversely in the middle; three on each
side amassed in a triangle, one larger than the rest.

Sp. 1. Ph. j)lialangi'uides. Pale-livid: abdomen elongate, cylindric-oval,
very soft, obscure cinereous : tip of tlie tibije and thighs with a pale
ring of a whitish colour.

Pholcus phalangioides. Walck., Lutr., Leach. Aranea Pluchii. Scopol.
Aranea opilionides. Sckrank. Aranea phalangioides. Fourcroy.

Inhabits houses in Europe; in the western parts of Englancl it is ex-
tremely common. Its body vibrates like that of a tjpulideous in-
sect.

CLASS III. AnACllNoTpA. 157

** Ej/cs not describing the segment of a circle. Maxilla: straight,
with their points dilated.

Genus 17. TETRAGNATIIA. Latreilk, Leach.

Ei/cs sube(|ual; disposed in two straight and almost parallel transverse
lines, the four middle ones forming nearly a regular quadrangle:
maxilliE straight, elongate and narrow, almost equally broad; the
ape>; externally dilated and round: lip semicircular and somewhat
notched : legs v-^ry long and very slender; the first pair longest, then
the second, afterwards the fourth.

Sp. 1, Tet. cxtcnui. Reddish ; abdomen oblong, golden green, with
the sides and two lines below yellowish; the middle below longitu-
dinally black.

Aranea extensa. JJ«72., Fair. Tetragnathaextensa. Latr.^Walck., Jxach.

Iniiabits Europe; frequenting moist places, in which it constructs a
vertical web, sitting on it with its legs extended.

Genus 18. EPEIRA. Wukkender, Laircillc, Leach.

Latreillc has divided this genus into sections, most of which would
form good genera.

Ej/cs with the four middle ones placed on an abruptly formed tubercle
in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones largest and most
distant; the lateral eyes on each side subgeminated and placed ob-
liquely on a tuj^rcle : maxilla subcircular, internally membrana-
ceous: /</) semicircular; short, with the point membranaceous : legs
moderately long, hispid, the thighs rather strong; the first pair
largest, then the second, afterwards the fourth pair : thorax inversely
elongate subcordate, anteriorly broadly truncated : abdomen subglo-
bose, large, much broader than the thorax.

Sp. 1. Ep. Diademi. Reddish; abdomen globose-oval, with an elevate 4
angle on each side of its base; dorsal band broad, triangular, der-
tated, darker, with a triple cross of luteous white dots or spots, aij
with four impressed dots disposed in a quadrangle.

Aranea Diadema. Li7in. Araignee a, croix. De Geer. Eptira Dia-
denia. Walck., Lutr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. It frequents the borders of woods, rocks, and gai-
dens, and is well known in Britain by the names Sceptre or Diadem
Spider.

*** JEyes describing the scginent of a circle.

Genus 19. THOMISUS. Walck., Latr., Leach. Heteuopod^.

iaff. MisuMEXA. Lutr.

Eyes generally subequal, placed in t\vo transverse lines in a kind of

semicircle : maxilltB oblique, covering the side of the lip and in some

degree converging; the hiternal apex truncate: lip somewhat o\ai

128 MODERN SYSTEM.

or nearly quadrate, generally longer than broad : lef^s, the 6rst and
second pair longest: the second rather longest; thetltiird and fourth
pair of legs much less, sometimes one being largest, sometimes the
other.

The viandihles of the animals composing this genus are either per-
pendicular or somewhat indexed ; in many conical with many short
claws.

* Thorax convex, cord if or in ; the sides, especially behind, abrupt!}/
sloping, anteriorly broadly truncate ; the largest legs not double the
length of the body; the frst and second pair much thicker than the
others, sometimes one sometimes the other being longest. The first joint
of the tarsiywith several moveable little spines, in a single or in a double
series; the dazes of the tarsi naked. Lip somezohat oval, the apex
truncate or obtuse. Apex of the maxilliE wedge-shaped.
Sp. 1. Tho. cifrens. Thorax at the insertion of the eyes transversely
elevated ; the sides anteriorly produced and prominent : eyes equal :
abdomen roundish, trigonal, broader behind, with a red line on each
side : body yellowish citron-coloured.
Inhabits Europe, living in flowers. It is very common in Britain. The
male is rare, smaller than the female; of a brown colour banded
with yellowish green.

** Thorax convex, cordiform ; the sides, especially behind, abruptly
sloping, the anterior part broadly truncated ; the larger legs not twice
the length tf the body, all of nearly an equal degree of thickness ; the
hinder four not much shorter; the anterior with four little spines: the
daws of all the tarsi scarcely visible. Lips somewhat oval : the apex
truncate or obtuse. Maxilltc at their points zcedge-shaped.
Sp. 2. Tho. lynceus. Lateral eyes largest, placed on an eminence, the
tubercles of the hinder ones thickest: body pale yellowish-grey,
variegated with punctures and spots of a blackish colour : abdomen
very large, of a triangular-oval form, broader behind,
lahabits France and Scotland. Latreille considers it to be much allied
to Thomisus onustus of Walckenacr.

*** Thorax depressed, somezohat oval, very obtuse before ; the larger
leg» not trcice the length of the body; all the legs of equal thickness;
th^ tarsi hairy beneath, the frst joint with a fezv little spines: the apex
tcith two brushes under the dazes : abdomen oblong: th£ maxillze beyond
the insertionof the palpi, nearly of equal breadth, distinctly and abruptly
truncated: Up somezohat quadrate: hinder eyes distant,

6p. 3. Tho. oblongus. Pale-yellowish, with white hairs above: abdo^

men somewhat cvtiadrical, with obscure longitudinal lines.
Inhabits France, Denmark, and England, yn plants,

rr ASS III. ARACirxoiiDA. 129

Stiups 3. — T^gs not formed for leaping. Iliiuhr eyes placed on tlie
anterior and superior ])art of the thorax, forming an irregular licx-
agon. (Hinder pair of legs longest.)

Genus 20. LYCOSA. iMtreillc, Walckendcr, Leach.

Maxilla straight, anteriorly coua ex ; externally towards the side some-
what arcuated ; internally slightly margined, gradually narrowing
towards the hasc; the apex obliquely truncated, forming almost an
inverted triangle: lip elongate, quadrate: legs strong, the fourth
pair longest, then the second; the third shortest.

Sj>. 1. I/j/c. saccata. Above smoky-black clouded with cinereous vil-
losity ; carina of the thorax obscure, reddish, with a cinereous vil-
lous line; base of the abdomen with a little bundle of griscous hairs:
legs livid-red, with blackish spots.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common in Britain: tlie female may be
observed in gardens carrying her bag of eggs, of a green colour:
]>alpi, mandibles, i^nd anterior margin of the thorax li\id-red in the
female, black in the male.

Genus 21. DOLOMEDES. Lafreille, Wahkcmcr, Leach. ^

Maxilla: straight, oval-quadrate ; the apex externally rounded, inter-
nally obli(pie]y truncated: lip somewhat square, the diameters
nearly equal, the points of tlic angles rounded; legs elongate; the
fourth pair longest, then the second; the third shortest: cluzcs ex-
sertcd, without brushes below.

Sp. 1. Dol. miralnlis. Pale reddish, covered with greyish down: tho-
rax heart-shaped, anteriorly abruptly sloping : the anterior angles
and dorsal line whitish: abdomen conical, suboval : back darker.

Aranea saccata. Linn. Dolomedcs mirabilis. Walck., Lutr., L^each.
Aranca Listeri. Scopoli. Aranea obscura. Fabr.

Inhabits woods.

Stir PS 4.— Legs formed for leaping : {Ei/es eight. r//o?-a.r never carinatcd.)

Genus 22. SALTICUS. Latr., Leach. Attus. Walck.

MaxilltE straight, longitudinal, subrhomboidal, or inversc-cuneate-
ovate: Up elongate, suboval, the apex obtuse: palpi clavate: thorax
truncate-ovate or parallelogrammic : eyes disposed in the form of a
horse-shop, the two middle ones largest: /cgs thick and short; the
first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second
and the third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the
two other pairs.

Sp. 1. Sal. scenicus. Black; margin of the thorax covered with white
down : abdomen short ovate ; above with a reddish-gray pubescence,
with three transverse arcuate lines, and the antis white; the first
band basal and entire, the others acutely beat anteriorly, and inter-
rupted in their middle.

1

:130 MODERN SYSTEM.

Aranea scenica. Linn., Fahr. Atte pare. IVakk. Salticus sccniciis.
Latr., Leach.

Inhabits walls and palings. It is found in most parts of Europe, and is
called in Britain the Hunting Spider.

Genus 23. ATTUS. Walck., Leac/i's Siipp. to Encycl. Brit'. Sal-
ticus. Latr., LcacliS Edin. Eiin/cl. vol. vii.

Maxilla straight, longitudinal, subrhomboidal or inversely cuneate-
ovate : lip elongate, suboval, with the apex obtuse : palpi^ filiform :
thorax elongate, narrow, subconic : lyes disposed in the form of a
horse-shoe; the two middle eyes largest: %.s- slender, elongate, the
first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair ; the second
and third pairs of nearly an equal length and shorter than the other
pairs.

Sp. 1. Att.formicariiis. Thorax anteriorly black, behind red : abdomen
fuscous, "with a white spot on each side : legs red.

Attus formicarius. Walck. Salticus formicarius. Latr., Leach. Arai-
gnee fournii. De Geer.

Inhabits Europe, residing on pla'nts and walls. It is very rare in Scot-
land, and has not been observed in England.

Class IV. A CAR I. Leach's MSS.

In the Supplement to Enci/cl. Brit. vol. i. the animals of this Class
were arran"-ed with the Arachnokla and formed the Order Monomero-
somata. Since that paper was written. Dr. Leach has, from a further
investio'ation of their characters, separated them from the Arachnoida
(in which they differ essentially), and considers them as a distinct
class ; they are for the most part parasitic, living on the bodies of
other animals : to the lovers of the microscope these animals will af-
ford an extensive field for their research and investigation; they are
very numerous, highly interesting, and as yet but imperfectly known.

Character. — Bodi/ formed bul: of one segment : mouth rostriforni,
or m some furnished with maxilte and mandibles : legs si.\ or eight :
trachea for respiration.

Section I. — Legs formed for toalking.

A. Mouth with mandibles.

Fam. I. Trombidiad.?:. Leach.

Palpi porrect, and furnished at their extremities with a moveable ap-
pendage. Ei/cs t\vo, placed on a pillar. Body apparently divideci
into two parts by a transverse line; the antevior division bearing the
eyes, mouth, and four anterior legs.

CLASS TV. ACAT^r. 131

Genus 1. TROMBIDIUM. Fair., Latr., Leach.
Tjegs eight.
Sp. 1. Ti-om. holosericeiim. Subqiiadrate, l)Ioo(l-rccl, tomentose; the

down short composed of cyhndric papilke, which are rounded at

their extremities.
Troml)idiiun holoscriceum. Fabr., Latr.
Inhabits Europe, and is abundant in the spring.

Genus 2. OCYPETE. T^cach.
Legs six.
Sp. 1. Oct/, rubra. Red; back with a few long hairs, the legs witli

many short hairs of a rufous ash-colour; eyes black brown.
Ocypete rubra. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi.

This curious little animal, which is not larger than a grain of
small sand, is parasitic, and is tre(|ucntly to be found on the largest
tipuladous insects, adhering to their legs. No less than sixteen
specimens have been obtained from one insect.

Fam. II. Gammasid^. Leach.
Palpi porrect, simple.

Genus 3. GAM^NIASUS. Latreille, Leach.
Bodi/ depressed, the skin of the back partly or entirely coriaceous.

* Anterior portion of the back, and a triangular part behind, cori-
aceous.
Sp. 1. Gamm. Cokoptratorum. Coriaceous parts of the back fuscous ;

anterior pair of legs a little longer than the hinder ones.
Gammase des Coleopteres. Latr. Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, et des Lnsect.
vii. 399. Gammasus Coleoptratorum. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i.
117. Leach. Acarus Coleoptratorum. JJnn., Fabr.
Inhabits the excrements of horses and oxen, often attaching itself to
Scarabai, Histeres, &c. in great numbers.

** Back entirely coriaceous.
Sp. 2. Gamm. marginatus. Ovate, brown ; belly coriaceous, the sides
alone membranaceous and whitish ; anterior legs nearly twice the
length of the body.
Inhabits dung and dead animals.

Fam. III. AcAP.iDyE. Leach.

Mouth furnished with mandibles : palpi simple, very short, not por-
rected.

Genus 4. ORIBITA. Latreille, Leach.
Body covered by a coriaceous skin ; anterior part rostrated ; the pro-
duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : ahdome^i subglo-
bose : tarsi with claws.
Sp. 1. Or. geniculata. Fuscous-castaneous, shining, hairy: legs pale-
fuscous: thighs subclavate.

1 2

132 MODERN SYSTEM.

Acarus geniculatur?. Lin?i.

Inhabits trees and beneath stones. It is common in Sweden, Ger-
many, and England.

Genus 3. NOTASPIS. Hermann.

Body covered by a coriaceous skin, the anterior ])art rostrated, the pro-
duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglobose,
the sides anteriorly with a wing-like process : tarsi with claws.

Sp. 1. Not. humeral is. Abdomen blackish-chcsnut; the produced parts
membranaceous.

Mitte a rebord. De Gecr. Oribita humeralis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits moss and beneath stones. It is not uncommon in the southern
parts of Devonshire.

Genus 6. ACARUS of aidhors.

Body soft : vwuth naked : ta?'si with a pedunculated vesicle at their ex-
tremities.

Sp. 1. Aca. domesticns. White, with two brown spots; body ovate, the
middle coarctate, with very long hairs : legs equal.

Acarus Siro. Linn., Fabr., Leach Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 415. Acarus do-
mesticns. Latr., Leach Supp. to Enri/c/. Bril. i. 4i4.

Inhabits houses, living in cheese and flour that have been kept too
long.

B. j\louth furnished with a rostrum.

Fam. IV. IxoDiAD.TE. Lcttch.
Eyes obscure or concealed.
Stirps. 1. — Palpi and rostrum exsertcd.

Genus 7. IXODES. Latreille, Leach. CynorhcesTtes. Hermamt.
Palpi equally l)road, longer than broad.
Sp. 1. Ij-. Ricinns. Scutum rounded, smaller; with the vagina of the

rostrum and the legs fuscous : abdomen varying in colour.
Acarus Ricinus. Linn., Fabr. Ixodes Ricinus. Lair., Leach.
Inhabits Europe, attaching itself to dogs. In Britain it is called the
Dog-tick.

Dr. Leach has written a paper on the British species of this ge-
nus, which is published in the eleventh volume of the Transactions
of the Linnean Society.

Stirps 2. — Palpi and rostrum hidden.

Genus 8. UROPODA. Latreille, Leach.

Body oval, orbiculate : back corneous, clypeiform, the disc being gra-
dually convex ; beneath flat : anus produced into a long filiform pe-
duncle (by which it adheres to coleopterous insects) : legs very short,
pressed close to the body, the first pair shortest, the second pair
rather longer, the third distinctly longer, the fourth pair longest.

CtASS IV, ACARr. 133

Sp. 1, Uro. vegetans. Brown, very smooth, shining.
yihie vegetative. De Gecr., vii. I'ZS. pi. 7. fig. 15.
I ropoda vegetans. Lair., I^ach.

Inhabits France and England, attaching itself to the legs, al.domen,
and elytra of Histcrex, Aphodii, &c. by its pedunculated anus.

Fam. V. CiiEYLETiD.t. Leach.
Eyes distinct : palpi concealed.
Stiups 1. — Palpi distinct.

Genus 9. SARCOPTES. Latrcillc, Leach.

Sp. 1. Sar. Scabici. Subrotundate ; legs short, reddish ; four hinder
ones, \vith a very long seta : the plantai of the four anterior ones
tcnninated by a swelling.

Mitte dc la Gale. De Gccr. Acarus Scabici. Fabr. Le Ciron de la
Gale. Geoff. Sarcopte de la Gale. Latr. Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, e.t dcs
Insect, viii. 53. et vii. pi. 66. Sarcoptcs Scabiei. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the ulcers of the itch. Acarus exulcerans of Linne is pro-
bably this animal, or is at least referable to the same genus.

Section II. — Legs formed Jbr swimming.

Fam. IIvLia.vciiNAUi.
Mouth with mandibles.

Genus 10. IIYDIIACIINA. Mull., Olli:, Lair., Jxach.
Palpi subcylindric, porrcct, arcuate inlle.xed, four-jointed, the last acute

uuguiform : mouth produced into a conic rostrum : bodt^ globose ;

legs fimbriated with liairs, and situated at equal distances from eacli

other.
Sp. 1. Ht/. geographica. Black, with coccineous spots and dots.
Ilydrachna geographica. Miill. Hi/dr. 59. tab. 8. Jig. 3-5. Lair.,

Leach.
Inhabits waters that flow gently. It is a most beautiful animal; and

is very common near London.

Genus 11. LOIXOCIIARES. Latr., Leach.

Palpi incurved, the apex acute simple : mouth with a verj' short ro-
strum : body depressed : legs short, the four hinder ones remote :
eyes t^^'^o.

Sp. 1. Lim. holosericea. Body ovate, red, rugose, soft; eyes black.

Acarus aquaticus. Linn. La Tique rouge satinee aquatique. Geoff.
Mitte satinee aquatique. Dc Geer. Trombidium aquaticum. Fabr.
Limnochares holosericea. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. It is very common in most of our ponds during the
summer months. It varies much in colour, but is generally found
of a bright red or greyish-red colour, and of all the int^rmedia,te
varieties of shape.

134 JMODERN SYSTEM.

Class V. INSECTA.

Hiatorij. — Insecta, so named from in (into) and seco (to cut). This
term was applied to these animals by the Latins ; by the Greeks they
were named Entoma {svro[j.a), from av, into, and tsu-vw, to cut. In-
sects were so named, because their bodies are composed of many
joints or segments ; on which account several of the ancient and older
naturalists placed them with the classes Crustacea, Mj/riapoda, Aruch-
noida, and Vermes.

The oldest records on this subject arc to lie found in the sacred
writings, where mention is made of locusts, flies, and caterpillars ; and
it is i)robable that Moses had acquired some know4cdge of insects
from the Egyptian sages, as his writings abound with passages relating
to insects.

Hippocrates, as we are told by Pliny, wrote on insects; and the
writings of the earlier Greek and Latin philosophers, quoted by Pliny,
afford extracts of his labours.

Aristotle, in his Hist or t/ of Animuh, has devoted a very considerable
portion of his attention to insects, and has described their general
external structure with great accuracy.

Aldrovandus, in 1602, published a ver}- voluminous work, Dc Ani-
malibus Tnscctis, in which he divides insects into Terrestrial and Aqua-
tic.

In IGl 2, Wolfgang Frantzius \)uh\hhcd Historia Ani7naliiim Sacra,
which contains some new observations, and a distribution of insects
into Aerial, Aquatic, and Terrestrial.

Swammerdam, who published his Hisioria Jnscctornm Generalis in
16C9, divided genuine insects into, 1st, Those which, after leaving the
egg, ajipear under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings,
which parts are afterwards produced : 2dly, Those insects which ap-
pear, when hatched from the eggs, under the form of a larva, and,
when full grown, change into a chrysalis, where it remains until its
parts are fit to be developed : 3dly, Those which, having attained the
pupa (chrysalis or nympha) state, do not divest themselves of their
skin. His other divisions refer to animals of the classes Arachndida,
Crustacea, and Mipiapoda ; and the \^•hole of his work contains much
valuable observation on the structure and economy of these animals.
In 173a, Linne published the first edition of his Sj/stcma Natui-a:,
sive Regna tria Natura; sjjste/natici' proposiln per Classes, Ordines, Genera,
et Species, iu which work Insects are distributed into four Orders, ac-
cording to the number and form -tbf their wings: 1. Coleoi'tera ;
£. Angioptera; 3. IIemiptera ; 4. Apteua.

With the last Order he included Crustacea, Arach aides, Mi/riapoda,
Vermes, and certain Zoophytes ; but in subsequent editions of this work

CLASS V. INSECTA. 135

he separated the Vermes, as Aristotle had done before him, and esta-
bhshed them as a class distinct from Insects.

SchsfFer, in 1T41, published a valuable work, under the title Icones
Insectorum circa Ratisbonam indigenorum. The classiiication proposed
by the author differs entirely from that of Linne, and api)roaches in
some respects that proposed by Geoftroy.

In 1764, Geoffroy published his most valuable System of Insects,
under the title Hhtoirc abngce des Insectes, &;c. in which these ani-
mals are arranged into six sections.

In 1776, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linue, published a new system
of entomolog}', under the title Si/stema Entomolug'ue, in which the
principles of a new mode of classification, founded on the organs of
deglutition and mastication, is for the tirst time developed. I'his sy-
stem, which has undergone several modifications, is named tlie Ciha-
rian Si/stcin.

Scopoli, in 1777, published his Introductto ad Historiam Nuturalem,
in which work he divides insects into tive triljes, inider the singular
appellations of, 1. Sxcammcrdami-Z,ucifuga ; Q. Gcoffroi/-Gi/mnopte?'a;
3. Hocscl'd-Lepidoptcra ; 4. Reaiimiiru-Probuscidea ; .5. Frisch'd-Culeopteru,
identifying each tribe by the name of each author, who has, in his opi-
nion, been most successful in the explanation of that to which his
name is attached.

The LuciJ'uga includes the lice ; Gymnoptera, his halterata, aculeata,
and caiidata : Lepidopfera, the moths and butterflies : Proboscidea he
has divided into terrestrial and aquatic ; and the Coleopiera he divides
into those inhabiting water, and those the land.

In 1780, Linne produced the twelfth edition of his Systema Natwce,
which was the last systematic work of that illustrious naturalist.

In 1793, P. A. Latreille published his Precis des Caructcres Gene-
riques des Insectes, in which he divided Insects into I. Aile's : 1. Cole-
opiera, 2. Orthopfera, 5. Hemiptera, 4. Neuroptera, 5. Lepidoptera.
II. APT.t^RES : 6. Suctoria, 7. Thas>/>iou7-a.

In 1798, J. C. Fabricius produced his last general systematic work,
the Supplementum EntomologiiE Sj/stcmaticee, which presents an outline
of his system in its latest state; and which, being the result of much
knowledge, demands a considerable portion of attention.

In the Eniomologie Hclvetique, a work published in 1798, Clairville,
its author, has arranged Insects in the following manner :

* PTEROPHORA; jVIandieulata. With wings and jaws.

Section 1. Elytroptera. Wings crustaceous.

2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous.

3. DicTYOPTERA. Wiugs rcticulatcd.

4. PiiLEBOPTERA. Wiuiiis veiucd.

136 MODIRN SYSTIjrl

** PTEROPHORA; Haustellata. With wings and a haustellum.

Sections. Halteriptera. Wings with poiscrs.

6. Lepidoptera. Wings with powder.

7. Hemimeroptera. \Vings partly obscure, partly diapha-

nous.

*** APTERA; Haustellata. Without wings ; with a sucker.

8. RoPHOPTERA. Sucker sharp.

**** APTERA; Maxdibulata. Without wings, with jaws.

9. Pododunera. Legs formed for running.

Tn 1800, Cuvier, with the assistance of Dumeril, pid^lished his
Anatomic Coinpurce, in which the organization of Insects is treated of
at great length.

In 1801, J. B. Lamarck produced his Sijstane dcs Animaux sans Ver-
tibres, in which work he has arranged some of the gemune Insects
with the Aruchnuida ; the rest he distributes into the following Orders ;

* With mandibles and jure s.

Order I. Coleoptera. II. Ortiioptera. III. NeurOptera.

** With mandibles, and tcith a kind of pi'oboscis.

Order IV. IIymejcoptera.

*** iVo mandibles. A t7mnk or sucker.

Order ^V. Lepidoptera. VL IIemiptera. VII. Diptera. VIII, A-
ptera.

In 1806, Latreille published his Genera Cntstaccoruni ct Tnsectorum,
in which he has denominated the true Insects Insecta Fterodictra ;
and has arran";ed them in the following manner :

Century I. ELYTHROPTERA.

Elytra two, covering the wings entirely.

Cohors I. Odontota.
Mouth with mandibles, maxillcc, and lip. Wings folded.
Order I. Coleoptera. II. Ortiioptera.

Cohors II. Sipiionostoma.
Order III. Hemiptera,

Century II. GYMNOPTERA.

WinQ;s naked.

CLASS V. fNSECTA. 137

Cohors I. Odontat A.
Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. Wings four.

Order IV. — Xeuroptetia. ^'. Hymenoptfua.
Cuhors TI. SiPuoNOSTOMA.
Mouth tubular, formed for sucking.
Order VI. Li.pidoptera. VII. Diptera. VIII. Suctoria.

Latrcillc has retained the same general arrangement in his last work,
C msidcrutions G'cnirales sitr I'Or'Jrc Xafurct/c, t^r . but he has rejected Uie
divisions into Legions, Centuries, and Cohorts.

D\imcn\, in h\s Zon/ogie jlii(ih/ti(jur, arranges insects into Eight Or-
ders, the last of which also couiprchcnds the Classes Aruclindidu and
yiiirhipoda.

In 1^X2 Lamarck published a little work, entitled F.xtruitdu Coursde
Zooloeie du Museum d'lUstoirc i\aturellr, in which he has continued the
general arrangement pidjjishcd by him in 180L

In 1815, vol. ix. of the Edinburgh Enci/c/optedia was published, in
which Dr. Leach gave the following arrangement of Insects into Or-
ders, and has added to them the I'aras'Ua and Tlii/sanoura, whicJi La-
ireille jtlaccd with the Arachiwidu.

Subclass I. AMET.ABOLIA.
Order I. TiiYSAXURA. II. Axopiura.

Subclass II. METABOLIA.

Century I. ELYTHROPTER.^.
Insects with elytra.

Cohors^I. Odoxtostomata.

Mouth with mandibles.
* Metamorphosis incomplete.
Order III. Coleoptera.

** Metamorphosis ncarlj/ coardate.
Order IV. Strepsiptera.

*** Metamorphosis semi-complete.
Order V. Dermaptera. VI. Orthoptera. VII. Dictyoptera.

CohorS II. SiPHONOSTOMATA.

INIouth with an articulated rostrum.

138 MODERN SYSTEM.

Order VIII. HrMiPTERA. IX. Omoptlra.

Century II. MEDAMOPTERA.
Insects without wings or elytra.
Order X. Aptera.

Century III. GYMNOPTERA.
Insects with wings but no elytra.

Cohors T. Glossostomata.
Mouth with a spiral tongue.
Order XI. Lepidoptera.

Cohors II. Gnathostomata.
Mouth with maxilla' and lip.
Order XII. Triciioptera.

Cohors III. Odqntostomata.
]\Iouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip.
Order XIII. Neuroptera. XIV. IIymenoptera.

Cohors IV. SrPH0^•0ST0MATA.
Mouth tubular, formed for sucking.
Order XV. Diptera.

As the above arrangement is subject to various objections, I shall
adopt that since given by the same author in vol. iii. of his Zoologieal
Miscellany.

Class V. IN SECT A.

Subclass I. AMETABOLIA.

Insects undergoing no metamorphosis.
Order I. Tiiysanura. — Tail armed with setae.
Order II. A^oPLURA. — Tail without setae.

Subclass 2. METABOLIA.
Insects undergoing metamorphosis.

Order III. Coleoptera. — Wings two, transversely folded, covered
by two crustaccous or hard coriaceous elytra, meeting (generally) with
a straight suture. Mouth with mandibles. {Meta/nvqilivsisincomi^letc.)

CLASS V. IX3KCTA. 139

Order IV. Dekmaptera. — Wings two, longitudinally and trans-
versely folded. E/j/tra siibcrustaceous, al)l)reviated, with the suture
straight. Mouth with mandibles. {Metamorphosis semi-comi)lcte.)

Order \''. Ortiioptera. — Wings two, longitudinally folded, covered
by two coriaceous elytra, the margin of one elytron covering the same
part of the other. Mouth with mandibles. {Mctaiuorphosis scmi-com-
plete.)

Order VI. Dictvoptera. — Wings two, longitudinally folded, twice
or more, covered by two coriaceous elytra; one elytron decussatin<'-
the other obli(|uely. Mouth with mandibles. {Metamorphosis semi-
complete.)

Order VII. IIemiptep.a. — n7;/^s two, covered by two crustaccous
or coriaceous elytra (the tips, of which arc generally membranaceou!^),
horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. Mouth wilh an arti-
culated rostrum. {Metamorphosis semi-complete.)

Order \'III. Omoptera. — Wings two, covered by two elytra which
are entirely coriaceous or membranaceous ; meeting obliquely with a
straight suture. Mouth with an articulated roslnun. {Melainorphosis
semi-complete or incomplete.)

Order IX. Aptera. — No zcings or elytra. Mouth with a tubular
jointed sucking rostrum. {2!etamo?phosis incomplete.)

Order X. Lepidoptkra. — Wings four, membranaceous, covered wiiii
meal-like scales. Mouth with a spiral tongue. {Mctuinorpliosis incom-
plete.)

Order XI. Trichoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous; the pteri-
gostia or wing bones hairy. Mouth w'ilh. maxilkt and lip. {Metamor-
phosis incomplete.)

Order XIT. Neuroptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, generally
of e(jual size, with numerous decussating pterigostia resembling a net-
work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilke, and lip. {Mttamorphosis in-
complete or semicomplete.)

Order XIII. IIymenoptera. — Wings four, membranaceous, the
iiinder ones always smallest ; the pterigostia not decussating each other,
so as to resemble a net-work. Mouth witli mandibles, maxilltc and lip.
,' Melainorphosis incomplete.)

Order XIV. Rhipiptera. — Wings two, longitudinally folded. Mouth
with mandibles. {Metamorphosis subcoarctate.)

Order XV. Diptera. — Wings tsvo, with halteres or balancers at
their base. Mouth tubidar, formed, for sucking. {Metamorphosis in-
complete or subcoarctate.)

Order XVI. Omaloptera. — Mouth furnished wilh mandibles and

140 MODERN SYSTEM.

elongated maxillae : Up simple. Wings two or none. {Metamorphosis
coarctata.)

Subclass I. INSECTA AMETABOLIA.

Order I. THYSANURA. Leach.
TiiYSANOrRA. Lafreilk.

Tail furnished with setje or filaments: mouth wilh mandibles, palpi, la-
brum, and labium.

The body of the animals which compose this Order is generally
covered withscales or hair. Their motion is extremely rapid, or per-
formed by leaping.

Fam. I. Lepismad.t;. Leach's MSS.

Talpi very distinct and prominent, or exsertcd : antcnnte composed of a
vast number of very short joints : tail with three exserted setae.

Stirps 1. — J?o(/y depressed, and moving with a running motion : tail

with three nearly equal filaments.

Genus 1. LEPISMA. Linn., De Gecr, Fuhr., Lair., Leach. Se-
TOURA. Broun. Eorbicina. Geoff'., Lamarck.
Antenna, inserted between the eyes: muxiUury palpi slender, composed

of five joints, the last of which is elongate and very slender: labial

palpi with their joints compressed, dilated, and round : e^jcs small and

remote.
Sp. 1. Lep. saccharina. Body covered with silvery scales.
Inhabits Europe. It is very common amongst books, clothes, Scc.

and wanders about during the night. It is suppascd to have been

ovisinally introduced into Europe from America, where it is said to

live amongst sugar.

g-j-jp^pj:. a — Body convex, v.ith an arched back formed for springing.
Tail with three setae, the middle one longest.

Genus 2. FORBICINA. Geoff., Leach. Lepisma. Linn., Olivier.
Ma CHI LIS. Latr.

Antenna: inserted under the eyes, shorter than the body : maxillari/ palpi
thick, witli six joints, the last conic : labial palpi with the apex mem-
branaceous : eyes large and contiguous.

Sp. 1. For. polypoda. Smoky brovrn, wi^ obscure rust-coloured spots.

Lcpisma polypoda. Linn. Lepisma saccharina. Vill. Ent. 4. tab. 11.
fig. 1. Machilis polypoda. Latr. Gen. Crusl.et Ins. 1. p. 165. tab. 6.
fg. 4. magnified. La Forbicine cylindrique. Geoff. Forbicina poly-
poda. Leach.

Inhabits all the temperate parts of Europe, and is found in woods and
under stones.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 141

Genus 3. PETROBIUS. Leadis Zoological MisctUany, vol. iii.
tub. \Ai>. Lei'ISMa. Fabr.f

AntctiJKe longer than the body, inserted under the eyes: maxiUary palpi
six-jointed; the fifth joint inversely conic, the sixth conic: Inbial
palpi with the last joint obliquely truncate, with the apex acute, and
not membranaceous : eyes large and contiguous.

Sp. 1. Pet. muridmus. Blackish, with golden scales: feet yellowish:
seta of the tiiil annulatcd with white.

Inhabits all the rocky shores of Britain. Dr. Leach first obser\ed this
species on the Devonshire coast, and afterAvards in Ireland, Scotland,
and Wales. It is very active, runs fast, and leaps to a great distance.
Dr. L. suspects tliat it has been confounded by Fabricius with For-
bid na polypoda.

Tam. II. PoDLUAU.?:. Leach.

Palpi not exserted nor very conspicuous : antenna composed of four
joints, the last sometimes fonued of several otlier minute articula-
tions : tail forked, and bent beneath the abdomen.

G^nus 4. PODURA. Linn., Geoff, De Gccr., Fabr., Lam., Her-
mann, Lcac/i.

Antennic with the last joint solid, not articulated : abdomen elongate, li-
near.

Sp. 1. Pod. plumbca. Lead-coloured, shining, with griseous head and
feet.

Podura plumbea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Podure plombee. De
Geer. La Podure grise commune. Geo(f'.

Inhabits Europe under stones.

There are a great number of species in this and the following ^e-
nus, which are worthy of attention. Fabricius has placed these
two genera together without the slightest distinction, and has de-
scribed several species, which it is hoped some future zoologist will
be induced to examine.

Genus 5. SMYNTIIURUS. Latr., Leach. Podura. Linn., Fabr.,
De Gccr, Geoff.
Sp. 1. Smyn.fuscus. Body entirely brown.
La Podure brun enfumee. Geoff. Fodma o.\ra. Linn.? Fabr. Sniyn-

thurus fuscus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe; is common on the ground and in damp hedges.

Order 11. ANOPLURA. Leach.
Paeasita. Latreille.

Tail without seta; or filaments : mouth in some furnished with two
teeth (or mandibles.'') and an opening beneath; in others with a
tubulose very short haustellum.

The animals of this Order arc parasitical, and ^xcre by Latreille

142 MODERN SYSTEM.

placed in an order which he named Purasifu. This name Dr. Leach
has changed for the sake of harmony, and also to render the name
more easy of retention in the memory, the characters being drawn
from the same ])arts.

Tiieir motion is slow, and their nourishment is derived from the
blood of mammalia, birds and insects.

" It is almost an established fact, that every species of bird (and
probal)h' mammiferous animal) has its own peculiar parasite; and
there is no instance of the same species of louse having been ob-
served on two distinct species of birds, although some l)irds (as the
raven oyster-catcher, Sec.) are infested with several ppecics of para-
sites." The importance of clearly ascertaining the truth is such to
the ornithologist, that Dr. Leach has employed a considerable por-
tion of time ibr the purpose of investigating and of describing the
species with accuracy, little more than a bare catalogue of names
and habitats having been given in the works of Linne, Fabricius,
and Gmelin. The result of his examinations he does not consider*
himself as able to communicate at present; but it is his intention,
when the subject has arrived at maturity, to give a paper on this Or-
der to the Linnean Society of London.

Fam. L PEDicui.iDiE. Leach.
Mouth consisting of atubulose, very short haustellum.

Genus 6. PHTHIRUS. Leach. Petjiculus. Linn., Red}, Lair.,

Fabr.
Anterior pair of feet simple; two hinder pair didactyle : ^//ora.r extremely

short, scarcely visible.
Sp. 1. Phth. inguinalis. Body whitish.
Pediculus inguinalis. Redi. Pediculus pubis. Linn., Fair., Latr. Le

Morpion. Ccoff. Phthirus inguinalis. Leach.
Inlmbits the eyebrows, &c. of men and women, being commonly
known under the titles Crabs, Crab-lice, Sec.

Genus 7. PEDICULUS. Linn., Fair., De Gcer, Geoff., Redi,
Hermann, Lam., Leach.
Feft all armed \vith a finger and thumb: thorav composed of three di-
stinct equal segments.
Sp. 1. Ped. humanus. Body oval, lobate, white and nearly immaculate.
Pediculus humanus. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the bodies and garments of men, and is known by the name
of the body-louse. On the continent of Europe, especially in Spain
and Portugal, it is very abundant. In Britain it is of rare occur-
rence, and may have been introduced from the neighbouring coun-
tries.

CLASS V. INSF.CTA. 143

Sp. 3. Fed. cervicalls. Body oval, lobcd, cinereous, with a black inter-
rupted band on either side.

Le Pou ordinaire. Geoff. PedicuUis humanus. vai\ Lbm. Pediculus
cervicahs. Lntr., Leach.

Inhabits the heads of man throughout Europe. In Britain it is ex-
tremely common, especially in the heads and upper part of the
necks of children, whence they are extracted by means of a fine-
toothed comb, or are destroyed by rubbing calomel mixed with a
little fat amongst the roots of the hair. This species has been by
many authors confounded with the preceding species.

Genus 8. H/EMATOPINUS. Leach.
Thorax narrow and distinct from the abdomen : abdomen verj' broad.

Sp. 1. Ham. Siiis.

Pediculus Suis. Linm. Ilrematopinus Suis. LeacKs Zool. Misc. iii. 66.

pi. 146.
Inhabits swine.

Fam. II. Nir.MiD.c. Leach.

Mouth with a cavity, and two teeth or mandibles.

Genus 9. NIRMUS. Hermann, Leach. RrciNus. De Gecr, OUv.,
Lam., Latr. Pediculus. Linn., Geoff., Fahr.

The character of this genus is given in that of the tribe. All the
species inhabit birds. The term ricinus having been used in botany
is rejected, and that of Dr. Hermann's is adopted.

Sp. 1. Nir. Curnicis. Whitish: head heart-shaped; segments of the
thorax on each side produced into a tooth : abdomen oval, trans-
versely banded with brown.

Ricinus Cornicis. Lair.

Inhabits the Corvas Comix of Linne.

Subclass II. INSECTA METABOLIA.
Order III. COLEOPTERA.

Order Coleoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Lntr., Sfc.
Class Eleuterata. Fabr.

This Order is divided into five great sections, from the general num-
ber of joints in the tarsi.

Section I. — Pentamera.

The number of joints in the tarsi is generally five, but in some of
(lie aquatic genera the nupabcr is less.

144 Modern sVstem.

Fam. I. Cicindeliad.t:. Leach.

Maxillary palpi four, the interior ones two-joiutod : labial two : antenna:
filiform, never nioniliforni : waxilUe furnislied at their extremities
with a distinct articulated hook: mandibles with many teeth :^ee^
formed for running ; hinder ones with trochanters.
All the insects of this family live on other insects.

Gemis 10. CICINDELA. Linn., Be Geer, Fabr.,Sfc. Bupresti?.
Gcof.

Thorax short, almost as wide as the head : abdomen elongate quadrate :
elytra flat, separate, rounded : wings two : exterior maxillarij palpi as
long or longer than the labial : antenna inserted into the anterior
margin of the eye: ch/pens shorter than the labrum.

Sp. 1. Cic. sijlvatica. Obscure a:neous above; each elytron with an ex-
ternal lunule at the base, with a m.ark at the apex, and an interme-
diate transvei'se, narrow sinuated band of white; with many im-
pressed punctures at the suture. {PI. 3. Jig. 8.)

Cicindcla sylvatica. Linn., Oliv., Ixitr.

Inhabits Europe, Is found on INIartlesome Heath, Suffolk, occasion-
ally; near Christchurch in Hampshire; and near Cobham and Go-
dalming in Surry it is very conunon.

There are three other British species, viz. 2. C. campestris,vi\\\c\i is
taken in sandy places and in highways in great plenty. 3. C. hybri-
da, found on the sea-shore dear Yarmouth and Sv>'ansca. 4. C. Gc?-
manica, which is common at a place called Black Gang-w-ay in the
Isle of Wight, and is occasioi:ially found in chalk-pits near Dartford,
Kent, in the months of June and July.

Fam. II. Carabid.t:.

The mandibles of the Ccrubidce are entirely porrected; their
hinder legs are formed for running, and they feed on other insects.

" Professor F. A. Bonelli, of Turin, has lately written an admirable
monograph on the European genera of this family. This is published
under the title of Observations Entomologiqnes, and has been sanc-
tioned by the Imperial Academy. From the pai ts studied it proves
that Bonelli is a man of accurate judgement, and fully entitled to
rank amongst the first entomologists of the present day." Leach's
MSS.

Obs. — For the characters of most of the Genera in this extensive Fa-
mily I am indebted to Dr. Leach, who with his usual liberality al-
lowed me the free use of his ]MSS.

I. Anterior tibia not notched within. Elytra entire, covering the
whole abdomen. Antenna: linear or setaceous.

Stihi's 1. — Falpi with the fourth joint thicker than the third; the apex

CLASS V. IKSECTA. 115

dilated : antcnvcv with the second joint iis long or longer than the
fourth : zcings wanting, or two incomplete : abdomen ova! or ovate.

Genus 11. CYCIIRUS. Fahr.,F(n;h.,Latr., BoneUiyLcach^SclMi-

hen\

Palpi with the fourth joint spoon-shaped: ///» with the tooth of the

n(4ch simple : labrum bilobate : elytra deflexed, embracing the sides

of the a1)domea : wings none, or very short.
Dr. Leach has observed tliat the palpi of the male are larger than

those of the female. Anterior tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1. Cyc.rostmtus, Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach, Schouhcrr.
Carabus rostratus. JSIarsh. Ent. Brit. i.
Inhaliits pathv.ays in woods, roots of trees, bene;ith stones, and under

moss.

Genus 12. CARABUS of authors. Tachypus. Weber.

Palpi with their last joint securiform: lip with the tooth of its notch
simple : hibrttm bilobate : elytra not embracing the abdomen : rww^s
very short or entirely wanting.

The males have their anterior tarsi more or less dilated, and their
thorax is evidently narrower than that of the females.

Sp. 1. Car. viohceus. Black; margins of the thorax and elytra violet-
copper : elytra finely xugulose, somewhat smooth : abdomen elon-
gate-oval.

Carabus violaceiis. Linn., Fair., Oliv., Mnrsh., Lair.

Inhabits Europe. It is frequent in Britain at the roots of trees, under
stones, &c.

Sp. 2. Car. eatenulatua. Black: margins of thorax and elytra \-iolet :
thorax broader than long, deeply emarginate beli'md; each elytron
with about fourteen stria;; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the
suture interrupted; the intervals with a distinct, somewhat rugose
line : abdomen oval.

Carainiscatenulatus. Scnp.,Fa{ir.,Lafr. Carabus intricatus. Mars^.,OUv.

Iniiabits the soutii of France, Germany, and Britain. It is sometimes
fo'and cjuite black, at other times with a tinge of n.ne violet: and is
very plentiful in this country.

Sp. 3. Car. iitfricaftis. Black violet above, black beneath: thorax nar-
row, with nearly equal diameters: elytra with irregidar stria;; the
intervals punctate-rugose ; each elytron with three elevated cateiiu-
lated lines.

Carabus intricatus. Linn., L.atr. Carabus cyaneus. Fulr.^ Panz.

Inhabits Europe. There is but .one instance of its having occurred in
Britain. Dr. Leach took a single specimen under a stone in a v/ood
opposite the \'irtuoas l^ady Mine, on the river Tavy below Tavi-
stock in Devonshire, in the last week in May .

Sp., 4. C(ir. ■nemoralis. Black ; margin, of the elytra and sides of the

146 MODERN SYSTEM.

thorax violet : elytra obscure, copper, rugulose, with three longitu*

dinal rows of excavated sjiots.
Carabus nemoraUs. IlUg-, Lutr. Carabus hortensis. Oltv., Marsh.,

Fabr.
Inhabits gardens, and is very common in this country.

Sp. 5. Car. 7nonilis. Brassy-green or violet-black above, black beneath ;
each elytron with about fourteen elevated lines, two in the middle
more distinct than the rest ; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the
suture catenulated : abdomen elongate-oval.

Carabus monilis. Fubr., Latr. Carabus catenulatus. Marsh.

Inhabits France and Germany : in England it is found in gardens and
pathvrays in June, Jiily, and August.

Sp. 6. Car. morbillosus. Brassy or black copper above, black beneath ;
each elytron with three ribs, one at the suture; the interstices with
a catenulated line, and on each side of it with a less distinct smooth
punctate-rugose hne : abdomen elongate-oval. {Pl.3.ftg. 17.)

Carabus morbillosus. Fabr., Latr. Carabus granulatus. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found occasionally under stones and
moist places, and in abundance in rotten willows in the winter.

Stir PS 2. — Palpi with the fourth joint not thicker than the other
joints : antenne with the second joint shorter than the fourth ; wirigs
two, generally complete : abdomen quadrate.

Genus 13. CALOSOMA. Weh., Fair., Latr., Clairv., Bondli,
Panz., Leach.
Palpi moderate, with equal joints : lip with the tooth of its notch sim-
ple: antenna setaceous, straight: abdomen quadrate: zoings two.
(Anterior tarsi of the male with the three hrst joints very much di-
lated.)
Sp. 1. Cal. Sycophanta, Fabr.

Inhabits Europe; and although rare in Britain, has several times been
taken near Dartmouth and Norwich.

Calosoma Inquisitor of Fabricius has been taken at Norwood in
June by Mr. D. Bydder and Mr. W. Weatherhead, and by Dr. Leach
near Tavistock in Devonshire; but it must be esteemed a rare Bri-
tish insect. It once occurred in great plenty near Windsor, on the
white-thorn hedges, feeding on the larvte of lepidopterous insects.
Genus 14. NEBRIA. Latr., Clairv., Bonel, Panz., Leach, Gyll.
Palpi moderately long : labial with equal joints : maxillary with the
fourth joint longer than the preceding : lip with the tooth of its notch
bifid: antenne linear straight: abdomen elongate, quadrate: wings
two: fAoraj truncate ; the basilar angle straight. {Anterior tarsi of
the male with their three first joints dilated.)
Sp. 1. Neb. complanata. Leach.
Carabus complanatus. Lime. {PI. 3. Jig. 18.) Carabus arenarius, Fabr,

CT.ASS V. IXSECTA. 147

Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea near Swansea beneath drifted
wood, where it was hrst discovered by Sir J. Banks, and twenty
years after was Ukewise taken in great profusion by Dr. Leach,

The other British species are N. livida, N. brevkoUis, and JV. Gyl"
krihalli.

Genus 15. LEISTUS. FroL, Clairv., Bond., Panz. Pogonopho-
Rus. JLutr., Ltach, Gi/ll.

Falpi elongate : lublul willi the third joint very long : lip with the
tooth of its notch bifid : antenna linear, deflexed : abdomen qua-
drate, oblong : wings two : thorax with the base truncate, the angles
straight : {jnouth spinose : anterior tarsi of the male with the three
first joints dilated.)

Sp. 1. Leistus can'iikus. Latr.

Carabus spinibarbis. Mars/mm.

Inhabits sandy situations, and under stones in May and June.

II. Anterior tibia eniarginate within, or with an elevated internal
spur. Elytra not truncate, most frequently covering tlie whole
abdomen.

A. Palpi elongate. Anterior tarsi of the male generally with only two
dilated joints. Thorax on each side rounded. (Palpi with the
last joint deeply truncate.)

Genus 16. PANAG^US. Latr., Clairv., Bonel, Panz., Leachj
Gyll.
Mandibles acute, simple : lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : neck
distinct : mouth acute : palpi with their fourth joint triangular : wings
two : thorax suborbiculate, entire : (anterior tarsi of the male with
the two first joints penicillate-dilated.)
Sp. 1. Pan. Crux-major. Latr.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare, but is occasionally found at the
roots of trees, and in sandy situations.

Stir PS 3. — Mandibles obtuse or above towards their points emargi-
nate-truncate or with a large and very obtuse tooth : neck none :
mouth very obtuse: (body depressed.)

Genus 17. BADISTER. Clairv., Latr., Bonel, Panz., Leach,
Amblychus. Gyll.
Palpi with their last joint oval : thorax anteriorly and posteriorly
notched : wings two. (Anterior tarsi of the male with the three first
joints dilated.)
Sp. 1. Bad. bipustulatus. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. In England it is found under stones, and in sandy
situations.

K 2

148 MODERN SYSTEM.

B. Palpi moderutclif porrecled. Anterior tarsi of (he male n-it/i
three or four dilated joints. (Neck none.)

* Anterior tibia- notched on their hinder or lower side.

Stirps 4. — Wings two (habit of the Cicinde/adce).

Genus 18. NOTHIOPHILUS. Dumiril, Bond, Panz., Lrach.

JLahrum quadrate, its apex rounded : labium on each side dilated round-
ed : lingula rather long, broad, corneous : thorax flat, subquadratc,
subtransverse, as broad as the head and abdomen : ct/cs prouiinent :
zoings two. (Anterior tarsi ot" the male not distinctly dilated.)

Sp. 1. Not. aquaticus. Panz.

Cicindela aquatica. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe, and is very common in Britain.

Genus 19. ELAPHRUS. Fabr., Latr., Bonel, Leach, kc.

Lahrum transverse, truncate : lip on each side obliquely subtruncate :
lingula short, narrow, membranaceous : ihoi-ax truncate-olicordate,
convex and imequal, narrower than the head and abdomen : eyes
very prominent. {Anterior tai^si of the male distinctly dilated.)

Sp. 1. Elaph. riparius. Fabr.

Inhabits tlie edges of ponds on Epping Forest, Coombe Wood, {Ind
Battersea Fields.

Genus 20. BEMBIDIUM. Leach, Gi/IL Bembidion. Lair.,
Bond., Panz. Ocydromus. Frulich, Clairv.
Lcd^rum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen, and as broad
as the head : ei/es more or less prominent : zciugs two, generally per-
fect. (Anterior tarsi of the male with the first joint very much di-
lated.) Maxillurtj palpi with their last joint minute, abruptly nar-
rower than the preceding joint.
Sp. 1. Bemb.Jhnnpes. Latr.
Inhabits sandy places, and roots of grass.

Genus 21. CILLENUS. Uach's MSS.

Lubrum transverse : thorax narrower than the abdomen and as broad
as the head: eyes rather prominent : a'/H^s t\vo, imperfect. Anterior
tarsi with the second, third, and fourth joints transverse (of the
male wider than those of the female : bodij depressed.)

Sp. 1. cm. lateralis. Thorax purple bronze cordate with an impressed
longitudinal line : elytra livid purple striated, with some impressed
discoidal punctures, the strite running together behind, margins of
tlie elytra indexed, base of the antennae and legs testaceous : head
purplish or greenioh-bronze.

Inhabits the sea-shore. First discovered by Dr. Leach near Porto
Bello on the Frith of Forth, and afterwards taken at Cromer lu
Norfolk, in great profusion.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 149

"** Anterior tibia notched on their inferior siile.

Stir PS 5. — Palpi with their fourth joint conic acute.

Genus 22. TRECHUS. Clairv., Latr., Bond., Panz., Txuch.
Wings complete : thorax narrower behind, the hinder margin straight,
the angles subroiuidcd {anterior and middle tarsi of the male with
the four first joints dilated).

This genus is very nearly allied to the insects of the next Stirps.
Sp. 1. Tr. meridianus. Clair\'., Leach.
Inhabits the roots of grass and gardens.

Gen. 23. EPAPHIUS. LeacKs MSS.
Ej/cs moderately hirge : zcings none : thorax narrower behind, with the

posterior margin straight, the angles acute. {Anterior tay^si of the

male with two dilated joints.)
Sp. 1. Epa. scculis.
C'arabus sccalis. Pai/k.
Inhabits Europe : it is rare in Britain.

Genus 24. AEPUS. Leach's MSS.
E^es very minute : icings none : tltorax subtriangulate, the posterior

apex deeply truncate.
Sp. 1. Aep. fulvcscens. Colour somewhat fulvescent; head and antennie

slightly tinted with ferrugincous.
Inhabits the southern coast of Devon, and is found under stones at

the mouths of the rivers Tamar and Yalm,

Stirps 6. — Palpi with their fourth joint truncate, never conic. {Tarsi
anterior and intermediate of the male with four dilated joints.)

Genus 25. IIARPALUS. Latr., Bonel., Leach, Panz.
Palpi with their fourth joint oval : thorax subquadrate transverse, with

an impression on each side of its base : wings two.
Sp. 1. Har. rujicornis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe. Is common in Britain, under stones and in sandy

situations.

Stirps 7. — P«//j< with their fourth joint never conic: rein gs iwo : ti-
hice anterior, not palmate-dentated : mandibles short and simple : lip
with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax as broad as the base of
the abdomen : Body broad convex: antenutz linear: torsi anterior of
the male with three dilated joints; intermediate ones simple.

Genus 26. ZABRUS. Clairv., Bonel, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with their fourth joint shorter than the third : labrum emargi-
nate: anterior tibicc at their extremities with a triple spur: th)ruv
quadrate, with its base transversely subim pressed : body gibbous
oblong.

Sp. 1. Zab. gibbus.

150 MODFRN SYSTEM.

Carabus gibbus. Fab?-. Carabus gibbosus. Marsh.

Inhabits Europe. Is found at the roots of grass in Battersea FieUb.

Its natural history is given in Germar's Magazin der Entomologia

for 1813.

Genus 27. OODES. BoneUi, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with the third and fourth joints equal in length : lahrum entire :
anterior tibia: at their extremity with a double spur : thorax broadest
at its base, not transversely impressed : bod^ slightly-convex oval.

Sp. 1. Ood. lielopoides, Panz.

Inhabits Germany, and England on moist banks: it is sometimes
found in Battersea Fields.

Stirps 8. — Palpi with their last joint never conic : wings two ; tibi(e
anterior not palniate-dentated : mandibles simple, or towards their
bases denticulated : lip with the tooth of the notch simple : thora.v
obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary;
hody depressed : antemuc linear : tarsi of the male with three diluted
joints; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 28. LORICERA. Latr., Clairv., Boncl, Panz., Leach,

Antenna setaceous, pilose, with the first five joints globose clavate 5
neck distinct.

Sp. 1. Lor. ecnea. Latr., Leach.

Carabus pilicornis. Marsh.

Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass.

Stiups 9. — Palpi with their last joint never conic: zoings two: fibit?
anterior not palmate-dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their
bases denticulated : lip with the tooth of its notch simple : thorax
obcordate, sessile, with the lateral impression obsolete or solitary ;
bodi/ depressed : antenna linear ; tarsi anterior of the male with
three dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 29. CALLISTUS, Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with their last joint oval, subacuminate and of the same length
with the third joint; labrum much notched, its base narrowed; tho^
rax convex punctate, the basal <mgles straight : body convex.

Sp. 1. Cul. lunatus.

Caralnis lunatus. Fabr.

Inhabits Europe. It is very rare in Britain,

Genus 30. AGONUM. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with the last joint oval, truncate and of the same length with
the third joint; labrum transverse, (|uadrate, entire: thorax Hat,
smooth, the basal angles rounded : body depressed.

Sp. 1. Ag. sex-punctutum.

Carabus sex-puuctatus. Fabr.

CLASS V. lUSECTA.

161

Inhabits moist places. In Coombe Wood it has been found very abun-
dant. {PL 3. Jig. 20.)

Genus 31. SYNUCIIUS. GyUenhall, Leach.
Intermediate palpi with their last joint cyUndric elongate, the apex trun-
cate ; /linder palpi with their last joint thickened at their cKtreniity,
the apex obliquely acuminated : thorax, labrum, and bud^ as in Agonum.
Sp. 1. Sj/ii. vivalis.
Carabus vivalis. Illig.
Inhabits

Genus 32. ANCHOMENUS. Bonclli, Panz., Leach.
Palpi with their fourth oval, scarcely truncate, of the length of the
third joint : lubrum quadrate, transverse entire : thorax tiat, smooth,
the basal angles straight : bodij rather depressed.
Sp. 1. Anc. prusinus.
Harpalus prasinus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits

SriRPS 10. — Palpi with their last joint never conic: wings two: tibia
anterior not palmate-dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their base
denticulated : lip with its notch-tooth bifid : thorax obcordnte or sub-
orbiculate-sessile : body moderately or very much elongated : tarsi
anterior of the male with three or four dilated joints ; intermediate
turs-i simple.

* Antenna compressed, narrower towards their extremities {thorax
obsolete).

Genus 33. PLATYSINIA. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Palpi with their fourth joint cylindric, its base attenuated ; those of
the maxillae with their fourth joint shorter than the preceding : tho-
rax with the base on each side with two striae, the exterior stria very
small : basal angles straight : {bodt/ depressed.)
Sp. 1. PL nigritum.

Carabus nigritus. Fabr. Carabus aterrimus. Marsh.
Inhabits damp woods.

Genus 34. CHLiENIUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.

Palpi with the fourth joint oval, of the length of the third joint : tho-
rax with its base on each side with one stria : {bodt/ punctulate, va-
ried with colour; elytra generally with a pale margin.)

Sp. 1. Chl.festivus.

Carabus festivus. Fabr. Car. vestitus. Marsh.

Inhabits moist banks and woods.

Genus 35. EPOMIS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Palpi with their fourth joint triangular, compressed ; maxillary ones

with their fourth joint shorter than the third : thorax with one stria

on each side of its base.
Sp. 1. Ep. cincta.

152 MODERN SYSTEM.

Carabiis cinctus. Panz,

Inhabits the fields near Bristol and Plymouth.
** Antenna linear.
Genus 30. SPIIODRUS. Clairo., Bond., Panz., Leach.

P-a/pi with their fourth joint cylindric: labial attenuated at their base,
shorter than the third : mandibles elongate : untenmc with their third
joint elongate, as long as the two first taken together : thorax obcor-
date, the base on eadi side with one stria, the angles straight : (zcivgs
sometimes abbreviated -.front tarsi ot'tlie male witli four dilated joints.)

Sp. 1. Sph. planus. Claiiv.

Carabus leucophlhalmus. Linnt.

Inhabits houses.

Genus 37. AMARA. Bondli, Pnnztr, Dadt.
Falpi with their fourth joint oval, of the length of the third : man-
dibles short : antenna: with their third joint shorter than the first :
thorax broad, its base transversely impressed ; hinder angles straight.
This genus contains Carabus vulgaris of Linne, and its affinities,
all of which have ihe fore lursi of the male with three dilated joints.
*** Antcnnec compressed, thicker toicards their exb'emities. Palpi
zcith their fourth joint elongate, oral, or subcyHndric.
Genus 38. BLETIIISA. Bonelli, Panz. Helobum. Leach.
Maxillari/ palpi with the fom'th shorter than the third joint : labrvm
emarginate : mandibles with their base subdcnticulated : thorax ob-
cordate, the base on each side with one stria {eli/tra with large exca-
vated dots) : anterior tibi/e with their notch near the apex : anterior
tarsi of tiie male with four dilated joints: uings perfect.
Sp. 1. Ble. mdtipiinctata.
Car. multipunctatus. Fahr.
Inhabits moist places; it occurs occasionally in Battersea Fields.

Genus 39. CALATIIUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Maxillary palpi with the fourth joint of the length of the third : la-
brum entire : mandibles with their base mullidentate : thorax trajyezir-
^/y/'w?, rather fiat, behind on each side punctulate imjiressed : body
elliptic: mngs generally abbreviated : anterior tarsi of the male with
three dilated joints.
Sp. 1. Cal. cisteloidcs. Panz.
Carabus cisteloides. Illig.
Inhabits under stones and the bark of trees.

Genus 40. POECILLUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach.
Maxillar}/ palpi with the first joint of the length of the third : labrum
truncate entire, or scarcely notched : mandibles with their base su!j-
denticulated : thorax with its base narrower, with two stria on each
side, the exterior stria very small, or with obliterated impressed dots :
zDings sometimes abbreviated : {anterior tarsi of the males with three
dilated join Ls.)

CLASS V. IKSr.CTJ. 1S3

Sp. 1. Poe. cuprats.
Carabus ciipreiis. L'lnne.
Inhabits sand-pits and path-ways,

Stiri's 11. — Vulpi with their last joint never conic: tclngs two: tihi<t
wit-crior not palmate-dentate : mandibles sharp witlitn or strongly
unidentate: lip with, the tooth of its notch simple: tlvorax obcor-
<latc, its base very narrow or pednnciilatcd : hody convex most often
elongate: head large: tcu-u anterior of the male with tlnee or four
dilated joints; intermediate tarsi simple.

Genus 41. 8T(;MIS. Claimlk', BoncUi^ Pmiz., Lcuch.
J\Lindihles very porrect witJiout teeth internally, that of its right side
with its middle hicised ; pa!i)iWii\\ the fourth joint oval, jiiaxillarjf
ones with the fourth joint larger than the third; luhriim bilohate;
///) un each side subrounded : antcnnce longer than tlie thorax, die
third joint as long as the fourlJi ; thorax ol)long: zchig^ none: .{trntcr
rii)]- tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.)
Sp. 1. Sto. pumicatus,

Carabus pumicatns. Illig. Car. tenuis. ^larsh.
Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass,

GeniLS 42, BROSCUS. Panzer, Leach. Cepiialot.es. Bonelli.
^Tandibks moderate, their middle internally witli one tooth; labial
palpi with tlu'ij- fourth joint obconic; maiillar}/ ones witli the saine
Joint of the length ot the third, cylindric : lahrum ti'ansverscly qua-
drate, entire : lip ro^mckxl on each side: ante niits a.s long as the tho-
rax, with the third joint as long as the fourth : thorax with equal
diameters: a7»^'s perfect: {anterior tarsi ol' {lie male with three di-
lated joints.)
Sp. 1. Bi-os. ccplwlotcs.
Carabus ceplialotes. Pabr.
Inhabits the sea shores near Swansea.

Stirps 12. — Palpi with their last joint never conic: icings tn-o or
none: f(6/« anterior palmate dentate : f/^or« r pedunculated: lip\\\\h
the tOQth of its notch simple.

Genus 43. CLIVINA. iMtr., Clairv., Bond., Panz., Leach.
Mandibles denticulated from their base to their apex : thorax quadrate:
■itnfcror tibia; externally and at their apex digitated : icings two, some-
times incomplete.
Sp. 1. Cli. Fossor.

Tenebrio Fossor. Linnt. Clivina areaaria. Lrulr. Carabus distans, 2tarbh,
Inhabits sandy situations.

Genus 44. DYSCHIRIUS. Panzer, Lcuch.
Mandibles denticulated at their base : thorax globose : anterior iibi^
with their extremities (rarely also externally slightly) digitated;
■icings two perfect.
Sp. 1. Djs. gibbus.

154 MODERJf SYSTEM.

Clivina gibba. Lat?\, Leach.

Inhabits moist places ; is pretty common at Battersea.

Stirps 13. — Palpi with their last joint oval, wings nunc: tibi(e ante-
rior not palmate-dentated : thorax sessile ; lip with the tooth of its
notch bifid : tibia of the third pair of legs behind spinulose : {eli/tra
with no impressed discoidal spots: anus in both sexes very smooth.)

* AntenrKE setaceous.
Genus 45. ABAX. Bone Hi, Panzer, Leach.

Bodi/ broad, equal depressed : eli/tr-a united, their shoulders carinate
plicate : antennce rather longer than the thorax : thorax transversely
quadrate, the base on each side with two stris, the basal angles
straight : {anterior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.)

Sp. 1. Abax Striola.

Carabus Striola. Fahr. Car. depressus. Oliv.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and imder stones.

Stieps 14. — H7«ifs incomplete or none : /ift/if anterior simple: thorax
sessile : lip with the tooth of its notch simple and obtuse : {elytra
obliquely emarginate-truncate, without any larger impressed, dis-
coidal spots.)

Genus 46. CYMINDIS. Latr., Bonel, Panz., Leach. Tarvs.
Clairv. Cymidis, Gi/ll.

Labriim subquadrate, emarginate : maxillarij palpi with the fourth joint
rounded oval, of the labial palpi compressed, its apex more or less
dilated : wings none, or very imperfect.

Sp. 1. Cym. humeralis.

Carabus humeralis. Fabr.

Inhabits moist banks.

III. Anterior tibia: notched at their internal side before the apex, Flxf-
tra abruptly truncated, shorter than the abdomen. Wings com-
plete in both sexes.
Stirps 15. — Palpi short filiform : lip with its notch simple, or with a
bifid tooth : juandibles dentate at their base : palpi with their fourth
joint deeply truncate : thorax oblong : body convex : rciags tuo or
none: neck none: labrum transverse; tarsi with their fourth joints
simple.

Genus 47. BRACIIINUS. Fabr., Bonel, Clairv., Latr., Punz.y
Sch'onh., Leach.
Lip with the tooth of its notch wanting : labrum not or scarcely emar-
ginate : labial palpi with their fourth joint rounded, oval: elylrci,
slightly truncated : legs moderately long : rcings two.
Sp. 1. Bra. crepitans. Fabr.
Carabus crepitans. Linnc, Marsh.

Inhabits imder stones, near Gravesend in profusion, and occasionally
beneath clods of earth in ploughed fields in May. {PL '3. Jig. 10.)

I

ClASS V. INSECTA. 155

Stirps 16. — Palpt short, filiform, the fourth joint truncate, with the
tooth of its notch acute : mandibles without teeth : thorax transverse :
bod^ depressed, broad : zcings two : neck none : luhrum entire.

Genus 48. LAMPRTAS. BonelU, Panz. Echimuthus. Leach.

Tarsi with their fourth joint simple : antenna; linear : ixings sliort.

Sp. 1. Lam. cyanocephala. Intense blue-green; first joint of the an-
tennae, thorax, thighs, and tibiae red; elytra with punctured stria,
the spaces between the striae punctured ; knees black.

Carabus cyanocephalus. Linni, Sc/ionher. Echimuthus cyanocephalus.
Leach.

Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain, where it was first discovered
by Dr. Leach.

Sp. 2. Lam. chlorocephala. Intense green ; the three first joints of the
antenna;, thorax, and legs red ; elytra with punctured stria;, the
spaces between the stris very obsoletely and irregularly punctu-
lated ; tarsi black.

Carabus cyanocephalus. Mnrxliani.

Inhabits the broom and imder tlie bark of trees. It is very abundant
occasionally in Coombe Wood, near London, and is not uncommon
in other parts of Britain : — it has been considered as L, cyanocephala
by all British collectors.

Genus 49. LEBTA. Ljttr., BonelU, Panz., Leach.
Tarsi with their fourth joint bifid : antenna more slender at their bcise :

Tvings long. The palpi of this genus are scarcely truncate.
Sp. 1. Leb. Crux-minor.
Carabus Crux-minor. Linni.
Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very rare.

Stirps 17. — I'alpi short, filiform : lip with the tooth of its notch
acute : mandibles dentated at their bases : palpi vvith their fourth
joints scarcely truncated: thoi-ax with subequal diameters, or longer
than broad : body depressed, flat, narrow : wings two ; labrum emar-
ginate.

Genus 50. DROMIUS. BonelU, Leach.
Tarsi with their fourth joint simple : head not remarkably produced
behind : thorax obcordate, margined flat, a little broader than long,
Sp. 1. Dro. quadrimaculatus,
Lebia 4-maculata, Latr.
Inhabits beneath the bark of trees during the winter months.

Genus 51. DEMETRTAS. BonelU. Risopiiilus. Leach.
Tarsi with the fourth joints bifid : head behind very much produced :
thorax rather longer than broad, obcordate, margined, narrower than
the head,

156 MODEUK SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Dem. atrkapillu. Body pale yellowish : head black : mouth and
thorax reddish: elytra very obsoletely striated: wings elongated;
epigastrium and base of the belly I'uscous.

Lebia alricapilla. Latr.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees.

Sp. 2. Dan. monostlgma. Body pale yellowish : head black : thoras
reddish : elytra obsoletely striated, towards their tips with one fus-
cous spot : wings abbreviated.

Risophilus monostigma. Leach.

Inhabits Europe amongst the roots of plants. It is very common near
Swansea.

Genus 52. ODACANTIIA. Fubr., Lair., Bond., Clairv., Panz.,
Leach, G>/ll.
Tarsi with their fotirth joint simple : head behind nuich produced :

thof-ax oblong, subcylindric, narrower than the head.
Sp. 1. Odacuntha melaimra.
Attelabus mclanurus. Llnnc.
Inhabits marshes in Norfolk and near Swansea,

Stirps 18. — Falpi very much elongated, tlic fourth joint with its apex
dilated: lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : lubrnin trilobate, the
middle lobe largest : inundibka very prominent: (/nu.rilhe with a very
thin perpendicular claw : tarsi with the fourth joint bitid : neck di-
stinct.)

Genus 53. DRYPTA. Latr., Fabr., Bonel., Panz., Leach. Caka-
Bus. Russi, Marsh. Cicindela. 0/iv.

Thorax cylindric : head narrowed or lengthened behind : mandibles
much elongated and very jirominent : exterior maxillary and labial
palpi terminated by a large nearly obconic joint, (maxillary ones
nmch lengthened :) Up elongate linear, with two auricles.

Sp. 1. Dri/p.emarginata. Blue, punctate, villose : mouth, antenna", and
feet red: thorax with an impressed longitudinal line; elytra with
punctin-cd stria-; apex of the first and middle of the third joint of
the antenna^ brown.

Drypta emarginata. Fabr. Latr. Gen. Crust, el Insect, i. 197. ted). 7.
Jig. 3. Leach, Edin. £Hn/i7. ix. 81. Carabus chrysostomus. Mursham,

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is rare; but has been taken near Hast-
ings and Eaversham.

Fam. III. DvTiciD.E. Leach.
IIvDROCANTiiAUi. LatrciUe.
Dyticus. Geoffroi/.
Dytiscus. Linnc, &c.

All the Dyticidae inhabit th-e water, both in the state of larA'je

CLASS V. INSECTA. 157

and whe4i perfect, living on other insects. Tlie anterior and middle
tarsi in some of the genera have but tour joints.

A. With a scutellum, feet formed for walking : tarsi, the whole of

the in with five joints; claws didactyle.

Sti rps 1. — Hinder thighs covered at their base with a shield-shaped plate.
Genus 51. IIALIPLUS. Latr., GylL, T^ach. Cxemidotcs. Illig.
HoPLiTUS. Claire.
" * Bodi/ ohlong oval. Ehjtra with elevated ridgcsS^ Leach.

Labial and external maxillary palpi subulate.
Sp. 1. llul. elcvatus. Panz.
Inhabits running streams.

" ** Body oral. Elytra striated.'" Leach.

Sp. 2. Hul. ferruginens. Linne.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Stirps 2. — Hinder thighs w'whowt the shield at their base: (n/^s pro-
minent.)

Genus 55. PVELOBIUS. Schonherr, Leach. Hygrobia. Lalreilk.
IIydrachna. Fair.
External maxillary palpi with the last joint subclavate.
Sp. 1. Feel, llermanni. Black: head, transverse band on the thoiax,
base and border of the elytra and feet ferrugineous. (P/. ^.fg. 1-4-)
Dytiscus Ilermaimi. ^Lirsh., Oliv.

Inhabits ponds. The last segment of the abdomen when rubbed
against the elytra produce a noise.

B. Scutellum none. Feet, hinder ones, for tlue most part foryied for

siciinming.

Stirp's 3. — The four anterior tarsi with four, the two posterior with
five joints.

Genus 5G. Hvphydrus. Latr., GylL, Illig., Schunh., Leach.
Body nearly globose : the four anterior tarsi with the last joint short;

the hinder feet witli but one claw.
Sp. 1. Hyp. ovutiis. Obscure, ferrugineous, impunctate; the base of

the elytra with an impression at tlie base of the suture.
Dytiscus ovatus. Limit.
Inhabits ponds.

Genus 57. HYDROPORUS. Clairvilk, Leach. IlYPUYPRrs.
Illig., Schunh., Gyll.
Body otal ; the breadth exceeding the height : the four anterior tarsi
with four joints, the last joint slender: claws didactyle.

158 MODERN SYSTEM,

* Bo<}t/ elovgnted.

Sp. 1. Ht/p. '['2-piistulutns.

Inhabits ponds and ditches.

** Bodi/ oval.

Sp. 1. Hyp. coiifluens.

Dytiscus confluens. Marsham.

Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Stirps 5. — All the tarsi with five articulations.
Genus 58. NOTERUS. Clairv., Latr., Uach.

Antenna with a fifth or seventh joint dilated : hinder feet but slightly
adapted for swimming.

Sp. 1. Not. Geerii. Oval, convex, brown: head and thorax ferrugine-
ous : elytra sprinkled with impressed dots : antennae of the male
thick.

Dytiscus crassicornis of authors. Dytis clavicornis. De Gecr.

Inhabits stagnant waters.

Sp. 2. Not. sparstis. Elytra with impressed dots.

Dytiscus sparsus. Marsh., i. 430.

Inhabits stagnant waters near London.

Genus 59. LACCOPHILUS. Uach, Edin. Encycl. vol. ix.

AntenncE with the joints simple : hinder feet well adapted for swim-
ming.

Sp. 1. Luc. hyalinus.

Inhabits canals and slowly running waters.

Sp.2. Lac. minutus. Greenish-testaceous: legs yellowish.

Dytiscus minutus. Linne, Marsh., Gyll.

Inhabits stagnant waters.

C. With a sciitellum: hinder feet compressed and formed for swim-
ming: all the tarsi with five articulations.
Stirps 6. — Tttk posterior elongated : claxcs on the hinder feet didac-
tyle.
Genus 60. COLYMBETES. ClairviUe, Latr., Leach.
External maxillary palpi \\\i\i the second and tliird joint equal; fourth

long, obtuse at the apex.
Sp. 1. Col. striatus.
Inhabits stagnant waters.
Sp. 2. Col. maculatus. {PL 3. fig- 15.)
Inhabits ditches.

Gemis Gl. HYDATICUS. Leach, Edinb. Encycl. vol. ix.
External maxillary palpi with the second joint short, third and fourth
long bnt efjual and subulated: anterior tarsi of the male patelliform :
female with the thorax rough on both sides : elytra smooth.

CLASS V. INSECTA.

159

Sp. 1. Hi/d. Hi^biirri Black; front and margin of the thorax fernigine-

ous, margins of the elytra yellow with black spots,
Dytiscus parapleurus. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds : is of rare occurrence near London.

Genus 62. ACILIUS. Leach's ZuoL Misc. vol. iii.
External rnaxillari/ palpi with the second joint obconic, third elongate

obconic, fourth longer, nearly cylindrical, and rounded at its apex.

Anterior tarsi of the male patelliform : el^/tra of the female sulcated.
Sp. 1. Ac. sulcatus.
Dytiscus sulcatus of authors.
Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters, and is very common.

Genus 63. DYTICUS. Geoff., Illig., Leach. Dytiscus. Linni,
Fahr., Latr., Marsh.

External marillajy palpi with the third and following joint of equal
lengtli; the last gradually increasing from the middle : anterior tarsi
of the male patelliform : {PI. 3. Jig. 13. a.) e/i/tra of the female sul-
cated.

Sp. 1. Dyt. marginalis. Ovate, olive-black above, luteous red beneath ;
the scutcllum of the same colour with the elytra : clypeus, whole
margin of the thorax, and border of the elytra, red clay-colour; bi-
furcature of the sternum lanceolate. {PL 3. ftg. 13. c.)

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is common in ponds at all seasons of
the year.

Dytiscus circumflexus of Fabricius is abundant in the ponds near
London. It is distinguished from marginalis by its more elongate
shape, by the bifurcate process of the sternum being spine-shapetl,
and by the colour of the scutellum, which is invariably ferruginous.
{PI. 3. fig. 13. b. sternum.)

Fam. IV. Gyrinid^:. Leach.

Internal maxillary palpi composed of one part: arifenna: very short:
eyes divided so as to appear as four : four hinder feet compressed, fo-
liaceous, formed for swimming.

Genus 64. GYRINUS. Linn., Fahr , Latr., Gyll, Leach.
" * Elytra naked, with punctured striaJ' Leach.
Sp. 1. Gyr. Natator. Oval: elytra with punctured stris ; the inflex<-d
margin testaceous. {PI. 2.fg. 2. a. antenna magnified, b. the hinder
leg magnified.)
Inhabits stagnant ^vaters.

" ** Elytra smooth, lillose.^' Leacii.
Sp. 2. Gyr. villosus. Fabr., Gyll.
Gyrinus Moderii. Marsham.
Inhabits rivers and running waters.

160 MODERN SYSTEM.

Fain. V. BupRESTiAD^. Lcucfr.>

Mandibles witli their extremities entire: antenna filitbrm or seiacenus,
often pectinated or serrated : bodi/ convex.
T . Pa 'yj i jilijorm .
Genus fi.x.BUPRESTIS. Linn., I'abr., Lair., MarsK., Leach.

.i^»fe7inrt;iiliform, serrated in l)oth sexes: thorax with the hinder mar-
gin applied to the base ol" the elytra : hod^ cylindric linear.

Sp. 1. Bi'p. bigutfuta. (Jrcen above, bluc-grecu beneath; sciitelliini
transversely inijiressed: a[)cx of the elytra serrated ; a white villose-
spot on each side of the suture, and three on the sides of the ab-
domen.

Buprcstis biguttata. Fabr., OFni., Mnrsh., L^alr., Leach.

Inhabits France and Germany. In England it is very rare.

Sp. 2. Bnp. viridis. (PL 3. Jig. 9. a. antenna' inaguijied.}

Inhabits the birch and nut-tree.

• Genus 66. TRACIIYS. Fabr., Gi/U., I^ach.
'Antenntz serrated and filiform : thorax with the hinder margin lobed

and applied to the base of the elytra: scuteUam obsolete: bodj/ shortj

ovate or triangular.
Sp. 1. I'ra. jninula. Copperv-bro\\'n above; front impressed: el^'tra

with slightly elevated spaces and transverse luidulating bands of

white hair.
Buprcstis minuta. Linn., idarsh.. LMlr. Tracliys miuuta. G^Il., Fabr.,

Leach.
Inhabits the birch and nut-tree in Jime and July.

Genus 07. APHANISTICUS. Latr., Jxach.
Antenna massive.

Sp. 1. Aph. cmarginatus. Latr., Leach,
Buprcstis emarginatns. F((br.
Inhabits France and England,

II. Palj)i terminated bi/ a thick joint.
Genus 6Q. JMELASIS. Oliv., Fabr., Latr.,Ixach. Elater. Linn.

Tarsi with entire joints.

Sp. 1. MeLjlabellicornis. Obscure blackish : antenna^, tibin?, and tarsi
red-brown: head punctate ; thorax rough, with elevated jiunctures,
having an impressed dorsal hne: elytra finely rugulose and striated.

Elater buprestoides. Linn. Melasis flabcllicurnis. OHv., Panz., Fabr.,
Leach. Melasis buprestoid(;s. Latr,

Iiihabifs Germany and the south of France. In England it has been
once taken by Mr. J. Curtis, of Norwich, an excellent artist and an
industrious entomologist; and several times near Windsor, where it.
was first observed by Mr. Ilerschel.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. l&l

Fam. VI. Elaterid.i;. Leach.

Palpi thick at their extremities : antenne fihform : body formed for
leaping : hinder thighs with a trochanter.

Genus 69. CERATOPHYTUM. Leach. Cerophytum, Latr.
l^fandihles without notch at their extremities: /arsi with their la«t

joint but one bifid.
Sp. 1. Cer. LatreiUii. Leach.
Cerophytum Elateroides. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. In the latter

country it was discovered by IMr. JMillard in the New Forest, Hants.

Obs. — Latreille referred this genus to the preceding family (as a sec-
tion of his family Sterroxi) ; but it has been referred to the Elate-
rida by Dr. Leach in his MSS.

Genus 70. ELATER of authors.
Mandibles notched or bifid at tiieir extremities: /flrsi with all their
joints entire.

This genus should be divided into several others, hut the charac-
ters have not yet been developed. They may be divided into the
following sections, as given by Latreille in his Genera Crustaceorum
et Iiiscctorum.

* The last joint of the antenna with the apex so ahrnptlr/ acuminated
as to give the appearance of' a twelfth joint.

Sp. 1. Elat.fen-ugineus. Antennje serrated; colour black: thorax with
the exception of the hinder margin and elytra red, finely punctated,
pubescent: elytra with punctured striae.

Elater ferrugineus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Panz., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits rotten trees, especially willows. In Britain it is very rare. It
sometimes occurs in Kent; varies in size and colour. In Dr. Leach's
collection (now in the British Museum) is a variety with the thorax
entirely black.

** Last joint of the antcnnte oval or oblong, not abruptly acuminate.

I. Body not linear, but three times as long as broad ; abdomen oblong-
triangulate.

A. Antenna (of the male at least) pectinated or serrated.
Sp. 2. Elat. castaneus. Antennje of the male pectinated, colour black :

head and thorax red-tomentose : elytra yellow punctate-striated :

apex black.
Elater castaneus. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Leach.
Inhabits

162 MODERN SYSTEM.

B. Antennx simple: joints conic.

Sp. 3. Elnt. murimis. Black-fuscous, clouded with cinereous down : tho-
rax bituberculate : antennae and tarsi red.

Elater murinus. Linn., Fair., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. Is common on thistles, willows, and under stones
in sandy situations.

II. Body linear, nearly four times longer than broad: thorax oblong-
quadi'ate.

Sp. 4. Elat. marginatus. Black : Front retuse : antenna?, sides of the
thorax, feet, anus, and hinder margins of the abdominal segments,
brownish-yellow; suture and outer marghi of the elytra black.

Elater marginatus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits various herbaceous plants in fields.

Plate 3. represents fig. 7, Elater aeneus, Linn., E. cyaneus, Marsh. —
fi"-. 6. E. semiruber, Hoffmannsegg's MSS. a species very common in
the New Forest, Hampshire; and has, together with many other
species, been confounded under the general name sanguineus.

Fam. VII. Telephorid,^. Leach.
Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid: anteima: filiform, composed of
ten joints : elytra soft, flexible : thorax nearly quadrate or semicir-
cuL'ir.

Genus 71. DASCILLUS. Latr. Atopa. Taykull, Fabr., Leach.

Chrysomela. Vmn. Crioceris. Marsh. Cistela. Olivier.

Maxillary pa/pi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi

not bifiircate: body ovate: feet simple.
Sp. 1. Das.cervina. Black, with cinereous down: antennae, feet and

elytra, pale yellow.
Clirysomela cervina. Linn. Atopa cervina. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Das-

cillus ccrvinus. Latr.
Inhabits hedges and woods.

Genus 72. ELODES. Latr. Cypiion. Fabr., Payk., Gyll, Leach.

Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi
bifurcate : body sub-ovate or round-ovate : feet with their tibiae sim-
ple, and their thighs not thickened.

Sp. 1. El. pallida. Sub-ovate, pale-red, punctulated, pubescent : eyes,
antenme (with the exception of their base), apex of the elytra, and
abdomen, blackish: thorax somewhat semicircular, transverse, lo-
bate behind.

Elodes pallida. Latr. Cyphon pallidus. Fabr., Leach,

Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants.

CLASS V. INSr.CTA, 1G3

Genus 73. ST^IRTES. IlUser, Leach. Cyphon. Fayh., Fair.
Elodes. Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., Marsh.

Maxillary pafpi filiTorm, the last joint somewhat cvlindric: labial palpi
bifurcate: /(oc/y ovate, inclining to round, convex: feetwhh their ti-
bis termniated with a strong spine: hinder thighs thickened and
fomied lor leaping.

Sp. 1. Scir. hemisplKurica. Black, smooth: thorax "-hort, transverse,
anterior margin somewhat concave : tibia?, tarsi, and base ol the an-
tenna- paie fuscous.

Cvphon hemispharicus. Fabr., Payk. Elodes hemisphaerica. Latr.
Chrvsomela hemispha rica. Marsh.

Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches.

Genus 74. DRILUS. 01 iv., Lam., Latr. Ptilixus. Fair., Geoff".
Cantiiaris. ]\[arsh.

Maxillary palpi with their apex acute; /«i/«/ short, somewhat cylin-
dric: anlewKZ with their internal edge ])ectinated: ntaxilla; with one
process : mandibles notched at their points : body soft, anteriorly ar-
cuate, inflexcd.

Sp. 1. Dri. Jluvesrens. Black, pubescent : elytra yellowish.

Drilus flavescens. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cantliaris serraticornis. Mar-
sham.

Inhabits Europe. Is found in Darent Wood, Kent, amongst grass in
tolerable abundance, some years.

Genus 75. LYCUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. CAXXiiAnis. Lin«.
Lampyris. Geoff., Marsh.

Mandibles with their entire end pointed: antennae compressed, more or
less serrate, inserted near each other : palpi of the maxilte with the
last joint somewhat triangular, having their points broader: head
with the mouth produced iptc a kind of rostrum: maxUhc with one
process : elyt?-u nearly of equal breadth : thorax somewhat quadrate,
the anterior margin transverse, straight.

Sp. 1. Ly. iniiiutus. Elytra with four elevated lines: thorax black, with
the margins much elevated; last joint of the antennae reddish.

Lycus minutus. Gyll. Lampyris pusilla. Marsh.

Inhabits oaks and hedges ; is rare in England.

Genus 76. LAMPYRIS of authors.

Mandibles pointed at their tips, sharp, and entire : antenna: approximate,
the joints cylindric and compressed, the third of the same length as
the following joints, the second small : head concealed by the tho-
rax : 7nouth small : viuxill<c with a double process : maxillary palpi
with the last joint triangular-ovate, compressed, the apex acute :
eyes very large : body soft, of the male with elytra and wngs ; of the
female apterous ; thorax semicircular.

Sp. 1. Lam, noctiluca. Common Glow-worm. {PL S.Jiir. 1. cj . /e. 2. 5 .

L 2

164 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 77. TELEPHORUS. Schaff., De Geer, Leach, Ollv., Lam.,
Latr. Cantharis. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Gyll.

Mandibles with their apex acute and entire : antenna' distant : joints cy-
Undric, elongate: maxdltB bifid: bodij soft: pulpi witli their last joint
securiform: elytra the length of the abdomen.

Sp. 1. Tel. fuscus. Cinereous-black: mouth, base of the antennae,
thorax, back of the abdomen, sides of the belly and anus, red : tho-
rax with a black spot. {PL 3. fig. 4.)

Cantharis fusca. Linn., Fabr. Telephorus fuscus. Latr.

Inhabits various plants in the spring and beginning of summer.

Genus 78. MALTHINUS. Latr., Leach. Cantiiarxs. Linn.,
Fabr., Marsh. Telephorus. Oliv., De Geer.

Anten7ia d'\sta.nt, joints elongate, cylindric: ?«a.ri//« bifid : 7nandibles with
their points entire and very sharp : budt/ soft : palpi with their last
joint ovate, acute : elyt7^a shorter than the abdomen : head attenuated
behind more or less.

S\). 1. Mal.Jlavus. Head much attenuated behind : thorax not broader
than long, margined all roimd, the middle longitudinally impressed :
body yellowish : antennje (base excepted), vertex, and dorsal mark
of the thorax blackish: elytra with punctured strife, yellow at their
points.

Telephorus minimus. Oliv. Malthinus flavus. iMtr.

Inhaljits the oaks of England and France.

Fam. \TII. MELYRiu.t. Leach.

Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid; mandibles notched: maxilla: lii-
fid: antennfE filiform, composed of ten joints: elytra soft, flexible:
thcyrax quadrate or semicircular.

Genus 79. DASYTES. Payk., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Melyris.
Olivier, Lam., Illig. Tillus. Marsh.

Head somewhat transverse, retracted within the thorax, even to the
eyes : tarsi with nails apparently bifid : antenna with short turbi-
nated joints nearly as broad as long: lip with the apex deeply
notched, almost bifid : body without papillae.

Sp. 1. L>as. (iter. Oblong, black, widely punctate, hairy, the hairs
black and cinereous: head with a double impression in front, which
is ovate and roughish.

Dasytes atcr. Lair., Fabr. Melyris atcr. Olivier.

Inhabits Europe, amongst grass and moss.

Genus 80. MALACIIIUS. Fabr., Oliv-, Lam., Latr., Leach. Cax-
TiiARis. Linn., Marsh. Telephorus. SchafJ'., De Geer.
Head somewhat transverse, retractile even to the eyes within the tho-
rax: tarsi with apparently bifid nails: antenme with conic or cylin-
(Iric-conic joints, longer than broad, in some tew pectinated : labium

CLASS V. INSECT A. 165

with apex entire or scarcely notched : body with two papillae on each
side, one under the anterior angle of the thorax, the other at the
base of the abdomen.
Sp. 1. Mul. (incus. Brassy-green: head anteriorly red-yellowish : elytra
blood-red, with tlie base and half the suture brassy-green. {PL 3.

M- 5.)

Maiachius a^neus. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gj/IL, Lcnc/i. Cantharis aenea.

Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits various plants.

Fam. TX. Tillid.e. Leach.

Antenntt thicker at their extremities, serrated in some, solid in others :
e/y/rtf covering the whole abdomen: 6t»^j/ cylindric : ///o/va' narrow
behind.

Stiups 1. — Tarsi with first joint very distinct, longer than the pre-
ceding joint.

Genus 81. TILLUS. Oliv., Fabr., Marsh., lMti\, Leach. Ciinv-
soMELA. Linnaus. Clerus. Fab?'., Oliv.
Maxillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform, nearly completely ser-
rated : thorax cylindric or somewhat cordate.

* Thorax cylindric.

Sp. 1. Til. clongatus. Black, villous: thorax red, black before.

Tillus elongatus. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Latr. Chrj-somela elongata.

Linn.
Inhabits oaks in June.

T. ambulans of iNlarsham is a mere variety of this species.

** Thorax subcordate.

Sp. 2. Til. iinifasciatus. Black, pubescent : elytra red at their base, with
a white transverse band in the middle.

Clerus unifasciatus. Fabr., Oliv. Tillus imifasciatus. Latr.

Inhabits England.

Genus 82. THANASIMUS. Latr., Leach. Clerds. Geof., Be
Geer, Fabr., Oliv. Attelabus. Linn. Cleroides. Schaffer.

Maxillary palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform : antenna with their
extremities thick and not serrated : thorax somewhat cordate.

Sp. 1. r//f/./();-miVari((.s. Black : thorax and base of the elytra red : ely-
tra witli two transverse bands.

Attelabus formicarius. Linn. Clerus formicarius. Fair., Oliv., Marsh.

Inhabits trees in Europe.

Stirps 2. — Tarsi with the first joint very short, the upper part con-
cealed by the base of the second articulation.

igg MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 83. OPILUS. Latr., Leach. Eupoctis. Illiger.

Palpi securiform: antenntE with the ninth and tenth joints obconic, the
last oval, obUquely truncate : eyes not notched : thorax conic-cylin-
dric, narrower behind.

Sp. 1. Op. mollis. Fuscous, villous : base and apex of the elytra and
a middle transverse band with the under parts of the thighs yellow-
ish gray. Abdomen red. {PL 12. fg. 1.)

'Notoxus mollis. Fabr. Clerus mollis. Oliv., Marsh. Attelabus mollis,
Limi. Opilus mollis. Lafr.

Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in the wood of decayed
willows, eating the larvaj of other insects.

Genus 34. NECROBIA. Lafr., Oliv., Leach. Dermestes. Linn.
Clerus. Gcof., De Gcer, Marsh. Corynetes. Paykull, Fabr.
Palpi terminated by an obconic joint : antenna with the three last
joints forming an oblong triangulate mass, obtuse both externally
and internally.
Sp. 1. Nee. rvficollis. Blue-black: thorax and base of the elytra red.
Dermestes ruticollis. Linn. Corynetes ruficoUis. Fabr.
Inliabits Europe, feeding on decayed animal substances.

Fam. X. SiLPHiAD.E. LeaeKs Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated
by a solid or perfoliate clut : elytra covering the greater portion of
the abdomen: body oval or parallelopiped.

SfiRPS 1. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles with their apex entire.

Genus 85. NECIIOPIIAGUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Sil-
piiA. Linn., De Gcer, Marsh. Dermestes. Geoff.

Antenna not much longer than the head, terminated abruptly in a per-
foliated knob : elytra truncated in a straight line, the external mar-
gin not channelled or keeled : body long quadrate.

Sp. 1. JVar. spinipes. Black: antennas ferruginous at their points: ely-
tra with their external margin and a double transverse undulated
band of orange: trochanters of hinder thighs produced into a spine.

Sp. '2. At'cr. Vespillo. {PL 2. fg. 6. a. antenna jnagnijied.)

Inhabits [lUtrkl fungi and dead animals.

Genus 86. NECRODES. Wilkinis MSS. Leach.

Bot/y elongate o\al : thorax orbicular : apex of the elytra obliquely trun-r
cate: hinder thighs of the male thicker than the rest.

Sp. 1. Necr. littoralis. Black : antenna; with the three last joints ferru-
ginous: elytra with three elevated lines, the two external ones con-
nected by a tubercle : hinder tibia of the male arcuate : the thighs
toothed.

cr\SS V. TNSECTA. 167

Silpha littoralis. Linn., Fair., Latr., Oliv., Marsh.
Inhabits dead bodies, on the banks of rivers or on the shores of the
sea.

Genus 87. OICEOPTOMA. Leach.
Body oval : thorax nearly semicircular, transverse, omarginate before :
untenruB with the club abrupt, distinct : elytra whole (female in ge-
neral emarginate).

* Elytra whole in both sexes.
Sp. 1. Ok. thorucica. Black: thorax unequal, ferruginous, somewhat

silky : each elytron with three elevated lines.
Silpha thoracica. Linn., Fair., Latr., ]\Iarsh.
Inhabits Europe, in dead animals and putrid fungi.

** Elytra of the female zcith the apex cmarginated.
Genus Thanatopuilus. Leach.
Sp. 1. sinunta — Silpha sinuata. Fabr., &c.

Genus 88. SILPHA. Linn., Leach, Fabr., Latr., Marsh.

" * Elytra with elevated lines."
Body oval : thorax nearly semicircular, truncate in front : urdcnnm with

a gradually formed club.
Sp. 1. Sd. obscura. Black, dull above, finely punctate, shining beneath :

thorax smoothly punctate, the punctures small and close. Each

elytron with three elevated straight lines.
Silpha obscura. Linn., Latr., Marsh.
Inhabits Europe. Is very common under stones and on pathways in

the spring and summer.
Sp. 2. iS'(7. quadrimnculuta. {PL 2.JiiS. 7. a. antenna magnified.)
Inhabits oaks.

" ** Elytra smooth:'

Sp. 3. Silpha lavigata. Fabr.
Inhabits pathways in sandy situations.

Genus 89. PIIOSPIIUGA. Leach's Zooh Misc. vol. iii.

Body oval or nearly rounded : thorax semicircular, anterior part trun-
cated: elytrawhole: antcnme with the three last joints abruptly in-
creasing towards their apex.

Sp. 1. Phos. atrata. Oval and black : elytra rough and punctured, with
three elevated lines.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under moss in winter, sandy si-
tuations and pathways in spring.

Sp. 2. Phos. subrotundata. Nearly round and black : elytra rough, and
punctured with three elevated lines.

Phosphuga subrotundata. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 75.

Inhabits Ireland, beneath stones j is very rare.

168 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stiri's 2. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles notched at their extremities.

Genus 90. SCAPHIDIUM. Oliv., Payk., Fabr., Lafr.^ Marsh.
AntenncE, with an abrupt chib composed of five somewhat hemispheric
joints : body acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : palpi
filiform : scutellum distinct.
Sp. 1. Sea. qiiadrimaculatum. Body black, shining: thorax somewhat
coarctate on each side behind : elytra widely punctured, with two
blood-red spots on each : tibise striated.
Inhabits Germany, France, and England, in fungi and rotten wood.
Genus 91. SCAPHISOMA. Leach. Scaphidium. Fabr., Latr.
Oliv.
Antenna, with a club composed of five somewhat oval joints : body
acuminated at each extremity : elytra truncated : palpi filiform : scu-
tellum none.
Obs. — The hinder margin of the thorax at the middle is produced into

an angle.
Sp. 1. Sea. agaricinim. Body black, shining, very smooth; antennae,

apex of the elytra, and feet, pale brown.
Inhabits the Boletus versicolor and o{her Jungi.

Genus 92. CHOLEVA. Latr., Spence, Leach. Catops. Fabr.,

Payk., Gyll. Ptomophagus. Illiger. iloRDELLA. Forster,

Marsh. Helops. Pam. Cistela. Oliv., Fabr. Ltjperus.

Frolich. Dermestes. Rossi.

Antenna straight, with a five-jointed club: maxillary pcdpi with the last

joint subulate, conic : labial palpi with the last joint obtuse : thorax

with the hinder angles obtTise.

The species of this genus are numerous, and have afforded the
subject of a learned and interesting monograph, by that excellent
entomologist, W. Spence, esq. published by the Linncan Society in
the eleventh volume of their Transactions.
Sp. 1. Cho. oblonga. Narrow, oblong : thorax narrower behind, the
hinder angles obtuse, the middle slightly foveolated : antenna; some-
what filiform.
Cistela angustata. Fabr. Choleva oblonga. Latr., Spence. Catops
elongatus. Paykull, Gyll. Ptomophagus rufescens. lUig. ISIordella
picea. Marsh. Luperus cisteloides. Frolich.
Inhabits moss and under stones.

Genus 93. CATOPS. Fabr., Payk., Gyll., Panz., Leach.
Antenna straight clavate, the club five-jointed: maxillary palpi with the
last joint subulate, conic; labial wkh the last joint obUise: thorax
with the hinder angles acute : elytra more or less striated.
Sp. 1. Cat. sericens. Ovate, gibbous-convex, brown-pitch; antennae

and legs pitchy-rust-coloured,
Inhabits moss.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 169

Genus 94. PTOMOPHAGUS. lUig., Knoch, Uach.

Antennee straight clavatcd, club five-jointed : maxiUary palpi with the
last joint subulate, conic: labial \\'\\h the last joint obtuse : thorax
with the hinder angles acute : eli/tra never striated.

Sp. 1. i^tom. villosus.

Inhabits dead anijnals.

Genus 95. MYL.ECHUS. Latr., Leach.
Antenna incurved, shorter than the thorax, the basal joints distinctly

thicker than the rest ; club five-jointed, the joints transverse : palpi

of the maxilla with the last joint subulate : labial palpi with the

last joint obtuse.
Sp. 1. Mi/l. brunneus. Oblong-ovate, black-brown, finely but widely

punctate, slightly pubescent.
Catops brevicornis. Pai/k. Mylaechus brunneus. Latr. C'holeva

brunnea. Spence.
Inhabits France, Sweden, and England : in the latter country it has

occurred but twice.

Genus 96. CRYPTOPHAGUS. Herbst, Paijk., GijlL, Leach.

Body depressed ; back plain : tarsi with elongate slender joints : an-
tcnna with a compact three-jointed club.

Sp. 1. Crypt, ccllaris. Testaceous ferrugineous, widely punctate, pu-
bescent : thorax finely denticulated, on each side distinctly uniden-
tate, anterior angles diluted, rounded, ending behind in an obsolete
tooth.

Ips cellaris. Oliv., Latr. Dermestes cellaris. Scopoli. Cryptophagus
cellaris. Payk., GylL, I^ach. Cryptophagus crenatus. Ilcrbst. Der-
mestes Fungorimi. Panzer.

Inhabits damp wood, paper, &c. in cellars.

Genus 97. ENGIS. Payk., Fabr., GylL, Leach.
Body depressed, back plain : aatennm with a three-jointed much per-

Ibliated club : tarsi with the three first joints short.
Sp. 1. P.ns.is humerulis. Elliptic, black, shining, punctate; antenna},

head, thorax, humeral spot on the elytra and feet red approaching

to blood red.
Engis humeralis. Payk., Fabr., Gyll. Ips humeralis. Herbal. Dacne

humeralis. Latr.
Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in boleti.

Genus 98. THYMALUS. Latr., Leach. Peltis. Kugellan, llli-
ger, Payk., Fabr. (Jstoma. Laicharting.
P )dy depressed ; back plain : tarsi with the third joint neither bifid
nor dilated : palpi terminated by a thick joint : mandibles promi-
nent: antenna with a three-jointed club.

170 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Thym. fen'ngincus.

Inhabits beneath the bark of trees.

Genus 99. NITIDULA. Linn., Fabr., Payk., Olivier, Marsh.,
Leach.

Mandibles prominent : hody short, depressed ; back plain : thorax gene-
rally broad: antenna with the third joint twice as long as the second;
club abrupt and orbicular, composed of three joints.

Sp. 1. ]!^it. hipuxtulata. Body elliptic, brown, blackish : thorax emargi-
nate ; elytra with a red spot on each.

Nitidula lupustulata. Linn., Lair., Fair., Marsh.

Sp. 2. Nit. discoidta. {Fl. 2.Jii^. 5. a. antenna magnified.)

Nit. discoidea. Marsh.

Inhabits dead carcases, dried bones, hokti, and under the bark of
trees.

Genus 100. IPS. Fabr., ITcrbst, Gyll, Leach. Nitidui.a. Latr.

Mandibles prominent, strong, and luucli bent at their poiirts: body
elongate-quadrate ; back plain : thorar transverse-quadrate : «»«-■
ieivKe with the third joint twice as long as the second; club abrupt
and orbicular, composed of three joints.

Sp. 1 . Tps quadripustulatns.

Inhabits the decayed stumps of trees under the bark.

Genus 101. BITURUS. Latr., Leach. Ips. Olivier. Dermestes.
Geoff., De Gcer, Fabr.

Antennce with the third joint not twice as long as the following joint ;
club composed of three joints : mandibles prominent : body oval or
oblong ; back plain : thorax broad behind, with the angles pointed :
elytra covering the abdomen.

Sp. 1. Bit. tontentosus. Antennse shorter than the thorax : thorax
short, the posterior angles broadly depressed, reflected ; body oval,
black, with a reddish-yellow down ; antennae and feet yellow
red.

Inhabits the white-thorn and umbelliferous plants in May and June.

Genus 102. CATERETES. Hcrhst, LcUr., Leach. Brachypte-
Rus. Kugcllan. Dermestes. Linn., Fabr. Strongy'lus.
Herbst. Nitidula. Oliv. Cercus. Latr.
Antenna with the third and following joint scarcely differing in length ;
club compressed, perfoliate, obconic, composed of three joints; tho-
rax rounded, without angles behind : elytra very short : body de-
pressed, back plain : mandibles prominent.
Sp. 1. Cat. ruftlabris. Black, shining, with gray dowi^,
Cercus rufilabris. Latr.
Inhabits junci near Hull.

CLASS V. IKSECTA. 171

Stirps 3. — Labial palpi scarcely distinct: antenna placed in an ex-
cavation of the thorax: mandibles with tlieir apex arcuate and
acute.

Genus 103. MICROPEPLUS. Latr., Leach.
Antenna with the club composed of but one joint: maxiUari/ jxilpi with

the last joint subulate.
Sp. 1 Micr. porcatus. Black ; elytra cancellated.
Staphylinus porcatus. Pai/I;ull.
Inhabits sandy ground.

Fam. XT. Stapiiyi.ixid.?;.

Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated
by a perfoliated mass: elj/tra covering about half the alxlumen, or
less, but very rarely more : bodj/ long, and more or less narrow.

Gravenhorst has written an admirable monograph on this family,
entitled Monograp/iia Culcoptcroium Micrvpterorum.

This is a very extensive family; several hundred species are foinid
in this country. They inhabit fungi in all its states; dung, roots of
grass, flower?, under the bark of trees ; and may be found in immense
numbers in sand pits, and in the dung of animals, from which they
may be driven by immersing the dung in water in the spring and
summer months ; by this means many hundred specimens may be
obtained in a single day : the smaller species should be placed on
a piece of gimimed paper, with the legs and antenna; carefully ex-
tended to show their characters. It is necessary to collect great
numbers of them, as they demand a very minute examination,
which, in many instances, requires the aid of a microscope, the
characters being so very obscure.

Division I. — Anterior margin of the head (hearing the mandibles) imme-
diately behind the ei/cs, terminated by a trunsverae straight line, (or with
a line slightli/ bent in the middle,) not rounded or crooked at their sides.
Antenna inserted belozv the middle part oj' the above mentioned line. Tho-
rax long. Neck distinct. Body zery long and narrow. Elytra coTei'ing a
very small portion of the abdomen.

Genus 104. STAPHYLINUS. Linn., Fubr., Lair., Oliv., Lam.,
Gravenh., Leach.

Palpi filiform: antenna towards their extremities distinctly thicker,
moniliform, the last joint obliquely truncate or emarginate : lip
deeply emarginate.

Sp. 1. Staph, erythropterus. Black; the greater part of the antenna',
elytra, and feet red; hinder margins of the head and thorax, the

172 MODERN SYSTEM.

breast, and a double series of spots on each side of the abdomen,
golden-yellow tomentose. {PL ^-fg- 10.)
Inhabits Europe in dung, and under stones.

Obs. — Several new genera have been formed from this genus, of whicli
the following species may be considered as the tj-pes :

Genus Creopiiilus. lurht/.

Staph, maxillosus of authors.

Genus Velleius. Leach.

Staph, dilatatus. Pai/kul/.
Staph, concolor. Marshum.

Genus Emus. Leach.

Staph, hirtus of authors.

Genus Staphylixus.

Staph, erythropterus.

Genus Ocypcs. Kirbi/.
Staph, cyaneus.

Genus Gyrohypws. Kirhy.
Staph, fulgidus.

To my kind and valuable friend Dr. Leach I am indebted for liio
above and following notice of new genera, as lately established by
the celebrated entomologists whose names are afti.xed.

Genus 105. LATHROBIUM. Gravenhorst, Latr., Leach. P.ede^
Rus. Gravenh., Fabr.,Oiiv. Stapuylikus. Linn., Geoff.

Palpi subulate, with the last joint acicular and minute : antcnnre nearly
filiform, joints nearly conic, those towards the extremities more
rounded, and somewhat globose : lip deeply notched, nearly bilo-
bate.

Sp. 1. Lath, elongatiim. Pubescent, minutely but widely punctated,
black, shining; w^ith the mouth, antenna^, ajiex of the elytra, and
feet, red-brown : head ovate : antennae about the length of the tho-
rax, with the outermost joints nearly globose: thorax elongate-qua-
drate, with obtuse angles, the breasts equal, the middle dorsal line
smooth.

Lathrobium elongatum. Gravenh.. Latr., Leach. Staphylinus elonga-
tus. Linn. ra:derus elongatus. Fabr.

Inhabits putrid vegetables, and under stones.

Obs. — Lathrobium deprcssum may be considered as the t^pe of the
Genus Achenium of Leach.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 173

Division II. — Anterior margin of the head circumscribed hi/ a curved line
the antenna inserted on this side of the level of the line. Eli/tra covering
half the abJomen or more. Thoru.r generallt/ longer than broad, or with
equal diajiteters.

Subdivision l.—Maxillany palpi longer than the labial one, ziith their
extremities thickest ; the last Joint obscure. Body linear. Head with a
distinct neck. Thorax orbicular or ct/lindric.

Genus 106. P.EDERUS. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Payk., Lam., Grarcnh.,
Leach. Staphylixls. Linn., Geojf., Be Gcer.
Antenna inserted before the eyes, insensibly thickening towards their

extremities; the third joint very long : eyes moderately large.
Sp. ]. r^d. riparius. Body red, shining: head, antennje (four basal

joints excepted), apex of the abdomen, and knees, black: elytra

blue, with white impressed dots. {PI. 4.fg. lo.)
Paderus rijjarius. Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Gravenh. Staphylinus riparius.

Linn.
Inhabits banks and under stones.

On^.—Paderus orbiculatus is tiie type of the Genus RuciLrs of
Leach.

Genus 107. STENUS. Latr., Car., Lam., Fabr., Payk., Grarcnh.,
Leach.
^n^f/?7?^ inserted at the exterior margin of the eyes, abruptlv thicker
at their extremities, the inferior joints cylindric, the outer'ones co-
nic globose : eyes nearly globose, large.

*" Tongue long, anus without seta.

Sp. 1. Stenus higuffatus. Black, with gray down, minutely punctate,
somewhat rugulose : vertex of the head with an elevated line: tho-
rax behind with an impressed little line; each elytron with a reddish
round spot. {PL 4.f'g. 13.)

Staphylinus guttatus. Linn., Marsh. Stenus biguttatus. Fabr., Payk ,
Gravenh., Latr.

** Tongue obsolete. Anus zcith two seta.

Genus Dianous. Leach.
Sp. 2. Stenus carulescens. Gyllenhall.

Subdivision Q.. -—Maxillary palpi not much longer than the labial, not
thicker at their extremities; the last joint distinct.

A. Mandibles strong, with their external edge with one or more teeth.
Head free.

a. The second, third, and fourth joints of the tarsi very short:
tlie last joint as long as the others united.

174 MODERN SYSTEM,

Genus 108. OXYPORUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach, Gruv., Lutr.

Antenna scarcely longer than the head, terminated by a pcrfoliated
mass : maxillary palpi filiform ; the labial ones terminated by a very
large lunate joint: ^/w/ar semicircular: /icarf broader than the tho-
rax.

Sp. 1. Oxy. rufus. Red; suture and apex of the elytra, anus and
breast, black. {Fl.4..fig.\\.)

Oxyporus rufus. Fair., Lutr., Gratenh., Oliv. Staphylinus rufus.
Lirm.

Inhabits bokti and other fungi.

Genus 109. OXYTELUS. Grav., Latr., Leach.

Antenna' somewhat broken, incurved, thicker externally, with the last
joints foliate above ; the extreme joint globose ovate ; the basal joint
very long conic: pa/pi subulate : anterior tibia very spiny, with thfiir
extremities notched or narrowed externallj^, with their tarsi capable
of being reflected from their sides .

Sp. 1. Oxj/. carinatus. Black, shining, distinctly and widely imprcsso-
punctate; front unequal, somewhat inclined to be rugulose; the an-
terior space between tlie eyes rather smooth : thorax impressed on
each side; the middle with three grooves, and four carinas; the two
middle ones joining together : feet blackish : tibiai with very short
little spines.

Oxytelus carinatus. Gruv., Latr.

Inhabits dung.

Obs. — The following genera have lately been formed from this genus :

Genus Oxytelus. Latr.
Palpi aciuninate.
Sp. 1. Oxy. carinatus : 2. Oxy. rugosus.

Genus Bledius. Leach.

Sp. 1. Oxy. armatus. Fanz.

Genus Carpelimus. Kirby.
Falpi capitate.

Genus EniSTiiETus. Enoch.

Falpi with their last joint ovate.
Erist. scaber. Knoch.

Taken on an old oak near Plymouth by Dr. Leach.

Genus 110. OMALIUM. Grav., Latr., Leach. Stapuylixus.

Geoff., Fabr., Oliv.

Palpi filiform : antenna: thicker towards their extremities, the last

joints rounded, somewhat perfoliate : thorax transverse-quadrate, the

anterior angles rounded.

Sp. 1. Omal. rivulare. Blackish, punctate; base of the antennae anfi

CLASS V. IN'SKCTA. 175

feet pale browni : head with two impressions between the eyes ; tho-
rax inarginated, impressed at the hinder angles; back with two
grooves : elytra twice as long as the thorax, obscure brown.

Omalium rivularc. Gravenh., Lutr. Staphylinus rivularis. Pai/k.

Inhabits dunghills.

Ods. — The following species may be considered as t}-pes of as many
genera :

Genus Elonium. Leach.
Omalium striatum.

Genus Omalium. Gravenhorsf.
Omal. dcpressum.

Genus Antiiobiim. Lcacli.
Omal. melanocephalum.

b. Tarsi with elongate joints, the last joint shorter than the others
united.

Genus 111. LESTIVA. Latr. Antiiopiiagus. Graven., Jxach.

Staphylinus. Fabr.,Payk., Oiiv. Cakabus. Panz., Marsh.

AnteniKz nearly filiform, the second and third following joints obconic:

jialpi filiform : thorax elongate, somewhat cordiform, narrow, and

truncate behind.
Sp. 1. Lest.pwictulata. Black, fuscous, somewhat smooth, minutely

and finely punctate : antennas and feet oljscure nifous.
Carabus dimidiatus. Pauz. Carabus staphylinoides. Marsh. Les-

tiva pimctulata. Lafr.
Inhabits Franco and England ; in the latter it is rare.

Genus 112. PROTEINUS. Latr., Leach.

Antenna: evidently thicker towards their extremities : palpi subulate :
thorax transverse.

Sp. 1. Prot.hrachi/plcrus. Depressed, flat, black, shining, smooth, silky
above ; mandibles, basal joint of the antenna^, and ieet, brown red :
head a little narrower than the thorax, triangular : thorax short,
smooth, anteriorly a little narrower, the sides somewhat rounded,
very slightly margined, the hinder margin twice as broad as long,
the angles slightly prominent and somewhat reddish : scutellum
very small : elytra elongate-quadrate, externally marginate, the
hinder and external margins rounded : abdomen with the four last
joints naked.

Proteinus brachypterus. Ltitr.

Inhabits France and England.

176 MODERN SYSTEM.

B. Mandibles without dent iculat ions on their internal edge. Head in-
serted into the thorax more or less.

a. Antennas wide apart, inserted before the eyes ; the fifth and

following joints longer than broad : tibiae spinose.

Genus 113. TACHINUS. Grav., Latr., Leach. Oxyporus. Fahr.
Staphvlinus. Linn., Geoff., Olio., Pai/k.
Palpi filiform.

Sp. 1. Tach. rufipes. Black, shining, smooth: antenna; fuscous: ely-
tra and feet generally brown ; external apex of the elytra paler.
Staphylinus rufipes. Paykull. Tachinus rufipes. Grav., Latr. Oxy-
porus rufipes. Fabricius?
Inhabits the dung of oxen and horses,

Obs. — The following may be considered as types of the

Genus Tachynvs. Grav.

Sp. 1. Tach. subterraneus.

Genus Bolitobius. Leach.
'J'ach. analis.

Genus 114. TACHYPORUS. Grav., Latr., Leach. Staphyliicvs.
Linn., Oliv., Geoff., Marsh. Oxyporus. Fabr.
Palpi subulate.

Sp. 1. Tach. chri/someUnus. Black, shining, smooth : thorax, elytra
(base excepted), and feet, red yellow : thorax somewhat transverse :
abdomen with the extremitj^ truncate.
Tachyporus chrysomelinus. Grav., Latr., Leach. Oxyporus chryso-

melinus. Fabr. Staphylinus chrysomelinus. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits flowers, the roots of grass and moss.

b. Antenna more or less approximate, inserted at the anterior

internal margin of the eye, fifth and following joints broader
than long : tibiae not spiny.

Obs. — Tachyporus Granum. Gravenh. is the t\'pe of the Genus Cypha.
Kirby.

Genus 115. ALEOCHARA. Knoch, Gravenh., Latr., Leach. Sta-
phylinus. Linn., Fabr., Geoff., Be Geer, Oliv., Marsh.

Bead with the hinder part received into the thorax.

Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata. Red fuscous, feet paler: head and the tivo
last joints (save one of the abdomen), black : elytra together trans-
verse-quadrate ; back of the thorax exca\'ated with an impressed
longitudinal line in the middle.

Aleochara canaliculata. Grav., Latr. Staphylinus canaliculatus. Fabr.

Inhabits sandv banks and under stones.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 177

Ous. — Of this genus the following species may be considered as types
of the undermentioned genera :

Genus Aleochaka. Grav.
Sp. 1. Aleo. fuscipes.

Genus Drusilla. Leach.
Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata.

Genus Falagria. Leach.
Sp. 1. Aleo, sulcata.

Genus Autai.ia. Leach.

Sp. 1. Aleo. impressa. 2. Aleo. rivularis.

Genus 116. LOMECIIUSA. Grav., Latr., Leach.
Head disengaged from the thorax behind, with an inconspicuous neck
or none : thorax transverse, the sides rounded : antenna distinctly
perfoliated.

Sp. 1. Lorn, emarginata. Bro\\'n-rcddisii ratlier opaque, minutely punc-
tulated : elytra pale, testaceous ; hinder angles of tlie thorax and
elytra terminating in spinous points.

Lorn, emarginata. Gmv.

Inhabits dry sand spots under stones.

Obs. — Genus Dinarda. Leach.
The type of this genus is Lomechusa dentata. Grav.

Fam. XII. PsELAPiiiD.E. Leach.

Dimera. Latrcille.

E/i/tra abbreviated : tarsi with three articulations : claws monodactylc,

" Latreille supposed that these animals had but t\vo joints to their

tarsi, and therefore placed them in a peculiar section of the Cole-

optera; observing, however, that they are alUed to Aleochura, to

whose family they are even referred by Rirby."

Dr. Leach considers them as constituting a distinct family, whose
situation is intermediate between the Staphylinida and Scydmanida:,
to both of which they are intimately allied ; but may be distinguished
from either by the structure of their claws, and from the latter also
by their abbreviated elytra.

In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany is given an ex-
cellent monograph of the genera of this family, in which are enu-
merated nineteen British species, five of which are nev.-, and none of
them were known to Mr. Marsham, who has not described one spe-
cies in his Entomologia Britannica.

1. Antenna zcith elevenjoints. Maxillary palpi elongated.
Stirps '[.'—Body elongated and depressed.

178 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 117. EUPLECTUS. Kirby, MSS. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Antenme with the first and second joint thick : maxillary palpi with the

last joint conical.
Sp. 1. Eup. Rcichenbachii. Leach.
Inhabits . Taken in Norfolk by Mr. J. Curtis.

Stiups 2. — Body short and convex.

A. Maxillary palpi with the last joint securiform.

Genus 118. BYTHINUS. ieacA. Pselaphus, Family U. Iteichen-

bach.

Antenna: with the first joint round and considerably larger than the se-
cond, which is but a little increased, of the male internally acutely
produced ; the third and succeeding to the eighth joint round and of
an equal size, ninth and tenth larger, eleventh oval, the last acute :
viaxillary palpi with the first articulation filiform, increasing towards
the apex; second oval, third securiform, the base with a large angle.

Sp. 1. Byth. Curtisii.

Inhabits sand-pits.

Genus 119. ARCOPAGUS. Leach.
Antenna: with the first and second joint increasing; the first elongated,
the second roimd; the third and followiog to the eighth nearly glo-
bose; ninth increasing, nearly globose and lenticular; the tenth
larger; the eleventh and remainder increasing, oval, the apex of the
last joint acuminated : maxillary palpi with the first joint filiform,
gradually increasing to a club ; the second elongate-oval; the third
oval securiform, base angular.

* Antenna with the first joint cylindrical.

Sp. 1. Arc.glabricollis. Leach. Pselaphus grabricollis. Reich.
Inhabits woods, under moss.

** Antenntp with the first joint internally dilated.

Sp. 2. Arc. bulbifcr. Leach. Pselaphus bulbifer. Reich.
Inhabits Norfolk. Messrs. Sims and Jos. Hooker.

Genus 120. TYCHUS. Leach.

Antenna with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly round, the
first a little more lengthened and thicker than the second ; third and
following to the eighth nearly globose ; third and fourth a little
longer than the fifth, which is somewhat larger; ninth and tenth
globose, increasing, and lenticular, the tenth larger than the ninth;
the eleventh with the others gradually increasing.

Sp. 1. Tych. niger.

Inliabits ? Taken near London and Bristol, as well as in the vici-
nity of Norwich.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 179

B. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavate.

Genus 121. BRYAXIS, Kiwch, Leach. Pselaphvs, Fam. III. A.
Keich.
Antenna with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly cylindri-
cal; third and following to the seventh nearly cylindrical; the fifth
the longest, eighth small and subglobose, ninth and following gra-
diialh' increasing: muxilluTy palpi with the first joint clavated, nar-
row at the base; second nearly globose; third conical.

* ForcoltE of the thorax connected bj/ a furrow. Antenna zcith the
apex of the last joint acute, third and four following joints, elongated.
Sp. 1. Brj/. longicornis. Leach, Zool. INIisc. iii. 85.
Inhabits the roots of grass on the sloping banks Battersea fields.

** Thorax zcith the furrozv very conspicuous. AntenncB uith the
last joint nearly obtuse ; the third and following to the seventh, short,
(Xinth subglobose; tenth lenticulated.)

Sp. 2. Bry. impressa.

Ps. iinpressus. Reich., Monog. Ps. t. 2. /. 1j.

Inhabits Norfolk.

C. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clavated.

Genus 122. PSELAPHUS. Herbst, Latr., Leach, ^r. Pselaphus,
Fam. I. Reichcnbach.

Antennee with the first and second joint elongated and nearl}' cylindri-
cal; third and following to the eighth nearly globular and equal;
ninth and tenth increasing, nearly equal andglobidar; eleventh and
remainder gradually increasing: maiillary palpi w'lih the first joint
filiform, the apex aUiiost almiptly clavated; second nearly globose;
third with the apex gradually clavated.

.Sp. 1. Psel. Herbstii. {PI. -i.fig. 15.) magnified: the line beneath shows
the natural size.

Inhabits Ijanks and river sides.

Obs. — The Psclaphi arc obtained bj seeking at the roots of grass, in
sand-pits, &c. but being so exceedingly minute they easily escape the
eye of the entomologist luilcss he looks very close to the ground ;
the usual practice is either to sit or lie down, and by this means
many highly interesting and rare insects may be taken whilst the
entomologist rests from a more laborious mode of collecting,

Fam. XIII. ScYDMiENiDiE,. Leach.

PaLPatores. iMtreille.

Body ovoid, rounded at each extremity : palpi very long : tarsi short :

elytra hard, covering the abdomen : antenmt gradually thicker to-

wards their extremities.

M 2

IgO MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 123. SCYDlVLilNUS. Iliig., Pai/kull, Leach. Anthicus.

Fabr.
Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities: muxilUirij

palpi terminated by an acicular obscure joint.
Sp. 1. Styd. Jlel/wigii Last joint of the maxillary palpi obsolete ; three
last joints of the antennae forming a club: thorax ovate: body fus-
cous-red-brown, pubescent: head, thorax, and abdomen darker:
elytra smooth.
Pselaphus Hellwigii. Herbst, Pai/k., Illig., Leach. Anthicus Hellwi-
gii, Fabr. ScydnicEnus Hellwigii. Lati:

Fam. XIV. PxiNiCiE. Leach.
Ptiniores. Latreille.
Antenna much longer than the head, filiform, or terminated by three

large joints not united into a mass.
Stirps 1. — Antenna uniform, not terminated by three joints, lar-ger
than the rest.

Genus 124. PTINUS. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Lam., OUi\, Leach.
Buuciius. Geoff.
Antenna simjilc filiform, approximate, inserted between the eyes : eyes
projecting : thorax hood-like : abdomen nearly oval : elytra united in
the male.
Sp. 1. Ftin. Fur. Red-fuscous: thorax with four tubercles transversely
striated, the two middle ones highest, with tufts of hair, contracred
and margined behind : abdomen ovate, rounded at the base : elytra
villose, with two yellow-gray bands ; the second joint of the antennae
shorter than the third : under part of the body with short gray-yel-
low hairs.
Ptinus Fur. Linn., Fabr., Latr., OUv., Leach.
Inhabits houses, and commits great devastation in museums.
Obs. — Ptinus tcsiaceus of Marsham is merely the naale of this species.

Genus 125. GIBBIUM. Latr., Leach.
Antenna simple, setaceous, inserted behind the eyes : eyes not promi-
nent : thorax simple : abdomen nearly globidar : tlyti-a united in botli
sexes.
Sp. 1. Gib. Scotias. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits houses. It has been three times taken in Bristol.
Oi3S. — Ptinus sulcatus, Marsham, forms the type of the genus MeziuM;,
Leach's MSS., and is akin to Gicbium.

Genus 120. PTILINUS. Gcvff., OUv., Lam., Fabr., Lair., Leach,

Anobium. llligcr. Serkocekus. Kugellan. Ptinus. Linn.,

Marsh.

Antenna inserted before the eyes, very nmch pectinated in the males,

serrated in the fenialcg ; hody long-ovoid, nearjj cylindric-: thora.v

somewhat globose.

CLASS V. INSrCTA. 181

Sp. 1. Pli. pcctiiiiconiis. Body blackish : elytra obscure brown : aii-

teunrc and feet reddish : thorax rough : elytra punctote.
Ptilinus pectinicornis. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Ptinus pectinicornis.

Linn., Marsh. Dermestes pectinicornis. Linyi. ?
Inhabits old trees and houses, perforating them to destruction.
OBS.-^Ptinus scrraticonds, ]Marsham, is the female of this insect.
StirpS 2. — Antenna terminated by three joints diftering from the rest

in size.
Genus 127. ANOBIUM. Fabr., Oliv., Lamarck, Latr., Leach.
Ptinus. Linn., De Ceer, Marsh. Erlchus. Geoff'.
Antenna: eleven-jointed, witli the three last joints abruptly thicker than

the others; the ninth and tenth joints obconic; the tenth oval.

* Flijtra not striated.

Sp. 1. Anoh. tessellatum. Thorax bilobatc behind, the lateral margins re-
flexed : body fuscous, sprinkled with villose, obscure lutcous spots :
elj-tra not striated

Anobium tessellatum. Fabr., Latr., Lxach. Ptinus tessellatus. Marsh.

In)iabits the wood of rotten trees, especially willows, during the winter
months.

** Eli/tra striated.

Sp. 3. Anoh. striatum. Fuscous, with grayish down : thorax with a gib-
bous protuberance, unisulcate above, with the angles compressed:
hinder margins somewhat marginated : elytra longitudinally punctate.

Anobium striatum. Latr., OLv., lllig., Leach. Anobium pcrtinax.
Fabr., Payk.

Inhabits rotten trees.

Fam. XV. Dermestidx. Leach.

Dermestixi. Latreille.

Antenna slender, longer than the head, and terminated by a large
ovoid mass.

Stirps 1. — Sternum not produced to the moutli, or over it like a neck-
cloth : tibia spinose.

Genus 128. DERMESTES. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Marsh., Herbst,
Oliv., Leach.

Antenna with an ovate club, the last joint short, not (or but little)
longer than the preceding joint : bodi/ narrow oval : thorax with the
hinder margin straight or obtusely lobed : palpi very short : maxil-
lary palpi shorter than the maxilla?, or scarcely as long.

Sp. i. Der.lurdarius. Black: base of the elytra with a cinereous band
with black points.

Dermestes lardarius. Linn., Fabr. Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits decayed animal substances, paper, &c. is common in houses.

182 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 129. ATTAGENUS. Latr., Leach. Megatoma. Ilerhst.

Dermestes. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Marsh.

Antenna, with an eiongate-ovate club, the last joint longer than the
preceding (especially in the male), triangular or conic : body broad-
oval: tliora.v with the posterior margin narrowly and acutely lobed:
maxiUary palpi exserted, longer than the maxillce; the last joint
elongate-cylindric, very long in some.

Sp. l.^Att. Pellio. Black; middle of the antenna and of the tarsi ob-
scure red ; hinder margin of the thorax with three spots, and the
elytra with a spot on each side of the suture villose-white : antennae
of the male with the last joint ensiform, very long.

Dermestes Pellio. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Latr. Megatoma nigra.
Herbst. (variety of the male.)

Inhabits skins in houses, old wood, and paper.

Stirps 2. — Sternum produced over the mouth hke a neckcloth: tibicc
not or but slightly spined.

Genus 130. MEGx\TOMA. Flerbs^t., Latr., Leach. Dermestes.
Linn., De Geer, Fabr.

Body narrow-oval : antenna with an oval or oblong club with the inter-
nal edge simple.

Sp. 1. Meg. undatum. Black; sides of the thorax and two undulated
bands on the elytra white villose : tarsi obscure red.

Megatoma undulata. Herbst. Megatoma undatum. Latr. Dermestes
undatus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Punz.

Inhabits birch trees (beneath the bark) in the months of March and
April ; the lar\'a spins a silken web in which it changes to a pupa.

Fam. XVI, Byrrhid^. Leach.,

Byrrhi. LatreiUe.

Body ovoid : feet entirely or semicontractile : sternum anteriorly pro-
duced to a mouth in the form of a neckcloth : antenna thicker to-
wards their extremities : ^am with five very distinct articulations:
antenna straight, not inserted in the cavity of the eyes : feet perfectly
contractile : mandibles but little or not at all prominent.

Genus 131. ANTHRENUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr.,
Leach. Byrrhus. Linn., Marsh. Dermestes. De Geer.

Antenna shorter than the thorax with the club solid: palpi filiform,
short : body orl)iculate-ovate : scutellumvery minute.

Sp. 1. Anth. Scrophularia. Black: sides of the thorax and three trans-
verse bands on the elytra gray : suture and external margin of the
elytra and hinder margin of the thorax red lutescent.

Anthrenus Scrophularife. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Byrrhus Scrophulariae.
Linn., Marsh.

Inhabits the blossoms of various plants,

CLASS V. INSECTA.

183

Genus 132. THROSCUS. Latr., Leach. Elater. Linn., Oliv.,

Geoff. Dermestes. Fabr., Payk., Illiger.

Aidennte as long as the thorax, with the three last joints large, forming

an oval club : palpi short, with the last joint securitbrni : body elliptic,

narrow, depressed.

Sp. 1. Tlir. dcrmestoides. Brown, with gray-yellowish down: elytra

with punctated stria".
Elater dcrmestoides. Linn., Oliv. Dermestes adstrictor. Fayk., IlUg.,

Fabr. Throscus dcrmestoides. Lutr., Leach.
Inhabits European plants; is very rare in Britain.

Genus 133. BYRRHUS. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Illiger,
GylL, Leach. Cistela. Geoff., Marsh. Dermestes. De Geer.
Antenna a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal
joints gradually thicker, compressed : palpi short, the last joint long-
est, thick, somewhat ovate: body sraewhat ovate, very convex
above: scutellum minute.
Sp. 1. Byr. Pilula.
Inhabits pathways and sandy situations.

Fam. XVTI. IIisterid.'e. XfacA.
Genus Hister. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Marsh., 4"C- IlrSTEROiDF.S.
GylL, Fayk.
Antenna geniculated, terminated by a nearly solid club of three arti-
culations : elytra shorter than the abdomen, the margin of the sides
iuflexed : ^arsi with five joints; contractile.

The insects of this Family are numerous: their habitation is the
dung of animals, and some are found in rotten wood. A valuable
paper has been published in the third volume of the Zoological Mis-
cellany, from which the following is selected.
Stirps 1. — Body thick, nearly globose or quadrate: tibia elongated
and straight: ^«m long and slender: stovnow simple.
Genus 13-t. ABR/EUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Antenna with the first articulation somewhat elongated, second and
tliird nearly cylindrical, straight: fourth short; fifth, sixth, and se-
venth, nearly globose and equal ; eighth nearly globose, lenticular;
ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming a short oval club.
Sp. 1. Abr. perpusillus.
Hister perpusillus. Marsh.
Inhabits the dung of animals.

Genus 135. ONTHOPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Antenna with the first joint long, the second cylindrical, closely joined
at the base; third obconic; fourth and fifth short and obconic;
sixth and seventh shorter and nearly globose ; eighth nearly lenti-
ailar; ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming an oval club.

184 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Onth. striatus. Payk., Monogr. Hist. 100. t. 11. /. 1,
Inhabits dung.

Stirps 2. — Boch/ depressed: tlbicB hroad: tarsi short: sto7?7/m dilated,
the fore part forming a cavity for the head, which is capable of be-
ing retracted even to the mandibles.

A. Tih'uc, tliefour posterior with two series of spines.
Genus 136. IlISTER of cmtJwrs.
Body above nearly convex : thorax with the anterior part straight.

A. Elytra with the outer striae extending their whole length.

a. Thorax with the sides striated, the striffi extending their
whole length.

* Elytra with marginal stria.

Sp. 1. Hist.iinicolor of authors.
Inhabits dung.

** Elytra without the marginal stria.
S]). 2. Hist, sinuutus. lUiger. A-maculatus. Marsh.

b. Thorax with the sides not striated.
* Elytra with no marginal strits.
Sp. 3. Hist, parvus. Marsh., Leach.

** Elytra with a marginal stria.
Sp, 1. Hist.purpurascens. Fabr., Leach. Hist, bipustulatus. Martli.
B. Elytra Avith the external stria; abbreviated,

Sp. 1. Hist.nitidnlus. (PI. 2. fg. 1. a. antenna magnified.) Fabr., Leach,
— Hist, semipunctutns. Marsh.

B. Four posterior tibia with only one row of spines.

Genus 137. DENDROrHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. lii.

Body with the upper part nearly convex : thorax short, the anterior })art

straight.
Sp. 1 . Den. punctatus.
Hister punctatus. Ent. Heft.

Genus 138. PLATYSOMA. Leach.
Body with the upper part plain : thorax transverse or nearly equall
quadrate.

* Elytra without stria. Body finely punctured.
Sp. 1. Flat, picipes. Leach. H. piscipcs. Fabr.

** Elytra without external stria. Body not punctured^
Sp. 2. Flat.faviconiis. Leach. H.flavicornis. lierbst,

I

CLASS V. rNSECTA. 185

*** Elytra externally striated. Body zcithout punctures.
Sp. 3 Plat, deprcssum. Leach. H. depressm. Marsh.

Subdivision 3. — Antennae straight, not inserted in the cavity of the ryes.
Feet semicontractile.

Genus 139. LIMNIUS. M'uUer, Gyll., Lcnch. Dytiscus. Fanz.
Chrysomela. Marsh. Elmis. Latr.
Antennts nearly filiform, the last joint largest, somewhat oval.
Sp. 1. Lini. Vokhynari. Leach.
Dytiscus Volckmari. Funzer.
Chrysomela buprestoides. Marsh.

Fam. XVIIL Parnid.e. Lcnch.

Antenna inserted in the anterior canthus of the eye : elytra not shorfor
than the abdomen.

Genus 140. PARNUS. Fair., Illig., Marsh., Leach. Dermestes.
Geojf. Elater. Rossi. Dryops. Oliv., Lam., Latr.
Antenna composed of three joints, the last joint articulated : tarsi with
five joints.

Obi^.— The insects of this genus inhabit the roots and blades of grass
at the sides of ponds and ditches ; the method of finding them is
to loosen the grass in those places, by which means the insects will
be found floating on the water: we have several species in this
country that have not yet been clearly defined, but have been con-
founded with prolifericornis.

Sp. 1. Far. scriccus. Leach's MSS. {PL 3. fg. 10. a. antenna 7nagni-
fed.)

Genus 141. IIETEROCERUS. Bosc, Fabr., Illig., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach.
Antenna composed of eleven joints, the seven last forming a dentate

or serrated mass : tarsi with four joints.
Sp. 1. Het. marginatus. Blackish villose; sides of the thorax and ab-
domen with spots on the elytra, margins of the abdomen, and feet
pale luteous. {PI. 3. fig. ll')
Inhabits marshy places, burrowing in the muddy and clayey banks of
ponds.

Fam. XIX. Helophorid.?:. Leach.

Mandibles without teeth at their extremities: body ohlong: antenna
terminated by a club.

Stirps 1. — Clypeus whole : maxillary palpi with the last joint thick and
oval.

186 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 142. HELOPHORUS. Leach. Elopuorus. Fuhr., Oliv.,
Latr., Gyll.
Ei/es sessile : thorax transverse.

* Thorax and elytra furrowed.

Sp. 1. Uel. stagnalis. Hydrophilus stagnalis. Marsh.

Inhabits ponds, floating on the surface and walking on aquatic plants.

** Thorax and elytra with elevated lines.
Sp. 1. Ilel. nuhilus. Gyll.

Genus 143. HYDllOCHUS. Germar., Leach. Elophorus. Fabr.,
Illig., 4"C.
Eyes rather prominent: thorax elongated.
Sp. 1. Hydr. cicindeloidcs. Hydrophilus cicindeloides. Marsh.
Inhabits ponds, and may frequently be found in the mud at the sides.

Stirps 2. — Clypeus entire.

Genus 144. OCHTHEBIUS. Leaclis Edinh. Encycl.—Zool. Misc.
vol. iii. Elophorus. Fabr. Hydr.cna. Latr., Illig.
Maxillary palpi with the middle and last joint slender and acute.
Sp. 1. Och. riparius. Leach. Hydrophilus impressus. Marsh.

Genus 145. HYDRvENA. Kugellan, Leach.
Maxillary palpi with the last joint long and acuminated.
S]). 1. Hyd. KugeUani. Leach. Hydro, longipalpus. Marsh,

Fam. XX. Hydrophilid^e.

Mandibles at their points bidentate : body oval or round : antenna ter-
minated by a chib.

Stirps 1. — Clypeus emarginate : sternum simple : antemm with six ar-
ticulations.

Genus 146. SPERCHEUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Sp. 1. Sper. sordidus. Spercheus sordidus. Fabr. Hydr. sordidus.
Marsh.

Inhabits stagnant waters.

Stirps 2. — Clypeus whole : sternum simple.

A. Elytra with the apex whole. Scutellum small.
Genus 147. BEROSUS. LeaclCs Zool. Misc. wo\.\n.
Body narrow before : thorax convex : eyes rather prominent.
Sp. 1. Ber. Iu7'idus of authors.
Inhabits ponds.

CLASS V. IX SECT A. 187

Genus 148. IIYDROBIUS. Leach.
Body oval, convex, obtuse : ej/cs simple.

* Elytra striated.
Sp. 1. Hydr.fuxcipes.
Inhabits ponds.

** Elytra smooth.
Sp. 1. Hydr. melunoccphahis.
Inhabits ponds.

B. Elytra with tlic apex truncated.- Scutcllum small.
Genus 149. LIMNEBIUS. Leach.
Body rather depressed : eyes simple.

Sp. 1. Lim. nitidus. Ilydropliiliis nitidus. Marsh,
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

STira'S 3. — Clypcus whole: sternum produced into a spine.

Genus 150. HYDROUS. Linnts MSS., Leach.
Scutcllutn large : anterior tarsi of the male dilated in the middle with UH'

equal claws: antennce w'ldi their last joint acuminated.
Sp. 1. Hydr. piceus of nuthoTS.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.

Genus 151. HYDROPIIILUS of authors.
Body with the posterior part slightly obtvise: antenna: with the last
joint obtuse : scutellum moderate : anterior tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1 Hydr. caraboidcs of authors. {Bl. 3. fg. 16.)
Inhabits ponds ; is very common.

Fam. XXI. Sph.i;ridiad.5:. Leach.

Antenna terminated by a club : maxillary palpi very long : mentum large,
clypeiform: headw'iXh the front rounded, cowl-shaped: feet formed
for walking : tarsi with the basal joint as long or longer than the
second joint (in the male with the last joint on the anterior tarsi
large). The insects of this family are very nearly akin to the Hy-
drolophii.

Genus 152. SPH.^RIDIUM. Fahr., Oliv., Lamarck, Leach. Der-

MESTES. Linn., De Geer, Marsh.

Body somewhat hemispheric : eyes immersed : thorax transverse : tibitr

spinose, armed with heels : sternum behind produced into a conic

spine.

Sp. 1. Sph. scarabccoides. Black, shining, smooth : scutellum forming a

long triangle : feet very spiny : each elytron at the base with a blood-

188 MODERN SYSTEM.

red spot, and a livid reddish spot at the apex. {PI. 3. fig. 12. a, an-

teuTKB 7iiagnified.)
Sphaeridium scarabseoides. Fabr., Latr. Dermestes scarabseoides.

Marsh., Linn.
Inhabits dung.

Genus 1.53. CERCYON. Leach's Zoo!. Misc. vol. iii. Dermes-
tes. Marsh.
Anlennee with the club imbricated (P/. Z.fig. 12. b. mag^iified) : anterior

tarsi in both sexes simple.
Sp. 1. Cer. iinipunctatum.
Inhabits dung.

Sp. 2. Ccr. mclonnccpholnm.
Inhabits dung and Howcrs.

Fam. XXII. Copridx. Leach.

CopEOPHAGi I. LntreiUe.

Labial palpi very liairy, the last joint smaller than the preceding : scio-
tellum none or very obscure : elytra taken together not longer than
broad : posterior feet situated near the anus : antenna eight- or nine-
jointed, terminated by an abrupt lamellated mass: anterior tibia
large and dentated : mcnlum not very large : mandibles membrana-
ceous : maxillcc membranaceous : clj/peus semicircular.

Subdivision 1. — Labial palpi, with the last joint very 'distinct. Thorax
much shorter than the elytra ; much broader than long. Anterior tibia:
long, arcuate.

Genus 154. COPRIS. Geoff., Illig., Fabr., Lam., Latr., Leach.
ScABAB^us. Linn., De Geer., Oliv., Marsh.

Scutellum none : abdomen elevated, convex : anterior tibia: longer than
the others ; externally with three strong teeth terminated by a tar-
sus : antenna nine-jointed.

Sp. 1. Cop. lunaris.

Copris lunaris. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Scarabaeus lunaris. Linn., Marsh.
Scarabaus cniarginutus of Marsham is merely the female.

Inhabits dung in sandy situations and lanes, entering the earth two or
three inches beneath the surface.

Subdivision 2. — Labial palpi with the last joint not distinct. Thorax
longer than the elytra. Tibia all terminated by a tarsus.

Genus 155. ONTHOPHAGUS. Lafr. Copris. Geoff., lUiger,
Fabr. Scarab.eus. Linn., Herbst., Oliv., Marsh.
Sp. 1. Onth. Vacca.

Inhabits dung : this and many others are very abundant under dung
in April and JVIay.

CI-ASS V. INSECTA. 189

Fam. XXIII. Arnor>iADx. T^ich.
CoPROPTiAGi II. Latreille.
Labial palpi nearly smooth, filiform, the joints nearly equal, cylin-

dric : feet all separated by equal distances; hinder ones distant from

the anus : snttcllum distinct.

Genus 156. APIIODIUS. Illiger, Fabr., Ditr., Leach. ScARAB.tus
Oliv., Marsh., Linn.
Sp. 1. Aph. rufipcs.
Inhabits dung in the spring of ihr year.

This genus may be divided, for the sake of convenience, from the
clypeus.

1. Clypeiis smooth, cmarginate.

2. Clypeus smooth, cntir-e.

3. Ch/pevft tubcrculat .

Fam. XXIV. CicOiRUPiD.t. Leach.
Oeotrupixi. Latreille.
Antenntc eleven-jointed, terminated by a lamellatcd club : anterior tibi^.

large, dentate : mention not large : mandibles corneous, porrect : /«-

brum prominent : cli/peus rhomboidal.

Genus 157. GEOTRUPES. Lulr., Dumeril, Lam., Leach. Sca-
RAB.tfS. Linn., Geoff"., Fabr., Oliv., Be Gcer.
Antenna; terminated by an oval lamellated club : thorax shorter than
the abdomen, not horned: /fiWer/cc^ distant from the anus: /lead
not produced behind the eyes : scutellum obvious.
Sp. 1. Geo. stercorarius.

Ijihabits Europe; boring cylindric holes beneath the dung, and flying
about in the dusk of the evening.

Genus 158. TYPH.EUS. Leach. Scarab.^us. Fabr., Gyll, Marsh.

Antenna terminated by an oval lamellated club : thorav shorter than
the abdomen; on each side in front with a long process which ex^
tends along the sides of the head : hinder feet distant from the anus :
/i£ad not produced behind the eyes : scutellum obvious.

Sp, 1. Typ. vulgaris. {PI. \. fig. 1.)

Scarabffius typheeus. Fabr., Gyll., Marsh.

Inhabits the dung of horses on heaths, in the spring of the year.

Obs.— Scarabasus mobilicomis, Marsh., forms the genus Odomev*,
Koppe.

Fam. XXV. MELOLoyTHiD.^. Leach. Scarab;i:ides. Lutr.
-4nfc«n« ten-jointed (in some nine), terminated by a lamellated club :
mandibles corneous in part : clypeus li iaugulur or quadrate : (i/iiiig|tr
tibic£ large and dentate ; menlum UQt large.

190 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 1. — No scale beUveen the posterior angles of the thorax and

the exterior base of the elytra.
Division I. — Thorax almost quadrate, more or less transverse. Mandibles
entlrelxj corneous.

Subdivision 1. — Lahrum prominent even beyond the clypeus. Maxilla in-
teriorly armed zcith a horny hook, simple or bifid. Body nearly globular
or ovoid. Elyt7-a tumid, embracing the sides of the abdomen.

Genus 159.— .^EGIALIA. Latr., Leach. AphodiVs. Panz., Illig.
PsAMMomus. Gyll.

Antenna distinctly longer than the head, composed of nine joints, the
first of which is cylindric and a little hairy : body nearly globular :
uings none.

Sp. 1. jEgi. globosa. Black, shining : head granulated : elytra striated,
impunctate.

Aphodius globosus. Illig. Psammodius globosus. Gylknhall. E.g\-
alia globosa. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the sandy shores of the sea.

Genus 160. PSAMMODIUS. Gyll, Leach.

Body elongate, convex : antenna; distinctly longer than the head: uings
two : thorax transversely striated.

Sp. 1. Psarn. Sulcicollis. Gyll.

Aphodius Sulcicollis. Illig.

Inhabits sandy places: Taken at Swansea by Mr. W. S. Millard, a
most assiduous and successful collector of British insects.

Genus 161. TllOX. Fahr.,OUv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Sc.\r.\bxus.
Linn., Marsh., Geoff., De Gcer.

AntenncE scarcely longer than the head, composed of ten joints, the
first obconic and very hairy : body ovoid : maxilla with a simple
hook.

Sp. 1. Trox sabulosus.

Inhabits sandy places.

Subdivision 2. — Lahrum not projecting beyond the clypeus. Body not glo-
bose. Elytra not embracing the sides of the abdomen.

* Body subcylindric.

Genus 162. SINODENDIION. Fabr., Latr., Don., Uach. Sca-

RAB^us. Linn., De Geer., Oliv. Lucanus. Marsh.

Antcnnce with a lamellated club not capable of being folded : the la~

mdle very short, resembling the teeth of a saw : body cylindric :

maxilla: coriaceous, bilobate.

So. 1. Sin. cylindricum. Black, shining, impressed-punctate, cicatricu-

lose ; the punctures umbilicated, the umbilici jjerforate. (Male with

a conic-compressed horn, the female with a short horn on the head.)

CtASS V. INSECTA.

191

Sinodcndron cylindricum. Fubr., Latr., Don., I^ach. Scarabaeus cy-
lindricus. Linn., Dt deer, Oliv. Lucanus cylindricus. JMarsh.

Inhabits old trees, especially tlie ash. Is very abundant near Chelten-
ham and near Plymouth.

** Bodt/ ovoid-oblong.

Genus 163. MELOLONTHA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach.

Eljjtra with their external edge not sinuated, very slightly narrower at
their base than at their points : tifii<e armed with very distinct heels.
Sp. 1. Mel. vulgaris. (Common Cockchafter.)

Melolontha x-ulgaris. Lntr., Fabr. Scarabaus melolontha. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits various trees in May and June.

Genus 164. ANOMALA. Kiippe, Leach's MSS.

Elytra with the external edge not sinuated, very slightly narrower at
their base than at their points: libia t«rminated by very distinct
heels: antenna: of both sexes nearly equal in size, with a lumcllateJ
club: baJj/ ovate or short ovate convex.

A. Frischii. Mel. Frischii. Fabr.

Inhabits the sandy coasts of the sea.

The following may be consiilercd as the type of the
Genus Amaloplia, Sp. 1. Melolon. ruricola.

Genus 105. IIOPLIA. Illig., Lair., Jjcach. Scaradcus. Linn.,
Oeoff'., De Gcer. Melolontha. Fabr., Oliv.
Elytra with their external edge sinuated : tibia with very obscure spurs

or heels.
Sp. 1. Hopl. pvlvcruknla.
Inhabits heaths.

Division II. — Thora.x as long as broad, nearly orbicular, or almost orooid
and truncate at their extremities. Mandibles partly membranaceous,
sometimes aitirely corneous. Maxilla terminated by a membranaceous
or coriaceous lobe. Labrum not prominent.

Genus 166. TRICIIIUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Antenna with the first joint very large : clypeus quadrate : palpi short,

with their first joint very large: clypeus quadrate : torsi willi equal nails.
Sp. 1. Tr. fasciatus.
Trichius fasciatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Cetonia fasciata. Olit. Sca-

raJxfrus fasciatus. Linn.
Inhabits Europe on umbelliferous plants, but is rare in Britain.
Sp. 2. Tr. nobilis. [PI. l.Jjg.^1. a. antenna magnified.)

Stirps 2. — A triangular scale interposed between the posterior angles
oi the thorax, and the exterior of the base of the elytra.

192 MODElfN SYSTEM,

Genus 167. CETONIA. Fabr., Latr.,OIa>.,L(imarck, Leach. Sca-
RAB.T,us. Linn., Geoff., De Gecr, Mcash.
Maxilla almost membranaceous, or coriaceous : mentum of a moderate
size : thorax triangular, with the anterior point truncate ; elytra
abruptly sinuated at their internal side towards the base.
Sp. 1. Cct. auruta.
Inhabits the flowers of roses, the larvae live in decayed wood.

Fam. XXVI. Lucanid.tl. Leach.
LucANiDES. Latreille.

AntenntE with a pectinated club : anterior tihiaXaxga and dentated : ;)a/p«
four : labruni generally wanting : mandibles very strong, corneous,
dentated, exscrted : mentmn corneous.

Genus 168. LUCAXUS of authors. Platycehls. Geoff.
Palpi long : lip biftd, very hairy, the lacinia resembling pencils.
Sp. 1. Luc. Cervus. (Stag Beetle.) {PL l.fig.. 3.)

Section II. HETEROMERA.

Four anterior tarsi five-jointed, hinder pair four-jointed : antenna ele-
ven-jointed, never lamellated or furnished with a pecthiated head.

Fam. XXVII. Blapsid.'e. Leach.
MeiitMn smA\\, or moderately large, quadrate or orbicular: ^w//;*" termi-
nated by a thick joint; the last joint of the maxillary one securiform.
Genus 169. BLAPS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Lutr., Marsh., Leach.
Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff.
Back flat: thorax almost quadrate : antenna: with the third joint much

longer than the fourth : e/?//ra with their extremities pointed.
Sp. 1. Blaps n!o?-tisaga.
InhaMts dark cellars and damp places.

Fam. XXVIII. Tenebrioxid.e. Leach.
Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with-
out a contraction behind, at ils junction with the thorax : tarsi with
entire joints : nnfemice moniliforra, not perfoliated or serrated :
maxilla unguiculated.

Genus 170. PEDINUS. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. Linn., Geoff.,
Marsh'. Blaps. Fabr., Herhst. Helops. Olivier. Opatrum.

Body oval : maxillary palpi terminated by a thick joint ; antenna: fili-
form;., the last joint globose or turbinated.

Sp. 1. Pec?. maritimus.\&2ich. (PI. ^%.jig.1.) cj Tenebrio femoralis.
Marsh, g T. gemellatus. Marsh.

Inhabits sandy places: is very abundant on the sea shore near
Swansea, South Wales.

ClASS V. INSFXTA. 193

Genus 171. OPATRUM. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Silpha.
Linn. Texebrio. Geoff., Marxh.
Body oval : maxillarif palpi with their last joint obtrigonate : antenna
gradually thicker towards their extremities : the last joints trans-
verse, compressed.
Sp. 1. Oput. subulosum. (PL 2. Jig.Q. a. antenna magnified.)
Opatrum sabulosum. Fabr., Lair. Silpha sabulosa. Linn. Tenebrio

sabulosus. Marsh.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 17','. TExXEBRIO. Linn., Geoff., De Gccr, Fabr., Latr.,

l^each.

Thorax behind as broad as the elytra: body elongate : antenna scarcely
gradually thicker towards their e.xtremities ; the eighth, nintli, and
tenth joints transverse ; the last i^ubglobose : vientutn somewhat qua-
drate; the upper margin rounded; inaxillurif palpi witli tlieir last
joint thick.

Sp. 1. Ten. Molitor. {PI. A. fig. 1.)

Inhabits houses; the larva- in meal and flour; and is well known im-
der the name of meal-worm.

Fam. XXIX> Diaperid.i. Leach.

Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with-
out a contraction behind, at its juncture witli the thorax: tarsi with
entire joints : antenna not moniliform, tlieir extremities perloliatcd
or serrlted.

SriRPS 1. — Byr/y linear, or nearly so. r/(o/«j- almost quadrate. Antenna
terminated by a club. MaxilU- unguiculated.

Genus 173. SARROTRIU.M. Illig., Fabr., Leach. IIispa. Linn.,
Marsh. Tenebrio. De Gecr. Orthocerus. I^ilr.
Antenna with the last six joints forming a thick, fusiform, downy

mass.
Sp. 1. Surr. muticum. (PI. ^•fig- 16. a. antenna mngnijied,)
Sarrotrium muticum. Pai/k., Fabr., Leach. IIispa mutica. Linn., Marsh.

Orthocerus hirticornis. iMlr.
Inhabits sandy places. In Britain it is rare, or at least^cry local. It

has been found in gravel-})its near Nor\vich by Mr. Joseph Hooker,

and near Hampstead by Mr. Stephens, in the months of June ana

July.

Stirps. 2. — .^ji/t'nwtf- not moniliform. Body o\^, or nearly orbicular :
a little longer tlian broad.

a. Antenna not serrated at tlieir extremities.

Genus 174. PHALERIA. Latr., Leach. Tenebrio. Fabr.
Anterior tibia elongate-trigonate : tarsi short: antenna gradually thick-
ening towards their extremities, where they are perfoliated : body oval.

N

104 MODERN isYSTEM.

Sp. I. PhoL cad'cverina.
Tenebrio cadaverina. Fabr.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 175. DIAPERIS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Chrv-
soMELA. Iauu., Marsh. Tenebrio. De Geer.
Antenna; gradually enlarging towards their extremities, from the fourth

joint perfoliated : bodj/ nearly hemispheric, very convex above.
Sp. 1. IJia. Boleti of authors.
Chrysomela Boleti. Linn., Marsh.
Inhabits the boleti of trees : is rare.

Genus 176. TETRATOMA. Herbsf, Fabr., Payk., Leach.
Antenna: terminated by a club of four joints, the other joints very

small : bodt/ oval : tibi(E not spiny.
Sp. 1. Tetr. Fungorum.
Inhabits /««§/.

Genus 177. LEIOIDES. Lafr., Leach. Anisotoma. Illig., Fabr.
SpHjEridium. Olivier. Tetratoma. Herbst.
Antenne abruptly terminated by a five-jointed club, the eighth joint
(the second of the club) very small : thorax almost hemispheric :
tibi(B spinose.
Sp. 1. Lei. picca.
Anisotoma piceum. Illig. Anisotoma picea. Panz. Leoides pic-ea,

Latr.
Inhabits sandy places in Europe,

b. Antenna terminated by joints, resembling in their form the teeth
of a saw.

Genus 178. BOLILOPIIAGUS. Illig., Fabr. Eledona. Latr.,
Leach. Opatrum. Oliv., Marsh. Diaperis. Oliv.
Pa/pi filiform ; ?n«n7/ary ones with their last joint almost cylindric: «n«
tenms arcuate : bod>/ ov?i\, convex, generally rough : thorax transverse,
emarginate before ; the sides often with acute margins.
Sp. 1. Boli. Aguricola.
Bblilophagus Agaricola. Illig., Fabr. Eledona Agaricola. Latr., Leadi.

Opatnnn Agaricola. OUn., Marsh.
Inhabits boleti and other fungi.

Stiups 3, — AntenncE nearly or quite filiform,with their extremities simple.
a. Mandibles with their extremities bifid.

Genus 179. HELOPS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Illig., L(Ur., Rossi,
Leach. Tenebrio. Linn.
Maxillary palpi terminated by a securiform joint : antenna: as long or
longer than the thorax : thorax quadrate or semicircular : body
convex.
Sp. IJicl. lanipes.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 195

Ilelops lanipes. Fahr., ImIt., Oliv. Tcnebrio lanipcs. Linn.
Inhabits Europe under tlie bark of trees.

b. Mandibles with their points entire. Tarsi with denticulated nails.
Genus 180. CISTELA. Fabr., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach. Chry-
soMEi,A. Linn. Mordella. Geoff.
Bwlt/ ovate : antenna: serrated : feet rather long.
Sp. 1. Cist, ccramboides.
Cistela ceramboides. Fabr., Lutr., Oliv. Chrj-somela ccramboides.

Linn.
Sp. 2. Cist, sulphurca. (PI. 4. fg. 6.)
Crioceris sulphurca. Marsh. 219. 1.

Fani. XXX. Melyandryadx. Leach.

Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangidar, with-
out a contraction bcliind, at its juncture with the thorax : four ante-
rior tarsi with the last joint lait one bilobate : maxillary palpi witli
the last joint large, securiform, or obtrigonate.

Stirps 1. — Hinder tarsi witli entire joints.

Genus 181. SEllIlO PALPUS. Oliii., Paijk., Illl^., Loir., Leach.
Dinc.T.A. Fabr.
Antenna filiform : body almost cylindric, and very long.

An insect of this genus has lately been tiiken in this country,
and was first discovered in Windsor Torest, In July 1817, being in
Hampshire in company with my friend Mr. John Chant, we took
four specimens from a rotten oak near Lyndhurst.

Genus 182. ORCIIESIA. Latr. Dircea. Fabr., Ixach. Hal-
LOMEMUS. Illig., Pai/k., Uellwig. Mecatoma. Herbd. Mor-
della. Marsh.
Hinder feet formed for leaping : antenna clavate : body elliptic.
Sp. 1. Orc.micans. Fabr.

Ilallomenus micans. Paykull. Serropalpus micans. llliger. Mega-
toma picea. Hcrbst. Mordella Boleti. Marsh. Orchesia micans.
Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.
SriRPS 2. — Tarsi altogether with their last joint but one bilobafie.

Genus 183. MELANDRYA. Fabr., Latr., ^each. Chrysomela.

Linn. Serropalpus. //%., Bosc.

Antenna simple, filiform : maxillary palpi terminated by an elongate

securiform joint ; body nearly elliptic : thorax trapezoid, broad behind.

Sp. 1. Alel. caraboides,

Chrysomela caraboides, Linn. Serropalpus caraboides. Oliv., Illig.

Melandra serrata. Fair., Latr. Crioceris caraboides. Marsh.
•Inhabits rotten Uecs.

n 2

196

UODERN SYSTEU.

Genus 184. LAGRIA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam.. Leach. Chrysom kl*.,
Linn. Cantharis. Geoff. Tenebrio. De Geer.

Antenna simple, growing insensibly thicker towards their extremity :
maxillarj/ palpi double the size of the labial, with the last joint
large, securiform ; labial palpi with the last joint ovate : bod}/ ob-
long (generally villose).

Sp. 1. Lag. hirta.

Lagria hirta. Fabr., Latr. Chrysomela hirta. Linn. Auchenia hirta.
Marsh.

Inhabits the white-thorn in May and June.

Fam. XXXI. Pyrochroid.s, Leach.
Pyrociioides. Latreille.

Head cordiform, abruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax :
to-« with their penultimate joints allbilobate: bodij elongate, de-
pressed, or convex and cylindric : thorax almost cordate.
Stirps 1. — Antenna pectinated, serrated, or branched.

Genus 185. PYROCHROA. Fabr., Geoff., Be Geer, Oliv., Lefr.,
Leach. Cantharis. Linnc.
Antenna pectinated or serrated : thorax orbicular.

The prevailing colour in this genus is red and black.
Sp. 1. Pi/r. rubens. Fabr., Latr., Oliv-
Inhabits white-thorn hedges in JNIay and June.
Sp. 2. Pyr. coccinea. (P/. S.Jig. 3.)
Inhabits the woods of Kent.
Stirps 2. — Antenna simple.

Genus 186. SCllAPTfA. Utr., Leach.
Labial palpi terminated by a semilunar, or large triangular joint : (ho-

rax almost semicircular.
Sp. 1. Scr.fusca.
Scraptia fusca. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.

Genus 187. NOTOXUS. Geoff., Olit., Illig., Latr., Leach. Me-
LOE. Linn., Donovan. Anthicus. Payk., Fabr.
Labial palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor-
diform, produced into a porrected horn in front : antenna simple.
Sp. 1. Not. monoceros. {PL 'i.Jig- 23. a. antenna, head, and thorax rnagnijied.j
Meloe monoceros. Linni, Don. Notoxus monoceros. Oliv., lllig.,

Latr. Anthicus monoceros. Fabr., Payk.
Inhabits sandy situations ; and has been taken in profusion on the
sandy sea shores of Swansea.

Genus 188. ANTHICUS. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Notoxus. Iliig.,
Latr. Lytta. Marsh.
Lnhinl palpi terminated by a small truncate joint : thorax almost cor-
difonn, not anteriorly produced.

I

CLlSS V. I.NSKCTA. 197

.Sp. 1. Antb. fusca.

Lytta fusca. Marsh.

Inhabits duny in the neighbourhood of stables.

Fani. XXXII. Mobdellads. Leach.

MoRDELLAN*. LatreiUe.

Had cordi form, Lil)ruptly strangulated at its junction with the thorax:
hinder tar.u (sometimes the others) with their penultinuite joint en-
tire: 6o(/y elevated, arcuate, laterally compressed, and terminated
by a point : head very large : elytra very short, or very narrow and
pointed behind : hinder fctt large: tibia with spurs.

Genus 139. RIIIPIPIIORUS. Bosc, Fair., Pai/k., Oliv., Lam.,
Leach. Mordella. Marsh., Linni.
Tarsi with all the joints simple : palpi almost filifonn : antain<£ pec-
tinated or tldbellate : scutelluin none, or concealed.
Sp. 1. R/iip. paradoxus.

Mordella parado.xa. Linn. Rhipiphonis paradoxus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Kurope. In Britain it is extremely rare. The lar\ae inhabit
the nests of l^espa Crnbro (the hornet). Mordella paradoia of Mar-
sham, which is distinct from the Linnean species, has been found
in the nest of a wasp.
Genus 190. MORDELLA. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach.
Jarsi with all their joints simple: maxillary palpi terminated by a se-
curiform joint : antcnn<e i\m^\e, or very slightly serrated : scutcUiaa
distinct.
Sp. 1. Mord. aculeata.

Mordella aculeata. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits the blossoms of the crab-tree, white-thorn, &c.
Sp. 2. Mord.fasciata. {PL 4. Jig. 8.)

Genus 191. ANASPIS. Latr., Geoff., Leach. Mordella. Linn.,
Fabr., Oliv., Marsh.
Fcnultimate joint of the four anterior tarsi bilobate : maxillary palpi

with the last joint securiform : scutellum none.
Sp. 1. Anas, frontalis.
Mordella tVontalis. Fabr., Oliv., Payk., Marsh. Anaspis frontalis. Lair.,

Leach.
Inhabits flowers, especially those of the umbellate plants.

Fam. XXXIII. Cantharid.e. Leach.
Cantharid.e. LatreiUe.
Head large, cordiform : neck distinct : mandibles not notched at their

points : thorax almost quadrate, or cordiform : elytra flexible : tuni

generally with entire joints.

198 MODERN SYSTEM.

Stirps 1. — AnlemcEof equal thickness, tapering towards their points,
or subclavate, longer than the thorax, composed of globular or ob-
conic joints : elt/tra covering only a part of the abdomen ; short, oval,
diverging at the suture : wings none : tarsi with all their joints entire.

Genus 192. MELOE of authors.
Abdomen very large, generally soft : antenne various.

Ocs. — Dr. Leach has written an excellent monograph on this genus,
which will be found in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of
the Linnean Society, and is illustrated by highly finished figures of
the species by that celebrated artist and excellent naturalist IVIr.
Sowerby. An enumeration of the species and habitats will be found
in the calendar.

Stirps 2. — Antenncc composed of cylindric or obconic joints, longer
than the thorax.

Genus 193. CANTIIARIS. Geoffrey, Be Geer, OUv.,Lam., Latr.,
Leach. Meloe. Linn. Lytta. Fahr., Marsh.

Elytra soft, elongate, linear, with the sides somewhat inflexed, the
back convex, rounded : maxilla with two membranaceous lacinige,
the external one acute within, subuncinate : antenncc with the first
joint larger than the others ; the second very short, transverse ; the
rest obconic, the last ovoid.

Sp. 1. Canth. vcsicatoria, (Spanish fly.) {PI. 4.Jlg. 5.)

INIelbe vesicatorius. Linn. Cantharis vesicatoria. De Geer, Geoff.,
Oliv., Latr. Lytta vesicatoria. Marsh., Fahr.

Inhabits Europe : is found on the ash, but is rare in England : it is
the common blister-fly of the shops.

Fam. XXXIV^. CEdemirad^. Leach.
CEdemerites. Latrcille.

Antenna filiform or setaceous : rostrum not very flat, and dilated at its
extremity : head produced into a kind of rostrum.

Genus 194. OiDEMERA. Latr., Oliv., Leach. Necydalis. Linn.,
Fahr. Cantharis. Marsh.
Antenna inserted at the anterior internal margin of the eyes : rostrum
not elongate : eyes prominent : elytra tubulate : palpi with the last
joint broader than the penultimate joint.
Sp. 1. (Edem. ccmdca.
Necydalis ccerulea. Linn., Fahr. CEdemera ccerulea. Latr., Oliv.,

Leach.
Inhabits Europe on the flowers of umbelliferous plants.

Genus 195. MYCTERUS. Clairv., Oliv., Leach. Rhinomacer.
Fahr., Latr. Myladris. Schaffer.
Antenna inserted before the eyes on the rostrum : rostrum elongate,

OLASS V. INSECTA. 199

narrow : eyes globose, prominent : elytra hard : palpi with the last
joint compressed.

Sp. 1. Myc. curciilionidcs.

Rhinomacer curculionides. Fair., Latr. Mycterus griseus. Clairv.
Mycterus curculionides. I^each.

Inhabits Europe : has been taken in South Devon by the late Mr.
John Cranch, of Kingsbridge, zoologist in the late unfortvmate ex-
pedition to the Congo. For a most interesting biographical account
of this indefatigable naturalist, see Capt. 2'uckey's Nurrath:e, and
Journal of Arts, No. IX.

Fam. XXXV. Salpingidx. Leach.

Antenna: thicker at their extremities : rostrum very flat, and dilated at
its extremity : head produced into a rostrum.

Genus 196. SALPINGUS. Illiger, Leach. Curctlio. Linn., Be
Geer, Marsh. Anthribus. Fabr., Payk., Panz., Clairv. llHi-
NosiMi's. Latr.
Antenna inserted before the eyes : elytra rigid.
Sp. 1. Sal. Roboris.

Rhinosimus Roboris. Latr. Curculio ruficollis. Marsh. Salpingvis Ro-
boris. Leach.
Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees.

Section ni. TETRAMERA.
Tarsi %vith four joints.

Division I. — Head anteriorly rostrated; the mouth at the apex of the

rostrum.

Fam. XXXVI. Bruchid.e. Leach.

BufCHEL.^. Latreille.

Palpi obvious, filiform, not very minute : rostrum broad : lahrum ex-
serted : antenncE eleven-jointed, subclavate, with the club formed of
distinct joints, in some; filiform, or gradually thicker towards th#ir
points, in others; serrated or pectinated.

Genus 197. PLATYRIIINUS. Clairvi/le, Leach. Anthribus.
Fabr., Geoff., Payk., Latr. Macrocephalus. Oliv.
Antenna clavate, the club elongate : eyes not emarginate : elyt7'a cover-
ing the anus above : body ovate, oblong : abdomen somewhat elon-
gate-quadrate.
Sp. 1. PL latirostris.
Anthribus latirostris. Fabr., Latr., Payk. Platyrhimis latirostris,

Clairv., Leach. Macrocephalus latirostris. Oliv.
Inhabits bolcti in woods : is rare in Britain.

200 MODERN SYSTr^r.

Genus 1P8. ANTIIRIBUS. Payhill, Fobr., TMtr., Oenf., Uach.
Macrocephalvs. Oliv.
Antenntz clavate : the dub ovale, abrupt, incrassated : eyes not emargi-
nate : elytra covering the anus above : body short, oval, thick : thorax
transverse, broader behind, lobated : rostrum short.
Sp. 1. An. scabrosus.
Anthribus scabrosus. Payk., Fabr., Latr., Leach, Bruchus scabrosus.

Marsh. Macrocephalus scabrosus. Olivier.
Inhabits the ehu and horse-chesnut.

Genus 199. RHINOMACER. OUt., Fabr., Leach. Anthribus.
Payk., Latr., Leach.

Aiitenna clavate : eyes not emarginate : elytra covering the anus above ;
abdomen elongate, narrow : thorax roundish, nearly equally })road :
rostrum at the base much narrower than the head, the longitudinal
diameter many times exceeding the breadth: tarsi with the second
joint not including the third.

Sp. 1. Rhi. attclaboides.

Anthribus rhinomaccr. Payk., Latr. Rhinomacer attclaboides. Fabr.,
Leach.

Inhabits pine-trees.

Genus 200. BRUCHUS. £»!?z., De Geer, Oliv., Fabr., Latr., Marsh.,
Leach. IMylabris. Geoff.
Antennae nearly filiform : eyes emarginate for the insertion of the an-
tenna; : body short, oval, thick : elytra not covering the anus above,
Sp. 1. Bru. Pisi.

Bruchus Pisi. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits the south of Europe and the north of America. The larva
is frequently found in peas.

Fam. XXXVII. Curculionid.?,. Leach.

CuRCULioxiTES. Latreillc.

Palpi very small, conic-subulate, scarcely discernible : rostriun rounds
ed, thick, often proboscis-shaped : labrum none : antenn<B with di-
stinct joints, the eighth or ninth generally clavate, the club regular,
the joints coriaceous : Itcad from the eyes more or less narrowed,
distinctly produced into a rostrum : mandibles small or minute :
mentum not cylindric-cordate : body rarely cylindric; anterior tibia
never triangular.

A. Antennae straight, not geniculated at the second joint. Body of
all, fi'om the base of the thorax, narrower, not cylindric.

Genus 201. ATTELABUS. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
CuRCULio. De Geer.
Head behind simply elongate, produced with no neck : tibia: with one

CLASS V. INSFCTA. 201

hook at tlieir joints : lodi/ ovate : abdomen quadrate, rounded behind :
labium corneous, quadrate ; the middle ol" the upper margin emiar-
ginate, obtusely unidentate.

■-p. 1. Atl.curculiono'ulex.

.\ltelabus curculionoi<les. Linn., Latr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits the nut-tree and willow.

Genus 202. APODERUS. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Attelabus. Linn.,
Fabr., Pui/k. CuncuLio. Marsh.

Head with a distinct neck: tibi<E with one hook at their joints: bodif
ovate: abdomen quadrate, rounded behind: Udnum corneous, qua-
drate, the middle of the ujjper margin cmarginate, obtusely uni-
dentate.

Sp. 1. Apo. Coryli.

\itelabus Coryli. Linn., Fabr., Paj/k. Curculio Coryli. JV/«;s/w?n. Apo-
derus Coryli. Lair., Leach.

Inhabits the nut-tree, and is very common.

Genus 203. RIIYNCHITES. Herktl., Latr., Leach. Crnr ri.ro.
Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Riiinomacer. Geoff., Clairv. At-
TELABUS. Fabr., Oliv.
Hi ad elongate behind the eyes, with no neck: ch/peus dentate: tibia
with very short heels: abdomen quadrate, rounde<l behind: bod^f
ovate, narrowly produced before : thorax conic-cylindric, broader be-
hind (often with a spine on each side in the male): labium mem-
branaceous, small, the apex rounded, villose, entire.
"^p. 1. R/ii/n. Bacchus.

Inliabits Europe, and is found in England on the nut- and plum-tiee,
but is very rare.

Genus 201. DEPORAUS. Loach's MSS.
Head elongate, with no neck: ch/pcus subdcntate: tibio' with short

heels: «Wy/nert quadrate-rounded behind: hinder thighs thick and

formed for leaping.
Sp. 1. Dtp. Bctula.
Rhynchites Bctulee. Herbst.
Inhabits the oak, birch, and hazel.

Genus 205. APIOX. Herbst, Latr., Kirbi/, L.euch. Cupxui.io.
LJnn., Marsh.
Ei/cs prominulous: head elongate behind: abdomen subovate: tibitt
with obsolete heels : labium subquadrate, entire.

The Rev. William Rirby has given an admirable paper to the
Linnean Society of London, in which upwards of sixty species of
this genus are described, in the ninth volume of their Transactions.
He has added a supplement which is published in the tenth vo-
lunie.

202 MODERN SYSTEM.

The whole of tl-ie insects of this genus are very small ; they are
in general found at the roots of grass, on the blossoms of clover, &c.
and in sand-pits : in the months of April, May and June, they may
be taken in profusion.

B. Antenna; geniculated, the basal joint ve7y much elongated, gene-
ralhj received in a lateral oblique groove, \at the base at least,) or
the sides of the rostrum. {Antenna in all clavate, the club ge-
nerallt/ composed of firmly connected joints, the last acute. Tarsi
with the last joint but one bijid, or emarginate above, cordate.)

a. Antenna inserted beyond the base of the rostrum, larger than the
head ; the club distinctly many-jointed, ovate. Mandibles generally
obtuse. Tibia at the apex ciliated with spines, in a few terminated by
a strong hook. Body ovate or elliptic. Colours various.

Genus 200. CURCULIO of authors. Brachyrinus. Latr.

Body ovate, convex, narrower before: thorax rownA or conic-cylindric,
narrower than the base of the elytra: scutcllum extremely minute :
abdomen ovate-conic, subovate, or globose : lip minute : antenna ele-
ven-jointed : kinder feet not formed for leaping.

Sp. 1. Cur. argentatus.

Curculio argentatus. Gmelin, Marsh., Fabr., Leach. Brachyrinus ar-
gentatus. Latr.

Inhabits Europe, and is very abundant in this country on the oak in
May and June.

Genus 207. I.IXUS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Leptosoma. Lecu:h.
Curculio. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Marsh.

Body elongate-ovate : rostrum as broad as the head : lip small, entire,
transverse-quadrate, corneous, narrower than the mentuiii.

Sp. 1. Lix.pnraplecticus.

Lixus paraplecticus. Leach.

Inhabits the Flwllandi^ium aquaticum.

Genus 208. UHYNCILENUS. Fabr., Oliv., Leach. CuRCtaro.
Linn., Geoff., Lam., Latr.
Body oblong-ovate, twice as long as broad : antenna eleven-jointed,

the club distinct : wings perfect : rostrum moderate.
Sp. 1. Rhyn. Pini.

Rhynchsenus Pini. Leach. Curculio Pini. LiniiL
Inhabits the Pinus sylvestris.

Genus 209. BALANINUS. Germar.
Body oblong, twice as long as broad : antenna twelve-jointed : zcings
perfect : rostrum very long and veiy slender.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 203

Sp. 1. Bui. Niicum.
Uhj'nchanus Niicuni. Fair.

Inhabits the nut-tree: the lana hvuig on tlie kernel ul" the fruit is
called the nut-maggot.

Genus 210. LIFWIIUS. Oliv., Ix:ach. Cl-rcvi.io. Linn., Latr.,
Murah. RiiYNCH.T.Nrs. Fabr.
Borij/ ohlong-ovatc, twice as long as broad : antenna: Avith the club

three-jointed beginning at the ninth joint, or four-jointed l)eginning

at the eighth joint: uings none.
Sp. 1. Lip. German us.
Curculio Germanus. Linn., Marsh. Rhj-nchsenus fusco-maculatus.

Fabr. Liparus Germanus. Leach.
Inhabits Euroj)e: is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dover

and Hastings.

Genus 211. CRYPTOIUIYNCIIUS. 7/%., lA:ach. CuncuLio.
Linn., Marsh. liiiYNCii.T.NUS. Fabr.
Bodj/ round-oval, half as long again as broad : abdomen short, triangu-
lar-quadrate: anus naked: ;t»s/rH/H applied to the breiust: culcoptra
subquadrate, the diameters nearly equal : hinder feel not formed for
leaping: mentum corneous, sub-obtrigonate.
Sp. 1. Cri/pt. Eiysimi.

llliyucha-nus Erysimi. Fabr. Cryptorhynchus Erysimi. Illigcr, Leach.
Inhabits

Genus 212. CIOXUS. Clalrr., Latr., Tuach. RuYNcii.tNUS. Fabr.
Curculio. Linn., Geoff'., Oliv.

Body quadrate-ovate, thick, a little longer than broad : abdomen large,
subquadrate, a little narrower and rounded behind : anus not nalffed :
rostrum applied to the breast: colcoptra convex, as broad as lone,
inflexed behind : hinder feel not formed for leaping.

Sp.l. Cio. Scrophularia.

Curculio Scroplmlariie. Linn., Marsh. Rhj-nchaenus Scrophulariae. Fabr.
Clonus Scrophularia?. Clairv., Leach^

Inhabits the water betony.

Genus 213. ORCIIESTES. Oliv., Illig., Uach. RHYxciiiENUs,
Clairv., Fabr., Latr. Curculio. JAnn., Marsh.
Body ovate : abdomen elongate -quadrate, rovmded behind : clt/tra in-
flexed behind, covering, or at least touching the anus : hinder feet
formed for leaping.
Sp. 1. Ore. Alni.
Curculio Alni. Linn., Marsh. RhjTichaenus Alni. JFai/'. Orchestes Alni.

Leach.
Inhabits the alder.

204 MODERN SYSTEM.

b. Antenntc inserted at the base of (he rostrum. Tarsi itijlected to
the internal side of the tibia;.

Genus 214. CALANDRA. Clairv., Fabr., Leach. Curculio.
Linn., Geoff., Oliv. Rhynchophokus. Hcrbst.
Body elliptic-oval, flat above : eyes immersed, oblong, encircling the
hedd beneath : rostrum thickened at the insertion of the antennas :
elytra plain, not covering the anus above : anus acutely prominent :
feet strong.
Sp. 1. Cal. gr'anaria.

Calandra granaria. Fabr., Lutr., Leach. Curculio granarius. Marsh.
Inhabits

Genus 215. COSSONUS. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cur-
CULio. Payk., Hcrbst.
Body very much lengthened, sublinear or subcylindric, narrow before :
elytj-a covering the anus above : tibice terminated by a hook inter-
nally : hack flat, depressed.
Sp. 1. Cos. linearis.
Cossonus linearis. Clairv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Curculio linearis.

Payk., Marsh. Curculio parallelopipedos. Herbst.
Inhabits trunks of trees in Windsor Forest.

Ob^. — In addition to the above in Germar's and Zincker Sommer's Maga~
zin der Entomologie, vol. iii. for 1817, notice is given of the following
genera as lately established, (the species mentioned may be consi-
dered the types).

Genus Magdalis. Grrmnr.
Sp. 1. Cur. aterrimus.

Genus Bagous. Germnr.

Sp. 1. Cur. binodulus. Herhst. 2. Cur. Alismatis. GylL

Genus Sitoxa. Gennar.

Sp. 1. Cur. hispidulus. 2. Cur. lincatus.

Genus Curculio.

Sp. 1. Cur. sulcirostris.

Genus Gryphus. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. Equiseti.

Genus Lepyrus. Germar.
Sp. 1. Cur. triguttatus.

Genus Pachyg aster. Germar.
Sp. 1 . Cur. niger.

CLASS V. INStCTA. 205

Genus Hypera. Cennar.
Sp. 1. Cur. nigrorostris.

Genus Thvlacites. Germar.
Sp, 1. Cur. incanus.

Division II. — Head not gradual/j/ prolonged into a rostru/n. Tuiii not
■spongy beneath. Antenixa forming a solid muss, a/tortcr or not utucU
longer than the head.

Fam. XXX\ UI. BosXRiciDi. Leach.
BosTRicrM. Latreille.

iii^tiy cylindric or globose : head globose: tihite compressed, tlie antp-
rior ones dentiitcd : antenna: eight- or ten-joinled; the lirst joint elon-
gate, the two or three last joints forming a large mass : palpi very
small, generally conic, rarely filiform.

SriRPS 1. — Club of the antenna commencing before the ninth joint.

Genus 216. HYLURGUS. Lutr., Leach. Ips. De Cur, Marsh.
ScOLYTUS. Oliv.
Tarsi with the penultimate joint bifid: antenna with the club com-
mencing at the eighth joint, very little or not at ail compressed.
Sp. 1. Hj/l. Piniperda.

Ips Piniperda. Marsh. Ilylurgus Piniperda. Lair.
Iiiliabits tliis country, perforating the bark of the pine.

Genus 217. TOMICUS. Latr., Leach.. Dermestes. Linnans,
Ips. De Gcer. Bostriculs. Fubr., Puyk. Scolytus. Oliv^

Tarsi with entire short joints : antenna with the club much compress-
ed, beginning at the seventla joint, distinctly annulaled : body not
hnear.

Sp. 1. Tom. Ti/pographus.

Dermestes Typographus. Linn. Ips Typographe. De Geer. Bo«trichu>
Typographus. Fubr., Fai/k. Ips 'i'ypographus. Marsh. Scolytus Ty-
pographus. Oliv. Tomicus Typographus. Lutr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees, which it gnaws into various
labyrinth-like passages.

Genus 218. PLATYPUS. Herbst, Latr., Leach. Bostricuus. Uell-
wig., Fabr. Scolytus. Panz.
Tarsi with entije long joints: antenna with the club much compressed,
commencing at the sixth joint : unnulations not orlut .•^lightly di-
stinct : body linear.
Sp. 1. Pla. cylindricus ?

206 MODERN SYSTEM.

Platypus cylindricus, Herbst, Latr. Bostrichus cylindricus. Fab?-.
Scolytus cylindricus. Oliv.

Discovered lo be a native of Britain by Mr. D. Bydder, who took
it in the New Forest of Hampshire from beneath the bark of trees.

Stirps 2. — Antenna with the club beginning at die ninth joint.

Genus 219. SCOLYTUS. Geoff., Scha-ffer, Lufr., Oliv., Leach.
Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : antenna with the club com

pressed, obovoid, the apex rounded.
Sp. 1. Sco. Destructor.
Scolytus Destructor. Oliv., iMtr. Ips Scolytus. Marsh. Ilylesimis

Scolytus. Fabr.
-Inhabits beneath the bark of the elm.

Genus 220. IIYLESINUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Tarsi with their penultimate joint bifid : antenna with the ckdj littk or

not compressed, ovoid, the extremity pointed .
Sp. 1. Hyl. C7'enatus.

llylesinus crenatus. Fabr., Latr. Scolytus crenatus. Oliv.
Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees,

Fani. XXXIX. Cisid.e. Leach.

Body ovoid or oblong ; in some depressed, in others linear ; palpi fili-
form or bent at their extremities : antenna ten-jointed, increasing
towards their extremities or terminated by a perfoliated mass.

Stirps 1. — Antenna with the club three-jointed, perfoliated.

Genus 221. CIS. Latr., Leach.
Antenna twice as long as the head : bod^ oval, depressed,

Sp. 1. Cis Bokti.

Dermestes Boleti. Scopoli. Anobium Boleti. Fabr., Illig., Fayk. Ano-

bium bidentatum. Oliv. Ptinus Boleti. Marsh,
Inhabits the Boletus versicolor.

Stjrps 2. — Antenna with a nearly globose two-jointed club.
Genus 222. CERYLON. Latr., Leach.

Bodi/ elongate : thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin straight, con-
tiguous with the elytra : abdomen not pedunculated.

Sp. 1. Cer. histcroides.

Lyctus histeroides. Fahr., Payk., Punz. Rhyzophagus histeroides.
Herhst. Cerylon histeroides. Latr.

InhaV'its Europe, beneath the bark of trees.

CLASS V. IX3ECTA. 207

Genus 223. ^MONOTOMA. llerbst, Leach. Cerytox. Latr.
Bodif elongate, linear: thorax quadrate, with the hinder margin

distant from the base of the elytra: abdomen somewhat peduiuu-

kted.
Sp. I. ^lon. Juglandis.

l.yctus Jui^landis. Fabr., Pai/lc, Panz. Corticaria taxicornis. Marah.
Inhabits Europe, imder the bark of the stumps of trees, particularly

those in damp situation^.

I'am. XL. MvcF.TOi'iiACiD.E. Leach.

Body ovoid or ohlons;; in some depressed, in others linear: palpi fiH-
form or bent at their extremities: antenna eleven-jointed: mandibles
little or not at ail prominent.

Stiri'S 1. — Antenna: gradually thickening towards their exti'emitics.
Tarsi with the first joint longer than the following one.

Genus 2-24. MYCETOPIIAGUS. Tabr., Payk., Oliv., Fanz., Latr.,
Leach. Tritoma. Geoff". Dermestes. Thunb. Silphoides.
Herbni. Boletaria. Marsh.

Body oval : antenna: with the last joint elongate, ovate : maxillary palpi

prominent.
Sp. 1. Myc. qiiadripiistulatus.
Mycetojihiigus quadripustulatus. Fabr., Latr., Fanz., Payk. Boletaria

quadripustulata. Marsh.
Inhabits /Mng/.

Stirps 2. — Antenna gradually thickening towards their extremities, or
with a three-jointed club.

a. Ta}-si with the first joint longer than the second. Palpi vert/
short, the maxillary ones but little or not at all prominent. Antenna,
as h}ig as the thorax or less.

Genus 225. LATRIDIUS. Herbst, Leach. Ips. Oliv. Corti-
caria. Marsham. Deumestes. Fabr., Paykull.

Antenna with the second joint larger than the thirds
Sp. 1. Lat. porcatus.

Latridius porcatus. Herbst, J^ach. Latridius minutus. Lafr. Der-
mestes marginatus. Paykull.
Inhabits damp paper and old wood in houses.

203 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 226. SILVANUS. Latr., Leuch. Tenebrio. De Geer.
Dermestes. Fabr., Fanz. Ips. Olivier. Colvdivm. Fui/k.,
Herbst. CoETiCAHiA. Marsham.
Antenniz with the second and following joints to the eighth joint nearly

equal.
Sp. 1. Sil . frumentarius.
Colydiuui fruinentarium. Panzer, Corticaria frumentaria. Marth.

Silvauus frumentarius. Latr., Leach,
Inhabits damp cellars in old wood and paper.

Stir PS 3, — Antennce eleven-jointed. Mandibles prominent or exscrted.
* Mandibles small. Bodj/ long and linear^
Genus 227. JLYCTUS. Fabr., Fayk., Leach.
Antenna with a two-jointed club : thai ax long and linear.

Sp. 1 . Lye. oblongus.

I.yctus oblongus. LMlr., I^ach. Lyctus canaliculatus. Fabr. Ips ob-
longus. Oliv. Bitonia unipunctata. Herbst. Corticaria oblonga.
Mur:ih.

Inhabits old wood.

** Mandibles ho-ge. Body elongate, much depressed, nearly equally
broad.

Genus 228. TROGOSITA. Fabr., Oliv., Illig., Latr., Lam., Leach.

Tliorav almost quadrate, separated from the abdomen by a remarkable
interval : antenna moniliform, shorter than the thorax, compressed
towards the apex : labrn?n exserted, coriaceous, small, hairy in front.

Sp. 1. 'Fro. niauritanica.

Tenebrio mauritanicus. Rossi, Mu7-sh. Trogosita caraboides. Fabr.,
Illig; Payk., Herbst, Latr. Trogosita mauritanica. Oliv., Leach.

Inhabits Europe, under stones on the banks of rivers.

Fam. XLI. Pryonid.i;. Leach.

Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform : body elongate : antenna
long, generally inserted in a notch in the eyes : labrum very small or
almost none.

Genus 229. PRIONUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leoch.

Thorax with the sides gently sloping, dentated : antenna serrated, a lit-
tle shorter than the body; of the male twelve, of the female elevea-
jomted.

Sp. 1. Pri. coriarius.

Cerambyx coriarius. Linn., Marsh. Prionus coriarius. Lair., Fabr.,
Oliv,, Leach.

Inhabits old tree.?; flies in the evening.

CL.VSS V. IXSECTA.

%0i)

Fam. XOI. C'EHAMnYCiDE. Lewh.
Cebamisycini II. Latr.

Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform : body elongate : lulrum
very apparent : antenna inserted in a notch in the eyes.

Sulidi\ ision 1. — Head vertical. Palpi almost Jilijbnn.

Genus 'JoO. LAMIA. Latr., Fubr., Leach.
Antenna ten-jointtd, longer than the body.
This gtuus is divided into sections.

A. Body depressed.
Sp. 1. Lain, adilis.

Lamia a-dilis. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cerainl^yx adihs. Linn., Mitnh.
Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in Britain.

B. Boilij not depressed.
Sp. 2. Lam. 7icbulosa.

Cerambyx nebulosus. Fabr., Marsh. L;imia ncbulosa. /.(///•., Leach.
Inhabits dried faggots in woods, hurdles, &c.
Sp. 3. Lam. Tcxtor. {PL 2. Jig. 24.)
Lamia Textor. Fabr., Latr. Cerainl)yx Textor. Marsh.
Inhabits the wood of willow-trees in ILunpshiic and near Bristol,

C. Body linear. Thorax not spined at the sides.
Sp. 4. Laui. oculata.
Cerambyx oculatus. Marsh. Sapcrda oculata. Fabr. Lamia oculata.

Latr."^
Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare in England.

Genus 231. SAPERDA. Leach.

Antcnntc eleven-jointed, longer than the body: body linear: thorax with-
out .spines.

Sp. 1. Sap. lineato-collis.

Cerambyx lineatu-<'ollis. 2[arsh. Sapcrda lineato-collis. Leach's Zool.
Misc. vol. i.

Inhabits the trunks of trees, but is very rare. Dr. Leach suspects this
species to be Saperda Cardui Fabr.

Subdivision 2. — Head nutant. Palpi zcilh the last Joint thicker tluin the

others.

Genus 232. CERAMBYX. Linn., Fabr., 4r.
Antenna: longer than t!ie body : palpi with the last joint obconic, com-
pressed : thorax with a spiiie on each side.
Sp. 1. Cer. tnoschutus.
Inhabits willows in Europe, emitting, whilst alive, a fine smell of musk.

Genus 233. CLYTUS. Fabr., Leach. Cerambyx. TJnn., Marsh.
Labial palpi with the last joint obtrigonate : thorax without spines, glo-
bose : a77^e«r7^ shorter than the body : hitider thighs chv-dte.

o

210 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Cli/. Arietis. {PL '2. Jig. 25.)

Cerambyx Arietis. Linn., Marsh. Clytus Arietis. Fair., Leach. Cal-

lidiuni Arietis. Lair.
Inhabits trunks of trees in sunny weatlier.

Genus 231. CALLIDIUM. Fair., iMtr., Leach. Cerambyx.
Linn., Mnmh.

Labial palpi with the last joint obtrigonate : thorax orbicular, depressed
or but little convex: antennas setaceous, as long as the body : hinder
thighs abruptly clavate.

Sp. 1. Cal. violaoeum.

Cerambyx violaceus. Linn., Ma}-sh. Callidium violaceum. Fabr., iMtr^
Leach.

Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is generally found on palings. I lately
bred a specimen from a larva found in a Norway deal, and I am in-
formed by an intelligent carpenter from whom I received the larva,
that he has frequently met with them in new wood. Mr. Kirby has
given an interesting history of this species in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society, vol. v.

Genus 235. MOLORCHUS. Fair.
Elytra abbreviated.
Sp. 1. Mol.7najor.

Necydalis major. Linn. Molorchus Umbellatarum. Fair.
Inhabits flowers and hedges.

Fam. XLIII. Lepturads. Leach.
Lip much widened at its extremity, cordiform : body elongate : lulriim-
very apparent : antenruB inserted between the eyes.

Genus 236. LEPTURA of authors.
Thorax not spincd on each side.
-Sp. 1. Lep. elongata.

Leptura elongata. Fabr., Lair., Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits various flowers in hedges, and is pretty common.
Sp. 2. Lep. quadrifasciata. (PI. 2. fg. 26.)
Inhabits umbelliferous plants ; is rather scarce.

Genus 237. RHAGIUM. Fair., Leach. Leptup.a. Linn., Lutr.^
Marsh.
Thorax with a spine on each side: antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. Rim. vulgare. Leach.

Leptura Inquisitor. Latr., Marsh. Rhagium Inquisitor. Fabr.^
Inhabits umbelliferous plants in woods, and may be found in decay&d
stumps of trees in the winter months.

Genus 238. HARGIUM. Leach's MSS.
Thorax with a spine on each side ; antenna thickest in their middle
S[\ 1. Rha, Liqui-^iior.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 211

Laptiira Inquisitor. Linne. Rhagium Indagator. Fabr.
Inhabits England, but is very rare.

Fam. XLIV. CniocERiD.t. Leach.
Lip not cordiform: max il I eew'ilh their external division not resembling
a t\vo-)ointed palpus : 6of/y elongate : //wraj: cylindric or quadrate:
viandibles bilid or notched at their extremities.

Genus 239. DONACIA. Fabr., Payk., Hoppe, Olir., Lair., Leach.
Leptura. Linn., Marsh.
Antenna with clongate-cylindric joints, those of the base obconic : eyes
not notched : abdomen elongate, triangular : hinder thighs thick.

* Hinder thigh dent at ed.
Sp. 1. Don. micans.

Donacia micans. Hoppe, Leach. Leptura micans. Marsh.
Inhabits aquatic plants.

** Hinder thighs simple.
Sp. 2. Don. aiinplex.
Leptura simplex. Marsh.
lahabits aquatic ]>lants.

Obs. — Donacia /osteri Fabr., and Equiscti, both of which have lately
been taken in Britain, constitute the genus M acrople a of Hoffmansegg.

Genus 210. CRIOCERIS. Geof, Oliv., Lam., Leach.
AntentKE moniliform, with the exception of the basal joints which are

globose : eyes notched : neck distinct : abdomen quadrate.
Sp. 1. Cri. mcrdigera. (PI. 2. fig. 14.)
Crioceris merdigera. iMtr., Leach. Lema merdigera. Fabr. Auche-

nia merdigera. Marsh. Chrjsomela merdigera. Linn.
Inhabits the white lily.

Fam. XLV. Chrysomemd.e. Leach.
Chrysomf.lix.e. Jjatreille.
Lip not cr)r(lifurm : maxilla with their external division resembling a

biarticulate palpus: body move or less ovoid or oval : thorax \xwt\s-

verse, or not longer than broad.
Stirps 1 . — Palpi very small : antenna inserted near each other between

the eyes, at a distance from the mouth: body shield-shaped : tliorax

semicircular.

Genus 241. CASSIDA of authors.
Antc^ina thicker towards their extremities, their base concealed by the

tliorax: body nearly orbiculate.
Sp. 1. ^s. eqiustrtx.
Cassida equestris. Fabr., Payk., Panz., Lutr., Leach. Cassida viridis.

Marsh., Illig.
Inhabits the Mentha sylvesfris.

o'i

212 MODERN SYSTEM?

Stirps 2. — Maxillary palpi very apparent : antenva inserted very near
to each other, between the eyes, towards the middle of the face.

Division I. — Feet not formed for leaping.

Genus 242. GALERUCA. Geof., Latr., Fabr., Oliv., Leach.

Palpi with the two last joints very slightly ditferent in size, the last co-
nic : antenncB shorter than the body, the joints obconic ; the second
joint half the length of the third.

Sp. 1. Gul. Tanaceii. {PL 2. Jig. 13.)

Chrysomela Tanaceti. Marsh. Galeruca Tanaceti. Latr., Fabr.

Inhabits chalk-pits.

Genus 243. ADIMONIA. Schrank, Leach.

Palpi with the two last joints not very different in size, the last joint
conic : antenna shorter than the body, the joint obconic, with the se-
cond and third joints shorter than the fourth joint.

Sp. 1. Ad. nigricornis.

Crioceris nigricornis. Fabr. Galeruca nigricornis. Latr. Chrysomela
halensis. Marsh. Adimonia nigricornis. Leach.

Inhabits hedges.

Genus 244. LUPERUS. Geoff., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Palpi with the two last joints nearly equal in size, the last conic: au'

tenna as long as the body, the joints cylindric, elongate.
Sp. 1. Lup.Jlavipes.

Laiperus flavipes. Latr., Leach. Crioceris flavipes. Fabr.
Inhabits bushes in damp woods.

Division II. — Hinder feet formed for leaping, the thighs being incrassated.
Genus 245. HALTICA. Leach. Altica. Geoff., Oliv., Pa7is.,

Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Crioceris.

Fabr. Lema. Fabr. Galeruca. Fabr.
Antenn<£ with the second joint generally a little shorter than the first.

* Body crvate.
Sp. 1. Hal. oleracca.
Altica oleracea. Latr., Panz. Chrysomela oleracea. Munh. Ilaltica

oleracea. Leach.
Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges.

** Body nearly orbiculate.
Sp. 1. Hal. testacea.
Galeruca testacea. Fabr. Altica testacea. Latr. Chrysomela testacea."

Marsh. Haltica testacea. Leach.
Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in hedges.
SriRPS 3. — Maxillary palpi \ery apparent: antenna: mserted before tht

eyes, gradually thickening towards tiieir points : head nutant, ibrm-

iiig an obtuse angle with the thorax.

CLASS V, INSECTA. 213

Division I. — Mandibla short, obtuse, truncated or terminated by a very
short point : antenna uith the Jour last Joints glubost or turbinated.

Subdivision 1. — Antenna with the last four joints turbinated. Body
hemispheric or oval. Thora.t transverse.

Genus 216. CIIRYSOMELA. Latr., Fabr., <^c.
Pnlpi terminated hy two joints of nearly an equal length, the last al-
most ovoid truncate or nearly cylindric; sternum not produced.

* Thorax with the sides incrassutcd, as if margined : body ovate qua-
drate.

Sp. 1. Chry. Banksii,

Chrysomela Banksii. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits nettles in lanes.

** Thorax with the sides not incrassated. Body ovate quadrate.

Sp. 2. Chry. Litura.

Clirysomcia Litura. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits the broom.

*** Body elongate-ovate quadrate. .

Sp. 3. Chry. marginella.

Chrysomela marginella. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach.

Inhabits plants growing by the side of ditches.

Obs. — Chrysomela tenebricosa Linn, forms the Genus Timarcha ((^'
Hoppe) ?

Subdivision 2. — Antenna zcith the four last joints semi-globose, almost
forming a club. Body elongate-quadrate. Thorax as long as broad.

Genus 247. IIELODES. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach.
Palpi short, thicker at their middle, the last joint short-obconic.

Sp. 1. Hcl. Phcllandrii.

Ilelodes Phellandrii. Payk., Fabr. Proscuris PhellandriL Latr.

Inhabits flowers in meadows.

SriRPs 4. — Maxillary palpi very apparent: antenna inserted before the
eyes : hecul vertical : palpi with the last joint conic-cylindric : body
short-cylindric.

Genus 248. CRYPTOCEPIIALUS. Geoff., Fabr., Olir., Latr.,
Lam., Marsh., Leach.
Antenna simple, filiform, about the length of the body.
Sp. 1. Crypt, sericeus.
Chr\-somela sericea. Linn. Cr} ptocephalus sericeus. Fabr., Oliv.,

Marsh., Leach.
Inhabits the flowers of the dandelion.

214

MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 2^9. CLYTHRA. Laicharting, Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Antennce short, serrated, exserted : palpi alike.

Sp. 1. Ch/. quadripunctata.

Clythra quadripunctata. Fab?-., Lot?-., Leach. Crj^ptocephalus quadri-

punctatus. Marsh. Chrysomela quadripunctata. Linn.
Inhabits the oak, but is very local.

Fam. XLVI. EROXYLio.t.

Antenne moniliforin below, terminated by an ovoid club : thorax ele-
vated at the middle : tibiae elongate-triangular.

Stirps. 1. — Palpi all terminated by large semilunar or securiform
joints.

Genus 250. TRITOMA. Fair., Oliv., Latr., Leach.
Body short-ovate, the back elevated in the middle : thorax with the

middle of the hinder margin dilated into an angle.
Sp. 1. Trit. bipmtulatum. {PL 2. fig. 9.)
Tritoma bipustulatum. Fabr., Paj/k., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits boleti.

Genus 251. TRIPLAX. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Silpha. Linn.,
Marsh.
Bod;)/ oval.

Sp. 1. Tri. russica.

Silpha russica. Linn., Marsh. Triplax russica. Patjk., Fabr. Tritoma

russica. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits dead trees and fungi.

Stirps 2. — Maxilluri/ palpi filiform, or thicker towards their extremities.

* Tarsi with the penultimate joint bilobate. Body hemispheric, but
not contractile into a ball.
Genus 252. PHALACRUS. Latr., Payk., Leach.
Antenna: with a three-jointed club.

Sp. 1. Pha. bicolor.

Phalacrus bicolor. Payk., Latr., Leach. Dermestes Calthae. Scopoli.

Ani^otoma bicolor. lUig., Fabr.
Inhabits various flowers.

** Tarsi wilh the joints entire. Body nearly globose, contractile
into a ball.

Genus 253. AGATIIIDIUM. Illig.j Latr., Leach.
Antennae with a three-jointed club.

Sp, 1. Agath, nigripcune.

CLASS V. IXSF.CTA.

215

-Agathidium nigrijienne. //%., Lutr.^ Ixach. Sj>liarid"mm ruficolle.

Olir. Anisotoma nigripenuis. Fu^r.
Inhabits sand-pits.

Section IV. TRIMERA.

Tarsi all threc-jointcd.

Fam. XLVII. Coccixf.li.id.f.. Leach.

Antenna sliurtcr than the thorax: maxillary palpi terminated by a large
iccurifunn joint: bodij hemispheric: Ihurav transverse, tlie loinder
margin arcuated.

Genus 251. COCCINELLA of authors.
Thorax (even beliind) narrower tlian tlic elytra : hody hemispheric, ap-
proaching to ovate.
Sp. 1. Coc. sept cm pane tat a (Common Lady-cow or Lady-bird).
Coccinella septempunctata of authors.
Inhabits Europe.

Genus 2:.,>. CIIIT.OCORUS. Ixach.
Thorax lunate, without liinder angles: boxly entirely marginated.

Sp. 1. Chi. Cacti.

Coccinella Cacti. Latr., Fair. Chilocorus Cacti. Leach.

Inhabits white-thorn hedges.

Fam. XLVIII. Endomyciiid.?:. Leach.

^H/fH/irf longer than tlie thorax: ma lillary palpi not terminated by a
large joint : body more or less ovoid : thorax almost quadrate.
Genus 250. ENDOMYCIIUS. Payk., Fabr., Leach.

Antenna: with the greater iK)rtion of their joints verj' short, nearly cy-
lindric ; the ninth joint longer than the one before it, the last with
tlie apex truncate or obtuse: palpi with their extremities thicker:
thighs not abruittly clavate: body ovate : thorax short, with the base
gradually enlarging from the apex, not narrowed beliind : mandibles
with their points distinctly bifid or bidentate.

Sp. 1. End. cocc incus.

Chrysomela coccinea. Linn. Endomychus coccineus. Payk., Latr.,
Fabr., Leach. Tenebrio coccineus. Marsh.

Inhabits beneatli the bark of the stumps of trees : this is a ver}' local in-
sect. In Coombe Wood, Surrey, they occurred for a year or two in
profusion in tlie months of May and June. The lar\a; resemble the
female glow-worm, but are not more tlian a quarter of an inch in
length, and are found beneatli the bark of trees, particularly those in
moist places.

216 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 257. LYCOPERDINA. Lutr., Leach.

Antennai moniliform, gradually thickening towards their extremities,
the ninth j'i'ii scarcely longer than thf> une hefore it : inn ci'lurii palpi
filiform: /ctiu' palpi with the last joint large, almost ovoid ; tluiiks
abruptly clavate : hoch/ elongate-ovate : tliorux with the anterior an-
gles a little dilated, narrowed behind: mandibles with their points
very acute, undivided.

Sp. 1. Li/c. BorisfcP.

Endomyoiius Bovistte. Poyk., Fabr. Tcnebrio Bovista^. Marsh. Ly-
coperdina immaculata. Lat?\ Lycoperdina Bovistaj. Leach.

Inhabits the Lycopadinm or pufif-ball.

Order IV. DERMAPTERA. Dc Geer, Leach, Kirhi/.

Order Coleoptera. Linnc, Maisham,
Order OrvXHOPXERA. Latreille, Lamarck.

Chara^rters of the Order.

Elj/tra somewhat crustaceous and abbreviated, of a square form ; the
suture straight : wings membranaceous, externally coriaceous, large,
folded transversely and longitudinally: anus armed with forceps,
which is horny and moveable : bodij linear depressed : antenna in-
serted before the eyes, composed of from twelve to thirty joints; the
first articulation largest, the second verj' small, the others short, oh-
conic or nearly globose : mandibles with their points bidentate : palpi
filiform, terminated with a very obscure tuberculiform little body or
spine : tarsi three-jointed, villose beneath : ci/es triangular-orbicular,
and but little prominent.

Obs. — The genera are founded on the number of joints in the antennae.

Genus 258. FORFICULA of authors.
AntcnntE composed of fourteen joints.

Sp. 1. For. auricnlaria. Forceps at the base internally denticulated, and
a little beneath with a tooth on each side: elytra yellowish-brown,
with the disk darker.

Forficula auricularia of authors.

Inhabits Europe. Mr. ]\Iarsham has considered the sexes of this in-
sect as two species, under the names auricularia and neglccta.

Genus 259. LABIA. Leach,
Antenute twelve-jointed.

Sp. 1. Jjib. minor. Forceps denticulated within. (P/. 4. fig. 16.)

Forficula minor. Fabr., Panzer, Leach.

Injiabits dung-hills, under clods of earth, stones, &c. The forceps oV

CLASS V. INSrCTA. 217

the male arc somewhat larger tlian that of the female, v^hich charac-
ter 31 r. Marsham has coiisidcrcd as specific.
Genus 2G0. LABIDURA. TAac/i.

Anienn<e with about tliirtj- joints.

Sp. 1. Lahid. gigantea. Entirely testaceous yellow.

I'orficula gigantea. Fair.

Inhahit'« Europe. It was discovered to inhabit Britain by the Rev. Wil-
liam I5ingley, who obscr%ed them on the sea-coast imdcr stones near
Chri^tchurcli, Hampshire, where they occurred in great abundaJice.

Order V. ORTIIOPTERA. Leach.

Order Oktiioptera. Oliv., Lam., Lair.
Class Uloxata. Fair.
Order IIcMii'TruA. Linn'c.

Characters of the Order.

FJylra coriaceous, the internal margin of one overlapping the same
margin of the other: zclngs membranaceous, the anterior margin co-
riaceous, longitudinally folded: palpi short: luxli/ elongate, narrow:
lur^i with three or fuur very rarely with five joints.

Fam. I. AchetidjE. Leach.
Gryllides. Lutreille.

Eli/tra horizontal : u-ings longitudinally folded, often produced beyond
the elytra: tarsi three-jointed: hinder feetiormcd for jumping.

Stirps 1. — Antenna not longer than the thorax: anterior J'cct com-
pressed, formed for digging : oviduct not exsertcd.

Genus 261. GRYLLOTALPA. Ray, Latr., I^ach.

Antcnme setaceous, composed of a vast number of joints (beyond sixty) :
anterior tibia and tarsi fonned for digging ; two first joints of the
tarsi very large, dentiform : hinder feet little formed for jumping.

Sp. 1. Gryl. vulgaris. Above fuscous, ferruginous yellowish beneath :
anterior tibia quadridentate : icings \^\\cc the length of the elytra.

Gryllus GrylloUilpa. Linn. AchetaGryllotalpa. Fabr. Gryllutaipa vul-
garis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe in gardens and cultivated places, especially the sides
of ponds and banks of streams : they burrow and work underground
like the mole, raising a ridge as they proceed, but seldom throw up
hillocks. They sometimes destroy A\hole beds of cabbages, young
legumes and flowers. At night they come abroad and make long
excursions. In fine weather, about tlie middle of April, and at thr
close of day, they begin to utter a low, dull, jarring note, continued
iW a long time without interruption. About the beginning of May

218 MODERN SYSTEM.

they lay their eggs, two Imndred or more, below ground, the female
being excessively solicitous to preserve them from cold and accidents.
They are said to be attracted to gardens by horse-dung, and to be
expelled by the dung of hogs. They arc common in some parts of
Hampshire and Wiltshire.

Stirps 2. — Feet not formed for digging : oviduct exserted : antenn<z
longer tlian the thorax.

Genus 262. ACIIETA. Fahr., Leach. Gryllcs. Linn., Geoff.,
Lair., Oliv., Lam.
Sp. 1. Ach. campestris. Body three times longer than broad, black, sliin-

ing.
Gr\dlus campestris. Linn., Latr. Acheta campestris. Fahr., J^ach.
Inhabits the temperate parts of Europe ; is not very conmion in Bri-
tain.
The house cricket belongs to this genus.

Fam. II. Gryllid.^. Leach.
Locustarij?;. Latreille,

Mlytra and wings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: farsi four-
jointed : autennw setaceous : oviduct exserted.

Genus 203. COXOCEPIIALUS. Thunh., Lf^ach. Locvst a. Geoff.,
De Geer, Fair., Oliv., Lam., Latr.
Thorax deflexcd, convex, tnmcated: head acuminated: hinder feet twice

the length of the body : antenna as long as the body.
Sp. 1. Con. viridissimus. Green: antenna^, vertex, dorsum of the thorax,

and suture of the elytra fuscous ferrugineous.
Locusta viridissima. Fahr., Latr. Gryllus viridissimus. Linnc.
Inhabits Europe. In the autumn the perfect insect may be found in
great plenty in the marshes near London.

Fam. III. LocuSTiD^. Leach'
AcRY'Dii. Latreille.

Elytra and wings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi Vf'iih
three joints: antenna filiform or ensiform: oviduct not exserted.

Stirps 1. — Hinder legs as long as the body : antenna: filiform : sciitellum
short.

Genus 26 1. LOCUSTA. Leach. Gryllvs. Fahr., Panz., Linn.
Antenna filiform, or terminated in a club : hinder legs not, or scarcely,
longer than the body.

Obs. — We have many indigenous species of this genus.

Sp. 1. Loc. migratoria. Thorax somewhat carinated: mandibles blue.
This species, though not a native of this country, has been occa-
sionally taken in Britain ; in the year 17-18 it appeared ir feevcrai,

CLASS V. INSECTA. 219

irregular flights in many parts of Europe, ;uk1 visited England: but
they perished in a very short time, before they did mucli luuin.

*' Ot" all the insect'^ wliich are capable of adding to the calamities
of the human race, locusts seem to possess the most formidable
powers of destruction. Legions of these voracious animals of various
species are prod\tced in Africa, where the devasUition they commit
is almost incredible. The air is darkened by tlieir numbers; they
carry desolation with them wherever they pass, and in the short
space of a few hours are said to change the most fertile provinces in-
to a barren desert.

" Some of the species ser\'c as food, and are eaten fresh as well as
salted. In the latter state they arc constantly exposed to sale in the
Levant, but the quantity of nutritious matter is said to be very small."

Stiri's 1. — Hinder U'<^s longer than the bo<ly : aiittniiic capitate: scu-
ttUum short.

Genus '165. GOMPHOCERUS. Leach's MSS. Gomimioceros.
Thunb.
nindtr legs longer than the body : antenna cipitiitc; club of the anten-
na; spoon-shapt (1 in both se.xes : anterior tibia: simple.
Sp. 1. Gotiiph. riijus.
<Jryllus rufus. Linne.
Lihabits England.

Stirps 3. — Wings covered by the scutellum.

Genus 2G0. ACRYDIUM. Fabr., Geoff., Dc Gecr, Oliv., Leach.
Sp. 1. Acr. subnhitum. Obscure, testaceous brown, granulose : thorax

carinated, marginated.
Gryllus sid^ulatus. Linn. Acrydium subulatum. Fubr., Oliv., Leach.

Tctrix subulata. Lutr.
Inhabits Europe. It is found on hot and sandy banks, and is subject
to some variation in colour.

The species of Acrydiimi are but little understood. We seem to
possess three very distinct indigenous species, all varving in size,
sculpture, and colour.

»

Order VI. DICTYOPTERA. Uaeh.
Order Hemiptera. Linne.
Class Uloxata. Fabr,
Order Orthoptera. Latr.

Characters of the Order.
Elytra coriaceous, nervose, decussating each other: mugs membra-
naceous, with a few longitudinal folds: maxillary palpi elongate:
body depressed, oval, or somewhat orbicular : tani with five joints.

220 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 26r. BLATTA. Linn., Fabr., S)C.
Sp. 1.

*' The genus Blatta may be defined (as it now stands), to be a ge-
neral reservoir for all insects agreeing with the character of the
Order. The foreign species are numerous, and but little known :
much might be done towards elucidating this hitherto neglected part
of entomology, and it is hoped some entomographer who has time
■will devote some share of his attention to the examination of the
genera and species."

Order \ll. HEMIPTE;RA.

Order Hemiptera. Linn., Lam., Cuv., Leach.

Class Rhyngota. Fahr.

Order Hemiptera. Section I. Heteropfera. Latr.

Characters of the Order.

JRostriim attached to the anterior extremity of the head : elytra some-
what crustaceous or coriaceous, with the apex membranaceous,
placed in an horizontal direction, one decussating the other : thoi-ax
with the first segment (which bears the feet) larger than the follow-
ing one : haudellum with three seta : ocelli or little eyes two, one
obsolete. (^Metamorphosis semicomplete.)

Section T. TERRESTRLi. Latr., Leach.

The insects which compose this section are not only distinguished
from the second section by their economy, but likewise by the struc-
ture of some essential organs : the antenna of this division are ex^
sertetl, and are very distinct.

Fam. I. Pentatomidje. Leach.

Cor 1 51.1. 1. Latreille.

^«fe««<c composed of five joints: rostrum wjth four distinct joints, the
three first of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated : tarsi
with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, im-
mersed even to the eyes in the thorax.

Stirps 1. — Scutellum elongate, covering the elytra and the wings.

Genus 268. TETYRA. Fahr., Leach. Scutellera. Latr. Ci-
MEX. Linn.
Scutelluiii longer than broad, not covering the sides of the abdomen :
//to/ar very narrow in front: antenna with the second joint longer
than the third.
Sp.1. Tet. Maura. Fabr.
Inhabits

CLASS V. INSECTA. 221

Stirp3 3. — Scutdlum not covering the wings or elj tra.

Genus 2G9. yELIA. Fubr., Leach.

BoiJj/ ovate: thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than the
hinder: /irac/ longer than broad : antenu<e with the second joint not
longer than the tiiird, their ba;e covered by the lateral margins of
the head.

Sp. 1.' yE/. acuminata. Pale-jellowi^h, iQiigitudinally lineated with fus-
cous, impressex^l-punctate ; a fuscous band running down the mid-
dle of tlie back divided by a whitish line; last joint of tlie antennae
red.

Cimexacuminatus. Linn. iElia acuminata Fair., Leuch. Pcntatoma
acuminatum. Latr.

Inhabits grassy places : is rare in Britain.

Genus 270. PENTATOMA. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Fair.,
Wolff.
Body ovate : thora c with the anterior margin much narrower than the

hinder: head with nearly equal diameters.
Sp. 1. Pent, bidens. Body griseous above; thora.\ with a IcngiJjcned

spine on each side behind.
Cimex bidens. Fabr. Peiitatoraa bidens. La'r., Leach.
Inhabits Europe.

Sp. 2. Pent, prasinus. Green above; hinder angles of iho thorax with-
out spines.
Cimex prasinus. Fabr. Pcntatoma prasinus. Leach.
Inhabits woods and ferns on heatlis.

Genus 271. CYDNUS. Fabr., Leach. Pextatoma. T^tr.

Bodj/ ovdtc, somewhat orbicular ; anterior margin of tjie thorax nar-
rower than the hinder: /;f«(i nearly semicircular : antetince with the
second joint longer than tlie third: tibia: spinulose.

Sp. 1. Ct/d. olcraccus. Brassy dark green; sides of the head and tho-
rax with a longitudinal line, on the latter red; cuter margin of the
elytra a spot on each, and the apex of the elytra red ; thighs (apex
excepted) and the middle libia^ yellowish.

Inhabits woods and sandy situations.

Earn. II. CoreidjE. Leach.

CoRisiJE II. Lalrcille.

Antenna: composed of four joints: rostrum with four distinct joints, the
fir.st three of nearly an equal length : labru.n very long, striated :
tarsi with three distinct joints, the lirst elongate: head trigonate, im-
mersed even to the eves within the thorax.

222 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genus 272. COREUS. Fabr., Lam., Wolf, Lutr., Leach. Cimex,
JJnn., Geoff.
AntenniE inserted aI)ove a line drawn from the eyes to the base of the

labrum ; the last joint thick : thorax vf'ixh the anterior narrower than

the posterior margin : body ovate, the sides of the abdomen dilated :

head trigonate ; neck not apparent.
Sp. 1. Co7-. marginal us. Red-fuscous, obscure; sides of the abdomen

elevated, acute ; antennae with their internal base unidentate, the

first and last joints blackish, the middle ones red ; thighs beneath

with a canal, and a few little teetli.
Coreus marginatus. Fabr., Latr., I^each. Cimex marginatus. Linnc.
Inhabits Europe, and is common in Britain in hedges and on the

dock.

Genus 273. BERYTUS. Fahr., Leach. Neides. Lufr.

AnteniKE inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to the base of tlie
labrum ; geniculated about the middle ; the first joint very long, the
last thick : body filiform : head somewhat conic : neck not apparent :
scutcUum minute, linear conic : feet elongate : thighs clavate.

Sp. 1. Ber. tipularius. Reddish-gray; antennje as long as the body,
with the last joint fuscous; clypeus acuminate, and produced; tho-
rax with three elevated lines, which are parallel and longitudinal ;
two of these are marginal, the other dorsal ; elytra striate nervous,
impressed-punctate, spotted with fuscous.

Cimex tipularius. Linnc. Berytus tipularius. Fahr., Leach. Neides
tipularius. Latr.

Inhabits grassy places.

Genus 274. LYGiEUS. Fabr., Wolff, Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn.^
De Geer.
Antenna: filiform, inserted beneath a line drawn from the eyes to the
base of the labrum : body elongate ovate : head trigonate, neck not
apparent.
Sp. 1. I^yg. apterus. Red with black spots: elytra abbreviated.
Inhabits woods in the autumn.

Genus 275. CAPSUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn.
Head trigonate, neck not apparent: antenna setaceous; the second
joint at the apex thick, the two last when combined much shorter
than the one before it.
Sp. 1. Cap. ater. Body black.
Inhabits grassy places, and is very common.

Genus 276. MIRIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff.,
Sfc. Lyg^eus. Woff.
Antenna setaceous, the second and following joints alike : head trigo-
nate : neck not apparent.
Sp. 1. Mir, xagans. Leach.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 223

Genus 277. MYODOCIIA. Lftfr., Leach. Cimex. Dc Gecr.
Head ovoid, with a distinct neck: antenna slightly thicker towards

tlieir extremities.
Sp. 1. ilfyo. tipu/oidcs.
Myodocha tipuloides. Latr., Leach. Cimex tipuloidcs. DcGeer^Mem.

sur lea Insectes, v. 351. tab. 35. fg. 18.
Inhabits

Fam. III. CiMiciD.t. Leach.

CiMrciDES I. 1. LatreiUe.

Rostrum with two or three distinct joints : lalrum \cvy short, not pro-
jecting; feet simple : eyes not very large : feet formed for walking on
the earth, with distinct nails.

Genus 278. REDUVIUS. I'uhr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Ci-
mex. Linn., Geoff., De Gecr.
Bodi/ not linear: antenna inserted above a line drawn from the eyes to
the base of the rostrum : rostrum with the middle joint evidently
longer than the others: thorax bilobate, abruptly elevated behind :
tibia alike, elongate, somewhat cylindric.
Sp. 1. Red. personatus.- Black.
Ileduvius pcrsonatus. iMtr.. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain.

Genus 279. PLOIARIA. Scopoli, Lair., Leach. Gerius. Fair.
Cimex. Geoff.
Body filiform : fmir posterior feet very long, filiform : anterior feet rap -

torious, with very long coxae.
Sp. 1. Plo. vagubunda.

Gerris vagabundus. Fabr. Ploiaria vagabunda. Leach.
Inhabits

Genus 280. CIMEX. Linn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia. Fair.
Body depressed : rostrum short, setaceous : wings none,

Sp. 1. Cim. lectularius. Reddish brown, witli short hair.
Cimex lectularius. Linn., Latr., Leach. Acanthia lectularia. Fair.
Inhabits Europe in houses, sucking the blood of man. The common
bed-bug.

Genus 281. TINGIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff.,
De Geer.
Body entirely depressed, reticulated : ^cef all simple: antenna termi-
nated by an oval joint, the third joint very long.
Sp. 1. Tin. Cardui. Body grayish.
Tingis Cardui. Fabr., Panz., Latr.
Inhabits thistles, and is very abundant.

224 M0D£IIN SVSTEM.

Fam. IV. Hydrometidx. Leuch.

CiMlciDES I. 2. Lalrdlk.

Rostrtaii with two or three distinct joints: lubrum verj' short: cijei
moderate : feet very long, formed for walking on the water, with the
nails very minute, inserted laterally into a tissure at the extremity
of the last joint of the tarsi.

Genus 282. IIYDROMETRA. Latr., Lam., Fair., Leach. Cimex.
Linn., Geoff. Aquarius. SchcUenberg.
Anlennce setaceous, the third joint longer than the rest : anterior feet

simple : licad clongate-cylindric, apex thickened.
Sp. 1. Hi/d. stagnorum. Black above: feet brown reddish.
Ilydrometra stagnorum. Fabr., Leach. Cimex stagnorum. Linn.

Aquarius paludum. Schellenbcrg.
Inhabits Europe in most places, and walks on the surface of the water.

Genus 283. VELIA. Latr., I^cach. Cimex. Rossi. Hydrome-
TRA. Fabr.

Aalotnue {^Vii'orm, the first joint longest: anterior Jeet ra^itOYious : ros-
^/M/rt two-jointed : head somewhat vertical.

Sp. 1. Vel.rividorum. Black; sides of the thorax and margins of th«
abdomen red: thorax with two anterior punctures; each elytron
with three and a spot of white; inferior sides ot the abdomen punc-
tured with black.

Hydrometra rivulorum. Fabr. Velia rivulorum. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits running waters and springs.

Genus 284. GERRIS. Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Be Gcer,
Schrank, Geoff.

Antenna filiform, the first joint longest, the last cylindric : anterior feci
raptorious : roAtrum three-jointed : head porrectcd.

Sp. 1. Ger. paludiun. Brown-olive, black above, cinereous, silky be-
neath: abdomen nearly equally broad: trunk as long as the head,
carinated beneath, a series of impressed lines on each side : antenna
and feet black : thorax with an elevated line extending to the middle
of the back : lateral margins of the thorax and abdomen with the
anus reddish.

Hydrometra paludum. Fabr. Gerris paludum. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits ponds and ditches in Trance, England, and Sweden.

0ns. — The species of this genus are certainly but little known; they
are either subject to great variation, or are very numerous.

Fam. V, AcANTHiD^. Leach.
CiMiciDfis II. Lat7-eille.

Luhrum \-ery prominent : eyes very large : feet formed for walking andl
jumping.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 225

Genus 285. ACANTHIA. Sc/irank, Lafr., Leach. Cimex. Linn.,
De Geer, Geo(f. Salda. Fubr. LvGius. Wolff.

Antenna filiform : rostrum straight, long.

Sp. 1. Acan. maculatii. Black spotted with pale colour.
Acanthia maculata. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits grassy banks.

Section IT. AQUATICA. Leach.

Fam. Hydrocorisi.e. Latrcilk.

Antenna very minute, not exserted, inserted beneath the eyes. All
the insects of this section live in the water.

Fam. VI. Nepad.e. Leach.
Anterior tarsi united with the tibia; : body depressed or linear.

Stirps 1. — Anus without setae : tarsi of the four posterior feet distinctly
biarticulate : antennw Ibur-jointed.

Genus 286. NAUCORIS. Geoff., Fair., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Ne-
PA. Linn., De Geer.
Four posterior Jeet ciliated, formed for swimming : antenna inserted

beneath the eyes : bodi/ ovate, much depressed.
Sp. 1. Nau. cimicoides.
Inhabits ponds.

Stirps 2. — Anus furnished widi t\vo setas: tarsi of the four posterior
feet one-jointed : antenna three-jointed.

Genus 287. NEPA. Linn., De Geer, Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr.,
Leach. Hepa. Geoff,
nostrum perpendicularly inflected : bodj/ oval : anterior thighs thick ;

Jour hinder feet not elongate-filiform.
Sp. 1. Nepucinerea. Dark grayish-black. {PL 5. Jig. 4.)
Nepa cinerea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits ditches : is very common.

Genus 288. RANATRA. Latr., Fabr., Schellenberg, Leach. Nepa.
Linn., De Geer, Oliv., Lam. Hepa. Geoff.
Rostrum porrected : bodi/ linear : four hinder Jeet very long, filiform :

thighs of anterior feet elongate.
Sp. 1. Ran. linearis. Grayish brown.

Ranatra linearis. Fabr., Latr., Schell., Leach. Nepa linearis. Linn.
Inhabits the ditches and ponds of Europe. It is very local in this
country. It may occasionally be found near London in ponds on
Epping Forest, Copenhagen Fields, and near Hammersmith.

p

226 ' MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. VII. NoTONECTiD^. Lerich.

" Linne and all his predecessors comprehended the species under
the generic appellation Notonecta. The accurate GeoftVoy was the
first who separated Notonecta into two genera, which have been
adopted by most succeeding writers, excepting Linne, who in his
last edition of the Systema Natune has merely given the sjiionyms
of that author, without taking the least notice of the important cha-
racters which induced him to separate them."

De Geer confounded the animals of this tribe with Nepa and Nau-
coris, whilst Latreille and Olivier placed them in a division of their
family Hydrocoriso'.. In the Edinburgh Encychpadia Dr. Leach se-
parated them from the Hydrocoriste, and placed them in a particular
tribe, named in that work Notonectides, and in the t^velfth volume of
the Transactions of the Linnean Society he has given an excellent pa-
per, in which are described at large the whole of the British species
hitherto discovered, which consist of four very natural genera.
Stirps \. — Borfj/ cylindrical oval, or nearly square : tarsi with two arti-
culations. {Scutellum large.)

"All the insects of this family swim on their back, moving by means
of their long hinder legs, which resemble oars ; whence they have
been aptly named boat-Jiies."

Genus 289. NOTONECTA of authors.

Body oval and cylindric : antemia: with the third articulation slenderer
than the second : anterior tarsi with the first articulation long : ckncs
of the hinder feet very minute.

Besides the above characters, the following will be useful, in order
to enable the young entomologist to distinguish this genus trom
Plea, from which it was first separated by that close examiner of
nature Dr. Leach.

The thorax is hexagonal ; the anterior part is much attenuated,
and the hinder margin is straight : the head is narrower than the
broadest part of the thorax : the eyes are oblong, and converge a lit-
tle behind : the kinder legs arc much ciliated, and the claws are so mi-
imtc as to be discovered with great difficulty: the tips of the elytra
are notched.

Sp. 1. Not.furcata. Elytra black, with two grayish spots at the base,
and two larger ones at the posterior part.

Notonecta furcata. Fair., Oliv., Leach.

Var. /3. Elytra with ferrugineous spots.

Inhabits ponds and ditches in England and Scotland.

Sp. 2. Not. maculata. Elytra dark brown and varied with spots : back
ferrugineous with a darker fascia.

Notonecta maculata. Oliv., Leach. Notonecta glauca. Var. /3. Xfi/r.

CLASS V. INSECT A. ,227

Inhabits England, near Bristol, Plymouth, and Exeter.
Elytra with the apex of a palish black.

Sp. 3. Not. glcntca. Elytra grayish, the margin with minute blackish

spots : back black, the apex pale brownish. (P/. 5. Jig. 3.)
Notonecta glauca of authors.
Inhabits Britain in almost every pond.

Genus 290. PLEA. Leach, Trans, of Linn. Soc. vol. xii.

Body of a squarish oval : antennte with the third and remainder of the
joints largest: anterior tarsivtWh the articulations nearly equal: daws
on the hinder feet large.

The thorax is obscurely hexagonal with the hinder margin prominent
and rounded, the head as broad as the broadest part of the thorax :
the eyes are rather oblong, without the least tendency to converge
behind: the hinder pair of legs not more ciliated than the others, but
are terminated by very strong and distinct claws : tips of the elytra
acuminated and entire.

Sp. 1. Not.mimitissima. Gray with a bro^^•nish line in the front: thorax
and elytra deeply pimctured.

Notonecta cinerea, anelytra. Geoff". Jus. Par. i. 477. 2. Notonecta
minutissima. Fourc., Latr., Oliv., Fabr. Plea minutissima. Leach.

Length of the body 1-^ lin.

Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters near London in profusion.

" This species has been considered by Geoffroy, Fabricius and Oli-
vier, as Notonecta )ninutiiiiiima of Linne, which reference undoubt-
edly belongs to the following species; viz. to Sigaru minutixsima."

" GeoflVoy has described tlie larvae, never having seen the perfect
insect."

Stirps 2. — Body roundish and depressed : tarsi, the anterior with one
articulation ; the hinder with two ; base and margin of the elytra
only channelled.

Genus 291. SIGARA. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xii.
Scutcllum distinct : thorax divided by a transverse line : body ovate, the

posterior part acuminated.
Sp. 1. Sig. minutissima. Above cinereous: elytra brownish with very

faint spots; the under part and feet yellowish.
Notonecta minutissima. Linne. Sigara minutissima. Leach.
Inhabits rivers and running waters in England, Ireland, and Scotland.
Length of the body 1 lin.

Genus 292, CORIXA. Geoffroy, Leach.
Scutellum none : thorax transverse, the posterior part produced : body
long, the anterior and posterior part rounded.

*' The thorax is more or less produced behind in all the species of
this genus, but is not evident in the first division of this genus until

p 2

228 MODERN systew.

the elytra have been elevated. The front, the under parts of the body,
and the legs, in all the British species are yellowish."

* Eli/tra to the apex gradually decreasing and ending in a point.
The channel on the anterior margin of the elytra in this division
is uninterrupted, and gradually disappears before it reaches to the
extremity of the elytra.

Sp. 1 . Cor. coleoptrata. Thorax reddish-gray : elytra palish yellow, with
longitudinal rows of black spots.

Sigara coleoptrata. Elytra wholly coriaceous and brown: the exterior
margin yellow. Fabr. Syst. R/ii/ng. 105. 4.

Inhabits ponds and ditches near Norwich. Dr. Leach has observed, that
although the character by Fabricius does not accord with that given
above, yet as he drew his description from a museum specimen (which
generally assumes the colour he mentions) tlie Doctor has given his
synonym without any hesitation; but this insect is distinct from the
Sigara coleoptrata of Panzer, which is figured with a scutellum, and
most probably belongs to the genus Sigara as mentioned above.

** Elytra at the apex rather rounded.

The channel in the fore part of the elytra, at about two-thirds from
its commencement, is interrupted by an oblique, transverse, elevated
line, and it terminates abruptly before it reaches to the apex of the
elytron, and then it leaves the margin inclining a little inwards or
backwards.

a. Elytra and thorax rough.
Sp. 2. Co7\ striata. Thorax and elytra brown with yellow lines and

transversely striated : back black, sides pale yellow.
Notonecta striata. Linn. Corixa striata. Leach.
Inhabits stagnant waters.

Sp. 3. Cor. stagnalis. Thorax with numerous transverse yellow lines :
elytra brown, besprinkled with minute yellowish dots : anterior part
of the margin yellowish ; posterior with yellowish lines ; back brown-
ish black.
Corixa stagnalis. Leach, Tr. Linn. Soc. xii.
Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters.

This species is about half the size of C. striata.
Sp. 4. Cor . fossarjmi. Brown : thorax with six transverse yellow lines :
elytra brown, with minute yellowish dots, the anterior part yellow-
ish, towards the base of the posterior part yellowish lines : back
yellowish. Smaller than C. stagnalis.
Inhabits ponds and ditches.
Sp. 5. Cor. lateralis. White : thorax with seven black lines : elytra with

minute black spots, anterior margin immaculate.
C. lateralis. Leach, Trans. Linn, Sdc. xii.

CLASS V. IN3ECTA. 229

This species is considerably smaller than C.fossarum, back black,
sides yellow.
Sp. 6. Cor. dorsalix. Thorax with six transverse black lines on the mar-
gin: elytra black and s|)ottal, the anterior margin immaculate.
C. dorsalis. Leach, Trans Linn. Soc. xii.

Ratlier larger than C. stagnutis. Back yellow.

b. Thorax and elytra smooth and sinning.

Sp. 7. Cor. Geo[f'roi/i. Yellow: thorax with mmierous transverse black
lines: elytra black with minute spots : back wholly black : apex yel-
lowish.

La Corise. Geoff'. Hist. Nat. dcs Insect, i. P. 478. pi. 9. fig. 7. Sigara
striata. Panz. Faun. Ins. Germ. Ins. 50. 23. Corixa Geoiiroyi. Leach.

Length of the body half an inch.

Inhabits stagnant waters, and is very common.

" All authors have considered this species as Notonecta striata of
Linne, although it will not agree with his character. It is figured
by Geotfroy and Panzer, and is of the former author the species serv-
ing as the type of the genus Corixa."

Sp. 8. Cor. uffinis. Yellow: thorax with numerous transverse black
lines: elytra black with minute dots: back wholly black, sides deu-
tated and yellow.

Cor, afiinis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii.

liihabits ponds near Plymouth, but is rare. But half the size of C. C^o/-
J'roi/i.

Order VIIL OMOPTERA. Leach.

Order Hemiptera. Linn., Cuvier, Laynurck.

Class Rhyngota. Tabr.

Order Hemiptera. Sections'. Homoptera. Latr.
Characters of the Order.

Rostrum attached to the inferior part of the head j elytra coriaceous or
membranaceous throughout; suture straight: thoiYix composed of
two segments, the second as long or longer than the first: ocelli three.
Metamorphosis semicomplete, or incomplete.

Fam. L CiCADiADi. Leach.
Cicadarij: I. Latreille,

Antenna' composed of six distinct joints : ocelli or little eyes three : tarsi
with three joints.

Germs 293. CICADA, Lamarck, Geoff"., Linn., De Geer, Lair.
Tettigonia. Labr. .
Thighs of the anterior feet thick, dentate.

Sp. 1, ? (PA 5. fig. 2. natural size.)

The only species known to inhabit this covmtry was lately disco-
vered by Mr. Daniel Bydder, near the New Forest in Hampshire,

230 MODERN! SYSTEM.

Fam. II. CEUEOPiD-t. Leach,

CiCADARix II. Latreille.

7l«<e«H« three-join ted: ocellitwo: /'arsi with three joints.

Stibps 1. — Antenna not inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes; the
two first joints conjoined shorter than the head.

Genus 294. PLATA. Fah7\, Leach. Fulgora. Lafr.

Front as if truncated, vertical, not rostrated : e^cs globular : elijtru very-
broad; the external margin very much dilated : hodij broad, trian-.
gular.

Sp. 1. Fla. reticulata.

Inhabits Europe, and is common in this country in hedges during the
summer months.

Genus 295. ISSUS. Fahr., Leach. Fulgora. Latr., Oliv. Cica^
DA. Fillers.
Front as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical : ch/tra at their external
base very much dilated, with the apex narrower: Wj/ short, deU
toid : eyes globular.
Sp. 1. Iss. colcoptratus.
Inhabits hedges.

Genus 296. CIXIUS. Leach. Fulgora. Latr. Flata. Fubr.
Front as if truncated, not rostrated, vertical : elytra with the external

margin nearly straight or scarcely arcuate : body elongate, quadrate :

eyes globular,
Sp. 1. Cix. nervosiis.
Flata nervosa. Fabr.
Inhabits hedges.

Stirps 2. — Antennae inserted in the internal sinus of the eyes, the two
first joints as long or longer than the head.

Genus 297. ASIRACA. Latr., Leach. Delpiiax. Fahr.
AntemKE as long or longer than the thorax, the first joint very long,

compressed, angulate.
Sp. 1. Asi. clavicornis. Body brown or obscure brown variegated: apes

of the four anterior tibia; white : elytra semihyaline: apex with a

fuscous band; nerves spotted with fuscous.
Delphax clavicornis. Fabr. Asiraca clavicornis. Latr., Leach.
Inliabits France and England in grassy places.

SiiRPs 3. — Antennte inserted between the eyes : thoraj; not transverse ;
hinder margin more or less prominent.

Genus 298. CERCOPIS. Fabr., Schrank, Latr., Leach. Cicada.
Linn. Tettigonia. Oliv.
Antenna inserted on the frontlet, the second longer than the first joint,
the third joint short-conic: thorax not dilated.

CLASS V. IKSECTA. 231

Sp. 1. Cer. xanguinoknta. Black, shining; each wing-case with a spot
at the base, one in the middle, and a flexuous l)and at the apex blood
red. {PL 5. fg. 1.)
Cicada sanguinolenta. Liim. Cercopis sanguinolenta. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits France, Germany, and England in the woods of Kent.

Genus 299. LEDRA. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cicada. Linn., Geoff.
Membracis. Oliv., Lamarck, Sch7anh.
Antenna inserted in the frontlet, the two first joints nearly equally
long; the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind into an auricle.
Sp. 1. J^ed. aurata.
Inhabits the oak and various trees in woods.

Genus 300. MEMBRACIS, Latr., Fabr., Leach, (^icada. Liu/i.
Antenncc inserted in the frontlet; the two first joints nearly equally

long, the third elongate-conic : thorax dilated behind.
Sp. 1. Mem. cornidus. Brownish.

Cicada cornuta. Linn. Membracis cornuta. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods and hedges.

Stiiu'S 4. — Antenna inserted between the eyes: thorav transverse,
hinder margin straight.

Genus 301. lASSUS. Fabr., Leach. Tettigonia. Latr., Oliv.,
I^amarck.
Front broad, not longer than broad, on each side above the insertion of

the antennae produced into an angle.
Sp. 1. lass. Lanio. Fabr.
Inhabits England and other parts of Europe.

Genus 302, TETTIGOMA. Oliv., Lamarck. Cicada. Linn.,
Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Front elongate-quadrate, the apex truncate, convex, thickened.

Sp. 1. Tet. viridis.
Inhabits moist places.

Fam. III. Psyllid.t:. Latreille, Leach.

Tarsi with two joints distinct: antenna with ten or eleven joints, the

last with two setas : legs formed for leaping. Both sexes with wngs.

Genus 303. PSYLLA, Geoff, Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Chermes.

Linn., De Geer, Fabr.

Antenna filifonn or slightly setaceous, as long as the body: thorax with

the anterior margin arcuate.
Sp. 1. P.sT/l. Alni. Green-yellowish; anterior segment of the thorax,

squamula of the elytra, and ner\'ures, green.
( hermes Beuda? Alni. Linn. Chermes Alni. Fabr. Psylla Alni. Latr.y^

Leach.
Inhabits the alder.

232 MODERN SYSTEM.

Geijus 304. LIVIA. Latr., Leach. Dirapiua. Illigcr.
Antenna shorter than the thorax, the base much thickened even to the

middle : thorax with the anterior segment transverse, straiglit.
Sp. 1. Liv.juncorum. (PI. 5. fig. 11.) magnified: the line beneath exhi-

bitx the natural size.)
Livia Juncorum. Latr,
Inhabits Junci.

Fam. IV. Apiiid.1;. Leach.
Aphidii. Latreille.

Tarsi two-jointed, the first joint very short : rostrum in both sexes :
antenna with six, seven, or eight joints : females generally apterous :
tarsi with the last joint vesiculous.

Stirps 1. — Antenna eight-jointed : rostrum minute and horizontal with
indistinct joints : head elongate-quadrate.

Genus 305. THRIPS. Linn., Geoff., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach.
Elytra and wings horizontal and linear.

Sp. 1. Thr. Physapus. Black, hairy: antennae, tibise, and tarsi pale:
middle of the tibise pale brown; elytra and wings white. {PL 5.
ftg. 12. mugnifed : the line beneath shows the natural size.)

Inhabits the blossoms of various plants.

Stirps 2. — Antenna seven-jointed : elytra larger than the wings : ros-
trum subperpendicular, with three very distinct joints : /(e«f/ trans-
verse.

Genus 306. APHIS. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Lam., Leach.
Antenna setaceous or filiform, seven-jointed: elytra larger than the
wings; elongate triangulate: abdomen towards the apex generally
tuberculated or horned : eyes entire. {PL 5. ftg. 9.)

The animals of this genus are very numerous, and are found on
almost every plant. The French call them Pucerons, the English
Plant-lice. The species require examination ; the plant on which
they arc found should be noticed, as it will aftord specific nancies.
The females are generally apterous.

Genus 307. ERTOSOMA. Leach's MSS.

Abdomen without tubercles or horns : antenna short and filiform : body
tomentose.

" The Eriosomata form what arc called improperly Galls on the stalks
of trees near their joints, and knobs, which are in fact excrescences
caused by the efforts of nature to repair the damage done to the old
trees by the perforation of those insects, whose bodies are covered
with down." Leach's MSS.

Sp. 1. Er. Mali.

Aphis lanigera of authors,

CLASS V. INSECTA. 233

Genus 303. ALEYliODES. Lutr., Lam., Leach. Tixea. Linn.
PnAL.iiNA. Geoff.
Antenn(e ^W^orm, short, six-jointed: elytra and wings equal in size:

body mealy : eyes two, each (Hvided into two.
8p. 1. Al. Chelklunii. Bodj' ycllowii,!], or rosy powdered with white:

eyes black; each elytron witli a puncture and spot of black.
Inhabits liedgcs and woods.

Fam. V. CocciDiE. Leach.

Oalinsecta. Latrcille.

Tarsi with one joint and one nail : rostrum in the female : wings in the
male, but no elytra : female apterous.

Genus 309. COCCUS. Linn., Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lutr., Lam.,
Leach.
Antenna of the female eleven-jointed : abdomen of the males with two

,very long seta? at the apex.
Sp. 1. Coc. Cacti.

Coccus Cacti. Linn., Dc Geer, Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Iidiabits fruit-trees.

This genus requires a minute investigation, wb.ich should be con-
ducted i)y sonic one ])ossessing a great share of patience, and hav-
ing a competent knowledge of entomology.

Order IX. APTERA. Leach.

Order Aptera. Linn,, Lamarck,
Order Suctoria. LMtr.

Char act en of the Order.

Body somewhat ovate, compressed, covered with a coriaceous skin,
and composed of several segments : ti-unk short, consisting of three
leg-bearing joints : head small, conipressed, rounded above, and
truncate before : eyes minute, orbicular, lateral : antenna lamolli-
form, small, ciliated with spinules, one-jointed at iheir Irase, insert-
ed in two excavations behind the eyes : palpi filiform (composed of
four roimded joints) scarcely longer than the head, porrect, generally
resting on the rostrum: legs strong, and formed for jumping, es])r-
cially the hinder ones : coxa and thighs large, compressed : tniM
elongate, cylindric, composed of five simple joints, the last articula-
tion furnished with two long, acute, slender nails.

Larva without feet.

fcPA folliculate.

234 MODERN SYSTEM.

Genu? 310. PULEX of authors.
Sp. 1. Pul. irrituns. Body brunneous, sometimes inclined to rust co-
lour.

The common bed-flea is found throughout Europe.

" Notwithstanding the inconveniences attending this httlc insect,
there is something pleasing in the appearance of the flea. Its mo-
tions are elegant, and all its postures indicate agility. The shell
with which it is enveloped is in a state of perpetual cleanliness,
while the muscular power which it is capable of exerting is so ex-
traordinary, as to excite our wonder at so much strength contined
and concentrated within so small a space ; this species being able to
spring, on the most moderate computation, to the distance of at
least two hundred times its own length, and cbag a weight eight
times heavier than itself. It has sometimes become a favourite with
ladies, who have pleased themselves with keeping, taming, and
feeding it. A golden chain has been made for it with a lock and
key ; and being kept in a box with wool, in a warm place, and fed
daily, it has been known to live for six years.

" The Pit/ices of birds and of mammalia ought to be most care-
fully examined. There are a vast number of species which have
been confounded with P. irritaiis,"

Order X. LEPIDOPTERA.

Order Lepidoptera. Linn., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Leach.
Class Glossata. Fubr.

Characters of the Order.

Winsis four, covered with scales: tongue spiral, filiform. Linne di-.
vided this order into three genera; viz. P(//)«7a) (butterfly). Sphinx
(hawk-moth), and Phahcna (moth), which were characterized l)y the
form of their antennae ; and these divisions form the three great
sections of Latreille, as follow :

Section I. DIURNA.

Wings four; all, or at least the superior ones, erect when the insect is
at rest : antenna with their points thicker or capitate ; in a very few
somewhat setaceous, with the extreme apex hooked. The insects
of this section, which constituted the Linnean genus Papilio, all fly
by day. Caterpillars with sixteen feet. Chysalis naked, and gene-
rally angidated.

Fam. I. Papiliomb.e. Leach.

Pa PI LION IDES. iMtreille.

Hinder tibiae with heels only at their exlreinitieb : loings all ekvaied
when at rest.

' CI ASS V. INSECTA. 235

In this section I shall enumerate the whole of the British species.

Stirps 1. — Caterpillar elongate, cyliudric: chrysalis elongate, angu-
lar: tarsi of t/ic imago with distinct nails.

Genus 311. PAPILIO. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Antenna, at their points, furnished with a conic-ovate or lengthened-
ovate, somewhat arcuate, club : palpi very short, pressed close to the
face, scarcely reaching the clypeus ; the two first joints of equal
length; the third minute, and nearly obsolete: /tc^f in both sexes
alike, all being formed for walking, and furnished with distinct but
simple claws: aHtov'w wings generally somewhat falcate; hinder
ones often tailed ; the internal margin excised or folded to admit of
I'ree play to the abdomen.

The caterpillar is tentaculated, fleshy and furcate. The chrysalis
angulated, with two processes before; it fastens itself by a trans-
verse thread.

The species of this genus, which constitutes the most beautiful
part of the creation, are found chietly in the warmer regions, very
few occurring in the more temperate parts of the world. Their
tlight is extremely rajiid.

Sp. 1. Pap. Machaoii. Ulack and yellow; hinder wings tailed; edges
of the wings black, wilii yellow crescents; the tips of the hinder
ones with a red spot at their inferior tips. (P/. 5. fig. 1.)

Papilio Machaon. Linn., Bal>r., llaworth.

Inhabits Europe ; the larva feeds on umljclliferous plants.

In England it is called the Swallow-tailed buttertly; it is very lo-
cal, but occurs near Bristol, Beverley in Yorkshire, and has been
taken plentifully in Hampshire near the New Forest. It is the
most super!) of all the British species of this family. The cater*
pillar is green, banded with l)lack, marked by a row of red spots.
It changes into the chrysalis state in July ; and the fly is found in
August. There are two broods ; the first appears in May, iiavin^-
lain in the pupa state all the winter.

Piipilio Podalirius of Linne, which belongs to this genus, has been in-
troduced into the British Fauna on very dubious authority. But
31 r. Haworth is yet in hopes of receiving indigenous specimens from
Yorkshire,

Genus 312. GONEPTERYX. T^ach. Colias. Fair., Latr. Pi-
ERis. Schrank.
An/ennec short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi short,
much compressed; the last joint very short :fccf. alike in both sexes,
all with a bifid or unidentate nail : rciii^s angulated, large, the hinder
ones grooved to receive tlie abdomen : chri/salts angulated with a
thread round its middle.

236 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. I. Gon. Rhamni. Wings of the male yellow, of the female whitish;

with a fulvous spot on each.
Inhabits woods in the spring and autumn. Flight slow.

Genus 313. COLIAS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Papilio. Limit,
Haworth. Pieris. Schrank.

Antenntr short, gradually thickening into an obconic head : palpi much
compressed ; the last joint very short : feci alike in both sexes, all
with bifid or iinidentate nails : wingx anterior, somewhat trigonate ;
hinder rounded, with a groove to receive the abdomen: chrysalin
angulated, fastened by a transverse thread.

Sp. 1. Col. Ilj/ale (clouded yellow buttertiy).

Inhabits Europe. Occurs in England once in three years, some sea-
sons only locally, at others in the greatest profusion in every part of
the country. There is a pale coloured variety of each sex, which
have been considered as distinct species.

Sp. 2. Col. Edusa.

Genus 314. PONTIA. Fair., Leach. Pieris. Schrank, Latr.
Antenna elongate, with an abrupt, obconic, compressed head : palpi
slender, somewhat cylindric ; the last joint as long as the preceding :
7£ings not very narrow, or nuich lengthened ; hinder ones grooved
to admit the abdomen, but not tailed : feet alike in both sexes ;
claws unidentate or bifid : chrysalis angulated, fastened by a trans-
verse thread.

" * Anterior wings somewhat trigonate; hinder ones somewhat orbicn-
late."

Sp. 1. Font. Cratagi (black-veined white). Wings white, with a faint

tinge of yellowish and black nervures.
Inhabits Europe. In England it is found in the woods near London ;

the larva feeds on the white-thorn.
Sp. 2. Foyit. Brassica (large cabbage butterfly).
Inhabits Europe; the larva on the cabbage.

Sp. 3. Pont. Rap(E (small cabbage butterfly).

Inhabits gardens.

Sp. 4. Font. Napi (green- veined white).

Inhabits gardens and woods.

Sp. 5. Font. Cardamines (orange tip butterfly).

Inhabits path-ways in woods.

Sp. f). Font. Daplidicc (Bath white). This has long been doubted
whether a native of this country; but that successful and indus-
trious entomologist Mr. Stephens has sulhcicntly proved the fact,
by taking a specimen at Dover in July 1G18,

CLASS V. TXSECTA. * , 237

" '** Wintis somcichat ovcil.^

Sp. 7. Tont. S'tnaph (wood white). Wings white, witli blackish \\\n.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 315. MELIT.EA. Fahr., Leach. Argvxms. Latr. Pa-
PiLio. Linn., Hmcorth.
Antenna terminated by a short club : palpi very hairy, divaricating,
with the last joint acicular, halt' the Icngtli of the preceding joint:
A(;((/(r t^/M^'s orbicular : anterior- J'cet very short in both sexes : tarsi
with double nails.
CatLTpiltar pubescent, with fleshy tubercles.
Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Sp. 1. Mel. Eiiphrosi/ne (pearly border). Wings indented, tawny, with

black spots ; nine silvery spots on the under side.
Inhabits waste grounds and heaths.

Sp. 2. Mel. Silene (pearly border likeness).
Inhabits woods and waste ground.

Sp. 3. Mel. Cinxia (Glanville).
Inhabits Europe : very rare in Britain.

Sp. 4. ]\Icl. Artemis (greasy).

Inhabits Europe : seldom taken near London, but is common near
Norwich.

Sp. 5. Mel. Bictynna (heath).
Inhabits heaths and marshes.

Sp. 6. Mel. Lticina (Duke of Burgundy).

Inhabits the borders of woods and hedges, but is local.

Genus 316. ARGYNNIS. Fair., Latr., Leach.

Antenna: terminated by a short club : palpi divaricating abruptly, ter-
minated with a minute, slender, acicular, very short joint ; tlie se-
cond joint broad, hairy : hinder zcing orbicular : anterior feet very
short in both sexes : tarsi with double nails.

Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Cuterpillars spiny.

Sp. 1. Arg. Lathonia (Queen of Spain fritillary).
Inhabits Europe ; is very rare in Britain.

Sp. 2. Arg. Aglaia (dark green fritillary).
Inhabits Europe in woods and lanes.

Sp. 3. Arg. Adippe (high brown fritillary).
Inhabits heaths and the borders of woods.

Sp. 1. Arg. Paphia (silver-washed fritillary).

Inhabits the borders of woods, and the New Forest in Hampshire,

238 WODERjr SYSTEM.

«

Genus 317. VANESSA. Fabr., Lutr., Leach. PapiliO. Ij/J'tI.,
Hmoorth.

Anteniue terminated with an alu-upt short ckib : pnlpi contiguous, and
^terminated gradually in a point; the two combined bearing some

resemblance to a rostrum : anterior pair of feet iu both sexes short

and very hairy : tarsi with double nails.
Chrysalis suspended by its tail.
Caterpillar spiny.

Sp. 1. Van. Atalanta (red admirable). Wings indented, black with
white spots ; a red fascia in the upper wings, and another on the
margin ot" the under' wings.

Inhal)its Europe : the larsa feeds on the nettle.

Sp. 2. Van. Cardui (painted lady). Wings orange, indent<-d ; variegated
with black and white spots : four ocelli on the under side of the
posterior wings.

Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the thistle.

Sp. 3. Van. Antiopa (Camberwell beauty). Wings angulated and black,
tlie borders whitish.

CvTithia Cardui. Fahr., Leach.

Inhabits Europe. This species has become exceedingly rare in this
country. Mr.Haworth has observed (in the first part of his Lepido-
ptcra Brilnnnica) " There is something very extraordinary in the peri-
odical but irregular appearance of this species, Papilio Edusa {Colius
Hi/ale of tbis work) and Pap. Cardui. They are plentiful all over the
kingdum in some years ; after which Antiopa m particidar will not be
seen by any one for eight, ten, or more years, and then appear as plen-
tiful as before. To suppose they come from the Continent, is an idle
■conjecture; because the English specimens are easily distinguished
from all others by the superior whiteness of their borders. Perhaps
their eggs, in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may
occasionally lie dormant for several seasons, and not hatch until
some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidence awake them into
active life."

Sp. 4. Van. lo (peacock).

Inhabits nettles.

Sp. 5. Van. polychloros (large tortoise-shell).

Inhabits Europe : the larva on the elm.

Sp. 6. Van. Urtica (small tortoise-shell).

Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on nettles.

Sp. 7. Van. C. album (comma).

Inbabits woods: the larva feeds on the nettle, hop, willow, and thr
currant.

CLASS V. IN5ECTA. 239

Genus 318. APATUllA. Fabr., Ix'ach. Nvmpiialis. Lafr. Pa-
Pii.io. Linn., Jiarcorth.
Antenna with an clongalc-obconic tliickcncd club : jmlpi with the se-
cond joint not much compressed, the anterior margin broad : ante-
7uor pair of fed very short in both sexes.

Sp. 1. Apa. Iris Tpurple em]ieror). Wings indented, brownish, shining,
with blue or purple; on both surfaces a whitish interrupted fascia
and a single ocellus on the under wing.

The following account of this interesting and elegant insect is
given by Mr. Ilaworth.

" In the month of July he makes his appearance in the winged
state, and invariably fixes his throne upon the summit of a lofty oak,
from the utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his
aerial excursions; and in these ascends to a much greater elevation

. than any other insect 1 have ever seen, sometimes mounting iiigher
than the eye can folhnv, esjiccially if he happens to (juarrel with
another emperor, the monarch of some neighbouring oak: they
never meet without a battle, Hying upwards all the while and com-
bating with each other as much as ])osbible, aft(;r which they will
frequently return again to the identical sprigs from whence they
ascended. The wings of this line species arc of a stronger texture
than those of any other in Britain, and more calculated for that gay
and powerful flight which is so much admired by entomologists. The
Purple Emperor commences bis aerial movements from ten to twelve
o'clock in the morning, but does not perform his loftiest flights till
noon, decreasing them after this hour until he quite ceases to fly
about four in the afternoon; thus emulating the motions of that
source of all his strength, the sun. The females, like those of many
other species, are very rarely seen on the wing ; the reason of wliich
is both interesting and but little known. It is their being destitute
of a certain spiral socket which the males possess, near the base of
the main tendon of their upper wings ; which socket receives and
works a strong elastic spring arising from the base of the under
wings, thereby enabling them to perform a stronger, longer, and

more easy flight than it is possible for the females to do."

" The males usually fly very high, and are only to be taken by a
bag-net fixed to the end of a rod twenty or thirty feet long. There
have been instances, though very rare, of their settling on the ground
near puddles of water, and being taken there. When the Purple
Emperor is within reach, no fly is more easily taken than he; for he
is so very bold and fearless that he will not move from his settUng
place until you quite push him off": you may even tip the ends of
his wings, and be suiilered to strike aaain."

240 MODEn!>r system.

Genus 319. LIMENITIS. Fabr., Leach. Nvmphai.is. Tmu .

Antennte gradually clubbed ; club slender, round obconic: palpi as long
as the head, with the second joint not very much compressed ; tli*'
anterior margin not remarkably broader : antcriur pair ofjeet in
both sexes very short and spurious ; icings not much longer tluiu
broad : Four hinder feet with double nails.

7v«?-t;a elongate.

Chrysalis suspended by the tail.

Sp. 1. Lim. Camilla (white admirable).

Inhabits Europe. This is considered a rare insect in Britain, but I
have observed them in certain j-ears in Bedstile-wood near Finch-
ley, and Birch-wood in Kent, in tolerable abundance.

Genus 320. IIIPPARCHIA. Fabr., Leach. Maniola. Schranh.
Satyrt's. Lair. Papilio. Linn., Haworth.

Antenna with a slender somewhat fucitbrm, or trigonate-orbicular
club : palpi meeting above the tongue, with the second joint very
much compressed, and much longer than the first : anterior pair of
legs shorter than the rest, and otVen very hairy ; feet of the other
legs with double nails: hinder zcings somewhat orbicular or orbicu-
late-triangulate, with the external margin excavated to receive the
abdomen; the middle cell closed behind, from which part the ner-
vures radiate ; the other margin entire, or with acute or obtuse in-
dentations.

Caterpillar downy, with a globular head somewhat compressed in
front; the abdomen binnicronate behind.

Chrysalis angulated, with the front bimucromate suspended by the
tail. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. '27.

Sp. 1. Hipp. Galathea (marbled).

Inhabits woods and fields.

Sp. 2. Hipp. Hyperanthus (the ringlet).
Inhabits woods and fields.

Sp. 3. Hipp. Pamphilus (small heath).
Inhabits heaths.

Sp. 4. Hipp, hlundina (Scotch Argus).
Inhabits the isles of Bute and Arran.

Sp. 3. Hipp. Pilosella (small meadow brown).
Inhabits fields and the borders of woods.

Sp. G. Hipp. Janira (meadow brown).
Papilio Jurtina. Hazcorth, Linn.
Inhabits fields and lanes.
Sp. 7. Hipp. Mcg^era (gate-kee[ier),
Iidiabits fields and the borders of woods.

CLASS V. INSECTA.

241

Sp. 8. Hipp. lEgcria (speckled wood, or wood Argus).
Inhabits the borders of woods and fields.
Sp. 9. Hipp. Semele (grayling, or rock underwing).
Inhabits heaths, commons, and rocky wastes.

Stirps 2. — Larva: oval, depressed: pupa short, contracted, obtuse at
both extremities : tani with very small nails.

Genus 321. THECLA. Fair., Leach. Polyommatus. Lair.
Feet in both sexes all alike : vails scarcely produced beyond the pul-
villi, which are large: aH<c?<H(2 gradually clubbed ; the club elon-
gate, cylindric oval : hinder wings tailed,

* Antenna graduaUi/ clavatcd.
Sj). 1. The. Bctula (brown hair streak.)
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Sp. 2. The. Pruni (black hair streak).
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Sp. 3. The. Quercns (purple hair streak).

Inhabits oak woods, Hying on tlic higliest branches of the trees.

** Antenna; abruptli/ clavated.
Sp. 4. The. liiibi (green underside, or hair streak).
Inhabits the skirts of woods. ^

Genus 322. LYCiENA. Fair., Leach. Pot.yommatus. LMtr.
Legs alike in both sexes : nails projecting beyond the pulvilli, which
arc small : antenna with an abrupt club, somewhat ovate, compressed,
or spoon-shaped.

* Hinder wings more or less tailed.
Sp. 1, Lye. dispar (large copper).
Papilio ilypothoe. Donovan.

Inhabits the fens of Cambridgeshire, and has been observed near
Aberdeen in Scotland.

Sp. 2. Lye. Clnyscis (purple-edged copper).
Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is extremely rare.

Sp. 3. Li/c. Virgaurea: (scarce copper).

Inhabits Europe : very local in Britain. It is found in some parts of

Huntingdonshire.
Sp. 4. Lye. Phlceas (small copper).
Inhabits woods and heaths.

** Hinder wings with the posterior margin entire.
Sp. 5. Lye. Corydon (chalk-hill blue).
Inhabits chalky districts.

Sp. 6. Lye. Adonis (Clifden blue).
Inhabits chalky districts.

54'2 MODERN SYSXr^T.

Sp, 7. Li/c. Dori/his (common blue).
Inhabits heaths, commons, and laneis.

Sj). 8. Li/c. Argus (studded blue).
Inhabits fields and marshes.

Sp. 9. Li/c. Idas (black-spot brown).
Inhabits grassy places.

Sp. 10. Li/c. Artaxerxes (white-spot, brown or Scotch Argus).
Inhal)its Arthur's Seat and the base of Kirk-hill, (one of the Pentland
range near Edinburgh) in great plcnly.

Sp. 11. Lye. AlsHs (Bedford blue).
Inhabits clover fields, &:c.

Sp. 12. Lye. Ai-giolus (azure blue).
Inhabits meadows.

Sp. J3. Lye. Cymon.

Inhabits Europe: in Britain it is very local. It is found near Shci-
borne in Dorset in great abundance.

Fam. II. Hesperid.^. Leach,

IIesperides. LatrcUle.

Hinder tib'uc with two pair of heels or spurs, one pair at the middle, the
other at the usual pfece: ttntennis distinctly terminated with a club,
hooked at their extremities : palpi short, thick, and squamose ia
fronts hinde?- uings elevated wbea the insect is at rest.

Genus 323. IIESPEPJA. Fab/:, Cuv., Lam., Latr., IValck., Leach
Papilio. Linn., Hauwth.
Palpi with the third joint cylindric or cylindric-conic.

* Antennee ending in an abrupt very acute hook:
Sp. 1. Hex. Comma (pearl skipper).
Inhabits Europe: in England, near Lewes in Sussex.

Sp. 2. lies. Syhanas (wood skipper).
Inhccbits the borders of woods.

** Antennte with their points arcuate.
Sp. 3. Hes. Tages (dingy skipper).
Inhabits Europe, on dry heaths and banks.

Sp. 4. Hes. Mah(E (mallow skipper).
Inhabits drj'^ banks.

*** Antcnn(z with straight pmnts.
Sp. 5. Hes. Linea (small skipper).
Inhabits the skirts of woods.

CLASS V. IXStCTA. 243

Sp. 6. Hca. Paniscus (scarce skipper).

Inhabits meadows : very rare in Britain, excepting in soinc parts of
Bedfordshire, where it is common.

Section II. CREPUSCULARIA. Latreille.
Wings horizontal in repose : an/cnno' prismatic or fusiform.

The msccts of this section constitute the Linnean gcnns S/ih: it r,
wliich has been divided by later writers into a number of genera.

Fam. III. Spijixgid^. Lcac/i.
Sphincides. Latrellk.

Palpi shon, covered with very short close scales; tlie lact joint tuber-
culiform and very short.

Stirps 1. Anus not tufted.

Genus 324. SMERINTHUS. Latr., Lead,. Laothoe. Fabr.,
_Spiii.vx. Linn., Hazcorlh. SpEcrnvM. Scopoli.
Antenna somcu'ftSf prismatic, serrated towards the middle, gradually
thicker : tongue very short : anterior wings angulated : palpi conti-
guous.

Sp. 1. Sme. oce/Iata (<'yc(\ hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva on the willow and poplar.

Sp. 2. Sme. TilitE (lime hawk-moth).

Inhabits the lime in the larva state.

Sp. 3. Sme. Populi (poplar hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the poplar.

Genus 325. SPHINX. Linn., Fair., Lair., Hauvrtfi, Leach. Spec-
trum. Scopoli.
Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue long, ven- distinct, convo-
luted : antenncB prismatic, thicker towards their middle, in the males
slightly ciliated.

Ob3.— This genus has lately been divided into the following genera :

1. T>t.iLOPHiL.\, Ochsheimcr. Sp. 1. Elpenor. 2. Porcellus.* 3. Li-
neata. 4. Euphorbias. 5. Galii.— II. Spiii.xx, Och. Sp. 1. Pinastn'.

2. Ligustn. r. Convolvuli.— III. Acheroxtia, Och. Sp. 1. Atropos.
Sp. 1. Sph. Porcc//«s (small elephant hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain.

Sp. 2. Sph. Elpenor (elephant hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the ladies bed-straw, and is found

m the autmnn m drills or ditches in marshes near London.
Sp. 3. Sph. lineata (silver line hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe, and is exceeding rare in this country. Sphinx Vnwata

Q2

244 MODERN SYSTEM*

of Donovan is distinct, and must be considered as a doubtful inhabi-
tant of Britain.

Sp. 4. Sph. Gala (scarce spotted elephant).

Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. Two specimens have been
taken in Cornwall near Penzance, one near Kingsbridge in Devon,
and another near London.

Sp. 5. Sp/i. Euphoi-bi/E (spotted elephant).

Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. The larva has occurred
near Plymouth.

Sp. 6. Sph. Pinastri (pine hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in Ravelston-
wood near Edinburgh.

Sp. 7. Sp/i. Convolvuli (convolvulus hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in the most re-
mote parts of Britain, even in the Shetland Islands, but does not
make a regular appearance.

Sp. 8. Sph. Ligustri (privet hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on l^ie privet and ash in gardens and
woods.

Sp. 9. Sph. Atropos (death's head hawk-moth).

Inhabits Europe. It must be considered as a valuable acquisition to
the British cabinet ; for although it occasionally occurs in the larva
state, yet it is bred with extreme difficulty, and the fly when taken
on the wing is generally very much mutilated and rubbed^ The ca-
terpillar feeds on the blossom of the potatoe.

Stirps 2. — Jnus tufted.

Genus 326. MACROGLOSSUM. ScopoU, Leach.

Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long, distinct and con-
voluted: antcmuc prismatic, thicker towards their middle, (of the
males ciliated) ; wing!> opaque.

Sp. 1. Macro. Stcllatarum (humming-bird hawk-moth).

Inhabits gardeas. The perfect insect feeds on the wing, extracting the
honey of stellated plants.

Genus 327. SESIA. Tuhr., Leach. Macroglossa. Ochshelmer.

P«//(i contiguous above the tongue: tongue very long; distinct, and
convoluted : anlcnna prismatic, thicker towards their middle (of the
males ciliated) : wings transparent.

'Bp. 1. Scs. bomhyclforinis (narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth).

Inhabits open places in woods.

Sp. 2. Ses.fusiformis (broad-bordered bee hawk-moth).

Inhabits the borders of woods.

Fam. IV. Zyojenidje. Leach.
ZvGffiNiDES. Latreille.
Palpi long, separate, covered with long scales or porrecled hair.

CLASS V. INSECTA, 245

Genus -328. ^GERIA. Fair., Leach. Sesia. Latr.^Iaspej/res.
Trociiilum. Scopoii
Antenna fusifonn : abdomen with the anus bearded,

Sp. 1. JE^. apiformis (bee hornet sphinx).
Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain.

Sp. 2, JEg. crabroniformis (liornet sphinx).

Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the wood of rlie lime-tree.

There are several other species of this genus found in Britain, but
their synonyms have never been satisfactorily ascertained.

Genus 329. ZYGyENA of authors. Sphinx. Linn.
Antenna abruptly flexuous-clavate : palpi cylindric-conic.

Sp. 1. Zyg. H/i/jewdu/^ (six-spot bumet).
Inhabits fields.

Genus 330. INO, Leach. Procris. Tabr., Lafr. Zyg.^.-ja. Ton-^
Walckcnaer. Siniixx. Linn.
Antenna of the male bipectinate, of the female simple : palpi short,

Sp. 1. Ino Stat ices (forester).

Inhabits the margins of woods in meadovvs.

Section III. NOCTURNA. Latreille.

Wings horizontal in repose : antenna setaceous, gradually narrowinj^-
towards their extremities.

Fam. V, BoMBYciD.E. Leach.

BoMEYCiTES, Latreille.

Antenna with a single series of cilicE (of the male at least serrated) :
tongue none : palpi two, short, cylindric, very hairy : thorax not crest-
ed : wings elongate undivided.

Stirps 1. — Wings deflexed, long and narrow ; larva naked : pitpa wirli
its segments laterally denticulated.

Genus 331. HEPIALUS, Fair., Latr., Leach. Phal.^na (Noc-
tua). Linn'i.
Antenna moniliform, shorter than the thorax : palpi very small, and

very hairy : uings elliptic, equal, long.
Sp. 1. Hep. Humuli (ghost swift). Sp. 2. Hep. Mappa (map-winged
swift). Sp. 3. Hep. Hectus (golden swift). Sec.

Genus 332. COSSUS. Fabr., Latr., Cuv., Leach. Phal.ina
(BoMBVx). Linne.
Antenna as long as the thorax, setaceous, furnished with a single sc-
ries of short transverse obtuse teeth : palpi very distinct, thick cy-
lindric, and squamous : anterior wings larger than the posterior.

2-46 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Cos. Ligniperda {gozX moth).

I'ltulccna (Bonibyx) Cossus. Linne.

Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the internal parts of the willow,
ash, and oak. The celebrated Lyonnett has immortalized himself by
his laborious work on the anatomy of the larva and perfect insect.
The caterpillar diffuses a scent, by which its residence may fre-
quently be made known to those passing such trees as are much in-
fested by it. It remains three years in ihis state, when it spins a
strong web intermixed with particles of wood, and changes into
the chrysalis, A\hich it does in the month of May; and in June the
perfect insect may be found sticking to the trunks of trees (gene-
rally willows) early in the morning and in the evening.

I once found the larva in an old oak near Norwood, in the month
of January. Mr. Standish informs me, that those which feed on the
wood of the oak ajre paler in colour than those which feed on the
Vsiilow.

Genus 333. ZEUZERA. Latr., Leach. Bombyx. Hitbner. He-
piALus. Sc/irnnk. Phal.-ena (Noctua). Lumi. Cossus. I'abr.
Antenna setaceous, of the males pectinated at their base ; of the fe-
males entirely simple, with the exception of their base, which is to-
inentose.
Sp. 1. Zeu. JEsctdi (wood leopard-moth).

Inhabits Europe. In England it is rather rare; but maybe found against
trees in St. James's Park in July, if industriously sought after.

Stirps 2. — Wings broad and spreading: larva more or less hairy, its
hinder legs formed for walking : pupa with its segments simple.
Genus 334. SATURNIA. Schrank, Leach. Piial^na (Attacus).
Linne.. Bombyx. Fahr., H'ubner, Latr.
Wings horizontal; a/itoi?jtf; subcylindric : of the male doubly pecti-
nated : hinder wings simple.
Sp. 1. Sat. Pavonia ?h/«o/' (emperor moth).

Stirps 3. — IT7?/gs defiexed : /arr^e more or less hairy, its hinder legs
formed for walking: pupa with its segments simple.

" * Anlennte in both sexes pectinated.''^

Genus 33.5. LIPARIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. IIypogymxa.

Hub.
Palpi porrected, hairy, coiri posed of two joints, the last of which is in-

crassated at its extremity : tongue obsolete : antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. i//j. JVit»//acAa (black arches). Sp. 2. i//?. t?is/;«?" (gipsy moth) .

Genus 336. LARIA. Schntnk, Lxach, Germar. Oroya. Och.,
DASYcniRA. Hubncr.
Pstlpi very hairy, three-jointed : last joint minute linear and almost
naked : ton'iuc obsolete : antcnnce liliform.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 247

Sp. t. Lar. pudibunda (pale tussock). Sp. 2. Lar.fascelina (dark tus-
sock).

Genus 3.37. GASTROPACHA. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS.
Palpi porrcctcd, three-Jointed, hairy, subcyHndric, vitli obtuse points:

tongue ohioXcic: (intenrKP M\\'onn.
Sp. 1. Ous. qutrcifulia (lappet moth).

" ** Antenna: of the male alone pectinated."
Genus 338. ODENE.?IS. Gcrmar, Leach's MSS.
Palpi porrect, hairy and three-jointed, dilated in the middle, attennatf d
and reversed at their extremities : tongue very short: antcnnte filiform.
Sp. 1. Od. potatoria. (P/. 12. /if. 3.)

Genus 339. LASIOCAMPA. Schrank, Leach, Germar.
Palpi compressed, porrectcd, very hairy, two-jointed ; the second joint

elongate obtuse: tongue obsolete: antenna: filiform.
Sp. 1. Las. Quercus (egger moth). Sp. 2. Las. trij'olia, &c.

Genus 340. ERIOG ASTER. Gerinar, Leach's MSS.
Palpi very short and very hairy, subglobose : tongne obsolete : antenna

filiform.
Sp. 1. Eri. laneslris. Sp. 2 Eri. Populi.

Genus 3il. ENDRO.AIIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Dimou-
PUA. Uiib.
P«/p< compressed, recur\-ed, very hairy; second joyit obtuse: tongue

very obsolete: antenna filiform.
Sp. 1. £«(/. wrs/co/o;- (Kentish glory).
OBs.—Bombyx rubra, &c. forms the Genus Pexthrophera. Germ.

Genus 342. STAUEOPUS. Genn., Leach's MSS. Harpyia. Och.

Palpi reflexcd, compressed, hairy and biarticulatcd ; last joint minute:
tongue obsolete : antenme filiform (of the male naked at their extre-
mities).

Sp. 1. Stau. Fagi (lobster moth).

Genus 343. NOTODONTA. Och., Germar, Leach's MSS. Pti-

LODONTIS. Hub.

Palpi short, very hairy, two-jointed; first joint very short, second com-
pressed and truncate: tongue short: antennae filiform.
Sp. 1. Not. Tritopus. Sp. 2. Ziczac. Sp. 3. Dromcdarius. Sp. 4. Trepida.
Genus 344. PYG.ERA. Och., Gcrmar, Leach's MSS. Melalg-
PHA. Htib.
Palpi very hairy, tAvo-jointed ; first joint incurved, second reversed ob-
tuse: tongue abbre\-iatcd, but spiral: antenna setaceous.
Sp. 1. Pj/g. Bucephala (buft-tip).

Obs.— Bombyx curtula, 2. reclusa, form the -cnus Closxera f Hoff-
mansegg.

24s MODEKN SYSTEM.

Siinpa i. Wings deflexed: larva with its hinder legs converted into a
furcate tail.

Genus 3-45. CERURA. Sclaruik, Leach, Germar. At; dki a. H'ubner.
Palpi cyUadrica], hairy obtuse, with their joints confluent: tongue spi-
ral but abbreviated : antenmt filiform pectinated.
Sp. 1. Cer. Vimdia (puss moth). Sp. 2. Cer. Furcula (kitten moth).
The caterpillar of both the above feeds on leaves : the first may
frequently be found in August and September on willows and pop-
lars ; the latter species is not common in Britain.

Fam. VI. Arctiadje. Leac/i.

NOCTUO-BOMBYCITES. Latr.

Palpi two ; antenna pectinated or ciliated : tongue visible, but often
short and somewhat membranaceous : uings trigonate, defle.\ed, un-
divided : caterpillai- with sixteen feet.

Genus 346. ARCTIA. Schrank, Latreille, Leach. BojrBYX. Fair.
Palpi with long scales: antennm of the males (at least) with a double
series of pectinations : tongue often short, composed of two separate
filaments.

* Antenna ciliated.

Sp. 1. Arc. villica (cream spot tyger). Sp. 2. Aix. Caja (tyger moth).
Sp. 3. Arc. P/antaginis (wood tyger). Sp. 4. Arc. russula (clouded
buff). Sp. 5. Arc. mendica (muslin). Sp. 6. Arc. Menthrastri (er-
mine). Sp. 7. Arc. papyritia (water ermine). Sp. 8. Arc. luhrici-
peda (buff ermine).

** Antenna pectinated.

Sp. 1. Arc. Salic is (satin moth). Sp. 2. Arc. chnjsorrhtica (yellow-tail).
Sp. 3. Arc. phaorrha'a (brown-tail moth).

Genus 317. CALLIiNIORPHA. Latr., Leach. Bojibyx. Fair.
LiTiiosiA. Fabr.
Palpi with short not porrect scales : antenna, simple or slightly cili-
ated : tongue long, the two filaments conjoined.
Sp. 1. Cal. Dominula (scarlet tyger moth).

Oiss. — Bomhyx; 2. Rosea (red arches). 3. J</foZ;co; (cinnabar); are re- ^
ferable to this genus.

Fam. VII. TiNEiD.?:. Leach.
TiNEiTES. Latreille.

Antenna sctaceom J simple: /o??5'He distinct: palpi two, cylindric: zoing'j
long, oblong, somewhat elliptic, incumbent or convolute: inferior
ones much folded, all undivided.

Stirps 1. — Antenna distant from each other: ci/es separate, divided by
a liontlet : tongue elongate : palpi not longer than the head.

CT-ASS V. IXSECTA.

249

Germs 348. LITIIOSIA. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Il'irtgs horizontal : palpi shorter than the head, last joint cylindric, di-
stinctly shorter than the second: 6rtc/c much flattened: an«e?tw« sim-
ple or but slightly cihated. ' '■;

Sp. 1. Lit. quadra (tour-spotted footman). Sp. 1. Lit. complana, &c.

Genus 34D. YPONOAIEUTA. iMtr., Leach. Tinea. Fair.,
liubncr, Hau-orth.
Wings rolled or convoluted : palpi as long as the head; the third joint

cbconic, as long or longer than the one before it : antcniuc simple.
Sp. 1. Ypo. F/Donymella.

Stirps 2. — Antenna separate: erfcs separate: tongue elongate: pnlpi
much longer than the head, over which they are recurved.

Genus 350. iECOPHOKA. Lntr. Nemapogon. Sclirank, Leach.
PnAL.tXA (Tinea). Linnc. Tinea. Fabr. Alucita. Oliv.
Wings broadly fringed, lying on the back : palpi twice as long or more
than the body; the second joint longer than tlie head, the last joint
almost naked, recurved beyond the head.

Ob3. — To this genus Tinea 1, Linnedla. 2. FluvcUu. 3. Roesello,
and their congeners belong.

Stirps 3. — Tongue not distinct, very ^hort: front very hairy: palpi.
. longer than the head, the second joint hairy.

Genus 351. EUPLOCAMUS. La/r, if «t//. Tinea. JF«ir. Py-
raeis. Hiibner.
Palpi two ; the second joint with numerous elongate scales, the third

joint naked and ascending: antenna: much pectinated.
Sp. 1. Eup. Guttella. Fabr.

Genus 352. PHYSIS. Fabr., Hiibncr, Lcack. Pual.ena (Tinea).
Linne.
Pa//) j four, distinct; upper ones small, infle.xed: antenna: simple, or

slightly ciliated.
Sp. 1. Fill/. Pcliondla (clothes moth).
Inhabits houses.

0ns. — All the clotli moths, of which there are several species, belong
to this genus.

Stirps 4. — Antennce very long, contiguous: etjes subcontiguous : tongue
elongate : palpi very hairy, ascending not longer than the head.

Genus 353. ADELA. Latr., Leach. Nemophora. Hoffmansegg.

Nemapogon. Schrank. Alvcita. Fabr. Tinea. Hiibner.

PHAL.tNA (Tinea). Linnc.
Sp. 1. Ad. Degeerel/a (Japan-moth).
Inhabits the borders of woods.

250 MODERN ^TSTEM.

Obs. — All the long-horned Japan mollis, as they arc called by English
collectors, belong to this genus.

Fam. VIII. NocTUADiE. Leach.
KocTU.i,LiTES. Latreille.

Antenna: setaceous in the males, sometimes pecthiated or ciliated :
tongue distinct : palpi much compressed : zcings horizontal or incum-
bent, not divided : thorax thick, often crested : palpi with the last
joint much shorter tlian the preceding, squamosc.

Genus 354. NOCTUA. Fabr., Latr., H'ubner, Leach. Bombyx.
Fabr., Hub. Phal^na (Bombyx). Linni. Phal.?:xa (Noc-
tua). Linni.. P/ECILIa. Schrank. Cucullia. Schrank.
The genus Noctua requires a minute investigation. It contains seve-
ral natural genera, as exhibited in the following divisions.

A. Caterpillars with sixteen feet.

* Caterpillars half loopers, their anterior feet membranaceous, evi-
dently shorter than the others. Wings horizontal.
Sp. 1. Noc. sponsa (crimson underwing). Sp. 2. Noc. nupta, ^c.
** Caterpillars with membranaceous feet of conformable size.

1. Wings horizontal.

Sp. 1. Noc. fimbria (broad-bordered yellow underwing). Sp. 2. Noc.
pronuba. 3. Noc. Orbona. 4. Noc. junthia, S^c.

2. Wings deflexed. ■ ,\

a. Sp. 1. Noc. Runiicis (common knot grass). 2. Noc. Fsi, i^c.

b. Sp. 1. Noc. Ligustri {coronet). 2. Noc. Fisi {broom moth), &c.

c. Sp. 1. Noc. Vcrbasci. 2. i\^of. !Z'«H«cf// (shark moths), &c.

d. Sp. 1. Noc. Batis (peach blossom moth).

e. Sp. 1. iVoc. j«e//cw/oi« (angle shades).

f. Sp. 1. JVof.7?«//^(«o (pale prominent moth).

g. Sp. 1. Noc. camelina.

B. Caterpillar with fourteen feet.

Sp. 1. Noc. chrifsites (burnished brass). Noc.festucee (gold spot), &:c.

Notice of the following genera has lately reached this comitry
from the Continent : the undermentioned indigenous species, which
may be considered as types, are selected from the MSS. of Dr. Leach :
I have added the English names, as it may enable those who have
small collections of LcpidopLera to proceed in the natural arrange-
ment.

Genus Colocasia. Och. Jaspidia. Iliib.

Sp. 1. Noc. bombux eori/li (nut-tree tussock).

CLASS V. INSECTA. 251

Genus PoECiLiA. Schrank,Oc/i. Jaspidia. Hub.

Sp. 1. Noc. lidtensis (marbled green). 2. Xoc. ■perla (marbled
beauty).

Genus Tethea. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. re^«sa (double kidney). 2. Koc. subtusa (pYivc). 3. t\oc.
ridens (the frosted green).

Genus Agrotis. Hvb., Och.

Sp. 1. JVoc. Ruris (rufous dart). 2. Noc. Se^ctum (brown heart and
club).

Genus Grapiiipiiora. H'iib., Och.

Sp. l^^^^yi^.^4^fC-C<^'t»i'^^l6 dart). Fab?:
Genus Amphipvra. Och. Pyrophila. Hvb.

Sp, 1. JVW. Iragopogonus (the mouse). Q. Koc. ielra{[h{i maho-
gany).
Genus Mormo. Ochen. Lemur. H'ith.

Sp. 1. Noc.muuva (2:reat brown bar). Yubr.

Genus Hadexa. Schranl:, Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Cucubali (campion). 2. Noc. Pto-idi^. Fabr.

Genus Miselia. Hiib., Sch.

Sp. 1. Noc. compta (marbled coronet).

Genus Polia. H'lib., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Chi (Chi moth). 2. A^ocj^rtioc/ncffl (large ranunculus).

Genus Trachea. Och. Achatia. H'ubn.

Sp. 1. Noc. atriplkis (arrach moth). 2. Noc. pnccox (Portland
moth)

Genus Apamea. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. basUiiiea (rustic shoulder knot). Fabr.

ewit'sm^mr&^och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Pisi (broom). 2. Noc. Chenopodii (nutmeg).

Genus TiiYATiRA. Och.

Sp. 1. iVoc. J3a<« (peach blossom). 2. iVoc. (/er«sa (buff arches).
Genus Mythimxa. Och.

„„^|foi^^^a^^.4*ouble line).
Genus Caradrixa. Och.
Sp. 1. Noc. Morpheus.

Genus Leucania. Och. IIeliopuila. Hub.

Sp. 1. Pha. comma (shoulder stripe wainscot).
Genus Noxagria. Och.

Sp. 1, Noc. Ti/phiZ (bull-rush). 2. Noc. Jruadiuis.

252 moder:>i system.

Genus GoRTYNA. Och.

^iJ>^M%^iSm:-J^'^^- ^^^'^"§0 (frosted orange). Fair.
Genus Xanthia. Hub., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Luteago. 2. Noc. Croceago (orange upper wing).

Genus Cosmia. Hub.^ Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. affmis (lesser spotted pinion). 2. 'Noc. diffinis (white
spotted pinion). Fabr.
Genus Cerastis. Och. G'ljea. Hub.

Sp. 1. Noc. Vaccinii (chesnut). 2. Satellitia (satellite.)

Ccnus Xylena. Hub., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. exoleta (large second grass). 2. Noc. putris (flame).
3. Noc. heputka (clouded bordered brindle). 4. Noc. Pinastr'i
(bird's wing).
Genus CucuLLiA. Schrank,Och. Triboxopiiora. Hub.

Sp. 1. Noc. Artemisia:. 2. Noc. Absinthd (wormwood). 3. Noc.
Umbratica (large pale shark). 4. Noc. Scrophulnria (water
betony).

Genus Abrostola. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. triplacea. 2. Noc. Asclepiades.

Genus Anarta. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. MurtiUi ^beautiful yellow underwing).

Genus Heliotiiis. Och._ Heliocextis. Hub.
Sp. 1. JVioc. dipsacea (marbled clover).

Genus*1£RjCsTRiA. Ocll. Erotyla. Hub.
Sp. 1. Utica. P^ralis unca (silver hook).

G^nusTBREVuT. Hub. Brephos. Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Parthenias (orange underwing). 2. Noc. notha (light
orange underwing).

Genus Euclidia. Hub., Och.

Sp. 1. Noc. Mi (Shipton). 2. Noc. triquetra.

Fam. IX. PiiAL.?ENiD.c. Leach.

PiiAL^ENiTES. Latreille.

^nitewz^ approximating at their base; those of the male often pecti-
nated or ciliated : clypeus scarcely prominent : feet slender, rarely
hairy : palpi two : wings undivided.

Stirps 1. — Lflrta with twelve feet.

Genus 355. PHAL.ENA. Linne, Fabr., Lafr., Leach. Geometka.
Haworth, H'ubner.
AntemuE setaceous of the male pectinated.
Sp. 1. Pha. margariluria (large emerald moth), &c.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 253"

SriRrt 2. — Larcawiih ten feet.

Genus 35G. HIPPARCHUS. Leach. Piial.ena. Fair., Lalr.y
Linn. Geometra. H'ubne?; Haioorth.
Wings extended obliquely, the upper wing covering the lower ones :
budif slender: palpi slightly hirsute : untenn&o{\hc male pectinated,
Sp. 1. Wip. 7Jrt/;//<Wrtn«s (large emerald). 2. Hip. prunata, fyc.

Genus 357. BUPALUS. Leach. Phaljena. Lirme, Fair., Lair.
Geometra. H'uhier, Haworth.
Anlenn(e pectinated in the male: loclt/ slender: ;)a//;i slightly hirsute:

wings horizontally extended, not angulated or indented.
Sp. 1. Bup. pinarius (the bordered white).
Inhabits pine forests.

Genus 3o8. GEOMETRA. HUner, IlaworUi, Leach. Phal.ena-.
Fair., L.atr., Linnt.
Antenna: of the male pectinated : bixlij slender : palpi but little or not at
all hairy: rr/ngs horizonfally extended; hinder margin very ancidar.
Sp. 1. Geo. lunaria (the lunar thorn). Sp. 2. Geo. dolabraria (scorch-
ed wing), &c.

Genus 359. OURAPTERYX. Leach. Piiai..^xa. Latr., Linne,

Fair.
vlwtoHi^ somewhat ciliated: to(/3r slender ; prt//)i but little hairy, zcings
horizontally extended ; inferior ones prolonged, truncate, and termi-
nated by a tail.
Sp. 1. Our. sambucaria (swallow-tail moth).

Genus 360. BISTON. Leach. PnALiENA. Limii, Fair., Lair.
Geometra. Hiibner, Haworth.
Antenna' of the male much pectinated: boclj/ thick: palpi very hairy.
Sp. 1. Bis. prodromaria (oak beautj^. 2. F.is. hettduria (the peppered).
3. Bis. hirtaria (the brindled beauty), &c.

Genus 361. ABRAXAS, Leach. PnALyiiNA. Linni, Fair., Lulr.,
Hub., Huuorth.
Antenna simple, not ciliated: hodt/ slender: palpi scarcely hirsute:

wings extended horizontally, not angulated or indented.
^. 1. Abr. grossularinta (common magpie moth).- 2. Abr. ulmuria
(scarce magpie moth), &c.

SjiRFS 3. — Caterpillars with fourteen feet; the anal onesdi^tiitct; the
first pair of membranaceous ones wanting;.

Genus 362. HERMINIA. Latr., Leach. Fua-ltesa (Pyralis).
LinnL Crambus. Fabr., Bosc. Pyralis. Hub.
Wings triangulate, nearly horizontal : anterior margin of the upper
wings straight : palpi two, recurved, compressed^ often ver) largo ;
antenna ciliated. /

^v 1. Her. p-o^t>i'c/rfa/«j (tlxe snout); &c.

254 WODKKN SYSTEXf.

SriRPS 4. — Caterpillars wkh fourteen feet, anal oneEv/anlir.g; the first
pair of membranaceous ones distinct.

Genus 363. PLATYPTERYX. Laspeyeres, Latr., Leach. Pha-

LXNA. Fuhl\

Anterior wings falcate : antenncc of the male pectinate : jmlpi very short,
somewhat conic : tongue short.

Sp. 1. Fla. fakuiaria (pebble hooktip). 2. Tla. hcertanaria (the scol-
loped hooktip), &c.

Obs. — ^The last species has the anterior wings dentate.

Genus 364. CILIX. Leach. Bombyx. I'uhr. Platypteryx. Latr.

Anterior zoings rounded : antenna of the male pectinated : palpi very
short, somewhat conic : tongue none.

Sp. 1. Cil. compressa (goose-egg moth).

Bombyx compressus. Fahr.

Stirps 5. — Catcrpillarx with sixteen feet: zvings with the body forming
a broad short triangle, dilated on each side anteriorly.

Genus 365. TORTRIX. Hubncr, Leach. Piialxna (Tortrix).
Linnc. Py kalis*-. Latr., Fain:
Falpi with the second joint distinctly longer than the third, and more
squamous; third joint short, truncate or obtuse, not recurved over
the head.
Sp. 1. Tor. Fagana.

Genus 366. SIMx\ETHIS. Leach. Tortrix. Buhner. Pyralis.

Latr.
Talpi short, rising; the last joint not recurved over the head; with
the second and third joints nearly equally long and equally squa-
mosa: inferior wings not completely covered by the upper ones.
Sp. 1. Sim. dentana.
Tortrix dentana. Hubncr.

Genus 367. NOLA. L^cach. Pyrai.is. H'ub., Latr.
Talpi short, porrect, last joint not recurved over the head; the second
and third joints nearly equally long and equally squamose: under
zcings completely covered by the upper ones.
Sp. 1. 2^vla palliolatis.
Pyralis palliolatis, Hubncr, Latr.

Fam. X. PvRALiDX. Leach,
Crambites. Latreille.
'^ Palpi four: larta (as far as has been ascertained) with sixteen feet.

Stirps 1. — Superior wings forming with the body a nearly horizontal
depressed triangle.

rtASS V. TXSECTA. 255

Gepus 368. BOTYS. Latr., Lcac/i. Piial.^xa (Pyralis). llnru:
Pykalis. Hvbner, Schrank, Scopoli, Haicortli. Nvjipiiai.a.
Schrank. Scopv l a. Sc/irunk. ¥\rai:st\, Schrank. CuAiiuus.
Fabr.

Tongue distinct, conspicuous : palpi cxsertcd.

i?p. 1. Hot. purpura ria.

Genus 369. PYRALTS. H'libner, Schrank, Schiffermulkr, Leach,
Phal.t:na (Pyralis). Limit:. Cuameus. Fabr. Aclossa,
Latr.
Tongue none : inferior palpi largest, the second joint very squamous,

the sqiianue ]iorrected in bundles.
Sp. 1. Fi/r. pingiiiualis (tlu; large tabby).
Cranibivs pinguinalis. Fabr.

SifRTS Q.-^Superior zoings very long, enveloping the sides of the body.

Genus 370. GALLEIIIA. I'abr., JmU-., Leach. Piial.e>ta (Ti-
nea). Linni. TiM-.A. Geoffroi/.
Tongue very short : palpi short : inferior palpi largest, with close scales ;
upper ones concealed by the scales of the clypeus : zcings narrow,
covering and pressing against the sides of the body.
Sp. 1. Gal. utvcaria.

Genus 371. CRAMBUS. Fair., Latr., Lcac/i. PiiAL.iiNA (Ti-
nea). Linnc. TixEA. Oeoff'roj/.
Wing!! nan'ow, convoluted round the body : palpi exserted, inferior ones

largest : Iiead with short close-applied scales : tongue distinct.
Sp. 1. Cram. Pineti.

Genus 372. TIXEA. Iliibncr, Geoff., Scop., Leach. Alucita,
Latr. PiiAL.i^NA (Thiea). Linne. Ypsolopiius. Fabr.
iri/?"-.? narrow, abruptly dcHcxcd, behind and above ascending: infe-
rior palpi with the second joint covered Avith numerous fasciculi of
scales ; the last erect, conic, naked : head with a bifid crest in front
Sp. 1. Tin. Kemoriim.

Fam. XI. Alucitad.?;. Leach.

PiEr.oPHOP.iTES. Latreillc.

Wings divided, or formed of feathers united at their base.

Genus 373. PTEROPIIORUS. Geoff., Latr., Fabr., Leach. Avc<.
ciTA. H'libner, Schrank, Scopoli. Piial^na (Alucita). Linnc.
Palpi small, from their base ascending, not longer than the head,
shortly and nearly equally squamose : anterior uings composed of
two, posterior of three feathers : pvpa naked, suspended by a hair.
Pier, pcntndacfi/lus.

256 MODERN SYSTEM.

Geniis 374. ALUCITA. H'ubner, ScopoU, Ler.ch. Ptekophortts.
Geoff'., Fubr. Phal.ena (Alucita). Linn., VUlers. Orne-
ODES. Latr.
Palpi produced much longer than the head ; the second joint very

squamous ; the last joint naked, erect : pupa foUicidate.
Sp. 1. Alu. hcxadactj/Ia.

Order XI. TRICIIOrTERA.

Order Trichoptera. Kirbt/, Leach.

Order Neuroptera. Linn., Cuv., Latr., Lam., S)C.

Characters of the Order.
" Wings much deflexed, with strong nervures, hispid or hairy, the lower
wings plicate : antemue inserted between the eyes, often very long,
composed of an infinity of joints : feet elongate, spiimlose : tarsi
elongate, five-jointed ; the last joint with two small nails : larva
elongate, agile, somewhat cylindric, composed of twelve joints, the
three first harder than the rest, and each bearing a pair of feet; the
last segment with two hooked processes. It inhabits tubes con-
structed of sand, bits of wood, stones, or grass, glued together by a
cement impenetrable to water: pupa somewhat resembling the per-
fect insect, shut up in the tube it inhabited whilst a larva, but having
the power of motion prior to its emerging from the water (in which
it resides), for the purpose of changing into the fly-state."

Genus 375. PHRYGANEA. LAnni; Fabr., Geoff., Latr., Leach.

Dr. Leach has paid the greatest attention to the insects of this
Order, having collected them with unexampled assiduity in various
parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. The Doctor
will probably publish a work on this Order. When published, I
juust refer the student to it for a further account of the genera.

Fam. I. LEPTocERiDiE. Leach.
A,denn(Z much longer than the whole body.

Genus 370. LEPTOCERUS. Lcuch.

Antenna simple, not denticulated.

Sp. 1. Lept. inter niptus.

Phryganea interrupta. Fabr.

Inhabits Great Britain. It is found in great plenty near Luss, on the
banks of Loch Lomond, on the margins of rivulets at Dreghorn
near Edinburgh, and near Carlisle in northern England. It occur;-,
during the day-time on the smaller branches of trees, and in the af-
ternoon flies about in great abundance, in flocks.

MODERX SYSTEM. 257

Genus Orr. ODOXTOCERUS. Lead,.
AatenncE with the inner edge denticulated.
S[). 1. Odon. grisem. Leach.
Inliabits Ireland and England.

Fam. II. PiiRYCAXiD.T. Lcacli.

AntenncE as long as the body.

Genus 378. PHllYGANEA. Lend,.
Anterior wings soft, villose.

Sp. 1. Phr. grandis.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 379. LLMNEPHILUS. Leach. >
Anterior zciiigs slightly coriaceous, ncrvures hispid or hairy.

Sp. 1. Lim. rliomhiciis. Leach.
Phryganea rhombica. Linn.
Inhabits trees in woods and marshes.

Order XIT. NEUROPTERA. Leach, Linii., Latr., Ciiv.
Class Odon ATA. Fuh:
Class Synistata. Ful>r.

Wings four, naked, reticulated, and divided into a vast number of
areola'.

Section L SUBULICORNES.

Antenna subulate, very short, the last joint setiform : mnxilhir,/ palpi
very short: toings extended horizontally or erect, very much reticu-
lated: metamorphosis semicomplcte : larva and pi/pa aquatic, some-
what resembling the j>erfect insect.

Fam. I. LiBELLULiD.E. T^each.

LlBELLULIN.=E. Latl-tHlc.

Tarsi three-jointed : mandibles strong, corneous : maxiUce corneous,
strong : uings equal, or the hinder ones a little larger at their base :
abdomen not terminated with sctze or filaments : eyes very large.

Stirps 1. — TFiwgs horizontal : head hemispheric, with a distinct vesicle
on which the little eyes are placed in a triangle: «6</()?«eft more or
less depressed; lip with the middle lamella smallest.

Genus 380. LIBELLULA. Linn., Luhr., Leitr., Leach.
Posterior wings alike in both sexes.
Sp. 1. Lib. depressa. All the wings blackish at the base; the abdomen

depressed ; of the male blueish, the female yellowish.
Libellula depressa. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits gardens" and woods, flying over them in pursuit of insects.

R

258 MODERN SYSTEiM,

Genus 381. CORDULIA. Leach. LiBELtrLA. Linn., Don., Puns.,

Latr.
Posterior wings of the male produced into an angle at the anal edge.
Sp. 1. Cor. anea. Wings pellucid: thorax and abdomen of a brassy

green.
Inhabits marshy places on Epping Forest and the New Forest of
Hampshire in June and July.

Stiups 2. — Wings horizontal; head hemispheric, without a distinct ve-
sicle for the little eyes, which are arranged in a straight line : uhdoinen
cylindric, sometimes clavate: lip with the middle lamella not much
smaller than the others.

Genus 382. CORDULEGASTER. Leach. Libellula. Linn.,
Don. A'sHXA. Latr.
Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdomen of the

male clavate, of the female with an acuminated process.
Sp. 1. Cor. anmdatus. Leach.
Libellula forcipata. Harris. iEshna annulata. Latr. Libellula Bolto-

nii. Don.
Inhabits Yorkshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Hamj)-

shire, and Cornwall. It likewise occurs amongst the Lakes, in the

North of England ; amongst the Pcntland Hills, near Edinburgh ;

and on Loch Lomond and Lock Katrine.

Genus 383. GOMPHUS. L^each. Libellula. Linn., Don.

Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdomen cla-
vate in both sexes.

Sp. 1. Goni. vulgatissimus. Leach.

Libellula vulgatissima. Linn. Libellula forcipata. Don.

Inhabits Europe. It occasionally occurs on Epping Forest, and at
Coombe Wood in Surry,

Genus 384. iESHNA. Leach, Fubr. Libellula. Linn., Don.

Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdovien cy-
lindric in both sexes, not clavate.

Sp. 1. Msh. grandis. Fabr., Leach.

Libellula grandis. Linn., Don.

Inhabits the fields near London ; Hackney and Plaistow Marshes :
but is difiicult to catch unless in windy weather, when it may be found
on the water plants growing in ditches. It may also be taken at the
dusk of fine evenings in the months of June and July, flying in pur-
suit of various insects which appear only at these times.

Genus 385, AN AX. Leach.
Hinder -wings of the male not angulated at their anal edge, but resem-
bling those of the female : abdomen cylindric in both sexes ; not cla-
vate.

CLASS V. IKSECTA. 259"

Sp. 1. Amir Imperator.

Inhabits England in the New Forest of Hampshire. It is necessary to
inform the young entomologist, that the insects of the first and se-
cond stirpes of this family require, whilst in a recent state, that the
contents of the abdomen should be extracted, and filled with either
a piece of paper or cotton, rolled upas near as possible to the natu-
ral size of the body, as without this precaution the insects will lose
their colour and turn entirely black, l-'or further directions see In-
structions for Killing and Preserving.

Stirps S. — Wings erect: head transverse: abdomen cylindric, linear:

ocelli or little eyes placed in a triangle.

Genus 386. AGIIION. Fair., Latr., Leach. Libellcla. Linn.
Wings membranaceous, with a rhomboidal stigma: abdomen of the

male not armed with a forceps-like appendage.
Sp. 1. Agrion sangidnius.
Inhabits marshes.

Genus 387. LESTES. Leach.
Wings membranaceous with an oblong-quadrate parallclopipcd stig-
ma : abdomen of the male armed with a forceps-like appendage,
Sp. 1 . Lestcs antumnalis.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 388. CALEPTERYX. Uach. Acriok. Fahr., Lutr.
Wings coriaceo-membranaceous, without a real stigma, in place of

which is sometimes an irregular transparent spot : abdomen of the

male furnished with a forceps-like appendage.
Sp. 1. Cul. Virgo.
Inhabits the banks of rivers.

Fam. II. Ephemerid.te. Leach,
Ephemerix.?:. Latreille.

Tarsi four-jointed: mouth not distinct: inferior zcings much .smaller
than the others, sometimes wanting: abdomen Wk-\\h the extremity
furnished with filaments. j\Ietamorphosis quadruple.

Stip.ps 1. — Tail with t^vo filaments.

Genus 389. BAETIS. Leach. Ephemera. Linn., Fabr., Lnfr.
Wings four.
Sp. 1. Bdetis bioculata.
Inhabits near water.

Genus 390. CLOEON. Leach.
Wings two.
Sp. 1. Clo. pallida.
Ephemera diptera. Linn., Fabr.

Inhabits Norfolk and Cumberland, near larg*- pieces of water.

K t

260 MODEUN SYSTEM.

Stirps 2. — 21/// with three filaments.

Genus 391. EPHEMERA of authors.
Sp. 1. Eph. vulgata. (P/. l.fg. 2.)
Inhabits marshes, and the banks of rivers.

Section II. FILICORNES.

Antenna longer than the head, not subulate : uings generally deflexedj
or incumbent.

Fam. III. PAXor.piDx. Leach.

Panorpat.?;. Latreilie.

Jfearf anteriorly produced into a rostrum : zwwgs equal, ovate-elliptic,
lying one over the other : ocelli three, approximate, arranged in a
triangle.

Genus 392. PANORPA. Linn., Fair., I^am., Latr., Leach.

Tarsi with two bent claws, denticulated beneath, having a spongy pul-
villus between them : jxz/yji nearly equal, filiform; the last joint cy-
lindric-ovate : mandibles with their points distinctly bidentate : ahiio-
mcn of the male Aviththe three last joints forming a tail armed with
a forceps.

Sp. 1. Pan. communis. {PI. 7. fig. 5. a. chela magnified.)

Inhabits hedges, and is very abundant in tliis country.
Fam. IV. TIemfrobiad/f. J^nch.

IIemerobini. Latreilie.

Antenna filiform or setaceous : palpi four : wings equal : tarsi five-
jointed

Stirps 1. — Ocelli or little eyes not distinct.

Genus 393. CIIRYSOPA. Leach. Hy.uy.v.o-rw^, of authors.

Antenna; (at least as long as the body) with cylindric joints longer than
broad.

Sp. 1. Ch7ys. Perla.

liemerobius Perla. Linne, Fair., Latr. Chrysopa Perla. Leach.

Inhabits woods, and is a common species.
Genus 394. HEIMEROBIUS. Leach, <Sc.

Antenmr as long or shorter than the body, with moniliform joints,

Sp. 1. Hem. variegatus.

Inliabits : is rare near London.

Stirps 2. — Ocelli three, distinct.

Genus 395. OSMYLUS. Lafr., Leach. IIemerobius. Fabr.
Villers, Rocmer, Don.

Anlenn(e moniliform.

Sp. 1. Osm. maculatus. Fuscous; head and feet testaceous: wings hairy,
the upper ones and the costal margin of the iul'erior ones spotted
with black. {PL 7.fg. 1.)

CLASS V. IN5ECTA. 261

Inhabits Trance, Germany, and England, in trees and hedges by tlijs
sides ol' running brooks.

Fam. V. SiALiD.i. Leach,

JNIegaloptera. Latreille.

Thorax with the first segment large, not much longer than broad : tarsi
five-jointcd : ubti^s ot" equal size: feet resembling each other.

Genus 39G. SIALIS. Latr., Leach. IIf.merobius. Geoff., Be
Gcer, Oliv. Semiujs. Fabr.
Wings deflexed : tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : ocelli none.
Sp. 1. Si. niger.
Inhabits trees; the larva in water.

Fam. \'J. R.vPiiiDrAD.E. Leach.

R H A PH I D I x.T.. Latreille.

II7«i,'.s of equal size: thorar with the first segment large: tar'si with
four distinct joints, the last but one bilobate : antenna: nearly seta-
ceous : ocelli three, arranged in a triangle.

Genus 397. RAPHIDIA. Linn., Geoff., Be Gccr, Fabr., Oliv.,
L(un., JMtr., Leach.

Head oval, narrowed behind, intlcxed : tliorcuc with the first segment
very lono;, narrow, and somewhat cylindric: anus of the female with
two united seta>.

Sp. 1. Raph. vphiopsis. {PI. 7. Jig. G.)

Inhabits trees and bushes near rivulets.

Fam. VII. PsociD.1. Leach.
PsoQUiLL^. LMtreille.

Inferior wings smaller than the superior ones : some are apterous :
palpi two, composed of four joints.

Stirps 1. — Tarsi two-jointed.

Genus 398. PSOCUS. Latr., Leach.
Tri)?i;s four.

Sp. 1. F&o. bipnnctatus. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Stirps 2. — Tarsi three-jointed.

Genus 399. ATROPOS. Leach. Termes. Linn., Be Geer. Pso-
cus. Fabr., Latr. Pedicllus. Geoff.
IVings none.
Sp. 1. Atr. lignoria.

Termes pulsatorium. Linn. Atropos lignaria. Leach.
Inhabits old books, and the paper on walls, often beating like a watch.

262 MODERN SYSTEM,

Order XIII. HYMENOPTERA.

Order HyjMenoptera, Linn., Latr., Lam., Cuv., Leach.

Class PiEZATA. Fubricius.

Characters of the Order.

Wings nervured (the areolae large and unequal in size), the interior
ones smaller than the ui)per : anus of the female with an oviduct.

Section I. TEREBRANTLi.

Oviduct lamelllforni or filiform ; in a few resembling a sting and valved ;
the vagina bivalve, received in a canal beneath, before the anus :
the valves compressed, in some compressed-lamelliform, in others
clongate-cylindric, setaceous.

Division I. — Abdomen united to the tkora.c along its tcliole breadth, zcitJiuut
any distinct peduncle.

Fam. I. Tenthredinidje. Leach.

Tentiiredinet.e. Latreille.

Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellfe which are serrated :
inandibks more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : uiugs
with the marginal cells complete : lubrum distinct.

Larv.e with membranaceous feet.

In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany Dr. Leach has
given an excellent essay on this very interesting family of insects.
" The object of which is to give the external character of the genera
of tliis family, to enable the student to distinguish them without ex-
amining the parts of the mouth."

Stirps 1. — Antoma short and clavated; with the third joint very long:
superior wings with two marginal and three submarginal cells.

^ Genus 400. CIMBEX Oliv., Fahr., Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Ten-
THREDO. Limit, Jurine, Panz., Dc Geer. Crabro. Geoffroi/.
Clavellaria. Lamarck.

Bodi/ slightly hairy : abdomen with the first arliculation (of the male
especially) on the upper part emarginatcd: the four posterior thighs
of the male very thick, of the female simple ; tarsi of the male with
the last joint on the under part with a small horn or protuberance.

Sp. 1. Cim. europaa. Head and thorax black : abdomen blueish-black ;
the apex only yellow or ferruginous: antenna^ and tarsi yellow: fe-
mora and tibiffi blueish-black : wings brownish at the apex.

Tcnthrcdo femorata. Linnc, Panzer. Cimbex femorata. Fahr., Latr,
Crabro lunulatus. Fourc. Cimbex europsa. Leach.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 263

Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Darttbrd
in Kent, and at Windsor.

4 Genus 401. TRICHIOSOMA. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii.
Bodt/ hairy : abdomen with the first articulation (especially in the male)

but slightly emarginated, the four posterior thighs dentated (in tlie

male thick).
Sp. 1, Iri. si/hatlaim. Black, and slightly shining : abdomen of a dull

yellow or brownish, the base and apex black : femora blueish-black:

tibias and tarsi yellowish : wings with the apex brownish.
Inhabits woods near London, but is rare.

4- Genus 402. CLAVELL.VRTA. Lumarck, Uach.

iit)(fy hairy or but slightly hairy: abdomen with the first articulation
scarcely niarginated : femora of the four posterior legs witliout denta-
tions (of the male thickened).

Sp. 1. Cla. marginala. Black; apex of the antennje, tibice, and tarsi
yellow: abdomen with the margins of the posterior segments white.

Tenthredo marginata. Linn., Punz. Cimbex marginata cf authors.

Inhabits woods in Europe: and has once occurred at Windsor.

Genus 403. ZAR.EA. I^ach.
Eyes of the male joining at the posterior part.

Sp. 1. Zar. fusci'ita. Black; tibias and tarsi yellow, the superior wings
with a brownish band (abdomen of the female with the base white).
Tenthredo fasciata. Linnt, Fanz. Cimbex fasciata of authors.
Lihabits woods : is rare in Britain.

Genus 404. ABIA. Leach.

Abdomen of the male with an elongated, silky spot on the posterior
part : eijcs of the male nearly joining.

Sp. 1. Abia nigricornis. Antennae black: wings from the middle to the
apex with light brown spots : feet light red; thighs black and shin-
ing.

Tenthredo nitens (female). Linn. Cimbex sericea, var. Tuhr. Abla
nigricornis. Leach.

Inhabits woods.

Sp. 2. Abia sericea.

Tenthredo sericea. Linni.

Inli'c-.bits woods and furze on heaths.

Genus 405. AMASIS. Leach.
Body without spots : abdomen with the first articulation undivided.
Sp. 1. Am. Iceta. Back of the abdomen pale yellow, the first segmer.t

wholly black : wings at the base blackish.
Tenthredo Igeta. Fabr., Panz. Cimbex laeta of authors. Amasis laeta.

Leach.
Inhabits England and Germany, It has once occurred near Bristol.

^

264 MODERN SYSTEM,

Srira's 2. — Antemut of a moderate length, composed of tlirce allien. a-
tions, filiform, the last joint increasing towards the apex (in the
males ciliated or furcated) : wings with one marginal and three sub-
marginal cells : bodi) short, and increasing towards its apex.

Genus 406. HYLOTOMA. Fah:, Leach.
Upper wings with the marginal cell emitting a small branch : antenna;

of the male cili.ited : tib'ue, the four hinder ones furnished with a

spine situated near the middle on the inner side.
Larva with fourteen spurious feet.
Sp. 1. Hyl. pi/icornis. Body blueish-black: wings at the apex clouded:

feet black, Avith white bands : antennae rather lengthened, black and

ciliated : the third submarginal cell increasing towards the apex.
Length of the Iwdy 'l-l- lines, expansion of the wings G lines.
Found in Coombe NVood, Surry, by Mr. Stephens.
Obs. — ()f this genus we have several indigenous species.

Genus 407. CRYPTTS. Jnrine, Leach.
Upper wings without the branch to the marginal cells : antennce of the

male divided and ciliated : the whole of the tibia; simple.
Sp. 1. Cri/p. Villcrsii. Bright yellow: head, antenna?, (and thorax of

the male) black : wings brownish and transparent.
Tenthredo furcuta. J7//. Eat. 3. 86. t.T.f. 16. $ f. 17. q .—Panz.

Faun. Insect. Germ. 46. 1. Tenthredo llubi Ida^i. T/lig., Rossi, Fn.

Etr. Q.3\. Ilylotoma furcata. Fabr., Latr., SpmoL, hhig. Cryp-

tus furcatus. Jurine. Cryptus \ illersii. Leach, ZooL Misc. vol. iii.

1(? 1. — 2 Hylotoma Angelica?. Fabr. Sj/st. Piezat. 25. — I^iug, Berl.

Mag. 1814, p. 302. Tenthredo melanocephala. Panz.
Inhabits France, Germany, and Italy. In England it is very rare.

Stiri'S 3. — Antenna: short, with nine or ten articulations, increasing in
thickness in the middle, but ending in a point, the third articulation
longer than the fourth : bodj/ short, and increasing towards the apex.
Genus 403. MESSx\. Leach.

Upper wings with one marginal and four submarginal cells : antenna'-
with nine joints.

Sp. 1. Mi'ssa horlulana.

Tenthredo hortulana. King. Messa hortulana. Leach.

Inhabits

Genus 409. ATIIALIA. Leach.
Upper wifigs with tv.-o marginal and four submarginal cells : antenna:

with ten joints.
Sp. 1. Ath. spinarum. 2. Ath. Rosa. 3. Ath. annulata. i^ , G0>4t/HvxA.

Genus 410. SELANDRIA. Leach. Tfxtiiredo, Fam. I. King.
Upper wings with two marginal and four submarginal cells : antenna:

with nine joints.
Sp. 1. Sel. scrva. 2. >SV/. cincripcs. 3. Sel. ovatu.

CLASS V. INSECTA. t265

Genus 411. FENUSA. Uach. Tenthredo, Fam. H. f. Klvg.
Uppei- wings wilh two marginal and tliree subniarginal cells : anttnna:

composed of nine joints.
Sp. 1. I'tn. pumda.
Tenthredo pmnila. Klug. Fenusa piimila. Leach.

ST1RP9, 4. —Antenn^E composed of nine joints, moderately long : bodj/
moderately long: uppe?- zcings with two marginal cells.

-|. Genus 112. ALLANTUS. Panz., Jurine, LcucL TrxTiiREDixEs

Ai.LAxri. Klug.
rT/j/jfr ?£'/ff^s with four'snhmarginal cells: antenna with the third j(jint

longer than the fourth.
Sp. 1. All. semkimta. Q. All. notlia. 3. All. zo/mta, S,c.

^ Genus 413. TENTHREDO. T.cacl,. Tenthuedines Allvxti

King.
Upper- nhigs with four suhmarginal cells: antenna: with the third joiju

ol'ilie same length with the fourth.
Sp. 1. Tcntli. liapcc. 1. Tenth, dimidkiln. 3. Tenth, nasatu, ^r.

-^- Genus 414. DOSYTHEUS. Uach. Te.nthredi.nes Dolert

Klug.
Upper uing!; with three sulmiarginal cells: antenna: with the first joint

short, the third longer than the fourth.
Sp. 1. JJox. Elanfcrite. 2. 1)0.1. Junci, c^c.

Genus 4 Ij. DOLERUS. Jurine,Latrc.ille,Lcarh. Tentiiredine,
DoLERi. Klug. Doeervs. Juiine.
Upper wings with three suhmarginal cells: antenna with the first joint

short; the third and fourth of equal len^^th.
Sp. 1. Dol. opacus. 2. Dol. Gonagra, Sfc.

Genus 41G. EMPIIYTUS. Uach. Textiiredixes Empiiyt).

Klug.
Upper zcbigs wi-h three suhmarginal cells: antenna: with the first and

second joints equal ; third and fovu'lh equal.
Sp. 1. Emph. cincta. 2. Eniph. ccrea. 3. E'mph. tibialis, S^c.

Stirps 5.— Superior zcings with but one marginal cell : bod,/ short; of
the males narrower towards the apc\: antenna simple, nine-jointed,
slightly ciliated, gradually increasing in the middle, and decreasing
towards the apex. • '^

Dr. Leach has obsen-ed that from the shortness of the body, tlie
one marginal cell, &c. it is probable that this is nearly allied to the
second stirps.

Genus 417. CRiESUS. Leach.
Upper reings with four suhmarginal cells : antenna in both sexes longer
than the body (especially in the females) with very short ciliee: pos-
terior tarsi with the fir ^t joint elongated and compressed.

266 MODKRN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Cras. septentrional is.

Nematus Septentrionalis. Jui-ine, La/r., Lcuch. Ci\tsus Septcntrio-

nalis. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. p. 129.
Inhabits woods.

-f- Genus 418. INEMATUS. Leach.

Superior wings with four submarginal cells: antenna simple, nine-
jointed ; longer than the body in the males, the last articulation ge-
nerally increasing, or internally a little produced : tarsi simple.

Sp. 1. Nem. niger. 2. Ncm. lutcus. 3. Nem. lucidus, 4"C.
Genus 419. CLADIUS. Leach.

Upper zcings with three submarginal cells : antenne of the same length
as the body or scarcely longer; of the males with very long cilia;
the 3d, 4th, and .5th joints from the apex, or the (Jth and 7th (espe-
cially) a little produced ; the third joint from the base with a small
protuberance: tarsi simple.

Sp. 1. eta. diffhrmis.

Inhabits England, but is rare ; it has occurred at Coombe Wood in
Surry, and near Bristol.

Stikps 6. — Antenna; with many articulations: hodt/ rather depressed:
wings with two marginal and four submarginal cells.

Genus 420. TARPA. Fahr., King, Leach. Megalodontes. i«/r.,
Spinoln. Diprion. Schi'unk.
Tibia, the four posterior armed on the inside with two spurs or spines.

Obs. — Abdomen with the posterior part of the first articulation with a
membranaceous margin; the membrane pale.

Sp. 1. Tar. Fuliricii. Black; head with two spots on the inner margin
between the eyes : thorax with the anterior part angular ; two stripes
near the scutellum, and pimctured ; the membrane of the abdomen
with two fascia-, and a puncture on each side : anus with a white
band: antennae l)rown; the first two joints black : feet yellow; base
of the coxffi of the four anterior feet black.

Tarpa Fabricii. Leach.

Length of the body 7 lines ; expansion of the wings 12-1 lines. In the
museum of Dr. Leach.

Sp. 2. Tar. Klngii. Black, with three spots between the eyes; those
placed on the margin of the eyes broken : thorax with the anterior
margin divided; two stripes near the scutellum, and punctured: ab-,
domen with the 1st, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th joints at tlie poste-
rior margins, with two yellow bands : antenna^, with the second and
last joint black, the others brown ; feet reddish brown; tibia' yellow;
thighs of the four anterior legs black at their base.

Tenthredo cephalotcs. Fair. Ent.Si/sf. 2. 111. Tarpa cephalotes. Fair.
Sj/st. Piezat. 19. Tarpa plagiocephala. Kli/g, Berl. Mag. 1808, 270.
L 8. Tarpa Klngii. Leach, .Zool. Misc. iii. 131. <

CLASS V. INSECTA. 217

Length of the body 5 — 5^ Uncs, expansion of the wings 10 — 11 Hne-..
Inhabits Germany and England : in the latter it is very rare, and has
only been found near Bristol.

Genus 4'21. LYDA. Fair., SpinoL, Klug., Leach. Pampiiilius.

Latr., Leach, Edinb. Enct/cl. vol. ix. 141. Cephaleia. Jur'me

TibiiE, the four posterior furnished on tlie inside with a single spine

near the middle and a double one beneath.
Jmi-vu with no spurious feet.
Lydae. Klug.
Sp. 1. Lijdu Betulie. 2. Lijda erythrocephala, S^c.

Genus 422. LOPHYRUS. Lntr., Lcarh. Pteronus. Jurine. IIv-
i.OTOMA. Fabr. Tenthredo. Linn., De Gecr, 0/iv., Lam.,
Panz.
AnteniitE pennated in the males; serrated in the females : superior wings
with one marginal and three submarginal cells : mandibles tridentate.
Sp, 1. Lop//. Pini.
inhabits Europe: is very rare in Britain.

Fam. II. XiPHYDRiAD.t. Leach.

Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamelUf, which are serrated :
mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : uings
with the three marginal cells complete : labrum obscure.

lAirvte with scaly feet, or at least not membranaceous.

Genus 423. CEPHUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex. Linn.
AsTATUs. Klug. Trachelus. Jurine.
^[undibles exserted, longer than wide: neck long: oviduct exserted :
antenna; inserted in the front between the eyes, gradually thicker ex-
ternally.
>^p. 1. Cephus pygmcsus. Latr.
Inhabits flowers in fields and hedges.

Genus 424. XIPIIYDRIA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sires.

Linn.
Mandibles exserted, longer than wide: neck long: oviduct exserted:

antenna setaceous, inserted above the clypeus.
Sp. 1. Xiph. Camelus.
Inhabits willow grounds.

Fam. III. Urocerid.'e. Leach.
Abdomen sessile: oviduct filiform, exserted, or inclosed in a groove be-
neath the abdomen : mandibles short.

Genus 425. ORYSSUS. Latr., Fabr., Jurine, Lam., Klug, Panz,,
Leach. Sphex. Scopoli.
Mandibles with their internal edge not dentated : maxillary/ palpi long
and pendulous: antennas filiform, compressed, inserted under the an-
terior margin of the clypeus : superior zcings with one marginal cell,

268 MODERN SYSTEM.

and two submarginal, the last incomplete : oviduct capillary, hidden

in a longitudinal groove.
Sp. 4. On/x. co7ouutus.
Oryssns ruronatus. Fabr., Latr., Coqiiebert, Leach. Oryssus Vesperti-

lio. Klug, Fanz. Sphex abietina. Scopoli.
Inhabits sandy places : taken by Dr. Leach in Darent wood in July.

Genus 426. UROCERUS. Geoff., Oliv.,Lam., Latr., Leach. Si-
rex. Linn., Fabr., Jurinc, Fanz.

Mandibles dentated on theii- internal edge : maxillary pcdpi very small ;
labial palpi terminated by a very thick, hairy joint: antenna gradu-
ally narrowing externally, inserted in the front, longer than the tho-
rax : superior wings with t^vo marginal and two submarginal cells
complete : abdomen terminating in a point : oviduct exserted, com-
posed of three parts, the outer ones valviform.

Sp. 1. Uro. Gigas. (Fl. S.fig. 3.)

Sirex Mariscus. Fabr.(Mii]e). Sirex Gigas Liane. Fabr., Latr. (Female).

Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain.

Division II. — Abdomen united to the thorax htj a peduncle.

Fam. IV. Evaxiad.t:. Leach.

EvAXiALES. Latreiile.

Inferior uings with verj^ distinct nervures : antcnyitE v.-ith 13 or 14 joints.

Genus 427. E\^\XIA. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Jurine, Fanz., Leach.
Spiiex. Linn. Ichneumon. De Geer.
Abdomen very small, much compressed, triangular or ovoid ; abruptly

pcdimculated and inserted behind tlie metathorax.
Sp. 1 . Lv. appendugaster. Fabr., Latr.
Found near Bristol and Swansea, but is very rare.

Genus 428. FQl.NUS. Fabr., Latr., Jurine, Fanz., Leach. Ich-
neumon. Linn., Geoff., De Geer. Gasteruption. Latr.
(obsolete).
Xech elongate: hinder tibia: clavatc: abdomen a lengthened club.
Sp. J . Fan. Jaculator.
Fcenus Jaculator. Fabr., Fanz., Latr., Leach. Ichneumon Jaculator,

Linn.
Inhabits woods and hedges.

Fam. V. IcHNET.'MONiD.?;. Leach.

IcHNEUMONiDES. Latreiile.

Abdomen attached to tlie thorax by a part of its transverse diameter :
inferior zcings with very distinct nervures: antenna with 21 joints or
more : mandibles bidcntatc, or notched at their extremity.

CLASS V. IN3ECTA. 269

Division I. — Abdomen with Jive very distinct segments.

Subdivision 1 . — Superior wings with the first submarginal cell very lai^ge,
the trco discoidal cells situated longitudinalli/, one above the other.

Genus 4(29. ICHNEUMON. Lutr., Leach.
Maxillari) palpi with very uneqyal joints; oviduct with its base not co-
vered by a large scale, exserted.

[This Genus consists of several natural genera; but the charac-
ters arc obscure, and are not yet fully understood. The following
divisions are proposed l)y Latreille, who has submitted these iii-
sects to a scrupulous and daily investigation.

Division A.
Abdomen but little or not at all compressed.

Subdivision a.
Eiiirmify of the abdomen of the female compressed and obliquely trun-
cated,: ot'(V/«c^ exserted.

1. * Abdomen ci/lindric, zcith a very short peduncle.

Genus Pimpla of Fabricius.

2. ** Abdomen somewhat ovoid, with the peduncle long, slender, and

arcuate.

Genus Cryptus of Fabricius.
SubdivisioJi b.
Extremity of the abdomen of the female slightly compressed, not obr
liquely truncated: oviduct scarcely prominent or exserted.

3. * Abdomen cylindric, almost sessile.

Genus Metopius of Panzer. Pelastes of Illiger.

4. ** Abdomen almost fusiform or cylindric, gradually narrower to-

wards the base ; the peduncle not slender or arcuate.
Genus Alomya of Panzer.

5. *** Abdomen ellipsoid or ovulate, with the peduncle slender and

arcuate.
Genus Ichneumon of Fabricius.

Division B.

Abdomen very much compressed.

6. * Apex truncate in the females.

Genus Ophion of Fabricius.

7. **" Abdomen with the apex pointed.

Genus BA^CIIU5 of Fabricius.]

270 MUUERX SVbTERr.

Subdivision 2. — Superior wings nith the first siih/narginal cdl mall, or
■ of a moderate size; the two discuichd cells phiccd in a transverse line In/
the side of each other.

Genus 430. BRACON. Jiirine, Fair., Panz., Illiger, Spinoli, Latr.,
Leach. Ichneumon. Linn., Scopoli, Schrank. Vipio. Latr.
(rejected name.)
Mouth produced into a rostrum : superior zrings with the two first sub-
marginal cells nearly equal, square.
Sp. 1. Br. Desertor.
Bracon Desertor. Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods.

Division II. — Abdomen almost inarticulate, with but three distinct seg-
ments.
Genus 431. SIGALPHUS. Latr., Spinoli, Leach. Sph.t.roi-vx.
Hofimansegg. Cryptus. Fabr. Ichneumon. Fabr. Che-
LONUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger. Bracon. Jurine.
Sp. 1. Sig. Irrorator.

Sigaliihus Irrorator. Latr., Leach. Cryptus Irrorator. Fabr.
Inhul>its .

Fam. VI. DiPLOLEPiDJE. Leach.

Diplolepari.e. Latrcille.

Abdomen inserted to the thorax by a part only of its transverse diame-
ter : inferior loings without distinct nervures : body not contractile
into a sphere : abdomen compressed or depressed, scarcely pedimcu-
lated: ovidnct ^\\\'ovm: palpi very hhort: antenne filiform, straight,
from 13 to 16 joints.

Genus 432. DIPLOLEPIS. Geoff., Oliv., Pan::., Illig., Leach.
Cynips. Linne, Scopoli.

Al'domen with the inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna
filiform, joints cylindric.

Sp. 1. F)ip. QnercMS-folii.

Cynips Qucrcus-folii. Linne. Diplolepis Quercus-folii. Latr.

Inhabits the oak.

Genus 433. FIGITES. Latr., Jurine, Leach. Cynips. Rossi.

Abdomen with its inferior part compressed, triangular-ovoid : antenna
moniliform, thicker towards their extremities.

Sp. 1. Fig. scutellaris.

Figites scutellaris. Jurine, Latr. Cynips scutellaris. Jlossi.

Inhabits France and England.

Fam. VII, Cynipsid.?:. Leach.
Cyijipsera. iMtreille.
Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part only of its transverse dia-

CLA.SS V. IXSF.CTA. 271

meter : inftrior wings without dibtinct nervures : Imh/ not contractile
into a bull: ubdunicn compressed or depressed: oviJuct iiliform:
palpi very short : antcnn<£ broken, clavate, or gradually thicker ex-
ternally, lioni six to twelvc-jointcd : hinder Ject i'oxnxtiCk tor leap-
ing.

Stirps 1. — Hinder tibia: arcuated.

Genus 431. CHALCTS. Fair., Oliv., Panz., Jurinc, I/llg., Latr.,
Leach. Spiiex. Limit. V^espa. Linn'c.
Abdomen ovoid-triangular, not sessile, terminated by a point: superior
u-inps not folded, with the marginal and subinarginal cells none, or
obliterated: maxi/lurj/ palpi, with the last joint but one shorter than
the one before it.
Sp. 1. Chul. cluvipes. {PI. 8. Jig. 6.)

Inliabits Europe. Is found on aquatic plants in Battersea fields in the
month of June.

Stirps 2. — Hinder tibi'j straight.

Genus 435. CYMPS. Geof., Schaff., Fabr., Oliv., Wakk., Lafr.,
Lea£h. Ichneumon". Linni.

>ln^(^ri7j(!E wiih cylindric joints : aWo/nen compressed ; oviduct exserted.
Sp. 1. Cijn. caprcEu.
Inhabits .'

Fam, VIII. C!iRY5iDrD.E. I^uch.
Chuysidides. LatreiUe.

Abdomen attached to the metathorax by a portion only of its trans-
verse diameter : inferior winga without distinct nervures : body not
contractile into a ball.

Stirps 1. — Abdomen semicylindric or semicircular, with five segments
in the male, and four in tlie female: thorax attenuated in front, di-
vided transversely by four segments.

Genus 436. CLEPTES. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, lUiger, Spi-
noli. Leach. Sphex. Linnc, Vill. Ciirysis. Oliv. X'espa.
Geoff. Ichneumon. Rossi, Wakk.
Sp. 1. Cle. scmi-aurata. Fabr., Latr.
Inhabits sand-banks.

Stirps 2. — Abdonteu semicylindric, truncated or rounded behind, often
dentated, composed of three, sometimes of four joints: thorax i^e-
micylindric, divided by three transverse sutures : metathorax with
the middle not elongated into a scutellum.

272 MODERN SYSTEM.

Subdivision 1. — Mdathorax tcith the middle prod need into a scut ell am.
* Abdomen with the secoiid sepnent larger them the others : palpi
many-jointed.
Genus 437. ELAMPUS. Spinoli, Tuitr., Leach. Chrysis. Fair.,
Jurine. IlEDYCHurM. Pauz., Lepeletier.
Mandibles dentated : abdotncn terminated by an obtuse point ; the se-
cond segment larger than the others.
Sp. 1. El. Panzeri.

Elampus Panzeri. Spinoli. Chrj'sis Panzeri. Fair.
Inhabits walls. Taken at Exeter by Dr. Leach.

Subdivision 'i. — Metathorax with the middle not elongated into a scu-
tellum.
** Abdomen nith the third or fourth segment larger than the others :
palpi two-jointed {and very small).
Genus 438. CHRYSIS ot'aidhors. Vespa. Geoff.
2Iundibles with one tooth on their internal edges : abdomen semicylin-
dric, eion;:ate ; the last segment al)rupt]y divided by an impression,
with a transverse row of impressed dots.
Sp. 1. Chr. ignita. {PI. 8. fig. 7.)

lulrabits sand-banks, posts, and walls. We have several species in thi-
country that have been confounded witli Chr. ignita, SjC-

Genus 430. HEDYCHRUM. Latr., Panz., Spin. Ciikvsis
Linn., Fabr., lUig., Lamarck.
Mandibles bidentate on their internal edge : abdomen semicircular, with

the extremity rounded ; all the segments united.
Sp. 1. Hcd. anratum.

Chrysis aurata. Fabr. Hedychrura auratuni. Leach.
Iiiliabits sand-banks.

Section IT. ACVLFATA.
Oviduct none : sting or aculeus in the females having a communica-
tion with poisonous glands ; abdomen attached to the tliorax in all by
a part only of its transverse diameter.

Division I. — Hinder feet not pollinigerons; their tarsi zcith the first joint
ci/lindric, not much larger than the others, nor much compressed.

Larv.e omnivorous.

Subdivision 1. — Ocelli or stemmata not distinct. Wings ojlen wanting in
the females and neuters.

Fam. IX. FoRMicADiE. Leach.
FoRMiCARix. Latreille.
Abdomen with a peduncle abruptly formed, witli a scale on two knots :

CLASS V. INSECTA. 273

antennte thicker towards their extremities, the first joint very long,
more so in the females and neuters : lahrmn large, perpendicular,
corneous.

These insects live in societies consisting of vast numbers. The
males and the females are furnished with wings, the neuters being
apterous.

Huber has written a work on the ceconomy of these animals.

Genus 440. FORMICA of authors. Lasius. Fabr.
Peduncle of the ahdomcn formed of one simple scale: sting not pimcto-

rious : poisonous glands in the female and neuters : antcnnes inserted

in the front.
Sp. 1. Fo?-. hcrculanca.
Formica herculanea. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits woods, building a large nest with bits of sticks.

Fam. X. MuTiLLADa:. Leach,
Mutillari.e. LatreiUe.

Head large : abdomen somewhat conic or ovoid : tihiiB spinose : maxil-
lary palpi as long or longer than the maxillae: antenntB fihform, in-
serted in the middle of the face, longer than the head, the first
joint not receiving tlie second : superior wings with three submar-
ginal cells.

The insects of this family are solitary. The males are winged,
the females apterous, and there are no neuters.

Genus 441. MUTILLA. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Illig., Spi-
nola, Leach. Sphex. De Geer. Apis. Christus, Harris. ■
Abdomen (of both sexes) ovoid and convex; the second segment large,
somewhat campanulated : thorax of the females cubical, with no
transverse sutures.
Sp. 1. Mut. Europaa. Linn., Fal)r., Panz., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 442. MYRMOSA. Latr., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Mutii.la.
Rossi. Hyl.t.us. Fabr.
Abdomen depressed, elliptic in the males, conic in the females: thorax

composed of two segments, the anterior segment transverse.
Sp. 1. Mt/rm. melanocephala.
Myrmosa melanocephala. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits

Subdivision 2. — Ocelli distinct, smooth: wings never wanting.

Fam. XL Scoliadje. Leach.
ScoLiET^. LatreiUe.

Thorax with the first segment transverse-quadrate, or forming an arc :
feet short, or moderately long ; the hinder ones thick, spinulose, or

27-i MODERN SYSTLM.

strongly ciliated : antenmE shorter than the head and trunk : superior-
zvings with the marginal cell detached from the apex, not doubled
longitudinally : max illari/ palpi long ; with the joints very unequal.

Genus 443. TIPIIIA. Fair., Panz., TUig., Jurine, Spiuula, Leach.
Sphex. Scopoli, Christm. Bethyllus. Panzer.
Mandibles without teeth: antemm shorter than the thorax in both

sexes, the first joint obconic: abdomen ovate.
.Sp. 1. Tiph. femoratu.
Inhabits flowers, and sandy situations.

Fam. XII. Sapygid.i. Leach.

Tliorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square:
feet moderate, or short, slender, not strongly ciliated or spined : an-
tenncE in both sexes as long as the head and trunk : superior mings
with the marginal cell not remote, not folded longitudinally.

Genus 444. SAPYGA. Lair., Jurine, Klug, Illig., Spinola, Leach.
Aphis. Linn. Vespa. Geoff. IIellus. Fabr., Panz. Sphex.
Fillers.
Mandibles very strong, trigonate, many-toothed : antennie thicker to-
wards their extremities.
Sp. 1. Sap. seipunctata.

Sapyga sexpunctata. Leach. Hellus sexpunctatus. Fahr\
Inhabits palings.

Fam. XIII. Pompilid.'e. Leach.

Pom PI LI I. Latreille.

Thorax with the first segment forming an arch, or a transverse square :
feet long ; the hinder ones as long as the head and trunk : antenna:

slender, formed of elongate and slightly serrated joints : superior

wings not folding longitudinally.

Sxinps 1. — Superior zvings with three sulmiarginal cells complete.
Genus 445. POMPILUS. Latr., Leach.

Maxillari/ palpi longer than the labial ones, with the last joint thicker,
conic-obovate; the three last joints nearly equally long: labrum insert-
ed under the clypeus: antenntz (of the females at least) with tl^ir
points convoluted.

Obs. — This is an artificial genius, and contains several natural genera.

Sp. 1. Pom. annulatus.

Poujpilus annulatus. Latr., Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits

Genus 446. CEROPALES. Latr., Fabr., Jur., Panz., Spinola,
Leach. EvANiA. Oliv., Villers, Rossi, Cuvier.
ilf«xiWa;3/2)«//n pendulous, longer than the labial ones; the three lust

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 275

joints equally long, the last joint thicker, conic-obovate : lalnim en-
tirely cxserted, entering to the anterior margin of the clypeus : an-
tennce (in both sexes) thick, rigid, with tl^e middle arcuated, not
convoFuted.

Sp. 1. Cer. maculata.

Ceropales maculata. Fuhr., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits

Stirps 2. — Superior wings with two complete submarginal cells.

Genus 447. APOllUS. Spinula, Latr., Leach.
Superior wings with the second submarginal cell receiving two recur-
rent nervures.
Sp. 1. Apo. unicolor.
Aporus unicolor. Spinola, Latr., Leach.
Inhabits

Fam. XIV. Sphecid.t:. Leach.

Tliorax \\\\h the first segment transverse-linear: feet long; the hinder
ones as long as the head and trunk : oa7/< distinct: superior wings
not folding lungitudinally: mandibles with their internal edge denti-
culated.

Genus 448. A^NIOPHILA. Kirby, Latr., Leach. Sphex. Linn.,
De Gcer, Panz., Lamarck, Cuv., Jurine, Illig., Spinola. Pep-
sis. Fabr., Spinola. Miscus. Jurine.
Antennce inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla and luhrum
much longer than the head, bent in tlie middle : palpi very slender,
with cylindric joints.
Sp. 1. Amoph. sabulosa.

Sphex sabulosa. Linnc. Amoph. sabulosa Kirhi/, <^-c.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 449. SPHEX. Linn., Fabr., Cuv., Lam., Jur., JUig., Leach.
Ichneumon. Geoff. Apis. Linn. Pro-apis. De Gcer. Pepsis.
Fabr., Spinola.
Antenna: inserted about the middle of the face : maxilla: and lubrnm
scarcely longer than the head, and bent towards their extremities :
maxillary palpi with all the joints elongate and obconic.
Sp. 1. Sphex Jiavipcnnis.

Pepsis flavipennis. Fabr. Sphex flavipennis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits sandy places.

Genus 450. DOLICHURUS. Latr., Leach. Pison. Jurine. Pom-
PILUS, Spinola.
Antenna: m^axtGA at the mouth (at the base of the clypeus.'): maxillary

palpi setaceous, longer than the labial ones.
Sp. 1. Dol. ater.

s2

276 MODERN SYSTEM.

Pompilus corniculus. Spinola. Dolichurus ater. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits ' ■

Fam. XV. Larradx. Leach.

Larrat^. Latreille.

Thorax with the first segment transverse-hnear : feet short, or mode-
rately long: lahrum entirely concealed, or but very obscure: eyes
elongate, reaching the hinder margin : ocelli very distinct : antenna
inserted near the mouth, the first joint obovoid or inserted in the
middle of the face : superior wings not folding longitudinally.

SxiRPS 1. — Superior wings with two or tliree subuiarginal cells complete.

a. JSj/es entire, not emarginate. Mandibles without an emarginalion
on their internal edge.

* Antenna thicker- externally : eyes separate.

Genus 451. GORYTES. Latr., Illig., Spin., Leach. Mellintjs.
Fabr., Walck. Vespa. Linn., Geoff. Sphex. Rossi. Ar-
PACTUS. Jurine, Panz. Oxybelus. Fabr.
Antenna inserted below the middle of the face : mandibles unidentate :

superior wings with the second submarginal cell sessile.
Sp. 1. Gor. quinquecinctus.
Gorytes quinquecinctus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits .

Genus 452. PSEN. Latr., Jurine, Panz., IlUg-, Leach. Trypoxy-
LON. Fabr.
Antenna thicker externally, inserted in the middle of the face, towards
the front : eyes separate : abdomen with the peduncle abrupt and
short.
Sp. 1. Psen ater. Latr.
Inhabits posts and sandy places.

** Antenna filiform : eyes meeting behind.
Genus 453. ASTATA. Latr., Spinola, Leach. Sphex. Villers, Eossi.

Dimorpha. Jurine, Panz., Illig.
Antenna inserted towards the mouth at the base of the clypeus.

b. Eyes entire, not tinarginate : mandibles emarginate on their m-
ternal edge.

* Superior wiiigs with three submarginal cells.

Genus 454. LARRA. Fabr., Oliv., Jurine, Pans., Spinola, Latr.,
I^each. LiRis. Fabr., Illig. Sphex. Villers, Rossi.
Antenna filiform : sxiperior zcings with the third submarginal cell nar-
row, almost lunate : mandibles without a tooth-like process on their
hiternal edge.

CLASS V. IXSECTA.

277

Sp. 1. Lar. ichneumoniforvds.

Larra ichneumoniformis. Panz., Fair., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits .

Genus 455. LYROPS. Illig., Latr., L^ach. Tachytes. Paiix.
Lahra. Fair., Jurine. LiRis. Fabr. Andrexa. Rossi.
Antennce filiform : superior zvings with tlie third submarginal cell nar-
row, almost lunate : mandibles with a strong tooth on their internal
edge.
Sp. 1. Lar. tricolor.

Larra tricolor. Fabr. Tachytes tricolor. Panz. Lyrops tricolor. Leach.
Inhabits .

** Superior wings with two submarginal cells.
Genus 456. DINETUS. Jurine, Panz., Illiger, Latr., Leach.
Sphex. Schaffer. Pomphylus. Fabr. Crabro. Rossi.
Antenna, (of the males) moniliform, terminated by elongate, cylindric
joints convoluted in the middle : mandibles acutely unidentate on
their internal edge : superior wings with the marginal cell appendi-
culated ; the two submarginal cells sessile.
Sp. 1. Din. pictus.

Dinetus pictus. Jurine, Panz., Latr., Leach'
Inhabits the vicinity of Windsor, and has been taken near Swansea.

c. Ei/es notched.

Genus 457. TRYPOXYLON. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Illig., Spinola,
Leach. Spiiex. Linne, VilL, Cuv., Rossi. Apius. Jurine.
Superior wings with ti)ree submarginal perfect cells ; the first distinct,
receiving a recurrent nervure; the second obsolete, much smaller,
receiving another nervure ; the third also obsolete, terminal : abdo-
men long and gradually pedunculated.
Sp. 1. Figulus. Latr.
Inhabits .

Stirps 2. — Superior wings with one complete submarginal cell.

Genus 458. OXYBELUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jurine, Illig.,
Spinola, Leach. Vespa. Linn., Villers, Christus. Sphex.
Schepff. Crabro. 01 iv., Rossi.
Antenna: thicker towards their extremities, longer than the head ; con-
voluted, the second joint much shorter than the third : mandibles
without teeth at their extremities ; tibia: spinose : tarsi with large
pulvilli.
Sp. 1. Oxy. uniglumis.

Vespa uniglumis. Linn. Oxybelus uniglumis. Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Inhabits .

278 MODERN SYSTEM.

Fam. XVI. Crabkonid.i. Leucli.

Crabuoxites. Lafrcille.

Tlwrar with the first segment transversc-lincar : feet short, or mode-
rately long : liihrum entirely concealed, or but obscure : eyes not
reaching the hinder part of the head : ocelli very distinct : superior
zcings not folded longitudinally : antenna: inserted at the mouth, with
the first joint cylindric or conic, or towards the middle of the tace.

StiTvPS 1. — Superior wings with one or two complete submarginal cells.

* Mandibles with their extremities bifid. Superior icings loith but one

recurrent ncrvurc.
Genus 4 J9. CRABRO. Fabr., Oliv., Rossi, Jurine, Panz., Illig.,
Spinola, Leach. Spiiex. Linne, Villers.
Antenna; with the first joint long and cylindric : superior wings with

one complete sub-marginal cell.
Sp. 1 . Cra. cribarius. Fabr., Latr.
Inhabits sand-banks.

Genus 4G0. STIGMUS. Jurine, Pnnz., Illiger, Spinola, Lair.,
Leach.
Anicnncs with the first joint oliconic : superior zcings with two complete

submarginal cells, and two discoidal cells.
Sp. 1. Stig. ater.

Stigmus ater. Jurine, Lair., Leach.
Inhabits .?

** Mandibles strong, many-toathcd : superior wings with two recur-
rent ne7'vures.
Genus 461. PEMPIIEDRON. Latr., Fabr., Spinola, Leach. Ce-
MONUS. Jurine, Fanz., Illiger.
Superior wings witli the submarginal cell not narrower towards the

apex; nutenne with the first joint longest, thickest.
Sp. 1. Fern, jmicolor.

Pemphetlron unicolor. J^atr., Leach. Cemonus unicolor. Jurine.
Inhabits ^

SiiRPS 2. — Superior wings with three complete submarginal cells.

* Antennae inserted at the mouth, fdiforjn: cli/peus not trilobate.
Genus 462. MELLTNUS. Fabr., Pnnz. ^Jurine, Illig., Spinola,

I,rach. Sphex. De Geer, Cuv., Fill. Vr.sPA. Linni, Rossi,

TIai ris.
Abdomen distinctly pedunculated : tarsi terminated by a thick joint

bearing a large pulvillus.
Sp. 1. jMel. mi/staceics.
Inhabits sand-banks.

CLASS V. iNsr.cTA. 279

** Antenna thicker tozcards their exti-emities, inserted about the mid-
dle of the face : ch/peus trilohute.

Genus 4G3. CERCERIS. Latr., Illlg., Spinola, Leach. Sphkx.
Schii'ffer, Villers, Rossi. Vf.spa. Geoff"., Oliv., Harris. Pm-
I.A^TlIL■s. Fubr., Jurine, Panz. Btmbex. liossi. Crabko.
Rossi.
Antenna" gradually thicker externally, very much apjiroximating at
their base, ahiiost as long as the thorax, the third joint somewhat
cylindric : mandibles with a tooth in their internal edge : superior
uiui^s with the second submarginal cell petiolatcd.
8 p. 1. Cer. (juadricinctus.

I'hilantluis quadricinctus. Fabr., Panz. Cerceris quadricinctus. Leach.
Inhabits ■ — ■ ?

Fam. XVII. Vespad.t.. Leach.
Vespari.t,. Latrcille.

Superior uings folded longitudinally: thorax with the first segment
forming an arc, prolonged behind even to the origin of the superior
wings: antenna: twelve-jointed, with their extremities pointed: lip
with three glandiferous divisions, or with four long plumose sette.

Stiups 1. — Mandibles longer than broad, anteriorly meeting like a
rostnnn : clj/peus cordiform, with the point porrected, and more or
less truncated : lip having four glandular points at its extremity,
parted into three pieces, the middle one large, and bifid or notched
at its extremity : superior nings doubled, three submarginal cells
complete: marillari/ pa/pi six-jointed, not very much shorter than
the labial ones.

Genus 464. ODYNERUS. Latr., Leach. Vespa. Panz., Fabr.

Abdomen ovoid-conic, the second segment broader than the first : tnax-
iltary palpi with the two or three first joints extending beyond the
extremity of the maxilla; : maxilla with the terminal lobe short,
short-lance-shapcd.

Sp. 1. Ody. parictinus.

Vespa parietina. Fabr.

Inhabits walls.

Stirps 2. — Mandibles longer than broad, long quadrate, with their ex-
tremities obliquely truncated : ch/pcus almost quadrate : lip with the
intermediate division a little lengthened, cordiform.

Genus 465. VESPA of authors.
Mandibles (at least of the females and neuters) with the second tooth
much broader than the two under ones, the upper one obtuse : cly-
peus with the anterior margin broadly truncate, and somewhat emar-

280 MODERN SVStEM,

ginate, with a tooth on each side: abdomen ovo'u\-con\c, witli the
base abruptly truncated, and very shortly pedunculated.

Sp. 1, Vespa Crabro (hornet). {PL 3.fg. 8.)

^'espa Crabro. Linne, &c.

Inhabits Europe, building its nest in hollow trees.

Sp. 2. Vespa vulgaris (common wasp).

Vespa vulgaris uj' authors.

Inhabits Europe, building its nest in holes under ground.

Sp. 3. Vespa Britannka.

Vespa Brttannica. Leach, Zool. Misccl. vol. i.

Inhabits Britain, and builds a nest suspended from trees.

Division II. — Hinder feet pollinigerous ; their tarsi with the first joint
compressed, elongate-quadrate or obtrigonous.

Fam. XVIII. Andiiemd.e. Leach.
Andrenet.e. Latreille.
LarvjE pollinivorous.

Lip with the apex subcordate or subhastate, on each side with one au-
ricle; nearly straight, or slightly incurved in some, reflexed in others,
shorter than the sheathing tube : palpi alike.

Stiups 1. — Lip with the apex dilated, somewhat cordiform.

Genus 466. COLLETES. Latr., Illig., Sphiola, Leach. Apis.
Linne, Oliv., Villcrs. Axdkeka. Fabr., J urine. IIvL-tcs.
Cuv. EvoDiA. Panz. Melitta. * a. Kirb)j.
Hinder feet pollinigerous : superior zcings with three submarginal cells :
antenna with the third joint longer than the second : abdomen much
elongated, more or less villose : ocelli forming a curved line : tongue
obtuse, the apex bilobate.
Sp. 1. Col. succincta. Latr.

Melitta succincta. Kirby. Evodia calcndarum. Panz.
Inhabits — ; .

Sxinps 2. — Lip with the intermediate process lanceolate, acute.

a. Lip ivhen at rest dcflcxed.

* Superior zcings with tzco submarginal cells.

Genus 467. DASYPODA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Jllig., Spinola,
Klug, Leach. Andrexa. liossi. Apis. Chrislus. Tracjiusa.
Jurine. Melitta. Kirbi/.
MaxillcE inflexed at their middle, or below, their terminal process tri-
angular-lanceolate, and longer than their palpi : hinder feet with the
first joint of their tarsi as long or longer than the tibite.
Sp. 1. Das. plumipes.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 281

Dasypoda plumipcs. Panz., T^ach. MelitUi Swammerdamella. Kirbj/,
Inhabits Europe. It was first noticed by the iUustrious Swammer-
dam. They burrow in sandy soil, throwing up a heap of sand with-
out their hole. *

** Superior zoings with three suhmarginal cells, the second small.

Genus 468. AXDRENA. Fah:, Panz., Jurine, Illig., Spinola,
Klug, Leach. Apis. Liym., Vill. Melitta. ** c. Kirii/.
'Maxilla bent at their cxtremit}', their terminal lobe scarcely longer
than broad : hinder feet with the first joint of their tarsi shorter than
the tibia;: lahinm or lip little elongate, shorter than its palpi.
Sp. 1. And. nigro-dcnea.
Melitta nigro-aniea. Kirb)/.
Inhcjbits the blossoms of sallows in the spring.

Obs. — The species of this genus are extremely numerous, and a very
large portion of them inhabit Britain. Their proboscis is downy
and thick. The hinder legs of the male are furni'-hed with a floccu-
lus at their base, the tibiie with a thick scopa or brush, and their
anus is covered by a fringe of hairs. They nidificate mider ground
in a light soil, some choosing banks over which bushes are scattered,
others bare perpendicular sections, but all seem to jircfcr a southern
aspect. They excavate burrows ofacylindric ("orm, from five inches
to nearly a foot or more in depth, of such diameter only as to ad-
mit the insect. In making these holes they remove the earth grain
by grain, which they throw up on the outside of their holes in the
form of a hillock. Some species penetrate in a horizontal, and
others in a perpendicular direction. They construct a cell at the
bottom of this hole, which they replenish with pollen made into a
l)aste with honey, and in this they deposit their eggs. The pollen
they carry in the scopa or brush of their hinder tibia-, upon the Hoc-
culus at the base of the hinder thighs, and on the hairs of the me-
tathorax. When the female has committed her egg to the paste,
she very carefully stops the mouth of her hole, to prevent the in-
gress of ants, or of other insects which might be enemies to the
larva.

Geims 469. CILISSA. Leach. Melitta. Kirbtj. Andrena. Latr.,

Panz.
Musxilla: bent near their middle, the terminal process very much
longer than broad : lip elongate, longer than its palpi : superior wings
with three submarginal cells, the second small.

Ons. — This genus is not only distinguished from Andrena by the cha-
racters of the lip and maxillae, but also by having a longer tongue
with very minute auricles, and the tops of the valves cultriform.

8p. 1. Cil. (ricincta.

282 MODEKN SYSTCM.

JNIelitta tricincta. Kirby. Andrcua tricincta. Lair. Cilissa tricincta.

Lcac/i.
Inhabits .

Stirps 2. — Lip with the intermediate division incurved, or nearly
straight : superior wings in all with three complete submarginal
cells.

* Lip with the intermediate division nearly straight, not tuice the
length of the head.

Genus 470. SPHECODES. T^tr., Leach Spiiex. Linnc, ViUcrs,

Rossi. Apis. Geoff. Proapis. De Gcer. Nomoda. Fabr.

Andrena. Oliv., Pans., Jurine, Spinolu. Dichroa. Il/ig-,

King. Melitta, ** a. Kir by.

Lfihrum trigonate, of the male entire, of the female generally eniar-

ginate: antenu re of the males long, almost monililorm, arcuated:

abdomen with the greater portion smooth.

Obs. — The species of Sjdiecodes, at first sight, bear a near resemblance
to Sphcx. They make their nests in bare sections of banks exposed
to the sun, and nearly vertical. According to Reaunuir, they exca-
vate to the depth of nine or ten inehes, and deposit their eggs in a
mass of pollen mixed with honey.

Sp. 1. Sph. gibbus.

Melitta gibba. liirby.

Inhabits Europe.

** Lip with lite intermediate division incmiacd, longer than the ia^
tcral ones, and twice as long or more than the head.

Genus 471. HYLZEUS. Fabr., Illig., Spino/a, King, Leach. Apis.
Linnc, Fillers, Rossi. Andrena. Oliv., Punz., Jurine, Spi-
nola. Melitta. ** b. Kirby. Halictus. Latr.
Lip lanceolate, little sericeous : hinder feet in both sexes alike : anus of
the females with a lonsritudinal o;roove above.

The males of this genus are remarkable for an elongate cylindric
body. The wings of many of the species are beautifully iridescent.
They nidificate in bare banks.
8p. 1. Llyl. quadri-cinctus.
Apis 4-cincta. JJnni.
Inhabits the vicinity of London, but is rare.

Fam. XIX. Apid.c Leach.

Lip with the apex inllccted, the intermediate lacinia filiform, and very
long : labicd palpi with the two first joints resembling a compressed
seta.

CLASS V. INSrCTA. 283

SriRPS \.— Hinder tarsi v:\th the first joint nearly equally broad, or
gradually narrowing from the base to the apex, the second joint ori-
giiiatlng from the middle of its apex.

A . Palpi alike.
Genus 172. PANURGUS. Pauz., Spimhi, T^Ur., Leach. Apis.
Scopoli. DASYi'onA. llLig., Fubr. Apis. * a. Kirby. Eniops.
Klug.
Mandibles not dentatcd : anlennte straight in both sexes, and subcla-
vate : superior vings with two submarginal cells : ocelli disposed in a
triangle.
Sp. 1. Pun. Banksianus.
Apis Banksiana. Kirby.
Inhabits .

B. Palpi unequal ; the labial palpi set i form.

a. Lahrum nearhj quadrate, transverse, or not much longer than
broad. Mandibles tridcntutc at their points. {Superior wings with,
three submarginal cells.)

Genus 473. CERATINA. Utr., Jurinc, Spinola, Leach. Apis.

Villers, Rossi, Kirb,/ ( *« d. 2 a). Megilla. Fabr., Illig.

Prosopis. Fabr. Pitiiitis. King. Clavicera. Wulckcnaer.

Labrum almost quadrate, perpendicular, entire: anlenme gradually

thickening towards tlieir extremities; the scapus not large.
Sp. 1. Cer. c(crulea.

A\ns CcTrulca. Vill. Apis cyanea. Kirby.
Inhabits tlie flowers of the llagwort.

b. Labrum longer than broad, inclined perpendicularly ; porrect be-
fteath the mandibles; elongate, quadrate. Mandibles strong, por-
rccted, with the apex bidentate in some ; trigonatc and often midt'ulen-
tale in others.

* Labixil palpi zvifh the three first joints contiguous; the fourth in-
serted under the external apex of the third.

Genus 474. CIIELOSTOMA. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Vill.,
Kirby {** c. 2 y). IUi^jevs. Fabr. Anthrophoka. //%.,
Fabr. Antiiidium. Panz. Tr.Vchusa. Jurine.
Mandibles (of the females) arcuated; their apex bidentate or furcate,
porrect, internally hairy: maxillary palpi three-jointed.

The bodies of the insects composing this genus are very long,
slender, and cylindric. The belly of the^male, near the anus," is con-
cave, and covered with down, and at its ba'-e is a horn or protube-
rance. When asleep they roll themselves up like an armadillo, the
horn or protuberance fitting into the anal cavity. They nidificate in
posts and rails. The males usually repose in the centre of a flower.

2§4 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Che.florisomne.

Hylasus florisomnis. Fabr., Panz. Apis liorisomnis. Linn. Chclosto-

ma florisomne. Lati:, Leach.
Inhabits various flowers in hedges.

The female is Apis maxillosa of Linne and Kirby ; Ili/lmis maxillo-
sus of Fabricius.

** Labial palpi zcith the third joint inserted obliquely on the internal
side of the second, near to the apex.
Genus 475. HERIADES. Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Kirby
(** c. 2 y). Anthophora. Tabr., lUig., King. Anthidium.
Panz. Trachusa. Jurine.
Labial palpi with the second joint longer than the first: body very long,
cylindric.

This genus in habit and economy resembles Chelostoma.
Sp. 1. Her. truncorum.
Heriades truncorum. Spinola, Latr., Leach. Anthophora truncorum.

Pahr., Illig.
Inhabits

Genus 476. STELIS. Panz., Leach. Apis. Kirby (*«c. 1 j5).
Anthophora. Illig. Megachile. Latr., Walck. Trachusa.
Jurine. Gyrodroma. King.
Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first: jmucillary
palpi two-jointed, the first joint longest: mandibles strong: abdomen
convex above, smootli below, and scarcely hirsute.
Sp. 1. Ste. punctulatissima.
Inhabits

Genus 477. ANTHIDIUM. Fabr., Panz., King, Latr., Leach.

Apis. Linn., Geoff., Schaff., Kirby ( ** c. 2 |3). Anthophora.

Illig. Megachile. Walckenaer, Spino/a. Trachusa. Jtirine.

Labial palpi with their second joint not longer tlian the first : inaxillary

palpi one-jointed: abdomen of the females, below, very hairy; above,

convex, incurved, the base broadly truncate : mandibles broad, mul-

tidentate. The anus of the males of this genus is always armed with

spines.

Sp. 1. Ardh. maniratum.

Anthidium manicatvun. Panz., Latr., Leach. Apis manicata. Kirby,

Linne.
Inhabits Europe in gardens.

Genus 478. OSMIA. Panz., Spinola, Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne,
Villers, Kirby ( ** c. 2^). Anthophora. Fahr., Illig., King.
Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary
palpi four-jointed : abdomen convex above, hairy beneath in the fe-
males : mandibles broad.

CLASS V. I.VSECTA. 285

Sp. 1. Osm. coiTiuta.

Osniia coniuta. Latr., Leach. Apis bicornis. Kirly.
Inhabits Europe. Tiiis species selects the hollows of large stones for
the purpose of nidificating.

Genus 479. MEGACHILE. Latr., Walck., Sptnola, Leach. Apis.
Linn., V'Ulerx, Kirbt/ ( ** c. 2 a). Anthopiiora. Fabr., lUig.,
Panzer, Klug. Trachusa. Jurine. Xylocopa. Fabr. Cen-
TRis. Fubr.
iMbial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary
palpi two-jointed, the first rather longest: mandibles very strong: ab-
domen triangular, flat above, very downy beneath in the females.

" The insects of this genus are well known by the name of leaf
cutters and carpenter bees: their interesting economy having attract-
ed the attention of many naturalists, so early as 1670 it was noticed
by Ray, Dr. Lister, Willughby, and Sir Edward King. Linne in this
as in many other instances (supposing the economy of a genus to
be peculiar to one species only) has confounded several species vmdcr
the general title of jlpis centuncularis, and deiioted it by the orange-
coloured hairs which cover the under side of the abdomen, a cha-
racter which it possesses along with a great number of species."
Sp 1. ]\Icga. centuncularis.
Apis centuncularis. Linn., Fourcroy, Klug. Megachile centimcularis.

Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Europe. Builds its cells with the leaves of roses and of the
Mercurialis annua.

Genus 480. C^ELIOXYS. Latr., Leach. Apis. Linne, Tillers,
Kirby ( ** c. 1 a).

Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : niarillan/
palpi two-jointed, the first double the length of the second : mandi-
bles narrow and strong in both sexes : scutellum spiny : abdomen co-
nic or triangular, very little or not at all do\vny : anus of the males
spiny.

Sp. 1. Cal. conica.

Apis conica. Kirby. Caelioxys conica. Latr., Leach.

Male

Apis quadripunctata. Linn. Anthophora quadridentata. Fair.

Female

Apis conica. Linn.

Inhabits flowers.

286 MODERN SYSIEM.

C. Lahrum a little broader than long, subscinicircular or iCinlovaL
Mandibles slender, pointed, unidcntute on their internal edge. Abdo-
men not pollinigeroas.

* Lip zviih the lateral divisions shorter than the palpi. Bodj/ sini-
plj/ pubescent.

Genus 481. NOMADA. Scop., Fubr., Illig., Klug, Spinola, Ju-
rine, Panz., Jxach. Ai'is. Linnc, I'iUers, Kirbj/ (j^ h).

Superior zvings with three submarginal cells complete: maxillai-^ palpi
six-jointed.

The history, economy, and mode of nidification of the insects o f
this genus (all oi" which are remarkable for the gaiety of their co-
lours) as yet remain a secret. Dr. Leach has strong reasons for su-
specting them to be parasitical ; and this seems the more probable
from their having no instrument for carrying pollen. Their flight
is silent, unattended by any hum ; they frequent dry banks. Their
eyes, whilst living, exliibit through the external reticulated coverirjg
a surface of hexagons, which keeps shifting with the light.

Sp. 1. Nom. ruftcornis.

Apis ruficornis. Linn., Kirbi/. Nomada ruficornis. Fabr., Latr., Leach.

Inhabits dry banks and sandy situations.

Genus 482. EPEOLUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Jurine, Fanz., Spi-
nola, Klug, Leach. Apis. Linnc, Kirbi/ (** b).
Superior wings with three complete submarginal cells: inaxillary palpi

one-jointed.
Sp. 1. Epeo. variegatus.

Epeolus variegatus. Fabr., Fanz., Latr. Apis variegata. Linnc.
Inhabits Europe, but is very local in Britain. I once met with this
species in abundance in a sand-pit near Bexley, Kent.

** Lateral divisions of the lip almost as long as the palpi. Body
very villose in parts. Scutellani spinose. Superior icings with
three submarginal cells.

Genus 483. MELECTyV. Latr., Fanz., Illig., Spinola, Leach.
Apis. Linnc, Kirbi/ (** a).
Marillan/ palpi six-jointed, with Ave very distinct.

The insects of this genus are supposed to be parasitical.
Sp. 1. Mel. punctata. Latr.
Crocisa atra. Jurine. A\n^ jjimctata. Kirbi/.
Inhabits Europe. Is common near Swansea in South Wales.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 287

Stirps ?. — Lip with the apex generally hirsute, not inflected.

A. Hinder feet of the females, zoith their tibitt externalUj, and the
jirst joint of the tarsi very hairi/.

a. Marillarj/ palpi zvith more than four joints. Lip with its lateral
divisions as long or longer than the labial palpi. Antenna qftlie males
Teri/ long.

Genus 484. EUCERA. Scop., Fabr., Lnk:^ Pans., Spinola, Klvg,
Leach. Apis. Linnt, Kirhi/ i^^-* d. \).
Maxillari/ palpi distinctly si.\-jointcd : superior wings with two s>uLv

marginal cells complete.
Sp. 1. Eu. longicornis.
Eucera longicornis. Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach. Apis longicornis.

Unne, Kirby.
Inhabits banks with a southern aspect.

* Maxillary palpi with four joints or more. Lip with the lateral di-
visions shorter than the palpi. Superior wings with three sulmurginut
cells complete : labial palpi set form.

Genus 485. ANTHOPHORA. L^itr., Spinola, Leach.
Mandibles imidentated within : maxillary palpi six-jointed.
Sp. 1. Anth. rctusa. {PI. Q.fg. 9.)
Apis retusa. Limit, Kirby. Lasis pilipes. Jurine. Megilla pilipes.

Fabr. Anthophora hirsuta. Latr. Anthophora retusa. Leach.
Inhabits sandy banks.

Genus 486. SAROPODA. Lafr., Leach. Megilla. Illig., Pavz.,
Heliopiiila. King. Apis. Kirby.
Mandibles unidentate within: maxillary palpi five-jointed.
Sp. 1. Saro. 7-otundata.

Megilla rotundata. Panz. Saropoda rotundata. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits flowers on sandy heaths.

B. Hinder feet with the tibiis ami the first joint of the tarsi shortly
hairy.

* Hinder tibia' terminated by two spurs or heels : sitpcrior wings wiLh
three submarginal cells in all, complete, the last neither linear nor ob-
lique.

Genus 487. BOMBUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Panz., Spinola, Khg,
Leach. Apis. Linnc, Kirby (** e. 2). Bb^mus. Jurine.
jMbnan transverse: proboscis shorter than the body: ocelli disposed in
a ti"ansverse straight line.

Tlie Bojnbi usually nidificate in cavities beneath the ground, Init
many of the species (especially those of a i'ulvesccat colour) cqu-
s<truct their nest ot" moss on the surface. The females appear early

288 MODF.T.N SYSTEM.

ill the spring when the willows are in bloom. Tlie males are most

abundant hi the autumn.
Sp. 1. Bo?)i. tcrrestris.

Bombus terrestris. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Apis terrestris. Linn.
Inhabits Europe.

** Hinder tibice without spurs or heels. Superior wings with two or
three subma?-ginal cells, the last oblique or linear.

Genus 488. APIS of authors.
Hinder tarsi with their first joint long: ."!?/j9f no?' rtwgs with three sub-
marginal cells complete, the last oblique and linear.
Sp. 1. Apis mellifica (hive bee).
Apis mcllitica o/"a«^/iors.
Inliabits Europe.

Order XIV. RHIPIPTERA. Xa^r., If ac//.

Order Strepsiptera. Kirby.

Order Hymenoptera. Rossi.

" Xenos, the genus serving as the type of this singular order of in-
sects, was discovered by Hos&i, who referred it without hesitation to
die Hymenoptera, and placed it next to Ichneumon. Another ge-
nus of the same order was foimd by Kirby, and was described in his
celebrated Monographia Atpuni Anglice under the name of Stylops,
with expressions of doubt as to its systematic situation. Latreille
soon after received from De Brebisson a species of Stylops, and at
tlie end of his Genera Inscctoruni ct Crustaceorum, observes, that it
seems to disturb our entomological systems, not being referable to
any of the established orders. Professor Peck detected a new spe-
cies of this group in America, and communicated it to Kirby, who
considered it to constitute with his Stylops a peculiar order of in-
sects, on which he gave a dissertation to the Linnean Society of Lon-
don, whioli was published in the eleventh volume of their Transac-
tions. I adopted the characters that were laid down by this learned
entomologist, as well as the name Strepsiptera, by which it was de-
signated. Since then Latreille has convinced me that the supposed
elytra are but moveable processes attached to the anterior part of
the thorax ; whereas true elytra arise from the second segment of
the trvmk, and always more or less cover the wings, which these
parts do not touch. Anxious to become acquainted with all the
characters of the order, I commenced an examination of the mouth,
and was soon convmced that the parts of it were far from being ob-
solete ; but fearing to undertake the dissection, I submitted the spe-
cimen to the inspection of Savigny, from whose exact and almost
infallible hand and eye I felt confident of gaining the desired infor-

CI ASS V. INSECTA. 289

mat ion. He observed that the month contains the whole of the
usual parts which, mider various modifications, exist in all insects:
the mandibles are perfectly distinct from and unconnected with the
maxilhe: the maxillae are inserted behind, and somewhat below the
mandibles, whose base they conceal ; and the articulation of the
lal)rum is very evident from its semitransparency." Leach, Zool.
Misc. vol. iii.

]Mr. Kirby, in the second volume of his Monographia Apum An-
gUa, gives the following account of Stj/lops Mcfitta : " Upon this in-
sect (^Mtlitta nigro-cEiieu) 1 discovered, last spring, a very singular
animal, which seems appropriated to the present germs. I had pre-
viously more than once observed upon other species something that
I took to be a kind oi Acurus,\\\\ic\\ appeared to be immovably fixed
just al the inosculations of the dorsal segments of the abdomen; at
length, finding three or four upon a specimen of Mclitta nigro-cenea,
I determined not to lose that opportunity of taking one off to ex-
amine and describe; but what was my astonishment when, upon
my attempting to disengage it with a pin, I drew forth from the
body of the Mclitta a white tleshy larva, a quarter of an inch in
length, the head of which I had mistaken for an Acarus ! After I
had examined one specimen, I attempted to extract a second ; and
the reader may imagine how greatly my astonishment was increased,
when, after I had drawn it out but a little way, I saw its skin burst,
and a head as black as ink, with large staring eyes and antennap,
consisting of two branches, break forth, and move itself briskly
from side to side. It looked like a little imp of darkness just emerg-
ing from the infernal regions. JNIy eagerness to set free from its
confinement this extraordinary animal may be easily conjectured.
Indeed I was impatient to become better acquainted with so singular
a creature. When it was completely disengaged, and I had secured
it from making its escape, I set myself to examine it as accurately
as possible ; and I found, after a careful inquiry, that I had not only
got a non-descript, but also an insect of a new genus, whose very
class seemed dubious." For further information on this Order I
must refer the reader to the eleventh volume of the Transactions rj'
the Linncun Society, Sowcrbj/'s British Miscellany, and Leach's Zoolo-
gical Miscellani/, vol. iii., all of which contain figures of the insects
of this Order.

Order XV. DIPTERA. Linnt, Leach, Latr., ^c.

Class Antliata. Fabr.

The insects composing this Order are distinguished from all other
insects by the following characters. Wings two, naked, unprotected
Halteres (poisers or balancers) placed behind, and generally beneath

290 MODERN SYSTEM.

the wings : head distinct from the thorax by an evident interval :
proboscis (rarely wanting) univalve : tarsi with two simple nails.

Besides these characters may be noted some others, which are
common to almost all dipterous insects. The mouth is for the most
part furnished with a rostrum having no articulations. Thorax com-
posed of but one segment, always distinct from the abdomen.

Fam. I. TipuLiD.'E. Leach.
TiPULARi.E. LatreilJe.
Antennae W\t\i many joints, filiform or setaceous, longer than the head.

Stirps 1. — Ocelli none: untcitnte very hairy: eyes large; 7-os^r?«H tubu-
lar and long.

Genus 489. CULEX (f authors.
Sp. 1. Cut. pijiiens of authors (the common gnat). {PL 9.fg. 5.)
Inhabits water in the larva state.
Stiups 2. — Ocelli none: antcnyia very hniry : n/es large : rostnan very

short, terminated by two lips: tico anterior legs at a distance from

the others.

Genus 490. COR£TIIRA. Meig., Jllig., Latr., Leach.
Antennce fourtcen-Jointed ; the basilar joints conic-ovoid ; of the male
with fasciculi of hairs; with simple hairs on the females, the two
last joints attenuated, elongated.
Sp. 1. Cor.cuculiforniis. Meig.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 491." TANYPUS. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
Antenntv fourteen-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, their extremities
tiliform ; of the male, almost entirely moniliform, their last joint
larger and ovoid in the female.
Sp. 1. Tan. cinctus.
Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 49Q. CHIRONOMUS. Meig., Latr., Illig., Fabr., Leach.
Antennce twelve-jointed, very plumose, moniUforni, with filiform ex-
tremities in the male, seven-jointed, the last joint elongate, cylindrie
in the female.
Sp. 1. Chir. plumosus. Meig.
Inhabits marshy places.

Stirps 3. — Oct//j none : f/?2/eH??(e very hairy : f ye.'? large: rostrum very
short : legs at an equal distance from each other.

Genus 493. PSYCHODA. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Tineaeia. Schetl.
Trichoptera. Meig.
Wings deflexcd : rostrum shorter than the head . antenna, with fifteen
or i>ixteeii joints, of a globular form, covered with bundles of hair?.

CLASS V. INSnCTA. 2S1

Sp. 1 . Fsi/. phalanoides. Latr.
Iniiabits moist places.

Genus 494. CECIDOMYIA. La(r., Illig., Meig., Leach. OLrco-
TROPHUS. Latr.
Winga incumbent : antenna; moniliform, hairy.
Sp. 1. Cec. lutea. Meig.

Stirps 4. — Ocelli none : antenna with short hairs : o/es oval, entire :
palpi with their last joint very long : lips not inclined.

Genus 495. CTENOPIIORA. Meig., Lllig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Taniptera. Latr.
Antenna: filiform ; pectinated in the males, serrated in the females; the

second joint short, the third elongate.
Sp. 1. Cte.utrata. Meig.
Inhabits moist places and meadows.

Genus 496. PEDICIA. Latr., Leach. Limoxia. Meig.

^nfewn^e subsetaceous, simple; the two first joints larger, elongate;
the three following turbinated, the three next globular, and the se-
ven last slender, cylindric.

Sp. 1. Fed. rivosa.

Tipula rivosa. Linnc, Donovan.

Inhabits moist places.

Genus 49r. TIPULA of authors.
Antenna: subsetaceous, simple; the first joint largest, cyhndric; the se-
cond subglobose; the next cylindric; tlie third elongate.
Sp. 1. Tip. oleracea. Linne. (P/. 9. fig. 2.)
Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the roots of vegetables.

Fam. II. Stratiomyd.e. Lulreille.
Haustellum with two sctne.

A. Antenna not terminated lii a seta.
Stirps 1. — Antenna: with their last joints having eight rings.

Genus 498. BERIS. Latr., Leach.

Antenna: cylindric ; the last joint cylindric-conic, elongate : scidel-
lum witli four or six spines : palpi very much shorter than the pro-
boscis.

Sp. 1. Beris nigritarsis. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits palings and moist places. ^ o4<CH^e»

Stirps 1. — Antenna with their last joint having from four to six rings,
fusiform, cylindric-conic, or conic.

Genus 499. STRATIOjNIYS of authors.
Antenna very much longer than the head; the first and third joints

T 2

292 MODERN SYSTEM.

very long, the latter subfusiform, compressed, with five rings : tho-
rax bispinose.

Sp. 1. Stra. Cliumaleon. {PL 11. fig. 4.)

Inhabits marshy places.

Genus 500. ODONTOMYTyV. Mcig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
'^Antenna a little longer than the head; the last joint cylindric-couic,
with six rings : thorax bispinose.
Sp. 1. Odont.furcata.
Inhabits marshy places.

N Genus 501. CLITELLARIA. Meig., Illig., Leach. Epiiippum.

Lutr.

Aniennce a little longer than the head, with their last joint conic, six-
ringed, the two last forming a little style: thorax bispinous, the
spines erect.

Sp. 1. cut. Ephippium. Meig.

Inhabits the skirts of woods: is rare in Britain.

Genus 502. NEMOTELUS of authors.

Antenna: half the length of the head, the third joint fusiform, four-
ringed : proboscis sheathed beneath a rostclliform process on which
the antennae are inserted.

Sp. 1. Ncm. iiliginosus. Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits flowers in meadows.

B. Antenna terminated hij a stijle or seta.

SriRPS 3. — Seidell urn spined.

Genus 503. OXYCERA. Meig., Tllig., Latr., Leach.
Antcnnic with their first and second joints forming a subfusiform club,

the third styliform.
Sp. 1. O.c. Ih/drokon.
Inhabits marshes and meadows. ?. k^*<\utsu^^r^^.

SriRPS 4. — ScidcUum. without spines.

Genus 504. VAPPO. Lutr., Fabr., Leach. Pachygaster. Meig.
Antcnn(E with their two first joints transverse ; the second with the

third joints forming a sub-hemispheric head.
Sj). 1. Vap. atcr.
Inhabits hedges in lanes near Darent AVood in July.

Genus 505. SARGUS of authors.
AiifenntE terminated by a seta longer tiian the ant'onna'", their second

joint elongate : abdomen generally oblong.
Sp. 1. Sargiis cupreus.
Inhabits umbelliferous flowers in marshes.

CLASS V. INSECTA. 293

Fain. III. T.vBANiD.T.. Leach.
T A B A N' I r . Lutrcille.
Ihtustellum with many setae.

8tirps 1. — Wbif^a divaricating: scutdlum witliout spines: antenna a?.
long or a little longer than the head.

Genus .500. TABANUS of authors. \

Proboscis a little shorter than the head, terminated by large lips: an- ^
tenna as long as tlic head, the second joint cup-shaped, the third
lunate-subulate, iive-rin;^cd : ocelli obsolete or wanting.
Sp. 1. Tab. bovinus.
Inhabits meadows.

Stiups 2. — ir<»gs divaricating: sc«;t7/M/« without spines: nn/cHn^ con-
siderably longer than the head.

Genus 507. lI.EMATOPOTA. Meig., Illlg., Latr., Tabr., I^ach.

Antenna with the first joint elongate, incrassate, the second very short,
cup-shaped; the third elongate-conic (longer than the first), tubu-
lated, tour-ringed: ore//« obsolete or wanting.

Sp. 1. llceni. pluvialis. Meig. Tabanus pluvialis. lAnnc.

Inhabits woods and lanes, and is excessively troublesome to travellers.

Genus 508. CIIRYSOP.S. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Antenna with the two first joints ot" nearly an equal length, tlie third

joint as long as both the others, cylindric-conic, five-ringed : ocelli

three.
Sp. 1. Chry. cacutiens.
Tabanus caecutiens. Linnc.
Inhabits woods, commons, and lanes.

a. Troboscis (zvken at rest) entirely or partialli/ prominent.

* Proboscis terminated bi/ tioo large lips.

Fam. IV. RiiAGiONiD.?;. Leach.

RHAGiONiD.qE. Latreille.

Palpi prominent, cylindric-conic : rcings divaricating: antenna gene-
rally monililbrm.

Genus 509. RHAGIO. Oliv., Rofsi, Cut., Sfc. Leptis. Fair.
Antenna moniliform, the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a

seta: palpi porrect.
Sp. 1. Hhu. scolopacens. Latr.
inhabits the trunks of trees.

294 MODERN" SYSTEM.

Genus 510. ATHERIX. Mcig., Latr., Leach.
Antennd: moniliform ; the third joint not ringed, but terminated by a

seta : palpi erect.
Sp. 1. Atli. maculata. Meig.
Inhabits borders of woods.

Fam. V. DoLvciiopoD-t. Leach.
DoLYcnopoDES. Lati'eUlc.
Pa//ji prominent, lamellilbrm: -rtv'«g.s incumbent: antenna \mteVi\ior\a,

Genus 511. DOLYCHOPUS. Latr., Fabr., Walck., Leach.
Antennie half the length of the head; the third joint trigonal, ])earing

a seta on its hinder part.
6p. 1. Dol. nobilitatus. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits moist places in woods and commons,

Fam. VI. MYDASiDyX. Leach.
Mydasii. Latrcillc.
Palpi not promin^t,

Genus 512. THEREVA. Latr., Leach,
Anlcnme as long or longer than the head; tlie last joint ovoidrconic,

with a distinct style terminated by a seta.
Sp. 1. Ther. p/ebeia.
Inhabits commons and woods.

** Proboscis terminated bi/ very amall lips,

Fam. VII. AsiLiD.i;. Leach.
AsiLici. LairciUe.

£oc(ylong: etings incumbent : anfcnH<c three-jointed.
Stirps 1. — Tarsi terminated by two claws, and two pulvilli : antennre
as long, or not much longer than the head.

Genus 513. LAPHRIA. Meig., Jllig., Fabr., Latr., Leach.
Antenna with their first joint longer than the second ; the last suboval,
without a style.

There is a British species of this genus, but I do not know its
specific name.

Genus 514. ASIhUS of anthers. Er.AX. Scopoli.
Antenna: with their first joint longer than the second; the last elon^

gate-conic, terminated by a very distinct style.
Sp. 1. Asi. crubronifortnis. Fabr., Leach. {PL 9. fig. 9.)
Inhabits commons' and heaths.

Genus 515. DASYPOGON. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach, Fabr.
Antenna with their two first joints nearly equal; the last sub-cylindric,
terminated by a minute, articuliform, conic style.

Cr.ASS V. INSECTA. 295

•^p. 1. Dasi/p. punctdtus. Mcig., Leach.
Inhabits sandy commons.

Stirps 1.— Tarsi terminated by two claws ami two pulvilli : antenna
much longer than the head, inserted in a common footstalk.
Genus 316. DIOCTRIA. Mei^., Illig., Lair., Fair., Leach.
Sp. 1. Dioc. (Elandka. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits the borders of woods.

Stirps 3. — Tarsi terminated by tlirce claws; pulvilli wanting.

Genus 517. GONYPES. Uitr., Uacli. Leptooaster. Meig.
Abdomen very long, slender, thicker towards its extremity.
Sp. 1. Gon. tipuluides. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits .

Fam. VIII. Empid.e. Leach.
Empides. Latrcille.

Bod^ long: a;i«gs incumbent : antcnnce two-joiiitcd : proboscis perpen-
dicular.

Genus 518. EMPIS of authors.
Antenna three-jointed, the last joint terminated by a seta; palpi erect.
Sp. 1. Enipis Jiurca/is. Fabr.
Inhabits . i y>«^v/-^*^4^

Fam. IX. Antiiracid.il. Leach.

Anthracii. Latreillc.

Body short : wings divaricating : antenna; distant, two or three-jointed :
fiead as high as the thorax.

Genus 519. ANTHRAX of authors.
Palpi received into the cavity of the mouth : proboscis short, not por-

rect.
Sp. 1. Anth. Hottentotta.
Inhabits borders of woods on dry banks. i M^f^^t^

Fam. X. BoiiBYLiD^s:. Leach.
BoMBYLiARiA. Latreilk.

Body short: wings divaricating: antenna contiguous, three-jointed:
head lower than the thorax.

Genus 520. BOMBYLIUS nf authors.
Proboscis longer than the head, pointed : palpi distinct : antenna with

their first joint much longer than the second.
Sp. 1. Bomb, jnajor of authors. {PL 9. Jig. 10.)
Inhabits open places in woods in the spring of the year.

298 MODKRX SYSXr.M.

Tarn. XL Acrocerid.t.. Leach.

l.M LATA. Latreilk.

Body .short as if inflated : uiui^s divaricating : untemuc tlirce- or two-
jointed.

b. Proboscis (when at rest) retractile uithin the airitij of the mouth.

Genus 521. ACROCERA, Meig., Latr., Leach.
Proboscis obscure : antenna; inserted on tlic vertex ; t^vo-jointed, the
last joint terminated by a seta.
There is a British species of this genus. ^\ili-tj0

Genus 522. OGCODES. Latr., Leach. IIenops. //%., Wakk.,
2Icig., Fair.
Proboscis ol)scure : antenna: inserted anteriorly over the cavity of tlic

mouth ; two-jointed, the last joint terminated by a sela.
Sp. 1. Og. gibbosus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits Germany and England.

Fara. XIL Svri'hid.t:. Leach.
Syrphix. LMtrcille.

B. Haustellum uith two selcc.

Stirps 1. — Head anteriorly conic-produced : antennae much siiorter
than the head, placed in a common elevation : oval caxitij on the
nasal prominence : uings divaricating.

Genus 523. RHINGIA of authors.
Head anteriorly much produced, terminated by the proboscis.
Sp. 1. Lihin. rostrata of authors.
Inhabits flowers.

Genus 524. SERICOMYIa! LMtr., Leach.
Antenna: w'lih their seta' plumose, inserted at the dorsal juncture of the

second and third joints; the last joint of the antennae suborbicular.
Sp. 1. Her. l^pponwn. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits marshes, especially the bogs of Dartmoor, and the north of

England, Scotland, and Ireland.

Genus 525. VOLUCELLA. Geoff., Schrff., Latr., Leach. Pte-

^ ROCERA. Meig.

yl/iien?i<E with their last joint elongate ; seta plumose, inserted at the

dorsal juncture of the second and third joint.
Sp. 1. Vol. pell ucens. Latr., Leach.
^ Inhabits woods in June and July.

Genus 52G. ERISTALIS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. IIeliopiiilis.
Meig., I/lig.
Anlcnnte contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long;

CLASS V. IXSEfTA.

297

sda (simple or slightly pliitnose) inserted beyond the dorsal junc-
tion of the second and third joints : head anteriorly distinctly rostri-
t'orm.

Sp. 1. Erlst. Narcissi.

Inhabits flowers in marshes.

Genus 527. HELOPIIILUS. Leacfi. Elopiiiixs. Mcig., I/lig.,

Lair.

Antennae contiguous at their base, their last joint l)roadcr than long;
sda (simple or slightly plumose) inserted l)eyond the dorsal juncture
of the second and third joints; head anteriorly distinctly rostritbrni.

Sp. 1. Ilel. tenax. Latr., Leach.

luliabits hedges, and is very connnon. I^Yi^^i^M^
Genus 528. SYRPHUS ofaulhors.

Antenna separate at their base, their last joint suborbiculate : seta in-
serted beyond the dorsal junction of the second and third joints:
abdomen elongate-subquadrate, gradually somewhat narrower to-
wards its extremity.

8p. 1. St/r. Fyrastri. Fabr.

Inhabits flowers.

Genus 529. DOROS. Meig., llUg., Leach.

Antennce separate at their base; their last joint suborbiculate: seta in-
serted beyond the dorsal juncture of the second and third joints : ab-
domen suljovate-trigonal ; the length double the breadth.

Sp. 1. Doros conopscus.

^lilesia conopsea. Fubr.

Inhabits fields, but is very rare.

SriRPS 2. — Head not anteriorly conic-produced : antenna; mvich longer
than the head, placed on a common elevation : oval catitjj on the
nasal prominence : nings defle.xed.

Genus 530. CHRYSOTOXUM. Meig., Latr., Leach.
Aiitennce subcylindric, their last joint having a seta at its base.
Sp. 1. Chrys. arcuatum.
Musca arcuata. LinnL
Inhabits flowers.

Genus 531. CERIA. Fabr., Latr., Illig., Meig., L.each.
Antenna with their first and second joints forming an oval mass termi-
nated by a style.

There is one British species, that does not seem to have been de-
scribed.

SriRPS 3. — Head not anteriorly produced : nasal part straight, not pro-
minent : antewKE inserted separately, very much longer than the
head: w/?jgs defle.xed.

Genus 532. APHRITIS. Latr., Leach. Microdon. Meig.

AntenncE with their third joint conic, elongate, its base bearing a seta.

298 MODERN SYSTEM,

Sp. 1. Ap!ir. miro-pubescens. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits heaths.

Stirps 4. — Head not anteriorly produced ; nasal part straight, not pro-
minent : antenna inserted separately, very much longer than the
head : wings deflexed.

Genus 533. MILESIA. Lntr., Leach.

Hinder thighs (of the males at least) large, very thick, elongate-ovato,
denticulated beneath: antenna with their last joint much compress-
ed: abdomen trigonate.

Sp. 1. Mil.annuluta. Leach. . .

Inhabits borders of wc^od^. 1 jfifK-t^*"^

Fam. XIII. CoxoPSiD.t. Leach.

CoxoPSARii. LatreiUc.

Proboscis prominent, nearly cylindric or conic, without any remark-
able dilatation : antenna: with their second joint as long or longer
than the third, forming with it a fusiform or subovate^conipresscd
club : body elongate.

Genus 534. CONOPS of authors.

Proboscis porrect: ocelli noiw;: antenn<£ very much longer than the
head : apex fusiform.

Sp. 1. Con. ucnleata. Fabr., Leach.

Inhabits hedges and flowers. 1 <>»« <'>^cfl^*^*

Genus 535. ZODION. Latr., T^-uch.
Proboscis porrect : ocelli three : antenna shorter than the head : apex

subovoid.
Sp. 1. Zo. conopsoides. Latr., Leach.

Inhabits umbelliferous plants. Taken by Dr. Leach in Darent Wood
in July.

Genus 536. MYOP A of authors. Stomoxoides. Schccffer.
Proboscis very long, filiform, gcniculated beneath twice.

Sp. 1. Ml/, dorsalis. Fabr., Leach.
Inhabits hedges and gardens. 2 ^t/f«

Genus 537. BUCENTES. Latr., Leach.
Proboscis geniculated twice.

Sp. 1. Buc. cinercus. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France and England.

Genus 538. STOMOXYS of authors.
Proboscis geniculated once.

Sp. 1. Stotn. calcitrans of authors. (PI. 0. Jig. 7.)
Inhabits commons ill the autumn. ^ vnvVcu^

CLASS V. INSECTA. 299

Fam. XIV. Muscid.^. Leach.
MusciDES. Lalreille.
Froboscis retractile, terminated by a very remarkable dilatation.

Stirps 1. — Antenna inserted near the front, setigerous : palpi internal :
halteres visiMe : anterior legs simple : head not siibglobose : hinder legs
not iari^er iliaa the rest : wings horizontal ; ei/es sessile.

Genus 539. MOCILLUS. Latr., Leach.
Antenna shorter than the head : head hemispheric.
Sp. 1. Mac. cellar ins. Linnc, Leach.
Inhabits wine-vaults.

Stirps 2. — Antenna inserted near the front, setigerous : palpi internal :
halteres visible: anterior legs simple: head not subgloi)Ose: hinder
legs not longer than the rest : zcings divaricating : ej/cs simple : ver-
tex narrow.

Genus 540. TEPHRITIS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Leach. Trypeta.
Meig. Dacus. Fabr.
Thorax cylindric : proboscis entirely retractile.

Sp. 1. Teph. Cardui. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits thistles.

Stirps 3. — Antenna inserted near the upper part of the head, setige-
rous: ;W/;i internal : //a/^t7'es visible : «'i/mor /e^s simple: head not
often subglobose: hinder /f^i^s not larger than the rest; ?iv»(^.s detlexed :
ej/es sessile : vertex broad.

Genus 541. CALOBATA. Mcig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
Antenna very much shorter than the head, the third joint longer than

the second : bodt/ long, filiform : legs long, tiliforui.
Sp. 1. Cal.filiformis. Latr., Leach.
Inhabits France and England.

Genus 542. SEPEDON. Latr., Leach. Bacca. Fabr. Mulio.
SchcUenberg.
Antenna; very much longer than the head, inserted on an elevation; the

second joint very long, cylindric.
Sp. 1. Sep. palustris. Latr.
Inhabits marshes.

Genus 543. LOXOCERA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Fabr., Leach.
AntenHa very mnch louger than the head; last joint linear : abdomen

narrow, linear.
Sp. 1. Lox. Ichneumonia. Meig.
Inhabits flowers in marshes.

Genus 544. SCATOPHAGA. Meig., Latr., Leach. Pyropa. Illig.
Antenna shorter than the head: head round, siib-globose: vertex hori-
zontal : body very much elongated.

300 MODERN SYSTEM.

Sp. 1. Scat, merdoria. Latr., Leach,
liiliabits cow-dung.

Genus 545. ANTHOMYIA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach.
AntcniKE shorter than the head : Imui hemispheric, transverse : verttx

incUned : body not mucli lengthened.
Sp. 1. Anth. pluvialis. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Stirps 4. — Antenna: inserted near the upper part of the head, not seti-
merous: pu/pi internal : haltcres visible : anterior legs differing in form
from the others.

Genus 540. PIPUNCULUS. Latr., Leach.
Antenna two-jointed, the last joint subulated at its extremity : anterior

legs simple.
Sp. 1. Pip. campestris. Latr.
Inhabits meadows.

Genus 547. SCENOPINUS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. Coxa. Schcl-
lenbcrg.
Antenna: three-jointed : anterior legs simple.
Sp. 1. Seen, niger. Latr.
Inhabits houses near woods.

Genus 548. OCHTHERA. Latr., Leach. IVIacrochira. Meig.
Anterior legs raptorious : antenna terminated by a bearded seta.
Sp. 1. Och. Mants. Latr.
Once taken in Devon by Dr. Leach.

Stirps 5. — Antenna frontal, very short: 7x///« internal : /i«//eres entirely
or partly concealed : zeings divaricating.

Genus 549. PHASIA. Latr., Leach. Thereva. Fabr., Walck.,
Meig., Panz.
Antenna distant, sub-parallel, last joint subquadrate, with abiarticulate

seta : {body bhort : abdomen depressed, semicircular : uiings large.)
Sp. 1. Phas. Turiubilis. Leach.
Musca hemiptera. Linn'c.

Stirps 6. — Antenna frontal, as long as the face : palpi internal, or
partly concealed : wings divaricating.

Genus 550. MUSCA of authors.
Antenna with the third joint very much longer tlian the others : abdo-
/ men moderately long, subacuminate.

Sp. 1. Mas. vomitoria (connnon blue-bottle fly). L^atr.
Inhabits every where. It is the insect that deposits its eggs on meat,
which are commonly denominated fly-blows.

CLASS V. IXSECTA. 301

Genus 551. OCYPTEllYX. Lcacli. Ocyptera. Latr. Exorista.
Miig. Eriothrix. ^lei<:.
Antenna: with their last joint longer ihun the others : ubJumen dibtinctly

annulatcd, rounded.
.Sp. 1. Oci/pt. luteraiis. Leach. «

Inhabits woods.

Genus 55Q. GYMNOSOMA. Mek., Leach.
Antenna: with their last joint longer tliaa the others : uhdomen semi-
circular, subuniarticulate.
Sp. 1. Gj///i. Tutundata. Meig.

Genus 553. ECHINOMYIA. Bum., Latr., Lcac/i. Taciiina.
Meig.^ Fdl'v.
Antenntc with their second joint longer than the others : abdomen sub-
globose, and very bristly.
Sp. 1. JLcli. grossa. Latr.
Inhabits woods.

Genus 554. TACHIXA. leac/,.
Antenna: with their second juint longer lluiu the others : uhdomeu

ovate, rather bristly.
Sp. 1. Tuch.fha.
Inhabits the skirts and pathways in woods.

Fam. XV. (Estrid.*.. Leach.
Mtjscides, I. Latrcille. Astomata. Dunicril.

The larvfe of all the insects of this family reside in the frontal
sinuses under the skin, or in the stomachs of graminivorous mam-
malia. Their curious economy has been admirably detailed m the
third volume of the Transactions of the Linneun Socktij of London
by ]Mr. Bracy Clark, who has lately republished his ]3issertalion
under the title An Essay on the Bots of Hoists and other Animals.
London, 1815.

Genus 555. (ESTRUS of authors.
Wings with the two exterior cells complete, the other hinder cells ter-
minal : thorax with its surface unequal : abdomen with its point de-
flexed ; of the female acuminate : fj/es distant; of the male closer
than those of the female.

* Tliorar roiighish, uith elevated points.

The larvas of the species of this division of the genus inhabit the
frontal sinuses.

Sp. 1. CEsfrns Ovis.

Inhabits the frontal sinuses of the sheep in the larva state ; the per-
fect insect is found on walls and stones in the vicinity of sheep-
folds.

302 MODERN SYSTEM.

** Thorax zvU/t square sinning naked r.pofs.

The larvae of this section reside beneath the skin of herbivorous mani-

malia.
Sp. 2. (Estrus Bovis. {PI. 9. fig. 1.)

" The larvae of this species, named by the peasants Warbles, or
Wornils, are found beneath the skin on the backs and loins of oxen,
causing tumours as large as pullets' eggs. The perfect insect, or
gad-fly, appears about the end of summer, and is much dreaded by
cattle."

Genus 556. GASTEROPIIILUS. Leach. CEstrus of authors.
Wings with all the hinder cells terminal : thorax with its surfaces
smooth : abdomen with its extremities inflexed ; of the temale, very
much eloiisiated and attenuated : ei/es in both sexes equally distant.
" The larvffi of the Gasterophili, as their name imports, inhal)it
the stomach of herbivorous quadrupeds, and are called Bots ; tlw
y'' perfect insect Bot-fiies.''

Sp. 1. Gasf. Equi. Leach, Trans. Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. ii.
(Estrus Bovis. Limit. Q],strus Equi. Clark.
The larva? inhabit the horse.

\

Order XVI. OMALOPTERA. T^cuch.

DiPTERA of authors.

Mouth with mandibles and maxilla: : lip simple : -wings two or none
{^Metamorphosis coarctate).

Fam. I. HiPPOBOsciD.i:. Leach.

Head divided from the thorax by a suture at least : proboscis provided
with tw« valves : vails of the tarsi double or treble.

" The larvae are nourished within the abdomen of the mother,
and, when full grown, are passed in the form of an oviform pupa,
covered with the indurated skin of the larva-." In the second vo-
lume of the Transactions of the We?'ncrian Natural History Societj/ if
Edinburgh is given a most excellent ^laper on the insects of this
family by Dr. Leach. The following arc natives of this country :

Stjrps 1. — Wings two; the hinder cell only commenced: thorax an-
teriorly entire, acuminated.

Genus 557. HIPPOBOSCA of authors. Nirmomyia. Nitzsch.

Ocelli none.

Sp. 1. Hipp, equina. Linnc, Leach. (Forest-fly.) {PL 9. fg. IL)

Inhabits the horse. In the New Forest of Hampshire they abound in
a most astonishing degree. I have obtained from the flanks of one
horfec six handful Is, which consisted oi' upwards of a hundred si>e-

CLASS V. INSECTA. 303

cimcns. Mr. Bentley informs me, from observations he made in
the summer of 1818, while in Ihimpsliire, liiat the Hippuhoscce are
found in a considerably greater abmidance u\\ white and light-co-
loured horses than those of a black and dark colour; and this ob-
servation was contirmed by the stable-keepers in tli'; vicinity of the
Forest.

Stirps 2. — TT7»?gstwo; the hinder cells complete: thorax anteriorly
notched for the reception of the head.

* Wings of nearly an equal breadth throughout.

Genus :).53. ORNITIIOMYIA. Latr., Oliv., Leach.
Ocelli three, situated in foveolae.
Sp. 1. Oruith. avicularia. Leach.
Hippobosca avicidaria. Liunt.
Inhabits the black grouse and tit-pippit. ^ti/vi^j

** Wings acuminated.

Genus .5.59. CRATERINA. Olfers. Stenkpteryx. TA:nch.
Ocelli three, situated in foveoke.

Sp. 1. Cr. Hirundinis. Olfers. Stewpteryx Hirundinis. Leach.
Hippobosca Hirundinis. lAnni.
Inhabits the nests and bodies of the house-swallow.

Genus 5C0. OXYPTERUM. Kirhy, Leach.
Ocelli none.

Sp. I. Oxypt. Kirbyanum. Leach. 1'nholnt^ Kt^ln^
Inhabits England.

Stirps 3. — Wings none : thorax anteriorly notched for the reception of
the head.

Genus 501. MELOPHAGUS. Lutr., Leach, O/Jlrs. Melophil.\.
Nitzsch.
Ocelli none.

Sp. 1. Mel. ovinns. Latr., Leach.
Hippobosca ovina. Linn'c.
Inhabits the sheep.

Fam. 11. Xycteribid.t. Leach.

Head united with the thorax : nails of the tarsi simple didactyle.

Genus 562. NYCTERIBIA. L.atr., Leach. Phthiridicm. Her-
mann, Olfers.
Thorax depressed : mouth situated on the back at the anterior part of
the thorax: legs six, placed at the sides; femora with two joints, the
second long and compressed : tibia with two joints, the first longest
and compressed, tlie second joint slender and arcuated : tarsi with

304 MODERN SYSTEM.

five articulations, the first three gi-adually shorter, tlie fourth longer
and wider, the fifth shorter, and receiving the didactyle claw: abdi)-
men in both sexes with eight joints: Female? with the first seg-
ment of the back produced, the fourth and remainder partly con-
cealed, the last segment at its apex furnished with a setigerous
style: Male? with the last segment largest.

Its situation was referred to the Diptcru by Latreillc, who ob-
serves, in a note, that it may probably be found hereafter to consti-
tute a peculiar Order of insects. From the apparent want of an-
tenna^, and from the conilucnce of the head and thorax, Ur. Leach
placed it amongst the Arac/nid/ila, in a division by itself. Its mode
of propagation is unknown. Hermann considered the sexual as spe-
cific difi'erences.

Sp. 1. Ni/cf. Hcrmanni.

riirhiridium biarticulatum. Herin. Man. Apt. 124./)/. 6.fi}l. 1. Olfers,S0.
lllppobosca Vespertilionis. Schr. Fn. Brit. 2587. Phthiridiuni Hcr-
manni. Iauc/i, Encycl. Brit. Siipp. vol. i. 1 Id. pi. 23. — Zoul. Misc. iii.
55, pt. Ml.

In the plate given in the third volume of the Miscellany, repre-
sentations are given of the sexes very nuich magnified, with one leg
still more highly increased by the aid of the microscope. The se-
cond joint of each tibia is longer than all the joints of the tarsus
taken together.

Inhabits the greater and lesser horse-shoe bat.

ANIMALS or DOUBTFUL SITUATIOX. 305

ARTICULATED ANIMALS

having articulated Legs, of doubfjul Situation.

The singular animals that compose this group inhahit the sea.
The females are furnished with two palpiform organs inserted at the
hase of the rostrum, on which parts they carry their eggs, attached
in globular masses.

The legs are composed of three-jointed coxee, one-jointed thighs,
two-jointed tibiae and tarsi, the latter part furnished with claws.

Order PODOSOMATA.

Boilj/ four-jointed, and foniied as it were of the junction of the coxre :
viouth tubular: ei/es four, placed on a common tubercle : kga eight.
The natural situation of this assemblage of animals is still doubt-
ful, as very little is known concerning them : they were referred to
the Arachnoida by Dr. Leach, in Brewster s Edin. Encycl. vol. vii.
and also in the article Annulosa in the Supp. to Encycl. Brit. vol. i.;
since which time, from a further examination of their characters,
he is by no means satistied as to their position.

Fam. I. PYCNOGOxiDiE. Leach.
Mandibles none.

Genus 1. PYCNOGONUM of authors.

Legs rather strong : coxa; with subequfil joints : tibia with the first joint
largest : tai-si with the first joint very small : clazos simple, strong,
acute.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, the last joint very acute, ungui-
form, attached to the first joint of the body at the base of the ros-
trum.

Sp. 1. Pyc. Balanurum. Fabr., Latr., Leach, Edin. Encycl. — Supp. to
Encycl. Brit. vol. i. pi. 23. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 388.

Inhabits the European ocean. It is not uncommon in Plymouth
Sound, where it is taken by the trawl fishers.

Genus 2. PHOXICHTLUS. Latr., Leach.
Legs very slender : coxa with the middle joint longest, subclavate :
/ifciVewith the first joint shorter: tarsi with the first joint very small :
ckavs double, unequal, the longer one acute.

Egg-bearing organs seven-jointed, the last joint tuberculiform, in-
serted at the base of the rostrum, one on each side, and attached to
the first segment of the body.

u

306 AMMALS OF DOVKTFUL SlIUATIGJf.

The specific characters of none of the species are yet ascertained.
Phalangium hirsutum, Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tab. 5. fg. 7.,
belongs to tliis genus.

Fam. II. Nympiioxid.1. LencJi.
Mandibles two, biarticulate, didactyle.

Genus 3. NYMPHUM. Lam., Leach. Nvmphox. Fair., Lutr.
Pycnogonum. Mu/ler.

Mandibles longer than the rostrum, with equal joints, the fingers curv-
ed, meeting along their whole length and abruptly hooked at their
extremities : palpi six-jointed, the second joint elongate, the sixth
very small: legs very slender: coxa with the middle joint longest :
tibia with the second joint rather longest: tarsi with the first joint
somewhat shortest: dates simple.

Egg-bearing organs ten-jointed, inserted behind the rostrum almost
under the anterior pair of legs.

Sp. 1. Ni/m. gracile. Cinereous: thighs cylindric.

Isymphum gracile. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. Jig. 1. — Siipp. to
Encycl. Brit. i. 433. pi. '25.

" Inhabits the British seas everywhere : but as it never attains
the size of the Phalanginm, misnamed by Liune grossipes (which is
figured by StriJm in his History of Sondmor, ^03. tab. 2. Jig. lG),it is
doubtful if it be the same species : but as the Linnean name is so
inapplicable, little fault can be found with the more appropriate
name for which it has been exchanged."

Sp. 2. Nip/iph.Janoratwn. Reddish ; thighs dilated and compressed.

Nymphum i'cmoratum. Leach, Zool. Misc. i. 45. tab. 19. fg. 2. — Supp.
to Encj/cl. Brit. i. 433.

Inhabits the shores on the southern coast of Devon.

APPARATUS

E N 1^ O M O L 0 G I S T S,

1 HE apparatus used for taking insects are few and simple: the fol-
lowing are indispensable, and will be found to answer every necessary
pmpose.

A Net, similar in its construction to a batfowling-net; this is gene-
rally made of fine gauze or coarse muslin, and may be either dyed
green or remain a white; the advantage of the latter colour is, that mi-
nute insects are sooner discovered than if the net is green, hut a green
net must be used for Mothing. The net rods should be made of ash,
beech, hazel, or any tough wood ; each rod should be about five feet in
length, perfectly round, smooth, and gradually tapering. PI. 11. fig. 1.
one of the rods complete: a, the cross-piece, which should be of cane,
and fit into the angulated ferrule : b, the rod, must be divided into
three or four pieces for the convenience of being carried in the pocket ;
each joint at the upper part must have a ilsrrule riveted on as at d:
the joints are best made with a notch or check, as at c, which prevents
the upper part from twisting: when fitted together, care must be taken,
in fitting the joints to the brass tubes, that they are made exact, or
otherwise they will be subject to shake and continually coming to
pieces.

The net (fig. 3.) must be bound entirely round with a broad welt,
doubled to form a groove, into which the rods are to slip. In the
centre of the upper part, beneath the Jig. 2., must be a small piece of
wash-leather to form a hinge ; this must be sewed round the welt, di-
vided and sewed in the middle to prevent the cross pieces from slip-
ping over each other, b, about four inches of the gauze turned up to
form a bag. c. strings passing through the staple c, J?g. 1. to draw
the net tight on each side ; the handles are to be held one in each hand
when the net is used.

With this net it is intended to take insects on the wing ; and for
that purpose it answers very effectually, as it may be instantly opened
or folded together, and secure the insect between : even the smallest
insects cannot escape if the net is not damaged, and the gauze is fine.
It also answers well for collecting caterpillars, and many of the cole-
opterous insects that are seldom found on the wing ; in using it for

V 2

308 ATPARATL'S USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS,

this purpose, the Entomologist must hold it expanded under the trees
or hushes, and with a stout stick beat the branches, by which means
a vast number of insects will fall into the net, and many hundreds
may be taken in a single day.

A IIoop, or Landing-net {pi. 11. /g. 4.) — This is generally used in
taking aquatic insects, hut will be found very useful to sweep the grass
and low herbage, for many coleopterous and other insects are taken in
110 other way: — the socket may be of such size that two joints ot the
net-rod will form a convenient handle, or a walking-stick may be
used.

The Digger (pi. 11.. ^g. 5.) — This is a piece of iron or steel, of
about six inches long, fitted into a wooden handle, and is used tor col-
lecting the pupa; of Lepidoptera at the roots of trees, also for strip-
ping off the bark, under which many exceedingly rare insects are fre-
quently found. The digger is best with an arrow-headed point, as at a.
A Phial {fig. C.) or tin bottle, useful in collecting coleopterous in-
sects. In this bottle a tube is introduced, which extends a little way
down the bottle to prevent the insecls-from escaping : in small phials,
a quill passed through the cork, with a cork stopper, answers extremely
well for small insects.

A pair of brass Pliers (/g. 7.) for taking up small insects from roots
of grass, &,c.

A Setting Needle {Jig. 8 and 9.), fixed in a pencil stick, for the
purpose of extending the parts of insects ; at the other end of the stick
a camel's hair pencil is fixed, to remove any dirt or dust which may
be on the insects ; and if the pencil is drawn through the lips, to bring
the end to a' fine point, it may be frequently useful to display the an-
tennae, palpi, ike. of the minute species.

A Pair of Forceps {fig. 10.) — These are about eight or ten inches
in length ; are made of steel. The fans are either of a circular or
hexangular form, and are covered with fine gauze ; they are held and
moved as a pair of scissors, and are extremely useful in taking bees,
wasps, &c. If an insect is on a leaf, both leaf and insect may be in-
closed in the forceps; or if lodged against the trunk of a tree, paling,
or any flat surface, they may very conveniently be entrapped ; if of
the Lepidoptera order, the insect should be pressed with the thumb-
nail pretty smartly on the thorax, but not so as to crush it; it may
then be shaken into the hand, and a pin passed through the thorax,
(this means is also used with moths, &,c. when taken in the net ;) or
a pin may be passed through the thorax while the insect is confined
between the gauze, and then carefully taken out by the pin.

Pocket Collecting Box. — The Entomologist must also furnish
himself with a chip-box, of a convenient size for the pocket, lined at
the top and bottom with cork, to stick those insects in that would in-
jure theuiselvcb by being loose in a box : in this some camphor, con-

APPARATUS USED HY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 309

fined in a small gauze-bag, should constantly be kept, as the scent from
it not only tends to hasten the death of the insect, but stupifies and
prevents their fluttering.

Pins. — Those used for the Oustaceaare generally large, some being
four inches in length ; — the size of the pin should correspond with the
size of the animal. Those used for insects are of two sizes, small lace,
and a much finer made only for this purpose. The pins used for set-
ting should be longer than those used for piercing the insects, and
will be found much more convenient.

Pill Boxes. — Of these the Entomologist should possess three or
four dozen : — they are generally used for the smaller species of Lepi-
doptera, such as the Tines, Tortrices, he. In collecting the latter, no
more than one specimen should l)c inclosed; and such boxes as con-
tain them require some care in carrying, to prevent the insect being
shaken, which would injure the wings: carrying them in the hat,with
a handkerchief over them, to jtrevent their rolling about, is by far the
safest way.

Quills will also be found'uscful ; these must have one end care-
fully stopped up with cork or cement, the mouth with a cork stopper.
It is also advisable to tie a piece of waxed sewing silk roinid each end,
to prevent them from splitting : — the Entomologist may in these se-
cure with safety the most minute insects.

Pocket Larv-i: Box. — This is essential in collecting for the safe
conveyance of Caterpillars, and is merely a cliip-box, with a piece cut
out of the top and bottom, and covered with gauze, for the free ad-
mission of air : a few leaves of the plants on which the caterpillars
are found must be put in the box with them. Further instruction for
the method of breeding insects is given below.

Setting Boards. — These are simply a thin deal board of a conve-
nient size, and covered with soft cork. The cork must be perfectly
even on the surface, and covered with white paper. As many insects
require much time in drying, I should recommend the Entomologist
to have a small box of about a foot square, with slips of wood nailed
on the inside for the boards to slide on, and at the same time at a
sufficient distance from each other, that the pins may not be displaced
or moved in putting the boards in, or drawing them out; this should
be kept in a dry place, and furnished with a door covered with fine
muslin to admit the air, and exclude the dust.

Braces. — These are merely slips of card, used for confining the
wings of insects whilst drying, as shown in plate 3 2.

Breeding Cages are used for rearing insects from Caterpillars, and
may be made of wainscot, (deal is objectionable, as the scent from the
turpentine is liable to kill the larvee,) in the form represented in pi. 11.
Jig. 3, witli the sides and front covered with gauze, b a small square
box or tube, for the reception of a phial of water, in which the stalks

310 APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLDGISTS.

of the plants may be put for the caterpillars to feed on. The mos-t
convenient size of the cages is about eight inches in breadth, four deep,
and one foot in height; thc^^ should never contain but one kind of ca-
terpillar, as some species devour others ; and indeed, if left without
food, will devour those of their own kind also. At the bottom of each
case must be a quantity of earth, about two inches deep ; with the
earth should be mixed a little sand, and some of the fine mould fre-
quently found in the bodies of old trees ; this will prevent in a great
measure the earth drying up into hard linnps or clods. I'he most cer-
tain way of breeding insects is to keep the cages in a cool and moist
place, as in a cellar or out-house ; for a great number of caterpillars
change into the pupa state several inches beneath the sin-face ot the
earth, and if kept too dry, the earth about them will absorb the nutri-
tive moisture from the animal, thereby not only.weakening it, but
hardening the shell in which it is inclosed, so that its strength will be
insufficient to burst the case when it should come forth, and in which
it must die, as many have done, occasioned entirely by this mis-
management of them.

Some years produce a greater quantity of caterpillars than others,
and keeping each kind by themselves would require an immense
number of cages, and much time in changing the food, and paying a
proper attention to them. It is a common practice to have a breeding
cage of larger dimensions, by which means a great number ol cater-
pillars may be fed in one cage, in which a \ariety of food may be put,
but must be taken away and replaced with fresh plants every seccjud
or third day, for this tends greatly to the obtaining of tine specimens
of the perfect insect.

The larvfe of many insects that feed beneath the surface of the
earth may be bred in the Ibllowing manner : Let any box that is about
tliree or four feet square, and two or three feet deep, be lined or co-
vered externally with tin, and bore through the sides and bottom a
number of very minute holes : put into this box a quantity of earth
that is replete with such ^ egetables as the caterpillars subsist on, and
sink it into a bed of earth, so tliat the surface may be exposed to the
ditferent changes of the weather: the lid should be covered with brass
or iron net-work, to prevent their escape.

Cabinet. — In the present advanced state of Entomology, a collec-
tion of British insects requires a cabinet of from 50 to 100 drawers,
which are generally about fourteen or fifteen inches in length and
breadth, and al)out two inches in depth ; Uie cork with which the bot-
toms are to be lined must be chosen as free from cracks and knots as
possible, and filed, or cut very level, and be about the sixth of an inch
in substance. The top of every drawer must be glazed, to prevent the
admission of dust or air ; the glass is usually fitted into a frame ol the
samp size as the drawer, and is made to let in on a rabbet,

APPARATUS USED BY ENTOMOLOGISTS. 311

The best method for a youno; Entomologist is to obtain a cabinet of
about thirty drawers, arranged in two tiers, and covered in with fold-
ing doors. There is a great convenience in this size, as the cabinets
are rendered more portable; and cabinets may be added of the same
size, as the collection increases, without injuring the luhformity, may
be placed on each other, and carried to any extent. It is immaterial
whether the cabinet is made of mahogany or wainscot ; sometimes
they are made of cedar wood, but seldom of deal or any other wood
that is soft ; small holes or cells must be made on the inside of the
fronts for camphor.

Corking of Drawers. — The readiest way is to buy the cork pre-
pared, which maybe obtained at most of the cork-cutters; but this
will be found expensive for large cabinets. I have generally bought it
in the rough state, and cut it into strips about three inches wide (the
length is immaterial if the method advised iiercafter is pursued);
these strips must be fixed in a vice, and, if the substance of the cork
will admit, split down the middle with a fine saw, (greasing the
saw must be avoided as much as possible, as it will stain the paper
used for covering it afterwards ;) the out or black side is to be rasp-
ed down to a certain smoothness, as well as the middle or inside.
Having reduced the slips to about three-eighths of an inch in thick-
ness, glue each piece (the darkest or worst side) on a sheet of brown
or cartridge paper ; this should be laid on a deal board about three
feet in length, and the width required for the drawer or box : a few fine
nails or brads must be driven through each piece of cork, to keep it
firm and in its place until the glue be dried: by this means sheets of
cork may be formed of the size of the drawer. All the irregularities
must be iiled or rasped down quite even, and the whole surface ren-
dered perfectly smooth by rubbing it over with pumice-stone : the
. sheet, thus formed and finished, must be glued into the drawers, to
prevent its warping ; some weights must be equally distributed over
the cork, that it may adhere firmly to the bottom of the drawer: when
quite dry, the weights must be removed, and the cork covered with
paper, which should be of the finest quality, but not very stout; the
paste should soak well into the paper previous to being laid over the
cork, which, if smoothly laid on, and gently rubbed over with a clean
cloth or solt paper, will be rendered perfectly smooth and tight when
dry.

It is absolutely necessary that the cabinets should be kept in a dry
situation, otherwise the insects will become mouldy on the antenna-,
legs, Sec. This evil will also occur if the insect is put in the cabinet be-
fore it is thoroughly dry. Should an insect at any time become moiddy,
a camel's hair pencil dipped in clean spirits of wine, in which a little
camphor is dissolved, will soon clean it; but the insect must be dried
in a warm place before being again placed in the cabinet.

312 METHOD or COLLECTING INSECTS.

If a sufficient quantity of camphor is not constantly kept in the
drawers, the insects will soon be destroyed by mites : where these exist,
they are easily discerned by the dust which is under the insects : cam-
phor must be imnrediatcly put in the drawers, and the insects taken out,
(the dust being brushed off" by a line soft camel's hair pencil) and
baked by the tire; care must be had that too great a heat is not applied,
as it will utterly destroy the specimen.

Store Boxes. — The neatest method for these is to make them about
a foot square, the top and bottom about two inches deep, on the prin-
ciple of back-gammon boards ; the inside must be lined with cork,
and, if with a hinge and neatly covered with paper or painted, they may
be kept very conveniently on a shelf in an upriglit position like books,
and lettered accordingly.

METHOD OF COLLECTING INSECTS.

Insects are so various in their habits that they may be found in
every part of the world, at all seasons of the year, and in every situ-
ation. As some parts arc more congenial to their nature than others,
I shall state the best methods of searching in those places M'hich in
general are the most profitable to the Entomologist.

Woods, Hedges, and Lanes. — These situations produce by far the
greatest portion of insects. In woods, the Entomologist must lieat the
branches of the trees into his folding net, and nuist select for this pur-
pose open paths, the skirts, &c. The trunks of trees, gates, and felled
timber, should be carefully examined, as many of the Lepidoptera
and Coleopterous insects are found in no other situations. Many rare
and very beautiful insects are found in the hedges, in lanes, as also in
the nettles, &c. which grow under them : these should be well beat,
especially when the white thorn is in bloom in the months of INIay and
June. Should tlie reader collect only for the microscope, he need not
go to the trouble or expense of a net, as an open umbrella inverted will
answer his purpose. Hedges in dusty roads are seldom productive. — -
The princii)al woods near London, and the most frequented by Ento-
mologists, are Coombe AVood and Norwood in Surrey, — Birch Wood,
Darent Wood, and woods round Bexley in Kent. Coombe Wood has
long been celebrated for the great variety of insects which it produces.
Birch Wood is on the Maidstone road, and is of great extent: near the
34-mile stone on this road is a large chalk-pit in which many rare insects
are to be obtained. Bexley, a small village, lies between Crayford and
Foot's Cray. In these woods I have collected with great success: near
the village is a large sand-pit which produces an immense number of
Coleopterous and Hymenopterous insects. There are also some very
rural lanes round the village which produce a great variety of insects :
jn the rivers and brooks I have taken many rare aquatics. Norwood

METHOD or COLLECTIXO IKSECTS. 313

is well known, and is but a short distance from the metropolis of Lon-
don : hut tlie inconsiderate game-keepers will frequently interrupt and
warn the unoffending I'^ntomologist to (ptit the wood immediately, not
allowing that ours

" is untax'd and undisputed game."

Heaths and Commons. — Many insects are confined to these situ-
ations, not only on account of plants which grow in no other places,
but by the cattle and their dung, in the latter of which many thousands
of insects may be found in a single day in the months of April and
May ; these are principally of the Coleoptera Order.

The principal connuons near London are Wandsworth and Wimble-
don in Surrey; Epping Forest; Lessness Heath, Erith, and Bexley in
Kent ; a great many ponds are in those places, which produce many
very local insects.

Sand-Pits. — The largest sand-pit I am acquainted with is at Charl-
ton, near the seven mile-stone, on the lower road to Woolwich. In
this pit I have met with the following rare insects, Copris lunarius, Nu-
torus monvccras, Lixm su/cirostris, Sfc. I\Iinute insects are very abun-
dant ; the roots of grass, at which the latter are ibund, should be care-
fully examined : an Entomologist may find full employment for a
whole day at this place. There are also several sand-pits on Hamp-
stead Heath.

Meadows, Marshes, and Ponds. — In meadows, when the Ranun-
culi or butter-cups are in blossom, many Musc(e and Dipterous insects
are found ; the flags or rushes are the habitations of Cussida, Dunacia,
SjX. The drills in marshes should be examined, as many species of in-
sects are found on the long grass, as also the larva of several Lepldoptcra.
Nairoptcra are generally confined to these situations, especially if any
hedges or trees are near the spot. I have collected in the marshes of
Plaistow, West-Ham, Barking, Hackney, and Battersea, with much
success. Ponds afford tq the lover of the microscope an infinite num-
ber of highly interesting olijects, that are best obtained by means of
the landing-net, which for this purpose need not be so long as repre-
sented in pi. 11. fg. 4. and should be made of strong cloth, but suffi-
ciently open to allow the water to escape. The mud which is brought
up from the bottom of the ponds should be examined, and what small
insects are found may be put in a small phial filled with water,
which will not only clean them but keep them alive ; and in many in-
stances, upon a close examination, the Naturalist will be surprised at
these the most wonderful productions of Nature. To the Entomologist
this mode of collecting will be equally advantageous, as he will obtain
many species of Di/ticidir ,Notonectid(e, &,c.

Moss, Decayed Trees, Roots of Grass, &c. — Many insects will be

314 SEASONS FOR COLLECTING INSr.CTS.

found ill moss and under it : the roots and wood of decayed trees af-
ford nourishment and a hahitaticn to a number of insects ; many of
the larvie of the Lepkloptcm penetrate the trunks of trees in all direc-
tions : most of the Cerambyces feed on wood, as well as some species
of Carahiche, Elateridtc, 4c. In seeking for these the digger is gene-
rally used, as it is sometimes necessary to dig six or seven inches into
the wood before they are found.

Banks of Ponds and Roots of Guass. — This is a ncvcr-taililig
source of collecting, which may be followed at ail seasons of the year,
and in general with great success: those banks are to i)c preferred
which have the morning or noon-day sun: the Entomologist may sit
down and collect with the greatest ease an immense number of Sia-
jihUinida. Fschiphi are generally taken in those situations.

Banks of Rivers, Sandy Sea Shoues, &c. — These situations are
productive of a great variety of Coleoptcni, Crustacea, ^c. The dead ani-
mals that are thrown on the shores should be carefully examined, as
they are the food of Si/p/iinc/te, Slap/uliitidte, ^c. ISLiy and June are the
best times for collecting in these situations.

Dead Animals, Dried Bones, &:c. should constantly be examined,
as these are the natural habitats of several insects. Dead moles are fre-
quently found hung on bushes by the country people; under these the
Entomologist should hold his net, and shake the boughs on which they
are hung, as a great number of Coleoptera generally inhabit them.

Fungi, Boleti, and Flowers, ought constantly, when met with,
to be examined, as many exceeding rare insects inhai)it them.

SEASONS FOR COLLECTING.

January, February, and jMarcu. — It is not every Entomologist
that will collect at this early season of the year, under the impression
that but few insects can be obtained : this is true in some measure:
however, I have collected throughout the year and in all seasons, for
many years, and my labours have been repaid with success much
beyond my hope;;, or expectations. I have repaired to the woods when
in some parts I have been up to my knees in snow, and, strange to say,
have taken insects from under the bark of trees, moss, &,c. in great
numl)f rs, and of species which have been considered scarce even in
the summer months. At this season the Entomologist should not
omit to collect a quantity of moss from the roots of trees, which may
be carried home in a pocket handkerchief and examined, by shaking it
pver a sheet of paper, upon which the insects will fall, and are easily
discovered.

At this season also, if the weather is mild, the Entomologist should

SEASON'S FOr> COI.LrXTING IXSECTS. 315

dig at the roots of trees for the pupiB of Ltpidoptcra ; for this purjiose
tlie (hgger is used, or a small trowel : the principal places worthy at-
tention are the roots of oaks, elms, lime-trees, &c. or beneath the un-
derwood : open the earth close to the tree, and search to the depth of
several inches.

Such pupa; as penetrate into tlie.wood require more care, lest they be
destroyed when the attempt is made to extricate them ; sound on the
bark with the digger, and the hollows will soon be discovered where no
external sign is visible; tear off the bark, (and carefully examine it,
lor minute Coleoptera are frequently Ibimd adhering to it,) and withu
knife cut away the wood that surrounds the oritice of the cavity, to
enlarge it, and take out the pupae as careililly as possible.

April and May. — The same genial warmth that brings forth vege-
tation brings forth also myriads of insects int(j life and motion; the
dung of animals at this season swarms wiih minute Coleoptera; se-
veral species of the Lepidojjtcra will also be found by looking care-
fully garden pales, gates in lanes, &c. Many species of Bees will be
found sucking the pollen from the sallow, which blossoms at this sea-
son. Sand and gravel pits should be carefully examined, and under
the stones and clods of earth many insects will be found. In May, as
soon as the white-thorn is in leaf, the hetlges should be well beat; the
season for taking Caterpillars commences, from which most of the Le-
pidoptcra arc obtained, and this is by far the best method, as the in-
sects are generally perfect, and the specimens very fine. Great atten-
tion should be paid to the larva^, as supplying them with fresh food,
and keeping the earth moist at the bottoms of their cages.

June, July, August. — In these months the Entomologist will
hnd full employment in the woods. Most of the Butterflies are taken
in these months, flying aliroad in the day-time only : Moths will be
found flying at break of day, and at twilight in the evening. This me-
thod is tenned Moth r so, and should be well followed ui) during the
summer season. Many of the rarer Lepidoptera are never I'ound but
at these times. The males of some, if not of every species of the
Moth tribe, and perhaps of other insects also, by a very astonishing
faculty, arc able to discover the females at a great distance, and in the
most secret situations. The following observations by Mr. Haworth
on Boiubyx Qiwrcus will fully establish this fact, and at the same time
illustrate the manner of taking them : " It is a frequent practice with
the London xVurelians, when they breed a female of this and some
other day-flying species, to take her whilst yet a virgin into the vici-r
nity of woods, vvhere, if the weather is favourable, she never fails tu
attract a numerous train of the males, whose only business appears to
be an incessant, rapid, and undulating flight in search of their unim-
prepuded females. One of which is no sooner perceived, than they
become so much enamoured of their fair and chaste relation, as abso-

316 SETTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA.

lutely to lose all kind of fear for their own personal safety, which, at
other times, is effectually secured by the reiterated evolutions of their
strong and rapid wings. So fearless indeed have I beheld them on
these occasions, as to climb up and down the sides of the cage which
contained the dear object of their eager pursuit, in exactly the same
hurrying manner as honey bees, which have lost themselves, climb up
and down the glasses of a window." At the latter end of August, and
the whole of September, the second and last brood of Caterpillars are
found : several species of Gryllus may also be taken in meadows and
marshy lands.

October, November, December. — At the fall of the leaf insects
become less immerovis, but many of the Ilemipterous insects may
be found by lieating the ferns and underwood in woods, also many very
beautiful Tinea; and Tortrices ; the aquatic insects will be found in
ponds pretty plentiful. Roots of grass, decayed trees, ^c. may again
be resorted to.

Having now given an outline of the rules which appear necessary
for the purpose of collecting insects, I shall jiroceed to their preserva-
tion, which, above all, will act as a particular incitement to the early
collector, who, it is supposed, " would feel very little pleasure at the
recollection that all the fruits of his toil in one season would be de-
stroyed in the next; or at best, tliat his specimens would only retain a
wretched vestige of their original perfection."

SETTING AND PRESERVING.

Crustacea.

Mcthwl of collecting. — Most of the Crustacea inhabit the sea; the
few that are found in fresh water are generally mfnute, but highly in-
teresting : ponds, ditches, and marshes produce the latter in abund-
ance, and are common near London ; they are taken with the water-
net, and may i)e preserved as directed hereafter.

In searching for Crustacea on the sea-shorc, the Entomologist must
not omit to search diligently, by turning up stones. Sec. ;— Confcrvaj
and Corallines, thrown on the shore after storms, frequently contain
many rare species, as also the pools left by the retiring tide on most of
the rocky coasts. By walking on the sea-^hore after heavy gales of
wind many Crustacea will be found : he must also take every opportu-
nity of examining the fishermen's nets, and the refuse thrown away
by them. Empty shells should also be examined, as they frequently
form a habitation for these animals.

Directions for preserving Crustacea for Cabinets. — Those species which
inhabit the sea should be suffered to remain for some hours in cold

SriTING AND PRESERVING ARACUNOIPA ArCD ATA?.!.

317

fresh '.vatcr, to extract tlie salt, which would soon destroy them liy at-
tracting moisture ; they arc then to lie placed in a crawling posture,
and the parts of the mouth are to be displayed by means of pins un-
til dry ; they will then remain in that position. The more minute
species must be dried, and afterwards stuck on paper with gimi-water,
in different positions. Those of Mj/riapocla are to be killed by immer-
sion in spirits, and afterwards stuck with a pin on the right side.

Crustacea and JMi/riapuda are kept in cabinets lined with cork, to
which they are affixed with pins ; or in boxes loose : the former me-
thod is best, as they can then be moved from one place to another
without trouble or risk.

AraCIIXOIDA AND ACAP.!.

The habitations of the animals of this class are fully described in
the account of the genera, — further observations on this point will
therefore be unnecessary.

Method of presciiung. — Mr. Donovan has observed, " To determine
whether some species of Spiders could be preserved with their natu-
ral colours, I put several into spirits of wine ; those with gibbous bo-
dies soon after discharged a very considerable quantiy of viscid matter,
and therewith all their most beautiful colours ; the smallest retained
their form, and only appeared rather paler in the colours than whea
they were living.

" During the course of last summer, among other Sjiiders, T met
with a rare species ; it was of a bright yellow colour, elegantly marked
with black, red. green, and purple By some accident it was unfortu-
nately crushed to pieces in the chiii-l)ox wherein it was confined, ami
was therefore thrown aside as useless ; a month or more after that
time, having occasion to open the box, I observed that such parts ot"
the skin as had dried against the inside of the box retained the origi-
nal brightness of colour in a considerable degree. To further the
experiment, I made a similar attempt, with some caution, on the body
of another spider (Aranea Diudana), and though the colours were not
perfectly preserved, they appeared distinct.

" From other observations I find, that if you kill the spider, ancj
immediately after extract the entrails, then inflate them by means of
a blow-pipe, you may preserve them tolerably well : you must cleanse
them on the inside no more than is sufiicient to prevent mouldiness,
lest you injure the colours, which certainly in many kinds depend ou
some substance that lies beneath the skin."

The best preserved specimens that I have seen are those v/here the
contents of the abdomen have been taken out and tilled with tine sand.
I have preserved several in this way, and find it answer the purpose.

318 SETTING AXn IT.ESEUVING INSECTS.

INSECTS.

Entomologists are generally satisfied if they can obtain the insect
in its last or perfect state; hut as a few instructions for the preserva-
tion of tlie egg, larva, and ])U[)a may induce the collector to enrich
his cabinet with such specimens, and which is absolutely necessary in
gaining a perfect knowledge of ilieir nature, I shall give a few parti-
culars for this jiurpose.

Tlic Eixg. — ^The eggs of most insects retain their form and colour
well if preserved in the cabinet; but those viliicli do not })romisc fairly
rnay be i>repared after the method practised by Swamnierdam. lie
used to pierce the eggs with a very fine ndedlc, and ])ress all the con-
tained juices through the apertm-e: he then iniluted them until they
reo-ained their ])roper fi)rm by means of a small glass tulie; and
lastly, filled them with oil of spike in which some resin had been dis-
solved.

The Larva or Caterpillar.— The preservation of insects in this state,
is not only one of the most curicjus, but useful discoveries that have
been made in this department of science.

The readiest and quickest way of destroying the life of the cater-
pillar is to immerse it in spirits of wine, by which means the softness
and transparency of the parts are retained, and are preserved for a
length of time in this liquid.

In the cabinet of Mr. William Weatlierhead are preserved many
larva; of the Lqndoptcra, which he prepares in the following way, and
which answers extremely well — Having killed the animal in spirits of
wine, he makes a small incision or punctiu-e in the tail, and very gently
pressing out all the contained humours, fills the skin with very fine
dry sand; the insect is thus again brought to its natural shape: in the
course of a few hours the skin dries, and the sand is gently shaken out :
it is then gmnmed on a piece of card, and the preparation is ready for
the cabinet : tliey may likewise be injected with coloured wax. There
is another method which is treciuently practised, and is as follows :
After the whole of the entrails are pressed out, a glass tube drawn to
a small point is inserted into the opening, through which the operator
continues to blow while he turns the skin at the end slowly round a
charcoal fire; this hardens the skin equally, and dries up all the mois-
ture within; a pin is then put through it to fix it in a stanchng posi-
tion : it may aft( rwards be anointed with oil of spike in which some
resin has been dissolved, unless it is a hairy caterpillar.

Tlic Pupu. — Wiien insects have quitted the pupa st;ite, the case will
require only to be put into the drawers; biit those which have insects
within must be' either drop.ped into scalding water, or inclosed in a
small tin box and exposed to the heat of a fire, which will shortly
kill the insect wiihin.

SETTING AXD PRESERVING INSECTS. 319

Coi.EOPTERA, Ortiioptera, AND IIemiptera. — Tlic prcservation of
these Orders is attended with very httle difticulty.

They are easily killed by immersion in scalding water, and npon
being withdrawn should be thrown on a sheet of blossom or blotting
paper to extract as much as possible the water : or they may be killed
by exposing them in a tin box with a little camphor in it to the heat
of a fire, which treatment will add greatly to their preservation. Those
of the 2Te/o€ and G?-f/!lits Genera, which have full and tender bodies,
are subjet t to shrivel after death : to preserve them, make an incision
on the under part of the abdomen, take out the entrails with a blunt
pen or probe, and fill the cavity with cotton.

Specimens of Coleoptera that are required to be set with the wings
displayed, should have the elytra separated and the pin passed tluough
the body near the thorax, as at pi. 12. fg. 'I ; the wings are to be dis-
posed as in the act of flying, and kept in this situation until perfectly
dry with the card ijraces b and c ; insects of these Orders should never
have the pin passed through the thorax, but through the right elytron
on the right side, as shown at/)/. 12. Jis,. 1 : the legs, antenna-, and
palpi shoulil be placed out in a natural ])Osifion on the setting boards,,
and kept so by pins and braces, for a longer or shorter time, according
to the size of the insect and state of the weather. No insect must be
placed in the cabinet until it is perfectly dry. Minute insects should
be fixed on slips of card, as at;)/. 12. fig. 5 mdO, with gum, previous
to which the legs, &c. should be extended, for fiiture examination : tri-
angular slips of card are to be preferred, as no greater portion of the
insect should be hid than what is absolutely necessary to fix it to the
card, as at %. 5.

Lepidoptera. — Butterflies are soon killed if a pin is passed through
tlie thorax; but many of the Sphinges and large Moths are diificult to
kill, being very tenacious of life. Mr, Ilaworth in his Lepidoptera Bri~
tantiica, in his observations on Bombyx Cossus, remarks, that " the
usual way of compressing the thorax is not sulficient : they will live
several days after the most severe pressure has been given there, to
the great uneasiness of any humane Entomologist. The methods of
suftocation by tobacco or sulphur are equally inefticacious, unless conti-
nued tor a greater number of hours than is proper for the preservation
of the specimens. Another method now in practice is better; and,
however fraught with cruelty it may appear to the inexperienced col-
lector, is the greatest piece of comparative nterci/ that can in this case
be administered. When the larger Moths must be killed, destroy them
at once by the innei-tion of a .'strong red hat needle into their thickest parts,
beginning at the front of the thorax. If this is properly done, instead of
lingering through several dai/s they are dead in a moment. It appears to
me, however, that insects being animals of cold and sluggish juices, are
not so susceptible of the sensations we call pain as those which enjoy a

320 SETTING AND rnr.SERViNn insects.

warmer temperature of body and a swifter circulation of llie fluids. To
the philosophic mind it is self-evident, that they have not such acute
organs of feeling pain as other animals of a similar size whose juices
are endowed with a quicker motion, and possess a constiuit, regular,
and genial warmth — such as young mice or the naked young ot birds :
if any of these have the misfortune to lose their heads or limbs from
force, speedy death is the certain consequence : but insects under si-
milar circumstances, it is well known, are capable of surviving a consi-
derable time." For small Moths, it is only necessary to put the pin
through the thorax, and they die in a very short time. The minute spe-
cies of this Order should be collected in chip boxes, as they are in ge-
neral too small to be pierced when first taken; they soon die, and the
wings become stiff before the Entomologist has time to set them ; but
if brought home in separate pill-boxes they will remain alive for seve-
ral days, and are instantly killed by being exposed near the lire, or
placed under a tumbler with the lid of the box slightly elevated, but not
sufficient to allow the insect to escape; a lighted match should then be
y>iaced under the tumltler, which will deprive the insect of life in a few
■onds of time. The pin, which serves to transfix the insect, should be
passed through the thorax in the centre, and in an upright position, so
that in looking on the insect no part of the wings should be obscured by
the slope of the pin. The insects of this Order are by far the most dif-
ficult to set, for they require great care and much practice to display
them with that nicety which adds so much beauty to their appearance
and vmiformity in a collection.

The method' of setting the Insects )f this Order is by braces : a sin-
gle brace should be first introduced underthe wing near the thorax, as
in pi. 12. fig. 3. a, with a longer brace over the wings, as at 6; this
should not touch the wing, but be ready to be pressed gently down :
when the wings are raised to their proper i>lace by the setting needle
c, other braces are to be applied according as they are required : the
antenuce and feet are to be extended to their proper attitude, and kept
so by pins or small braces.

Some Moths are very liable to change colour when placed in the ca-
binet after a short time : an oily matter is common to all insects, but
some are charged with a su})erabundance. It appears at first in spots
on the body, but gradually pervades every part ; in some it will even
descend into the wings, and then an obliteration of all the beautiful
markings is the least that may be expected : the method which is the
most successfid for recovering the original api)earance after the insect
has become greasy, is to powder some fine dry chalk on a piece of
heated iron, cover the chalk with a very fine piece of linen cloth, and
thereto ai)ply the under jiart of the body of the insect: the heat of
the iron dissolves the grease while the chalk absorbs it, and the cloth
prevents the chalk from clotting to the insect.

METHOD OF RELAXING INSECT?. ^21

Those known species that are subject to grease, should have the
contents of the abdomen taken out, and the cavitj' tilled with cotton.

TuiciioPTERA, Neitroptera, Hymexoptera, and Diptera. — Most
of the Libellula require the contents of the abdomen to be taken out
when the insect is dead, as the body generally turns black within, a
few days after death, without this precaution : the cavity may be filled
up with a roll of white paper or cotton : I have found this method to
answer extremely well, and the colours are as brilliant as when the in-
sect was alive. The larger species are very powerful, and when col-
lected they must be transfixed through the side and placed in the
corked pocket-box; a brace or two should be placed across the wings,
to prevent their fluttering and breaking their wings or those of other
insects which may be near them. They may be killed by being plunged
in boiling water, or by a hot needle, as directed for Moths. The other
species of this Order not being so large soon die, as well as those of
the Orders Tric/iopfera, Ht/menoptera, and Dipfe?-a. They may be set by
braces and pins, as in pi. 11. Jig. 4. In some species of the Diptej-a the
colours of the body are very lively, but change after death ; in these
the colours may lie preserved if the contents of the abdomen be re
moved, and the cavity filled with a powder the colour of the living in-
sect.

METHOD OF RELAXING INSECTS.

It frequently occurs that insects become dead and stiff before the
Entomologist has an opportunity of setting or displaying their parts.
Coleoptera are easily relaxed by immersion in hot water; and in many
instances this way is to be preferred, as the parts become more pli-
able and are more easily set. — The OrtJioptei-a, Hemiptei-a, and Le-
pidoptern, must be fixed on a piece of cork, and placed in a pan
of water covered over; these, if the specimens arc large, will fre-
quently require two or three whole days before the wings will admit
of replacing without the risk of breaking ; care must be taken not to
force the wings, or any part in fact, until the parts are perfectly re-
laxed, when they may be displayed and kept so by braces, as directed
for recent specimens. Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Dipte?-o, may be
relaxed according to the latter method : but those insects that require
the contents of the abdomen to be removed, can never be altered, and
therefore must be preserved in a recent state, or their beauty is lost for
ever.

39^

ARRANGING INSECTS IN A CABINET.

The modern practice, which is by far the best, is to arrange insects
in cokimns, with the generic name fastened by a pin above, and the
specitic below them : the lines should be ruled with a black lead pen-
cil, which will always admit of alteration, and look much neater than
if ruled with ink. iMales and females should be procured as far as
possible. Culeopteru, Oiihoptera, and Hcntiptcru, are arranged side by
side, with an open-winged specimen below them. Lep'uloplcru, ot But-
terflies ; four specimens of each species are preferred, to show the upper
and under side of each sex : ihe Sphinges and Moths- — the upper sides
only are shown, as the specific characters are but seldom taken from
the under side : in this and the following Orders the males are placed
above, the females below ; as they not only look much more natural,
but save cunsiderat)lc room. Varieties should be procured and ex-
tended as far as possible, as they frecpiently tend to decide the species :
mutilated specimens should be rejected ; but as we cannot always rea-
dily replace them by perfect ones, it is much better to retain them.
There is a vile practice in use among collectors, to mend such speci-
mens by parts from other insects. I cannot sufficiently express my ab-
horrence of such ways, but should hope that no Naturalist, who is a
lover of truth and an admirer of nature, will ever disgrace his cabinet
by such paltry specimens, as they can be of no use in a scientitic view,
and only serve to lead to errors.

No Exotic specimen should ever be placed in a collection ol' Bri-
tish Insects, however near it may approach in appearance ; for
bv this means numbers of insects have been described as natives of
Britain, merely on account of being found in such cabinets. Sj>ecie«t
are distinguished in many instances by such minute characters, and
they approach each other by such imperceptible degrees, that we can-
not be too particular in our examination, or too curious in knowing
their habitats, as this frequently leads us to determine whether they
are natives of this coimtry.

Our best Entomologists, therefore, where they cannot obtain British
specimens of rare insects, are naturally anxious to obtain foreign ones;
but these as well as doubtful species are always kept in a drawer by
themselves, which answers every good purpose of reference for the
sake of becoming acquainted with the species : to this drawer a large
label is affixed, as. Exotic Specimens of Rare British Insecth.
By this means a cabinet is rendered more valuable, as a dependciue
can be placed on the specimens it contains, and will ever remain a
credit to its possessor, as it at once distinguishes the man of sciiiice
nnd the lover of truth.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE IIISTORV. 3'23

Every Entomologist should keep an exact journal of the insects hs
collects; with an account, as far as possible, of tlie place, food, times of
ai)pearance, &c. and place to each insect a rtumher corresponding with
that of his journal ; he should also make a catalogue in which the
names, generic and specific, are to he expressed, as also the synonyms,
with reference to such authors as have described them. In his jour-
nal he must also insert observations on their manners, ceconomy, &c.
to illustrate as far as ]>ossible their natin-al history, for there is little
doubt that many valuable discoveries are yet to be made by a proper
attention to insects.

DIRECTIONS roil THE MICROSCOPE.

M'icROscoPE — an optical instrument, by means of which very mi-
nute objects are represented exceedingly large, and viewed very di-
stinctly, according to the laws of refraction or retlection.

Microscopes are properly distinguished into simple or single, and
compound or double.

Microscopes, single, are those which consist of a single lens or a
single spherule.

Microscopes, compound, consist of two or more lenses duly com-
hined. As optics have been improved, other varieties have been con-
trived in the sorts of microscopes ; hence we have reflecting micro-
scopes, Tcatcr microscopes, &c. Each of these two kinds has its pecu-
liar advantage ; for a single glass shows the object nearer at hand and
rather more distinct; and a combination of glasses presents a larger
field, or, in other words, exhibits more of an object equally magnified
at one view. As each of these has its advantages, each of them has
its advocates, at least in practice. The celebrated Leeuwenhoek never
used any but single microscopes; and, on the contrary. Dr. Hook made
all his observations with doidde ones.

Histori/ — When, and by whom, microscopes were first invented is
not certainly known. Huygens tells us that one Drebell, a Dutcli-
man, had the first microscope in the year 1G21, and that he was re-
puted the first inventor of it; though F. Fontana, a Neapolitan, in
164tJ, claims the invention to himself, hut dates it from the year 1618.
As a telescope inverted is a microscope, the discovery might easily
enough have arisen from thence.

Nothing more is certain concerning microscopes, than that they were
first used in Germany about the year 1(321. According to Borellus,
they were invented by Zacharias Jansen, in conjunction with his son,
who presented the first microscope they had constructed to Prince
Maurice, and Albert archduke of Austria. William Borell, who

X 2

3^4 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPEr— IIISTORY.

gives this account in a letter to his brotlier Peter, says, that when he
was ambassador in England, in 1619, Cornelius Drehell showed him a
microscope, which he said was the same that the archduke had given
him, and had been made by Jansen himself. The limits of this work
will not admit of a description of all the microscopes that have been
invented, or the principle and laws by which they are regulated: fur
much useful and further information on the subject I must therefore
refer the reader to the works of Baker, Adams, and others on the mi-
croscope, where every information on this head will be found.

It may not be amiss, to state clearly and distinctly the method of
determining the magnifying powers of glasses employed in single mi-
croscopes. 1st. If the focus of a convex lens be at one inch, and
the natural sight at eight inches, which is the common standard, an
object may be seen through that lens at one inch distant from the eye,
and will appear in its diameter eight times larger than to the naked
eve. But as the object is magnified every way equally, in length as
well as breadth, we must scpiare this diameter to know really how
much it api)ears enlarged, and we shall then find that its superficies is
indeed magnified sixty-four times.

'2d\y. Suppose a convex lens whose focus is at one-tenth of an inch
distance from its centre ; in eight inches there are eighty such tenths
of an inch, and therefore an object may be seen through this lens
eighty times nearer than it can distinctly by the naked eye. It will
consequently appear eighty times longer and eighty times broader than
it does to common sight; and as eighty multiplied by eighty makes
six thousand and four hundred, so many times it really appears mag-
nified.

3dly. To go one step furdier: if a convex glass be so small that its
focus is no more than one-twentieth of an inch distant, we shall find
that ei"-ht inches, the common distance of sight, contains a hundred
and sixty of these twentieth parts; and, in consequence, the lengih
and breadth of an object, when seen through such lens, will each Ic
magnified a hundred and sixty times, which multiplied by a hun-
dred and sixty to give the square, will amount to twenty-five thousand
six hundred : and so many times, it is plain, the superficies of the ob-
ject must appear larger than it does to the naked eye at the distance
of eight inches.

Therefore, in a single microscope, to learn the magnifying power
of any glass, no more is necessary than to bring it to its true focus,
the exact ])!ace of which will l)e known by an object's appearing per-
fectly distinct and sharp when placed there. Then, with a pair of small
compasses, measure, as nearly as you can, the distance from the centre
of the glass to the object you were viewing, and by afterwards apply-
ing the compasses to any ruler with a diagonal scale of the parts of an
inch marked on it, you will easily find how many part:^ of an inch the

POWERS or GLASSES.

325

said distance is. When that is known, compute how many times those
parts of an inch are contained in eight inches, the common standard
of sight, and that will give you the numbers of times the diameter is
magnified : squaring the diameter will give you the superficies; and if
it be an object whose depth or whole contents you would learn, mul-
tiplying the superficies by the diameter will show the cube or bulk.

A- Table of the magnifying Powers of Convex Glasses employed in
Single Microscopes, according to the Distance of their Focus; cal-
culated by the Scale of an Inch divided into a Hundred Parts :
showing how many Times the Diameter, the Superficies, or the
Cube of an Object is magnified, when viewed through such Glasses,
to an Eye whose natural Sight is at Eight Inches, or Eight Hundreds
of a Hundredth Part of an Inch.

Focal Distance oi

Number of Times

Number of Times

Number of Times

the Lens or Micro-

that the Diameter

that tiie Surface ol

that the Cube of an

scope in lOOdths of
an Inch.

of anObject is mag-

an Object is mag-

Object is magnifi-

nified.

nified.

ed.

4 or 50

16

256

4,096

A or 40

20

400

8,000

A or 30

26

676

17,576

-} or 20

40

1,600

64,000

15

53

2,806

148,877

li

57

3,249

185,193

13

61

3,721

226,981

12

66

4,356

287,496

11

72

5,184

373,24,8

-I'iT or 10

80

6,400

512,000

9

88

7,744

681,472

8

100

10,000

1,000,000

7

114

12,996

1,481,544.

6

133

17,689

2,352,637

sV o'^ 5

160

25,600

4,096,000

4

200

40,000

8,000,000

3

266

70,756

18,821,096

tV ^' 2

400

160,000

64,000,000

1

800

640,000

512,000,000

326 DIBECTIOVS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

METHOD OF USING THE MICROSCOPE.

In using the microscope there are three things necessary to be con-
sidered; 1st, Tiie preparation and adjustment ot" the instrument it-
solf. 2dly, 'J'he proper quantity of hght, and the best method of di-
recting it to the object. 3dly, The method of preparing the objects,
so that their texture may be properly understood.

Preparation off/ic instrument. — 1st, With regard to the microscoj^e
itself, the first thing necessary to be examined is, whether the glasses
are clean or not; if they are not so, they must be wiped with a piece
of soft leather, taking care not to soil them afterwards with the lingers;
and, in replacing them, care must be taken not to place them in an
oblique situation. We must likewise be careful not to let the breath
fall upon the glasses, nor to hold that part of the body of the instru-
ment where the glasses are placed with a warm hand ; because, thus,
the moisture, expelled by the heat from the metal, will condense upon
the glass, and prevent the object from being distinctly seen. The ob-
ject should be brought as near the centre of the field of view as pos-
sible, for there only it will be exhibited in the greatest perfection. The
eye should be moved up and down from the eye-glass of a compound
microscope, till the situation is found where the largest field and most
distinct view of the object are to be had; but every person ought to
adjust the microscope to his own eye, and not depend upon the situa-
tion it was placed in by another. A small magnifying power should
always be begun with ; by which means the observer will best obtain
an exact idea of the situation and connection of the whole, as well as
the connection and use of the parts. A living animal ought to be as
little hurt or discomposed as possible.

Great caution is to be used in forming a judgement on what is seen
by the microscope, if the objects are extended or contracted by force
or dryness.

Nothing can be determined about them without making the proper
allowances; and different lights and positions will often show the
same object as very difterent from itself. There is no advantage in
any greater magnifier than such as is capable of showing the object
in view distinctly ; and the less the glass magnifies, the more plea-
santly the object is always seen.

The colours of objects are very little to be depended on, as seen by
the microscope; for their several component particles being by this
means removed to great distances from une another, may give reflec-
tions very difierent from what they would if seen by the naked eye.
Some consideration is likewise necessary in forming a judgement of
the motions of Jiving creatures, or even of fluids, when seen through
the microscope ; for as the moving body, and the space wherein it
moves, arc magnified, the motion will also be increasetl.

mi:thod of using the mickoscope. 327

2d. On the management of the hght depends in a great measure
the distinctness of the vision : and as, in order to have this in the
greatest perfection, we must adapt the quantity of hght to the nature
of the ohject, and the focus of the magnifier, it is therefore necessary
to view it in various degrees of light. In some objects it is diflicuk to
distinguish between a prominence and a depression, a shadow or a
dark marking; or Ijetween a reflection of hght, and whiteness, which
is particularly observable in the eyes of Libellula: and other insects ;
all of them appearing very different in one position from what they do
in another. The brightness of an object likewise depends on the
quantity of the light, the distinctness of vision, and on regulating the
quantity to the object; for some will be in a manner lost in a quan-
tity of light scarcely sufficient to render another visible.

The light of a lamp or candle is generally better for viewing mi-
croscopic objects than daylight, it being easier to modify the former
than the latter, and to throw it upon the olyects with different degrees
of density. The best lamp that can be used for this purpose is the
one invented by Count liumford, which moves on a rod, so that it
may be easily ra-ised or depressed. The light of a candle or lamp
is increased, and more directly thrown upon the reflecting mirror or
object, by means of a convex lens mounted on a semicircle and stand,
so that its position may be easily varied. If the light thus collected
from a lamp be too powerful, it may be lessened by placing a piece of
thin writing-paper, or a piece of fine grayed glass, between the object
and the reflecting mirror. Thus a proper degree of light may be ob-
tained, and diffused equally all over the surface of an oiject, a cir-
cumstance which ought to be particularly attended to; for if the light
be thrown irrcgvdarly upon it, no distinct view can be obtained.

The examination of objects so as to discover trutli, requires a great
deal of attention, care, and patience ; with some skill and dexterity, to
be acquired chiefly by practice, in the preparing, managing, and apply-
ing them to the microscope.

Whatever object oflers itself as the sulject of our examination, the
size, contexture, and nature of it are first to be considered, in order to
apply it to such glasses, and in such a manner, as may show it best.
The first step should always be to view the whole together with such
a magnifier as can take it in all at once ; and after this the several
parts of it may the more fitly })e examined, whetfier remaining on the
object, or separated from it. The smaller the parts are which are to
1)0 examined, the more powerful should be the magnifiers employed.
The transparency or opacity of the object must also be considered, and
the glasses employed accordingly suited to it; for a transparent object
will bear a much greater magnifier than one which is opaque, since
the nearness that a glass must be placed at, unavoidably darkens an

328 DIRECTIONS rOR THE MICROSCOPE.

object in its own nature opaque, and renders it very difficult to be seed,
unless by the help of a silver speculum.

The nature of the object also, whether it be alive or dead, a solid
or a tiuid, an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral substance, must like»
wise be considered, and all the circumstances of it attended to, that
we may apply it in the most advantageous manner. If it be a living
object, care must be taken not to squeeze or injure it, that we may
see it in its natural state and full perfection. If it be a fluid, and that
too thick, it must be diluted with water ; and if too thui, we should
let some of its watery parts evaporate. Some substances are fittest
for observation when dry, others when moistened ; some when fresh,
and others after they have been kept some time.

Transparent objects. — Most objects require also some management
in order to bring them properly before the glasses. If they are flat
and transparent, and such as will not be injured by pressure, the usual
way is to inclose them in sliders between talc, or, what is certainly
preferable, between two slips of glass. For this purpose thin and clear
glass must be used. The slips should be about three inches in length
and half an inch in width : a piece of paper, the size of the glass,
must be placed between them, with circular or oblong holes cut a little
laro-er than the object intended to be placed between them ; — one side
of the paper should be washed over with a little gum-water, fastened
on one of the glasses, and suftered to dry ; the objects are then to be
placed on the glass where the holes are cut in the paper ; the upper
part of the paper is then to be slightly touched with gum-water ; and
the other glass may be placed on it. This plan answers well for the
transparent wings of insects, &c.

Opaque objects are best preserved and viewed in the following man-j
ner : Cut card- or drawing-paper into small pieces of about a quarter
of an inch in diameter, and with a fine camel's hair pencil, or the
point of a pen, put a little gum-water in the centre of it; if the ob-
-ect is an insect, display the legs, antenna', Sec. by means of a fine
needle (as m pi. 'i'i-Jig- 0.); the gum, when dry, will fix the insect in
this position. The seeds of plants, minerals, &c. may be preserved in
this way. Paper of ditferent colours should be chosen for difterent
objects, in order to render them the more conspicuous, such as a
black paper for a white subject, &c.

Objects prepared in this way are extremely convenient for viewing,
and by means of the pliers they may be examined in every direction;
a pin may be passed through the paper or card, and the uljccts kept in
a small box lined with cork. The boxes may be made the size and
form of an octavo or quarto volume, and kept on shelves, in the man-
ner of books ; if made in the book form the backs should be lettered,
and the collection may be continued to any extent.

OBJECTS FOR THE MICnOSCOPE. 329

Living Objects.— These will be treated of hereafter under the head
Aninifilatla.

No part of tlie creation affords such an infinite variety of subjects
for the microscope as insects. " Insects," observe iMes^r^. Kirby and
Spence, in tlieir Introductory letter to Entonwiogij, " indeed, appear to
have bet^n Nature's lavourite productions, in which, to manifest licr
power and skill, she has combined and concentrated almost all that
is either beautiful and graceful, interesting and alluring, or curious
and singular, in every other class and order of her children. To these,
her valued miniatures, she has given the most delicate touch and
highest finish of her pencil. Numbers she has armed with glitterino-
mail, which reflects a lustre like that of burnished metals; m others
she lights up the dazzling radiance of polished gems. Some exhibit a
rude exterior, like stones in their native state ; while others represent
their smooth and shining face after they have been submitted to the
tool of the polisher : others again, like so many pygmy Atlases bear-
ing on their backs a microcosm, by the rugged and various elevations
and depressions of their tuberculated crust, present to the eye of the
beholder no unapt imitation of the unequal surface of the earth, now
horrid with mis-shapen rocks, ridges, and precipices— now swelling;
into hills and mountains — and now sinking into valleys, glens, and
caves; while not a few are covered with branching spines, which
fancy may form into a forest of trees.

" What numbers vie with the charming offspring of Flora in ^•arious
beauties ! some in the delicacy and variety of their colours, colour*
not like those of flowers evanescent and fugitive, but fixed and du-
rable, surviving their subject, and adorning it as much after death a-i
they did when it was alive; others, again, in the veining and texture
of their wings; and others in the rich cottony down that clothes thera.
To such perfection, indeed, has Nature in them carried her mimetic
art, that you would declare, upon beholding some insects, that th'jv
had robbed the trees of their leaves to form for themselves artificial
wings, so exactly do they resemble them in their form, substance, and
vascular structure; some representing green leaves, and others those
that are dry and withered. Nay, sometimes this mimicry is so ex-
quisite, that you would mistake the whole insect for a portion of the
branching spray of a tree. No mean beauty in some plants arises
from the fluting and punctation of their stems and leaves, and a simi-
lar ornament conspicuously distinguishes numerous insects, which
also imitate with multiform variety, as may particularly be seen in tlie
caterpillars of many species of the butterfly tribe (FupUiunidie), the
spines and prickles which are given as a Noli me tangcre armour to se-
veral vegetable productions.

" In fishes the lucid scales of varied hue that cover and defend tlirni

330 DIKBCTIOXS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

arc universally admired, and esteemed their peculiar ornament; but
place a butterHy's wing under a microscope, that avenue to unseen
glories in new worlds, and you will discover that nature has endowed
the most nimierous of the insect tribes with the same privilege, mul-
tiplying in them the forms, and diversifying the colouring of this kipd
of clothing beyond all parallel. The rich and velvet tints of the plu-
mage of birds are not superior to what the curious observer may disco-
ver in a variety of Lepidoptera ; and those many-coloured eyes which
deck so gloriously the peacock's tail are imitated with success by one
of our most connnon buttertiies. Feathers are thought to be peculiar
to birds ; but insects often imitate them in their autenncC, wings, and
even sometimes in the covering of their bodies. — We admire with
reason the coats of quadrupeds, whether their skins be covered witli
pile, or wool, or fur; yet are not perhaps aware that a vast variety ot
insects are clothed with all these kinds of hair, but infinitely finer and
more silky in texture, more brilliant and delicate in colour, and more
variously shaded than what any other animals can pretend to.

" In variegation insects certainly exceed every other class of animated
beings. Nature, in her sportive mood, when painting them, sometimes
imitates the clouds of heaven ; at others, the meandring course of the
rivers of the earth, or the imdiilations of their waters: many arc
veined like beautiful marbles; others have the semblance of a robe of
the finest net-work thrown over them : some she blazons with heral-
dic insignia, giving them to bear in fields sable — azure — vert — gides —
argent and or, fesses — bars — bends — crosses — crescents — stars, and
even animals. On many, taking her rule and compasses, she draws
with precision mathematical figures : points, lines, angles, triangles,
squares, and circles. On others she pourtrays, with mystic hand, what
seem like hieroglyphic symbols, or inscribes them with the characters
and letters of various languages, often very correctly formed ; and
■what is more extraordinary, she has registered in others figures which
correspond with several dates of the Christian era.

" Nor has nature been lavish only in the apparel and ornament of
these privileged tribes; in other respects she has been eiprally un-
sparing of her favours. To some she has given fins like those offish,
or a beak resembling that of birds; to others horns, nearly the coun-
terparts of those of various quadrupeds. The bull, the stag, the rhi-
noceros, and even the hitherto vainly sought for unicorn, have in this
respect many representatives amongst insects. One is armed with
tusks not unlike those of the elephant; another is bristled with spines,
as the porcupine and hedge-hog with quills; a third is an armadillo in
miniature; the disproportioned hind legs of the kangaroo give a most
grotesque appearance to a fourth ; and the threatening head of the
snake is fbimd in a fifth. It would, however, be endless to produce all

OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 33 I

the instances which occur of such imitations ; and I sluiU only remark-
that, generally speaking, these arms and instruments in structure and
finishing far exceed those which thev resemhle."

INIETHOD OF DISSECTING INSECTS.

Swammerdam excelled in the preparation of insects. Neither difli-
culty nor disappointment could make him abandon the pursuit of any
object until he had obtained a satisfactory idea of it. But, unhappily,
few of the methods he used in preparing his objects for the micro-
scope are now known. Boerhaavc examined with the strictest atten-
tion all the letters and manuscripts of Swammerdam which he could
find; but his researches were far from being successful. The follow-
ing are all the particulars which have come to the knowledge of the
public.

For dissecting small insects Swammerdam had a brass table, to
which were affixed two brass arms moveable at pleasure to any part of
it. The upper part of these vertical arms was constructed in such a
manner as to have a slow vertical motion ; by which means the ope-
rator could readily alter the height as he saw convenient. One of
these arms was to hold the minute objects, and the other to apjily the
microscope.

The lenses of Swammerdam's microfjcopes were of various sizes as
well as foci; but all of tliem the best that could be procured both for
the transparency of the glass and the fineness of the workmanship.
His observations were always begun with the smallest magnifiers, from
which he proceeded to the greatest; but in the use of them he was so
exceedingly dexterous, that he made every observation subservient to
that ^7hich succeeded it, and all of them to the confirmation of each
other and to the completing of the description. His chief art seems
to have been in constructing scissars of an exquisite fineness, and
making them very sharp. Thus he was enabled to cut very minute
objects to much more advantage than could be done by knives and
lancets; for these, though ever so sharp and fine, are apt to disorder
delicate substances by displacing some of the filaments and drawing
them after them as they pass through the bodies ; but the scissars cut
them all equally. The knives, lancets, and styles he made use of in his
dissections, were so fine that he could not see to sharpen them without
the assistance of a magnifying glass ; but with these he could dissect
the intestines of bees with the same accuracy that the best anatomists
can do those of large animals. He made use also of very small glass
tubes, no thicker than a bristle, and drawn to a very fine point at one
tnd but thicker at the other. These were for the purpose of blowing

332 DIRECTIONS FOB THE MICROSCOPE.

up, and thus rendering visible, the smallest vessels which could be dis-
covered by the microscope, to trace their courses and communications,
or sometimes to inject them with coloured liquors.

PARTS OF INSECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

The head and the parts of the mouth can seldom be examined without
the aid of a microscope ; consequently, nmch still remains to be done
in this department of science : the palpi, mandibles, maxillce, Sjc (tor
their use and situation, see page 21 to 29) would form a most beauti-
ful series of objects, which may be rendered still more interesting by
a knowledge of the manners, economy, &c. of the animals; these parts
can always be separated and displayed, however old the specimen may
be, by being plunged into boiling water, and then placed on a piece of
blotting paper to extract whatever water remains about them : the
parts of the mouth m.ay then be displayed by means of the setting
needle, and when the articulations are tine and in danger ol' breaking,
a camel's hair pencil will be found extremely useful. The abdomen
and legs frequently display the most lively and brilliant colours, espe-
cially the C/irysalid/£ ; the minute Ichneumons are no less to be admired,
either for their beauty or the singularity of their manners. The wings,
for transparent objects, form an endless variety; the disposition of the
nerves is frequently found essential in their generic character, as in the
Tcnthredinida: these, no doubt, would frequently, with other parts, be
useful in forming natural genera of many families, both of Hyme-
noplera and Diptera, as the parts are easy of examination : in fact, there
is no part of an insect but what may be rendered a pleasing and in-
teresting subject. The copious directions for collecting them that I
have before given, will render any further directions on tliis head un-
necessary.

There is no substance in nature but what will bear an examination
by the microscope: consequently this instrument is a never-failing
source of rational amusement; the hair of animals, the feathers of
birds, the scales of fish, bones, the circulation of the blood, cuttings of
wood, seeds, vegetable infusions, the leaves of plants, and the innu-
merable unimaicula which are found in every decaying substance, will
aiford employment never to be regretted : 1 shall therefore close this
part of the subject by a few brief directions for preparing, examining,
and obtaining the above, which I trust will be found sufficient for the
purpose.

OBJECTS ron tjie microscope. 333

PARTS OF ANIMALS,

Pores of the Skin may be examined by cutting off a tbin slice from
any soft part of tbe Ixxly tbat is not bairy, sucb as from between the
fingers, with a razor or sharp penknife — this is a transparent objectf.

Hair. — The hairs of different animals vary widely in their appear-
ance, as also the hairs from the various parts of the human body, and
will furnish a pleasing series of objects.

Calcined Bones. — Bones should be heated red hot in a clear fire, by
which means all tlie animal juices will be destroyed, and little will be
left but pure lime of a most delicate whiteness, and highly interesting
from the l)eauty of the cells : — this is an opaque object. Some useful
hints on this subject will be found in tbe 9th volume of the Medico-
C/ii)-urgicnl Societj/ Transactions, in a paper by Mr. Howship, which is
illustrated by plates with the specimens magnified.

Feathers of Birds. — These afford an almost endless variety of ob-
jects, both opake and transparent.

Scales of Lizards, Snakes, and Fish. — These should be carefully
cleansed from any dirt or filth; they may always be cleaned by soak-
ing in water and brushing with a camel's hair pencil.

Blood. — The circulation of the blood may be easiest seen in the tails
or fins of small fish, which should be placed in a very thin glass tube.

Crustacea. — Many animals of this Class require the aid of the mi-
croscope; to the lovers of the microscope they are highly interesting,
and well deservdng tlieir attention, from the little that is known con-
cerning them : a few of the species are enumerated in the first sub-
class of the Crustacea, p. 78 to 82.

Arachndida. — Several species of this Class are very minute; they arc
found licneath the bark of trees, attached to the legs of insects, &c. As
an example of the care we should take in preparing objects for the mi-
croscope, as well as forming an idea of them, it is worth notice to men-
tion, that the figure of the " Lobster insect," (a species of Obisinm) given
in xldams's Essai/s on the Microscope, 4to. has a dentation on the outer
part of the inner claw, which is in fact a fracture produced by com-
pression; this was pointed out to me by my much respected friend
T. Carpenter, Esq. of Tottenham, who has the identical specimen iu
his extensive collection. Many parts of the Spiders form most beau-
tiful objects, especially the eyes. The webs of spiders in hedges, gar-
den gates, and gates in woods, may frequently be examined with ad-
vantage, as these are nets in which many minute and rare insects may
be found.

Acari. — This Class of animals have long been celebrated as objects
for the microscope; yet it is to be regretted that very little is yet known
of them, most collectors being satisfied by possessing a specimen of thr
" cheese milt," to exhibit one of the wonders of the little world.

334 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

S/iellx. — Minute shells; these form most elegant subjects, and in ge^
neral fetch a very high price ; but they may be easily obtained by ex-
amining with a microscope the sand found on the seashores; they are
used as opake objects, and should be placed on a coloured paper that is
the greatest contrast to the shell. An enumeration with figures of most
of the minute British shells will be found in IVlontagu's Teslacea Bri-
taniiica, and AValker's Teslacea m'muta, 4to. 1784.

Animalcuhi. — These animals are so exceedingly numerous that vo-
lumes might be written on them. I shall therefore give only a few
brief directions for the best methods of obtaining them in vegetable in-
fusions, kc.

Infusions of Peppe>\ — Bruise as much common black pepper as will
cover the bottom of an o])en jar, and lay it thereon about half an inch
thick: pour as much soft water into the vessel as will rise about an
inch above tJie pepper, shake the whole well together; after which they
must be stirred, Ijut be left exposed to the air for a few days, in which
time a thin pellicle will be formed on the surface, in which innume-
rable animals are to be discovered by the microscope.

Eels in Paste — may be obtained by boiling a little flour and water
ijito the consistence of honey, then exposing it to the air in an open
vessel, and beating it frequently to prevent the surface from growing
hard : in summer, after a few days, eels will be found in myriads visi-
ble to the naked eye, and may be presers'ed for a length of time by
keeping the paste moistened with water.

Vegetable Infusions. — These as well as animal infusions are by far the
best methods of procuring animalcula. Plants should be placed in a
glass of eitlier rain or river water, and suffered to remain until a scum
is observed on the surface of the water, which acquires thickness by
standing. In this scum the greatest number of animalcides are ibund.
Sometimes it is necessary to dilute the infusions; but this ought al-
ways to be done with water, not only distilled but viewed ibrough a
microscope, lest it should also have animalcules in it, and thus prove
a source of deception.

Stagnant waters contain also immense mmibers of these very mi-
nute but interesting animals; they are also found adhering to duck-
weed, pieces of wood, &:c. A quantity of these should he collected and
thrown into clean water; they may then be separated and further ex-
amined.

Zooplujtcs and Corals. — These are only to be obtained on the sea
shore, and are found at the recess of the tide. When an opportunity
occurs of collecting in these places, ever^: piece of sea weed, &c. should
be examined, as many very rare marine animals are frequently found
in them, especially at^er. a storm.

onjKCTS Fon the MicRoscorE. 335

VEGETABLES.

Seeds of Plants afford many pleasing objects, as well as the leaves,
8cc. : tlicy should he gummed to paper, as directed tor Insects.

Moss. — This, in the winter months, should always he collected and
carefully examined, as it not only furnishes many curious subjects
of itself, but likewise harbours many very beautiful insects, minute
shells, &c.

Farina or the Pollen of Plants affords some curious subjects, and is
well deserving of a further investigation. In the sixth volume of the
Transactions of the Linnean Society is given an Account of a JWicro-
scopicul investigation of several species of Pollen, with some Remarks and
Questions on the structure and use of that part of vegetables. By Luke
Howard, Esq. from which the following is extracted.

" I began my observations," says Mr. Howard, " with the Hazel-
tree {Cori/lus Avellana). On a calm dry day I shook ofY some of the
pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper:
I also gathered some of the catkins and female buds. These [ viewed
separately on a clear plate of glass, usually transmitting the light
through them from a speculum below, and with different magnifying
powers, preferring those which, without enormously enlarging the ob-
jects, gave a clear view of die stiucture and position of several at once.
" 1. Con/lus Avellana.— Anthers furnished with transparent horn-
like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the surface, and is sometimes
so alnindant as to fall in a visible cloud on the slightest motion of a
branch. To the naked eye it is a line yellow po\\der. A few grains
laid on the glass plate and viewed with the lens, No. ■! ; some appear
of an irregular angular shape, opake, except in one or two parts, where
light passing presents the appearance of a perforation ; others nearly
spherical, the surface divided by depressed lines into a number of con-
vex facets. The transparency of these is such, that they rellect the
image of a small object held under tliem, as well as a drop of liquid.
On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the
most mature anthers, and to differ from the latter only as a raisin does
from a grape. A clear drop of distilled water being put on the glass,
both kinds imbibe it with the avidity of a sponge, at the same time
distending and spreading abroad in the water, but without any motion
further than that which this expansion causes. When saturated with
the water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itself, and all
alike distended to a bulk many times greater than their original one
in a dry state. They are now seen to he multilocular capsules, having
septa in various directions within them, the union of which with the
external membrane apj)ears at the angles in the dry state, and at tlu:
depressed lines in the wet.

336 DIP^ECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE.

" These capsules may be kept in the water for several days without
any further perceptible change. When that is dried up they return to
the opake state, and the same operation may be several times repeated
on them.

" In exhibiting this spectacle to some friends, pure water not being
just at hand, a drop of brandy was substituted for it. This gave rise
to a phenomenon equally curious and unexpected. The grains expand
as in the water; but in the mean time they are put into rapid motion,
each grain darting from side to side with the vivacity of a swarm of
gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expansion the motion
dies away, and one after another sinks to the bottom. By a small ad-
dition of fresh brandy some few are e>;cited a second time, but with
fainter movements. Presently the liijuid begins to be ol)SCured, and in
a few minutes the grains are mostly dispersed anddccom[)osed,and the
spirit exhaling, leaves a sort of extract on the glass mixed with many
undissolved particles, among which sometimes appear a few unbroken
grains, much changed, and now resembling an empty bladder lying
riat."

Mr. Howard, after the same experiments on various other plants,
observes, " The proper sjiirit for this purpose seems to be a mixture of
one part of pure spirit of wine with two of water. A stronger spirit or
spirit of wine alone may sometimes be required, when we operate
upon a pollen which has by any means become previously saturated
with moisture, (or has lost, by keeping, a part of its irritability,) but it
does not enter the dry grain so readily as water alone.

" It is proper here to remark, that the utmost care is requisite to
prevent accidental mixtures of the subjects or menstrua in these ex-
periments, which might greatly embarrass and mislead the observer;
separate pieces of clear glass for the several kinds, and separate point-
ed glass tubes to convey the liquids, will tlu rcforc be requisite. It will
be proper attentively to examine the ])ollen dry, as well as tlie liquids
before they are used, in order to be satisfied of the absence of animal-
cules and other extraneous matter which might be suspected to in-
fluence tlie appearances.

" I do not pretend to say that the above-related experiments were
absolutely free from optical deception; but I may venture to affirm,
from frequent repetition of them, that when tried with due precaution,,
thev will scarcely ever be found to fail of producing the appearance re-
lated."

MINERALS.

Ciystuls. — The name Crystal is given to those polyhedral hodie.%
produced by nature and the operations of chemistry, which i>ubsess a
reralar gcoiuetrica! form and rectilineal interior btructurc.

MINEUAI.S. 337

Observation has shown that every substance in crystallizing lias a
tfudency to assume a jicculiar figure. Coinwon salt crystallizes in cubes,
Kpsiim suits in six-sided prisms, Alum in octahedrons, Suiar-cunclj/ in
obliijue four-sided pri'-nis with wedge-shaped summits. IJut the crj--
slalliuc form in any crystallizable material is liable to be altered by
circumstanecs affecting the crystallizing process ; and hence the geome-
trical forms which the same identical substances present, often bear no
such resemblance to each other as would seem to indicate their rela-
tion. There are, nevertheless, a eertixin number of figures pecidiar to
every crystallizable body, and the crystals of that substance assume
one or otlier ol' these forms, and no other. Common suit, for example,
when it has assumed its true crystalline shape, presents itself in the
form of cubes ; it is also met with in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, or
some ligiu'e appertaining to these solids. ii'w^'ar-f<77H(>/ usually crystal-
lizes in oblique tour-sided prisms, and it likewise occurs in cubes and in
six-sided prisms with wedge-shajied svuinn its variously moditit^d. Alum
crystallizes in octahedrons, but it also occurs in cubes.

Method ofobtuiuaig Cr^stuls. — 'i'hc method of effecting the crj-sta!-
Hzation of such bodies as require a previous state of solution, and
among which the class of Salts holds a distinguished rank, consists of
heating the solution so as to dissipate gradually part of the water by
evaporation. It is thus that chemists proceed tor obtaining crystals of
sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, &c.

The figure of crystals has very little regularity if the water be eva-
porated too hastily, as by boiling; but by keeping the saline solution
in a gentle heat, very beautifiil and very regular crystals are obtained
in a longer or shorter space of time; and there is scarcely any salt
which may not be made to assiune avcry distinct form by this process
if it be skilfully conducted. — Acciim.

Cri/stak of Cuiiiplior. — Camphor dissolves readily in spirits of wine.
To obtain the crystals it is only necessary to place one drop on a piece
of glass ; the glass should be held over a candle a few seconds to ac-
celerate the evaporation of the spirit, and then placed in the ■micvu-
scope, when the configuration may be seen.

Crifstak of Siltvr. — This forms a very beautiful and interesting
object. In one drop of nitrate of silver put a small piece of very
tine brass wire; this must be immediately placed in the microscope,
and the crystals will extend gradually till the whole quantity of fluid is
evaporated.

Minerals of all kinds frequently exhibit very curious objects. Sand
also should be collected and examined, as it is subject to great variety :
r— in fact, a very good Isnowledge might be gained of INIincralogy from
small specimens, which maybe obtained at very rcasoaablc prices, and
•which occupy but little room.

Y

AN EXPLANATION

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY

Abdomen, that part of the body distinct from the thorax, forming
the hinder part of the insect, and consisting of segments or rin"-s.
(P/. 10. fig. 7. e.) .

JEqnnle, when it is of the same breadth with the^ thorax.

Bar-batmn, with tufts of hair at the sides or extremity^

Falcutum, shaped Hke a sickle.

Fctialaium, attached to the thorax by means of a slender elongated
tube.

Flanum, the under part flat.

Sessile, sitting attached to the thorax in its whole breadth; not di-
stant and connected by a filament.

Suhpctiolatiim, attached to the thorax by a short tube, nearly equalling
the thorax in breadth.
ACULEUS, the Sthig, an elongated dart, often poisonous, seated in tlic
extremity of the abdomen.

Compositus, having two or more sharp points or darts.

Exsertus, projecting, not lying hid within the body.

Recondilus, always concealed within the abdomen, and seldom thxust
out.

lietractilis, for the most part exserted, but capable of being drawn in.

Simplex, having one dart or point.

Voginatus, inclosed in a bivalve sheath.
AL7F,, t/ic Wings, the instruments of flight.

Acuminata:, terminating in a subulated apex.

Angulntte, the posterior margin having prominent angles.

Angulus ani, tiie posterior angle of the inferior wings.

Angulm posticus, that extremity of the wing which is opposite to tlie
ba.se and to the apex.

Apex, the part opposite to the base, terminating the anterior mar-
gin. (P/. 10. fig. 8. c.)

Basis, tlie part by which it is connected with the thorax. (PL 10.
fig. 8. b.)

TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOOY. 339

Ukatidato', the hinder wings having two projecting processes.
Caudata, in which one or more projections in the hinder wings are

extended into processes.
Concolores, of the same colour both on the upper and under surfaces.
Conniventes, which when at rest have the anterior margin in part

contiguous to the inner or posterior margin, whether erect or in-
cumbent.
Convolute, wrapping round the body, the upper surface forming a

convexity.
Costa, the margin l)et\vecn the base and the apex.
Crenata, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures

are pointed to neither extremity.
C?-uciaf(e, incumbent, buttlie inner margins lying over each other.
Cruciata: complkutcr, folded together crosswise.
Deflexa, incumbent, but not horizontally, the outer edges declining

towards the sides.
Dcntato-erosa, hollowed, with denticulations between the hollows.
Dcnticulatic, with minute distinct teeth.
Denuditta, a certain pari destitute of scales, but opake.
Digitata, divided nearly to the base like fingers.
Discus, the space bet^\'een the base, the apex, the margin, and ihe

suture.
Divaricata, incumbent, but diverging behind.
EloiigafcE, the posterior margin longer than the interior.
ErccttF, when at rest, standing up so as to approach each other.
Erosce, with minute obtuse hollows and unequal lacinicE.
Excaudata, having no projecting processes.
Extensa, not lying upon one another.
Falcata:, the posterior margin obtusely hollowed.
Fcncsti-attr, with one or more transparent spots.
Fisscr, digitated, divided into linear portions with straight margins.
Gi/mnoptcrce, membranaceous and transparent without scales.
Horizoufaks, which when at rest are parallel to the horizon.
Hi/alin(e, quite transparent.
Incumhentes, which when the insect is at rest cover the back of the

abdomen horizontally.
IiKui-imttE, the anterior margin bent like an arch.
Integemmff, with a margin linear and not in any wise cut.
Integra, undivided without indentations.
Irrorata, marked with exceedingly minute points.
Lanceolata, oblong attenuated at iDoth extremities.
Maculata, marked with spots.
Margo exterior, anticm, crassior ala, the margin between the base

and the apex.

V 2

*^ AA EXPIANATIOX OF

Margo posterior, the margin between the apex and the angiilm po-
sticus.

Jiu^argo interior or tenuior, the margin Ijctwecn tlie base and the an-
gulus posticus.

iScbulosa-', marked with many scattered, abrupt hnes, of various
forms.

Iwrvosa; with nerves large for the size of the wing.

Nilidissima, with scales exceedingly smooth and rtsplcndcnt.

Ocellutcc, with one or more ocelli, or eye-like markings.

Pugiiiu superior, the upper surface of the wings.

Pugina inferior, the under surface.

Futentes, horizontal, extended Asdien at rest, not uniting or incum-
bent.

FatuLe, nearly horizontal, little inclined, and not incumbent.

riinuc, extended horizontally, which cannot be folded up.

PUcatic, wings which when at rest are folded up, but expanded hi
ilight.

Pwtclitttc, marked wilh very small dots.

lladiata', with nerves diverging like rays from a common centre.

P.epunda, with a waving but plain margin.

Reticulata, with nerves disposed like net-work.

licvci-sa, dcflexed, the margin of the secondary wings projecting
from imder the primary.

llotundatd;, the posterior margin rounded and devoid of angles.

Suhcuudata, the process in the posterior wings, hardly longer tlian a
serrature.

Suberosir, scmewliat indented, but irregularly.

Tcssellutic, marked wilh black spots so disposed as to resemble a che-
quered pavement.

Ti'uncuta, with the posterior angle straight.

Tumida, with elevated mcmliranes among the veins.

Vuriegutir, of difterent colours.

VnduUitir, marked with continuous and nearly parallel waving lines.

Vnguiculata, with a membranaceous tooth or claw at the costa or
exterior margin.
ANASTOMOSIS, a spot iu the upper wing, at the branching of the
nerves, near the anterior margin.

Striga, observing the course of the nerves.
AXTENNvE {or Horns) For the supposed use of these organs see p. 2 1 .
They are subject to the greatest variety: the number of joints,
their form, he. should always be considered, as they are useful iu
distinguishing genera; they are discriminated as follows.

Aculcato', armed with small sharp points.

Aculcato-scrrata, set with thick prickles turned towards the apex.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 341

Aculeato-uncinuta, set with hook-shaped prickles.
Acuminato-setacece, terminated with a stiff sliarp-pointed hair.
Amphi-opfilhalm^, wholly or in part surrounded by the eyes.
Approxiinatce, close together at their base.
Arktatie, furnished with a compressed lateral knob, having attached

to it a short beard or bristle.
Artkiilata, with distinct joints or articulations.
iiarbutte, with tufts of hair at the articulations.
'Breves, shorter than the body.
Capitai(C, clavated, ending in a knob.
CalophlhalnKE, when placed behind the ON'es.
CU'uitie, fringed with parallel sdte, inserted along the fcide of the an-

temia: through their whole length.
Clavtita; club-shaped, terminating in a knob; growing gradually

thicker towards the apex.
Coadunata, connected at the base.

Dentutic, set with remote spreading points in one direction.
Distinctte, not united at their base.
Elongiit<e, when longer than the head.
Exartktdata, with no distinct articulations.
Filata, simple, without a lateral hair or thread.
Filiformes, of the same thickness through their whole lengtla.
Hypco-oplithalma, placed above the eyes.
Hypoplttludina, placed under the eyes.
Lamellafte, pectinated, but with scales instead of bristles.
Longa, longer than the body.
Mediocres, of the same length with the body.

MomUfonnes, with distinct subglobular joints or bead-like articula-
tions.
Mucronata, terminating in a sharp projecting point.
Nuda; not garnished with hairs or bristles.
Niitantea, at the points bent downwards.
Fect'matfc, comb-shaped, or sending out from both sides parallel

bristles the whole length.
Peifoliuta:, the club being horizontally divided, the pieces connected

in the middle.
Pe7'foUato-imhrkat(E, consisting of small concave pieces, imbricated

and connected in the middle.
Plumosa, like a pkmie of feathers.
Porrect{c, stretched straight forward.
Prismatic^E, linear, with more than two flat sides.
Pro-ophthalma, placed before the eyes.
Ramosce, with many lateral branches.
RemottE, distant from each other.
Rigida, not flexible.

342

AN EXPLANATION OF

Securlformes, shaped somewhat Hke an axe.

Sermfic, toothed hke a s^aw, the incisures turned tov/as i^s the extre^

mities.
Setace/e, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the point.
Seticornes, in the shape of a bristle.
Si7nplices, not branched.
Spinosce, set with large subulated spines.
Spiriformes, rolled into a spiral form.
Suhiduta, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at

the apex.
Truncuta, the club terminated abruptly by a transverse line.
Vcrticillattje, with hairs arranged in whorls at the joints.
Ihiclnata, clavated and mucronated, the point reflexed so as nearly
to form a right angle.
Aptera, insects without wings; many of the Coleoptera are desti-
tute of wings, and in most of such species the elytra are close,
not separable : the females of several species of the Lepldoptera
are also destitute of wings ; as are also some of the Hymenoptera.
AREOLAE, Wing-cells. In Hi/menoptera these are essential in the ge-
neric character ; as in Tenthredinidd', 4^ .
Marginales, those cells situated on the upper part of the wing near

the apex. (See pi. 10. fig. 10. a. a.)
Siibmarginales are beneatb the above. (Fl. 10. Jig. 10. h. h. b.)
Artus, the various instruments of motion, viz. the wings, the feet, &c.

(See p. 33.)
ATOMUS, a very minute dot or point.
Body. See Corpus.
CAPUT. The Head.

Angulatum, the murgin cornered.

Attenuatum, lengthened, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the

apex.
Attenuatum posiice, blunt at the apex, narrower at the base.
Basis, the part connected to the thorax.
Canalicuhitum, with one or more deep hollow lines.
Clypeatian, covered above with a leaf-like spreading substance.
Conicani, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex.
CA}rnulwn, some part ending in a horn.

Depressiini, pressed downwards as it were, or thinner than broad.
^marginatum, terminating in a notch.
Exsertmn, distinctly separated from the thorax.
Gibhum, convex both above and below.

Injiexum, not on the same plane with the thorax, bending inward.
Integrum, undivided, without any furrow.

Lunatum, roundish, divided at the base by a hollow, the hinder an-
gles acute.

THE TEUMS rSED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 343

Marginatum, with a free elevated margin.

Muticum, not furnished with liorns, spines, or tubercles.

Nutans, iixed transversely at right angles with the thorax.

Porrectnm, prominent and elongated.

Prolongutum tubo, the apex running out into a tube.

Promincns, on the same plane with the thorax, but narrower.

Retractile, capable of benig drawn at pleasure within the thorax, and

concealed there.
Retractum,T[i\dCcd within tlie thorax, and not to be distinguished from

it.
Rngosum, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines either

longitudinally or transversely.
Tuberculatum, rough with rigid prominent warts or tubercles.
CAUDA, the Tail, a part affixed to the extremity of the abdomen. (See
p. 33).
Aristata, terminating in a bristle or slender tliread.
Biseta, having two slender attenuated setae.
Foliacea, spreading out like a membrane.
Rostrata, standing out like a beak.
Setosa, elongated, slender, gradually attenuated.
Triquetra, having three })lane sides.

Triscta, having three slender attenuated seta% as in Ephemera.
Chela, the extreme part of the foot, with a moveable lateral toe like

the claw of a crab.
Chrysalis, (the pupa of those Papilionida that are often of a golden

colour) synonymous with Pupa.
Cicatrix, an elevated and somewhat rigid spot.
CiNGULA, coloured bands or belts surrounding the abdomen.
Clypeus, a horny horizontal part of the head covering the mouth.

(See p. 30.)
CoLEOPTRA, both elytra.

COLOR. — The colour of insects varies greatly, and it frequently oc-
curs that the species cannot be determined by this alone. Many
circumstances will tend to alter the colour; as a change of food,
the age, &:c. and such casualties should lie allowed for. 'In study-
ing the species and arranging varieties, the extreme of both light
and dark specimens should always be retained.
jEruginosus, light blueish green, like verdigrise.
Albits, dull white.
Albidux, dirty dull white.
Afer, the purest and deepest black.

Atro-purpureux, very dark red, almost approaching to black.
Atro-virens, dark green, bordering on dark blue.
Aureus, gold-ycUow, without any foreign mixture.

344

AS EXPLANATION OF

Auraatiacus, orange, or a mixture of yellow and red.

Azurem, azure blue, nearly the same with Caruleus, but bright like

ultramarine.
Badius, chesnut or liver-brown bordering on dark red.
Brunncus, the darkest pure brown.
C(Bslus, pale blue, verging towards gray.
- Ctzruleus, sky-blue.

Canus, hoary, with more white than gra}\

Carneus, Hesh-colour, something between white and red.

Cinereus, ash-colour, blackish gray.

Cuccineus, cinnabar-colour, with a slight tinge of blue.

Croceiis, saffron-colour, dark orange.

Cyaneus, dark blue like Prussian blue.

Ferrugiiieus, brown, verging towards yellow.

Flavo-virens, green, verging upon yellow.

Fusais, brown, running into gray.

Griseus, lively light gray.

Glaucus, green, bordering upon gray.

Heputici'.s, liver-brown.

Lucteus, shining white.

LaterUius,hnck-colouv,\ike Miniatu$, but duller, and verging towards

yellow.
Lilacinus, lilac, like Violuccm, but duller, and verging more towards

red.
Livldus, dark gray running into violet,
Luteus, yellow.

Miniatm, high red, like red-lead.
Nigc?', l)lack, with a tinge of gray.
Ochriiceus, yellow, with a small tinge of brown.
Prd/idus, of a pale cadaverous hue.
Fullidc-Jlavcm, pale or whitish yellow.
Prasinus, grass-green without any tinge of blue.
Puiiiceus, fine bright red like carmine.
Rosens, rose-colour, a pale blood-red.
Sanguineus, pure red, but duller than Puniceus.
Sulphwcus, bright yellow.
TesLaceus, a dark red, or brick-colour.
Viulactus, violet-colour, a mixture of blue and red.
VHelUnus, yellow, with a slight tinge of red.
CORPUS, the Body (and see also Abdomex). This part is frequently

considered in the generic characters, and designated as under.
Comprcssiim, flattened at the sides.
Depressuni, depressed, thinner than broad.
Glubruin, of a smooth shining sinface.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 345

Hemisphericiim, convex above, flat below, like the section of a glol>e .

Lincare, oblong, equal in breadth throughout.

Marginatum, with a free elevated margin.

Manbrunaceum, nearly of the consistence of a leaf.

^itidum, the surface smooth and shining.

Niulum, not covered with either wool, hair, or bristles.

Ohlongiaii, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal.

Obovfitinn, inversely ovate, the narrow end downwards.

Ohtit!iiun, blunt, roiuided at the apex.

Orhicu/tttiim, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal.

Ovale, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal.

Ovatiaii, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the
latter broader at the base than at tlie apex.

Pilusiun, set with distinct long hairs.

Plamim, the under part flat.

Pubcscens, covered with soft hair.

Petusuiii, terminating in an obtuse hollow.

Rotundattu/i, the outline nearly circular, without corners.

Rugosum, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either
longitudinally or transversely.

Scabnim, rough, with hard raised points.

Serkeum, covered with soft shining hairs.

Tomcntosiirn, covered with a soft down or wool.
CnusTACEUs, somewhat hard, elastic, resisting die impression of the

finger.
Declauatum Insectlm, the insect arrived at its perfect state.
Discus, of the whig, elytra, &c. the middle bct^veen the base, the

apex, the margin, and the suture (P/. 10. Jig. 5. a.)
ELYTRA, two crustaceous or coriaceous wings, expanded in flight,
when at rest covering the abdomen, and inclosing the membra-
naceous wings. (See p. 37.) The elytra are subject to great variety
in Colour, Markings, Sculpture, &c. and are distinguished by many
terms in common ^\ilh Abdutiicn, Ala, Thorax, c^c. They are called

Ahbreviaia, vv'hen shorter than the abdomen.

Aculeata, armed with small sharp points.

Angustata, narrower than the back.

Apex, the part at the extremity of the abdomen. {PI. 10. Jig. 5. d.)

Attenuata, attenuated, blunt at the base, growing narrower at the

apex.
BaHis, the part next the thorax. (PI. 10. fig. 5. c.)
Caaaliculatu, with deep hollow lines.
^ Carinata, forming a ridge at the suture.

Coudunata, undivided, joined together at the suture.

Comexa, the surface elevated like the section of a sphere.

346 AN EXPLANATION OF

Coriacr», of a substance like leather.
Deftcxa, the edges declining towards the sides.
Dentata, the margin or apex set with sharp pointed processes.
Denticnlata, with minute distinct teeth.
Dimidiata, covering but half of the back.
Emargbiata, terminating in a notch.
Fastigiata, transverse, at the apex emarginate.
Fenestrata, with one or more transparent spots.
Flexilla, capable of being bent, not crustaceous.
tlirta, thickly covered with short hairs.
Hispida, set with short rigid bristles.
Immarginata, without a margin or distinct rim.
Immobi.lia,that cannot be moved,and consequently are useless for flight.
Inaqualia, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de-
pressions.
Integra, completely covering the back.
Linearia, oblong, equal in breadth throughout.
Lineata, marked with depressed lines.

Lineato-punctata, dotted, the dots or punctures disposed in lines.
Marginata, with a free elevated margin.

Margo, the outer rim next the belly, from the base to the apex.
Muricata, rough, with rigid spines.

Mutilata, which do not completely cover the back, whether with re-
spect to length or breadth.
Pilosa, set with distinct hairs.
Porcata, with elevated longitudinal lines or ridges.
Pramorsa, the apex terminating obtusely, with unequal incisures.
Pubescent ia, covered with soft hair.
Punctata, marked with very small excavated dots or punctures.

Rigida, not flexible.

Potundata, the apex without angles.

Rugosa, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either
longitudinally or transversely.

Scnbra, rough with hard raised points.

Sericeaj covered with soft shining hairs.

Sinuata, a hollow, a deep furrow as if scooped out.

Spinosa, the margins set with subulated rigid spines.

Striata, slightly channelled with parallel lines.

^ubmarginata, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free nor
elevated.

Subrotunda, the outline nearly circular.

^ubidata, linear at the base, growing more slender, and pointed at
the apex.

Sulcata, with one or more deep hollow furrows.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY,

347

.Sufura, the part where the elytra meet and form a Une in the middle
of the back from the base to the apex.

Tomentoxu, covered with soft down or wool.

Truncata, abbreviated, the ape.x terminating in an abrupt line.

Tuberculata, rough, with rigid prominent warts or luberclef;.

Viltosa, covered with suit iiair.
Eruca, the old word for Larva.
EscuTELLATUs, having no scutellurn.
FASCIA, a broad transverse line or band.

Abb/'cvtutii, not extending throughout the wing.

Communis, extended over both upper and under wings.

Dimidtuta, nuinrngonly half the length of the wing.

Htjal'inu, qiiite transparent.

Interrvpfa, broken, but continued either above or below.

Sesgniieitia, occupying the fourth part of the wing.

Term'uiulis, near the apex and posterior margin.

Undata, with waving obtuse sinuses.
Fasciculus, a bundle or tuft of hair as on the Vjack of many caterpillars.
FEMUR, the thigh, that part of the limb nearest the body. {Fl. 10.
fig. 6. h.—fg. 7. c.)

Arcuutum, bent, like a circular arch.

Basis, the part next the body.

Dentatiuii, the margin having one or more indentations.

lUspidian, set with short rigid bristles.

hicrassatuin, growing thicker in the middle.

Mutkiim, without spine Or tooth.

Sultatorium, thick, formed for leaping.

Spinosum, set with large subulated spines.
(Femora) simplicia, equal, and without any remarkable difference in

tbickness.
Fenestra, a clear transparent spot.
HABITAT, the habitation, the places where insects are usually found.

Ahietis, fir-groves.

Ahsintlietis, places where wormwood abounds.

Agris, artificial grass-fields, clover, &c.

Alnetis, places abounding in alder.

AnimuUbiis iiutridis, dead animals in woods, sides of rivers, &c.

Aquis, water.

Aquis Jiuentlbus, running streams.

Aquis stagnnntibus, ponds and standing waters.

Arundinetis, reedy fens.

Betukfis, birch-trees, or woods.

Boleto, boletaria and fungi.

Carduetis, places overgrown with thistles,

Chdidoniis, where celandine grows.

348 JUS EXPLA^■ATIO^• of

Compascuis, grassy commons.

Corylis, nut-trees.

Cretaceis, chalky places.

Domibus, houses or out-houses in the shade

Dumctis, bushy places or thickets.

Ericctis, heaths or heathy commons.

Floribus, the blossoms of flowers.

Fossis, ditches full of aquatic plants.

Fungis, funguses in all their states.

Graminosis, grassy banks, &c.

Hortis, gardens, the resort of many rare and interesting insects, which

if extensive, will afford full employ at all hours of the day and

seasons of the year.
Lapidibux, stones. Sub lapides, under stones.
Lappaceis, places where burdock abounds.
Lichenosis, trees and pales abounding in lichens.
TJgno pidrido, decayed trees and wood.
Fuels, thick woods.
Nemoribus, sliady groves.
Paludibus, marshy grounds.
Parietinis, shady sides of old walls.
Fascitis, pastures.
Peridumct/s, skirts of woods.
P metis, where pines are plentiful.
Populetis, among poplars.
Pratis, meadows.
Quercetis, among oaks.
Ripis, banks of gross weeds.
Sabulosis, sandy places.
Salicetis, amongst willows.
Segetibus, grassy borders, &c. of corn fields.
Sepibus, hedges.

Sepimentis, lanes between hedges, mostly moist.
Septis, old shady pales and rails.
Siccifoliis, withered leaves on oaks, &c.
Spartiosis, broom fields.
Stag7iis, ]»onds wherein water-plants grow.
Stcrco?-e, the dung of animals, especially of horses and cattle.
Sj/Ivis, woods, open only in their paths.
Si/lvaiicis, considerable open parts in woods.
Tiliaccis, among limes.
Truncis, shady trunks of trees.
Viminosis, ozier-holts.
Ulicetis, commons abounding in furze.
IJUginosis, hogs, fens, and moist pjaces.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 319

Vhiosls, amongst elms.

UmbeUifcris, on umbelliterous jilants in hedges and wood sides.
IIALTEKES (see p. 37), poisers, in the Order of Dipiera; two globu-
lar bodies placed on slender stalks behind the wings, and seated
on the thorax ; sometimes they are an arched membranaceous
scale.
HAMULI. These are very minute hooks or crotchets, discoverable
under, a good magnifier, on the inferior wings of many Ilymeno-
pterous insects, by means of which they are kept steady in tlying.
— Kirhij.
Hastata, a javelin-shaped mark that is triangular; the base and sitK'S

hollowed, the posterior angles spreading horizontally.
HAUSTELLUM, a sort of trunk at the mouth of insects, principally
of the Diptci-a, consisting of setae, which are either inclosed in a
bivalve sheath or without one.
Head. See Caput.
He.melytra, wings either wholly or in part formed of a substance in-

temiediate between leather and membrane.
Hexapoda instcta, having six feet, as in all genuine insects.
Hvalixa, wings, elytra, &:c. quite transparent.
IMAGO, the perfect insect after having gone through the states of

Larva and Pupa.
Imbricatus, set with scales, lying over each other hke the tiles of a

house.
In'Stita, a stria of equal breadth throughout.
L.\i!RUM. (See p. 28.)

LAR\'A, caterpillar, grub or maggot; the insect as it comes from the
egg, slow, sterile, and voracious.
Cauc/ata, with a tail or horn, as in most of the SpJungidcc.
Gregar'ui, those larva; that live in society, many of them inclosed in

a web.
Niida, naked, not b.airy.
Poli/pfioga, that will cat a variety of plants.

Siihcntcaiea, small caterpillars that feed within the substance of the
leaf.
LiNEA,aline, the twelfth part of an inch.
LINGUA, the Tongue. (See p. 29.)

Replkatilis, the point capable of being turned back.
Spiralis, capable of being rolled up like the spring of a watcli be-
tween the palpi. {PL 10. Jig. 9.)
Litura, a spot of a deeper colour in one part than another.
LrxuLA, a spot shaped like a new moon.

MACULA, a spot, larger than punctum, ofan indeterminate figure,
and of a diftcrcnt colour from the ground. ( PL 10. fg. 8. Ii.)

350 AN EXPI.AXATION OF

Annularis, round, the middle of the same colour with the rest of the
vnng.

DHtoidea, nearly triangular.

Flexuoxa, irregularly waving.
MANDIBUL.E, the mandibles. (See p. 28. PL 10. fg. 1. (/.)
Manus, a foot shaped like the claw of a crab.
Marginatus, thorax, elytra, is.c. with a free elevated margin.
MAXILL.E, organs at the mouth, generally semicircular, pointed at
the ends, moving transversely, that is, horizontally, not perpendi-
cularly as in the human species, for the purpose of holding and
comminuting the food. (See also p. '28. Ft. 10. fg. Q. a. — b. c
maxillary palpi?)

Dentattc, the margins set with sharp pointed processes.

Forcipata-, like a pair of pincers.

Furcatcc, forked, divided into two parts at the ends.

Lwuilata, thick in the middle, and smaller towards the base and the
apex.

Troniinentes, placed straight before the head, and on the same plane. .
Mentum, the chin. This part is most observable m the Lvcunus Ccr-

vus.
METAMORPHOSIS.— The transformation of an insect from the larva
to the pupa, and previous to its last or perfect state. The meta-
morphosis of insects is defined as follows.

Coarcfata, of an oblong cylindrical shape with no part of the body vi-
sible ; as in the Order Omaloptera.

Ltco?/ipleta, with motionless feet and wings ; as in Coleoptera, Lepi-
doptera, t'^c.

Sc?7)icompkla, when the pupa moves, eats, and has wing-cases ; as in
Dcrrnaptera, Orlhopfcra, Dicti/optera, llemiptera, 4c.
OCELLI (or Stemmata), little shining eyes generally placed together on
the crown of the head, for the purpose of seeing objects at a di-
stance and above the insect.

Dioptrad, with a transparent pupil divided transversely by a small
line.

Sexquialter or iSesguiocellus, a large ocellus inclosing a smaller one.
OCULI, the eyes (see p. 21). All i«.src^6- have at least two eyes: the
Aruchnoida have six or eight, arranged for the most part on the
vertex or summit of the head. They are subject to considerable
variety in situation and shape, and are distinguished as under.

Approximuti, when placed close together.

Bini, two eyes, one placed on each side of the head-

G9torati, of a different colour from that of the head.

Compositi, furnished v/ith many and often numerous lenses, for the
purpose of seeing near objects and those at a distance.

Concolores, of the same colour with the head and body.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

351

Contigui, toticliing one another.

Fasciati, marked with stripes of a different colour: this may be ob-
served in several of the l^ipterous insects, particularly those of the
Tabinkla; but the colours fade when the insect is dead.
Fencstrati, the pupil glassy and transparent.
Hemispfierici, convex, like the section of a globe.
J/nmobiles, so fixed in the head as to be incapable of motion.
I'lJ'cri, placed on the imdcr side of the head.
Infcrnipti, broken, but continued either above or below, as in the

Gyrinidcc.
iMterales, placed at each side of the head.
iMiiati, resembling a crescent or new moon.
Mobiles, so situated as to be moveable.
Obliterati, the pupil scarcely distinguishable.
Octoni, eight distinct eyes, as in many of the Aracltmida.
Ovaks, egg-shaped, the outline at both extrenjitics equal.
Pcdunculati, elevated on a stalk or peduncle.
Plani, the surface on the same plane with the head.
ProminuU, standing far out from the head.
Quaterni, with four eyes.
liemoti, distant from each other.

Tieniformes, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side.
Scni, with six distinct eyes.
Simplices, furnished with only one lens:
Variegati, of different colours.
Vert kales, placed on the crown of the head.
OS, tfie 7noiitli and its parts. (See p. 27.)

Infei-um, when placed on the imder side of ihe head.
Maxillosum, with large maxilla".
Pcctorak, situated in the breast, in a tube or rostrum.
Terminale, the apex of the head.
P.\GiNA superior, the upper surface of the wing.

inferior, the under surface.

Pal.\tum, the interior part of the transverse lip.
PALPI, organs placed at the mouth, often articulated, and generally
shorter than the anteume, and are either two, four, or six. {PL 10.
fig. \. e. g. labial palpi, f. f. maxillary palpi.')
Cflavati, club-shaped, terminating in a knob; growing gradually

thicker towards the apex.
Elongati, longer tlian common, or longer than the mouth.
FiXarticulati, with no distinct articulations.
Fxserti, projecting, not lying hid.
Filiformes, of the same thickness throughout.
Incurvi, turning straight upwards at the ends, over the hciiid.
Pedifurmes,vi\th a geniculated articulation like a foot.

352 AK EXPLANATION Or

y

Porrecli, sticlched straight forwards.
Recti, straiL:.lit, without tlcxiire.
Recurvafi, tiirnrd back.
Securiformes, shaped somewhat like an axe.

Se<«cc/, growing gradually more attenuated from tiie base tu liie apex,
Simplkcs, not articulated.

Suhiduti, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at the
apex.
PatellvE, orbicular, elevated, moveable bodies on which the base of

the femora rests, as in the Jcluieunionidfc.
Pectines, in the genus Scorpio, two liodies situated between the abdo-
men and the breast, dentated on one side, but the number of teeth
varies.
Pectus, the Breast, the under part of the tliorax to which the feet arc

attached.
PEDES, the Limbs. — This term is applied by Ijnne totlie whole limb,
including the femur, tibia, tarsi, and unguis. The formation of tlie
legs will generally determine die habits of msects, and are called
Cursorii, when formed for running.
Jilufici, without claws or spines.
Nafatorii, compressed, doubly ciliated and t~\vo-edged, formed for

swimming.
Sultatorii, w ith thick thighs, formed for leaping.
Scr7(iti, dentated or toothed like a saw.
Spinosi, set with large subulated spine s.
Petiolatum, having a slender elongated tube connecting the abdomen
to tiie thorax: this is observable in many of the IJymenoi>terous in-
sects.
Plants, the under part of the tarsi.

Hemispheric^, concave and nearly circular : this kind of tcn^sus is pe-
culiar to the aquatic Co/eoptera. {PL 3. Jig. 13. a.)
PROBOSCIS, a hollow tube at the mouth, often fleshy, and enlarging-
at the point.
Inflexa, tending towards the breast.
Plicatilis, pliable, so that it can be folded up.
Porrecta, stretched straight forward.
Rccurvatu, turning backwards.
PUPA, Aurelia, Chrysalis, Nj/mpha, the animal changed from a larva,
often motionless, destitute of mouth, &c. See Metamoiphosis.
FollicnhUa, inclosed in a case made of hair or silk, or of leaves,

wool, earth, &c. conglutinated together.
'Nnda, not inclosed in a case, not foUiculatcd.

Obtecta, wrapped up in a crustaccous covering, the thorax and abdo-
men oLvious.
Pl'n-ctata, Elytra, Sfc. sprinkled with hollow dots or punctures.

THE TERMS USED IN EN'TOMOLOGY. 353

PuNCTUM, a small dot of a different colour from the rest of the wing.
Callosum, an elevated and somewhat rigid point.
Geminum, two spots near each other hut separated.
Hamosum, divided into distant parts.

Ocellare, an orbicular spot of a different colour in the middle.
Sesquialterum, formed of two spots that are distinct but contiguous.
Reniformis, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side.
RivuLus, astri[)e running irregularly over the wing, and of a different

colour from it.
ROSTRUM, the mouth lengthened out into a snout or tapering beak;
this part is subject to great variations, and in the Curadionida, ^r.
is essential in the generic character.
Acutum, the apex forming an acute angle.
Apex, the point.

Arcuatuin, bent like a circular arch.
Basis, the part next tlie head.
Bivalve, consisting of two concave valves, united so as to form a

tube.
Breve, shorter than the head.

Cannliculatum, with a deep hollow groove in the middle.
Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex.
Cylmdricum, linear and round.

Geniculatnm, bent, and making an angle at the flexure.
Injlexum, not projecting, but bent towards the breast.
Longius, longer than tlie head and thorax.
Loiigum, longer than the head.
Longissimum, longer than the body.

Multivalvc, forming a tube by means of many valves uniting.
Nutans, transversely fixed to the head.
Pivrecfuin, prominent and elongated.
Rectum, produced but not bent.

Setaceum, slender, flexible, and gradually tapering towards the apex,
Tuhidosum, perforated like a tube; entire.
RuGosus, with waved and elevated lines, either longitudinally or trans-
versely.
Saltatorii, such insects that have their legs with thick thighs strong

and formed for leaping.
SCUTELLUM. — This partis separated from the thorax by a transverse
line, and lies between the wings or wing-cases ; its form is gene-
rally triangular.
Seta, a fine hair or bristle.
Sexes of Insects, are distinguished in Entomological works, by ^ {Mars)

for male, and 5 ( Venus) female.
Sinus, a hollow, an excavation as if scooped out.

z

354 AN EXPLANATION OP

Spiracula, the respiratory organs, situated on the sides of the abdo-
men.
SquamulajA Scale; an erect membrane placed between the thorax and

abdomen.
Stemmata, the Ocelli or httle eyes placed on the summit of the head r

these are frequently considered in the character of a genus.
Sterkitm, the ridge running under the breast; this part is very con-
spicuous in the Di/ticida.
Stigma, a spot or mark generally on the upper wing.
STRIA, a longitudinal line, and often punctured, generally extending
from the Ijase to the apex of the elytra.
Obsokta, indistinct, as if obliterated.
Striga, a narrow transverse line.
Sulcus, a deep hollow furrow.
SuTURA, the part where the elytra meet and form the line in the tnid-

dle of the back, from the base to the apex.
Tarsus, the Foot. The form and number of the joints vary according
to the insect's mode of life: in several sjtecies of the Cokoptera the
anterior tarsi of the male are frequently broader than those of the
female, and consequently serve as a sexual distinction. The num-
ber of joints in the tarsi serves as sections of the Order Coleapterc.
Tergum, the upper part or back of the abdomen.
Tessellata, spotted or marked with another colour chequerwise.
THORAX, the part intermediate to the head and body. (Seep. 31.)
This part is subject to the greatest variety in shape, sculpture, &c.
Many oi" the terms used to distinguish the elytra in Cokoptera are
also applicable to the thorax.
Acideutus, furnished v/ith sharp spines.
j^ijualis, when of the same breadth with the elytra.
Angidatus, the posterior margin having prominent angles.
Canaiiculatus, with a deep longitudinal groove in the middle.
Carinatus, the middle part of the disc raised into a straight longitu-
dinal ridge.
Convexiis, when the surface is elevated like the section of a sphere.
Co7-datus, heart-shaped, the base notched, without angles.
Crciiutus, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures

are pointed to neither extremity.
CrisUttiu, the carinated ridge arched, dentated, and compressed.
CucuUattis, the carinated ridge hollowed before into a kind of hood.
Discus, the middle of the thorax, the line from 6 to c {jig. 4. pi. lo).
Gibbus, the disc elevated but not spherical.
Inmiarglriafus, without clypeus or distinct rim.
ImtquaUii, the suri'ace not flat, but with irregular elevations and de-
pressions.

THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 355

Integer, Integerrlmus, with the margin hnear and not in anywise

cut.
Lineatus, marked longitudinally with coloured lines.
Lobatus, divided into distinct parts.
Marginatus, with a tree elevated margin.
Murgo, the part surrounding the disc.
Muticus, not furnished with horns, spines, or tid^crcles.
Nitidus, the surface smooth and shining.
Ohcordatus, heart-shaped, with the apex towards the abdomen.
Oblongus, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal.
Obovatus, inversely ovate.
Obtusus, blunt, or rounded at the apex.

Orbiculatus, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal.
Ovalis, egg-shaped, the outline at both exti-emities equal.
Ovatus, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the

latter broader at the base than at the apex.
Planus, the surface on the same plane with the head.
Punctatus, with hollow dots or punctures.
Retusus, terminating in an obtuse hollow.
Rotiaidatus, the outline nearly circular, ^v^thout corners.
Rugosits, wTinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either

longitudinally or transversely.
SetTatus, the margin toothed like a saw.
Spinosus, the margins furnished with rigid spines.
Sqitarrosus, divided into elevated lacinise.
Striatiis, slightly channelled with parallel lines.
Suhinarginutus, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free

nor elevated.
Subrotundus, the outline nearly circular.
Sulcatus, with one or more deep hollow furrows.
Teretiusculus, nearly cylindrical.
Tetragonus, with four corners.
Transversus, linear, but transverse.

Tuberculatus, rough with rigid prominent warts or tubercles.
V'dlosus, covered with soft down or hair.
Tibia, a part of the leg between the femora and tarsi.
Trochaxteres, spines fixed to the legs to assist them in running ;

these are common to most of the Carabida.
Vagina, a bivalve sheath at the mouth of many Hymenopterous and
Dipterous insects sometimes articulated. Mr. Kirby uses it in Hy-
■menoptcra to include every part the office of which is to cover, de-
fend, or support the tongue. Vag'ma is sometimes used for that
part which contains the sting of insects.
Valvul^e, small concave membranes inclosing the pi'oboscis.
VenjE, Veins; the vessels diffused throughout the wings; theveining

z 2

356 TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY.

of the wings may always be considered with great advantage in
the generic characters of insects, especially such as have them
transparent.
\'enter, the under part of the abdomen.
Vertex, the crown or summit of the head.
ViLLOSus, covered with soft hair.
ViTTA, a stria with a waved or furrowed margin.

Interrupta, not extending in a continued line but continued either

above or below.
Repanda, with waving acute sinuses.
Unduta, with waving obtuse sinuses.
Ungues, the Clmvs, subulated hook-shaped spines at the apex of the
tarsi.

THE

ENTOMOLOGIST'S CALENDAPx,

EXHIBITING THE TIME OF APPEARANCE AND HABITA-
TION OF NEAR TliREE THOUSAND f^PECIES OF
BRITISH INSECTS.

In forming the following Calendar, I have been anxious to render it as
extensive as possible, and at the same time to introduce as many species
of insects aa my own knowledge of the subject, and the few works that
have hitherto been pidjlished relative to British Entomology, could make
it. In the times of appearance, and the situation where found, of a great
number of species, I have been greatly assisted by my kind and much
respected friend J. F. Stephens, Esq. F.L. S. whose rich cabinet has
always been open to me, and who also has furnished me with much valu-
able information, derived from his own observations. In many species I
have been unable to give a reference to a description, several of them
being new to Britain, and hitherto undescribed ; but thought it best to in-
troduce them, as they are certainly valuable acquisitions to a cabinet.

As many of the Linnean genera have not yet been sufficiently investi-
gated, and the species requiring a minute examination, such genera and
species are distinguished by italics. Of these the most extensive are the
Lepidoptera, the genera of which are the least known in any department
of Entomology. Of the Ilemiptera, Newoptera, Hymenoptera, and Di-
ptera, but little is yet known of the species, consequently a very small
number is introduced : hov.-ever, they may be obtained in the course
of collecting. I may be censured by the scientific Entomologist for in-
troducing the English names of the' Lepidoptcra, but my object has been
to render this a useful work; and many collectors are acquainted with
them by no other name ; yet it is to be hoped that these will hereafter be
discontinued, as the scientific name is as easily retained in the memory
(if a person uses himself to it) as the absurd English ones in present use.
The species marked by the asterisk (*) I am rather doubtful if found
in the month in which they are placed in the calendar ; but such is the
time of the plants on which they feed being in blossom, which is certainly
a good guide to the Entomologist.

The obelisk (f ) to the plant in the habitation denotes that such insects
are generally found in the larva state, and should be sought for accord-
ingly, the insect being rare or difficult to procure in the perfect state.

O This mark, placed in other times of appearance, denotes that they
may be found in such situations throughout the year.

As many of the Lepidoptcra last but a few days in the perfect state, I
have distinguished the time of the month in which such species appear by
the following: b. beginning; m. middle: e. end: — also, /. larva: p. pupa.

35S

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENPAP..

JANUARY.

34 Philoscia Miiscorum

35 Oniscus Asellus
5G Porcellio scaber
51 Armadillo vulgaris

1 Glomeris marginata

2 Jul us sabulosiis

Loiidinensis

niger

terresfris

piinclatus

pulchellus

Under moss
Old walls
Under stones

• sandy places

pusUlns

3 Craspedosoma Baiilinsii

Polydesmoides

4 PoIyde>miis comijlanatus

Under moss in woods
Under stones, Scotland
Sandy places in woods
Under bark of trees and moss
Under moss, on mountains of

England and Scotland
Under stones and roots of grass
Edinburgh

Page 111.

112,

113.

lU.

Z.M. iii.33,t.l33
34.

5 Pollyxcnus Lagurus

6 Litliobius forticatus

varicgatus
vulgaris

7 Cryptops hortensis
Savisnii

Under bark of trees
Under stones

Gardens, under stones

8 Geophilus subterraneus Under stones

maritimus

acuRiinatns

longicornis

1 Siro rubens

2 Obifium trcmbidioides

orthodactylum
Mu scorn m
maritinuuTi

3 Chelifer Hermanni

Latreillii

Geoffroyi
6 Acarus domesticus
11 Cychrus rostratus
IS Nothiopbilus aquaticus

biguttatus
20 Beinbidium agile
SO Agonum vaporariorum
Sfi Sjjhodrus planus
44 Dyscbirius gibbus

sea shore

Moss, Battersea-fields, (Dr. L.) 0

0 1.40."

2,;3,4,Page 1 1 8.

Under stones
Moss
Under stones

Under moss

Sea shore

Under bark of trees

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

119. [f.2.
Z.M.iii.51,t.l4l

52, [f. 3.

49, t. 142,

50.t.I42.f.l.

Page 132.

Old cheese „

Und. St., moss, roots of trees 2,3,4,M.470. sp. 103
Pathways and banks of ponds 0 Page 148.
H. of ponds, r. of grass, s. pits 0 M. 395. sp. 10.
0 [sp.GS,

5,(1, Gyll. ii. 161,
2,3,4,5,Page 152.

2,3,4,5, 153,

2to6, 155.

Grassy banks
Moist gravel-i)its
Houses and cellars
„^^_ „^ Moist plaoes, Battersca

50 DromiusquadrimaculatusUndcr bark of trees

rufescens 2to6,Marsli. 45S.sp.7l

linearis 2to6, 463. sp. 84

pusillus ■ 2too,

punctomaculatus neits(Mr.Stephens) '2to6, 4G0. sp.74,

51 Demetrias atricapilla 2.3,4, 402.sp.S3,

56 Hyphydrus ovatus Ponds 2lpl2,Page 157,

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

350

JANUARY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Reftrence to
description.

58 Noterns sparsus Ponds

GO Colj'inbetes bipunctatus Ponds and ditches
iiliginosus

Ponds

Ponds and stagnant waters

Moist banks

Moist banks

Woods, under moss

Under moss

Houses

Ponds, under weeds

Gr.-pits [lampst. (Mr.Steph.)2,

Rootsof trees and under bark 0

Under bark of trees

Coombe Wood
Hedges and under bark

bipustulatus
^2 Acilius sulcatus
63 Dyticus marginalis

circumflexus

punctulatus
107 Stenus cicindeloides

biguttatus
1 10*Arcopagus glabricollis
1 21*Bryaxis hsematica
124 Ptinus Fur
J30 Hydrous piceus
173 Sarrotrium muticum
119 Helops striatus
19;) Saljiingus Roboris

rufiiostris
205 Apion Ulicis
208 Rliynchaenus macnlatus
223 MoMOtoma Juglandis
237 Rhagium vulgare
254 Coccinella 7-punctata

variabilis

instabilis

humeralis

dispar
262 Acbeta domestica
287 Nepa cinerea
289 Notonecta furcata

glauca
310 Puiex irritans

Canis
324 Smerintlius Tdiae p.

The Lime Haick-molh.
Geometra primaria e.
The Early Muth

brumaiia
The Winter Moth
Turirix spadii-eana Coombe Wood

The Bay-Shouldered Button
440 Formica Herculanea VVoods, Sic,

fusca ■

nigra ■

rufa

4S8 Apis mellifica Flowers

489 Culex pipiens Houses and gardens

O Z. M. iii.71.

0 Mars.4l8.sp.l5

0 416. sp. 9.

0 415. sp. 7.

2tol2,Page 159.

2,4,10,12,

2,4,10,12,

2,4,10,1 2,Marsii.4I2.sp.2

0 Gyll.ii.470.sp.6.
Page 17S.

Zool. Misc. iii.
.Marsh. 89. sp,27.
2to6, Page 187
— — 193.
Marsh. 43 l,sp.5.
Page 199.

0
2,3,
2,3,

0

Furze

Under bark of trees
Stumps of trees, moist places to 5, Page 207

2,3, Mar.297.sp.l70,

2, Kirbv T.L.S. ix.

2,3, Mar.292.sp.l58.

Under bark of oaks

Under bark

Houses

Ponds and ditches

Houses, sucking blood of man

Dogs

f Roots of linie-trces

Hedges

Pales

2, 210.

0 Marsh.l52.sp,10.

0 ll!ig.i.447.sp.3'2

0 161.sp.30.

0Sch6n.ii.163.sp.35

0 Illig.i.455.sp.33

0 Fabr.

0 Page 225.

2tol2, 226.

2tol2, 227.

0 234.

O N.S.

,3, Page 243.

2,

Haw. 305.sp.94

11,

sp. 93.

412. sp.57

0
0
0
0
0
O

Stewart ii. 245.
246.

K. ii. 312.sp.73
Page 290.

360

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

FEBRUARY.

4 Podura plumbea

5 Smynthurusfuscus
Podura viridis

36 Sphodrus coUaiis
83 Silpba opaca
104 Staphylinas Morio
110 Omalium planum
133 Byrrhus semistriatus
138 Platysoma picipes

flavicornis

depressus

oblongus
1 40 Pavnus sericeus
142 Helophoius sta^nalis

Under stones Page 141,

Damp hedges —

Buckwheat Stewart ii. *27fi,

Roots of trees, Epping Forest 3,4, M. 443. sp. 29

Roots of trees
Under stones and moss
Under bark of decayed trees
Roots of grass and banks
Under bark

120. sp.l5.
3,4, Gyll.ii.288.sp.9.

3,4, 221.sp.20,

3,4,5, 199. sp. 7.

3,4, Pasel84.

3,4, — ^

3,4, 185.

3,4, Hist.O. Fabr.

B. of ponds, Wandsworth Com.3,4, Page 185.

Ponds and aquatic plants 3,4,5, 186.

151 Hydrophilus caraboides Ponds and ditches 3,4,5, 187.

200 Bruchus ater Furzf, Coombe 6, Marsh.236.sp.4.

340 Eriogaster lanestris e. Bushy places Page 247.

The small Eggar
354 Noctua crooeago e. Dried leaves 4,6, Haw. 239.

The orange Upper-iving
Geometra leucophearia E.Dry leaves and trunks of trees
The Spriiig Usher

cajsiata E. Skirts of woods, Peckham

The February Carpet

nigricaria e. Trunks of trees

The da' k bordered Ushtr

primaria b.

The early Moth

Bislon bis|)idarius e.

The small Biindle
Tinea niibilca e.
The clouded Broion

tortricea e.
The clouded Lead

Salicis E.
The rosy Day-moth

9*Drassus melanogasler
* ater

10 Ciubiona lapidicola

1 1 Aranea domestica

13 Argyroncta aquatica

2 Forbicina polypoda
10 Cicindela campeslris

12 Carabus violaceus

catenulatus
iiemoralis

Hedges

Trunks of oaks and sallows^

Oaks

11,

Hedges

MARCH,

Under stones

Page 123.

Houses 4,5, 1 24.

Ditches 4j5,r2, 125.

Under stones 4, 1 40.

Sandy pi., fields, pathways 4,5,6,7,Marsh.3S9.sp.l.
Roots of trees and under stones4,5, Page 145.

Gardens ^,3,6,

THE entomologist's CALEXDAR,

361

MARCH.

U. stones, s.-pits, roots of tr.
Roots of trees
Moist banks
Rijots of grass
Grassy banks ?

— ?

}

?

5

59

G-i

70

85

104

109
110
111
113

J14

Nebria brevicoUis
Panagacus Crux major
Elaplirris ripariiis
Bembidiuni flavipes

puncticolle

crucigeruin

Ephippinm

Guttula

rufipes
Harpaliis obscnrus

apricarius
Anchomeiins prasinus
Platysma nigritiitn
ChliBniiis festiviis
Sphodrus terricola
Calathus cisteloides

cisteloides, /3.

melanocephalus
Stomispiimicatus
Clivina Fossor
Abax striola

angiistior

melanarius .

Gymindis humeralis Moist banks

Hydroporusl2-piistulatiisCroydon canal

depressiis

linnellus

granularis

trifidus

confl liens
Laccophilus bj'aliniis

minutus
Gyrinus Nata'or
Elater nitidnlns Sand-pits, Hamp^tead

Necropbagusmortiiorum Dead animals, woods
Staphylinns brunnipcs Hedge banks

Erytbropterus

pubescens
Slaphi/li72us punctiilati
Oxylehis carinatns

Under stones

Sand-pits

liider moss in hedge banks

M"ist places in woods

Moist banks and woods

Under stones .^..^ ,^ ^^

Under bark, stones, sandy pla.4,5,6,Car.flavipes. M
4,5,6, — obscnrus. M.

4,5, Mars.444.sp.31-

7, Page 147.
4,5,(i,Marsh.39'2.sp.4.

4, Marsh.394.sp.9.
4,5,
4,5,

4,5, Mars.462.sp.81.
4,5, Gyll,ii.27. sp.l3
4,5, Mars. 453. sp.54.
4,5,6, 437. sp.l3

4, Gyl.ii.104.sp.22

4, Page 151.
4,5,

Mars.443.sp.28.

IMoist banks, roots of trees

, Hattersea

Under stones

Ponds, Norfolk
Ponds and ditches

Ponds and stagnant waters
and ditches

Omalium rivulare
Lestiva obscura
Tachinus subterraneus

marginellus

analis
Tachyporus analis

marginatus

nitidulus

4, Mars.43S.sp.l5.
4,5, Page 153.

4,5,

4,5, 154.

4,5, Mars.442.sp.26,
4,5, Pavk. i.n5. sp.
4,5, Page] 54. [24
4,5, Mars.422.sp.23.

4,5, 421.sp.22.

4,5, Gyll.i.529.sp.l3
Mars.426.sp.34.

4,5, 423.sp.27.

4,5, 424.sp.28.

4,5, 420.sp.l9.

4,5, Page 158.
4,5,6, 159.

6, Mars.380. sp.l2.

6, 115. sp. 4.

4,5, Gyl.ii.289.sp.lO
4,5, Page 171.
4,5, Gyll.ii.234.sp.5.

4,5, 353.sp.63.

4,5, Page 174.

Under stones and dung

I'lidcr dung

Under stones and moss

Dung

Banks of rivers, flowers & fungi 4,5, Gyil.ii.214.sp.l4.

Under stones in moist places 4,5, 196. sp. 4.

Under bark of birch trees 4, 252. sp. 2.

Under stones and dung 4,5, 265.sp.12.

Under stones,moss& bark of tr. 4,5, 269.sp.15."

Under stones and moss 4,5, 239. sp. 4*.

• 4,5, 237. sp. 2.

4,5, 242. sp. 7.

362

THI: ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MARCH.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to
description.

115

124
150

133

154

142

146
147
132

155

Aleochara obscura
Ptinus germanus
IMegatoma undatum
Byrrhus Pilula

fasciatus
Abraeus perpusilhis
Helophorus granuhiris

griseus

nubiius

Fennicus
Spercheus sordidus
Berosus luridus

Under rubbish
Dry rotten wood
Under bark of birch trees
Patliways and sandy places

Under dung

Aquatic plants'in ponds

137

139
167
170

171
179

183

214

219
^35
226
224
246
250
254

286
288
289
290
291

-, and in flowers

Stagnant n-aters, Windsor
Ponds, Wimbledon Common
Sphaeridium scarabaeoiJesUnder dung

marginatum »

Cercyon quisquilium >^— —

unipunctatum -

melanocephalum

simile

laterale

terminatum

minutum •■

sordidum
Geotrupes stercorarius

poliius

Coombe

puncticollis
.Sigialia globosa
Cetonia aurata r,.
Pedinus maritimus
Opatrum tibiale
Helops violaceus

Sandy sea shore, Swansea
Decayed wood, Epping Forest
Sandy sea shore, Swansea
• (Mr. Bydder)

U. bark of trees, sandy places
Melandrya caraboides l. Decayed oaks

Calandra granaria

lignaria
Scolytns Destructor
Latridius jwrcatus
Silvanus frumentarius
]\Jycetop)iagus varius
Chry.-omela Litnva
Tritoma bipnstulatuni
Coccinella globosa

22- punctata

18-guttata
Nancoris ciuiicoides
Ranatra linearis
Noionecta maculata
Plea minutissiina
Sigara miuutissima

Decayed trees

Decayed elms

Bark of Ihe elm

Old wood and damp places 4,5,6, Page 207.

4,5, Gyll.379. sp.2.

4, Marsli.S9.sp.25.

4, Page 182.
4,5, Marsh. 102.sp.l
4,5, Gyil.i. 194.sp.2.
4,5, Page 185.

4, Gyil.i. 127. sp.2.

4, Hyd. affinis. M.

4, Gvll.i.l30.sp.6.

4, — — i.l29.sp.5.

4, Page IS6.

4, Marsh. 404. sp.7.
4,5, Page 187.

4,5, Marsh. G6.sp. 16.

4,5, 71. sp. 29.

4,5, 70. sp. 28.

4,5, 68. >p. 20.

4,5, sp. 21.

4,5, 69. sp. 23,

4,5, 70. sp. 27.

4,5, 75. sp, 43.

4,5, 69. sp. 25.

5, Marsh.,C0.sp.32
4,3, Srar.Mutator.M
4,5, M;ush,22.sp.3fi,
4,5,

4, Page 190,

Mars.4l,sp.73.
4, 192,

4, Marsh, 4S0.sp.3,
Page 193,

4, — — 204. [113
4,5, Marsh, 275. sp..
4,5, 53. sp. 6.

Damp cellars
Boleti

Furze and hroom
Boleti, Coombe
Banks
Hedges

Under bark of firs
Ponds

Ponds and ditches
Devon

Rivers and running waters

4,5,6, 208.

Marsh. 140, sp.5.

4, I82,sp,27.

4,5, Page 214.

4,3, lllig.i.469.sp.-39.

4,6,9, 468.sp,37.

6,9, 431. sp, 18.

4,3, 6, Page 223.

, Epping Fo. 4,5,

4,5, 227.

4,'s,'

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

363

MARCH.

Ponds and ditches, Norwich
Ponds

Ponds and ditches
Ponds, Devon
Lanes and woods

Near elms
Lanes, &c.

292 Corixa coleoptiata
striata
stagnajis
fossarum
lateralis
dorsalis
Geoffroj'i
affinis
417 Vanessa Atalanta
The red Admiral

lo
The Peacock

Polychloros
The large Tortoise Shell

Urticae
The small Tortoise Shell
320 Hipparclia JEgeria I. Grassy banks

The speckled IFood
326 MacroglossaStellatarumBedstraw -

TIlb Humyning Bird?
354 Noctua rufa e. Banks of nettles

The red Chesnut

miniosa e. Weedy banks

The blcssom Under wing

pusilla Trunks of oaks

The dwarf Quaker

luteicornis e. Pales and trunks of trees

The Yelloiv-horned

Parthenias Blossoms of willows

The orange Underwing

not ha

The light-orange Underwing
Geometra stictaria m. Palings
The Dutled-horder

jEscularia m. ■

The March Moth

multistrigata
The muilUd Grey

abietaria e.
The large Ingrailed

hictnaria
The mourning JVidow

rufifasciata e.
Tlie red barred P?jg
360 Biston prodromarius n.
The Oak Beauly

pedariiis e.
The pale Bnndle

Heaths
Trunks of trees

Poplars
Trunks of oaks
Trunks of trees

4,5,
4,5,
4,5,
4,5,
4.5,
4,5,
4,5,
4,5,
8,

7,

Page 228.

119.

258.

_i

6,9,

5,6,

Haworth 23.

.5,8,

66,

232.

241.

244.

252-.

269. sp. 7.

sp. 8.

286.sp.39,

306.sp.97.

306 sp.98.

276.fp.l4.

-

279.sp.24.

36l.sp.l44

-

272. sp. I.

274. sp. 6,

364

XIIE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MARCH.

*CraMibi)s ocellea

Thi Necklace Fmeer
ZGb^Tortrix limbriana

T/ie browyi-bordered

lutosa B.
The early Nettle- tap

Afzeliana e.
The Afz'.lian

giKimana
The Dial

unipniictata
The mar bled Single-dot
tetraquetiaiia

Gardens
Oaks

Thick woods

Dry leaves, Darent Wood

Furze on commons

The square-barred Single-dot
ulicetana

The light-striped Edge
triqiietvana

The angle-barred Sirtgle-dit
Tinea Fagi Trunks of trees

The March Dagger

curvipunctosa b.
The Curve-dulted
4S3 Melecla punctata
418 Osmia cornuta
485 Anthophora rctusa
544 Scutophaga merdaria

Hedges

Sandy places, Swansea
Sandy places
Sunny sandy banks
Cow dung

r-age '286.
Kir.ii.211.sp.57.

4,5, '296. sp.69,

Page 300.

APPJL.

n Tetragnatha extensa Moist places
1 TrombidiumhotosericeumGrassy places
3 Gammasus ColeoptratorumDung (jf horses and oxen

marginatus ■

4*0ribita geniculata Under stones

5*Notaspis hnmtiaiis

8 Uropoda vegeians Dung beetles

10 Hydiachna geographica Ponds
t Lepisma saccharina Houses, old papers, &c.

12 Carabus nvirbillosus
clatbraUis

14 Nebria (Jyilenhalli

15 Leistus brunneus

rnfescens
17 Badister bipustulatns

19 Elaplirns uliginosns

20 Bembidium acutum

nstulatuni
4-i:uttatum

Under stones in moist jilaces
Near Halvergate Marsh, Nor,
Mountainous places, sea shore
Sandy places

Moist pi. Pattersea, Coombe

Sandy places

Moi-t places,

. Lessncss Heath

5,

5,

5,

5,6,

5,
5,G,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
56,
5,6,

. 15'2,

153.

140.

145.

Tr.Ent.Soc.338.
Gyll.ii. 40. sp.3,

Mars.458.sp.71.
Page 147.
Marsh. 59'2.sp.5.

4GI.sp.80,

Gyll.ii. '29.sp.15.
Marsh.-v59.sp.73

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

365

APRIL.

20 Bembidiiim littorale
2'2 Trechus meridianus

fill V lis

25 Harpalus ruficornis

bicolor, var. /3.

binotatus

azureus

erytliropns

fernigineus
ST Oodes helopoides
28 Loricera renea

30 Agonum cjerulescens

alhipes

sordidus

picipes

Simpsoni

rufipes

31 Synuchiis rivalls

37 Amaia vulgaris

38 Blethisa multipunctata
49 PcEcillus nigricornis

dimidiatus

42 Tiroseus cephalotes

43 Clivina sanguinea
.'>l*'Demetrias monostigma
54 Haliplus fernigineus

flavicollis

lineatocollis

ruficollis

impressiis

assimilis

obliqmis
5*7 Hj'dinporus unistriatus

lituratiis

planus

humeralis

fluviatilis
58 Noterus Geerii
GO Colymbetes politus

sfriatus
Til Hydaticus transversalis
64 Gyrinus a-nens
TO Elater murinus

obsonrus
83 Opiliis mollis

Moist banks

Gardens and roots of grass

Sandy places

Under stones in sandy places

Moist banks, Battersea
Sandy plates
Grassy banks
Sandy places

5,6, Mar. 452.sp.5l.

5,6, ■ 454.sp.58,

5,6, 456. sp.64.

5,6, 436. sp.ll,

5,6, —,— sp. 12,
5,6,

5,6,T,-

5,6, -

5,

Roots of grass, moist bauks,Bat. 5, Page 150.

- 450.sp.46.
•461.sp.T8.
•440. Bp.21.

Roots of grass, gardens

Moist places

Moist banks, Eattersea

Under stones, moist places

Moist banks

Sandy places, pathways

Moist banks, Battersea

Moist banks

Sandy places, pathways

Sea shore, Swansea

Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr. Leach)5, 6, Leach's MSS.

Roots of plants near Swansea

5,6, Page 150,

5,6, Mar. 446.sp.37.

5,6, 450.sp.44.

5,6, 457.sp.68.

5,6,

Gyll.ii.9T. sp,16
Page 151,
5,6, Mars.43B.sp,16.

.3, Page 152.
5,6, Mars.44l.sp.24.

5,6, 445,sp.35.

5, Page 153.

Ponds and ditches

Ponds

(Dr. Leach)

Ponds and ditches

Ditches in marshes

Ponds and ditches

Ponds, Battersea

Ponds and ditches

Under stones in sandy places

Dry rotten willows
85 Necrophagus vestigator Sandy places, Hampstead

88 Silpha obscura Under stones, pathways

tristis Sandy places under stones

89 Phosphuga atrata Pathways

5,6, Page 15T.
5,6, Mars.430.sp.47.

5,6, 429. sp.45-

5,6, — 428.sp,43.
5,6, Gyll.i.547.sp.3.
5,6, Mars.429.sp.44.
5,6, Gyll.i.550.sp.5.

5,6, 554.sp.2S.

5,6, Mars.423.sp.26.

5,6, 425. sp.30.

5,6, 423.sp,24.

5,6,

5, ZooI.Misciii.Tl.

5, Mars. 419. sp.16.

5, ——414. sp. 4.
Dyt. parapleurus. M.

5,

5,6, 385.sp.2<?.

5,6,7, 377. sp. 4.

4, Page 166.

5,6, Mars.118.sp.10.

5,6, 117.sp. T.

5,6, 116.sp. 6.

366

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

APRIL.

92 Choleva oblonga

agilis

93 Catops sericeus

chrysomeloidcs
nigricans

94 Ptomophagusvillosus

truncatus
fumatus

95 Mylaechus brunneus
102*Cateretcs rufilabris

bipustulatus
104 Staphylinus murinus

hybridus

castanopterus

stercorarius

a?neocepbalus

tristis

picipennis

hsmorrhous

splendeus

politus

decorus

laminatus

maculicornis

marginatus

marginelius

fucicola

lateralis

sanguinolentus

Jituratus

obscurlpennis

fimetarius

pilipes

semiobscurus

varians

nitipennis

altenuatus

bipustulatus

concinnus

olens

similis

maxillosus
105 Latbrobium elongatum

quadratum

dentatum
ion Pxdeius riparius

orbiculatus

immunis

uiclanocephalus

Under moss and stones 5,6, Page ] 68.

Dung on heaths 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 140.

Under moss 5,6, — — 14<2.

Dung on heaths 5,6, 146.

5,6, 132.

5,6, Fllig. 42. sp. 4,

' 5,6, Linn.Tr.xi. 155.

5,6, Page 169.

.Tunci near Hull Page J 70.

Uanks, Battersca, (Dr. Leacb) Gyll.i.24S.sp.3

Under dung 5,6, ii.2S3.sp.4

and stones 5,6, Marsh. 500.sp.9.

3,6, Gyll. 295.sp.14.

.. 5,6,

U. stones and moss moistplaces 5,6,
. 3,6, .

Under dung and stones

■ stones and moss

• and stones
stones and moss

moist places

5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6.
5.6.
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
5,6,
3,6,

.296.sp.l5.
• 291.sp.l2.
301.sp.l9.

.297.sp.16.
-3n.sp.33.

■ 316. sp.32.
.298.sp.l7.

■ 322. sp.38.

■ 338.si).54.

524.sp.40.

.342.sp.58.

■ 311.sp.27.
.339.sp.55.

Koots of trees and under stones 1 0, 285. sp.6.

Under stones 3, 287. sp. 8.

Under dung and in dead anim. 5,6, Page 172.

Putrid veget. and und. stones 3,6,

Moist banks and under stones 5, Gyll.ii. 367.sp.4.
3,

5, Page 172.

5, Gyll.ii. 374.sp.3.

5,

5,

and under stones

Under stones and moist banks
Sandy places

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

367

APRIL.

106 Paederus angustatus

107 Stenus pubescens

Juncorum

oculatus

nigricornis

* angustatus
rufitarsis
flavicornis
pusillus
brunnipes
aceris
rugulosus

109 Oxytelus opacus

angustatus
armatus

110 Omalium depressum

111 Lestiva caraboides

113 Tacliinus rufipes

114 Aleochara canaliculata

fuscipes

sulcata

lanuginosa

121 Brj'axis longicornis

sanguinea

* Juncorum

122 Pselaphus Herbstii

124 Ptinus ovatus

cersvicise

125 Gibbium sulcatus

* Scolias

126 Ptilinus pectinicornis
127*Anobiuni Abietis
128 Dermestes lardaiius
131 Anthrenus Museorum
133 Byrrlius murinus ?

dorsal is
varius

135 Onthophihis striatus

136 Hister sinu:itus

4-notatus

parvus

stercoravius

ncglectus

rarbonarius

purpurascens

140 Panuis prolifericornis

141 Heterocerus marginatus
143 Hydrocbus elongatus
Vis Hydrobius fuscipes

Under stones in sandy places
Moist banks

5, Gyll. ii.375.sp.4.

5,

5,

5, 471. sp. 7.

5,

5,6,

5,6,

5,6,

5,6,

5,6,

5,6,

Dung and sandy places 5,6,

- 5,6,

5,6, Tr.EnLSoc.i.97.

Cow dung 5,6, 210. sp.l I

Under stones, on palings. &c. 5,6, 192. sp. 1.

Dung 5, Page 176.
Sandy places and under stones 5,6, Gyll.ii.39l.sp.l4

Under duns

Roots of grass, Battersea

Junci, Norfolk
Moist places
Houses

and old paper

Bristol

Old trees and houses
Trees, Norfolk
Houses
Museums
Sandy places

Roots of trees
Dun^

Banks of ponds

Marshy pi. and muddy banks

Aquatic plants, Battersea

Ponds

5, 428.sp.50.

5, — — 373. sp. 1.

5, 432.sp.54.

5, Page 179.

5, Zool. Misc. iii.

5,6,

5,6, Page 179.
5,G,7,Marsh.90.sp.28.

5,6, sp. 29.

5,6,7,Page 180.

5,6, ISl.

Gyll. i.297.sp.9.
5,6, Page 181.

5, Gyll.i.]62.sp.3.

5, — — 198. sp. 5.

5, Marsh. 104.sp.6.

5, Gyll.i.l97.sp.4.

5' Fabr.
5,6, Illig.i. 57.

5, 58.

5, Marsh. 93.sp.3.

5, Payk. Mon. 40.

5, Megerle

5, Gyll.i.S2.sp.l0.

5, Fabr.
Marsh. ?

5, Page 1 So.
Fabr.

5, Page 137.

368

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR-

APRIL.

148 Hydrohius calconotus

bipustulatus

atricapillus

torquatus

melanocephalus

orbicularis

fulvus

griseus

minutus

seminnlus

tnarginellus

149 Limnebius nitidus

mollis
nigrinus

154 Copris lunaris

155 Ontliophagus Vacca

nuchicornis
Xiphias
verticicornis
nutans
ovatus
* Diliwynii

156 Aphodius rufipes

luridus
depressus
Sus

merdarins
testudinariiis
Fossor

subterraneus
erraticus
unicolor
fimetarius
coprinus
scutator
conflagratus
sordidus
ictericus
foetens
attaminatus
inquinatus
fcedatus
haemorrhoidalis
terrestris
Inuneralis
pusillns
obscurus
granarius
turpi s
157 Geotrupes sylvatious

I'ondi

Ponds and ditches

Under dun

5,

5, Mars.406.sp.l3.

5,

3, 405.sp.l0.

5, Page 187.

3, Marsh.4()3.sp.4.

5, 408.sp.'20.

5, Gyll.i.l22.sp.U
5, Mars.406.sp.l'2.
5, Gyll.i.ll6.sp.5.
5, Payk.i.lSG.sp.ll
5, Page 187.
5, Mars.407.sp.l6.
5,
5, Page 183.

5,

5, Marsb.32.sp.57.

5, 33. sp. 39.

5, 34. sp. 60.

3, 35. sp. 62.

5, sp. 63.

, Swansea, (Mr. Dillwyn) 5, Leach, MSS.

5, IMarsh.25.sp.42.

[Bexley
Charlton: lanes

-, Swansea
-, Hampstead

., Bristol

-, Norfolk

-, Lessness Heath

5,

27. sp. 45.

5,

T.Ent.Soc.i.246

5,

Mars. 29.sp.50,

5,

SO.sp. 52.

28. sp. 49.

•^,

16.sp. 24.

5,

18. sp.29

5,

9. sp. 5.

5,

ll.sp, 9.

5,

10. sp. 7.

5,

12. sp. 11.

5,

ll.sp. 8.

5,

sp. 10.

5,

10. sp. 6.

5,

Tr.Ent.Soc.i.SO.

5,

Mars.l7. sp. 2-5.

3,

I3.sp.l5.

5,

13. sp. 14.

5,

14. sp. 16.

5,

19.sp.30.

5,

17. sp.26.

5,

Panz.

5,

Mars. 18.sp.27.

5,

18. sp.23.

3,

19. sp.31.

5,

I5.sp.21.

5,

— 23. sp.38.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

369

APRIL.

Name.

Where found.

No.
of
Gen.

].i7 Geotrnpes vernali?
]5S Typliaens vulsraris
161 Trox s-abulosiis
arer.arius

169 Blaps mortisa!;a
172 Tenebiio molitor
IPO Cistela nigra
192 Meloe brevicollis

violacens

])roscarabxns
205 Apion immune Croom and furze

COS Rbyncbjenns nisrirostrisMoist pi. & banks of ponds
210 Lipariis squamiger Sandy pi. and nellies, llertf.

vastator __

asper

sexsti iatns
■2)5*Cossnnus linearis
'224 Latiidius transversiis

rugicollis

rnficoUis

impressus
227 I.veti's oblongns

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Under dung, I.e?><ness Ileatli 5, Marsh. 23. sp. 37.

Epuing rVircst 5, Page 1 89.

Sandy jjlaces, Coombe Wood j, — — 190.
Garden.*, under dry bones,

stones, &c. 5,G, Marsh. 25. sp. 41.

Cellars itoP, Page 192.

Houses, in meal and flour 5,6, 193.

Hedges and lanes 5, Marsh. 221. sp. 5.
Meadows, Devon, (Dr. Leach) Leach T.L.S. xi.
Meadows and sunny banks 5,

Nettles and hedges

Uampstead

Trunks of trees, \Vindsor For.

Hedges and sandy i)laces

Old wood and palings
228 Trogosita mauritanica Under stones in moist places
230 Lamia minuta Hedges
246 Chry.'^omela lenebricosa Var. plants in hedges &. lanes .5,6, 169. sp. 1

5,6, Kirby T.L.S. ix.
5, Marsh. 267. sp.89.

5, 301. sp. 182.

5, 300. sp. 1 80.

5, 50I.sp.l8l.

5, 305. sp. 195.

Page 204.
5, Marsh. 109. sp.lO.

h, 113. sp. 23.

5, lll.sp. 17.

5, no. sp. 11.

5, ]07.sp. 3.

5, Pai;e208.

Marsh. 337.sp.21.

Heaths

Heaths and sandy places

Knotgrass

Palings

Nettles

ooriana

pccttingensis

Polygoni

aHCta

polita

staphylca

sangninolenta

limbala

margiiielia Weedv bajiks

254 Cocoinellaoblongo-guttata Pine=, Hertford
257 Lycoperdina B )vista; PufT-balls on commons
261 Gryllotalpa vulgaris ,m. Garden?, fields of peas, banks
of streams

Sandy places, Charlton

5,6.

5,6,
5)
5,
5,

5.
5,

283 Velia rivulomm

284 Gerris paluduni

285 Acanthia macul.nta
315 -Melitxa Cinxia /. m

5,6.
5,C,
5,6,
5,6,

170. sp. 2.
171. sp. 4.

178. sp. 19.

181. sp. 24.

188. sp. .i3.

186. sp. 41.

190. sp. 48.

191. sp. 49.

181. sp. 25.

162. sp. 34.

Page 216.

224.

Pi.unning waters
Ponds and flitches

(brassy places 5,6, 225.

Ribwort, plantain in meadows Haworih 36.

ThtGianviUeFnliUa'y

Artemis /. m. Devil's-bit, woods & cli. places , 26,

The greasy Fnl.llary
320 Hipparchia ,1-Veria r. Borders of woods and fields 6,8, Page 241.
The .ipedded fFoid

370

THE ENTOMOLOGTSt's CALEXn;

APRIL.

No.

of

Gen.

322

Name.

Where found.

< )tlier
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

341
340

352
354

Lycasna Phlseas B. Grassy commons

The common Copper

Dorylas /. e. Grassy banks

The common Blue

Arpus /. E. ■ '

The studded Blue

Idas /. E. .

The Hack-spot Broivn
Macropilossa Stcllatarnm e. Gardens

The Hum,ming-b:Td
Eudromis versieolor m. Trunks of trees

The Kentish Glory
Closteva ciirtula e. Trunks of poplars

The chocolate Tip
Bomhy X CoryW n. Skirts of woods

The nut- tree Tussock
Phyois Pelioneila Houses

Noctua tetra Gardens

The Mahogany

fissina Shady pales and rails

The ticin-tailed Shark

ScrophuIari;e b. Gardens
The ivaler Beto7iy

operosa e.
The early Grey

ridens m.
The frosted Green

seladonia m.
The brindled Green

aprilina m.
The Marvel du Jour

gothica M.
The Hebreiv Character

croceaaro e.

Pales and trunks of trees
Trunks of oaks
Skirts of woods

Hedcres

The orange Upper- icing

fuscata B. Oaks and sallows

The dark Drab

angusta Sallows

The dark Drab, var.

subsetacea it. Sallows and osier beds

The dark Drab, var.

nebulosa Sallows

The dark Drab, var.

sparsa e. Sallows and osier beds

The powdered Quaker

geininata b. Trunks of oaks

The twin-spotted Drab

6,8,

Page 241.

7,

Ilaworth 45.

46.

6,

6,9,

Page 244.

247.

Haw. 130. sp. S?.

7,

102. sp. 32.

^,&,

Page 249.

6,

Haw. 162. sp. 12.

— — 166. sp. \9.

167. sp. 21.

185. sp. GO.

202. sp. 117.

10,

199. sp. 111.

10,

200. sp. 112.

226. sp. 192

2,6,

238. sp. 227

241. sp. 234

— sp. 256.

— sp. 257.

sp. 233.

242. sp. 239.

sp. 240.

THE EXTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

?71

APRIL.

Name.

Where found.

No.
of
Gen.

334 A^oc/ua bimaculata b. 'I'ruiiks of oaks
The ferrugineuus Drab
subplumbea b.

The lead-coloured Drab
pallida —

The pale Quaker

Cerasi b. —

The commori Quaker
juncta B.

■ of trees

of willows

The comrnoi Quaker, var.

nana b.

The small Quaker

libatrix n. Poplars and pales

The Herald

Geometra ilkinaria e. S'.iady groves
The early Th rn

badiata b.
The Shnulder-slripe

cervinata b.
Scarce Tissue

suffumata
The water Carpet

quadrimaciilata

Skirts of woods
Gardens and pales
Open places in woods

Other
t.mes
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw

5,

Pathways and woods
The pinion spotted Yellow

congeneraria b. Trunks of trees
The forktd-slnped Brindle

fiimaria b. Oaks

The dark Britirlle

CratEegaria b. Hedges and woods

The Brimstone

dentistrigata m. Trunks of trees, CoombeW.
The early Tuoth-striped

viretata Pathways in woods

The brindle-larred Yelhw

insulata e. Woods

The insulated Carpet

bidentaria e.
The scalloped Hazel
360 Eiston hirtariiis

The brindled Beauty
3(35 Tortrix Losflingina
The Lrc/livrian

subsecpiana -

The faint Silver-striped
* fraternana

Skirts of woods
Trunks of trees
Hedges

6,8,

5,
6,

5,6,

The cinereous Silver-barred

perjepidana

l%e beautiful Crescent

242. sp. 241.

■ — sp.242.

- — sp. 243.

243. sp. 244.

sp. 247.

244. sp. 249.

___ — sp. 250,

292. sp. 58.

325. sp 27.

318. sp. 6.

323. sp. 21.

343. sp. 80.

273. sp. 4.

273. sp. 5.

■ 298. sp. 74.
320. sp. 11.

• 329. sp. 39.

- 330. sp. 43.
-291. sp. 55.

- 273. sp. 3.

- 420. sp. 82.

• 448. sp. 173.

■ 449. sp. 174.

- 458. sp. 206.

2 a2

372

TUK ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

APRIL.

*Tinea Pyralea

The ye'Jow-sti^rr.aed

Alstrcemeri
The Alsl'amer

signofa
The red Letter

purpurea
Tht lesser Purple
3*74 Alucita hexadactyla
The s'X'Clefl Plume
401 Tiichiosoma laterale
468 Andrena Rosa;

pratensis

tl)oiacica

nitida

nigro-xiiea

atricc] s

varians

Gwynana

spiniircra

armata

fiilva

Ciarkella

Smithella

ni^'riceps

clirys-orclis

Lewinelta

parviila
4S7 Bombiis campestris

siibinterruptus
Stylops Melitta
498 Beris nigritarsis

clavipcs
5-0 Bomby!ii!s major

niediiis
5b0 MiiPca votiiitor:a

domestica
554 Tacliina fera

Notiles ill hedgeSjCoombeW. 5, Haw. 499. sp. 4.
Grey
Hedges 508. sp. 10.

Houses

? Chelsea

Coombe Wood
Flowers

Blossoms of willows

Blossoms of apple-trees

Flowers

Blnssmns of willows

Flowers in gardens
Heaiiis, Hatnpstead
Blossoms of willows

Flowers

Blossoms of sallows
Melitta nigro-asnea
Palings near meadows

Open places in ■wo;k1s

HiMises and bodges

Houses

Skirts of woods

5,9,

5,

5lo8,

508. sp. 11.

-511. sp. 20.

480. sp. 21.

Zool.Misc. iii. 109.
Kirbyii. 83, sp.39.

ion. sp. 43.

'01. sp. 49.
sp. 51.
sp. 54.
sp. 55.

sp. 58.

i '20. sp. 60.

123. sp. 63.

124. sp. (U.

!28 sp. 68.

130. sp. 69.

131. sp. 70.

- 134. sp. 73.

143. sp. 8'2.

148. sp. 88.

162. sp. 103.

3,35. sp.SR,

356. sp. 99.

i. 111.

Page 29 1 .
Panz. ix. 119.
Page 295.

Linn. i. I(i09. sp.2.

989. sp. 67.

990. sp. 69.

Page 201,

JTAY,

S flcopbiliis electrieus

3 Clieiitcr Muscornm

14*Syctotles ihoraciens

2l*J!ol(iinedes miral)ilis

22 Salticiis scenicHS

7 Ixodes Riciniis

Tender s!on«s

Museums

Honsis

\V(.o(ls

AValls and palings

Doiifi

1 1 Limuociiarcs boloscriccaPonds

Pntre 117. [f. 4.
6,7,8 Z.Sl. iii.50.t.I-i2.

Pase 126.
6,7, — — 129.

'»•.' 132.

6, 133.

THE IIXTOMOLOGISt's CALENDAR.

MAY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

AVhrre founu.

Other
tiines
ofap.

Keference to
tle>cii[)iioii.

sp. 8.

G, Marsh. 394. sp. 9.

Sea shores Pa.ue 141.

Pathways and woods 6,1, Mar^h.4'70.<:p.l03

N. the riv.Tavy,Devon,(Dr.L.) Page 145.

Gardens and pathways <J,'7,8 —

Moi.'t pi. and sand-pits, Hants ti, Marsh. 43 j,
r. wood, sandy sliores, Swansea 5, Page 14(3,

Samiy places under stones 6, 147.

Near Ipswich, (Mr. Stone) 9, New species

Sandy |)laces 3,7, Page 147

Sand-pits, Bexley

Croomp, Norfolk

Sea sho., Po. to Hello, (Dr.L.) G,7, Page 148.

Moist places, ]}altersea G, Marsh. 461. sp.7"

Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr. Leach) Fahr.

30 Agonum .'^e.xpiinctatum Moist places, Coombe,&,Batt. 6, Pa_:;'e 151.

vaporariorum Sandy places 6, Cyll.ii.lGl.sp.G8

40 Poeciijiis ciipreus Sandy places and pathways 6,7, Marsh.4:)9.sp.l8,

47 rSrnchiniis crepitans U.stonf s,Gravesend,(Mr.Steph.) Page 154.

4S Lamprias chlorocephalaBrooni 6, 155.

53 Drypta emarginata Ch. places, Hastings ScFaversh. 6, 15().

Running streams, LSexley 6, 157.

Ponds and ditches, Ilamp.st. C, Marsh. 425.sp.31
Ponds ? Norfolk

3 Petrobiiis niaritimns
1 I Cychrus rostratus
12 Carabns intricatus e.
nioniiis
nitens

14 Nebria complanata

15 Leistus caernleus

Rauiinsii
IG Panagipns crnx maior

20 Benibidinin flavipes
* pa Hi pes

21 Ciilenus lateralis

22 '['rechns aquaticus

discus

54 Ilaliijlns elevatus
57 Hydroporus flexnosns
60 Colymhetes collaris

conspersus

notaliis

mnculatus

abbreviatus

obscurus
64 Gyrinns marinus

minutus

elongatus

villosus
70 Eiatertessellatus

balteatus

niger

aeneus

holosericens

lineatus

sputator

minutus

castanipes

marginatus

unioolor

mesonielus

mesomelus, var.
72 Elodes pallida

melanura

molle

nigricans

?

Running streams

Ponds

Ponds and ditches

Salt marshes

Bristol

Salt marshes

Rivers and running watere

Willows

■ and hedges

Hedges

Under stones, in sand-pits

Birch-trees, Coombe Wood

Hedges

G, Gyll. i.485.sp. \9.

6, 482. sp. IG.

6, 4S3. sp. 17.

Marsh. 418. sp. 14.

Gyll. i. 488. sp.22.

Marsh. 414. sp. 5.
6, Gyll. i. 143. sp. 4.
6,^ Marsh. 100. sp.2.
6, 100. sp. 4.

Page 159.
G, Marsh. 386.sp.27.
6, 334. sp. 23.

Gyll.i. 406. sp.3G.

Linn.ii. 655. sp.31.
G, Marsh.38G.sp.28.

Skirts of woods

White thorn & umbel, plants
Hedges

6,

-3S7. sp. 5.

6,

384. sp. 24.

6,

331. sp. 17.

6,7

381. sp. 15.

6,

379. sp. 9.

6,

379. sp. 8.

6,

373. sp. 6.

7.

227. sp. 20.

G,

G,

Gyll. i. 366. sp. L

C\

Marsh. 223.sp.15

6,

2Z6.&p.\l.

374

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEXDAU.

MAY.

77 Telephortis fiiscus

obscuriis

lateralis

nificoUis

lividus

rufus

melanurus

testaceus

pallidas

fulvicollis

78 Malthinus flaviis

iinmunis
humeralis

79 Dasytes ater

leneus

80 Malachiiis asneus

bigfuttatus
S-i Necrobia ruficoUis
violacea
Tillus Quadra

85 Necrophagus spinipes

Iiumator

* Gcrmanicus
Anglicaiius
vespillo

86 Necrodes littoral is

87 Oiceoptoma thoracica

rugosa

siniiata

SS Silpba opaca

4-punctata
laevigata

Hedges in lanes

Hedges

Hedges and wood-sides

Hedges and woods

Moss and grass

Pales and posts, wood-sides

Hedges

Hedges and woods

Dried bones

Fungi and dead animals
Dead animals, banks ofrivers

Plaistow Marshes
Dead animals and woods

■ ', marshes

Fungi and dead animals
Dead animals, river sides
Dead animals, woods

6,7, Page 164.
6,7, Marsh. 365. sp. 2.
6,7, Linn. ii. 648. sp. 6.
6,7, Marsh. G66. sp. 5.

6,7, sp.4.

6,7, Gyn.i.35().sp.26.
6,7, Marsh. 36S. sp. 7.

6,7, 367. sp. 5.

6,7, 3b8. sp. 6.

6,7, Payk. i.'266.sp.l'2.
6,7, Page l64.
6,7, Marsh. 574.sp.20.
G,7, 374. sp. 19.

6, Page 164.

6, MaVsh.'i30.sp. 3.
6,7, Page 1(".5.

6, Marsli.37'2.sp.l5.

6, Pare 166.
6,1'2 Ma'rsl). 3'23. sp.3.

6, 323. sp. 4.

6,

Under stones in sandy places
Oaks

Sandy places
90 Scaphidiiim 4-niacnlatumFnngi and rotten wood

6,

I 1 4. sp. 2.

114. sp. 1.

*'>
6,
6,

6,

114. sp. 3.

116. sp. 5.

Page 167.
Marsh. 1 20. sp. 16

6,
6,

120. sp. 14.
120. sp. 15.

118. sp. 9.

12.

Engis humeralis
rulifrons

99 Nitidula bipustulata

rufipes

nigrina
aenea
Urlica;
crythropa

100 Ips4-maculata

ferrnginea

101 Bilurus lomcntosiis

fumatus

Bark of trees and boleti

6, 1 19. sp.

(,, Page 168.

6, (Jyll.i. 203. sp. 2.

. 6, 2U4. sp. 4.

Dry bones on heaths & woods 6,7, Marsh. 129. sp. 1.
Flowers in hedges & sides of

woods
Flouers in hedges

, and nettles

Flowers in hedges

Und. bai k, New Forest Hants

Blossom of the white-thorn
White tlioin hedges
103 Micropeplus Porcatus Sandy places, Bexicy
slaphylinoides •

6,7,

130. sp. 4.

6,7,

138. sp. 27.

6,7,

131. sp. 8.

6,

6,

132. sp. 10.

I'l,

1 30. sp. 2.

6,

6,

Page 170.

6,

Marsh. 65. sp. 1 1

6,

Paae 171.

6,

Marsh. 137. pp.25

THE E.VTOMOLOCIST S CALEXDAU.

375

MAY.

l()7*Stenus caerulesceiis Moist banks & sides of rivers
108 Oxyporus rufus Boleti and otlier fungi

1 10 Oinaliuin nielanocephalunaFlowers

striatum

grossum Sandy places

113 Tachiniis lunulatus Fungi
1 IT) Lomecliusa emarginataDry sandy places und. stones

dentata ■

117*RnpIectusReiclienbacliii ? Norfolk(Mr. Curtis)

1 lS*Cythinussecurii;er ? Norf.(Mr.J. Hooker)

1 19*Arcophagus clavicornis Sandy pi., Swans. (Mr. Millard) 6,

6, Gvll. ii. 463. sp.l.
6,7, Page 174,
G, Marsh. l'27.sp.39.
6, Gyll.ii.231.sp.2S.
6,

(), 274. sp. 20.

6, Page 177.
G, Gyll. ii.44l. sp.4.
Page 178.
Zool. Misc. iii.

? Norfolk (Mr. Sims) 6, Page 178.
? Norfolk(Mr. Wilkin) ti, 179.

i - /
128

■ Ijcxley

? Norfolk

? Norfolk

? Bristol (Mr. Millar)

Edinburgh

Old palings, Wandsworth

Hedges

Houses

Dead animals

Houses

bulbit'er
l2l*Bryaxis iniprcssa

fossulata
12J*Pselaphus Hiesii

longicoUis

Dresdensis
124 Ptinus Musffiorum

I-iiclicnum

rufipes
Anobiuni striatum
Dermestes tes-ollatus
129 Atlagenus Pcllio
131 Anthrenus Scropliularia^Flowers

Verbasci

13{) Hister unicolar Dung and dead animals

cadavevinus

12-striatus Dung

speculifer -

137 Dendrophilus punctatusUiider bark
158 Platysonia picipes
l39*Lininius Valckmari

143 Hjdrochus crenaius Aquatic plants, Norfoik

brevis

144 Ochthebius riparius Pwuds and ditches

pvginjens ■ ■
m:irinus ■

145 Hydraena Kugellani

15-3 Onthophagus Ccenobita Under dung in sandy places
160 Psauiniodius suicicollis Sandy pLSvvansea(Mr.Millard)
163 Meloloiitha vulgaris \'arious trees

Hedges and dead animals
Flowers of the dog-rose
Rose-treesand uuibell. plants
Sandy places, Coombe Wood
Hedges and woods
Under bark of trees
lledsres

6, Zool. Misc. iii.

87.

Zool. Misc. iii.

6,

6, Marsh. 89. sp. 26.

6, 83. sp. 5.

6,7, Page 181.

6, Marsh. 61. sp.3.
6,7, Page 182.

6,

6,7, Marsh. 101. sp.2.

6, Gyll, i. 74. sp. I,

6, Payk.
5,6, F.S.i.39.sp.rt,

6, Latr.
Page 184.

Rot>l« of grass, banks of rivers 6,7,

185.

Meloloiitha vulgaris
brunneus

166 Trichi\is nobilis

167 Cetonia avuata
171 Opatrum sabalusu'n
180 Cistela nu'.ri'ia

183 Melandrya caraboides

184 Lagria hirta

185 Pyrochroa rubojs

Fabr.
6, Gyll. i. I3!?.sp.8.
€, Page 186.
6, Gyll-i. 133.sp. 9.

6, 134. sp. 10.

6, Page 186.

6, Marsh. 33.

Page 190.

6, Marsh. 38
6, Page 191.
D, .Marsh. 41. sp. 7

Page 193.
6, Marsh. 222. sp.
6, Page 195.
6, 196.

sp. Jb.

sp.

376

THE ENT0M0LUG13T S CALENDAR.

MAY.

No.

of Name.
Gen. ^

1S7 Notoxu? monoceros
188 Anthicus fuscus
floral is

190 Moidella aculeata

abdominalis

bicolor

ferruginea

191 Anaspis frontalis

riilicoHis
ohscurus
bifasciatus
bijultatus
19 J Meloe variegatus

cicatricosus
19-? Antb rib lis scab rosiis

* variiis

200 Bruchiis Pisi

20 1 Attelabus i-nrculionoic

202 Apoderus Cory I i

203 Illiynchites Baccbus

requalns
cnprcus
a;neo-virens
nan'is
■ Alliariae
pubescens
Betulse

204 Deporaus BetuIiE

205 Apion melanopuin

Malva3
vernale

* vorax
caeriilescens
sulcifrons
Malvarum

* nigritarse
flavipes
Sorbi

subsnlcatum
flavifemoratum

* Fagl
virens

* niarchicum
Spartii

* Oyllcnhalii

* Meiiloti

* lipvigatum
Oxurum

Wlicre found.

Other
times
ofap

Reference to
description.

Sandy pl.Cbarlton & Swansea
Diinsr near stables
Flowers in gardens
Wliite-tborn hed<res
-and umbellate plants

White-lliorn
Umbellate plants

White-thorn

6, Page 196.

6, Marsh. 433. sp. 2,
6, Pago 197.
6, Marsh. 489. sp. 4.
t", 490. sp. S.

6, Pace 197.

6, M.ir5h.4y|.sp.!U

6, 492. sp. 14.

6, 493. sp. 18.

6, 492. sp. 12.

Leach Tr.L.Soc.xi.

Faversham, (Mr. Crowe,) Mar-
gate, (Mr. Milne)

Margate, (Mr. Milne) —

E!n» and horse-chesniit Page 0.00.

Whitc-lhorn Panz.

Pea-tields & willows, Coombe 6, Page 200

sNut-tree and willow

6,7,

—

Nut-tree

6,7,

201.

Nut, plum tree and hop

tr>,

Marsh. 2-50. sp.G.

White-thorn

6,

238. sp. 1.

6

239. sp. 4.

sp. 5.

hedges

6,

White-thorn

f>.

238. sp. 3.

6.

sp. 2.

240. sp. 7.

Nut-tree

6,

White-thoni hedges & a

dcr 6,

24), sp. 8.

Oak, birch and hazel

6.7,

Page 201.

Broom

6,

KirbyTr.L.Soc.ix.

Mallow

6,

The white archangel Sc nt

ttle 6,

Afl.

White-thorn

6,

Bush vetch

T',

Mallow

6,

Nut-tree

Trefoil and sandy places

6,7,

Mountain ash

Bush vetch

6,

Trefoil

6,

Beech trees

Hedges

Broom

6,

Birch

Trefoil

Sandy places

Mallows

6,

THE EXTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

377

MAY.

20 j Api(j« jnieuin
* hajiTiatoides

friimentaiiiini
206 Curculio argentatus

Mali

cnides

oblongus

ur.ifasciatiis

sericeiis

Mallows
Grass near furze & sandy pi.
Mettles and sandy places
Oak

Nettles

Iledsies

Rhyncbi^nus austriaciisNettles and sandy places

Equist-ti

rcrator

Rumicis

stramineiis

resinopus

209 Br.laniiins Nucum

Tremulae

Tortrix

maculatns

210 Lipartis niger

scabrosiis

Vart

raiicus

subglobosus

elevatus

obesus

Coryii

sulcatus

Ligustici

ovatus

punctatus

A nj;! lean us

Marsh horse-tail

Corn spurrey

The dock, and sandy places

Saiiily places

Sallows

Sandy places near the sea

Sandy places and nettles

Nettles and hedges

Hedjies, Colney Hatch

Nut-trepi

Sandy places

? Dover and Surrey

Copenliagen fields&sandy pi.
Roots of grass and sandy pi.
Chalky and sandy places
21 1 CryptorhynchusLapathiOsier grounds

ptinoides

phseorhynchus

pleurostigma

leucogaster

globosus

ovalis

dentatus

Qnercicola

Urticae

nielanostictus

obstrjctus

contractus

Lythri

siilcnius

horridus

vidiuis

Hedges

Sandy places
Heclees

• 31G. sp,22o.

6, KirbyTr.L.Soc.ix

6, Page '202.

Marsh.3l7.sp.230.

318. sp. 231.

6,
G,
C,

6. 502. sp. 184.

6, 254. sp. 48.

6, 266. sp. 87.

e, — sp. 85.

6, 267. sp. 88.

i5, 268. sp.91.

6, Page 203.

6, Marsh.291.sp.l56.

6, 291. sp. 157.

6, 292. sp. 158.

297. bp. 1 72.

6, 293. sp. 174.

6, 299. sp. 177.

6, 300. sp. 179.

6, 313. sp. 219.

6, 306. sp. 197.

304. sp. 191.
303. sp. 187.
315. sp. 224.
313. sp. 220.
315.sp.223.

6, 291.sp. 155.

6, 290. sp. 154.

6, 254. sp. 47.

6,7, 258. sp. 59.

6,7, — sp. 58.

6,7, 282. sp. 131.

6,7, 255. sp.45.

6,7, Panz.

6,7, Marsh.279.sp.l23.

6,7, 280. sp. 125.

6,7, sp, 126.

6,7, 281. sp. 128.

6,7, 282. sp. 132.

6,7, ■ 255. sp. 50

6,7, 250

6,7,

sp. 36.
. 252. sp. 41.

6,7, Panz. Faun. Shci'.

378

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEXDAH.

MAY.

of Name.
Gen.

Where found.

211 Cryptorhyiichus assimil'

caiiescens
ruber

melanorhynchus
inflexus

212 Cionus immunis

213 Orchestes Alni

ferrugineus

atricapillus

nifus

riirricoHis

dt'pressus

sHedges

Sides of ponds

Alder

Elms

Hedges, skirts of woods

Hedges

, skiits of woods

pi 1 OS us

rhododacfvlus

Salicis

Hedges

Sallow, skirts of woods

Avellan?P
^18 Platypus cylindricus ?
2'2() tlvlesiiius varius
221 ti's Boleti
239 Donacia mieans

fasciata

Nut-trees

Bark of trees. New Fore;

Bark of trees

Boletus versicolor

Rushes in ditches

"■■^^^~*

S.igittaria3

vittala

NymphaesR

fasca

palustris

simplex

Aquatic pi. in dit<-he?,G
Plants in ditches
Eufhes in ditches

Hydrochavis
melaiiocepluiia
24(1 Crioceris Aspava'ji
241 Cassida equestrii

Asparagus
Hovse-niint in ditches

cruentata

Thistles

marcida
nobilis
splendidula
242 Galeruca Tanaceti
Cratregi
Caprax
NymphsefE

Broom

Oaks and hedges

Nettles and hedges

Chalk-pils

White-thorn bushes

Aquatic plants

calmanensis

243 Adimonia nigricornis
* Alni

244 Lupevus flavipcs

nifipes

245 fialtica oleracca

orbiculaia *

Hedges near Bexicy

Alder

Woods, Shooter's Hill

Willows

Birch trees

Nettles and hedges

Centaureit

Other
times
of ap. I

Reference to
description.

ti,7, Marsh. 257.sp.35.

(3,1, 259. sp. fi2.

6,7, 251. sp. 39.

6,7, 253. sp. 44.

6,7, — sp. 43.

6, 278. sp. 120.

6, 260. sp. 67.

6, sp. 63.

6, 261. sp. 71.

6, sp. 69.

sp.7().

6, 262. sp. 73.

6, sp. 72.

6,' 264. sp. 79.

6, 263. sp. 78.

6, Page 205.

Marsh. 54. sp. 9.

Page 206.

6, 21!.

6, Marsh. 344. sp. 9.

6, 345. sp. 11.

6, sp. 10.

6,

347. sp. 15.

'. 6,

349. sp. 20.

fi,

— sp. 21.

6,

348. sp. 19.

6,

347. sp. 16.

6,

• ; sp. 17.

Ti,

.343. sp. 18.

6,

214. sp. 3.

G,

Page 211.

6,

Marsh. 144. sp. 2.

145. sp. 4.

6,

] 46. sp. 7.

6,

147. sp. 8.

6fo9

Page 212.

6,

Marsh. 228. sp.23

6,

225. sp. 14.

G,

224. sp. 12.

0,

227. sp. 21.

6,

Page 2 1 2.

Marsh. 172. sp. 7

G,

Page 2 1 2.

6,

Marsh. 217. sp. 9

(%

202. sp. 80.

0,

200. sp, 72.

THE r.NTOMOLOCrST's CALENDAR.

379

MAY.

245 Haltica testacea

a 11 rata

nitidula

Helxine.s

semiasnea

cyanea

riilicornis

transversa

affinis

fuscipes

Hyoscyami

nigricollis

atricilla

nigroKiica

picina

concinna

iVIodeeri

striata

seneo-fusca

riifipcs

Pieudacori

testacea

fflrata

nodicornis

Brassicae

neinoriun

flexuosa.

4-pustulata

ocliroleiica

tabida

femoral is

Verbabci

exoleta

sutiiralis

246 Chrysomelafjuinquejiig

Hyperici

hsemoptera

clavicornis

Betula;

Hypochseridis

pallida

Popnli

Tremulaj

Eanksii
2i7 Helodes Phellandrii

violacea
256 Endomyclius coccineus

258 Forficula anricularia

259 Labia minor

Nettles and hedges
Willows

Nettles and hedses

Mallows and hedges

Hedges and nettles

Hedges

White-thorn and nettles

Hedges and gardens
Hedges and nettles, Bexley

, lanes, Bexley

Hedges and nettles, Bexley
Nettles and hedges

Hedges

Marshy places
Hedges and nettles
IsPlants on sea shore, Hants
Coombe

Sandy pi. near the sea, Hants
Birch and willows
Birch
Hedges

— ■■ , Coombe

Aspen woods

Nettles, lanes, BexI.&Craj f.

Cow parsnip

Brook lime

Under bark, Coombe

Gardens

Dung-hills, under stones, 5cc.

f)t

6, Marsh. 202. sp.81.

6, 195. sp. 59.

6, sp. 60.

6, 194. sp. 58.

6, sp. 57.

6, 196. sp. 62.

6, 199.sp. 70.

C, 203. sp. 83.

199. sp. 69.

— — 193. sp. 55.

206. sp. 91.

200. sp. 74.

197. sp. 64,

205. sp. 92.

196. sp. 6!,

194. sp. 56.

6, 198. sp. 68.

19G. sp. 63.

6, 202. sp. 81.

- 204. sp. 87.

V', — sp. 86.

6, Fabr. Syst. Ent.
6, Marsh." 197. sp. 65.

6, 198.sp. 66,

6, . sp. 67.

6, 2o2. sp. 80.

6, 203. sp. 82,

6, . 201. sp. 76.

6, 202. sp. 78.

6, 201. sp. 75.

6, sp. 77.

6, ] 73. sp. 9.

6, — sp. 8.

6, 171.

6,
6,
6, 1 S4. sp. 35.

174.sp. 12.

6, 188. sp. 44.

6, 189. sp. 4.5.

6, 187. sp. 42.

6, 185, sp, 3s.

6, 186. sp. 39.

6, Page 215.

6

. sp. 5.

178. sp. 20.

380

lilE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALT-NUAK.

MAY.

Where found.

lictereiice to
1 1 mo , ■ ^■

c uescnptiou,

ofap. '

26'2 Acheta campestris
267 BIctta livida ?

27'2*Corcus maiginatus

273 Capsus ater

278 Rcduvius personatiis

282 fiydiometra stagiiciiim Ponds

(;aidens and fields

Oaks, Ciiisselhurst, Tiexley

Under stones sea shore

Hedges

Gmssy places

Pali HE'S

294 Plata reticulata

295 Is'iib coleoptratus
29f> Cixiiis nei vos-iis
2y7*Asiraca claviconiis
301 Jassus Lanio

viridis

interruptus
502 Tettigonia viridis

spurnaria
303 Psylla Aim
505 Thrips Physapus
Aphis iirtiojta

307 Eriosoma Mali

308 Aleyrodes f'helodonii
S09 Coccus Cacti
311 Pa]iilio Macliaon e.

The Swallow-tail
514 Poiitia Brassiex m.
Jh'- lar'^e JFhue

Rapai M. —

The green-veined JVhiie

Napi

lied;;! s and wood-sides

Iiedt;es

and woo:

-sidtS

Cia^sy i)!ace.s ?

" and hedges

Gardens, on various plants

Alder

Flowers in hedges

Nettle

Apple-trees

White-thorn hedges

Fruit-trees

Cowslip mead.? Lyinin. Hants

Gardens

6, Paji;e '2 1 8.

6, Fabr. E. S. ii. 10.

^p.23.?-
6,7, Page 222.

223.

4,5. 224,

ti,7, 2'JO.

'o, 231.

C.7, I.inii.ii. 71 l.sp.4P.
6,7, Stew. ii. 96. sp. 1 1.
6,7, Page 231.
6,7, Linn. ii. 708. sp-2-*.

(>, Page 231.
6,7, _232.

6, Stewart

6, Page 232.

6, 233.

8, 235.

236.

The green-veined JJ'hite

CratKgi /. White-thorn

The blaik-veiried While

Path-ways in woods
Woods

Meadov.s

Cardamines n.
Sinapis m.

The iL'und JVhile

315 Melitasa Artemis m.

The greasy Fritillary

Dictynna is. Heaths and marshes

The pearl-bordered Likeness

Liicina e. Pathways in woods, Kent

The Duke i<J Burgundy Fnlilliry

316 Argynnis Lalhonia l. Open parts in woods, &f.

The Queen of Spain Fritillary

Aglaia I. m. Violet

The dark-green FrtliUary

Adippe /. M.

The If.^h-bruwn Fritillary

Papliia /.

Tht:$ilvcr-ica3hed Fritillary

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALF.NDAK,

MAY.

381

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of np.

Reference to
description.

318 Apatiira Ir.s t. e. Great rouud-leaved willow Haw. IS.

The p'irple Kmpfror

320 HipparthiaPanif^hilus /.B. Crested dog's tiiil grass 8, 17.

The small Heath

Mesrnera /. b. Grassy banks 8, 2'2.

The JVall.

.Eoreria /. 3,C, 23.

The sperkled Ifo/.d

321 Thecla Riibi e. Hedges Page 241.

The gre<n Hair-streak

322 Lycaena Adonis e. Chalky places 8,

'The Clifden Blue

Dorylas e. Heaths and commons 8, 242.

The common BUie

Idas f!. Clover fields 7,

The llack-spot Brinun

Alsiis E. Clover fields 7,

The Bedford Blue

Argiolus M. Meadows 8,

The azwe Bl •€

Cymon m. Chalky places 7, —

The Mazarine B tie

323 Hcsperia Sylvaniis p.. Skirts of woods 7, —

The ti nod Skipper

Tages B. Dry heaths and banks

The Dingy Skipper

Malvae e. Dry banks

The viiliow Skipper

Panisciis n. Open parts in woods, Bedfordsh. 243.

The sfarce Skipptr

324 Sinerinthus ■x'cllatns E Near v.illows ■ —

The eyed Hjtvk Moth

Tilirc M. Lime and elm trees —

The li'ne Hawk Mnih

325 Sphinx Poicellus e. Uanks of gross weeds —

The smaU EUpkint
S2S -Egeria apiformis /. 'I'l-.mks of lime and poplar tr. Haw. 63.

The Hi^rnet

331 Hcpialiis fiiscus e. Gr3??y places 141. sp. 4,

The hrnu-ii Swift

obliqiuis E. Meadows I42.sp. *i.

The silver Swift

nebiilf sus e, 143. sp, 7.

The spoHed ulrer Sic ft
334 Saturiiia Pavonia-minor m. Osier beds 8, Page 245.

The Emperor

P.ivo'iir.-minor I. Sal'ows in woods Han. 75. sp. 1.

1 '.'J Eir.peroT

382

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAU
MAY.

of
Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Oilier
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

336 Lnria fascelina I. e. Broom

The da'k Tussock
537 Gastropaclia quercifolia /. E. Sloe bushes

The lappet Moth
559 Lasiocampa Trifolii e. Girassy commons
37;? grass Eggar

Crata-gi l. m. White-thorn
The oak Eggar
345 Notodonta Ziczac b. Trunks of trees
The pehile Prominent

Camehnus b. Oaks in woods
The coxcomb Prominent

palpinus I. e. Poplars and sallows in hedges
Pale Prominent

Camelinus /. m. Oaks
Coxcomb ProrKinent
340 Closteva reclusa Trunks of poplars?

The small Chotolate-tip

345 Cerura Vinula Willows and poplars

The Puss

346 Arctia villica I. Groundsel

The cream- spot Tiger

Plantaginis I. u. Plantain
The wood Tiger

mendica m. Marshy places

The Muslin

Mentlirastri b. Gardens
The Ermine
547 CallimorpliaDominula iHound's-tongue and nettles
The scarlet Tiger
Bomhyx Coryli I. m. Nut-trees
Nut-tree Tussock

caeruleocepbala I. White-thorn
Figure of 8.

Cassinia I. m. Oaks
The Spraivler
349 Yponomenta Cribella Thistles
354 iVof/z/a cylherea Skirts of woods

The slraio Underwing

Vcrbasoi m. Gardens and pales

The Mullein

exoleta Gardens

The large Sword-grass

conspicillaris m. Shady pales
The silver Cloud

megacephala

The poplar Grey

Haw. 102. sp. 31.

95. sp. 19.

Page 247.

Haw. 105. sp. 37.

99. sp. 26.

8, 98. sp. 21.

131. sp. 91.

Page 243.
Haw. 94. sp. 17.

sp. 18.

Page 248.

\bCu
Stewart ii. 158. sp.

9, Haw. 102. sp. 59.

105. sp. 39.

106. sp. 40.

8, Haw. Prod rom.
8, 161. sp. 6.

167. sp. 20.

10, 168. sp. 24.

171. sp. 32.

177. sp. 49.

THE EXTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAE

383

Gpo.

Narne.

Where fotind.

Lanes

Trunks of trees

Gardens

Skirts of woods
Trunks of trees

Pales

Gardens and fields

Nortua Rumicis
The Knol-grass

leporina
The Miller
oleracea
The bnght'line Broirn-eye

Pisl /. Broom

The Broom

runica Trunks of trees

The scarce Mariel du Jour

prneeox b.

The Portland Molh

ferruiriiiairi)
The heart Molh

renago
Tlie heart Molh, var

meticnlosa
The angle Shades

Gamma
The silver Y.

Arlmti k. Meadows

The minute yellnic Underwing
Geometra pnsaria Hedges

The cnmmon ichile Ifave

arenosaiia Moist woods

The sandy IVarc

striaria ■

The cnmmon JVave

rotundaria ■

The roimd winged PFave

fernigaria e. Hedges
The fed Twin-spot

Salicaria e.

The striped Twin-spot

omicromaria e. Woods in Kent
The Mot ha

ocellaria e.

The false Mocha

pendnlnria e.

The birch Mocha

punctaria n.

The Maidf?i's Bluih

putataria e. •

The little Emerald

vernaria e. jNIeadows, Peckliam

The small Grass Emerald

illustraria e. Skirts of woods

The 'purple Thorn

Woods

Birch-trees in woods

Open places in woods

Otlier
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 178. sp. 50.

• 182. sp. 62.
193. sp, 93.

■ — pp. 94.

• 200. sp. 113.

• 201. sp. 114.
. 238. sp. 225.

- ^ sp. 226.
-244. sp. 251.

- 256. sp. 6.

- 265. sp. 33.

- 290. sp. 5 1 .

- 289. sp. 48.

- 289. sp. 49.

— sp. 50.

- 308. sp. 102.
309. sp. 103.

8, 312. sp. 110.

8, — sp. 111.

8, 311. sp. 108.

8, 312. sp. 112.

300. sp. 82.

sp. 31.

S, 291. sp. b6.

6,9, -
9, -

to 8, -
6, •
6,

384

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

MAY.

Ko.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Geometra flos-Iactata E.Shady groves
The cream JFave

lactata e.

The pale cream Wave

sublactata e. ■

The broad-striped cream JVave

sylvata e. Chalky pi. & wood?, Kent

The waved Carpet

costovata Hedges

The short-barred Carpet

fluctuata Gardens

The garden Carpet

Woods

Birch-trees
Hedges and gardens

consonaria
The brindled Grey

punctularia m.
The grey Birch

diibitata e

The Tisiite

centum-notata e. Open places in woods
The commnn marbled Carpet

comma-notata e. ' ■

The yellow rnarbUd Carpet

perfuscata Woods?

The brown marbled Carpet

Rhamnata e. Hedges near chalk-pits
The dark Umber

testata b. Thickets and bushes

The Chevron

petrata e. Fern, Coonnbc Wood

The briwn Silver Line

luteata e. Open places in woods

The small Yellow TVave

candidulata e. ■
The small While Wave

biQiaculata e. Shady groves
The tvhite Pinion Spotted

vitalbata e. Hedges near chalk

The small waved Umber

tersata e.

The Fern

maculata e. Tathways, woods

The speckled Yellow

clathrata e. Clover fields, Kent

The latticed Heath

prsenotata ".. Birch-trets

The sharp-angled Peacock

rufata m. liroom fields

The l-Toom Tip

Other

times
ofap

6,

?,

Reference to
description.

Haw. 351. sp. 111.

— sp. 109.

— sp. 110.
5<Z9. pp. 40.
334. sp.54.
353. sp. b3.
277. sp. 17.

-278. sp. 18.

■ 318. sp. 7.

• 324. sp. 24.

• 325. sp. 26.

■ — sp. 25.

■ 339. sp. 69.

• 342, ?p. 79.

• 344. sp. 84.

- 352. sp. 15.
. — sp. 114.

• 356. sp. 124.

- 340. pp. 72.

- 339. sp. 70.

■ 343. sp. 81.

■ 348. sp. 98.

- 346. sp. 94.

- 322. sp. IS.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

385

MAY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Geirmtlra eloi!gata

Coombe

Haw. 3o8. sp. ]32.

The lovg-urvgfd Pug

subfuscata e.

"Woods

360. sp. 138.

The brown-grey Pug

insulata e.
The insulated Carpel

4,7,

.- 330. sp. 43.

subtristata m.
The common Carpet

s,

332. sp. 50.

marginata

Busby places

7,

The clouded Border

Eiiphorbiata

Shady groves

345. sp. 83,

The drab Looper

notata e.

Birch trees

346. sp. 92.

The Peacock Moth

relata e.

Clover fields, Kent

348. sp 100.

The netted Heath

trigeminata e.

Hedges, chalky places

354. sp. 119.

The treble Twin-spot

illustraria

Skirls of woods

291. sp. 56.

The purple Thorn

pliimbeoiata e.

Woods

360. sp. 137.

The lead-coloured Pu

S

piibillata

Gardens

359. sp. 156.

The small grey Pug

362 Herminia vittalis m.

Hed-jes, Chelsea

6,

-— 367. sp. 5.

Tlie cream-edged Snout

barbalis m.

Pathways in woods

7,

3i".8. sp, 11.

The common Fan-foot

363 Piatypteryx curvula f..

Birch trees

153. sp. 6.

The bordered Ho klip

lacertinaria e.

sp. 5.

The scolloped Hook tip

564 Cilex oumpressa e.

Hedges

s,

no. sp. 46.

The go'jse-egg Moth

S65*Torlrix urticana

Nettles

6,

460. sp. 210.

The barred Nettle

Fagana I.

Oal<s

7,

395. sp. 2.

Tlie small green Silver-lines

ruficiliana e.

Meadows, Yorkshire

402. sp.24.

The red Frir.ge

* Banmanniana

Shady groves

404. sp. 30.

The Baumantnan

Oxyacantbana

Hedges

425. sp. 97.

The ihiile thorn

* corticana e

Open parts in woods

432. sp. 118.

The marbled Lor.g-doak

* seqiiana b.

Hedgt's

446, sp. 166.

The iilver BloUh-baik

2 B

386

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAB.

MAY.

Name.

365*Torinx coiiiposana e. Oaks

The triplt-stiped Blolch-back

* nitida e. Hedges
77(6 dark Silver-striped

stiobilana b. — ^—

The light S:lver-striped

* pauperana Fens
The spotted Dreib

* egestana —

The lesser Drab

Eotvs striiiiilalis e. —

? Yoikbhire

The least Black Arches

piipnralis v.. Hedges

Tha Crirr.son and Gold
*Crambus sanguiiiea Grassy places near chalk
The buff-edged rosy Veneer

376 Leptocerus intcrrnptns IVTarshj- places

377 Odontocerusgiiseiis

378 Phryganca giandis U'oods

379 Limn( philus rhombicus Marsliy places

ner vos u s __

ecliinatus •

griseiis ■

radiatus •

striola

380 Libelliila depressa

conspiircafa

4-m 'Ciilata
465 Vespa Crabro

vulgaris

Britannica
468 Andrena albicans
392 Panorpa communis
403 Zaraea fasciata
412 Allantiis viridis
468 Andrena belvola

ovatula

barbilabris

fuscata
* Afzeliella
470 Sphecodes gibbus

Geoffrella

479*MegacbilecircumcinctaStony banks, Dartfovd
48 1 Nomada Goodeniana Sunny banks

alternata

Marshamella

Caprea;

leucophthalma

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 447. sp. 169.

443. sp. 171.

sp. 172.

6, 469. sp, 242.

6, 470. sp. 243

387. sp. 34.

— 388. sp. 37.

Devonshire
Ponds and woods
'I'rnnks of trees
Woods and hedges, &c.

Tansy and Howers

Hedges

Coombe Wood

Hedge-! and woods

Hiossoms of black currant

Sandy places

Flowers

Flowers on snnny banks

Kound-rooted crowfoot

Blos.of great round-leaved willow

8, 484, sp. 1 1 .

to 9, ra.E,S.ii.79.sp.2j.
to 9,

(5, Page 257.
to 9, Fa.E.S.ii.77.sp.l3.
to 9,
to 9,

to 9, ii. 78. sp. 14.

to 9,
to 9,

6. Lin.S,N.i.902.sp.5.
6.7,

6,7,8, 901. sp. 1.

6,7,8, Page 280.

6,7,

6,7,

Kirby ii. 94.sp. 45.
to 8, Page 260.

263.

6,7, F.K.S.ii.ll3.sp.33,
Kirbvii. Il9.sp.59.
^ 149. sp. 89.

151. sp. 91.

167. sp. Iu7,

170. >p. 108.

6, 42. sp. 7.

6, 'i5. sp. 8.

246. sp. 45.

180. sp. 4.

18-'. sp. 5.

188. sp. 10.

. 193. sp. 13.
. 197. sp.l6.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

387

:may.

487 Boiiibus pratonim
490 tAU-ethia cuciiliformis
49 i Tanypiis cinctus

492 Chininiiiniis plumosus

493 Psychoda phalxnoides

494 Cccidoiiiyia liitea

495 Ctenopliora atrata

496 Peditfia rivosa

497 Tipula olcracea
jOO Odontomyia tigriiia

microleon

502 Nemutelus uliginosus

503 Oxyci ra Hydroleon

trilineata
521 Acrocera gibbosa
523 Rhingia rostiata
527 Helopliilus lenax
533 Milesia pipiens
536 Myopa dorsalis
539 Mocillus cellarius

550 Musca Casar

Meridiana

551 Melophagus oviiius
562*Nycteribia Henr.aiini

Blossoms of the currant
Marshy places

Moist places

Marshy places

Marshes

Meadows

Marshes, Battersea, (Dr. L.)

Moist places

Flowers in meadows

Kirbyii.36O.sp.l05
6, Page 290.

6, • —

6^ 291.

r>,'F.E.S,iv,267.sp.l6.

6, iv. 265. sp. 9.

Page 292.

F.E.S.iv.267.sp.l9.
Paa-e 296.

A\'imhIedon Common

Flowers in gardens 6,7, —

Hedges 6,7,8, 297,

Flowers in hedges & gardens 6,7,F.E.S.iv.310.sp.l 19
Hedges 6, Page 298.

Wine-vaults
Hedges and lanes
Trunks of trees
Sheep
Horse-shoe bats

•299.
6, Li.S,N,i,989.sp,64.

6, i.989, sp. 63.

6, Page 303.
6, 304.

JUNE.

6 Atypus Sulzeri

19 Thomisuscitreus

lynceus
10 Cicindela sylvatica

hybrida
Germanica

12 Carabus glabratus

arvensis

13 Calosoma sycophanta

Inquisitor

20 BemViidium bipunclat
25 Harpalus tibialis

au liens
Germanns
45 Epomis cincta

39 Calathus liitoraKs

40 Poecillus lepidns

48 Lamprias cyanocepha

49 Lebia crux-minor
52 Odacanlha melanura

Darent wood
Hedges

Sandy pi., Christ-ch. Hants,
Cobhani, Surrey

Sandv pi. Yarmouth, Swansea

Chalky pi. Isle of VV. Dartf.

Surrey. Ireland, (Dr. Leach)

Near Norwicb(\]r.Step.)Sur.

Near Dartmouth

W. thorn, Norw. Dev. Windsor
urn Sand-pits, Darent W.

Snndy places ?

Trees, Coombe

Kins,sbridge, Devon

Fields, Bristol, Plymouth

Sea shore

Pathways, fields
laBroom ' Darent Wood

Under stones

Moist pi. Norfolk, Swansea
2 B 2

V,8,

Page 122.
128.

7,8,

7,

7,

7,

144.
Einn,

Marsh. 390, sp. 2,
Tr.Ent.S.i.93.pI.2.

93.

Page 146,

6,
7,
6,

7

'7,

Marsh. 453. sp.55.

445. sp. 33.

— sp. 34,

Panzer.
Page 151.

Gvll ii.94.sp. 14.
Page 155.

156.

3S8

THE ENTOMOLOGIST 3 CALENDAR,

JUNE.

Ko.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

P(jn(!s, Copenhagen Fields
Ponds

, Cocmbe

, Norfolk

Croydon Canal
Ponds, Coornbe

' , Norfolk

, Ealing

, Wiltshire

Woods

Birch and nut-trees

5'7 Hydroporus dorsalis

melanocephala

flavipes
60 Colymbetes vitreus

fenestratu^

colconotiis

* oblongus
61*Hydaticiis Hybneri

* stagnalis

65 Biiprestis biguttatus

viridis

66 Trachys minuta

pygmasa Birch ? Coombe Wood

6"*Apbanislicus emarginatus Woods ? Devon
70 Elater nectinicornis Woods ? Yoikshire

cnpreus

ferruLciiiP"?

ephippitim

vuliiiennis

sanguineus

pumoujE

prKustus

metal lie us

riparius

4-pustuIatus

bipustulatus

thoracicus

ruficollis

rufipes

cyiindriciis

* longicollis
vil/atus, var.

"71 Da.'^c.illus cervinus

74 Drihis flavescens

75 Lycus minutus

76 Lampyris noctiluca

79 Dasytes fl ivipes

caeruleiis
viridis

80 Malachius ruficollis

sanguinolentus
fasciatus

81 Tillus elongatus

* unifasciatus

Bristol

Copenhagen Fields

Windsor

Hyde Park

Woods

Hedges

Bristol

Hedges

Woods and Hedges, Kent

Gra^s, Darent Wood

Oak and hedges

Hedges, woods and heaths

Hedges. Coombe and Darent

Thrift, sea-shore, Hants

Devon

Grass and hedges

-, Darent and Coombe

Oaks, Hants, (Mr. Chant)
Oaks?

82 Thanasimus formicariusSandy banks, Coombe

83 .Opilus mollis Hedges and woods
88 Silpha ieticula«a Corn-lields

* nitidiusciila Yorkshire

S9*PhosphugasubrolundataUnder stunes, Ireland

Marsh. 4-'2l.sp.21.

4'25. sp. 25.

Tr. Ent. Soc. i. 90.
Gyl. i.489. sp. 23.
Marsh. 446. sp.lO.
Gyl. i. 504. sp. 36.

i. 494. sp. 27.

Page 159.
Gyll.i. 481. sp. 15.
Page 58.

160.

7, Marsh. 398. sp. 6,

— sp. 7.

Page 160.
Marsh. 387. sp.31.

381. sp. 23.

382. sp. 19.

383. sp. 21.

382. sp. 20.

Gvll. i.417.sp. 46.
— — i.392.sp. 19.

■ i. 402. sp.31.

i. 424.sp. 54.

Marsh. 375. sp. 1.

376. sp. 3.

sp. 2.

389. sp. 34.

Gyll.i. 394. sp. 22.
— — i. 412. sp. 41.

- i.4l0.sp. 39.
Page 162.

163.

Gyll. i. 327. sp. 5.
i. 324. sp. 1.

7, Marsh. 371. sp.l2.

7, 370. sp. 10.

7, 371. sp. 11.

Page 165.

7, • 166.

6, Marsh. 119. sp.ll.

S.bicolor,Tr.Ent.S. 10.82.

Zool. Misc. iii. 75.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEXDAR.

389

JITNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where tounu.

t.)Uitr
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

96 Cryptopha<riis pallens

98 Thymalus ferrugineus

99 Nitidula Boleti

fulva

obscura

obsolcta

lO-giiUata

marginata

depres>a

ffrisea

Umbelliferous plants •
I'luler bark of trees, New

Forest, Hants
Funofi

Dead animals

Fiin-i

Under bark, Coombe

l-)r5' bones, Coombn

Dry bun. &. un. bark, (Toombe

and iiiuler bark of tr.

1 14 Tacbyporuscln-ysomelinusFJovvers

1 1 S Bythiiuis Ciirtisii
I'i-i Ptintis imperialis

127 Anobium castancum

rufipes
paniciiim
molle
ptinoides

128 Dermestes murinus

129 Attasjenus serra

Sand-pits, Bexlev
Hedges, Birch Wood
Hedsresnear Crayfi'rd, Kent
Houses, Coombe Wood
Houses

Coombe
Darent Wood
Under bark of trees
132 Throscni dernnstoidcs Houses, Coombe
155 Ontlio])bilus striatus Under dung
sulcatus ■

136 Hister 2-niaculatiis

virescens ■

seneiis ■

nitididus ^

158 Odontens mobilicornis Wisbeacli, Norfolk
162 Synodendron cylindricum Old ash-trees, Bexley

]63=^MeloIontba Fullo

solstitialis
104 Anomala Frischii

horticola

* Agricola

* Dunovani
rurieola

165 Hoplia pnlvernlenta

166 Trichiiis variabilis

168 Liicaniis Cervus

169 Blaps lethifera
172 Tenebrio obscurus

174 Phaleria eadaverina

175 Diaperis Boleti

ahenea

176 Tetratoma Fungorum

177 Leoides picea

huineralis

* polita

Near Sandwich and Dover

Trees]

^ear the sea shore, Devon
Skirts of woods
Glamorgansh.(Mr. Donovan)

Newmarket Heath
Heaths

Brixton, Surrey
Lanes

Cellars, Hertfordshire
Cellars
Sandy places
Boleti of trees
Sandy places, Bexley
Fnnsi in woods
Sandy places
Fungi, Darent Wood
Sandy places ?

7, Marsh. 477. sp, 9.
7, Page 1 70.

Marsh 136. sp.21.

130. sp. 3.

155. sp. 19.

135. sp. 20.

Gyll. i. 216. sp. 3.
Mar.-h.I33. sp. 14.
. 134.sp. 15.

7, Gvil. ii.236. sp. I,
Page 17.S.
Marsh. 88. sp. 24.

84. sp. 7.

• 83. sp. 5.

Gyll. i. 293. sp. 5.
Marsli. 84. sp. 8,

228. sp. 5.

61. sp. 2.

■ 63. sp. 7.

Page 183.

184.

Hister s. Payk.M. [I.

l.inn.
Payk.
Fabr.

7, Page 189.

190.

7, Marsh. 36, sp. 64.
7,8, 33. sp. (IB.

40. sp.71.

41. sp. 78.

43. sp. 76.

' 44. sp. 77.

7, 39. sp. 63,

7, Page 191.

'JV. Ent..Soc. i. 81.
7, Page 1 92,

Marsh. 479. sp, 2.

Turton ii, 473.

Page 193.

6, 194.

Marsh. 176. sp. 17.

7, Page 194,

Marsh. 67, sp. 13.

75. sp. 45,

300

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

177 I.eoides ruficollis Sandy places, Darent Wood

1 78 Eoletophagus Agaricola Boleti and fnngi

179 Helops lanipes

180 Cistela ceramboides

sal ph urea

fulvipes

castanea

bumeralis

fusca
182'Orche^ia micans
183 PjTOchroa coccinea
186 Scraptia fusca
188 Anthicus aiotherinus
190 Mordella fasciata

192 Meloe tectus

193 Cantharis vesicatorla

194 CEdemera cffirulea

nigripes

ruficollis

viridissima

lurida

Podagraria; Umbelliferous plants

195 Mycteruscurculionides Flow. chalk-pits, South Devon
197 Platyrhinus latirostris Boleti in woods

albinus Hurdles &. dry wood, woods,

Eltham
brevirostris Hedges, Coombe

199*llhinomacer attelaboidesThistles

Under bark of trees ? Devon
Hedges

Umbelliferous plants
Hedges

Hedges and skirts of woods
Boleti, Coombe W. (Mr. Stone)
Hedges and woods, Darent
Boleti

Woods, Bexley and Darent
Boleti

Flowers, Hertford
Flowers, New Forest
Woods, Hampstead
Ash-trees

Umbelliferous plants
Chatham
Bristol
Flowers in chalk-pits, Kent

200 Bruchusseminarius
205 Rhynchites Populi
angustatus
cylindricus

205 Apion vicinum

ruficornc
assimile

* Astragali
Loti

* violaceum

* Hydrolapathi
Rumicis
Carduorum

206 Curculio Pyri
208 Pihynchaenus Pini

Abietis

ebeneus

subnebulosus

palustris

interruptus

Plantaginis

Henley

Aspen and poplar

Coombe

Bird's-foot trefoil
Nut-tree

Sidpluir-coloured trefoil
Sweet mi Ik- vetch
Bird's-foot trefoil
The dock

The broad-leaved dock

Thistles

Skirts of woods

Pine woods

Fir woods, Scotland

Hertford, (Mr. Stephens)

Norfolk

Battersea

Banks and sandy places

Marsh. 68. sp. 19.
Page 194.

Marsh. 222. sp. 6.
7, . 219. sp. 1.

223. sp. 10.

7, '— sp. 9.

Gyll. ii. 545. sp.5.

Marsh. 223. sp. 8.

Page 195.

196.

Marsh. 485. sp. 3.
Page 197.
Leach Tr.L.S. xi.
Page 19S.

6, Marsh. 372, sp.l4.
6, Panz.

Marsh. 572. sp.l3.

360. sp. 6.

Gyll. ii. 633. sp. 6.

Pase 199.

Marsh.295.sp.l66.

Page 200.
Marsh. 236, sp. 3.
7, 241. sp. 9.

6,

7, Kirby Tr.L.S. ix.

n

' J "

' Marsh, 317. sp.229
289. sp. 152.

270. sp.lOO.

269. sp. 95.
' 265. sp. 84.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

391

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen,

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Oaks
Hedges

Sallows in hedges
Hedges

208 Rhynchjenus Nereis Norfolk

Sysimbrii Hedges

atrirostris

Alismatis ■

crassus

brevis

209 Balaniiir.s Glandium ■

Cerasoriitn

tenuirostris

fasciatiis

Pomorum

iniirinus ■

lonj;imaniis

fructuuni

inauiilalus

rubellus

atramentarius

stygiiis

semicvlindricns
'210 Liparus Germaniis

piceiis

maiiriis

pilosulus

setosiis

JEeidii

maritimus

scabriculiis

subrotundus

21 1 CryptorhynchusErysimi

312 Cionus Soropliulariae Water betony

ThLipbi

Hortulamis

Dover and Hastings

Sandy places

Sandy j>l. and nett!es,Coombe

Coombe

Bristol

Coombe

Knotty- rooted figwort? woods
Bexley

bipustitlatns

216 Hylurgns Piniperda

niger

ater

obscurus

217 Tomicus Typographus

fuse us

219 Scolytns multistriatus

220 Hylesinus crenatus

221 Cis concinnus

bidentatus

222 Cerylon histeroides

bipunctatum

dermestoides

224*Mycetopliagus -4-pustuiatus Fungi
230 Lamia aedilis Trunks of trees

Bark of the pine

Bark of trees

Boleti

Bark of trees
Under bark of trees

Payk.iii.240.sp.53.
Marsh. 253. sp.45.
Payk.iii.227.sp.45.
Marsh.273.sp.l08

245. sp. 13.

2(S5. sp. 82.

284. sp. 137.

sp. 138.

sp. 139.

28G. sp. 144.

285. sp. 142.

— 293. sp. 161.

— 292. sp. 159.
sp. 158.

— 293. sp. 162.

7, sp. 163.

7. 294. sp. 165.

— — sp. 164.J

— '.!90. sp. 153.
305. sp. 194.

316. sp. 225.

7, 299. sp. 175.

304. sp. 1 39,

307. sp. 201.

307. sp. 202.

304. sp. 192.

sp. 190.

257. sp. 56.

7, 276. sp. 1 17.

7, 277. sp. lis.

27S. sp. 119,

278. sp. 121.

Page 205.
Marsh. 59. sp. 24.

— sp. 25.

57. sp. 17.

Page 205.
Marsh. 53. sp. 5.

54. sp. 8.

Page 206.
Marsh. 87. sp, 19.
• 86. sp. 17.

7,

V, 103. sr), 7.

7,

Page 207.
7, Page 209.

392

THK ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

230

Lamia nebulosa

Dry hurdles, faggots, &c.

7,

Page 909.

Textor

Trunks of willows

—

acuUata

Trunks of trees

pilosa

Dry wood in hedges, hurdles

7,8,

Marsh. 327. sp. 4.

hispida

7,8,

3':6. sp. 3.

scalaris

Willows ?

329. sp. 8.

popnliiea

Aspen

'7,

530. sp. 9.

nubile

Trunks of trees, Coombe

332. sp. 13.

])rseu!-ta

Hed-cs, Kent

7,

333. sp. 14.

232

Cerambyx ni.>'-chatiis

Willows

7,

Page 209.

233

Clylns Ai":e is
arcuaius
Alni

'I'riuiks of trees

7,

210.
Marsh. 338. sp. 24.
538. sp. 23.

Faggots and biirdks in woods

mystic'iis

Trunks of tr.& hedges, Kent

7,

337. sp. 22.

234

Callidiuin violaceiim

bajulnni
Molorcluis major

Paiings

Page 2'10.
Marsh. 534. sp.l7
Page 210.

235

Flowers in hedges & woods

dimidiatns

I'nibelliferous ])!ants

Marsh. 558. sp. 1

236

Leptura elongata

Flowers in hedges

7,

Page 210.

ruiiventris
meridiana

J-

Marsh. 341. sp. 2
340. sp. 1.

Umbelliferous plants

7'

attenuata

7,

354. sp. 32.

aurulenta
melanuia

'7,

556. sp. 34.

350. sp.23.

nigra
sexguttata

f-

351. sp. 25.

357. sp. 37.

(Darn.)

7'

laevis
li VKia

r-

'7,

35l.sp. 26,

352. sp. 27.

— sp. 28.

fe mo rat a

7,

rovestia

7,

350. sp. 24.

afTmis

7,

353. sp.29.

sangninolenta

7,

collaris

' J

349. sp. 22.

6-maculata

7,

553. sp. 30.

237

Rhagium vnlgare

7,

Page 210.

bi'asciatiim

7,

Marsh. 342. sp. 4

238

Hargiiim Inquisitor

"7,

Pa^e 210.

239

Donada Zosteri
Eqniseti

Aquatic plants, Hull

7,

— ^211.

240 Crioceris merdigera

White lily

* r2-punctata

Asparagus

7,

Marsh. 214. sp. 2

cyanella

Willows

7,8,

2l5.sp. 4.

subspinosa
flavicollis

Skirts of woods and elm

'7,

216. sp. 7.

Skirts of woods

7,

217. sp. 8.

242

Galleruca Viburni

Sandy places, Bexley

224, sp. 13.

245

Haltica Mercurialis

Hedges near Darent Wood

7

Enica)

Henbane

7,

193. sp. 53.

246

Chrysomela Gramlnis

Newmarket Heath

172. sp. 6.

fabtuosa

Woods, Kent

7,

174.sp. +h

THF. EXTOMOLOCIST S CAIEXDAn,

393

JUNE.

-of

Coil.

Name.

Where found.

Reference to
description.

24G ChrysomclalO-pimciataOaks, Bexley

10-nolata W'illows, Bexley

Viteliiiiae Willows

margiiiata Heaths, Norfolk

* luiida Wimlsor

unicolor Hedges ?

248 Cryptoce|)lialussericeusnaiidelion

Other
times
of ap.

7, Marsh. 175. sp. 14.
7, — sp. 13.

180. sp. '23.

— — 190, sp. 47.

similis
Cory I i
liiieola
nitens
fi-pimclatiis
Moraii
marjiineiUis
pusillus
uilitiiratiis
■'■ labiatus

flavila!)iis
elytra 4-puiKiata
tridentata
1 1 Triplax bir.olur

Flowers in chalk pits, Kent

Hedges, Darent

Wood-sides, Kent

Hedges

Sallow>i in moist woods, Kent

New Forest

Hedges

, Coombe

Bristol
Hedges

Marsh. 185. sp. 37.
Page 213.
N. S.
7, Marsh. 208. sp. 4.

207. sp. 3.

209. sp. 7.

203. sp. 5.

212. sp. 14.

211. sp. 10.

210. sp. 9.

Kent

Oak, Bexley

Sallows, Coombe Wood

Coombe

253 Agatliidiiuri nigripenne Sandj' places

rufipenne - ■

nan urn ■

254 Cocciiiella 14-giittaki

bis-li-guttata

ocellata

5-pimctata

22-punctata

conglomerata

14pub.tnlata

lateralis

imptistulata

conglobata

1 l-i)unctata

hieroglyphica

18-guttata

Hedges

Windsor

Windsor and Norwich

Hedges and Battersea fields

Hedges

Meadows

Windsor

Devon

Co<jmbe and Norfolk

Cobham, Surrey

( )oombe

211. sp.ll.

Kirby MS.

]\Iarsh. lO?. sp. 2.

206. sp. 1.

122. sp. 18.

7, Page 215.

7, Gyll.ii. 565. sp. S.

7,

IIHg. 435. sp, 22.

432. sp. 19.

43". sp. 25.

9, 441. sp.28.

3,9, 468. sp. 37.

7,8,9, Payk.ti.28.sp.30.

Iilig.445. sp. 30.

459. sp. 34.
462. sp. 35.

Firs

'i55 Chilocorns 4-verrucalusWhite-thorn

bipuslulatus
2i"0 Labidura gigantca
Scymnus litura
discoideus
nigrinus
fulvifrons
parvulus
analis

bipustnlatus
bisbipustulatus
4-pastulatus

Oak

Und.sto.sea-sh.Christ-ch.Hants

Hedges

9,

445.sp.3I.

431. sp. 18.

473. sp. 41.

475. sp. 43.

Page 217.
7,8,9, Illig. 419. sp. 10.

7,8,9, 418. sp. 9.

7,8,9, 413. sp. 1.

7,8,9, Marsh. 168. sp.4S=
7,8,9, Illig. 414. sp, 4.
7,8,9, P.iyk. ii. 7. sp. 3.
7,8,9, Marsh. 164. sp. 37-
7,8,9, Illig. 415. sp. 6,
7,8,9, Marsh. 164, sp, 5S.

394

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

Sphserosoma Qiiercus
268 Tetyra Maura
inuncta

272 Corc-us rliomboideus

hirticornis

273 Berytits tipniaiius

274 Lygaeus nugax

Hyoscyami
micropterus

275 Capsus spissicornis

ruficollis

276 Miiis vagans

277 Myodocha tipnloides
279*Ploiaria vagabunda

280 Cimex lectularius

281 Tingis Cardiii
293 Cicada Angiica f

298 Cercopis sanguiuoleuta

299 Ledra ainita

300 Membracis cornutus
y04 Livia .luncoium

^phis Fvibis
Ulmi
Pruui
Sambuci
Pritr.i cerasi
Rumicis lapathi
Acetosaj
Ligustici scotici
Lychnidis
Caprea3
Padi
Rosas
Dauci
Tiliaj
Juniperi
Brassicce
Craccac;
Lactiicx
Sonchi
Tanaocti
Absinthii
Millefolii
Aveiiffi sativx'
Fraxlni
Jacerc
Betula;
Alni
I'agi

Oaks

Hedges

Sandy places, Bexley

Hedges

Sandy places

Grassy places

Hedges in woods

Stony places, Devon

Grassy places, Coombe

Woody places

Sandy places

Hedges

Page 220.
Stew. ii. 103.

7,

Page 222.

Stew. ii. 105.
Trans. Ent. Soc. 73.
Stew. ii. 104.

Houses

Thistles

Pennington Common ?

Open places in woods,

Hedges and oaks

Hedges and woods

J unci

Red currant

Elm

Plum-trees

Elder

Cherrvtree

The dock

Wild sorrel

Lovage

Lychnis dioica

Willow

Bird-cherry

Hose

Carrot

Lime-trees

Juniper

Cabbage

Vicia cracca

Lettuce

Sow-thistle

Tansy

Wormwood

Milfoil

Oats

Ash-tree

Centaurea jacea

Birch- tree

Alder

Beech-tree

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

395

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Kamc.

Where found.

j4phis Qiieicus
Pini
Salicis
Popiili
TieniuIrE
Vibiirni
Bnrsaria

Accris platanoides Maple

Oak

Scotch fir

Willow

The leaves of the aspen

Yoiinir branches of the aspen

Way -fa ring tree

Black poplar

Alriplicis
Plantaginis
Leiicanthenii
Scabiosa:
Fabae
Coccus Quercns

JiOtuliC

Carpini
Ulmi
C.ryli
Tiliae
tapreae
Salicis
polonichus
Fraaariae
Pilosellae
t va ursi
Phalaridis
Oxyacanlhse
Serratnlat
Persicaj
Abietis
Mespili
Aceris
AIni
fuscus
variegatus
conchiforinis
catafractiis
305 Thrips ininutissima
jiinipeiina
fasciata
310 PuIexTalpa;

Hinindinis
Sciurus?

312 Gonepteryx Rhamni

The Brimstone

313 Colias Hyale

The clouded Yellow

314 Poiitia Crataegi

Orach

Plantain

Ox-eye daisy

Scabiuus

]5ean

Oak

Birch

Hornbeam

Elm

Hazel

Lime

Willow

Salix hermaphrodita

Scloranthns perennis

Strawberry

Hieracium Pilosella

Arbutus uva ursi

C.Tnary giass

White-thorn

S'eipatula arvensis

Peacli-trees

Pinus Abies

Medlar

Maple

Alder

Oak

Reference to
descri^>tion,

Elm

Mosses

Floivers,frequent in carnation

Galls of the juniper

Comjjound flowers

The mole (Mr.Weatherhcad)

Swallows- (Mr. Stephens)

Squirrel

M'oods

7,

7,
7,

Stewart.

7,8,
'7,8,

N. S.

7,8, Page 23C,

o- Gardens and woods

Ihe black-veined J-Fhite

396

tht: entomolooist s calkndak.
JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Otlier I
times: I
of ap. I

Reference to
description.

Page 23'

315 Melitaca F.iiphrosyne b. Waste grounds and heaths
The peirl-bordered Fntillary

Cinxia m. Meadows

The GianviUe F. iiillary
317 Vanessa Poiychloros l.v.. Elms
The large Turtnisishell

Urtita3 I. B. Nettles

The small Torloueshe'l

UrticfE B. I.ones, &c.

The s-nall Tortoiseshe'A

C. alhuiTi /. M. Nellie, hop, willow & currant 8,

The wh te C.
.319 Litnenitis CnmiUa /. llorieysuckle

The rvh-te /diyural
3'20 Hipparchia Hyperantbus e- Woods and fields
The Ru'.glet

Pamphihis b. Grassy Commons
The small Heath
* Blandina Isles of Bute and Arran

The Scrirh Ar;i,v.s

Pilosella /. b. Mouse-earHawkwced, pastures Haw. 25.
The lars,e Heath

Janira b. Meadows Page 240.

The meadou< Brown

j^igeria I. Grassy banks 3,5, Haw. 23.

The speckled IVnod

Davns Marshes 15. sp. \&.

The small Ringlet

Polydama l6. sp. 17,

The marsh Ringlet

Typhon sp. 18.

The scares Heath

iEgeria b. Borders of woods and fields 4,8, Page 241.

The speckled Tlood

Haw. 27,
9, Page 23S.

Haw. 34.
Page -40.

321 Thecla Betnl^ I. z. Birch

The brown Hairslreak

Quercus I. a. Oak
The purple Hairslreak

322 Lycaena PhiiEas b. Grassy commons

The common Copper

Idas I. E. Grassy banks

The black-spot Brown
524 Smerinthus Popnli e. Trunks of poplars

The poplar Hawk
325 Sphinx Elpenur p.. Gardens and marshy places
The elephant Haivkmoth

lineata Gardens

The silver-line Ilaivkmolk

Haw. 37.

39.

4,8, Page 241.
4, Haw. 46.

243.

THE ENT0M0I.00I5TS CALENDAR.

397

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where :'.und.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Pase 244.

Trunks of pine-trees
Gardens

lieJstraw

325 Sphinx Galii e. Devonshire
' The scarce Elephant

Euphorbia; b.

The spoiled Elephant

Pinastri
The pine Haiuk Molh

Lisjustri e.

The privet Hawk

326 MacrotclossaScellatartim /. r.. Eedstraw Haw. fi6.

The Hurnm:ng-bird

Sieilalaruni e. Gardens 4,9, Page 244.

The Ilnmming-bird

327 Sesia bop.ibyciformis m. Flowers, marshy pi. in woods —

The narrow- bordered Bfe

fiisciformis m. Borders of woods » —

The btoad-bordered Bee
32S iEgeriaapiftjnni
The Hij-rnet
Mgeria AsUiforviis m.

330
331

The clear Undericing

Cynipiformis m.
The yrlti ic-le^ged Clearivin

Tipuliforrms M.
The currant Ctearwing

Oeslrijarmis m. Gardens and woods
The y fVoio-taUed Clea'Wmg

Fe.'piformis e Devonshire
The six-belted Cleariving

SpheciJ'ormis Entielil ?

The black and ich'le-hnrdered C'earwing
Zysa^na FilipenchiliE b. Meadows
The six-spoiled Burnet

Loli £. -

The five-spoiled Burnet
Ino Stalices m. — ^—

Near lime and poplar trees

245.

Poplars

Haw. 69. sp

Gardens

anving

Currant-bushes

sp.

— sp,

19.

20.

21.

22.

332
335

The Forester
Hepialus Humuli m.
The Ghost
Mappa
The beautiful Stviff,
Anguliun b.

The tawny Swijt

hectus M,

The gold Swift
Co'sus Ligniperda e.

Ike glial Mith
Liparis Monacha l. e.
The black Arches

Monacha e.

The black Arches

Grassy places

Darent Wood, (Mr. Stand ish)

Open places in woods

Haw. 141,

142.

Trunks of willows
7'runks of oaks

. sp. J.
sp. 5.

144.sp.8.

Page 246.
Haw. 87. sp. 11.
Page 246.

ws

THE ENTOJ»OLOGISt's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

Ko.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other

limes
tif ap.

Reference to
description.

336 Laria piidihunda e. Woods
The pale Tussock

538 Odeiiesis potatoi ia I, m. f Tall grass in hedges

The Dri'iker

539 Lasiocampa Qiiercus I, f Oak, long grass, white thorn

The large Ei;i^ar

llubi B. Woods

The Fox

Neustria /. Fruit-trees

The hari'd tree Lackey

340 Eriogaster Inneslris t. e- jSioe bushes

The small Eegar

341 Endromis versif:olor /.M.f Birch

The Keritish Glory

342 Stauropus Fagi m. Trunks of trees

The lobster Moth

343 Notodonta palpinus n. Willows in hedges

The pale Prominent

perfus(nis Oaks

The dark Prominent

dromedarnlns Oaks?

The small iron Prominent

Trepida b. Poplars

The swallow Prominent

344 PygKra bucephala m. Skirts of woods

'The huff Tip
S4j Cerura minax ?

* bifida
346 Arctia viilica

The cream-spot Tyger

Caja /.

The earden Tyger

Plantaginis b. Open places in woods
The wood Tyger

Russnla m

The clouded Buff

papyritia m

The water Ermine
lubricipeda

Trunks of apple-trees

TJarcnt Wood

Open paths in woods

Nettles, &c.

Furze on commons

/.

I.

Marshy places
Gardens
Poplars
White-thorn hedges

The b"ff Ermine

Salicis
The Satin

chrysovrlifca
The Yellow- tail

phaeorrhrea /. White- thorn
The Brown- tail
547 Callimorpha Dominula Lanes
The scarlet Tyger

Page 247.
Haw. 34. sp. 8.

81. sp. 3.

83. sp. 7.

129. sp. 87.

124. sp. 84.

80. sp. 3.

Page 247.
9, Haw. 98. sp. 20.

100. sp. 27.

101. sp.29.

DonovanB.1. 239.1.
Page 247.

248.

Haw. 93. sp. 16.
Page 248.

245.

Haw, 107. sp. 42.

lOS.sp. 43.

109. sp. 45.

Page 248.

THE EXTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

399

JUNE.

Oaks

Heaths and commons

Skirts of woods

Cailimcrpha rosea Oaks Pase 24S.

The red Arches

Jacohea;
The Cinnabar

fuliginosa
The rithy Tyger
3i8 Lithosia quadra b. Pine-trees
The fuar- spoiled Footman
Lithosia aurantia Skirts of woods

The orange Footman
Bomlyx Dodonxa m. Oaks
Marbled Broun

Koboris Woods

Lunar marbled Brown

Qucrcea Oaks

Dark majhlted Brown
Nudaria fiisca Pales, Winchmore-hillWood

The brown Muslin

349 Ypononienta Evonymella Hedges
* Echieila Dover

irrorella Coombe

Padella Hedges

350 /Eoophora Flavclla Pales
353 Adela Degeerella Thick woods
554 Nuttua Scroiihularire I, Water betony

The waler Betony

tetra Gardens

The Mahogany

Pioiiuba 7

The large yellow Undnwing

fimbria b. C)aks 8

The Broad Border

interjecta Open parts in woods

The least Broad Border

Myrtilli m. Heatlis near F.ritli 7,

The beautiful yellow Undenuing

albirena Hcaflis, Norfolk

The small yellow Underwing

comlxista
The dark Tawny

4,

Pinastri
The Birdiving

putris M.

The Flame

crassicornis
The large JVainscot

comma b.

The shoulder-stripe JVainscot

'IVnnks of trees

Trunks of pines & shady pales

Weedy banks and gardens

Marshy places ?

Lanes, Hampsh,(Mr.Bent]ey)

- 167.
-162.

ICO.

161.

162.

■ 163.

■ 170.
• 172.

173.
■174.

400

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

h'o.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to
description.

Noriua atomina m. Marshy places
The powdered JVainscot

Aceris e. Shady pales

The Sycamore

infuscala e. ■

The Sycamore, var.

Euphorbias Woods

The Spurge

Ligustri e. Trunks of trees

The Coronet

coroTvula e. ■

The Coronet, vor,

compta E. Pales

The marbled Coronet

Alni M. Trunks of alders

The Alder

Menyanthidis b. Trunks of trees
The light Knot-grass

similis b. ■

The scarce Knot-grass

auricoma m. Coombe

The scarce Dagger

Psi r. Shady pales

The dark Dagger

tridens e. — —

The light Dagger

serena m. • •

ITie broad barred If'hile

grandis e. Trunks of trees

The grey Arches

polyodon e. Pales and gardens

The dark Arches
* satura Trunks of trees ?

The barred Jrches

advena b. Gardens

The pale shining Brown

rectilinea m. Skirts of woods

The light Brocade

dives M. Trunks of trees

The beautiful Brocade

duplex M. "

The dark E-ocade

Achates (Hub.)

The pale shouldered Brocade

BrassicK Pales

The cabbage Moth

Persicari« e. '
The Dot

Haw. 173.
176.

180.

7,8,.-

181.

18-i.

■ 185.
136.

■ 187.

•189.
• ICO
■191.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

401

JUNE.

Noclua nigra

The Mack Rustic

Clienopodii
The Nutmeg

contigua
The large Nutmeg

Pisi
7'he Broom

basilinca

Pales ? Devon

Gardens

antl pales

M. Cuaimons and pales

B. Woods
The ruitii Shoulder- knot

typica E,

The Gothic

capsiucola b.
The Lychnis

Atriplicis e.

The Jrraih Moth

glauca E.

The glaucous Sheers

plebeia e. —

The glaucous Sheers^ var,

dentina e. —

Weedy banks

and gardens

Gardens and hedges
Shady pales

near Cootnbe Wood

The glaucous Sheers, var

leucostigiiia e. —
The pale Sheers

ochracea e. —— ^

The tawny Sheers

Oxyacanlhas I. White-thorn
The green-hrindled Crescent

ridens I. e. Oaks

The frosted Green

Lichenis e. Old walls, Chelsea

The marbled Green

denticiilata a. Clover-fields
Tlie lighl-fealhered Rustic

cubicularis m. Willows and gardens
The pale mottled IVillow

lucipara e. Skirts of woods

The small Angle-shade

secalina e. Marshy places

The small clouded Brindle

scripta Woods

The minor Shoulder-knot

SEthiops E. Hedges

The Blackamoor

spinifera e. Weedy banks

The small Sword-grass

suffusa ■ .

The small Sivord^grass, var.

Haw. 192.

193.
194.

• 196.
197.

198.

■ 199.
'201.
.202.
•203.
.205.

208.
•210.

213.

■ 215.
217.

402

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

No.

Other

of

Name.

Where found.

times

Reference to

Gen.

ofap.

description.

Noclua connexa

Gardens

Haw. 218.

The chain-shot Dart

venosa m.

Weedy banks

The Iroad-veined Dart

spinula m.

Hedges

.._. .^

The brindled Dart

nigricornuta m.

Skirts of woods

— 219.

The black Dart

subatraia. m.

Weedy banks

«■

The dark Dart

pectinala e.

The pectinated Dart

catanata m, •

The brindled Heart and Club

^rflCZ* lU^ld £,»

The Heart and Club

subfusca E.

—

The brown Heart and Club

exclamationis e. n

The Heart and Dart

C nigrum b, ■

The setaceous Hebrew Character

plecta E. .

Thejtame Shoulder

ochraceago I. Burdock
The frosted Orange

centrago m. Marshes

The centre-barred Sallow

croceago e. Hedges

The orange Upperwing

meticulosa Pales

The angle Shades

batis M.

The Peach-blossom

Delphinii
The Pease-blossom

trilinea e.

The equal Treble-lines

bilinea e. Coombe

The dark Treble-lines

retusa I. e. Great round-leaved willow

The double Kidney

diluta Trunks of trees

The lesser Lutestring

flavicornis b. Trunks of poplars
The Poplar Lutestring

fiuctuosa M. Skirts of woods

The satin Carpet

226,

Skirts of woods
Gardens, Windsor
Thickets

254.

236.

2,4,

— 238.

5,9,

244.

7,

245.

%

248.

9>

249.

251.

252.

THE entomologist's CAIENDAR.

403

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where founu.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 253.

' 254. sp. 2,

sp. 3.

255. sp. 4.

. 256. sp. 5.

• 257. sp. 7.

• — sp. 8.
.258.sp.9.

■ 260. sp. 17.
.26l.sp. 18.

■ — sp. 19.

• 263. sp. 23.

— sp. 24.

■ 264. sp. 29.

■ 265, sp. 31.

— sp. 32.

- 269. sp. 6.

■ 272. sp. 2.
283. sp. 34.

• 275. sp. 8.

- — sp. 9.
. — sp. 10.
. 276. sp. 13.

■ 284. sp. 35.
. 295. sp. 67,

Noctua (\up\ar\i b. Skirts of woods
The lesser satin Carpet

chrysitis e. Weedj' banks

The burnished Brass

orichalcea Gardens, Crayford

The scarce burnished Brass

Yorkshire and Scotland

*

Gardens

Mountains and heaths, Yorks.

Essex

Salisbury plain

Meadows

Marshy places, Norfolk
Clover-fields

bractea
The gold Spangle

Iota
The gold Y.

interrogationis
The Yorkshire Y.

circumflexa
The Essex Y,

illustris
The purple Shade.

arcuosa
The small- dotted Buff

fusca E. Woods

The marbled White-spot

allilinea -

The marbled White-line

unca
The Silver-hook

snlphurea e.

The spotted Sulphur

luctuosa
The Four-spotted

glyphica b.

The Burnet

Mi B.

The Shipton

maura
The great Brown Bar
360 Biston Betularius m. Pales
The Peppered
Geometra Prunaria e. Shady groves
The orange Moth

Roboraria e. Trunks of trees
The great Oak Beauty

consortaria b. Woods
The pale Oak Beauty

repandaria e. i

The mottled Beauty

consobrinaria ■

The tawny Beauty

suberaria b. Open parts in woods

Out-houses and palings 7,8

The large-waved Umber

dolabraria e. Bushes
The scorched Wing

2c 2

404

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

of
Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Geomelra Pinaria Pines, Scotland
The lo'dered JFhile

unidentaria b. Skirts of woods
The dark red Twin-spot

viridaria e. Open parts in woods

The green Carpet

orbicularia m. Near Brockenhurst, Hants,
Tht dingy Mocha (Mr. Bentley)

linearia Woods, Kent

The clay Triple-line

respersaria Heaths

The lesser Grass-wave

plumbaria e. ■■
The Belle

Chenopodaria e.
The small Mallow

fasciaria
The barred Red

lunaria m.

The limar Thorn

advenaria m.
The little Thorn

bidentaria b.
The scalloped Hazel

pulveraria b.
The barred Umber

Thymiaria e.
Common Emerald

imphcaria
The silver Ground

Vauaria
Tlie V Moth

fuliginaria m. — — —
The waved Black

trepidaria e. Mountains, Scotland

The black. mountain Moth

ulmata m. Elms

The scarce Magpie

Bushy places

"Westerham, Kent

Paths in woods

Colney-hatch Wood

Skirts of woods

Paths in woods

Open places, skirts of woods

Open places in woods

Gardens

4,

Chalky places

Open places, Coombe Wood

dealbata
The Black-veined

hastata
TTie Argent and Sable

albiciilata e. Paths in woods

The beautiful Carpet

adustata e. Hedges

The scorched Carpet

rubiginata e. Pathways, woods
The blue-bordered Carpet

Haw. 278. sp. 'Jl.

, — 308. sp. 101.

304. sp. 9-2.

Sll.sp. 109.

314. sp. 114.

289. sp. 46.

287. sp. 41.

302. sp. 83.

301. sp. 83.

292. sp. 57.

— — 296. sp. 69.
291. sp. 55.
-SOl.sp. 85.

- 300. sp. 80.

- 303. sp. 90.

- 283. sp. 33.

- 281. sp, 30.
sp. 3K

- 317. sp. 3.

- — sp. 5.

- 336. sp. 62.

- 337. sp. 64.
_ — sp. 65.

- 338. sp. 67.

7,

THE EXTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

405

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
(if ap.

Reference to
description.

Geomelra ocellata
The purple bar

Galiata
Galium Carpet
unilobata

Open paths in woods
Devonshire

Yorkshire
The Hunt- angled Carpet

impluviuta Skirts of woods

Th! May Highflyer

berberata

Hedges, Norfolk

derivata b.

A\'oods

The Streamer

spinaciata e.

Gardens

The Spinach

Pyraliata

Hedges

bilineata e.

Hedges and skij'ts of woods

The yelloiv Shell

muiiitata b.

Pine-trees

Tlie rufous Carpet

duplicata

Chalky places

The slend:r Trthle-lar

nassata m.

Open parts in woods

The small Rivulet

rivulata e.

Copenhagen F. and Norfolk

The middle RivAet

Alchemillata m.

Bushy places and thickets

The Fimlet

osseata e.

Hedges

The dwarf Cream-wave

lividata b.

The small dotted Wave

punctata

Chalky liedges

liueolata

Chalky pi. near Lewes, Suss.

The Oblique-ittiped

he pa rata m.

Shady groves

The diney Shell

abbreviata

Woods

venosata e.

Gardens

The netted Pug

Centaureata e.
The Lime-speik

Absinthirtta e.
The wormtutvd Pag

vulgata

The lommcm Pug

simpliciata

The plain Pi.g

favillaciaria b.

Near Ring W.Hants, (Mr.Bentl

The grey Scallop

Atomaria b.

Heaths

The commMi Heath

Haw. 331 sp. 46.
6, 332. sp. 47.

6, 331, sp. 44.

321. sp. 17.

Fab.E.S.iv.l82.sp.l89
Haw. 3<26. sp. 30.

341. sp. 76.

Trans. Ent. Sec.
Haw. 343. sp. 82.

528. sp. 34.

318. sp. 8.

335. sp.60.

7, — sp. 51*.

sp. 58.

'353. sp. 116.

sp. 118.

6, 341. sp. 75.

343. sp. 83.

Hiibner.

Haw. 357. sp, 127.

358. sp. 131.

359. sp. 133.

7, sp. 134.

sp. 135.

ey) 278. sp. 19.

280. sp. 26.

406

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Refci-ence to
description.

Haw. 280. sp. 27.

Geometra glarearia b. Heaths
The yelloiv Heath

roseidaria b. •

The light Heath

carhunaria m. ■ ■ '
The Hack Heath

inasquarla b. Open parts in woods
The larger Grass-wave

Hedges and woods

Pathways, woods
Chalky places in woods
Pathways, woods

Crata'garia
The Brimstone

iindulata e

The Scollop-shell

vetulata e

The hroiun Scollop

biangulata
The cloaked Carpet

ruptata ■

The hroken-larred Carpet

decolorata

The sandy Carpet

Chaerophyllata b. Open places in woods
The looping Chimney 'Sweeper

hexapterata [ -■ -
The Seraphim

illustraria
The purple Thorn

Birch-trees, Kent
Skirts of woods

trimaculata
The mottled Pug

singulariata
The grey Pvg

rectangulata i
The green Pug

linariata i

The beautiful Pzig

rusticata
TAe least Carpet
362 Herminea flamealis
The rosy Flounced

vittalis E

The cream-edge Sriout

proboscidalis E.
The Snout

rostralis e.

The buttoned Snout

crassalis
The pinion Snout

acbatalis B.

The beautiful Snout

Hedges

4;8;

5,

Open parts in woods

Gardens

Open parts in woods

Thick woods

Broom-fields, CoombeWooJ

Hedges, Chelsea 5,

Hedges

Shady groves, Kent

- — sp. 28.

■ 28l.sp. 29.

- 288. sp. 45.
-298. sp. 74.
-320. sp. 13.

- — sp. 14.
-326. sp. 31.

- 327. sp. 32.
-328. sp. 36.
. 344. sp. 85.
-356. sp. 125.
• 291. sp. 56.
-362. sp. 147.
. 360. sp. 139.

■ 363. sp. 151.
-364. sp. 153,

- — sp. 154.
. 375. sp. 26.

. 366. sp. 5.

■ 365. sp. 1.
. 366. sp. 4*
. — sp. 3.

- 367. sp. 6,

THE EKTOMOLOGISt's CALEKDAE.

407

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap

Reference to
description.

Haw. 370. sp. 16.
—^369. sp. 12.
■ I — sp, 14.
— — 370. sp. 15.

367. sp. 7.

374, sp. 21.

151. sp. 13.

152. sp. 1.

397, sp. 4.

n, 399. sp. 13.

427. sp. 105.

-— . 423. sp. 89.

425. sp. 99.

— .433.sp. 122.
-— 449. sp. 176.

434. sp. 127.

453. sp. 220.

— 403. sp. 27.

456, sp. 199.

437. sp. 135.

452. sp. 187.

. 460. sp. 209.

464. sp. 224.

— 421, sp. 84.

362 Herminia salicalis b

The lesser Belle

derivialis
The clay Fan-Joot

taisicrinalis
The Favfoot

nemoralis
The small Fanfoot

obscuralis
The dingy Snout

colonalis b.

The green Shaded

socia
The pale Shoulder

363 Platypteryxfalcataria M.Woods

The pdble Hooklip
365 Tortrix chiorana m. Willows
The bordered Green

Christiernana
The Christiernian

oporana

Birch-trees, woods

Skirts of woods, Kent

Woods

Open parts in woods

Darent Wood

Gardens

Darent Wood

Hedges in chalky places

M. Hedges
The great Hook- tipped

Ribeana Gardens and hedges

The common Oblique Bar

Acerana Hedges

The Maple

pruniana Woods

The lesser Long'cloak

Udmanniana Pathways, woods

The Udmannian

comitana Pales

The cream Short-cloak

Mitterbachina i. ■

The Milterbachian

Lecheana e. Open places in woods
TTie Lechean

Absiuthiana Wormwood

The wormwood Tortrix

Hedsces

harpana
Tlie hooked Marble

Lundiana
The Lundian

fasciana
The Straight-larred

Logiana
The Logian

Forsterana m. Hedges and woods
TTie Forsterian

Paths in woods

Hedges

Elms

408

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.
JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Wliere found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

363 Tortrix Rosana m.

Gardens

77(6 Rose

rugosana b

Hedges

The Rovgh-wing

nubiferana m

Tlie cloudy While

tripuuctana

The commcn Long-

'look

aurana

Flowers

The double 0-ange-

''pot

atromarsaiia b.

Oaks

The black Boidered

cana

Pastures

The hoary Sealed

Woeberiana

Pales

Xhe IVosberian

nubilana

Hedges

The smoky Grey

368 Botvs cineralis

The cinereous Pearl

nivealis e.

Woods

The while Dnyidled

371 Crambus Pratorum m. Meadows

The dark itilaid Feueer

arborum

Grassy banks

The yelbtv satin Fe

neer

hortoruni

Epping Forest

The garden Feneer

cespitis

Tne straw coloured Feneer

pineti
The pearl Feneer

Rosea
The barred Feneer
geniculea

The elboived-striped

Feneer

petrificia

The common Feneer

culmorum

Meadows

The large hrotvn-edged Feneer

carnea
The rosy Feneer

Cardui

Thistles

The thistle Ermine

consorta

Marshy places

The atfuatic Feneer

gigantea

The gigantic Feneer

7,

7,
7,
'7, ■

8,

7,

7,
7,
7,

7,
7,'

Haw. 4'24. sp. 96.
-431. sp. 114.
sp. 117.

- 432. sp. 120.

- 446. sp. 163.

- — sp. 165.
-456. sp. 197.
-457. sp. 201.

- 467. sp. 230.

- 380. sp. 12.

- 385. sp. 29.

- 488. sp. 26.
-486. sp. 18.
-490. sp. 31.

- — sp. 32.

- 487. sp. 23.

- 489. sp. 28.

- — sp. 29.
"485. sp. 13.

- 485. sp. 14.
-484. sp. 10.
sp. 9.

- 483. sp. 8.

- 4S2, sp. 4.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

400

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

371 Crambus caiidea Woods

The ho'jklip Fen er

cultrea Marshy places

Tlie pate hooktip Veneer

acinacide;!

The Tiarrow-wingei Veneer
373 Ptero])horus pentadactylus M. Nettles
The large whte Plume

fuscodactylus Woods

The hrinvi wiod Plume

bipiaictidac'tylus — — — «
The grey wood Plume

inonodactylus Weedy banks

The h'inry Plume

tctradactylus ■«

The ivhdp-f^hafted Plume

leucadactylus

The leTiDti Pl:,v\e

liinsedactyliis

The crescent Plume

niejjadactyliis
The chalk-pil Plume

Chalk-pits

trigonodaotyliis e. Skirtsof woods, chalky-places
The triangle Plume

galactodactvlus Lanes and hedges
The spcfted-iuhile Plume

punctidactylus
The brindled Plume

calodactyhis

Hedges
Skirts of woods
Roses in gardens
Hedges and woods

The leauVfiil Plume

rhododactylus
The rose Plume

tesseradactyliis
The marbled Plume

pallidactyliis ■

The pale Plume

didactylus ? Norfolk

The spoiled rusty Plume

heterodactylvis Hedges and woods
The spntied h'ack Plume

tridactvlns — — —

The divgy white Plume

microdactyliis Chalk-pits, Kent
The small Plume
Fumaria \i]i\m\strea m. Grassy pi. & furze on comm.
The C hinmey -sweeper s Boy
'^Tinea spissicoinis Dry chalky fields

The dotted Knot'horn

7,

Haw. 482. sp. 1.

7,

— sp. 3.

">,

— sp. 2.

475. sp. 1.

7,

476. sp. 4.

"h

— sp. 5.

">,

— — — sp. 6.

"i)

477. sp. 7.

7,

sp. 9.

'7,

sp. 10.

— 478. sp. 12.

^,

478. sp. 13.

7,

475. sp. 2.

7,

479. sp. 16,

7,

478. sp. 13.

7,

— sp. 14.

"i,

479. sp. 17.

"t,

473. sp. 11.

7,

479. sp. 18.

7,

sp. 19.

7,

477. sp. B.

-7,

430. sp. 20.

474. sp. 3.

492. sp. 2.

410

THE ENTOMOLOGIST 8 CALENDAR.

JUNE.

Tinea contiibernea Dry chalky fields

The mealy Knot-horn

580 Libellulacaneellata

vulgata
scotica
3S5 Anax Imperator

581 Cordulia aenea

Croydon Canal

Ponds and ditches

Ponds, Devon and Scotland

Ponds and woods, Hants

PondsjNcwForest & Epp.For.

382 Cordiilegaster annulatiisPonds and woods, Hants
S83 Gomphus vulgatissimus VVoods

384 iEshna grandis

viatica

Juncasa

anglicana

teriuscula
386 Agrjon rufescens

corea

sanguineum

puella

albicans

annulare

zonatus
SBT Lestes sponsa
388 Calepteryx Virgo

Indovicia
589 Baetisbioculata
390 Cleon pallida
301 Ephemera vulgata

392 Panorpa affinis
* germanica

393 Chrysopa Perla

capitata

fulvocephala

reticulata

alba

perla

394 Hemerobins variegatus

Beckwithii

Pini

nemoralis

decussatus

lutescens

punctatus

affinis

obscurus

irroratus

nervosus

395 Osmylus maculatus

396 Sialis niger

397 Raphidia opbiopsis

Marshy places

Woods, Kent
Marshy places

Banks of rivers

Marshy places

Hedges
Cumberland
Hedges and woods

Woods, &c.
Hedges and woods

Haw. 493. sp. 4.

7, Fa.E.S.ii.383.sp.l8,

7, ii.382. sp.l6.

7, Donovan.
7. Page 258.

7,' Fab,E.S.ii.33S.sp.l.
7, Sowerby Brit. Misc.
7,

7,

7, Page 259.

7, Fab.E.S.ii.387.sp.2.

7,
•7,

Fab.E.S.ii.70,sp.9.

I ii. 68. sp. 1.

ii. 97. sp. 2.

7,8, Page 260.

7,8, Fab.E.S. ii.82.sp.5.

7,8,

7,8,

7,8, Panz. 87. 14.

7,8, 13.

7,8, Fab.E.S.ii.85.sp.l8.

7,8,

7,8,

7,8,

7 8

7,8,' ii. 84. sp. 12.

7,8,

6,8,

. 1,

. '^'

Running brooks, skirts of woods

Banks of rivers

Hedges near streams

ii. 85. sp. 19,

Page 260.
Fa.E,S.ii.79.sp.20.
Page 261.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

411

JUNE.

397 Raphidia Londinensis

Hedges near s

treams

ibe 7,
. Stephens)

(Mr. Stephens)

Stephens)

Stand ish)

d, (Mr. J.King)",8,
ivoods 7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
'7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8.
7,8,
7,3,
7,8,
7,8,

megacepliala
402 Ciavellaria marginata

Windsor

Page 263.
ZoohMisc.iIi.112.
Page 263.
Zool. Misc. iii. 113.
Page 263.
Page 264.
Klug. sp. 13.

sp. 14.

sp. 8.

sp. 9.

sp. 10.

Zool. Misc. iii, 123.
Klug. sp. 3.

sp. 6.

sp. 11.

Zool.Misc. iii. 122.
Klug. sp. 1.

404 Abia nigricoruis

seiicea

405 Amasis Iseta

406 Hylotoma pilicornis

cxvulescens

Woods, Coonr
Woods
Bristol

Coombe, (Mi
Woods

ustulata

segmentaria

Rosae

Stephensii

Berberidis

violacea

Darent Wooi]
Woods

Anglica
enodis
caerulea
Klugii
407*Cryptus Villersii
* pallipes

408 Messa hortulana

409 Athalia annulata

Rosas

centifolia

spinarum

410 Selandria serva

fuliginosa
luteiventris

411 Fenusa pumila

412 Allantus bicinctus

notha

haematopus

neglectus

blandus

albocinctus

punctum

12-punctatus

zonatus

lividus

conspicuus

rufiventris

lateralis

ater

, (Mr

Woods, (Mr.
Bristol

Coombe Woe
Hedges and

Zool.Misc.iii. 122.
Page 264.
Zool.Misc.iii. 125.
Page 264.
Klug. sp. 9.
Zool.Misc.iii. 126.

Klug. sp. 1.

sp. 7.

sp. 57.

sp.23.

Page 265.

Klug. sp. 84.

sp. 77.

sp. 76.

sp. 94,

sp. 85.

sp. 91.

Panz. 64. 9.
Fabr. E. S.ii. 116.
[sp. 46.

ii. lis. sp.53.

ii. 117.sp.49.

412

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JUNE.

412 Allantiis piinctomaculatus Hedges and woods

413 Tenlhredo llapse

nassata ■ •

414 Dosytliens Eglanteriae

Junci

415 Dolerus opaciis •

Gonagia ■

416 Empbytus succinctus

cinctus . .

cena
tibialis

4TT Ciocsus septentrionalis Woods, Darent

41 S Neinatiis niger
luteiis
lucid us

419 Cladius difformis

420 Tarpa Panzerii

Kliigii

421 Lyda Betulae

pernor uiii
erythrocephala

422 Lopliyrus Pini

riifiis

423 Cephus pygmsus

424 Xiphydria Cameliis

droniedarius
426 Urocerus Gigas
psy I " '

Hedges ami woods

Coon; be Wood
Hedces and woods

•7.8,
'7.8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,
7,8,

Pine woods

Flowers in fields and liedges

Willows

Hedges

Pines

Hedges ?

Hedges and woods

V\'ouds

Hedffes

427*F.vania nppendigaster

428 Fccnus Jaculatoc

4;30 Biiicon Dcsertor

43I*Sigal()hus Tnoraior

432 Diplolepis Quercus-foliiOaks

434 Clialc'is clavipes Battersea fields

435 Cynips Caprese Willows

436 Cleptes senii-aurata Sandy places

aurata

437*ElampHS Panzer!

43S Clirysis ignita

affinis

effulgens

fulgida

bidentata

cyaiiea

Stroiulera
430 Hedycliiiini auratum

regiiim
441 Mutilla Enropxa

Walls, Exeter, (Dr. Leach)
Sandy banks

Sandy (ilaces
Sand and sunny banks
Sandy places
442*Myr^lo^a meianocrphala ? Norfolk

King. sp. 96.
Fa.E.S.ii.l I4.sp.37.
ii. 109.sp. 19.

ii. 120.sp. 62.

ii. 1 17. sp. 48.

ii. 117.sp.5l.

Panz. (i'2, II.
Page y66.
Fa."E.S.ii.l20.sp.o4i
Panz. 90. 10.

Page 266.

Zool. Misc. iii. 131.

iii. 132.

King. sp. 13.

■ sp. 8.

sp. 16.

sp. 2.

sp. 3.

Page 267.

Fa.E.S.ii.l28.sp.l6
Page 268.
Fa.E.S.ii.l24.sp.2.

ii. 192.sp.-l.

Page 268.

270.

7, Fa.E.S.ii.l52.sp.79
7, Page 270.

271.

Fa.E.S.ii.l02-sp.l3.
7, Panz. 51. 2.
7, Fa.E.S.ii.242.sp.l8.

Page 272.
7, Fa.E.S.ii.24l.sp.lO.
7,
7,

7, ii,240. sp. 8.

7,8, ii.24l. sp.ll.

7,8, ii.243. sp. 20.

7,8, Panz. 107. 12.
7,8, Page 272.
7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.243.«p.l9
7,8, Page 273.

Fa.E.S.ii.372.sp.27

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALEIfDAR,

4V3

JUNE.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
t mes
of ap.

Reference to
description.

443 Tiphia femorata

morio

444 Sapyga 6-punctata

445 Pompilus t'za^icas.?

gibbus f

fuscus ?

txallatus f

liiTcanus?
443 Amophila sabulosa
449 Sphex flavipennis
432 Psen ater
4j4*Larra ichneu'jioniformi:
455 Lyrops triculor
436 Dinetus pictus

457 Trypoxylon Fignlus

458 Oxybelus unighimis

459 Crabro cribarius

460 Stigmns ater

461 Pemphredon iinicolor

462 Melliniis mystaceus

463 Cerceris quadricinctiis

464 Odyneriis parietinus
46S*Andrcna affiiiis

fulvago
pilipes

hsemorrhoidalis
Collinsonana
albierus
chrysura
470*Sphecodes inonilicornis

* picea

* divisa

• Sphecoides

473 Ceratina caerulea

474 Chelostoma florisomne
481 Nomada cornigera

* sex-cincta

• Schtefferella

* connexa

♦ Fabriciella
flavo-gutta
rufo-cincta
Sheppardana

• femiginata
484 Eucera longicornis
487 Bombiis Muscorum

Francillonana

floralis

BeckwitUclla

Flowers and sandy places

Woods

Palings

Sandy places

Sand banks

Sandy places

Posts and sandy places

^Bristol

Windsor
Flowers ?
Bristol
Sandy places

Walls

Stumps of trees

Flowers

Sandy banks

DarenL Wood

Flowers

Gardens

Round-leaved bell-flower

Flowers on sunny banks ?

Flowers of the rag-wort
Flowers in hedges
Sunny and sandy banks
Banks?

Sunny banks :

Sandy banks

Meadows and
I'lower*

Ik Id

7, Pace 574.

7, Fa.E.S.ii.'227.sp.l7

7,

7, Fabr. Piez.

Kirbyii. 92.sp.43.

'■ 93. sp. 44.

■ 96. sp. 46.
141. sp. 8!.

153. sp. 9.y.

136. sp. 96.

172. sp. 110.

7, 47. sp. 10.

7, 48. sp. II.

7, 49. sp. 12.

7, 46. sp. 9.

7,8, Page 283.

7, 284.

7, Kirbyii. I90.sp.ll,

198. sp. 17.

199. sp. JS.

— sp. 19.

218. sp. 29.

215. sp. 31.

216. sp. S2.

217. sp. 33.

218. sp. 34.

Page 2o7.

Kirby ii.517.sp.'^4

■ '■ 319. sp. 75.

32I.sp.76.

. 323, sp. 78,

414

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

JUNE.

487 Eombus Curtisella Flowers

Fosterella ■

agroriim i

Rossiclla .

Leeana .

Francisana i

Jonella

hortorum

Scrimshirana

Barbutella

Tunstallana

vestal is

Sorensis

DoBovaiiella

Burrellana

Cullumana

Derhamella ■

lapidaria ■

Raiella ■

rupestris •

subterranea — ■

Harrisella

499 Stratiomys Chamasleon Marshes

500 Odontomyia furcata ..

hydroleon '

vulpina -

501 Clitellarium EphippiumSkirts of woods

Flowers in gardens
Flowers

Corn fields
Flowers

Flowers in gardens
Flowers

505 Saigus cupreus

506 Tabanus hovinus

Paganus

507 HaRmatopota pluvialis

508 Chrysops caecuticns

509 Rhagio scolopaceus

510 Atherix maciilata

Flowers in meadows

Meadows

New Forest, Hants

Hedges

Hedges and commons

Trunks of trees

Darent Wd. (Mr. Stephens)

51 1 Dolychopus nobilitatus Moist places in woods

512 Thereva plebeia

514 Asilus crabroniformis

515 Dasypogon piinctatus

516 Dioctria oelandica

5 18 Empis pennipes

borealis

519 Anthrax Hottentotta

Abbadon
522 Ogcodes s;ibbosus

Woods and commons
Commons and heaths
Sandy commons
Skirts of woods
Heda:es

Borders of woods, Devon
Devon
Coombe

524*Sericomya Lapponum Marshe;:, Dartmoor
525 Volucella jieliuccns Woods

mystacens

bombylans •

inanis Skirts of woods

7, Kirbvii.3:
r.25.
7, 326.

Page 293.
._ 294.

295. [sp. 53.

7, Fab. E.S. iv.38S.

— — iv. 404. sp. 5.

iv.403. sp. 1.

Page 295. [sp. 23.

Fab. E. S. iv. 262.

iv.3Il.sp.l2l

Page 296.

7, . [sp. 5.

7, Fab. E. S. iv. 279.

7, iv.279. sp. 4.

7, iv.278. sp.l.

THE entomologist's CALEMDAR.

415

JUNE.

526 Eristalis Narcissi Flowers in marshes

527 Helopliilus perifiulus Hedges

528 Syrphus Pyrastri Hedges and flowers

529 Doros conopsaus Fields, Colney Hatch

530 Chrysotoxumarcuatnm Hedges

532 Aphritis auro-pubescensNew Forest , (Messrs. Bentley
and Chant)
Borders of woods
Hedges

533 Milesia annulata

534 Conops aculeata
536 Myopa picta

540 Tephritis pulchella
Cardui
vibrans
onopordinis
grossificationis

542 Sepedon palustris

Flowers in hedges

Thistles

Flowers

Gardens

Marshes

543 Loxocera Ichneiimonea Flowers in marshes
543 Anlhomyia pluvialis Woods

547 Scenopinus iiiger

548 Ochthera Mantis

549 Phasia variabilis
551 Ocypteryx lateralis

Biassicaria

puparum

larvarum
555 CEslrus ovis
557 Hippobosca equina
559 Craterina Hirundinis

Houses near woods
Devonshire, (Dr. Leach)

, (Dr. Leach)

Woods and pales
Trunks of trees
Hedges

Sheep in pastures

Horses, New Forest, Hants

Swallows

Page 297. [sp. ]7.
7, Fabr. E.S. iv. 282.

iv.3()5.sp.l02

6, iv.297.sp.69.

Page 297.

293.

7, Panz. 54. 22.
F.E.S.iv.352^p.l67
Page 299. [158.
Fa.E.S.iv. 350. sp.

iv.360.sp.l98.

■ iv.35l.sp.l62.

Panz. 60. 23.

73.24.

Page 300.

301. [sp.63.

Fabr. E.S, i v. 327.

iv.326.sp.58,

iv. — sp. 59.

7, Clark 59.

Page 302.
7, 303.

10*Clubiona Nutrix

19 Thomisus oblongus

20 Lycosa saccata

16 Panagffius crux-major
22 Trechus humeral is
24 Aepus flavescens
60 Colymbetes fontinalis
68*Melasis flabellicornis
73 Scirtes hemispha;rica
166*Trichius fasciatus
181 Serropalpus ■ ?

196 Salpingus 4-pustulatus
205 Apion Viciae
Ervi

Lathyri _
Ononis
eubulatum

JULY.

Hedges

Gardens

Sand-pits, Bexley 3,

Meadows, Battersea

Und. stones S. coast of Devon 5,

Ponds, Devon (Dr. Leach)

Woods, Norwich, Windsor

Aquatic plants 8,9,

Umbelliferous plants

Rotten oaks, New. F. Hants.

Palings, Camberwell Grove

Tufted Vetch

Yellow Lathyrus

Page 124.

128.

129.

■147.

149.

- 160.

•163.

• 191.

195,

8, Marsh.297.sp.l7l,
Kirby T.L.S. ix.

Restharrow
Yellow Lathyrus

416

THE ENTOMOtOGIST S CALENDAR.

JULY.

20.i
207
208
215
224
229
230
231
236

240

241
246

263

266

274
311

314

315

316

Apion Craccae Tufted Vetch

Ijxus paraplecticus Water Hemlock
Rhynchaenus Lathburii Sandy places, Hants
Cossoiuis hypolencus Herts
Mycetophagus multipunctatus Dry Boleti

Lanes near woods & old trees
Trunks of trees

Umbelliferous plants

Prionus conarius
Lamia sutor
Saperda lineato-coUis
Leptura 4-fasciata

apicalis
Crioceris puncticollis

melanopa
Cassida Spergulae
Chrysomela varians

fuigida
Conocephalus varius

griscus
Acrydium sabulatum

bipunctatum
Lygaens apterus
Papilio Machaon I.

The Sicallow-tail.
Pontia Najii b. Gardens and woods

The green-veined IFhiU'

Daplidice e. Dover (Mr. Stephens)

The green- chequered White
Melitxa Silene b. Woods and waste ground

The small Pearl-bordered Frilillary.
Argynnis Lathonia b. Open parts in woods, &c.
The Queen of Spain Fnlillary.

Aglaia b.

The dark-green Frilillary.
Adippe

Sand-pits, Bexley
Skirts of woods
Corn-spurrey, sandy fields
St. John's- wort,Coombe Wood
Wliiitlesea Mere
Hedges and woods

Sandy places
Grassy banks, Battersea
Woods and hedges
Umbelliferous plants

8, Kiiby T. L.S. ix.
8, Marsh. 272. sp.l06.

274. sp. 109.

8, 139. sp. 3.

Page 208.
8, Marsh. 529. sp. 7.

Page 209.
8, Marsh. 334. sp. 31.
8, Haworth's MSS.
8,9,

8,9, Marsh. 2I5.sp. 5.
8, 144. sp. 3.

173. sp. 10.

Fa.S.E.i.432.sp.59.

8,9, ii.42. sp. 35.

8, ii. 41. sp.31.

8. Page 219.

8, Fa.S. E.ii.26.sp.2.
8,9, 222.

9,

5,

235.

236.

237.

317

The high- brow7i Frilillary.

Paphia b. Borders of woods

The silver-washed Filitlary.
Vanessa Atalanta /. b. Nettles
The ^ed Admiral.

Cardui /. M. Spear thistle

The -painted Lady.

Cardui e. Meadows

The painted Lady.

Antiopa I. n. Birch and sallow
The If'hite-burdered.

Jo l. B. Nettles

The Peacock.

In M. Lanes, woods, &c.

The Peacock.

polychioros m- Near elms
The large Tortoiseshell.

Haw. 28.

21.

Page 238.
Haw. 27.

18.

Page 238.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JULY.

417

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of np.

Reference to
description.

3(7 Vaiies>a r alhuin b. Skirts of woods

Th-win e C.
318 Apatiiia Iris m. Oaks, Coombe ; woods, Kent

The purple Ernperur

519 Limenitis Camiib b. Woods

Th" whle Admiral

520 Ilippar.'liia Galatea B. Moiat woods

The majl'ed JTlv.te

Pilosellre m. Grassy commons

Tht la'ge. Healk

Megaera b. Moist places and lanes

The IFall

Semeie m. Heaths, commons, oic.

The Grnjlirg

521 Thecla Pruni /. b. Plum-trees

The Hack Hair-sl.eik

Prnni e. Borders of woods

The b'ark Hair streak

Qucrcus M. Oak-woods

The purple Hair-streak

Rubi I. B. Cramble

The green Hair-streak

522 Lycsna dispar e. Fens near Cambridge

7/ie large C pper

Arion Chalky places

The la-ge Blue

Corvdon b. , Darn, Dover

The ckafk-hill Blue

JDorylas I. e. Grassy banks
The common Blue

Argus M. Grassy commons

Th' studded Blue

Idas M. Clover-fields

7/f black spot Brown

Artaxerxes e. Meadows, Scotland
The tchils-spol Brown

Alsus B. Clover-fields

The Bedford Blue

Cymon e. Chalky places

Thf n] ztrine Blue

523 He?peria Sylvanns e. Skirts of woods

The u! -lid Skpper

Linea m. ■

The small Skipper
523 Egeria Crabroniformis m. Willows
The lunar H .rriet

Culiciformis b. Gardens
Tue ^ed le'led Cleannrg

9, Page 233.
240.

241.

Haw. 58.
Page 241.

Haw. 39.

Page 241.

Haw. 43. sp. .5 5.
8, Page 241.
4, Haw. 45.

Page 242.

245.

Haw. 71. yp. 2o.

418

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAE.

JULY.

Name,

Where found.

Pine-trees, Norfolk
Grassy banks

No.
of
Gen,

328 Egeria Formiciformis b. Gardens

The flamt-tipped Red-belt
3S3 Zeuzera ^sculi b. Trunks of trees

The wood Leopard

336 Laria fascelina m. Woods

The dark Tussock

337 Gastropacha quercifolia b. Skirts of woods

The lappet Moth

Pini
The Pine Lappet

338 Odenesis potatoria e.

The Drinker

339 Lasiocampa Quercus e. Skirts of woods

The large Eggar
343 Notodonta tritopha b. Trunks of trees
The great Prominent

Ziczac B. -

The pehhle Prominent

cuculla E- Oaks

The Maple Prominent
3^5 Cerura Furcula e. Palings
The Kitten

346 Arctia Caja e. "

The Garden Tyger

Salicis
The Satin

chrysorrhoea e
The yelloiv Tail

347 Callimorpha Rosea m. Oaks

The red Arches

348 Lithosia rubricollis m. ■

The black Footman

eborina m. Open places in woods

The four-spot small Footman

irrorea Grassy commons

The dew Moth
Bombyx Cor yVi m. Skirts of woods
The nut-tree Tussock

gonostigmata b. Woods
The scarce Fapourer
'Nudaria rotunda Hedges ? Battersea

The ruund-winged Muslin
Apoda Testudo m. Woods, Kent
The Festoon
354 Noctua Myrtilli e. Heaths near Erith
The beautijul yellow Underwing

umbratica m. Shady pales and vails
The large Pale Shark

Willows, sallows
Hedges

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 71, sp. 27.
Page 246.
247.

Haw. SO. sp. 4.
Page 247.

Haw. 99, sp. 26.
Page 248.

4,

6,

Haw. 149. sp. 9.

147. sp. 6.

148. sp. 8.

I02.sp.32.

132. sp. 93.

156. sp. 2.

137. sp. 1.

162.

164.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR. ' 419

JULY.

S54 iVi)f<«a Chamomillre M. Shady pales and rails Haw. 165.

The Chamomile Shark

Tanaceti ■ — — —

The Tansy Shark

Lactuca; ■ —— l66.

The Lettuce Shark

Lucifuga ■ —

The large dark Shark

Verbasci l. The Mullein 167.

The Mullein

Asteris Gardens 168.

The Starwort

Absinthii b. Places where wormwood grows —

The IVormwood

exoleta I. The yellow Iris, marshes —

The large Sword-grass

lithoxylea b. Shady pales and rails 169.

The light Arches

hepatica m. Skirts of woods —

The clouded-bordered Brindle

epomidion b. — ^— — — ]70,

The clouded Brindle

Scolopacina e. Yorksh. (Mr. J. Chant) ^— — sp. 28.

The slender-clouded Brindle

semi-brunnea b. Shady pales 171.

The tawny Pinion

fuliginosa e. 174,

The smoky TVainscol

punctina ■ —

The dotled-hordered Wainscot

rufescens e. Garden pales —•— 175.

The red IVainscot

pallens m. . - —

The common TVainscot

atomina I. e. Carex — — - —

The powdered Wainscot

Ranunculina e. Gardens and pales 183.

The small Ranunculus

oculata Trunks of trees ——186.

The great Brocade

argent ilia b. , Coombe, Darn —

The silvery Arches

advena b. Gardens — — 187.

The pale shining Brown

Dens-canis Trunks of trees, Kent 190.

The Dog^s-tooih

Brassicas Pales 6,8, — — 19f.

The Cabbage Moth

2d 2

420

tHE ENTOMOLOGIST S CAtENDAR.

JULY.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

334 Noctua popniaris Woods

The ftalhered Gothic

marginosa m. Norfolk
The ho^'dered Gothic

Cucubali Woods

The Campion

Upsilon Trunks of willowi

The Dismal

fiisca Coombe

The harred-feathered Rustic

pli.Ta Skirts of woods

The feathered Rustic

xanthographa -^^-^—

The doited Rustic

redacta Gardens

The lessfr-dotled Rustic

egens

The garden Rustic

Sepii m

The mottled Rustic

obsoletissima

The brown Rustic

Ijevis
The grey Rus'ic

sordida
The sordid Rustic

blanda
The powdered Rustic

lunina
The Crescent

biloba M.

The Douhle-loled

literosa e.

The rosy Minor

praeduncula
The marbled Minor

strigilis
The minor Beauty

lalruncula

The tawny-marbled Minor

humeral is — —

The cloaked Minor

terminalis —

Thejlounced Minor

fasciuncula

Haw. 195.

Skirts of woods
Garden*

Hedges

Garden?, Norfolk

Woods

Hedges

207.

■ 2C8.
209.

8.

The middle-barred Minor

monilea n. Weedy banki

The necklace Dart

214.

215.

1]?,

THE IKTOMOLOOISr S CALEKDAR.

421

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

3M^

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Weedy banks, SiuTey

Gardens

\\'oods

Nurtua picea.

The pitchy Dart

augur B.

The diuble Dart

fumosa
The dark Rustic

nigricans b.

The garden Dart

ruris
Th; ri.fous Dart

obeliscata
Thi square-spot Dart

sordida Woods, Kent

The striped-square Spot

vailigeia b. Gardens

The tcedge-hart'd Dart

albilinca b.

The white-line Dart

lineolata
The Lmeolated Dart
pupillata E.

The pupilled Dart

xagittifera
The Archer's Dart

graminis
The Antler

F.ricse e.

The Lover's Knot

fe.-.tiva B.

The m^railed Clay
snbiufa fl.

The rufous Clay

erytlirocephala
The barred Chr.snut

cypiiaca
The r<isy Rustic

punicea
The S'nall Square-spot

grisea b.

The bright eyed Clay

marginago
The bordered Sallow

citrina
The d'isky Salluw

angulago e.

The angle-striped SalUiW

conigera e. Skirts of woods

The brown-lint Bright- eye

Haw. 220.

221.

222.

5

Grassy places ?

Grassy commons

224

Grassy banks

Heaths, Kent

Skirts of woods

226

227.

Weedy banks and houses

Weedy banks

228.

Skirts of woods

229.

Woods

235.

Heaths

237.

Paths in woods

2:,P.

422

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.
JULY.

No.

of

GenJ

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

S54 Noctua batis m.

The peach Blossom

triplacea
The dark Spectacle

Asclepiades e.
The light Spectacle

affinis E.

Skirts of woods
Gardens
Weedy banks
Skirts of woods

Woods
Trunks of trees

Trunks of willows

The lesser-spotted Pinion

Delphinii Gardens, Windsor

The pease Blossom

turca
The double Lme

subtusa
The Olive

gracilis m.

The Slender -bodied

retusa e.

The double Kidney

FestucsB Let/). E. Meadow reed-grass, ditches
The gold Spot

slraminea e. Clover fields

The bordered Straiu

Dipsacea e, '

The marbled Clever

Fraxini Trunks of trees

The Nonpareil

sponsa E. Oaks

The dark crimson Underwing

promissa Tr. of trees, Richmond Park

The light crimson UnderMing

conjuga Trunks of trees

The lesser crimson Undericing
Geometra margaritaria m. Bushy places
Jhe light Emerald

Woods

6, Haw. 245.

245,

246.

247.

6, 248.

250.

251.

Papiiionaria
The large Emerald

rhomhoidaria m.
The willow Beauty

varieta
The grey Carpet

vubiadata b.

The Flame

sinuata b,

The rcyal Mantle

fulvata
The barred Yellow

Populata E,

The barred Straw

Open places in woods

Skirts of woods, (Mr. Hatchett)

Woods

, near Dartford

Thickets and bushes
Weedy banks

■254. sp. 1.

■ 263. sp. 25.
— sp. 26.

-267. sp. 1.

■ 268. sp. 3.
sp. 4.

- 269. sp. j.
-299. sp. 77.

■ 298. sp. 75.
-276. sp. 12.

- 327. sp. 53.

- 325. sp, 28.

- 326, sp. 29.

- 328, sp, 35.

- 341. sp. 77.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

423

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Geometra coniilata e. Weedy banks
The dark Spinach

aversata m. Shady groves

The ribband Wave

strigilata b.

The subangled JVave

siibroseata e.
Thtrosy Wave

immutata

Other
times
of ap.

Skirts of woods, chalky places
Grassy pi. near the sea,Norf.

Marshy places, Norfolk
The lesser Cream-wive

subsericeata Open places in woods

The satiny JVave

emarginata e. Open parts, Coombe Wood
The scolloped Double-line

consignata Woods

The Pinion spotted Pug

succenturiata Coombe Wood

The bordered Lime-speck

destrigaria e. Pathways, woods
The light-mottled Beauty

apiciaria e. Bushes and tliickets

The bordered Beauty

costastrigata T. of trees, Westerham, Kent

The twin-striped Pinion

fusco-undata Skirts of woods

The yellow-striped High/Iyer

sylvaticata e. Hedges, chalky places
The wood Carpet

marginata Bushes and thickets

The clouded Border

inornata e.

The plain Wave

virgulata
The small Dusty Wave

clathrata m. Clover-fields, Kent

Ihe latticed Heath

V. ata E. Gardens

The V. Pug

limbaria Broom-fields

The frosted Yellow

ditaria b. Open parts in woods

The blotched Emerald

quadrifasciaria e. Hedges, Hertford
The large Twin-spot

didymaria e. Scotland and Yorkshire

The twin-spot Carpet

amataria Skirts of woods

i he large Blood-vein

Open places in woods
Hedges

Reference to
description.

Haw. 342. sp. 78.

9, 349. sp. 101.

350. sp. 107.

351. sp. 108.

352. sp. 112.

sp. 113.

347.sp.96.

357. sp. 128.

358. sp. 130-

276. sp. 11,

295. sp. 68.

— . 319. sp. 10.

321, sp. 16.

332, sp. 49.

- 337. sp. 66.
-349. sp. 103.

- 354. sp, 120.

- 348. sp. 98.

- 364. sp. 152.
• 286. sp. 40.

- 299. sp. 79.
■ 307. sp. 100.

- 306. sp. 99.
-296,sp, 71.

5,

5,

424

THE EXT0M0L0GI5t's GALE?. DAK.

JULY.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
of a p.

Referenoe to
description.

Ge-Jwetra volutaria e. Chalky places Haw. 298. sp. 7G.

Tke s>r,alL Emerald

ritraria Clover-fields 288. sp. 43.

T/i' y'i:oiu BiVe

bilinnclaria m. Chalky places 303. sp. 89.

The Ch-dk (Jarpet

Lichenaria e. Open parts in woods and pales 280. sp. 25.

The Brussels Lace

pvasinaria b. Grassy places 299. sp. 78.

The grass Emirald

Syriiigaria b. Paths in woods 293. ip. 60.

The lilac Beauty

Juliaria sp. 39.

The July Thorn

imitaria e. Bushy places '2^1- sp. T2.

The small Bluod-vein

pakidata Chalky places 335. sp. 122,

The lace Bo der

prnpngnata m. Thick flroods 33-i. sp. 53.

Thejlame Carpet

Crepusciilaria Skirts of woods 277. sp. 15.

The small Ingrailed

extcrsaria b. Woods — ^P- l''-

The brindled JVh.le-spot

V. nigraria Pales ? 2S2. sp. 32.

The soo'y V

sanibucaria b. Hedges -97. sp. 73.

The Swil'ow-tail

Grossuiariata e. Hedges and gardens 316. sp. 1.

The common Magp.e

paniaiia Devonshire 317. sp. 4.

The Panther

iinaniTulata b. Thickets and bushes 332. sp. 48.

The sharp-a'igled Carpet

■' proccliata e. Hedges in chalky places 336. sp. 63.

The ihilk Ca>ptt

clatata Skirts of woods 321. sp. 15.

The July Highflyer

iininanata b. Open paths in woods, Kent 323. sp. 22.

The dark- "arbled Carpet

maniiora'a Hedges, Westerham, Kent 8,' 324.sp. 23.

The rrarb'e< Carpet

362 Herminiri albi>tii'jalis Hedges 7, 368. sp. 10.

The whilr hne Snout

angiisialis m. Coombe Wood • 568. sp. 8.

The small Snout

pinguinalis e. Houses 371. sp. 17.

The la rgc Tubby

THE rXTOMOLOGISTs CALENDAR.

425

JULY.

No.

of

<ien.

Name.

\\'l)cre fuunil.

Otiier
times
of aj).

Reference t:>
dtiOiiption.

liavv. :3t)3. sp. n.
sp. 9.

153. sp.?.

596, sp. 3.

iOG. sp. 33.

416. sp. 1'2.

420. sp. 81.

428. sp. 107.

42!. sp. B5.

4'2'2. sp. 83.

437. sp. 200.

395. sp. 2.

400. sp. 17.

415. sp. 68.

437. sp. 13t>.

438. sp. 140.

439. sp. 14'».

461. sp. 2 If..

■ 383. sp. 24.

3B6. sp. 32.

387. sp. 35.

. 384. sp. 25.

'^6i llcminia baibalis a. Pall. ways in woods
Ths common Fxnjo'.t
* Bonibycalis Skirts of woods ?

The luKg-ia;led Sii'Ut

3o3 Platypteryx bainula m. Oak woods
The oak Ho; kiip

365 T~.rlrit viridaiia Oaks

The Pea-green

De^enerana Pathways in woods

2 he large Marbled

ccrusana e. Elin-trecs

Tht lihile Tielle-spol

pliinibeoiatia 0[)cn places in woods

T/ie clouded Straw

Xylobteana Oaks

The f 01 kid Red- bar

Aveilana k. Hedges and palliways, woods

The hai>;i Torlrix

Carpiniana Hedges

The dark ohlirjue Bar

Pomona Apple-trees and garden pales

The C'.dlwg

Fagana Paths in woods

Thi small green Stlver-Unfs

Sineathin:inniana c. Burdock, Battersea-fields
The Smealhmannian

borana e.

Vie treated Biff

subocellana j

The reluse MaUle

aiigustana a

The barred Marble

nana
The barred Dicarf

nebiilana
The clouded Lvn

Hedo

IJrooin-fields
? Kent

Ponds

-■363 B'llys stratiutalis

Ihe ringed China-mar k

hybridalis Coombe Woods

The rush Fineer

cncullataiis b. Hedges
The Short-cluaked

Lenr.iata IMoist places

Small China-mark

Jitcralis

The IcUsred China- mat k

426

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.
JULY.

Name.

Where found.

Ko. I
of I
Gen.|

3GS Botys Sambucata Moist places

The garden China-mark

nympliEEata

The btaul'fuL China-mark

Potamogata ■

The large China-mark

Urticata Hedges

The small Magpie

vertical is

The Mnher-of-pearl

liyalinalis '

The scarce Pearl

limbalis

The lesser Pearl

angustalis

The narrow-winded Pearl

terminalis

The bordered Pearl

glabra! is

The dingy Pearl

palealis , Norfolk

The Sulphur

longalis , Charlton

The long-ivuigtd Pearl

verbascalis

The straw China-mark

ochrealis

Other
times
uf ap.

Reference to
description.

The small straw China-mark

arcualis

The rusty Chiua-mark

lutealis

The pale Sir aw

forficalis Gardens

The garden Pebble

elutalis Hedges

The chequered Straw

flavalis

The gold China-mark

sericealis e. —.-

Thestraiu Dot

ferru galls ■

The rusty Dot

nebula lis — — —

The dusky Brindled

atralis

The Jiliite-spoiled

punicealis •^— —

The Purple and Gold

Haw. 383. sp. 23.

333. sp. 2'2.

— 382. sp. 21.
— — — sp. 20.

376. sp. 1.

377. sp. 2.

. 378. sp. 5.

379. sp. 8.

-- sp. P.

380. sp. 13.

—— 378. sp. 4.

• 379. sp. 7.

381. sp. 16.

_ sp. 17.

380. sp. 14.

sp. n.

377. sp. 3.

378. sp. 6.

381. sp. 15.

— sp. 1 8.

382. sp. 19.

386. sp. 31.

b, 388. sp. oQ.

b, 389. sp. 3S.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENPAH.

427

JULY.

363 5oO/s ostrinal is Hedges

The scarce Purple and Quid

Porphyrialis

The Porphrjrij

cespitalis
The SlraW'iarred

sordidalis —

The dingy Slraw-barred

anguinalis

Chalky places

The icavy-barred Salle

cingulalis
The '.i'.ver-hnrred Salle

-, Devon

361) Pyralis capreolalis
The small Tally

pinsruinalis
The Tally

glaiu'inalis
The D,vbie-slriped

fariiialis
The meal Moth

costal is
The gold Fringe
Tinea bistriga

Stables, &,c.

Gardens

Houses

Hedges

Skirts of woods
The doubie-slriped red Knot-horn

380 Libellula Donovani

399 Atropos lignaria

400 Cimbex Einopaa

varians
10-maculata
maciiiata
aiiniilata
Griffinii
* hameialis

Ponds, New Forest, Hants

Houses

Darent Wood and Windsor

Coombe and Darent Wood

Windsor

Darent Wood

Windsor

Norwicli

Sali!>burv

N. S.
8,9, Page 261.

262.

Zool.Misc.iii. 105.
106.

1C7.

401 Trichiosonia sylvaticum Woods

Page 265.

Scalesii

Coombe Wood

Zool.Misc.iii. HI

* unidentatum

Darent W^ood

—,

419 Cladius difformis e.

Copenhagen Fields

Page 266.

423 Oryssus coronatus

Darent Wood, (Dr.

L-ach)

268.

432 Diplolepis ?

Pales, Camberwell (

'rave

N. S. ?

466 Colletes fodiens

Flowers of the ragwort

s,

Kirbvii.34.sp. 2.

46S Andrena liliialis

Tansy

8,

107. sp. 52.

Mouffetella
Listerella

8.

108. sp, 53.

1 37. sp. 76.

Thistles, Sec.

8,

fulvicrus

Ragwort, &.c.

8,

138. sp. 77,

471 Hylaeusannulatus

Dyers weed, ike.

8,

3G. sp, 3.

annularis

8,

38. sp. 4.

dilatatus
siguatus

8>

39. sp. 5,

— — 41. sp. 6,

8,'

428

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

JULY.

4f5 Heriaclos.Cai?ipaniilarumnell-flo\vers
4~7 Anthidium nianicatiiin Gardens
4'r8*Osmialeucomelana Trunks of trees ?

ciierulescens Chalky ;ind sandy places

* Tunensis Clayey banks

bicolor Gardens

4T9 MegacliileWillughbiellaTrunks of r%'illows

if

inaritinia

Near the sea shore, Suffolk

4S0 Caelioxys conica

Flowers

4Sl*Nomaila Latbburiana

Sunny banks ? 8,

*

flava

. .> 8,

*

rufiventris

• ? 8,

#

nifo-picta

Flowers and banks

^

Ilillana
schrostoma

*

*

3^

ruficornis

Xanlhosticta

quadrinotata

Coombe Wood

482 Epeolus variegatus

Sandy places, Kent 8,

48(> Saropoda rotiindata

Flowers,yandv pi. CoombeWood

487*Bombiis flavicollis

Thi>tles? Sheffield, (Mr.Sait) 8,

virginalis

Various flowers 8,

terrestris
lylops tenuicornis

«,

S

Spiders webs, (Mr. Sowerby)

504 Vf

ppu ater

liedges, Darentand Greenhithe

5(16 Tabanus tropicus

Palinps, meadows

507 Haematopota pluvialis, var. Palings, New Forest
515 Dasypogoii punctatus Sandy commons
517 Cunypes tipuloides Woods

5'20*Bi'mbylius minor ? Devonshire

535 Zodion conopsoides Umbelliferous plants

551 Ocypteryx Mortuorum Skirts of woods

552 Gymnosoma rotundatumUmbelliferous plants

553 Echinomyia grossa Coombe Wood

556 Gasterophilns \-eterinus Horses, on commons
558 Oruithomyiaviridii Crows, &c.

Kirb'- ii.'256.sp.50.

PagcSH^.

K:rhy i .'i60.sp.52.

264. sp. 55.

. 969. sp. 56.

277. sp. 58.

233. sp. 41.

242. sp. 43.

Page 285.

Kirbv ii. 183. sp. 6.

'■ 186. sp. S.

187. sp. 9.

207. sp. 24.

208. sp. 25.

209. sp. 26.

210. sp. 27.

213. sp. 28.

215. sp. 30.

Page 236.
Kirbv ii.291.sp.66.
Sow. B.M. i. pi 19.
Kirby ii.349.sp.96.

3.iO. sp. 97.

L. T. xi.23.S.

Page 292.
Stewart ii. 267.

Page 295.
Stewart ii. 294.

ii. 274.

Page 298.

Lin. S. N. ii. 989.

Page 301.

Clark 53.

Leach Wern.Tran.

AUGUST.

8 Geophiluscarpophagus Garden fruit

4 Phalangium Opilio

12 Agelena labyrinthica

18 Epeira Diadema

2 Ocypete rubra

20 llembidium flavipcs

25 Zabius gibbus

Walls and rocks

Fields

Gardens

Insects

Roots of crass, sandy places 4,6, Marsh. 394. sp. i*.

Corn-fields 9, Page 149.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CAI.KN'DAR.

429

AUGUST.

49 Lebia crux-minor Trees, Coombf(Mr.J.Standish) 9, Page 155.

60 Cilymbetes agilis Ponds? Norfolk

69*Ceratophytnm LatreilliiNew Forest, Hants, (Mr. Millard) Page 161 .

96 Cryptnpha2;us cellaris Under bark

Pnpiili

Typhae -

denticulatus -

serralns '

hirtus

113 Tachinus subterrnneus Fungi

trimaculatus

Hi Aleofhara lanuginosa ■ ■

fnscipes

rivularis

139 Rhipiphoru? paradoxus Hornets nests

liumoralis ? \A'asps nests

207 T.ixus profluctus Drills in marshes

Q2i Mycetopliagui atomarius Boleli

similis

rufus

Q23 Latridius traiisversus Hedges

rulicollis Sandy places

rugicollis

impressus

22f) Silvanus frumentarius Damp cellars

9,10, Gyli. i. 163. sp. 4.

9,10, ir.5. sp."l.

9,10, sp. 12.

P,IO, Marsh. lll.sp.lS.

9,10, 109. sp. ?.

9,10, Gvll, i. 184.sp.23.

»4l Cussida macuia'a

nebulosa

25 1 •Triplax russica

rufipes

252 Phalacrus bicolor

coriicaiis

miilefolii

caricis

seneus

coruscus

consimilis

geminns
954 Coccinella iniitabilis
Q58 Fovficula borealis
$64 Locusta flavipes
3)1 Papilio Machaon n,
The Swalloiv-lail

312 Gone;)teryx Rhamni

Tin Brimstone

313 (^olias Hyale m,

The clijt/ded Yeliow
Edusa M.

Elecampane, sides of dltchc:

Plaistow
Elecampane, Plaistow marsh
Dead trees and fiingi
Dead trees
Flowers

9,10,

ii. 252. sp.2.

9,10,

275.sp. 21.

9,10,

432. sp.54.

9,

428. sp. 50.

,10,

382. sp. 5.

Page 197.

Marsh. MSS,

Marsh. 141. sp. T.

— — 140. sp. 4.

13P. sp. 2.

3to5

, 109. sp. la

4,

in.sp. 17.

4,

llS.sp. 23.

4,

110. sp. 11.

10,11

, Page 208.

>

Marsh. 147. sp. 9.

I

145. sp. 6.

Paee 214.

Gvll.i.'207.sp. 4.

9,

lll.K.P.i.3().sp.l3.

0

79. sp. U.

9,

9,

9,

9,

79. sp. 10.

Pj

Marsh, 75. sp. 46.

Hedges 9, Ill.K.P.i.426,sp.l5.

Scotland

IMar':hes,Hackney&,3crmonds.9, Don. Brit. Ins.

Meadows 5, Page 235.

Woods
Meadows

6,1

2S6.

The pa.le ctoudtd Yiihxt/

430

THE ENTOMOLOGTST S CAtETCDAR.
AUGUST,

Ko.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Gardens

5, Page 236.

5, 237

. 238.

Haw. 26.

314 Pontia Brassica

The large While

Rapaj M. Gardens

The green-veined While

Sinapis b. Woods

The wood mite
517 Vanessa Atalanta b. Lanes in woods and open pi.
The red Admiral

Antiopa b. Woods

The while Bordered

Urtica; I. m. Kettles

The small Tortoiseshell

C. album I. m. Nettle, hop, willow & currant 6, Page 238.
The white C

320 HipparchiaPamphilus Z. b. Crested dog's-tail grass 5, Haw. 17.

The small Heath

Megaera l. b. Grass}' banks 5, Haw. 22.

The Wall

Mega;ra b. Moist places and lanes 7, Page 240.

The Wall

^gcria B. Borders of woods and fields 4,6, 241.

The speckled Wood

321 Tbecla BetuhB m. Birch woods

The brciun Hair-sir eak

322 Lycsena Chryseis Marshy places —

The purple- edged Copper

Virgaureae e. ■■ —

The middle Copper

Adonis b.

The Clifden Blue

Phlceas B.

The common Copper

Argiolus E. Meadows

The Azure Blue

Dorylas
The common Blue

323 Hesperia Comma

The pearl Skipper

324 Smeriuthusocellatus Z. E.f Sallow, apple-trees

The eyed Hawkmoth

Tilis /. M. Lime and elm-trees

The lime Hawkmoth

Populi Z. E. Trunks of poplars

The poplar Hank

325 Sphinx Elpenor I. m. -fLadies bed-straw, marshes

The eie^h-.nt Huu-km-^th

Celerio r,. Gardens,&.VVi»L)-(Dr.Skrimshire)

The sharp wingid /if.' it

Chalky places
Grassy commons

Heaths and commons
Chalky places near Lewes

4,6,

5, 242.

Haw. 64.

Page 242.
Haw. 62,
-61.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

431

AUGUST.

No.

of

Gen

3'25
326
551
334
335

339

342
343

345
346

Name.

Where found.

347
348

Sphinx Ligiistii I. Privet hedges

The privet Hauk
MacroglossaStellatariim e. I'edstraw

The Humrmvg-hird
HepiaUis lupnlinus Banks of gross weeds

The orange Swift
Safurnia Pavonia-niinor n. Osier beds

The Emperor
Liparis Monacha e. Trunks of oaks
The black Arches

dispar b. Willows

The Gipsy
Lasiocampa Neustria m. Gardens
The barred-tree Lackey

castrensa b.

The ground Lackey

Stauropiis Fagi /.

The L'bilerMoth
Notodonta Ziczac /. b.
The pebble Prorninent

canielina b. Oaks in woods

The coxcomb Promirtent

trepida b. Poplars

The swalldv Prominent
Cenira Vinula L

The Puss
Arctia pap3'ritia I,
The water Ermine
lubr'cipeda L
Tne buff Ermine

phaeorrhasa b,
The brown Tail

V nigra m

The black V
Callimorpha JacobesE L Ragwort

The Cinnabar
Lithosia lutarelia Woods

The four-spot Yellow-footman

complana b. Skirts of woods

The com-invn Footman

griseola ■

The dun Footman

flava E, Woods

The straw-coloured Footman
Bombyx coeruleoeephala m. Bushy places
The figure of 8

antiqua I. Oaks

The Fapourer

*Oak, birchwood, Darent
Willows and poplars

f Willows and poplars
*Water plants
Various plants
Hedges
Lime-trees, Darent

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 59.

■ 141. sp. 2.

5, Page 246.

Haw, 129. sp. 87.

9, — 85. sp. 9.

99. sp. 26.

5, 98. sp. 21.

Donov. B. I. 239.
9, Haw. 86. sp. 10.

lll.sp. 48.

110. sp. 47,

Page 248.

Haw. 107. sp. 41.

150. sp. 12".

148. sp. 7.

147. sp. 3.

104. sp. 39,

132. sp. 92.

432

rni: EKTOMOLOcrsTs calexbar.
AUGUST.

Ko.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

BornhiiT gonostifjmata b. Woods

Tke scarce I'apoti'er
N'.i'^n'''a nuitida b. Hedges in lanes, Gravesend

Tie Mud'.n
ytpida Testiido I. Oaks

The Ffs!'i'<n
549 Yponoiner.ta EvonymellaHedu^es

scqiK Ila M.

lilunibclla

3j4 Nuclun fimbria w. Oaks
Jh! b'Pad Bjrder

orbona b. Gar<lei)s

The leiser yellow Underwrg
siibsrqua

7,

Haw

1.-32

sp.

9:.

136-

)37

sp.
sp.

1.

(>,

5 I '2.
Prod

Fp.

r.

1.

(^,

]6].

Ohl walls,Derbysh.(.Mr.J. Chant)

Talcs

Tke lunar yllou- Wndc-wir^

rytbf rer) Skirts of woijd.s

Til! sirow Undertn-rg

.lanthinn m. Words

The lejse'^ Broad lo'der

tiyramiJea b. OaI>.s
The rnpper Undenving

Tvpbs M. Near Lullru.-hcs

The Billrwh

nervosa r. Weedy banks

The laic'y-veine'^ U'ci-acot

pygmina Skirts of woods

The srnall fJ'uinsrnt

Chi E.

The Chi M ih

Bras-~icsR
Tke cali'ige Math

unca

The flounced Rustic

hinato-«lriirata Hedges
The lesse- fliunced Rustic

X notata

The lawny X

praecdx r. Skirts of woods

The Portland Moth

perla Old walls, Greenwich

The rnarl'led Beauty

tctrng'ina Hedges

The squa'r-spot Rus'ie

furca E. Weedy banks

The /lime Fix-lehw

rava b.

The Ru^'iet

I. nigrr i

The letter f .

e,n,

• 1 61.
■ 16:3.

173.

• l7o.

183.

• 191.
194

201.

•203.

905.

20 p.

THE entomologist's CALENDAR.

433

AUGUST.

Name.

N...
of
Gen.

55i Noctua oculea. b.

The common Rustic

lugens B,

The rustic Mourner

minima m.

The least Minor

crassa m.

The stout Dart

radia b.

The shuttle- shaped Dart

baja B. Skirts of woods

The dotted Clay

brunnea b, •

The purple Clay

Sigma B. ■ !■

The double Square-spot

umbrosa m.

The 6-slriped Rustic

aurago e.

The barred Sallow

citrago b.

The orange Salloiu

auricula b.

The golden Ear

libatrix e.

The Herald

derasa b.

The buff Arches

trapetzina
The Dunbar

Pvralina m.

Where found.

Reference to
description.

Gardens and banks

Weedy banks

Open parts in woods

Gardens

Grassy places and tr. of trees

Haw,

Open places in woods
Trunks of limes
Skirts of woods
Poplars and pales
Skirts of woods

4,

M. CoombeWood, (Mr. J. Chant) — .
The lunar-spotted Pinion

diffinis M. Trunks of trees ——

The white-spotted Pinion

Festucae e. Meadows

The gold Spot

lusoria m. Moist woods — .

The black Neck

fenea e. Heaths ii_

The small Purple-barred

nupta B. Trunks of willows

The red Underwing
Geometra conversaria Warley Wood, Devon, (Dr.Leach) t—
The large Carpet

unidentaria b. Skirts of woods 6, -—

The dark-barred Usher

gilvaria Clover-fi., Dover,(Mr.Steph.) -..

' The straw Belle

"> 2e

211.
-212.

- 216.

- 220.

• 223.

■ 224.
. 225.

• 228. sp. 198
■235.
•2S8.
.240.

■ 244.

•246.
247.

254. sp. 1.
259. sp. 11.
266. sp. 34.
268. sp. 2.
302. sp. 87.
308. sp. 101.
28T.sp. 42.

434

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

AUGUST.

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other

times
ofap.

Reference to
description-

Geometra eliiiguaiia m. Skirts of woods
The scolloped Oak

Alniaria e. Lime-trees

The canary shuuldered Thorn
Quercinaria ■

The plain August Thvrii
Tiliaria ■

Haw,

361

The freikle August Thorn
angularia

The clouded Aug^ist Thorn

olivaria e. Birch-trees, Kent

The beech green Carpet

pullaria Heaths, Wales and Devonsh,

The brown Annulet

prunata b. Skirts of woods and gardens

The Phoenix

degenerata b. Kent
The degenerate Carpet

unifasciata b. Open places in woods
T'he single- barred Rivxlet

albulata a. Pastures

The grass Rivulet

dilutata E. Hedges

The small fanfoot ffave

incanata Mullein

The mullein Wave

Marshy places

Hedges

Shady groves near Weslerham,

lignata e.

The oblique Carpet

dimidiata E.

The small Scollop

litiirata
The tawny barred Angle Kent

siibfulvala m. Skirts of woods
The tawny Speck

Crataegaria b. Hedges and woods
T%e Brimstone

fimbriata Trunks of trees

The bordered November

su'otristata a. Woods and hedges
The common Carpet

trigonata ■ b. Hedges, Kent
The small blue Border

sexalisata 3. Open places in woods, Kent

The small Seraphim

rubiginata e. Pathways in woods
The blue bordered Carpet

adustata e. Hedges

The scorched Carpet

ocellata e. Open paths in woods

Thi purple Bar

4,6.

5,

6,
6,
6,

291. sp. 54.

■ 294. sp. 62.

- — sp. 64.

■ — sp. 63.
— sp. 65.

.304. sp. 91.

314. sp. 115.
. 322. sp. 19.
.333. sp. 51.
. 335. sp. 57.

336. sp.61.

353. sp. 117.
.350. sp. 104.

- 340. sp. 73.

• 347. sp, 97.

- 546. sp. 92.

- 357. sp. 129.

• 298. sp. 74.
-320. sp. 12.

■ 532, sp. 50.

• 338. sp. 68.

• 35G. sp. 126.

• 333. sp. 67.
. 337. sp. 65.

■ 531. sp, 46.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

4^

AUGUST.

No.

of

Oen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

GfoCTeJracentiim-nolata Open paths in woods
The marbled Carpet

comma nolata i

The yellow-marbled Carpet

omicronaria e. Woods, Kent
The Mocha

ocellaria e. Woods

The false Mocha

pendiilaria e. Birch-trees, Coombe
The birch Mocha

5, Haw. 324. sp. 24

5,

5,

325. sp. 26.
312. sp. 110.

punctaiia
The maideii's Blush

Chenopodaria e.
The small Mallow

duhitata m.

The Tissue

anQustata b.

Open places in woods
Bushy places
Hedijes and gardens

. Hedges, Kent
The narrow- winged Pug

laevigata b. Juniper trees & gardens, Norf.

The Juniper Pug
Hsrminia dimidiata b. Tea wharehouses, E. I. House
The lea Tabbij
3G2 proboscidalis e. Hedges

The S/iout
363 Platvpteryx flexula b. Pathways in woods

The beautiful Hooklip
2>P:^ Cilex compressa b. Hedges
The goose-egg Moth
Tortrix diversana b. Grassy banks
Tlie crossed Straw

Zi'ecjana r.

The Zoegian
365 hamana b.

The hook-marked i)traiv

caudana Pathways in woods

The shallow Notchwing

affractana

The common Notchivivg

excavana ■

The iron Notchwing

emarRana

The chequered Notchwing

literana Oaks

The b'ack-sprigged Green

squamana '

The scaly Green

Desfontiana Pathways in woods

The Desfontianian

umbrana ■

The dark-streaked Button „ „

^ £ •.

■ — sp.lll.

■ 311. sp. 108.

- 312. sp. 112.
. 302. sp. 83.

- 318, sp. 7.

- 362. sp. 145.

- — sp. 148.
-372. sp. ly.

- 365. sp. ].

- 154. sp, 7.

- 110. sp. 46.

- 397. sp. 7,
-398.sp. 8.
~ 397, sp. 6.

- 409. sp. 46.

- 408. sp, 45.

- — sp. 44.

- 408. sp. 43.

- 4n.sp. 53.

- 410. sp. 52.

- 413. sp. 62.

- 411, sp. 55,

436

THE ENTOMOLOGrST's CALENDAR.
AUGUST.

No.

of>

Gen.

Name*

Where found.

Other
times
of a p.

Reference to
description.

Hedges, Yorkshire

Hedges

Gardens

Hedges in chalky places

Open places in woods

Willows

Paths in woods and gardens

Pastures

365 Tortrix riifana e.

The red Triangle

Forskaliana e.
The Forskcilian

Bergmanniana
The Bergrnannian

Holmiana e.

The Holmian

costana
The straw oblique Bar

Solandriana
The Solandrian

Salicana m.

The f-fhite- lacked

Quercana e.

The Long- horned

straminea e.
The short-barred Straw

Ilicana b. Thick woods

The large Holly

asperana b. Hedges

The U'Tiite-shouldered

Schalleriana e. Woods
The Schallerian

semifasciana e. Hedges, Kent
The short-barred Grey

Betuletana m. Birch-trees, Coombe Wood
The birch Lovg-cloak

trapezana Birch

The testaceous Diamond-back

rusticana e. Hedges

The tawny Blotch-back

* sticticana •

The brown Blotch-back

Rubiana Open parts in woods

The llotch-backed Grey

cinereana e. Moss on trees
The mottled Grey

nigricana Hedges

The black-striped Edge
Bolys hybridalis
The rush Feneer

tetragonalis
The diamond Spot

370 Galeria alvearia

The Honey-moth

cerea
The honey -comb Moth

Chelsea

Hedges, Dover, Coombe

Bee-hives

Haw. 417. sp. 74.

420. sp. 83.

404. sp. 32.

427. sp. 103.

423. sp. 91.

——449, sp. 175.

430. sp. 111,

399. sp. 12,

401. sp, 18.

407. sp. 40.

■ 414. sp. 66.

416, sp. 73.

431. sp. 115.

— 432. sp, 119.

441. sp, 150,

442, sp, 154.

-^— — sp. 155.

— 450. sp. 1 78.

45 1 , sp. 1 83.

458. sp. 202.

' 386, sp, 32,
385. sp, 30.

392. sp, 2.

sp.l.

THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR.

437

AUGUST.

No.

of

Geii,

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
of ap.

Reference to
description.

371 Crambvs pascuea Pastures

The inlaid Veneer

falsa Meadows

The chequered Fencer

stripra Epping Forest

The smalt straw-coloured Feneer

sangiiinea Cirassy places near chalk

The huff-edged rosy Veneer
Tinea appiana k. Hedges, Kent

The tommon Flat body
Lestes autuinnalis Marshy places

Colletes sucoincta (wardens

Dasypoda pluniipes Sandy banks

Flowers of the Ranunculi
Flowers

387
466
467
463

476

473

479
481

487

490
491
49'2
493
494
495
496
497
506
555
556

558

Andrena cingulatacJ
Schrankella
'J'rimnicrana
Iridentata
Stelis plisoptera
Osmia spinulosa
Leaiaiia

M.

Sandy and chalky places
Thistles

Megachile centuncularis-

Nomada lineola Umbelliferous plants

Jacobajae Ragwort

Bombus sylvarum Flowers

fra grans

Latreillilla

lucorum

Albinella
Corethra culiciformis
Tanypus cinctus

Chironomus plumosus

Psychoda phalaenoides Moist places
Cecidomyia lutea
Ctenophora atrata
Pedicia rivosa
Tipiila oleracea
Tabanus autumnalis
CEstrus Bovis m

Gasterophilus Equi

Hemorrhoidalis

Thistles

Flowers in gardens
Flowers
INIarshy places

Marshy places

Marshes

Meadows

Cattle on commons
Horses on commons

Cattle on commons

Ornithomyia avicularia Black grouse and tit-pippit

Haw. 488. sp. 25.

483. sp. 27.

490. sp. 33.

5, 484. sp. 11.

11, 5l0. sp. 17.

Page 259.
Kirby ii. 32. sp 1
Page 280.
Kirby ii.88.sp. 41.

9, 90. sp. 42.

116. sp. 57

132. sp. 71.

232. sp. 40,

261. sp. 53.

263. sp. 54.

237. sp. 42.

194. sp. 14.

9, 201. sp. 20.

9, 326. sp. 82.

9, . 329. sp. 83.

9, — 330. sp. 84.

9, 337. sp. 89.

9, 361. sp. 104.

9, Page 290.

9,' 291.

9',

9,

Stewart ii. 267.
Clark 44.

20.

29.

Page 303.

438

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

SEPTEMBER.

15 Leistus Raulinsii

Riverside, Batteriea, (Mr,

Stephens)
Under stones
Corn-fields, Hertford, (Mr.

Stephens)
Ponds
96 CryptophagnsphseorrhjeusUnderbark and damp wood 10, 11,12,

ruficoUis 10,11,12,

100 Ips 4-pustulatus ofthe stumps of trees,

caenileus
37 Amara aerata

55 Paelobius Hermann!

5, N. S.
5,6, Page 147.

10,11,12, Page 157.

Bexley

115 Aleochara cinnamonea Fungi and dead trees
192 Meloe autumnalis Margate, (Mr. Milne)

glabratus ? (Rev. W. Kirby)

254 Coccinella 12-punctata Banks

Page 170.
10,l],Gyll.ii.4l2.sp.34.
Leach ■]'. L. S. xi.

l6-guttata

globosa

5-punctata

Si2-punctata

l3-punctata

19-punctata ■

155 Chilocorus 4-verrucatus Fir

bipustulatus Oaks

Cacti White-thorn

263 Conocephalus viridisslmusMarshes

Bristol
Banks
Hedges aud Battersea-fields

Hedges

Rochester

/.

Sloping banks, Battersea
Grassy places

? Commons

Umbelliferous plants

Lanes, &c.

verrucivorus
565 Gomphocerus rufus
269 lEVia acuminata

melanocephala
273 Berytus tipularius
277 Myodocha tipuloides
300 Membracis Genistaj
311 Papilio Machaon

The Swallow-tail
317 Vanessa Urticaj

The small Tortoiseshell
C. album Skirts of woods

The while C
320 Hippan-hiaPamphilus b. Grassy commons

The small. Heath

324 Smerinthus Po|iiili I. m. Poplars

The pnpliir Hawk

325 Sphinx Convolvuli e. Gardens and palings

The conv'i vulus Hawkmoth

Atropiis /. E. Potato blossoms

The Death's Head

326 MacroglossumSteliatarum.E. Gardens

The Humming-bird
339 Lasiocampa Crataegi b. Woods, Bedfordshire
The oak Eg^ar

lliij:

10,
<3,

.K.P.i.466.sp.36

- 435. sp. 23.

- 469. sp, 39.
-441. sp. 28.

46S.sp. 37.

473. sp. 41.

475. sp. 43.

Page 215.

^218. [32.

Fabr. E.S. ii.62. sp.
Page 219.
Fab.E.S.ii.l26. sp.
Page 221. [179.
222.

Stewart ii
235.

96.

. 238.

240.
Haw. 64.
Page 244.
Haw. 56.
4.6, Page 244.

Haw. 105. sp. 37.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

439

SEPTEMBER.

Oaks

Poplars
Willows in hedges

343 Notndonta tritopha I.

The qreal Prominent

dromcdaria I,
The iron Prominent

palpina /. e.

The pale P-ominent

palpina b.

The pale Prominent

Camelina I. e. Oaks
The coxcomb Prominent

Trepida I. Poplar

The swallow Prominent

344 Pj/^iera bucephalai. M. fLime, oak, sallow*

The buff Tip
Clostera curtula I. e. Poplar
The chocolate Tip

reclusa /. e. ■

The small chocolate Tip

345 Cerura Furciila I, ?

The Kitten
348 Lithosiapulchella n. Near Christ-ch. Hants, (Mr.
The crimson Speckled
Bomhyx Roboris l. m. Birch and nut-tree
The lunar marbled Brown

Cassinea m. Pales and trunks of trees

The Sprawler

Coryli I. m. Nut-trees

The nut-tree Tussock

antiqua Gardens

The Vapourer
iVbciMa Tragopoginis M. Gardens
The Mouse

geminipuncta Marshy places

The twin-spot Wainscot

leporina I. Birch

The Miller

flavocincta e. Garden pales
The large Ranunculus

catsena m. Trunks of trees ?

The Brixton Beauty

Atriplicis Gardens and hedges

The arrach Moth

Oxyacanthae e. Hedges
The green-brindled Crescent

rufuncula '

The plain red Mi7ior

margaritosa e. Weedy banks
The pearly Underwing

440

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

SEPTEMBER.

3j4 Noctua majuscula Weedy banks

The pearly Underwivg, var.

plecta B. ■

Tliejlame Shoulder

satellitia e. Skirts of woods

The Satellite

helvola m.

The flounced Chesnut

lunosa Woods, Coombe

TZie lunar Underxoivg

sphaerulatina e. Skirts of woods
The bearded Chesnut

pistacina

The pale bearded Chesnut

Hneola __^-_

Haw. 218.

6,

'226.

229.

230.

231.

The dark bearded Chesnut

ferrea ■

The iron Chesnut

venosa

The veiny Chesnut

litura E.

The brown-spot Pinion

Vaccinii m. ■ n

The Chesnut

polita ■

The netted Chesnut

spadicea m. — —

The dark Chesnut

subnigra

The black Chesnut

flavago E. Open places in woods

TTie pink-barred Sallow

fulvago E. ■ ' -

The common Sallow

gilvago E. ■

The lemon Sallow

macilenta Elms

The brick Moth

erythrostigma Margate

The red Dot

ochraceago m.
The frosted Orange

Lota
The red line Quaker

meticulosa Pales

The angle Shades

trilinea b. Thickets

The equal Treble-bnes

234.

236.

PI. where burdock abounds
Trunks of trees

5,6,

240.

234.

242.

244.

249.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

441

SEPTEMBER,

No.

of

Gen.

Name.

Where found.

Other
times
ofap.

Reference to
description.

Haw. 249.

293. 5p. 61.

293. ?p. 66.

Linn. S.N. ii. 871.

Haw. 278. sp. 20.

6, 318. sp.8.

349. sp. 102.

7, sp. 101.

153. sp. .7.

417. sp. 75.

419. sp. 80.

10, sp. 79.

19, 418. sp. 78.

8, 411. sp. 53.

472. sp. 5.

411. sp. 54.

414. sp. 65.

10, 417. sp. 76.

10, 418. sp. 77,

435. sp. 1 23.

440. sp. 14.7.

__ sp. 147.

_

447. sp. 167,

354 Nottua approxirnuns Thickets
The equal Treble-lines, var.

sermfuscans ■

The equal Treble-lives, var.
Geometra erosaria b. Lime-trees
The Septsmher Thjrn

Carpinaria Thickets

The Jlounced Thnrn

miatu E. Pales

The autumn Green Carpet

Juniperata Fir woods

simulata ■

ericetaria Cobham and Hants

The bordered Grey

plagiata b. Bushy places

The slender Treble-bar

reinutata b. Shady groves

The false Ribband-wave

aversata b. ■

The RMand-wave
363 Platypteryx Jacertianaria I. e. Birch

The scalloped Honktip
^65 Tortrix tripunctana Pathways in woods
The rusty Treble-spot

contaminana b. Hedges
Tlie chequered Pebble

ci liana Woods

The IVhite-frivged

rombana ■

The dark Chequered

literana Oaks

The black-sprigged Green

Mylleri Nettles and thistles

Millers Nettle-lap

tricolorana e. Oaks
The tri-coloured Green

latifasciaua
The broad-barrei

Hedges, Yorkshire
Open places in woods

gnomana
The Dial

bifidana

The Fork-barred

incarnana m. Heaths
The marbled Short-cloak

maculana e. Skirts of woods

The black Double-bLtched

piceana Heaths, Surry

The shining Pitch

populan.i Nettles

The pigmy Y

412

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR.

SEPTEMBER.

Tortrix Oxyacanthae Flowers
The Autumn Nettle-tap

468 Andrena Shanella

* minutula
472 Panurgus ursina

Linneella
4T5 Stelispunctatissima
479 Megachile ligniseca
481 Nomada varia

flavopicta

Solidaginis

picta
538 Stomoxys calcitrans

irritans
544 Scatophaga merdaria

Heattis

Flowers ?

Oaks, &c.

Sunny banks ?

Ragwort

Heaths

Flowers and banks

Cattle on commons

Cow dung

10, Haw. 471. sp. 2.

Kirbyii.l60.sp.l00
161. sp. 101.

178. sp. 1.

179. sp. 2.

231. sp. 39.

242. sp.44.

185. sp. 7.

202.sp. 21.

204. sp. 22.

206. sp. 23.

Page 298.
Siewart ii. 271.
Page 300.

OCTOBER.

20 Bembidium Spencii Grassy banks 10

36 Sphodruscollaris Roots of trees, Epping Forest 1

91 Scaphisoma Agaricinum Boletus versicolor and fungi
104 Staphylinus olens Roots of trees

114 Aleochara impressa Fungi and decayed trees in

woods 1 1

224 Mycetopliagus undulatusBoleti
325 Sphinx Atropos e. Gardens

The Death's Head
328 iEgeria crabroniformis ^.Trunks of willows
The lunar Hornet
*Lithosia graminicus m. Wales, (Mr. Donovan)
The fealhered Footman
354 Noctua exoleta m. Gardens
The large Sword-grass

Lambda e. Shady pales

The grey Shoulder-knot

seladonia m. Skirts of woods

Tlie Brindled Green

aprihna m. — ^—

The Marvel dii Jour
Geometra cunnectaria m. Palings and trunks of trees
The connectinis Umber

prosapiaria e.
The scarce Umber

defoliaria e.

The mottled Umber

clavaria
The Mallow Moth

Trunks of trees

Mallows

12,N. S.

to4, Marsh. 443. sp.29.
10, Page 168.

4, Gyll.ii. 285. sp. 6.

,12, 381. sp. 4.

Marsh. 140. sp. 6.
Page 244.

Haw. 69.

- 134. sp. 97.

5, 168.

181.

4, 199.

4, 200.

285.$p. 38.

— sp. 37.

284. sp. 36.

502. sp. 86.

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAH.

443

NOVEMBER.

Name.

Where found.

Gt'-melra fiennar'a b. Woods
Thefealhered Th'.rn

psittacaia m. Trunks of trees
The red Green Carpet

Spartiaia u. Bioom-fields

The Streak
373 PtProphonis f)torD(J.-,ctj'lns G;ir(Jens, bushes, woods
The common Plume
Tortrix examiana Coombe Wood

The marbled Chauut
T/nea gclatella Trimks of trees

The autumnal Dagger

NOVEMBER.

S4 Necrohia rufipe?

Geometra diiutata b
The November

brumaria i

The Winter Moth
Tinea Novembris

The November Dagger Gardens

Phryganea Coombe Wood

The drab Day-moth

applana e. Gardens

The common Flat-body

CopenhagenFields,(Mr.Gray) 12, N. S
Palinss

Gardens and palings
Trunks of trees, Kensington

Haw. 319. sp. 9.
303. sp. 93.

502. sp. 2.
• 603. sp. 4.

510. sp. 17.

DECEMBER.

12 Carabus morbillosus Under bark and wood of wil-
lows
20 Bembidium properans Grassy banks?

pijecillum . ?

60 Colymbetes fuliginosus Ponds, Copeidiagen Fields
83 0])ilus mollis Dry rotten willows

89 Phosphuga atrata Under bark of trees

90 Scaphidiura 4-mac«latum Fungi and rotten wood
97 Engishumeralis Bark of trees and boleti

rufifrons

ferruginea

99 Nitidula grisea Under bark of trees

114 Tachyporuschrysomelinus Rootsof grass and moss
pubescens Under bark and trunks of de-

cayed trees 1

127 Anobium tessellatum Rotten willows 1

1,«,

5,0,
5,6,
5,6,

1,'2,

Page 145.
Marsh.457. sp.34.
lll.K.P.i.-232.sp.l7
Gvll. i. 493. sp.28.
Page 1G6.
Marsh. 1 16 sp. 6.
Page 168.
Gyll. i. 203, sp. 2.

204. sp. 4.

212. sp, 4.

Marsh. 134.sp. 15.
Gyll. ii.236. sp. 1.

,2,3, 243. sp. 8.

,2,3, Page l8l.

444

THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR

DECEMBER.

340 Eriogaster Popiili b. Trunks of trees
The December Moth

S34 Noftua flavilinea e. ?

The yellow- line Quaker

Geornef-ra }ncom\>[elana.E. , woods

The Incomplete

apteria e. •

Tortrix hyemalis Heaths, Sussex

The ff inter Tortrix
392 Panorpa hj'emalis Hedges

Page 247.

Haw. 243.

305. sp. 95.

306. sp. 90.

. 413. sp. 64.

Panz. 22. 17?

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE I. — Order Coleoptera.

Fig. 1. Scarabseus Typhseus, p. 47. Typhseus vulgaris, p. 189.

a. Aufenna magnified.

Fig. 2. Trichius nobilis, p. 191.

Fig. 3. Lucanus Cervus, p. 48, 191.

a. Antennce clavated : chib pectinated, b. Maxillanj palpi, c. Lahial
palpi, d. Lacinia. e. Mandibles, f. Head. g. Thorax, h. Scu-
tellum. i. Elytra, k. Femur. 1. Tibia, m. Tarsi, n. Unguis.

Fig. 4. Dermestes murinus, p. 48, 389. a. Antenna: magnified.

Fig. 5. Scolytus Destructor, p. 200. a. Antenna magnified.

Fig. G. Ptinus imperialis, p. 49, 389. a. Antenna filiform.

PLATE IL— Order Coleoptera continued.

Fig. 1. Ulster semipunctatiis, p. 49.

Fig. 2. Gyrinus Natator, p. 50, 159. a. Antenna magnified, b. The

hinder loot, compressed and formed for swimming.
Fig. 3. Byrrhus Pilula, p. 50, 183. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 4. Anthrenus Scrophularia, p. 50. 182. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 5. Nitidula discoidea, p. 51, 170. &. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 6. Silpha VespiUo, p. 51. a. Antenna magnified. Necrophagus

V'espillo, p. 166.
Fig. 7. Silpha quadrimaculata, p. 51, 167. a. ^n^Teraw^ magnified.
Fig. 8. Opatrum sabulosum, 51, 193. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 9. Tritoma bipustulatum, p. 51, 214. a. Antenna magnified.
Fig. 10. Cassida maculata, p. 52.
Fig. 11. Coccinella 14-guttata.
Fig. 12. Chrysomela coriaria, p. 53. Timarcha coriaria, p. 213.

Fig. 13. — Tanaceti, p. 53. Galeruca Tanaceti,p. 212.

Fig. 14. merdigera, p. 53. Crioceris mevdigera, p. 211.

Fig. 15. Cryptocephalus lineola, p. 53, 393.

Fig. 16. Hispa mutica, p. 53. a. Antenna magnified. Sarrotrium mii-

ticum, p. 193.
Fig. 17. Bruchus Pisi, p. 53,200.
Fig. 18. Curculio nitens, p. 54. Rhynchites nitcns.

446 EXPLANATION OF THE I'l.ATES,

Fig. 19. Curculio Pyri, p. 54, 390.

rig. 20. Curculio Nucam, p. 54. Balaninus Nucum, p. 202.

Fig. 21. Scrophulariie, p. 54. Cionus Scrophularia, p. 203.

Fig. 22. Attelabus Coryli, p. 54. Apoderus Coryli, p. 201.

Fig. 23. Notoxus monoceros, p. 54, 196. a. A lateral view of the

head and thorax magnified.
Fig. H-i. Cerambyx Textor, p. 55. Lamia Textor, p. 209.

Fig. 25. arcuatus, p. 55. Clytus arcuatus, p. 392.

Fig. 26. Leptura quadrifasciata, p. 55, 210.

Fig. 27. Leptura Nympha?a?, p. 55. Donacia Nymphajze, p. 378.

Fig. 28. Necydalis cairulea, p. 55. Q:^demera CEerulea, p. 198.

PLATE in. — Order Coleoptep.a continued.

Fig. 1 . Lampyris noctiluca, irale.

Fig. 2. Fa/Hue, p. 55, 103. a. Antenna magnified.

Fig. 3. Pyrochroa coccinea, p. 56, 196.

Fig. 4. Cantharis fusca, p. 56. Telephorus fnscus, p. 164.

Fig. 5. bigut.tata, p. 50. Malachius biguttatus, p. 374.

Fig. 6.' Elater sanguineus. Marsha7n. Elatea semiruber, p. 162.

Fig. 7. cyanceus. Mursham, Elater aeneus, p. 162.

Fig. 8. Cicindela sylvatica, p. 57, 144.

Fig. 9. Buprestis viridis, p. 100.

Fig. 10. Parnus sericeus, p. 185.

Fig. 11. Heterocerus marginatus, p. 185.

Fig. 12. Sphseridium scarabaeoides, p. 187. a. Antenna magnified.

b. AntemieE of the G. Cercyon (p. 188) magnified.

Fig. 13. Dytiscus marginalis. Marshum. Dyticus marginalis, p. 159-
a. Antei-ior tarsi of them?Ac patcllij'orm. b. Stermim of jy. circum-

c. Sttrmi7n g{ T) . marginalis.
Fig. 14. Pfelobius Ilermanni, p. 157.

Fig. 15. Ilydroporiis 12-pustulatu?, p. 158.
Fig. 16. Ilydrophilus caraboides, p. 58, 187.
Fig. 17 Carabus moibillosus, p. 146.
Fig. 18. Nebra complanata, p. 140.
Fig. 19. Brachinus crepitans, p. 154.
Fig. 20. Agonum sex-punctatam, p. 1.50.

PLATE IV.~Order CoLrof n n/., 5cc.

Fig. 1. Tenelirio Molitor, p. 59, 193.

Fig. 2. Pedinus maritimus, p. 192.

Fig. 3. Endomychus coccineus, p. 215.

Fig. 4. Helops viclaceus, p. 362.

Fig. 5. Lytta vcsicaloria, p. 59. Cautluiris %C'5icaloiia, p. 198.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES,

447

Fig. 6. Cistela sulphurea, p. 195.

Fig. 7. Meloe violaceus, p. 369.

Fig. 8. Mordella fasciata, p. 60, 197.

Fig. 9. Choleva oblonga, p. 168.

Fig. 10. Staphylinus erythropterus, p. 171.

Fig. 11. Oxyporus rufvis, p. 174.

Fig. 12. Pffideriis riparius, p. 173.

FiS. 13. Stenus biguttatus, p. 173. The line beneath shows the nat.

size.

Fig. 14. Omalium melanocephalum, p. 175. The hne beneath shows

the nat. size.
Fig. 15. Pselaphus Herbstii, p. 179. The line beneath shows the nat.

size.

Order Dermaptera.

Fig. 16. Labia minor, p. '216.

Order Dictyoptera.
Fig. XT- Blatta livida? p. 220.

Otder Orthcptera.

Fig. 18. Acrydium bipunctatum, p. 416.
Fig, 19. Locusta flavipes, p. 429.

PLATE V. — Order Heuiptera.

Fig. 1. Cercopis sanguinolenta, p. 230.

Fig. 2. Cicada Anglica? p. 229.

Fig. 3. Notonecta glauca, p. 227.

Fig. 4. Nepa cinerea, p. 61, 325.

Fig. 5. Gerris paludum, p. 224.

Fig. 6. Cimex prasinus, p. 62. Pentatomaprasinus,p. 221.

pi^_ 7, marginatus. Coreus marginatus, p. 222.

Fig. 8. Lygaius apterus, p. 222.
Fig. 9 and 10. Aphis.

Fio-. 11* Livia Juncorum, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat. size.
Fi^. 12. Thrips Physaphus, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat.
size.

PLATE VI. — Order Lepidoptera.

Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon, p. 64, 235.

Fig. 2. Sphinx Elpenor, p. 64, 243.

Fi"-. 3. Phalffiiia (Bombyx) Quercus, p. 65. Lasiocampa Quercus, p, ^47.

448 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

PLATE VII. — Order Neuhoptera.

Fig. 1. Libellula4-maculata,p. 65.

Tig. 2. Ephemera vulgata, p. G.5, 2G0.

Fig. 3. Limnephiliis uervosus.

Fig. 4. Osmylus maculatus, p. 260.

Fig. 5. Panorpa communis, p. 66, 260. a. C/ie/a magnified.

Fig. 6. Raphidia ophiopsis, p. '261.

PLATE Vm. — Order Hymenoptera.

Fig. 1. Cynips Querciis-folii, p. 67. Diplolepis Quercus-folii, p. 270.

Fig. 2. Tentliredo Scrophulariff, p. 67.

Fig. 3. 8irex Gigas, p. 67. Urocerus Gigas, p. 268.

Fig. 4. Ichneumon Manifestator, p. 68.

Fig. 5. Sphex sabulosa, p. 68. Amophila sabulosa, p. 275.

Fig. 6. Chalcis clavipes, p. 271.

Fig. 7. Chrysis ignita, p. 272.

Fig. 8. Vespa Crabro, p. 69, 280.

Fig. 9. Apis retusa, p. 69. Anthophora retusa, p. 387.

Fig. 10. Formica herculanea, p. 69, 273.

Fig. 11. Mutilla Europsa, p. 70, 273.

PLATE IX— Order Diptera, &c.

g. 1. (Estrus Bovis, p. 70, 302.

g. 2. Tipula oleracea, p. 71, 291.

g. 3. Musca inanis. Volucella inanis, p. 414.

g. 4. Tabanus tropicus, p. 71.

g. 5. Culex pipiens, p. 71.

g. 6. Empib pennipes, p. 72.

g. 7. Stomoxys calcitrans, p. 298.

g. 8. Conops macrocephala, p. 72.

g. 9. Asihis crabroniformis, p. 72, 294.

g. 10. Bombyhis major, p. 72, 295"

Order Omaloptera.
Fig. 11. Hippobosca equina, p. 79, 302.

PLATE X. — Parts of Insects.

Fig. 1. a. Front view of the head of Carabus catenulatus magnified.
1). OceUi c. Aiilenna. d. Mandibles, e. and g. Labial palpi,
i. f. Maxillu'-^ jjcilj.i. h. Lip.

F late 7.

FublHTied. by T.Boys ,j,Lud/jate Hill.

FL(Zte7.

Sr

^»^^
'^A

...e

a

^Kl^H '

.r-Jii^^

i

■t

J-

PuiJisTied In/ T. Boj/s , y.LiidoaU Hill .

^

Plate 2.

FuhHshed iv T.Bovs .j.Liulaate IRll.

F late 2.

^■Wi: ^

Pub2uhfd ly I.Boys .■j.ZzLdaaUimi.

Plate 3.

Fui7is7ufl hii T.BniisjZudffntt HiU.

Plate 3.

Published iw T/Bov s , 7 JLudante mil.

PLcUe4.

hiblij-hfd Till TBovs, ■^.Lud^iateHilL.

Plate 4.

JiJilii/u-^ bii T.Bo2fs. 7, LuJMoJe TLdL

F late 5

RiljlUhrd hi/ T. Bovsj.Liuiftate Hill.

Plate 6

I\ibli.shed iy I.Boys.j.liidgatcHLll.

Flfifc 6

Fublished hji T.Bojis.j.LiuLqaUlTilL.

Plntc6

Hiihshed hy IBoys.j.LudqattHiR.

F/ntfJ

Fuhli.ihfd hu T.Bi'i/s,-j.LudpatefRll.

Plate 7

Fulthshfd hi/ T. /iiu/.i,-j.Luf1{/atc Hill.

PlaZeif

Fuilished In/ T.Bovs.jXudffOtfHill.

FleUxS

FiLblishfd Iry T.Tioys,-jJ.ud^ateIfUl.

Plate 9.

fublishf-d bv ZBpi/s. y.LudaareJiUl.

Plated.

fid'ljjhtd }>y I.Boys, j,L7ujixfai£HUl.

Plate w

PiibUsJifd hv T Boi^s .-j.Liid/fiitf FniL.

Plate 10

J^^^^-H^

20/ 22

4t "

a h

// ^^

^ %A 2.5

Fublished hy TBoifs ,-],Liuh)aJte HilL

Plat£ tl.

Fublished bv r.Boi/s.y.LudfateMU.

fUite //

Published ti/ T.Bovs.j.LudanteHUl.

i

riate 72

Fid/hsTied. hu T.£oi/s,y,Ludaateinil.

FiMe J2

Published, hy T.Soys.j.LudflatelTUl.

EXPLAXATION Or THE PLATES. 449

Fig. 2. a. The maxilla separated and magnified to show the situation of

the palpi h. and c.
Fig. 3. View of the under side of the same head. a. Labial palpi.

b. c. Maxillary palpi, d. Antenna, e. Quia. f. Ocelli.
Fig. 4. T//077U' of the same. 3.. A. Sides, h. The anterior part. c. The

posterior.
Fig. 5. One of the elijtra or wing-cases, a. The sutur. b. Side. c. Base.

d. Apex.
Fig. 6. The liind leg of the same insect complete, a. The Trochanter.

h. Femur, c. 2'ibia. d. 'jr«/,s/'. e. Unguis, f. Spinula.
Fig. 7. Wew of the abdomen, &,c. a. Thorax, b. Sternum, c. Femur.

d. iV/«r^'/« of the Elvira, e. Abdomen.
Fig. 8. Wing of a iey«V/y/>to-0MSiftS<?r< explanatory of the markings, &c.

A. Superior wing. a. Anterior margin or costal edge. b. Ba.se.

C. Apex. B. Secondary .oi- inferior rving. d. Posterior angle, e. An

Ocellus or eye-like marking, f. Punctum or dot. g. Stigma, h. A/«-

r?^/<2 or spots, i. A Fascia or band. k. An angulated line.
Fig. 9. Head of a 7.c/><(/o^/^c/W(S /«stc^ ?i. Antenna:, h. Palpi, c. Spi-
ral tongue.
F'ig. 10. Superior wing of Trichiosoma Lucorum. a. a. Areohe or marginal

cells, b. b. b. Submarginal.
Fig. 11. Head of Vespa Crubro. a. Vertex, b. Stemmata, c. Ocelli.

d. Antenna, e. Mandibles, f. Clt/peus. g. Lip.
Fig. 12. Wing of a Bee. n. Base. h. Exterior costal nerve, c. Interior

costal nerve, d. Anastomosis, e. Areola or cells, f. Apex.

Kirbi/s Monograph, tab. 1. * 6. fig. 7. to^. 1.
Fig. 13. AntenncE of Andrena combinata. a. Radicula. b. Scopus.

c. P'edicellus. d. First joint of the antennee. e. The articulations.

— Kirbi/.
Fig. 14. 2V««/: o/^' Nomada Goodeniana. a. Collum. b. Collare. c. Tm-

bercula. d. Squamulce. e. Thorax, f. Scutellum. g. Metathorax.

h. Cuvitas. i. Brwe of7/(e rtin^. — A7r/>y Monog. tab. 5. fig. 8. vol. 1.
Fig. 15. Posterior leg of Andrena combinata. a. Flocculus, h. Scopa.

c. Apophysis or first articulation, d. Second articulation, e. Femur.

f. Spiaulte. g. Planta.—Kirby Monog. tab. 4. fig. 10. vol. 1.
I have taken the liberty of introducing' the above four figures from

Mr. Kirby's excellent Monograph, as they will be useful to the

young Entomologist, and at the same time show the valuable

instruction which may be gained from this justly celebrated work.
Fig. 16. Antenna magn. of Tipula oleracea, p. 291.

Fig. 17. —. — of Chironomus plumosus, p. 290.

Fig. 18. of Empis livida.

Fig. 19. Head of Rhingia rostrata. a. Antenna:, b. The head anteriorly

produced, c. Proboscis.
Fig. 20. Antenna highly magnified, p. 290.

2 F

450 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Fig. 21. Antenna of Volucella pellucens, magn. p. 29G.

Fig. 22. of Nemotellusuliginosus, magn. p. 29'!.

Fig. 23. of Asilus crabroniformis, magn. p. 294.

Fig. 24. of Musca punctum, magn.

Fig. 25. of Sargus cupreus, magn. p. 292.

Fig. 26. of Stomoxys calcitrans, magn. p. 298.

PLATE XI.— Apparatus.

Fig. 1. A Nct-rod, described at p. 307. a. The cross-piece. /;. The
angular ferrule, c. The joint fitting into the ferrule d. e. A
small staple for tying the band of the net.

Fig. 2. A net complete; — for the use see p. 307.

Fig. 3. A breeding-cage; see p. 309.

Fig. 4. An aquatic or landing-net for taking water-insects, &c.

Fig. 5. A Digger, a, the point.

Fig. 6. A phial for small insects.

Fig. 7. A pair of brass pliers.

Fig. 8. and 9. Setting needles.

Fig. 10. Forceps.

PLATE XIL — Method of Setting Insects.

Fig. 1. Opilis mollis (p. 166).— This figure exhibits the method of set-
ting Coleoptera with the wings closed and in a crawling position ;
the legs are kept in the attitude designed by pins applied as ne-
cessity requires : the tarsi are kept flat on the setting-board by
card-braces, as at h. — Care must always be taken to introduce the
pin which serves to transfix the insect, through the right elytron.

Fig. 2. Callidium bajulum with the elytra extended and the wings dis-
played ; in all specimens set in this way the pin must be passed
through the middle of the back and near the thorax : the wings are
kept extended by braces.
The above methods are also applicable for the Orders Dermuptera,
Orthoptera, Dictj/optera, Hemiptera atul Omoptera.

Fig. 3. Odenesis potatoria (p. 247). The method of setting the Lcpi-
doptera is fully explained at 320.

Fig. 4. Stratiomys Chamaeleon (p. 292). Neuroptera, Hi/tnenopteru, as
well as Diptera, may be set by pins alone as is here exhibited.

Fig. 5. Such minute insects as are difficult to pierce with a pin may be
placed on small triangular pieces of paper : this method is to he
preferred, as almost every part may be examined, and is much su-
perior to the method frequently used, as at Jig. 6,

451

COLLECTIONS OF INSECTS AND OTHER SUBJECTS OF
NATURAL HISTORY,

In order to facilitate the study of Natural History, especially those
departments most suitable for young persons, it is my intention to
form several small collections of Insects, Shells, 4c- Each Collec-
tion will have an accompanying catalogue of the generic and spe-
cific names, with reference to authors by whom the species are de-
scribed. Single specimens may also be obtained to illustrate genera,
as well as to assist those who may be forming collections. Also
every kind of apparatus used by the Botanist, Conchologist, Entomo-
logist, or Mineralogist ; such as collecting and other boxes, nets, for-
ceps, setting-boards, pins, pocket microscopes or hand magnifiers, ca-
binets, trays for minerals, shells. &cc. either corked or plain. Dissec-
tions of insects to illustrate their generic characters, or as most inter-
esting objects for the microscope.

Mr. Sowerby intends also to re-open his very valuable and extensive
Museum, for the use of his friends and for the benefit of students and
lovers of natural history. The maiiy rare and interesting specimens
which this collection contains are highly deserving the honour which
it has received from many of the most distinguished personages. The
abilities and industry of its possessor are sufficiently known through
the medium of his voluminous scientific and useful works. This gen-
tleman has also been induced to offer for sale his duplicate specimens,
which consist of subjects in every department of Natural History.
These of themselves would form no mean Museum. However, he in-
tends to dispose of them in small parcels to give the student an insight
into the science, or in single specimens for the accommodation of those
who may already possess collections, and to whom such species may be
cksidc?'ata.

Those ladies and gentlemen who reside in the country may have
collections, or any of the apparatus sent them, through the medium of
their booksellers, by an application to Mr. Boys the publisher, to the
Author, or to Mr. Sowerby, No, 2, Mead Place, Lambeth.

INDEX.

Ne7i- Genera and those adopted are in capitals : the Species marked with an
Asterisk are either si/nonymous or rcferuhle to other Genera : the En-
glish names are in italics : 1. affixed to the Species refers to the larva.

ABAX

aniEriistior 361

nielanarius il).

Striola 154, 3*') 1

Abdomen aiicl its parts 32

■= , tlisciiiiiination

338

263, 411
il-.

ACARUS

*.<iro
*Ricinns
AC I LI US
suleatus
ACHETA
campestris
(luniestica
*GrylIotalpa
Aelialia, Hub.

25

ACIjF.NIUM, Leach 172

jj; ACHF,RONTlA,0r7j. 243

of the
ABtA

nigricornis
seiicpa
ABRAXAS
grofsiilarlata
iilinaria

perpnsilhis io^,^k<~ ,^.tjr>icT> a
ABROSTOLA, Och. 252 '^'-^.V^^*^-^
ACANTHI A j g.bbosa

*lectula.ia 225 AC;roccndro(Fam.)

macnlata 235,369 "^CRYDIUM

Acanthiiiae (Fani.) 224 '
. . ■ 1 •„ snbiilatiim 219

Acaii, anatomical view . , , .\

f., f-s Aril eata, [reel.)

or the ~.T > 1, y

132
132

159,359

218, 380

218,359

217

251

' Acbetida* (Fam.)
183, 362 '^'■'"'''''' ^""■•

17
218
296

387
29()

41(
2

j4dmirnJ,wlv.te, 1. 396

.ECOPHOilA

Flav,-)la 249, 399

Linneelia 249

Ecesella ib.

^GA

einarginata 109

.^GERIA

a |)ifoimis 245,381,397
asilifurmis 397

crabtonifoimis 245,41 7

I.

-^ , cliaracter and

classification of
the 130

-^ — for the micro-
scope 130,353
Acarida? (Fam.) 131
ACARUS
*aquaticus 133
*Co!eoptratoruni 151^
domesticus 132, 358^
*exiilceraiis 133
*s;eiiiciilatus 132|
*rfcabiei 13.3

Aciileus, the sting

discrimination of 338
— , its siiuation 5c

nse

33

ADELA

Degc'erella

249,399

ADIMONIA

AIni

378

Migricornis

212,578

Admiral, red

238, 363,

430

■

1. 416

i-, u-hile

240,417

culiciformis
cj'nipiformis
formiciformis
cestriformis
spheciformis
tipiiliformis
vespiformis
tJ^'i^GlALIA
lobosa

.'ELIA

acuminata
meianocephala

AEPUS
fiiivescens

/ESDNA
Anglicana
grandis
iuncsea
teretiuscnla
viatica

Afi'lwss Tiirtrix

AGATHIDIUM
iiaiuim

442
417
397
418
397

ib.

ib.

ib.

190, 362

221,433

433

149, 415

410

258,410

410

ib.

ib.
364

393

454

AGATHIDIUM

ALLANTUS

ANDRENA

iiigripenne

i>14.

S93

iie3;lectus

411

chrysocelis

372

rufipenne

393

. iiotlia

265

411

chrysura

415

AG ELENA

punctomaculatus

412

cinnulata

457

labyrinth ica

125,

42S

pu net urn

411

Claikeila

372

aglossa, Latr.

255

riifiventris

ib.

Collinsonaiia

413

AGONUM

• semiciiicla

265

fulva

37'2

albipes

365

viridis

386

fulvago

413

caerulescens

ib.

• zonata

265

411

fulvicrus

427

picipes

ib.

ALOMYA, Par,x.

269

fuscat.a

286

rufipes

ib.

Alstrcsmer's Turtnx

372

Gwyiiana

372

sexpuiictaturr

150

373

ALT ICA

hajmorrhoida

is

41:3

Simpsoni

365

oleracea

212

helvola

386

sordidum

ib.

testacea

il>.

Lewinclla

372

vaporariorum

35S,

373

Ahicita, Oiiv.

249

Listen- 11 a

4'27

AGRION

ALIXITA

niiniitula

442

albicans

410

hexadactyla

256

372

MouflVt. lia

427

annulare

ib.

Alr.citadje (Fam

•)

255

nigriceps

572

corea

ib.

AMALOPLIA

191

n groanca

281

572

puelia

ib.

AMARA

nitida

372

rufescens

ib.

asrata

458

ovatula

386

sanguineus

259,

410

vtdgaris

152

365

parvula

372

zonatus

410

AMASIS

pilipes

413

AGROTIS, Hub

251

la3ta

263,

411

pratensis

372

Alas, (tuings) a

fford

Amblychu?, Gy

:/.

147

Rosie

ib.

characters

for

Ametabolia, character

Schrankella

437

genera & species

36

of the siibc

ass

158

Shawella

442

crimination of

^In f' R^ni',^ri

Smithelia
spinigcra

372

338

J ciassinc

of the

140

ib.

i. t

'orm

AMOPHILA

thoracica

ib.

■ , tiieir

and stiuctiue

35

sabulosa

275

413

tibialis

4'27

Alburnra dentata

8:3

AIMPHIPVRA,

Ock.

251

*iricincta

282

^Ider mr.th

400

AxMPlTHOE

trideiitata

437

ALEOCHARA

rubricata

104

Trimmeiana

ib.

canalieulata

176,

367

ANARTA, 0(h

252

vaiians

37-2

cinnamomea

458

ANASPIS

AndrenetK, Lnlr.

280

fuscipes 177,

367

429

bifasciatus

376

Andrenids, (Fa

m.)

ib.

impressa

177,

442

bis;uttalus

ib.

Andria, Hub.

24S

lanuginosa

567,

429

fioutalis

197,

576

Argle, tawny h(

'red

434

obscura

362

obscurus

376

Angle shadei.

250,

385,

rivularis

177

429

ruficollis

ib.

402,

440

sulcata
ALEYRODES

177,

367

AN AX

Imperator

*». rt '/

401

258,

410

Animalcula foi

• the

chelidonii

233,

380

ANCHOMENL

S

micioscope

, how

ALLANTUS

prasinus

151,

361

obtained

534

albocinctus

4!!

Andrena, Rossi

'277

Animals, Cuvjer

sdi-

ater

ib.

AND HEN A

^tribution <

f

75

bicinctus

ib.

affinis

413

,I,.r..I lU

e ha-

blandus

ib.

Afizeiiella

386

bitationof

nany

conspicuus

ib.

albicans

ib.

insects

314

1'2-punctatus

ib.

albicrus

413

haematopus

ib.

armata

372

of, from their or-

lateralis

ib.

atriceps

ib.

ganization

74

lividus

ib.

barbilabris

386

jhowdistinj

;uish

d20

INDEX.

455

Animosity of q\ipen

\ntcnnae, the, used by

Apidar, (Fam.)

22S

bees cease on the

the Ichneumon

APION

loss of the antennae 24.|

Manifestato

•for

seneum

377

Anisotoma bicolor

214

discovering £

ni-

assiniile

390

ni^ripennis

213

dus to depos

itits

Astragali

ib.

picra

194

eggs in

24

,25

Carduorum

ib.

ib.

. V. « ..% ..y

caendescens
Cracc«

376

[iiceuiTi
Annulala, distribution

of smellmg sup.

416

of the

75

posed to be situ-

Ervi

415

«-,^*^^«™". ,^-,1

ated in then
ANTHICUS

25

Fagi
flavifemoratum

376

character of the

ib.

L

ib.

Anrvdet, brown

434

antherinus

390

flavipes

ib.

ANOBIUM

florialis

37G

frumentarium

377

Abietis

367

fuscus

197,

376

Gyllenhalii

376

*bitleiitatuin

206

*Hellwigii

180

hseinatoides

377

•Boleti

ib.

*monoceros

196

Hydrolapathi

391)

castaneum

389

ANTHIDIUM

immune

369

molle

ib.

manicum

284,

428

Lathyri

415

pan. cum

ib.

.ANTHOBIUM.LeafA 173

lavigatum

37f>

•pertinax

181

ANTHOMYIA

Loti

390

ptinoides

389

pluvialis

300,

415

Mai varum

576

riifipes

ib.

Anthophora, Ilhg.

283

Malvae

ib.

striatum ISl,

375

ANTHOPHORA

marchicum

ib.

tessel latum 181,

443

*hirsuta

287

melanopum

ib.

ANOMALA

*quadridentata

285

Meliloti

ib.

Agricola

339

recusa

287,

3G4

nigritarse

ib.

Donovani

iii.

*truncorum

284

Ononis

415

Frischii 191,

389

ANTflOSOMA

Oxurum

376

liorticola

389

Smithii

80

ruficorne

390

ruricola 191,

589

Anthracii, Latr.

295

Rumicis

ib.

AnopUira, character

Anthracidai (Fam.)

ib.

Sorbi

376

of the Order

138

ANTHRAX

Spartii

ib.

cld'^silicati'^n

Abaddon

414

suhuiatum

415

of

141

Hottentotta

295,

414

subsulcatum

376

Ant 69

273

ANTHRENUS

sulcifrons

ib.

Antennas of insects

21

Museorum

367

Ulicis

3.^9

, discrimina-

Scrophulariae

50,

182,

vernale

376

tion of the

340

375

viciae

415

Verbasci

375

vicinum

390

on the, by Bonne

t 22

ANTHRIBUS

violaceum

ib.

*latirostris

199

virens

376

on the, by Bons-

*rhinomacer

200

vorax

ib.

dorf

ib.

scabrosus

20O

,376

Apis, Harr.

273

varius

376

* a. Kir by

* a, Kir by

283

on the, by Wub-

ANTHURA

286

ner

Oi^

gracilis

107

* b. Kir by

ib.

Anthuradae, (Fam.)
Antler moth

ib

** b. Kir by
** C. l.a.

ih.

on the, by Leh-

421

285

mann

ib

Antliata, Fair.

28S

** C. 1. ^.

284

of the long-

kAPAMEA, Oih

,

251

** c. 2. «.

G85

horned bee com-

APATUKA

** C.2. /3.

284

posed of hexagons 2^
. on their use 9,'

1. Iris
2 1.

239

,4r

38

** e. 2. X.
: **c.2. y.

ib.

283-4

456

INDEX.

Apis**d.l, , Q87

** d. 2. a. 9,8

** e. 2. 28
Aois, Linni 69,2S(l
APIS

*l!anksiana 283

*liicoriiis 2S3

*c.xrulea 2S

*centunciilaris 283

*coiiica ib

*oyanoa 283

*fl(jris(imtiis 234

*longicoriiis 287

*manicata 284
Rielliiica 288, Sj^^

*piinotata 2S(i

*4-cintta 282
•qiiadripiuictata 285

*retusa 2S7

*ruficornis 2S6

*terrestiis 2S8

*vane;;ata 2^6

•ApillS, Jurir.e 2

APEiANISTICUS

emarginatus 160, 38S

Aphidii, Latr. 239

ApIudiX. (Fain.)' ib

Apbis, Li':r.^ 62

,\atiiialHi5tory

oftlie ib.
APHIS

A^^^irltl1ii 394
Aceri> piatanoides 393

Acetosas 394

Aliii ib

jfMriplicis 393

Avenae sativje 394

r.etula: ' ib.

Bras^iicjE ib

Buisaria 393

CaprejE 594

CraccjE ib.

Dauci ib.

FaJ>aB ', 593

Tagi 394

Fraxini ib.

Jacea? ib.

Juniper) ib.

Lactiica; ib.

•lanigera 232

Leucanthemi 393

Ligustici scotici ib

Lyclinidis - ib

APHIS

Millefolii

Patii

Pini

Plaiitaginis

Populi

Pruni

PriMii-cerasi

Qn«rciis

Ribis

Rosje

Rumicis Lapathi

Salicis

Sam^uci

Scabiosas

Sonchi

Taiiaceti-

Tiiia

TremulsE

Lhni

uvticata

V'burni
Aphodiadae, (Fam.)
APHODirs

attaminatus

conflagratus

copriiiiis

depressus
" eiTaticus

fimetarius-

foedatus-

fcetens

Fossor
*globo6us

jcraiiarirts

hiemonhoidalis

hitmeralis

icteric us

inquinatus

luridus

merdarius

obscurus

pusillus

rufipes

scutator

sordid us

subterraneus
•sulcicollis

Sus

tcrrestris

testndinarius

turpis

unicoloc

lAPHRITIS
595; aiiro-piibe.=;cciis^9S,4l5
394 Apoda Testudo 41S

393 /. 432

ib. APODERUS

ib.' Corvli 201, 376

394 APORUS

ib.l unicolor 275

395 .Apos, Scopoli 78
394 .Apparatus used by

ib. f.ntomologists 307

il) April, calendar for 364

39 5 , eniplovuieiitfor3l5

594 APSEUDES'

393 Talpa 109

394 Ap.'^oiidiadai, (Fam.) ib.
'ib.'Apteta, Lirme 72
ibJ.Aptera, characters of

593| the Order 139, 233

594! A PUS

330J Montagui 78

593, "*))roductus ib.

l89j Aquarius {)aiudum 224
Aquatic insects, how

368 obtained 513

ib.JAquatica, (Sect.) 225

ib.lArachnidesjLam.Lair.l 17
ib, ' Araclinf)idea,anatoa].
ib.l view of the 75

180,

ib.

lb.

ib.

ib.
190
368

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
368
S6S

ib.

ib.
190
368

ib

ib.

ib.

ib.

.\rachBoida, classifi-
eation- of the

for the micro-

s^-ope 1 1 8,

Araignee a croix

fourmi

124,

ARANEA

*aquatica

*Diadenia
domestica

*erythrina

*e\tensa

*Listeri

*obscura

'opi lion ides

*pha]angioides

♦Phichii

♦saccata

*scenica

*senoculata
Araneadae, (Fam.)
— — — , observations
on the, by Sir J.
Banks

117

533
127
130

123
127
560
122
127
129

ib.
126

ib.

ib.
129
130
1 22
120

120

457

Arches wnlh, barred 400 Aselle d'eati douce

• ,/■/«( ^- '246,397,43 1 ordinaire

■■ — , — I. 397 A?eliidse(Fam.)

, tea'it Hack 5S6 Asellu?, Ol:v.

,l-^lf 251,433ASELLUS

• 5 d'trk 400 aqnaticus

, SToy il). ^vul^nris

, light 419 Asilici, Lntr.

• , red 24S,599,4l8 Asilidx, (Fam.)

IIOJATTUS
ib.
ib.

106

no

ib

294
"294

• , S'.lre-y

ARCOPAGL'S

bulbifer

clavicornis

glabricollis
ARCriA

Caj.i

- /.
Chrysonb<ca 248, 398,

418
lubricipeda

RlPTidica

Mentliiastri

papyrilia

VbiEoi rhoca24S,398,43 i
plantagiuis 248, 398

/. 382

248, 398

248, 398,418
431
248,398
I. 382

Arctiadz. (Fam.) 248
Argent a?id Sable moth 404
Argus butler fly, Scotch 240
396
' wood 2 >S4l

ARGVNNIS
Adippe 237,416

I. 380

Aglaia 237,416

I. 380

Lathonia 237,380,416
Paphia 237, 416

/. 380

ARGYRONETA

aquatica 125, 360

ARMADILLO-

vulgaiis 112,358

Arpactus, Jurme 276

Arrach moth, 251, 401,

4
Artii-, (he members 53i

419 ASILUS

I crabroniformis 72, 294,

178,375 414

375'ASIRACA

formicarius 1 30

ATYPUS

*Sulzer 122

Siilzeri 122,387

Aucbenia hirta 196

mcidigei-a 211

August, Calendar for 428

.employment for315

AUTALIA, Leach 177
AXIUS
Stirvnchus

178,359! ciavicornis 230, 3S0lBacca, FaZt.

Astacidae, (Fam.)
248,418ASrACUS
:i9S *astacus
*atomos
Bamffius
248, 39SJ Gammarus

431; *!rrost,ipt's
248,382 *honiarus
ib.| *r^oousta
248, 398| *marinus
431 1 *Nor\vP2iCHS
*.serratiis
*.strigosu3
AS TATA
Astatus, K/ug.
Astomata, Du^eril
ATELECYCLUS

bcterodon
ATHALIA
aniuilata
centi folia
Rosae
spinaruin
ATHANAS
nitescens
ATHERIX
maculata
Atopa cervina
ATROPOS
li^naria
ATl'AGENUS
Pellio
serra
Atte pare
ATTELABUS
*Coryli

curculionides
*formicarii!S
*intdaniitus
mol I is

94!baDISTER
bipustulatus

BAETIS
l)ioculata

95

106

93

95

105

92

102

95

96

93
276
267
301

83

95
299

147,364

264,411

41)

264,411

ib.

294, 4l4

162

261, 427

15AGOUS, Germ
BAEANINUS

atramentarius

Cerasoruin

fasciatus

fructuum

Gladius

Inngimanus

maculatus
iinninus

Nil cum

Pumorum

rnbellus

semicylindricus

stygius

tonnirostris

Tortrix

TremuljE
Bimhu?,,Ffibr.
Banks, Sir Jos. obser
vaiions on the
Araneadie
Barred red

sircw moth

— yelUw "mrlh.

259,410
2Ui

391

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

377,391

391

203, 377

391

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
377

ib.
269

120
41)4

4'22
ib,

385
29

423

Baumar.nian Toririx
182, ?,~b\B'-nk or rnftriim
5S9 Beaiity, bordered

150 , brindled 253, 371

, Brixton 43t»

54,201 , Camberusell 233

20 1 , 576 , Lilnc 424

] 65' , waiMed 25 1 , 432

156:———, minor 420

16G , mottled 403

458

Beauty, light maWei 4'23:Ritoma unipunctata 208 BOMBUS

-, oflA:253,363, 403 BITURUS
-,-paUoak 403] fnmatus

-, tawny ib.| tomentosus

-, ivilloiv

374
1 70, 374

422 Blackamnor moth
62Bla(k beetle
C9 Black- neck m.
iB'ack-vewed m.

Bed bug

Bee (Ai)is)

■ , humming bird

, broad bordered 244, Black waved h. m.
397 BLAPS
, narrow bordered ib.i lethifeia

401

61
433
404

ib

389

Bdle moth

, lesser

, straw

——— , yelloiu
Btinbidion, L'ilr.
BEMBIDIUM

acutum

agile

bipunctatum

criicigerum

I'.phippium

flavipes 148, 361,

404' moitisaga 59, 192, 369

407:Blapsi(la;, (Fam.)
453 Blastus
424] tetraodim
148 BLATIA

livida

orientalis

364
358
387
561
ib.

428
361
365
373

192

88

ib.

220

380

61

174

Guttula

littorale

pal I i pes

poecilliim

properans

puDCticolle

4-guttatuai

rufipes

Spencii
Bergm-i7i7iiau Torlrix 436
JJERIS

BLEDIUS, Leach

BLETHISA

miikipunctata 152,365
Blood, in small fish,
an obJL'Ct for the
microscope 333

Blood-vein moth, large 424

-, small

i^nBlossDm Un'etwmg
:l Blotchba(k,lrown

361
364
361

silver
-, taicriy

ib

363
436
3S5
43(

-, triple striped 386

clavipes 372

niffritaisis 291, 372
BEROSl S

luridus 186,362

BERYTUS

tipu!arius222, 394,438
Bcthyllu?, Panz 274

Belony moth, water 252,
370, 399
Birch, gray 384

Birds, feathers of, for

the microscope 333
Bird's-v-b-g moth 252, 599
BISTON

Barbutella
Beckwitheiia
Biirrellana
campestris
Cullumana
Ciirtisella
Dcrhamella
Donovanella
flavicollis
floralis
Fostereiia
fragraiis
Francillonana
Francisana
Harri::ella
hortoriim
Jonella
japidaria
Latieiililla
Leeana
hicorum
Muscorum
pratorum
Raiella
Rossiella
nipestris
Schrimshirana
Sorensis
subinterruptus
subterranea
sylvarum
tenestris
Tunstallana
vestalis
virginalis
Bombycidse (Fam.)

K.cy'Blue, azure 242, 3S1, 450
, Bedford 242,38:
41
, ihalk-hill 241,417
, Clifden 241, 381,

'^.'1^'lBombvcitcs, Letr
, common ib

/. 370,41

, large 4 1 7

, mazarine 242, 381,

417

■ , studded 242,417

414

413
414-
372
414

ib.

ib.

ib.
428
413
414
437
413
414

ib,

ib,

ib.

ib.
437
4l4
437
413
387
414

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
372
414
457
2SS, 428
414

'^'Bombyliaria, Lair.
Bombyiid:e(Fam.)

Betularia

liirtaria

hispidaria

pedaria

prodrotnaria

/.

370

344

207

ib.

253,403
253, 371

25C

Body {cf.rpus)
Boletaiia, Marsh,

quadripiistulata
ROLILOPHAGUS

Agaricola 194,390

BOLITOBIUS,LeacA 176
360JBOMBLS

363 agroriim 414

363; AibiiitUa 437

ib.

428
245
245
295
295

BOMBYLIUS

major 72, 295, 3

medius

minor
Bombyx. Huhner

antiqua 4

caeruleoceplj^la

cassinea

*compressus
coryli
coryli

372
428
246
439 •
431-
382
439
382
254
250 370, 418
I. 382, 439

459

Bombyx BOTYS

•cartula 247

/. 4;:9

. Dodonpea 399

. goiiostigmata 418, 43'2

. Quercea 399

♦reclusa 247

/. 439

. Roboris 399, 439

Bombyx Qiiercus, cu-
rious account of 315
Bones, calcined, for

the microscope 533
Bonnet's experiments
on the antennae
of insects 22

Bonsdorff's experiments
on the antennae
of insects ib.

Border, small blue 434

, clovded 3S3, 423

, lace 424

Bordered, h'.afk 403

Bostrichus Typogra-

phus 203

cylindricus 206

Bostrici(ls,(Fam.) 203
Bostricini, Lair. ib.

Bot-fly ,meihoA of de-
positing its eggs 39
70

Bols of horses

BOTYS
anguinalis
angiistuius
arcuaiis
atralis
cespitalis
cineralis
cingulatis
cucullatalis
elutalis
ferrugalis
flavalis
forficalis
glabraiis
hybridalis
hyalinalis
Lemnara
limbalis
literalis
longalis
lutealis
itebulalis

427

426 i
ib.l

ib.l
4271

nivealis
Nymphxata

ochrealis 426

ostrinaiis 427

Porphyrialis jb.

Potamogeta 426

pulcalis ib.

punicealis ib.
purpuralis 255, 386

Sambucata 426

sericealis ib.

sordidalis 427

S ratiotalis 425

strigulaiis 386

terminalis 426

tetragonalis 436

urticata 426

verbascalis ib.

verticaiis ib.
Dox, pocket collecting 308

Braces, their use 309

BRACHINUS

crepitans 154, ^ iJ

Brachypterus, Ali/g. 170
Bracliyrinus argen

tatus 202

Brachynra, (Order) 82
BRACON

Deserter 270, 412

BRANCHIOPODA

stagnalis 8
Breast, Pectus 3
Breeding cages 301^'
, the most con-
venient size of 31(
deal, olijcc

\Brind'e, small
408|Bri)uWfd, dusky
426

«pgl tionable

/o-riBrennts, Jurine

30!:'

287

252

ib.

44(

360

426
while 408

barred yellow 371
Broad-larred Torlrix 441
Brocade, beautiful 400
— , dayk ib.

— , ^reat 419

— , hght 400

— , pa e-shoulder-
ed 400

Broom moth 250,251,401
— l. 233

Tip 334

BROSCl'S

ccphalotus 153, 365

Broun-bar, great 25 1 , 403

Brown,butler/ly, blackspot

242,381, 417

/. 370, 396

, meadow 240, 396

, small meadoiu 240

, zchile-spot 242, 4 1 7

, mulh, marbled 399

, lunar marbled ib.

I. ib.

,pale shinirg 400,4 1 9

Broicn-eye bright line 383
Brown tail mo. 248, 431

/. 598

BrownTinea, clouded 360
Brnw't bordered Tor. 364
Cruchelae, Latr. 199

Bruciiidae, (Fam.) ib.

URUCHUS
aier 360

Pisi 53, 200, 376

425 BREPH, Hiib
42G Rrephos, Och.

426 Brii k-molh
\b. Brrghteye boivn line 421
ih. Brimstone, b. 236,395,429
ib,' , m. 371,406,434

425, A3G Brindle, clouded 419

426
425
426
425

426'

ib.—
ib.'—

slender -cl. ib

, small-cl. 401

, clouded bor-
dered 252,419

, dark 371

— , forked-striped ib
,pale 363

semniarius

390

Briissels Lace m

424

BRYAXIS

fussulaia

375

hffimatica

359

im))ressa

179

,375

Jiincorum

367

iongi(;(>rnis

179

367

sancuniea

367

BUCENTFS

cinerens

298

BuiJ', clouded

243

398

, creited

425

, small-dolled

403

Tip

247

398

/.

439

Am

IN'DEX,

251, 40'2ICALANDRA

jiranaria 204, 360

255 lig!iari.i 56'2

IfiOCALATIirS

cisleloitles 152,361

littoralis ^ST

melanorepbalus 561

ir^OjCALKPTERYX

ib. liulovicia

144

Bull-rvsh moth
BUPALUS

pinariiis
IJnprestiadffi (Fam.)
Biiprestis. Ge ff.
BUPRK--T1S

Ijiguttata 5S,l60,bS8
♦emarginalus
*nHniita

viriflis 160, S8S| Vii-o 259

B'xTnel,fu:e-spotted :^97 CALLIANASSA

, six-ip)tled 245, 397

moih 403

Burnished brass 250, 403
.starce 403

Button Tortrix, Boy-

shouldered 359

. , dark-sireaked 435

Jjuttcrflies, method of
arranging 322

, method of set

ting
Byrrhi, Lair.
Eyrrhidae (Fam.)

BYRRHUS

dorsalis

fasciatus

mnrinus

Pilula 50,
*Scrophii'nri;e

scmistriatus

variws
BYT DIN US

Curtisii

securig^T
C. ivhile] B.

C^LIOXYS

conica

320
182
182

siibtcrranca
CALUDIUM
*Arieiis

bajuliim

viulaceum
CALLIGLS

Mnlleri
CALLIMORPHA

410

410

94

210

392

210,392

Dom inula

I.

fuliginosa
Jacol)a;a

I Rosea 243
gg^j'CALUSTl'S

362

lunatus

36

-CALOBATA

248. 398
' 382

399
248, 399

431
399, 418

150

299

375
417
396

285, 428
Callage-moth, 400, 419,
432
Cabinet for insects, form
ofa 3101

Cabinet, method of ar- j
ranging insects in322
, number of draw-
ers for a 310
Cabinets must be kept ,
dry 31 li
— ^— should be well !
t-ampboied 312j
, Mn.!ll,recom- I
mended 311

I CO -,(-,9! filifonni^
'^^'•:^32'CALO.^OMA

360, l"q"ifo>-
0/-..I Sycophanta

jCamphor, crystals of, for
I the microscope 337
I ,0, ort. I necessary lor ca-
binets 312
Campion-moth, 251, 420
CAMPTECOPEA
hirsiita

(:axc:er

*angulatus

*aianeus

*articulosus

*aspcra

*Astacus

*Bernl)ardus

*l)iaculeatMs

*bipes

*Biifo

■^cassivclaunus 83

*c(iringalus 83

*crangou 96

^Dorsctlrnsis 90

'(Jammarus 95, 1 !0

146, 387
146, 387

107

87
89

)03
88
95
92
88

100
89

89

CANCER

*grossimanus

*gross'pes

*hirtellus

* horrid us
*incisus
*Iatipes
*littoreus

* Locusta
■'iiitescens
*Xoiwegicus
*Ma?nas
*Maja
*marmoreiis
*palmatus

Pagurus

*pedatus

*personatiis

*Phalangium

*Phasma
I *p]atycheles

*puber

*rubricatus

*rugosus

*aaitator

*sCorpio

*sedentariu5

*s|)inosus

*sciuilla

*squinado

♦stagnalis

*strigosus

*subterraneus

*tetraodon

*tuberosu3

*vclutinus
Canceridse (Fam.)
Cantharida;
Cantharis, Linve,

163, 164,
CANTHARIS

*aenea

■*biguttata

*fusca

*serraticornis
vesicatoria
CA PRELLA

Phasma
Caprellada; (F3#i.)
CAPSUS

ater 222,

I nifrcoUis

spibsicornis
Caput the head 21,

56,
198,

10'?

105
86
90
86
84

102

104
99
96
84

, 9(>
85

103
85

106
83
91

loe

92

84

104

93

102

90

101

102

98

89

81

93

94.

88

91

84

85

197

56,

196

165
56
164
163
390

105
ib.

380

394

ib.

342

Caiabidae (Fam.)
Carabus, Linn.
CARABUS
*arenariiis
arvensis
*aterrimus
catenulatiis, 1 45

*cephaIotes

*chrysostoinus

*cinctus

*cisteloides
clatliratus

*oomplanatus

*ciepitaiis

*Crnx-ininor

*cupreiis

*cyancris

*cyaiiocephaIiis

*ilepressus

*<limidiatus

'distans

*festivus

*sil)bus

*gibbosus
glabratiis
•.craniilatus
*liortensis
*hiimeralis
*ir)tricatus

iiitricatiis
*leucopthalaius
*lunatus
'*iii')nilis

iiionil's

morbillosus, 146,

*multipunctatiis
nemoralis 145,

nitens

*pilicornis

*puiTiic3tus

*rt)stratii3

*secalis

*aex-punctatus

*spiiiibarbis

*staphylionoides

*Striola

* tenuis

*vestitus
violaceus 145,

*vivalis

•vulgaris
CJARADRINA, Ock.

144
5i)

146

387'
1 5 1

153|

156
152
ib.
S64
146
I54r
I5j|
153
145
15.
154
175
15
15
15(1
ib.
3S7
146
ib.
154
145

57
152

150

1461

37^

364.

44 r

15C

561

375

15(

^52

145

149

15(

147

175

154

15

15

360

151

152
251

Carpet, Aulhmii

, tea..hj:,l

, btffh-grern

, blue L'jrdered

INDEX.

CARCINUS

1 Mxnas 54.

Carpenter, ihe, or mil-
lipede

CARPELI.M US, Kir. 174

■14'
40-4
424
404.
454
405
406
4241
406
535, 4-34
454
36U
4^-4
405
384
422
404

461

, l-lunt-ang'ed

, briilcen bin red

, (ha'k

' , cUaked

, com men

, degenerate

•, Fdrruarij

•, flame

, Galium

, garden.

, gray

•, green

, insulated

, large

, least

, lesser silin

ICASSIDA
spleiididula
*viridis
Cata!(.«<ri)e of insects,

how fornu^d
CATERETES
bipnstiilatus
rufilabris 170, oGo

Caterpillars all hatch-
ed from pgg-s 4t)
change their

323

5G6

37 J, 385

43
406

402

-, marbled 424, 435
-, brown-marbled 3S4
-, common-marbUd ib.
-, dark marblfd 424
-, yellcw-marbled 3Si,
435

colduraftermouit-
'".2r 41

chani,e tlseir

skin 40

— , method of
collecting 307

— ■, time for col-
lecting 315,316

— , each kind

should be kept

— , oblifjve

, red- green

, rufous

, sandy

, scorched

, sharp angled

, short-barrei

, twin-spot

— — , waved

, water

— — , wood

:assjda

crnentata
equcbtris
maciilata
marcida
*niurr£ea
nebulosa
nobilis
Spergul*
simiiis

by tliemselves 310

— , method of

preserving 518

CATOP.S

*brevicornis ]69

clirysomeloides 266

*elongatus 168

nigricans 366

sericeus 163,366

Cauda, the tail 33

, discrimination

, I of the 343

*:^^|CEClDOMYIA

^ Ictea 291, 387, 437
Cemonus unicolor 27S
Centris, Fabr.
Cephaleia, Jurine
Cephaioculus, Lam
Cephalotes, Buuetli
CEPHUS

j pygm^ns 2r)7, 412
|Cerambycini, Lair. 209
CERAMBYX
*£edilis
378 *arcuatus
211,378 *Arietis
52, 429 *coriarius
378 *lineato-collis

52 mo.schatus 55, 209, 392
429 *nebuIosus 209

378 *oculatu5 ib.

416 *Textor 55,209

378 *vioiaceus 210

44
405
406
404, 434
424
384
424
384|
371
42

235

267

SI

153

ib.

55
210
20s

209

462

INDEX.

CERASTIS, Och. i?.52
CERATINA

cserulea 2S3, 415

CERATOPHYTUM

Latreillii 161,429

CERCERIS

quadricinctus 279, 413
CERCOPIS

sanguinolenta 231, 394
Cercus rulilabiis 17U

CERCYON

lateiale

melanoccj)hahiin

minutnm

quisquilium

simile

sordiduni

temiinatum

36'2
188,
3G2

ib.

ih.

ib.

ib.

ib

unii)unctatiim '88,362

Elate-

Cereopidae, (Fam.)

CERIA

CEROPALES

maciilata
Cerophytum

roides
CERURA

bilida

Furcula

/.

2:H)
291

161

24e

Alinax

Vinulia

L

CERYLON

bipunctatnm

dermestoides

bisteroides
CETONIA

aurata

l.

"•fasciata
CHALCIS

clavijies
CHELIFER

fasciatiis

(jeoffioyi

Hermann!

Latreillii

Mnsooriun
CHELOSrOMA

florisomnc
&itqu(red, da; k
Chermes, Lxniie

BetuisE

393
4l&
43P
■39
243, 382
451

391
ib.

CHERMES

PetulK AIni 231

Chesnut moth 252, 440

' barred
-, bea'ded
-, divk bearded
-, pale bearded
-, black
-, dark
-, flounced
-, iron
-, marbled
-, netted
■ , red
, veiny

421
440

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
443
440

44(1
384
133

Chevron moth
Cheylotida>, (Fam.)
Chimolh 251,43-

CHILOCORUS

bi])iistulatus 393, 438
Cacti 215,438

4-vorrncatus 593, 438
Cliilognatha, Order 115
Chimney- sweeper , loop-
ing 406
— ^ 's bny 409

China-mark^ beautiful 42(

-, garden
-, gold
-, large
-, lettered
-, ringed
-, rusty
-, small
-, straw

425
426
ib.
425

ib.
426
425
42 (

ib.

— , snialt straw

206, .391 CHIRONOMUS

I plumosns290, 387, 43^
192, 375CIIL^.NIUS

362i festiviis 151,361

191 Chocolate Tp 37(

271, 412' , small

— /.

439
382
439

119CH0LEVA

558 agilis 566

ib. *briinnea 169

ib. oblonga 1 68, 365

3'^2Christiernia7i Torlrix 407

IChrysididffi, (Fam.) 271

284, 4l3;Chry.sidides, Latr. ib.

441CHRYSIS

63 affinis
231 I *aurata

412
272.

CHRYSIS

bidentata

cvanea

efi'ulsens

fulgida

ignita

Panzeri

Stroud era
CIIRYSOiMELA

aiicta

Banksii

BetiilK
* Boleti
*bujore.sloides
*carab(jides
*ceramboides
♦e'ervina

clavicornis
*coccinea

coriaria

10-notata

10-punctata
*elongata

fastuosa

fulgida

Goettingensis

Gra minis

baemoptera
*l)ak'n.->is
*i)emispli£Erica
*liirta

Hyperici

Hypochaeridis

liinbata

T. it lira

lurida

marginelia

margiiiata
*n)erdigera
*uleracca

pallida

))olita

Polygoni

Populi
*qiiadripunctata

qiiinquejugis

sanguinolenta
*scrice»

staphylea
*Tanaceti

tenebricosa
*testacea

Trem.ulse

unicolor

68,

272,

213,

5.3,

213,

213,

53,

53,

412
412

ib.

ib.

412
272
412

369
379
379
194
185
195

ib.
162
379
215
369
393

ib.
165
392
416
369
392
379
212
163
196
379

ib.
569
362
393
369
393
211
212
379
369

ib.
379
214
379
369
213
369
212
369
212
379
593

CHRYSOMELA
varinns

Vitellin.-B 393

Chrysumelidae (Fam.)
21 1
Clirysomelinae, Lair. ib.

CHRYSOPA
alba

capitata
fulvocephala
Per la
reticulata

CHRYSOPS

cjecutiens
CHRYSOTOXUM.

arcuatum 2P7, 415

rXDF.X.

ICIMEX
4lG *aciiininatus
*bitlens

-, mfoui

221 Ciear-under-wing
ib. Clearwns, black

410^

ib.i,
ib.

4101

lectulanus,62, 223, 394]

*inarginatus 222

*piasinus 221

*stagnonim 224

*li|>iilariiis 222

*cipuloides 223

Cimicidae, (Fain.) 223

2(30 ^'["q Cimicides, I. 1. Lair. 224

' '— — — , 1.2. Lair. ib.

-, II. Lair. ib.

Cinnabar molk 248, 399

£f

while bordered

, currant

, /lane-tipped

red bordered
, red-belted

463

421

8D7

397

ib.

418
417
,397

293, 414

CICADA

i\nglica ?

*corniita

*sanguinoIenta

viridis
Cicadaiix I. Lair.
Cicada ri<-« II. Lair.
Cicadiadx (Fam.)
Cicindeia, Olw,
CICINDELA

*aquatica

canipestris, 57,

/.

Cinthia Cardui
CIOXUS

229 bipustuiatus
394 Hortulanus

231 iminunis '

ib. Scropbiilarix 203,
Gl Tliapsi

229Cironde laGiile

230 CIS

229 bidentatus
156 Boleti

concinnns
148|Cisida, ('"am.)
144, Cistela, Marili.
360 , Oliv.

431
238

391
ib.

378

391
ib.

133

, six-belted

, yellow-legged ib.

, yellow-tailed ib.

CLEPTES

aurata 413

semi-aurata 271, 412
Clems *formicarius 165

mollis 16G

CLITELLAPJA

Ephippimn 292,414
CEIVINA

206,

ib.

Germanica

liybrida

sylvatica, 57, 144, 387
CicindeliadcE (Fam.) 144
CILEX

compressa.

144, 387'CIS TELA

254,

CILISSA

tricincta
CILLENES

lateralis
CLMBEX

annulata

]0-maculata

europaea
♦fasciata
*femorata

GrifSnii

humeralis
*l£eta

maculata
* marginal a
•?ericea

varians

335,
435

261

148, 373

263

262

*angustata
castanea
ceramboideS
fidvipes
fiisca
humeralis
miirina

arenaria ]53

Fossor 153,861

gil)ba 154

sai)c:iiinca SG5

CLCt:ON
391 pallida 259, 410

378 CLOS I'ERA, Hffm. 247
391 curtula 370

206 reclii a 882

1S3 CI >ihes moth 249

162 Cloud, silver 332

ICloudedyelloivB. 236,395
168 429

390| , pale 236, 429

195, 390 Clover moth, marbled 252,

lb.

ib.jCLUBIONA

ib.l atrox
87.51 Inpidicela
369 Nutrix

sulphurea
CIXIUS

nervosus
427CLADIUS

il).| difformis 266, 412, 427
262, 427CLAVELLAR1A

Amerinas 411

marginata 263, 41 1

427 Clavicera, Ifalck. 283

ib. Claws, Ungues 35

Q63 Clay moth, bright-

427| eyed

263 , dotted

ib.!— — — , ingr ailed
427 . purple

422

124
] 23, 860
124, 415

195, 390CIypeus, ihields of the

mouth
230, 330CLYrHRA
4-punctata
tridenfata
CLYTUS
Alni

arcuatns
Arietis
mysticus
ICnemidotii'-, llli^
42l'Cocfida?, (Fam.)
433 COCCINELLA
421 1 bis-6-guttata
433. •Cacti"

SO

214,393
393

392"

ib.

210, 892

392
r. 157

233

39S
215

46-1

INDEX.

COCCINELLA.
funglobafa
con glome rata
tlispar 359

12 punctata 43H

globosa 362, 4:38

hieroglyphica 393

hunieialis 359

impustulata "93

ins.abilis 359

lateralis 393

mutabilis 4'29

19-punctata 438
oblongo-guttata 369

oi-ellata 39
13-?;Liltata 36 2,393
5-punctata 393, 43S
1-4-guttata 62,393

]4-pustiilata 393
7-puiiLtata 215, 359

16-guttata 43S

J 3- punctata ib.

3 1-piiiictata 393
22.piinctata 362, 393,
438

variabilis 359

Coccinellidae, (Fam.) 215

COCCUS
Abietis
Aceris
Aim
Betuhe
Cacti

conchiformis
Caprea
Carpini
Cory' I
catafractus
Fragariae
fusctis

Mespili i'j.

Oxyacanthaj ib.

Persicae ib,

Phalaridis ib-

PilosellaB ib.

polonichus jb.

Queiciis ib.

Salicis ib.

Serratulje ib.

Til is ib.

Ulmi ib.

Uva-uvji ib.

variegatus ib.

iCckRnacli 61

S93iCodhn Tortrix 425

ib.lColeoptera, Linn. 47, 216

— Mar^h. 216

— characters of
the order 138

— clafsifioation
of tht; order 14:^

— method of ar-
ranging 522

method of pre

395
ib.
ib.
ib.
63, 233
395
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.

Cochineal, ho'^v made, 63

serving & setting 31 9

Oficn wingeil,

specimens hoiv
set ib

COLLETES

fodiens 421

snccincta 280, 437
CO LI. AS

Edusa 236, 429

Hyale ^2,6, 395, ^29
Colours 343

COI.OCASIA {O.h.) 250
Colydiimi frumenta-

riiim 20F

COL Y.M BETES

abbreviatus

agilis

bipunctatus

bipiistulatus

colconatus

collaris

conspersns

fenestratus

fontinalis

fuligitiosiis

maculatus

notatus

oblongiis

obsciirus

politiis

striatus

uliginosus

vitreus
Co'inma, B.
Commous, near Lon-
don 31
Comparative anatomy,
object of '
:C""na, Schel.
CONOCEPHALUS

griseus 416

varius 416

verrucivorus 433

373
429
359

ib
3S8
37G

ib.
383
415
443
158,373
37:^

338
373
365
158, 365
359
38S
238

30O

COXOCEPHALUS

viridissimus 218,433
CONOPS

aonleata 293,415

macrocephala 72

Conopsarii, £,a<r. 298

Conopsids (Fam.) ib.
Convex glasses, table

of the powers of 325
Copper^ common 396, 430

,L&rge 241,417

, miildle 430

:purple-edged1\ 1,430

, scarce 241

, jwaZ 241,370

C 'pper Underwirg 432
Coj^ridaJ, (Fam.) 183

COPRIS ■

liinaris 183,363
Coprophagi, I. Lair. 188
, 11. Latr. 189

CORDULEGASTKR

CORDULIA

jenea 258, 414)

anniilata 258,410

Ccreida, (Fam.) 221

COKEPHRA
cucalifurmia

CO REUS

hirticornis

marginatus

rhomboideiis
Corise, Geo .
Corisia, I. Lair.

,11. Latr.

COR IX A

affinis

coleoptrata

dorsal is

fos.»arum

GeoftVoyi

lateralis

stagiialis

striata

290, 387,
437

394
222, 380
394
229
220
ib.

229, 563
228, 363

ib.

ib.
229, 363
228, 363

ib.

ib.

Cork fcr drawers, the

fines' and best 31 1

Corking drawers, the

method of ib.

Corontl yncih, 250, 400
-, rna b ed 251,400

COROPHlUiM

longicorne
Corpus, the body

105
344

Corticai'iafrumen'ariaSOS'CRAMBUS

oblonga ib.j Rosea 408

taxicornis 207 sanguinea SSli, 4

CoryliisAvellana, cu- striga 437

rious experiments CRANGON
on the farina of 3351 vulgaris 96

CORYNETF.S ICRASPEDOSOMA

*ruficoIlis 166 i)oIydesmoides 1 14,358

CORYSTES I Raiilinsli ib.

cassivelanus 83CRATERINA

•dentatiis ib.i Hiruiiciinis 503,415

rorystids, (Fam.) 82 Cream-wave, Iroad-

COSMIA, Hiib. 25'2| sfiped 384

COSSONUS , dwarf 405

hypolenciis 416 , leaser 423

linearis 204,369 ,pale 384

COSSUS JCREOPH ILUS, Kirly 1 72

Ligniperda 246, S97iCrepu?cularia, (Sect.)243

Coxa 3^ Crescent 420

Crab, common 85 1 , beautiful 3

■ , Hermit 92, , ^reen-brindled 439

, King 89| , /.

, Old Man's face Q3 Crimson and Gold

• , SiAdier 92;Cr imson-speckled

, Thornback ^9 Crimson Underwir.g

CRABRO I '^'^'"'^

cribarius 278,413' > ^««»"

465

Crustacea for the mi-
croscope 78, 333
CRYPTOCEPHALUS

•lunatus
CrabronidiB, (Fam.)
Crabronites, Latr.
CR.ESLS

feptentrionalis 266,412

252' ' ^'^'"

-.-giCrioccridse, (Fam.)

., iCrioceris, Marsh.

'"CRIOCERIS

401
336
439
250
422

ib.

ib.
211
]C2

bilituratus 393

Cory I i ib.

flavilabris ib.

labiatus ib,

lineola 53, 393

marginellus 393

Morad ib.

nitens ib,

piisilius ib.
quadripunctatus 214

sericeus 213,393

6-punctatiis 393

similis ib.
CRYPTOPHAGUS

cellaris 169,429

•crenatus 169
denticulatiis
birtus
pallens
phaeorrbsEus
Populi

ruficollis

serratus

Typhs

CRYPTOPS

hortensis

Savi^nii

429
ib.
389
433
429
438
429
ib.

116,358
358

Crambites, Lair,
CRAMBUS

acinacidea

arborum

Cardui

carnea

candea

cespitis

consoria

cuimorum

cuitrea

falsa

genicnlea

gigantea

hortonirn

ocellea

pascxiea

petri6cia

Pineti

pingiiinalis

Pratorum

254

409
40S

ib.

ib.
409
408

ib.

Asparagi
*caraboides
cyanella
12 punctata
flavicollis
*flavipes
melanopa
merdigera
*nigricornis
puncticollis
subspinosa

211,

ib. Crocisaatra
409 Crustacea, anatomical

437
408,-
ib.:-

ib.!

3G4'-
437,
408-
255,408-
255-
403

view of the

, history

, method

collecting
■— ~, method

of

of

37

195

392

ib.

ib.
212
416
392
212
416
392
286

75
76

516

CRYPTORHYNCHUS

preserving ib.

— , pins used for 309
— , writers on the 76
— , classification of

the 781

2 G

assimilis

canescens

contractus

tlentatus

Erysimi

globosus

horridus

inflexus

Lapathi

leucogaster

Lythri

melanorhynchus

melanostictus

obstrictus

oval is

pleurostigma

phaeorhynchus

ptinoides

Quercicola

ruber

sulculus

Urticffi

viduus

377

378

377

ib.

203, 391

377

ib.

378

377

ib.

ib.

378

377

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

37s

377

ib.

ib

466

Cryptiis, Pabr.

269,

CYCLOPS, Geoff.

SI

Dart moth,sqvare-spot%'2 1

CRYPTUS

1

!

*quadricornis

ib.

, striped square-sp.ib.

♦furcatus

264

CYDNLTS

, stout

433

* Irrorator

270

. oleraceus

221

, wedge barred

421

pallipes

411

Cymindis, Gyll.

154

, ivldte-line

ib.

Villersii 204

411

CYMINDIS

DASCILLUS

Crystals, nietliod of

hunierajis ]54j

301

cervitms 162,

388

obtaining, for the

1

CYMODICE

Dasycliira, Hub.

246

microscope

B37

trunrata

lOS

Dasypoila, llUg.

283

ib.

Cymothea serrata
CY.VIOTHOA
(Estrum

Cymoihoadjc, (Fam.'

ib.

DASYPODA

pinmioes 280,
DASYPOCiON

punctatus295,4l4,

of Salt

ib.

437

^c c;i^/^-

ib

109

107;

CTENOPHORA

lU.

428

atrata 291,387,

437

CYNIPS

DASYTKS

CUCVLLlkySchrank. 252

capraa 271,

412

jeiieus

374

CULEX

*Quercus fulii G7,

270

ater 164,

374

pipiens 71, 290,

359

*scuteliariB

270

csrnleus

3SS

CURCULIO

Cyiiipsera, Latr.

ib.

Havipes

ib.

*Alisnaatis

204

Cvnipsidas, (Fam.)

270

viridis

ib.

*Alni

203

cVpHA, Ktrhy

176

Day moth, drab

443

argentatiis 202,

377

CYPRIS

,rrsy

360

*aterrimus

204

conchacea

80

December, Calendar

*bino(lulus

ib.

Cyplion hemisphairi-

for

443

cnides
*Coryli

377
201

, ^

163
162

pallidus

fur

3:6

*Equiseti

204

Cypris pubera

80

December ninth

444

*Germaiiiis

203

CYTHEllE

Definition of Insects

21

*granarius

204

viridis

81

DEILOPHILA, Oih.

243

* hispid ul us

ib.

Dacne humeralis

169

Delphax clavicornis

230

*incaniis

205

Dacus, Fdbr.

299

DEMETPJAS

♦linearis

204

Dagger moth, autum-

atricapilla 156

35 S

*lineatiis

ib.

nal

443

monostigma 156

565

Mali

577

, dark

400

DENDKOPHILUS

*niger

204

, linkt

ib.

puiictatus 184

375

*nigrorostris

205

, March

364

DEPORAUS

*nitens

54

— — , scane

400

Betulse 201,

376

*Nucum

ib.

DAPHMA

Dermaptera, charac-

oblongiis

377

Pulex

80

ter of the order

139

*parallelopipedos

204

Dark Tawny

399

*Pini

202

Dart Muthf archers

421

of the

216

Pyri 54

390

, black

402

Dermestes, Geoff'.

185

*ruticoliis

199

, brindled

ib.

Derniestes, Tliunb.

■J07

*Scrophulari» 54

203

, broad-veined

402

DERMFSTES

sericeus

377

, chainshot

ib.

*adstrictor

133

♦sulcirostris

204

, dark

ib.

*BoIeti

206

*trigutlatus

ib.

, double 25 1

, 42 '

♦Calthx

214

unifasciatiis

377

, garden

421

♦cellaris

169

Curculionida£,(Fam.'

200

, lineolated

ib.

*F(m£orum

ib.

Curculionites, Latr.

ib.

, necklace

420

lardarius l8l

,367

Cuvier's distribution

, pectinated

402

*inargnatus

207

of Animals

75

, pitchy

421

murinus 48

,389

Cvaraus Ceti

106

, pupilled

ib

"♦Pellio

182

CVCHRUS

— — , rufott.t 251

,421

*riificoll!s

166

rostratus 145, 35^

, 373

; , shuttle- ihaped

433

*Scarabxuides

lb7

DERMESTES

*scolylus
tessellatus

*Tyj)ogTapIuis

*uiida.us
Dermestidae, (Fam.) 18l' opacus
Dermestnii, Lntr. ib.D :)LICHURUS

D?sJonuanian 7^,rirjx435| ater

-INDEX.

\Dismal moth
43 Diorna (Sect.)
375 D im's-t.nnth muth
205 DOLIIRUS
182; Gonaijra

2r>5,

Dew m'tih
DEXAMhVE

spiiiusa
Dial Trt IX
Diamond-hack, lesta-

ceoiis
Diamond <p I
DlANOrs, Gijll.
Diapeiids, (I'aiii) 19G
DIAPERiS I

B.deti 194, SSp!

aheiiea 339

Dictyoptera, chaiac-

ters of tlie order 139

, c'lassincation 219

JJigger, use of the 308
Dimera, Liir. ]

Dinierosiimata, cha-
ractprsof the or-
der 113
, classification

275,

129.

of the 119

Dimorpha, Hiih. 247

Dimorpha, Jurine 276
DINARDA, Leach 177
DINETCS

pictus 277,413

DIOCTRIA

GEIandica 295, 414
Diplolepar^s, Latr. 270
Diplolepidise, (Fam.) ib.
DIPLOLEi'lS 427

Quercusfoiii 270,412
Diptera, Z.i>i'ie 70,289,302:

418DOLOMEDES

miiabilis
102 Doiycliopoda
364, 441 Oolychopodes, Latr.
pOLYCHOPUS
436; nobililatus 294,
43(vB()N'AL'lAi
173| *i':qaiseti 211,

fasciata
fuse a

Hydrocharis
linearis
melanocephala
niicans 21 1 ,

Nymphap.Tc
))alustris
Sagittaria:
simplex 211,

vittata
*Zostera 2il,

Donovan's method of
spi-

467

420 DRASSUS

234 hicifiige 12,3

4 19 melanogaster 123,360
[Drawers of a cabinet,

412; the size, &c. 310
— methcid of
corking 3ii

413 method of pa-
pering ib.

372

294

ib.

414

392
3

ib.

ib.

ib
ib.

378

378

ib

ib

378
378
392

flavescens
Dnvkcr moth

preserving
ders
OOROS

coiiypseus
DOSYTHEUS

Eglanteriaj

Junci
Dot moth,

— , red

—, rusty

— , straw
Dulled, curve

— harder

297,
265,

, cliaractersof \D>julle-blotched, Hack
the order \'o9 Douhle line -moth

—, classification , scolloptd

of the 289 Dnihle lohei

— , method of ar- iDnuhte-striped

322^^Drah-moih., dark

] , ferrugineozcs

.321! , twin-spoiled

232 Drab Torlrix, lesser

I , spotted

323'DRASSUS
195' ater 123,

2g 2

ranging
, method of

preserving

Dirapbia, lltTg.

Directions for the mi-
croscope

Dircsea, Fair,

317

415

412
ib

40(
440
426

ib.
364
363
441
422
423
420
427
370
371
370
386

ib

5601

/.

1 63, 388
418
398

DRO.MHS
linearis

punctiimaculatiis
pnsiilus
quadrimaculatns

358

ib.

ib.

155,

358
ib.

177

185

nifescens
DRlSILr.A, Leach
Drvops, Ohv.
DRYPTA

emarginata 156, 373

DYNAMENE, Leach 108

DYSCHIRIUS

gibbiis 153, 358

DYSDERA

erytbrina 122

Dyticida?, (Fam.) 156

DYTICUS

circumflexus 159, 359

marginalis

punctulatus

Dytis clavicornis

Dytiscus, Linn.

*confluens

♦crass'cornis

*Hennanni

*minutns

*ovatus

*paraplurus

*sparsus

*su]calus

*Vo]ckiTiari
Dun-bar
Dwarf, barred
Ear moth, golden
Early moth
Earwig
EBALIA
Pennaiitii

ib.
359
158

58

158

ib.

157

158

157

159

158

159

185

433

425

433

559, 360

60

91

468

rxDEX.

Echimuthua'

ELATER

ENDROMIS

cyanocephal

IS

155

4-pustnIatu3

3B3

versicolor

247, 5T0

ECHINOxMYIA

riparius

ib.

I.

398

grossa

301

,428

ruficollis

ib

ENGIS

Edge, llack-striped

436

rufipennis

ib.

ferniginea

443

Edriophtbalma

(Leg

.)ioo

rufipes

ib

humeralis 169,374,443

Eels in paste, how ob-

sanguineus 57

, 3SS

rufifrons

574, 443

tained for the mi-

seuiiruber

16'.'

Entomology, its ad-

croscope

334

sputator

373

vantage to the

Egger molh

247

tessellalus

ib

man of science 17

SS2

thoracicus

388

■» a neg

ected

, large

418

unicolor

573

science

ib.

, I.

393

vittatus

388

Entomon, Klein

106

438

Eiaterids, (Fam.)
ELODES

161

I, ;„„^ 1

yphi-

110

382

cum

360

*"hemisphjerica

163

Entomostraca, charac-

, I'

398

melanura

373

ter and classifica-

Eggs of Insects

38

mollis

ib.

tion of Ihe

subcl. 73

■ ,

how

nigricans

ib.

EPA PHI US

preserved

318

pallida 162

,373

secalis

149

ELAMPUS

Eledona Agaricola

194

EPEIRA

Panzeri

272

,412

ELONIUM, Leach

175

Diadema

127,423

ELAPHRUS

Elopliilus, Meig.

297

r.PEOLUS

riparius

148

361

Elophorus, Fabr.

186

variesatus

286, 428

uliginosus

364

Elytra or iui7ig-cases

37

EPHEMERA

Elater, Rossi

185

, how discrimi-

*diptera

259

——, Linn.

57

,161

nated

345

vulgata 65

259, 410

ELATER

Emerald m., llotihed

423

Ephenurida;,(Fam.) 259

aeneus

]6'2

373

, common

404

Ephemerinx, Latr. ib.

balteatus

373

, grass

424

Ephippium, La

r. 29*2

bipustulatus

3S8

, small grass

3S3

EPOMIS

•buprestoides

160

, large 253,

422

cincta

151,387

castaneus

161

, light

422

ERASTRIA, Och. 252

castanipes

373

, little

383

Erax, Scopoli

294

cupreus

388

, small

424

ERIOGASTER

*cyaneus

57,

162

Emperor, Purple b.

239,

lanestris

247, 360

cylindricus

388

417

I.

398

•dermestoidcs

183

, I-

381

Populi

247, 444

ephippium

388

431

Eriops, Klug

283

ferrugineus

161,

388

, /.

381

holosericeus

373

EMPHYTUS

ERIOSOMA

lineatus

ib.

ceria 265,

412

Mali

232, 580

longicollis
jnarginatus

162,

888
373

cinctus
succinctus

ib.

412

Eriothrix, Meig.
ERISTALIS

30 1

mesomelus

373

tibialis 265,

412

Narcissi

297, 415

metallicus

388

Empidae, (Fam.)

295

ERISTHETUS,A«offt 174

minutus

373

Empides, Latr.

ib.

Ermine moth,

248, 382

murinus

162,

365

EMPIS

, i«#

248, 398

niger

373

Borealis 295,

414

/.

431

nitidulus

361

pennipes 72,

414

, Thtstle

408

obscurus

365

EMUS, Liach

172

, tea lev

248, 39S

pectinicornis

388

Endomychid£e,(Fam.

215

L

431

Pomonx

ib.

ENDOMYCHUS

irotyla, Hiib.

252

prssustus

ib.

cocciiieus 215,

379

Erotylidx, (Fam

.) 21-4

INDEX,

4€9

EUCERA

Ion2:icornis 287,413
EUCLIDIA, Hiib. 232
EUPLKCTUS

Reichenbachii 178,375
EUPLOCAMUS

Guttella 249

EURYDICE

piilchia 109

EUUYNOME

aspera 88

EVANIA

appendagaster 268,412
Evaniada;, (Fam.) 2GS
Evaiiiales, Latr. ib.

Evodia calendariim 2S0
Exorista, Meg. 301

Exotic specimens of
Insects, wliy re-
jected 322
Eyes of Insects 21
Fabricius's Classes of

Insects 44

Fabricius'sSystem uni

veisally leiected 46
FALAGRIA,Leac/i 17'
Fanfoot moth, 40

, clay \h

— — , common 3S3, 4'23

PLATA \FTilillary , pearly border

nervo?a 230 likeness 237, 380

reticulata 230, 380 , Queen rfSpain231,

Flounced rosy 406 380,416

Fiy, lioiise 71 , silver-washed 237,

FCENUS 416

Jaciilator 268,412' , /. 380

Footman m'lh, Hack 4 1 S'prons, <fte Fronf 30

common 431 Frosted orange m. 252,402

, small

February, Calendar

for"
■, einploj'-

ment for
Feelers f>r Palpi
Feet, Tarsi
Femur, the thigh
ii , discrimination

of the
FENUSA

40

360

314
29
84
ib

34'

ib.
272
ib.
436
4()7
398

pumila 265, 41 rF/-j?7|:f, r^d 385

Fein moth 38-^1 Fritillary, dark green 237,

Fern, time for collect- 416

ing Insects from 3 1 6! /. 380

— , dun ib

—, feathered 442

— , fouT-spotted2\9, 399
—, four-spot, small 41 8
— , fuur-sput, yelLwi3\
— , orange 399

— , straw-coloured 431

Four-ip tied muth 403

FORBICINA

polypcda 140, 360

Forbicino, Geoff.

cyiiiidrique 140

Forceps, their use 308

Forester Sphinx 397

FORFICULA

auricularia 60,216,379

borealis i'li

*gigantea 217

*minor 216

*ncglccta ib.

Furkla'^red m. 441

FORMICA
fusca 559

hercuianea 69,273,359
nigra 359

rufa

Formicadse, (Fam.)

Formicarise, Latr.

Forskiilian Tortrix

Forslerian Tortrix

Fox moth

Fulgora, Latr.
Fumaria plnmistrea
Furbeloiu, flame

GALATEA, Fabricii

rugosa

spinigera

squamifera
Galateadee (Fam.)
Galathea I'amffia

longipeda

rugosa

spinigera

squamifera

strigosa
Galea

440
230
409
432

93
93
ib.
ib.
92
93
ib,
ib.
ib.
ib.
ib.
28

418,432

Festcon tk.
FIGITFS

scute] laris
Figure of 8 m.

Filicornis, (Sect.)
Fish, scales of, for the

microscope 333

Flame m. 599 422

270,.
431 .
382
260

-,Duke of Burgvn-

dy 237, 380

-,~Glanvii;e 237, 396

I. 369

-, greasy 237,380

/, 369

-, Heath 237

-, high Z;rcM.'/i237,4l6

I. 3S0

Flat todj/,cowrno7j43 7,443' ,p€arlt/lord. 237,396

GALERUCA

caimariensis 373

CaprKX ib.

Cratxgi ib.

*nigricornis 212

Nymnhaese 378
Tanaceti 212,378

*testacea 212

Viburni 392

Galinsecta, Latr. 233

GALLERIA

alvearia 255, 4?6

cerea 436

Galls, how formed 67

Gammaridae, (Fam.) lOl

GAMMARUS

aquaticus 103

camptolops 104

Locust a ib,

marinus 103

*Pulex ib.

*rubricatus 104

Gammase des Coleo-

pteres 131

Gamraasida, (Fam.) ib.

G AM M ASUS
coleoptratorum 131,364

jiiarginatiis 364«

470

Gasteiophilus Eqni, G
method of dejjo-
siting its etias 39
GASTEROPHILUS
Equi 302, 437

Hemorrhoidal is 437
veteiinus 4 '2 8

GASTRO PACHA

Pinus 41 8

quercifolia '247, 418

/, 3S2

Gate-keeper, b. '240

GEBIA

Deltaura 94
Geneva founded on a
consideration of
every chnracter 43
ofLinne 47

synop-
tical view of the

' why

given

of plants com-

73

45

pared wiih Insects 46
, Spence's ob-
servations on the
necrssil V of new ib.
GEOMETRA

abhreviata 405

abietaria 3ri3

Absinthiata 405

adustata 404, 454

advenaria 404

yEscularia 36

albicillata 404

albulata 434

Alchemillata 405

Ainiaria 434

amataria 42

angularia 434

angustnta 435

apriciaria 4'23

apteria 444

arenosaria 383

Atomaria 405

aversata 423,441

badiaia 37 i

berberata 405

biangulata 406

bideutaria 371, 404

bilineata 405

bimacuiata 384

bipunctaria 424

brumaria 359, 443

EOMETRA

CEesiata 360

candidulata 384

carbonaria 406

carpiniaria 441

Centaureata 405

centnm-notata 348,435
cervinata 371

Chsrophyllata 406

Chenopodaria 404, 435
citraria 4'24

qliflirata 384, 423

tlavaria 442

comma-notata 384,435

comitata

congeneraria

connectaria

consigiiata

oonsobrinaria

coiisonaria

consortaria

conversaria

costastrigata

costovata

423
371
442
423
403
384
403
433
423
384

Crata>garin37 1,406,434

Crepuscidaria 424

dealbata 404

decolorata 406

defoliaria 442

degenerata 434

dentistrigata 371

dcrivata 405

destrigaria 423

didyniaria 423
dilutata 434, 443

dimidiata 434

ditaria 423
dolabraria 253, 403
dubitata 384,435

dupiicata 405

elatata 424

elinguaria 434

elongata 385

emarginata 423

ericetaria 44!

erosaria 441

Euphorbiata 385i

extensaria 424

fasciaria 404

favillaciaria 405

ferrugaria 383

fimbriata 434

flos-lactata 384

flnctuata 384

IG EOMETRA
fuliginaria
fnlvata
fumaria
fusco-undata
Galiata
gilvaria
glarearia
Grossulariata
hastata
heparata
hexapterata
ilhinaria
ilhistraria 383;
iniitaria
imnianata
immnlata
iniplicaria
iinpluviala
ina^qiiaria
incanata
incompietaria
inornata
insnlata
Jnliaria
Juniperata
lactata
laevigata
leiicophearia
Lichenaria
lignata
limbaria
linariata
linearia
lineoiata
liturata
jividata
iuctuaria
lunaria
Inteata
maculata
margaritaria
marginata
niarmorata
miata

multistrigata
munitata
nassata
nigricaria
notata
orellaria
ocellata
oiivaria
ornicronaria

404

422

371

423

405

433

406

424

404 ■

405

406

371

, 38 J,406
424
ib.
423
404
405
40G
434
444
423

371, 385
424
441
384
435
360
424
434
423
406
404
405
434
405
363

253, 404

384

ib.

422

385, 423
424
441
363
405
ib.
360
385

383, 435

4(15,434
434

383, 435

471

OEOMETRA

'3EOMETRA

GF.OPHILUS

orbiculaiia

404

sambucaria

424

electricus

372

osseata

40i

sexalisata

434

longicornis 116

358

paludata

4':4

Fimulata

405,441

maiitiniiis

358

pantaria

ib

singiilaiiata

406

subterraneus 1 16

,358

. Papilionaria

42-

sinuata

422

Geotrupida3 (Fam.)

189

pendiilaria 383

, 435

spartiata

443

Geotrupini, Lair,

peniiaria

445

spinaciata

405

GEOTRUPES

perfuscata

384

striaiia

383

iiiger

362

petrata

ib.

strictaria

363

politus

362

Pinaiia

404

strigilata

423

piincticollis

362

plagiata

441

suberaria

403

stercorarius 189

362

plumbaria

404

subfulvata

434

sylvaticus

368

pliimbeolata

385

subfuscata

385

vernalis

569

I'opiilata

42 '2

sublactata

384

GERRIS

prasinaria

424

subserioeata

423

paludum 224

369

prasDotata

384

snbtristata

385, 434

*vagabundus

223

primaria 369

, 360

subioseata

423

GIBBIUM

procellata

4'24

siiccenturiata

423

Scotias 180

367

propugnata

ib.

suffnmata

371

sulcatus

367

prosapiaria

442

sylvata

384

Gipn/ Moth 247

431

Prunaiia

403

sylvaticata

423

Glaea, Hub.

252

prunata

434

Syringaria

424

Glasses, method of

psittacata

44.3

tersata

384

connpnting th

e

piillaria

434

testata

ib.

magnifying power

pulveraria

404

Thymiaria

404

of convex

524

punctc>ria 383

,435

Tiliaria

434

Glomeiida (Fam.)

113

punctata

405

trepidaria

404

GLOMERIS

punctulaiia

384

trigeminala

385

*borde

113

piisaria

383

trigonata

434

marginata 113,

358

l)usillata

385

trimaculata

406

Glossata, Fabr.

220

piitataria

385

ulmata

404

Glow worm 55,

163

PyraliaLa

405

unangulata

424

Gnaphosa, Latr.

123

quadrimaculata

371

undulata

406 Gnat

71

quadrif'asciaria

423

unidentaria

404, 433

Gnat Moth 246,

397

Querciiiaiia

434

uiiifasciata

434 Gold Fringe

427

reinuta'.a

441

iinilubata

WO Gold Spavgle

403

repandaria

405

V. atia

i23 Gold spot Moth 250

433

respersaria

404

V. nigrarla

424; , /. and p.

422

rectangulata

406

vaiieta

422GOMPHOCER(JS

retata

585

Vauaria

404 rufus 219,

458

Rhamnata

384

venosata

405GOMPHUS

rhomboidaria

422

vernaria

383i vulgatlssimus 258,

410

rivulata

405

vetulata

406 GONE PTERYX

Roboraiia

403

vi retata

371 { Rhamni 236,395,

429

roseidaria

406

viridaria

404GONOPLAX

rotundaria

383

virgulata

423| bispinosa

87

nibiadata

42'2

vital bata

3S4GONYPES

rubiginata 404,

434

VoUuaria

424 tipr.loides 295,

428

rufata

384

vulgata

405 Guose-egg Moth 254,

385,

rufifasciata

363,

Geophilida? (Fam.) 110

435

luptala

406

GEOPHILUS

IGORTYNA, Och.

252

rusticata

406

acuminatus

116, 358GORYTES

Salicaria

3831

carpophagus

116, 428;

quinqneciuctus

276

472

INDEX.

Gothic Moth

, feathered

, bordered

401
420

421)

GRAPHIPHORA, Hiib.

251
Grass wave, m. larger 406

, lesser 404

Grayling, b, 417

Grease from insects,

method of rtmov-

ing 320

Green, black -sprigged 435,

441

, bordered 407

, brindled 370, 445

jjrosled 251, 370,

401

, marbled 251, 401

, Pea 425

, scaly 435

> , tri- coloured 441

407
436
441
334
370
456
382
"^36
408

347

251

143

GYRINUS

villosus 159, S'JS

Gyrodroma, Klvg 284
Habitats of Insects
HADENA, Sch ank
H.T,M ATOP IN US

Snis
H.'EMATOPOTA

pluvialis 293, 414, 428
Hair for the microscope

533
Hair-streak, i/QcA:24l,417

, /. 417

, brown 24 1 , 433

Green-shaded
Grey, blotch-back :d

, bordered

, brindUd

, early
———, mottled 363

, poplar

, sfiort-barred

, smoky

, yeilow-sl'gmaed

Gryilids (Fam.) 218

Gryllides, Latr. 217

GRYLLOTALPA

vulgaris 217,369

Giyiiiis campestris 218

flavipes 5

Gryllotalpa 217

rufus 219

subulatus 2lt

viridissimns 218

GRYPHUS, Germ. 20^

Gula, the Throat 3i

GYMNOSOMA

rotundata 301, 4SP
Gyrinidae (Fare.) 15'.

GYRINUS

36:

37::

ib

ib

159

aeneus
elongatus
marinus
minutns
•Moderii

Natator 49, 159, 361

-, green
I.

-, purple
I.

396
241, 381

417
241,417

396

HALIPLUS

assimilis

elevatus

fcrnigineus

flavicoUis

impressus

lineatocollis

obliqiuis

ruficollis
Hallomenu-s micans
Halteres, Poisers 3
HALTiCA

aeneo-fusca

asrata

afRnis

atricilla

a 11 rata

Brassicae

CenfaureaB

concinna

cyanea

Erucas

exoleta

femoralis

flexuosa

fuscipcs

Helxines

Hyoscyami

IVlercurialis

Modeeri

nemorum

nigricollis

iiigro-£enea

nitidula

nodicornis

157,373
157, 365

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

195

349

379

ib.

ib.

ib

ib.

ib.
S7S
379

ib.
392
379

ib

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
592
379

ib

ib.

ib,

ib.

ib.

HALTICA

och^ol^uca 379
oleracea 212,378

orbiculata ib.

piciiia 579

Pseudacori ib.

4-pustiilata ib.

ruficoniis ib.

rufipes ib.

semisenea ib.

striata ib.

suturalis ib.

tabida ib.
testacca 212, 379

transversa 379

Verbasci ib.

HARCIUM

Inquisitor 210,392

HARPALUS

apricarius 361

aulicus 387

azureus 2*^5

bicolor ib.

bizonatus ib.

erythropus ib.

ferrngineus ib.

Germanus 387

obscurus 561

♦prasinus 151

ruficornis 149, 565

tibialis 387

Hamnli 349

Haustelluni 29, 549

Hawk-moth, convnlvulus

244, 438

, dealKs head 244,

442

, I. 433

, elephant 64, 243,

39d

, I. 430

, scarce E. 397

, small E. 243,381

, sputtid E. 2U,

397
— > — — , scarce-spotted
E. 244

,Yellow-spoited

E. 430

, eyed 243, 381

, Z. 430

— , Humming-bird,

244,370, 5';7

INDEX.

473

Haivk-moth, humming-
bird, I. 363

, ime 243,381

, I. 431)

, p. 5^9

, pine 244, 3*57

, poplar 243, 3i*6,

430

, I. 438

, privet 244, 397

, l. 431

, sharp-u'i'iged ■iSO

, sUver-iine 243, 396

U izel-molh, scolloped 37 1 ,
404
Hazel Torlrix 423

Head of Insects 21,342
Heart and Club m. 402

, brindled ib

, brown 251, 402

Heart and Dart m. 402
Heart-moth 38

Heath B, large 4 1

, /. 396

, scarce ib

— — , small 240, 396. 430,
438

, I. 38)

Heath-mcih, black 406

common 405

latticed 384, 423

2i^/(« 406

7ietted 38o

yellow 406

Heaths, best time for

collecting insects

oa 313

near London il>.

Hebrew character m. 370
setaceous 402

Hedges, insects how

collected from 312
HEDYCHRUM

auratum 272, 412

regiam 412

Hclliis sespunctatus 274
Heliucentis, Iltib. 252

Heiiophila, Hiib. 251

Heliophila, King 287

HELIOTHIS, Och. 252
Helobinm, Leach 152

HELODES

Phellandrii 213,379
violacea 379

HELOPHILUS !

pendulus 415

tenax 297, 387

Helophoridrc (Fam.) 185

HELOPHORUS

Fennicui
griseiis
nubilus
stagnalis
HELOPS
lanipes
violaceus

362
ib.

186, 362
186, 360

194,390
362

Hemeiobiada (Fam.) 260
Henierobini, Latr. 260
Hemerobius, Linn. 06
HEMEROBIUS

afRnis

Beckwithii

decussatus

irroratus

lutescens
nemoralis
nervosus
obscurus
*Perla
Pini

pimctatiis
vaiiegaius

410

ib.

ib.

ib,

ib.

ib,

ib,

ib.

260

410

ib

260, 410

ElERMINIA

acliatalis

4(H>

alblstrigalis

424

angnstaiis

ib.

baibalis

385,

424

T3ombycalis

425

colonalis

407

crassalis

406

derivialis

407

dimidiatus

435

flamealis

406

nemoralis

407

obscuralis

ib.

piiiguinalis

424

proboscidalis

253,

406.
435

rostralis

406

Salicalis

407

socia

ib.

laisicrinalis

ib.

vittalis

385

406

HESPERI.A.

Comma

242

430

Linea

242

,417

Malvse

242

381

Paniscus

243

381

Heniipiera, Z,in7je 61,217,
219

, characters of

the order 1 39

, classification

of the 220

, method of ar-
ranging: 322

,method of pre-
serving and set-

ting

319

Henoj)s, Illig.

206

Hepa, Geof.

225

HEPIALUS

Angulnm

397

fuscus

381

Hectus

245

397

Hnsn'iili

i

X ib.

liipulinus

431

Mappa

245

397

nebulosus

SSI

obliquiis

ib.

Herald-moth

371

433

HERIADES

campanularum

428

truncorum

2^:4

Sylvanus242, 381, 417

Tages 242, 38 1

Hesperidx (Fam.) 242

Hesjjerides, Latr, ib.

HETEROCERUS

maiginatus 185, 367
Heteromera (Sect. ) 192
Hetoropoda, Latr. 127
Highfiyer M. July 424

, May 405

, y (How- striped 423

HIPPARCHIA

yEgeria 241, 369, 396,
430

, /. 353,381, 396

blandina 240, 396

Davus 396

Galathea 240, 417
Hj'peranthus 240, 396
Janira ib. ib.

Megtera 240, 417, 430

, /. 331,4:;0

Paniphiliis 2i0, 596,
433

, /. 381,430

Pilosella 240, 396, 417
Polvdama 393

Seniele 241,417

474

HIPPARCHIA

Typhon 39C'

HIPPARCllUS I

pupilio'iaiius 233^

ptunatus i!-*.

HIPPOBOSCA 1

*avicularia 303

equina 72. 31)2, 4 If)

*Hirundiuis 30 J

*ovina ib.

*vespertilionis 304

Hppoboscidse (Fam.) 302

HIPPOLYTE vaiians 97

Hispa mutica 53, 193

HISI'ER

aerjeus

2-maciilatus
*bipustulatus
cadaverinus
carbonririus
depressus
12-striatus
*flav)Cornis

Hornet Sphinx, I.

, bee

— — , lunar 417, 442

mr7i:t Wasp 69, 280

Howard's observations
j on the pollen of
I plants 335

'Huber's experiments

on tbeantennseof
I queen bees 23

Hummi7ig-Lird H. M. 244,
397,431, 43S

— , I. 397

HYAS araneus S9

• 389

ib.

184

375

367

18.1

375

184

367

184, 389

184, 367

184

ib.

184, 367

184

367

n^'glectus
nitidulns
parvus
*picipes
*punctatus
purpurascens
*4-maci\laius

4-notatus

*semipunctatus 49, 184

sinuatus 184, 367

speculifer 375

stercorariiis 36'

unicolor l84, 37:

virescens

Histeridae (Fam.)

HMy Tortrix, large

Holman Tortrix

Honey-v/iuth

Hnney-comb Moth

Honk, silver 151, 403

Hooktip M. beautiful 435

, bordered 385

, oak 425

, pebble 254, 407

, scolloped 254, 385,

441
H'wk- tipped, great
HOPIJA

pulvcrulenta 191,
Iloplitus, Clair.
Unmet Sphrix

HYDATICU.S

Hybneri 159, 388

stagnalis 388

transversalis 365

Hvdracbna, Fabr. 157
HYDRACHNA

geographica 133, 364
rivdrachnadBS (Fa:n.) 133
HYDRjENA

Kugcllani
HYDRO BIUS

atricapilliis

bipustolattis

calconotus

fill V us

fuicipes

griseus

marginelhis

melanocepbalus

183

436

ib

ib

ib

381|HYDROPHILUS
245 *longipalpu3

*nitidus

*piceiis

*oordi(! us

*stagualis

HYDROPORUS

confluens l58,

depressus

dorsal is

12-pustulatus 158,

flavipes

flexuosus

fluviatilis

granularis

luimeralis

linnellus

lituratus

melanocepbalus

planus
i trifidus
I unistriatns

Jhydrous

"^1 piceus lS7j

iHygrobia, Lifr.
'.^^jHYL.^US
''•' annulatus
dilatatus
(lorisoninus
quadri-cinctus
signatus
HYLESINUS

186,

ib.
ib.

187, 3C7

368

ib.

186
187

58
186

ib.

361
ib.
388
361
388
373
365
361
365
361
365
388
365
361
365

359
157

427
ib.

284
282
427

187,

368

368

ib.

ib

ib.

407

■P,?.9

24 1

375
186
375
367

225

minutus

orbicularis

seminulus

torquatus
HYDROCHUS

brevis

cicindeloides

crenatus

elongatus
Hydrocorisiae, Latr
Hydrometida; (Fam.) 224
HYDROMKTRA
*paludum 224

*rivulorum ib

stagnornm 224, 38o!
flydropbilida-CFam.) 186
HYDROPHILUS

caraboides 58,187,360

'cicindeloides

'impressus

crenatus

*Sc(ilytus
varius

HYLOTOMA

Angelicse

Berbcridis

cjerulea

cairulescens

enodis

femoralis

furcata

KUigii

pagana

pilicornis

Rosae

spgmentaria

Stephensii

uslulala

violacea

iShHYLURGUS

ib.l ater

206,

264,

264,

391
206
378

411
411

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.
264
411
411
411
411

ib.

ib.

ib.

ib.

391

IXDEX.

475

HYLURGUS

niger 391

obscurus il).

Piniperda 205, 391

Hynieuoptera, L-nne 66

Hyinenopteia, Rossi 288

, character of

theOrch-r 193

, classification

of the 2t>2
, method of ar-
ranging- 322

, method of pre

servini;
HYPERA," Gemar 205
HYPHYDRUS

ovatus 157,

Hypogymna, Huh.
JiERA

albifrons 110

JANIRA

maculosa ib.

Jansen, the first in-
venter of the mi-
croscope 323
January, Calandarfor 358
-, employment for 3 14

Incomplete moth 444

[nflata, Lair. 296

[nflating- caterpillars,

mt-thod uf 318

Ingraiied molh, la'ge 563

, small 424

I NO

Statices <2^i5, 397

Itisecta Ametabclia 1

IPS

4-piistulatus 170, 43B

*3i.'olytns

* I'ypographe

* Pypographus
Irm, clouded
ISSUS

coicoptratns
Julida; (Fam.)

l40'JULUS

105

38(

231, 38(;

380

Japan mollis 249

Jaspidia, Hub. 250

J ASS A

pulchella
lASSUS
interruptus
Laiiio
viridis
ICHNEUMON, Linnc 61,
271
*Jaculator 268

Manifestator 68

Ichneumon manifes-
tator, Mr. Mar-
sham's observa-
tions on 25
Ichneumonida3(Fam.)268
Ichneumonides, Latr. 268
IDOTEA
*aqnatica
**hectica
peiagica
Idoteadae (Fam.)
INACHUS
Dorsettensis
*Maja
*Scorpio

InsectaMctabolia 138,142

Insects, the most ex-
tensive of the ani-
mal kingdom 17

— — , instructed by na-
ture in disposing
their eggs 38

, economy of ib.

, mould on, how
removed 31 1

•, method of col-
lecting 312
■, how found in
moss 314
■, method of pre-
serving 3 1 8
•, method of relax-
ing 321
■, exotic speci-
mens, why reject

206

205

ib.

425

230, 380
114

115
35s
ib.
113
; 114

358
ib.
ib.
114, 358
358
July, Calendar for 4l5

, employment for315

IXODES

Kicinus 132, 372

Ixodiadtv (Fam.) 1:^2

Kenlsk Glory, m. 247,370

, ' /. 39S

Kidney molh, double 251,

370

, I. 402

*complanatns

Londinensis

nigcr
*.>Misc()ides
*polydesmoide:

pulchelJDS

punctatus

pusillus

sabulosus

terrestris

ed 322|Kirby's remarks on the

-, method of arrang- antenna^ of the

ing in a Cabinet ib. long-horned bees

-, nature's favour- | observations on

ite productions 329
for the micro-
scope ib
, Kirby, observa-
tions on the beau-
ty of ib.

, Swammerdam's

method of dissect-
ing 331

, parts of for the

microscope 532

Journal, use of a 32l"

llO.Ips, Oliv. 20S

107, IPS

106| *cellaris 16S^

ferruginea 374

*humeralis 16'-'

*oblongus 20t

*Piiiiperda 20:

4-maculatus 374

ib.l

forming a System 45

observations on
the beauty of in-
sects 329
Kitten n oik 248, 418

I.

Knol-grais molh

, common

, hcht

, scarce

Knot- h .rn, dotted

,dohble-stripedredi21

, mealy

LAI lA

439
383
250
400
ib.
407

mmor
LAB I DURA

giganiea
Labrnni
LACCOPHILUS

hyalinus 15^,

410
216, 379
217,393

361

476

LACCOPHILUS

minutus 158, 361

Lackey, barred tree 43 1
— ., /. 3?8

— — , ground 43 1

Lady Bird or 52, '213
Lady Cuw 2)5

LAGREA

hirta 196, 373

LAMIA

aedilis 209, 391

hispida 392

ininuta 369

rebulosa 209, 392

nubila 592

oculata 209, 392

pilosa 392

populnea 592

praeusta ili.

scalar is ih

Sutor 41 6

Textor 209, 392

Lamp for microscope,

the best 32G

LAMPRIAS

chlorocepbala 155,373
cyanocepbala 155, 5S7

LAMPYRIS

noctiluca, 56, 163, 388
*pusilla 163

splenciidula 56

Lanes, insects liow col-
lected in 312
Laothoe, Fair. 243
LAPHRIA 294
Lappet moth 247,418

, I. 382

, Pine 418

LARIA

fascelina 247,418

, /. 382

pndibunda 247, 598
LARRA

icbneumoniforniis 277,
413
Larradse, (Fam.) 276
LarratiE, Latr. 276

LARUND.A, Ceti 106

Larva, or Caterpillar 40,
349
LASIOCAMPA

castrensa 43 1

Cratacgi /. 382, 4381

INDIX.

LASIOCAMPA

neustria 398,431

Quercus 247, 41 !^

, /. 59^

Riibi 59^

T.ifolii 247,381

Lasis ])ilipes 28'"(

Lasius, FaLr. '11'.

Latreille's opinion on

the use of the an-

tennai 2d

LATRIDIUS

impres-us 569, 429
*miniitns 20

nigricollis 429

porcatus 207, 362

rulicollis 369, 429

rugicollis 369

transversus 369, 429
JLATHROEIUM

dentatum 36(

elongatum 172, 366
quadratum 366

Leach's Genera found-
ed on a considera-
tion of every cha-
racter

Lead Tortrix, clouded 360

LF.BIA

*atricapilla 156

Crux-minor 155, 387

429

*4-macn]ata 155

Lechean Torlrix 407

LEDUA

aurata 23 1 , 394

Leuwenhoek's obser-
▼ations on the
eyes of the Libel-
lula 21

Legs, Pedes 33

r^ehmann's experi-
ments on the an-
tenna; of insects 23
LF.IOIDES

bumeralis 389

picea 194, 389

polita 389

ruficollis 39(1

LEISTUS

briinneus 364

ca-ruleus 147, 573, 438
Raulinsii 373, 438

rufescens 364

Lema merdigera 211

Lemur, Hiib. 251

Leopaid moth, wo^d 246,
418
Lepidoptera, Linn. 64
Lepidoptera, charac-
ter of the order 139

, classification

of the order 234

, method of

m(^thing for 315
, nieiliod of pre-
serving and set-
ting 319
, method of ar-
ranging 522
LEPISMA
*po!ypoda 140
saccharina 140, 364
Lepismadae, (Fam.) 140
Leptis, Fabr. 293
Leptocerids, (Fam.) 256

LEPTOCERUS

interruptus 256, 386
Leptogaster, Meig. 295
Leptosoma, Leach 202

LEPTURA

affinis 392

apicalis 416

attenuata 392

aurulenta ib.

collaris ib.
elongata 210, 392

femorata 392

* Inquisitor, Lvin. 211

* , Latr. 210

Ixvis 392

livida ib.

melanura ib.

meridiaiia ib.

*micans 211

nigra 392

Nymphseae 55

quadrifasciata 55, 210,

411

revestita 392

rufiventris ib,

sanguinolenta ib.

sexguttata ib.

6-maculata ib.

♦simplex 211

Lepturadae, (Fam.j 210

LEPYRUS, Germ. 204

INDEX.

477

259, 43"

41('

367
361

175
432
372
251
91

2j7, 38

102

25 f
3S6
410
t
42

LESTES
autuninalls

spon=i
LESTIVA

caraboides

obscura

punctulata
Letter 1 molh
Letter, red
LEUCANIA, Ock.
Leucosiadae, (Fam.)
LEUCOTHOE

arliculosa
LlBELLULA

*Boltonii

conspiircata

cancellata

depressa

Donovani

*forcipata
*grandis

4-maculata

scotica

vuigata
*vulffalissima
Libellula, number of

eyes in the 21

Libellulidsc, (Fam.) 257
Libelliilina;, Lai'-. il).

Light fur the micro-
scope 32. ■
LIGIA

oceanica HI

•Scopiilorum ib.

I.igiadaj, (Fain.) ib.

Ligtila 28

LIMENITIS

Camilla 240, 596,417
LIMNEBIUS

mollis 368

nigrinus ib

nitidus 187,368

LIMNEPHILUS

echinatus

ib.

65, 336

410

ib

25 e

griseus

iiervosus

radiatus

rhombicus

Striola

LIMNIUS
Volkmari

336
ib
ib.
ib.

257, 386

336

185, 375

LIMNOCHARES
-holosericea 133,327

LIMNORIA

terebrans 109

VJmn.nn, Aleis:. 29 1

Line moth, Ho Me 251
[,ingiia, the Tongue 29,319
Linriean System of

animals 2'.
System of Ento-
mology not origi-
nal a
System, observa-
tions on the ib
Linne's Order of In-
sects 44
LinneanGenera,synop .

tical view of the
Lip, upper 28

LIPAKIS

dispar 240, 431

Monacha240, 597, 431

, I. S97

LIPARUS

iEcidii 391

Anglicanus 3"7

asper 369

Coryli 377

elevatiTS ib

•jermanns 203,391

Ligustici 377

maritimus

maurus

niger

obesus

o vat us

piceus

pilosulus

punctatns

raucus

scabriculus

scabrosus

setosus

sexstriatns

squamiger

subglobosus

subrotundus

sulcatus

Vastator

Van
Liiis, Fabr.
LITHOBIUS

forficatiis

variegatus

vidgaris
Lithodiadte, (Fam.) 9V

LITHODES

*arctica
Maja
LITHOSIA
aurantia
complana
eborina
flava

grammicus
eriseola

90
90

399
249, 431
413
431
442
431
418
431
439
249, 399
418

irrorea

liitereila

pulcliella

quadra

rubricollis
LIVIA

Jiincoruni 232, 394
LIXUS

paraplecticus 202, 4] 6

p'oductus 429

Lizards, scales of, for

the microscope 333
Lobster, common 95

Lobster moth 247, 398

L

431

391

tb
377

ib.

ib.
391

ib.
377

ib.
391

377

391
377
369
377
276

115, 358

358
ib

LOCUST A

flavipes

migratoria
*viridissima
Lociisteriae, Lair.
Locustidae, (Fam.)
Lnejim^ifin Tortrix
Log an Tortrix
LO.VIECHUSA

dentata 177, 375

emarsinata ib, ib.
Long- Cloak Tortrix,

-, birch.

, common

— — , lesser

39 Ij , marbled

369 Long- horned

ib. Lnoper, drab

LOPHYRUS

Pini

rufus
LORICERA

aenea
Louse, b:idy

, crab

, head

, V'S^

, wjod

Lover's Knot

429
21S
ib.
218
218
374
407

436
408
407

385

43r.

385

267, 412
41 '2

150, 365
US
ib.

14 '5

Hi
ib.

42 i

478

INDEX.

LOXOCERA

Ichneumoniii '299, 41 j
Lucanidse (Fam ) 192
I.ncanides, Lair. ib.

LUCANLS

Cervus ,19
*oyliniliiciis

paralleli|ii|)P(!ns
Lundian Turtrix
LUPERUS
*cisteloi(les

flavipes 212, 378

riifij)es 378

Lutestmig riioth, /fis«;r40'2

, Poplar ib,

LYCiENA

Adonis '241,581,430
Alsus 242,381,417

Ar^iolus 242, 381, 43(,

38^
191

4s
407

16

MALTHINUS
39i' humeralis 374

ib. immunis 374

ib. MAMESTRIA, OfA. 251

JMandibulfp, Manrfii'/es 23
277, 4l3,Maniola, Sairank 240
]9t Mantle muth, royal 422
59, \98\Mopl'' Tortr\x 407

Macliilis polypoda \\Q\MarhleTt>rlrix,barred^'l5

Macrocephalus laiiios- , hocked 4(>7

tris 199| ,reluse 425

^cabrosus 2()(),A/a<'i/erf B. 240

Macrochira, Meig. 3i)0 Mar I- led Torlrix, large 425

acrnglnssa, Orh. 244 Marc/i vwili 363

ACROGLOSSUM March, Calandar for 360

Stellatarum 244, 370, , employment for 31 4

438 Marsbam's observa-

lyg;eus

Hyoscyami

microptcrus

niigax
LYROPS

tricolor
Lytta fuse a

vesicatoia

Arsus

I.

Arion

Artaxerxes

Chryseis

Corydoii

Cymon

dispar

417

370
417
242, 417
24 1 , 430
241,417
242, 381,417
241,417

Dorylus 242,381, 41

430

, 7. 370

Idas 242,381,417

, /. 370, 396

Phiaeas 241, 370, 396,
430

Virgaurefe 241, 430
Lychnis moth 401

LYCOPERDINA

Bovistse 210,369

*immaculata 216

LYCOSA

saccata 129, 415

LYCTUS

•canaliculatus

*histeroides

*Juglandis

I 363, 397, 431

M ACKOPI.EA, Hq^-. 211
MACROPODIA

Phalangium 91

*longirostris
Macropodiada;,(Fan:
Macropus

longirostris

Scorpie
Macroura, (Order)
MIERX

tions on the Ich-
neumon Manift-s-
tator 25

Marshes near London 315

Matvel du Jour m.

370,
442

, scarce 383

Mateiiais of insects,

an object of traffic 1 9
Maxillaj 28, 350

JMay, Calendar for 572

1 03: , employment for 3 1 5

204|Meado\vs. insects found

313

grossimana
MAGDALIS, Germ
Magpie m(ith,commcn253,\ in

42i Meal moth

, scarce 253, 404LvieaI norms

, small 426'Mcgachile, Latr

Mahogany, the 251, 570 MEGACHILE

427
59

284

oblongus

Lycus

minutus
LYDA
Betulse

208

206
2C7
208,369

163,388
267, 412

erythrocephala 267,412
nemorum 412

LYG.^US

apterus 222, 4161 flavus

Maiden'sBlush 7n.383,435

MAJA

*Scorpio 90

Squinado 89

*letiaodon' 88

*vulgaris 90

Maiacls, (Fam.) 88

MALACHIUS

seneus 165, 374

biguttatus 374

fasciatus 388

ruficollis ih.

sanguinolcntns ib.

Malacostraca, charac-
ter of the 78, 82
Mallow-moth 442

, small 404, 435

MALTHINUS

164, 374

centuncularis 285, 437

circumcincta 386

ligniseca 442

maritima 428

Wiliughbiella 423

MEGALOPA 100

Mega loptera, Latr. 26 1

MEGATOMA

* nigra

*picea

*undu!ata

undatam

Megilia, Fabr.

pilipes

rolundata

Melalopha, Hiib.

MELANDRYA

caraboides 1 95,362,375
♦serrata 195

182
195
182
182, 362
283
287
ib.
247

INDEX.

MELASI3

flabellicornis
M ELECTA

punctata
MELITA

palmata
MELIT.F.A

Artemis

Cinxia

Dictynna

Euphrosyne
Luciaa
Silene
Melitta * a. Kirly
** a. Kir by
** b. Kir by
** C. Kir by
JMelitta nigro aenea
tricincta
succiiicta
Swammenlaaiella
Mellinus, Fabr.
MELLINUS
mystaceus
MELOE
autumnalis
brevicollis
cicatrosus
glabratus
*inonoccros

proscarabaeus

tt-ctus

variegatus
*vesicatoriiis

violaceus
MELOLONTHA

brunneus
*Fri?icliii

Fullo

solstitialis

vulgaris

MEMBRACIS

160,415 Genistse

MESS A
2S6, 3()4 hortulana 264,411
Metamorphosis of In-
103 sects 350

Method of collecting
237,330 Insects 312

369iMetopius, Pan::,. 269

237, 396!mEZIUM, Lea h ISO

369|\]icrodon, Mfi^:. 297

<;; '':^q"micropeplus

porcatus 111, j .'4

staphylinoides 374

Microsope, aquatic
Insects for the,
how obtained 313
—, history of the 323
— , directions for
the ib.

— , method of
using 326

— s, Swammer-
dam's 331

, parts of Insects

479

IMitte de la gule 133

438 vegetative ib.

i.Milie' bachw.n Tortrix 40'

237, 396

237,380

237, 416

280

282

ib.

281

ib

282

280

281

276

278,413

438
369
376
438
196
60, 369
590
376
l£
369

for the
MILESIA
annulata

Conopsea

pipiens
Millipede

Miller moth 383,439
?vlinera1s defined 20

■ for the micro-

Mot /iff molh
, birch

, dmgy

— — , false
MOCILLUS

cellarius
MOLORCHUS
dimidiatus
major
*Ui!ibellatarum 2H)
MoUusca, anatomical

character of the
Monoculus
conchaceus
Pulex

quadriconiis
rostratus
MONOTOMA

Jnglandis
MOriDELLA
abdominalis
aculeata
bicolor
*Buleti

298,415
29

387

383, 435

383,435

404

383, 433

299, 387

392
210, 392

80
ib.

it).
81

J 00

207, 359

376

197, 376

376

195

fasciata GO, 197,390
ferruginea
'frontalis
*paradoxa
*picea
Mordelladje, (Fam.)
Moidellanae, Latr,
MORMO, OcJu

375

191

3?9

ib.

191,375

Melolonthid;e,(Fam.) 189

MELOPHAGUS

ovinus 303, 38

Melophila, Nilz. 303

Melyandryadcc, (Fam.)

195
Melyridae, (Fam.) 164
Melyris ater 164

MEMP.RACIS

carnutiis 23', 394

, :;*:^i|Morpion, G'-off.
Minor, moth cloaked *20jiv|ass^ Insects how

. found in

^■33

, flounced

— — , leaU

, mcihied

, mid(lle-b2rrcd

, ptatn red

, rcsy

, lawny -may hi eri

Minute Insects, hov/

secured
MIRIS

vagans 222, 394

MISELIA, f/wi-. 251

Miscus, J .rine 275

Mifumena, L-J^r. 127

Mitte, aquatiqne, s:i.

tinee 133

a reboid 1.32

376
197

ib.
168
197

ib.
251
142

314

42(>i

ib.

439

420

ib.

309

Mothing, method of 315
Mother-of-pearl 426

Mould on Insects, how

removed 3 1 1

Mountain mo Ih, black 404
Mourner, rustic 433

Movsemolh 251,439
Mouth of Insects 27

Mulio, Sckell. 299

Mtdleinmoth 382,419
MUSCA

arcuata 297

Cajsar 387

domestica 372

hemiptera ?0()

'itianis 71

4S0

INDEX.

MUSCA

Meridiana 3S7

vomitoria SOO, 372
Muscidae, (Fatn.) '299
Miiscides, Latr. ib,

, 1. Lair. 301

MusH'i m. 248, 3S2, 452

, hroivn 399

——, round-winged 418
Musquetoe 1 1

MUTILLA

Europa:a 70,273,412
Mutilladas 273

Mutillarise, Latr. '213
Mvcetophagidx, (Fam.)

207
MYCETOPHAGUS

atomarius 429

multipuncfatns 416

quadripustuiatus 207,
391

rufiis

Rimilis

undiitatus

varius
Mydasifls, (Fam.)
Mydasii, Lair.
Mylabris, Schceff.
', Geoff:

429

ib

442

362

294

ib.

198

200

WYODOCHA

tipuloides 223,394,438
MYOPA

dorsalis 298, 38

picta 415

Myriapoda, (Class) 112
• ■ , method uf

preserving 317

MYRMOSA

melanocephala 273,4 12
WYCTERUS

curculionides 199, 390
*e;riseus 199

MYL/ECHUS

brunneus lC9, 366

MYTHIMNA, Och. 251

MYSIS

•hipes 100

inlegra ib.

fspimilosa 9S

N^S.V

bideiitata 108

NAUCORIS

ciinicnich^^' 225, 362
NKBALIA, Herb&tii lOU

iNebnliadx, (Fam.) 100
NEBRIA

brevicollis 147,361
complanata 146, 373
Gyllenbali 147, 364
livida 147

NECROBIA

ruficollis l66, 374

rufipes 443

violacea 374

NECRODES

littoralis 166,374

NECROPHAGUS

Aiiglicanus 374

Germanicus ib.

hiiniator ib.

mortuorum 56 1

spinipes 166, 374

Vespiilo ib. ib.

vestigator 365

Xecydaliscocrulea 55, 198

major 2l0

NTeides tipularius 222

Nemophora, Hoff. 249

Nemapoeon, Scliran. ib.

NEMATUS

lucidiis 266,412

luteiis ib. ib.

niger ib. ib

*Septentrionalis 266

NKMOTELUS

iiliginosus 292, 357
NEPA

cinerea 61,225,359
*linearis 225

>:Jepada2, (Fam.) ib.

NEPHROPS

Norvcgicus 96

Net 307

Net, hoop 308

Nettletap Torlrix, Au-
tumn 44'^
•, early 364
, Millers 441
Nttlle Toririx, barred 385
Neuroptera, Lrnvi 65
— , character of
the Order 139
— , classification
of the 257
— , method of pre-
serving 321
— , method of ar-
ranging 322

Nirniids, (Fam.) l42

Nirmnmyia, Nu%. 302

NIRMUS

Corniois 143

NITIDULA

senea 374

bipiistnlata 170, 374

Boleti 389

10-guttata ib.

depressa ib.

discoidea 51, 170

ervthropa 374

fuiva 389

grisea 389, 443

marglnata 389

nigrina 374

obsciira 389

obsoleta ib.

rufipes 374

Urticae ib,

NOCTUA

Absinthii 252,419

Aceris 400

Achates ib.

Ad vena 400,419

a:nea 433

aethiops 401

affinis 252, 422

albilinea 403, 421

albirena 399

A!ni 400

angulago 421

angusta 570

approximans 441

Aprilina 370, 442

Arbuti 383

arcuosa 403

argentina 419

Artemisia; 252"

Arnndinis 25 1

Asclcpiades 252,422

Asteris 419

atomina 400, 419
Atripiicis 251,401,439

Augur 251, 421

aurago 433

auricoma 400

auricula 433

baja ib.

basilinoa 251,401
Batis 250,251,402,422

bilinea 402

biloba 420

bimaculata 376

481

NOCTUA

NOCTUA

[NOCTUA

bland a

420 Exelamationis 40

2; Ligustri

250. 400

hractea

403 cx(jleta252,3

82,419,44

2 lineola

440

Brassies 400,419,43

2 fasciiincuia

420 lineolata

421

brunnea

43

3j ferrea

440 literosa

420

C. nijjrum

40

2; feiriiginago

383 lithoxylea

419

camelina

25

) festiva

42

litura

440

capsincola

40

festucae 25C

, 422, 433| Lota

ib.

catiuiiata

40'

I fimbria 250

, 399, 4321 Lucifuffa

419

cataena

43'

'j fissina

37(

hicipara

401

centrag:o

40V

I flavago

252, 44(

luctuosa

403

Cerasi

37

flavicornis

4021 liiscens

433

chamomilliB

4ic

' flaviiinea

444

lunato-stiigata

432

ChenDpodii

251

,40

flavocincta

251, 439

lunina

420

Chi

251

,43'-

Huctnosa

402

liitiosa

440

chrysites

250, 4o:

Fiaxini

422

liisoria

433

circumflexa

40j

fulvago

440

Liiteago

252

citrago

453

fiiligiiiosa

419

macilenta

446

citrina

421

fiimosa

421

niargaritosa

439

clavirfera

402

fiirca

432

majuscula

440

combiista

599

fusca

420, 403

margaritaria

422

comma

25 [

, 399

fuscata

370

mnrginago

421

compta

251

400

Gamma

383

margiiiosa

420

conigera

421

gemiiiata

370

maura

251

,403

conjnga

422

geminipuiictata 439

ini^gacephala

382

connexa

402

gilvago

440

Menyaathidis

400

coiispicillaris

382

glauca

401

metioulosa

250,

383,

contigiia

401

giyphica

403

402

,440

coronula

40r

gothica

370

Mi

252

,403

crassa

433

gracilis

422

minima

433

crassicornis

399

graininis

421

miiiiosa

363

croceago25'2,

360,

370,

grandis

400

monilea

420

402

grisea

421

Morpheus

251

cubicularis

401

belvola

440

Myrtilli 252,

399

418

ciicubali

251

42(:

hepatica

252, 419

nana

371

cypriaca

4il

Inimeralis

420

nebulosa

370

cytherea

382,

432

I. niger

432

nervosa

432

Delphinii

402

422

janthia

250

nigra

401

Dens-canls

419

janthiiia

432

nigricans

421

deiiticulata

401

illustris

403

nigricornuta

402

dentina

lb.

infuscata

40t>

notha

252,

363

depasa

251,

433

interjecta

399

niipta

250, 433

(liffinis

252,

433

interrogationis

403

obeliscata

421

diluta

402

Iota

ib.

obsoletissima

420

dipsacea

252,

422

juncta

371

occulata

419

dives

400

LactiiCcB

419

ochracea

401

duplaris

403

Lambda

442

ochraceago

40 >

,440

duplex

400

latrimcuia

420

oculea

433

egens

420

lagvis

ib.

oleracea

383

epomidion

419

lenticornis

363

operosa

370

Ericas

421

leporina

335, 439

orbona

250,

432

erythroceplia

a

ib

leucostigma

401

orichalcea

403

erythrostigma

440

libatrix

371, 433

oxyacanlhx

401,

439

Euphorbia

400

lichenis

2h

251,401

pal lens

419

482

NOCTUA
pallida
palpina
Papilionaria
Parthenias
pectinata
perla

Persicariae
phaea
picea
Pinastri
Pisi 230,

pistacina

plebeia

plecta

polita

polyodon

popularis

pracox 251,

prsednnciila

jjromissa

pronuba

Psi

Pteridis

punctina

punicea

pupiliata

pusilla

putiis

pygmina

Pyralina

pyramidea

radia

Raniinculina

rava

rectilinea

redacta

renago

retusa 251,

rhomboidaria

ridens 251,

rufa

rufescens

rufimcula

Rumicis

runica

Ruris

Rutilago

bagittifera

satellitia

satura

Sc;olopacina

kcripta

311

250
422

252, 363
402

251,432
400
420
421

252, 399

251, 40!
383
440
401

402, 440

4 40

400

420

3S3, 432
420
422

250, 399

250, 400
251
4(9
421
ib
3G3

252, 399
432
433
432
433
419
432
400
420
383

402, 422
422

370, 401
363
419
439

250, 383
383

251,421
252
42

252, 440
40O
419
401

NOCTUA

scrophularia

252,370
399

secalina

401

Segetiim

251

seladonia

370,

442

semi-brunnea

419

semifuscaiis

441

Serena

400

Sepii

420

Sigma

433

similis

400

sordida

420,

421

spadicea

440

sparsa

370

sphffirulatina

440

spinifera

401

spinula

402

sponsa

250

422

straminea

422

strigiiis

420

subatrata

402

subfusca

ib.

subnigra

440

subplninbea

371

siibiufa

421

subsequa

432

subsetacea

370

Rubtusa

251

,422

suffusa

401

sulphurea

405

Tanaceti

250

,419

terminal is

42C

tetra 251, 370, 399
tetragona 432

Tragopogonus 251,43.';

trapetzina

tridens

trilinea

triplpcea

triqnetra

turca

Typhs

typica

Umbraticae

uinbrosa

unca

Upsilon

Vaccinii

valligera

43-

400
402,440
252, 422

252
25 1 , 422
251, 432

401
252,418

433
403, 432

420
252, 440

421

Verbasci 250,382, 419
venosa 402, 440

X notata 432

Xanthographa 420

Noctiiad.-B, (Fam.)
Noctuoelites, Lair.
Noctno-Bombycites,

LalT.
Nocturna, (Sect.)
NOl.A

palliolatis
NOMADA

alternala

Cap reap,

connexa

cornigera

Fabriciella

fprruginata

flava

flavo-gutla

(lavopicta

fJoodeniana

Hillana

Jacob^Ese

T.athburiana

leucophthalma

lineola

Marsliamel.'a

picfa

quadrinotata

ruHcornis 286,.

rufiventris

rufo-cincta

rufo-picta

Schsfferella

schrostoma

sex-cineta

Sheppardana

Sojidaginis

varia

Xanthosticta

VONAGRIA, Of*.

Nonpareil

N'OTASPIS

humeral is 132,
NotchwiigTortrix, che-
quered

— , common

— , iron

— , shallow
NOTERUS

Geerii

sparsus

NOTHIOPHILUS
aqnaticus 1.

biguttatiis

158,
153,

250
ib.

248
245

254

38fi

ib.
413

ib.

ib.

ib
428
413
442
38f>
428
437
4'28
386
437
386
442
428
428
428
413
428
413
428
413

ib.
442

ib.
428

251

422

364

435
jb.
if',
ib.

365
359

, 358
35 S

NOTODONTA

Camelina 382, 43]

I. SS2, 439

cucuUa 41 :

DromeJaria 24'

/. 439

dromedarulus 59

palpina 398, 439

I. 3 j'2, 4

perfusciis 398

trepida 247, 398, 431

I. 439

Tritopus 247, 418

I. 439

Ziczac 247, 3S2, 4 IS

/. 431

KOTONECTA

*cinerea 227

furcata 226, 339

glauca 227, 359

maculata 22o, 362

*minutissima 61, 227

♦striata 228

NotonectidcB, (Fam.) 226
NOTOXUS
*mollis 166

monoceros54, 196, 376
November, Calendar

fur 443

, emplo3'ment

for 3 1 6

^November moth 443

, bordered 434

Dagger 443

Niidaria, Haw.

fiisca

munda

rotunda
Nutmeg moth 251,

large
Nut-tree, curious ex-
periments on the
pollen of the
NYCPERIBfA

Hermann! 304,
Nycteribidae, ("Fam.)
Nymphala, Sihrank.
Nymphalis, Latr.
Nymphon, Fal'r.
Nymphonidee, (Fam.)

NYMPHUM

gracile
Oak math, scolkped

Object of comparative
anatomy 7'
of system ib

Objects for the micro-
scope

Acari 130,333

Animalcnla 534

Arachnoida 118. 333
Birds, featl)ers of 333
Blood

Bones calcined
Camphor, crystals

of
Corals

Crustacea 78, 333

Crystals, method of

337

334

obtainina:
Crystals
Eels in paste
Fish, scales of
Hair

337
ib.

354

333

ib.

Infusions of pepper 334

Insects 329

Living objects ib.

Lizards, scales of 333

Minerals 337

Moss 335

Opaque objects 328

Pollen of plants 335

Pores of the skin 333

Sand 337

Shells 333

Seeds of plant 335

Silver, crystals of 537

Snakes, scales of 33.3

ogg Transparent obiects 328

432 Vegetable infusions 334

/|^ Zoophytes ib.

4QI|OBlSIUM

maritimum 358

Muscorum ib.

orthodactylum ili.

trombidioides 119

Oblique Bar, common 4()7

30- , dark 425

^;,„ Oblufbe striped 405

„. [Observations on the
^;,q| Linnean System 43

on the Sv>tenis

483

OCHTHF.BIUS

riparins 186,375

OCHTHKRA

Mantis 300, 4l5

October, employment

for 3 1 6

— , calendar for 442
Oculi 350

Ocydromus l4S

4011

„ I of Entomology ib.

•^ I Ocelli 350

|OCHTHEBIUS

3061 marinus 375

434 pvgmapus ib.
2 11 2

OCYPETE

ubra i5l, 42.S

f^cypoda angulata 87

Ocypodaidte, (Fam.) 86

Ocvptera, Lnf. 30 1

OCYPTEP.YX

Brass'<;aria 415

larvarum ib,

lateralis 301

Mortuorum 428

puparum 415

ODACANTHA

mclanura 156, 387

ODFNESiS

potatoria 247, 41 S
/. 398

Odonata, Fabr. 257

ODONTEUS

niobilicornis 189, 389
ODONTOCERUS

griseas 257, 386

ODONTOMYIA

furcata 292,414

hydro! eon 414

microleon 587

tigrina jb.

vulpina 4l4

ODYNERUS

parietinus 279, 413

CEDEMERA

cferulea 198, 390

lurida 390

nigripes ib.

Podagrarijc il).

ruficollis ib.

viridissima ib.

T^demiradiC, (Fam.) 19S

rEdeintrites, Latr. ib.

(Economy of insects 38

■'Estridae, (Fam ) 301

CESTRUS

Povis 302, 4o7

*F-(iui 302

Ovij VO, 301,41^

484

INDEX.

ONTHOPHILUS

striatus 184,367, 389
sulratus
CODES
helopoides

OPATRUM

*a2aricola

8S
150,36.')
194

OGCODES

gibbosus 296, 414

OICEOPrOMA

sinuata 167, 374

thoracica ib. ib.

riigosa 374

Oleteie difforme 1'2'2

Oligolrophiis, Lair. '291
Olive moth '25 1 , 422

OMALIUM

dt'pressuni 17o, 567iOPlLlO

grossum 375 Histiix

inelanocephaluni 175, OPILUS

375 mollis 166,365,388,443

platmm 360 Orarigemuth 40'

riviilare in\, 36\ O'ange-spot, double 408

of preserving and
setting 319

Orthoptera, method of

sabiilosum 51, 193,375
tibiale 36

Ophion, Fair. 269

120

arrangmg

ORYSSUS^
coronatus
Vespertilio

Os, llie mouth

OSMIA
bicolor
ca:ridescens
cornuta
Leal ana
Icucomelana
spiniilosa
'I'linensis

322

263, 427

268

27, 350

428

ib.

285, 364

437

428
437
428

striatum Xlb.-Jlb.Orange-tip B. 236, 3801OSMYLUS

Omaloptcra, cliarac- \Orange Underwingm, 259
tersof the order 1391 363

, classification j , I'ghl ib. ib

of the order S')2 Orange Upperiv'>?ig 252,

Omoptera, characters | 360, 370, 40'J

of the order 139 0RCHESIA

, classification [ micans

of the order
Oniscida-, (Fam)
ONISCUS

*albifrons

*aquaticus

♦Armadillo

229:ORCHESTES
111

110
ib.
112

asellus 111,112,358

*bidentatus
*ceti

*GIobator
♦gracilis
*hirsutus
♦linearis
*Locusta
♦maculosus
*marginatus
♦murarius
•muscorum
* ocean us
*sylvestris
*truncatus
ONTHOPHAGUS

Coenobita

Dillwynii

nuchicornis

nutans

ovatus

Vacca

verticoin

Xiphias

IDS
106
108
107
ib
ib.

Alni

atricapillus
Aveiianae
depressus
ferruginens
nigricollis
pilosus

rhododactylus
rufus
salicis
ORCHESTIA
littoiea
]02Or!:ya, Och.
llOpRlClTA
113 geniculata
111 *humeralis
ib. Orneodes, Lair.

ib.
ib.

108

195, 390

203, 378
37S

ib.

ib

ib.

ib.
ib.

ib.
ib
ib.

102
246

131, 364
132
256

ORNITHOMYIA

avicularia 503, 457

viridis 428

Orthocerus birticornisl93

75 muticus 53

36S Orthoptera, Lamarck,216

ib. , Latr. 216,219

ib. , characters of

ib. the order 139

188, 363 , classification

368 of the order 21

ib.lOrthoplera, method

maculatus 260, 410
Optoma, Laif/i. 169

OURAPTERYX

Sambucaria 253

Oxybelns, Fa/r. 276

OXYBRLUS

nniukimis 277, 413
OXYCERA

Hydroleon 292, 387

trilineata 387

OXYPORUS

*chrysomermus 176

*rufipes ib.

rufus 174, 375

OXYPTERUM

Kirbyanum 803

OXYTELUS

angustatus 667

armatus 174, 367

carinatus 174, 361

opacus 367

rugosus 174

scaber ib.

PjEcilia, Schrank 250

P.^DERUS

angustatus 367

*elongatus 172

immtmis 366

melanocephaUis ib.
orbiculatus 173, 366
riparius ib. ib.

PjELOBIUS

Hermanni 157.438

PACHYG ASTER, Germ.

204

Pachygaster, Meig. 292

Paguridse, (Fam.) 91

485

PAGURUS I

•araneiformis 92

streblonyx ib.

Painted lady B. 238, 411)

I. ib.

PAL.€MON

serratns 98, 99

*jquilla
Palajiiionifia:, (Fam.)
Paliiiuriclae, (Faui.)
PALlNURUJi

vulgaris
Palpatores, Lair.
Palpi '29

Paaiphiliis, Latr.
PANAG.'EUS

Crux-major

98'

■261

147. 3!il,
373,413

Peacock, sharp-angled 334iPbal3eiia, Geoff. 233

Peal-hordereJ. 426|PHAL^NA

, cinereous 4()8 *Cossus, Linne 24G

, dingy 4'26 margaritaria 252

, leaer ib. *Qiieicus 65

, lo'/g-winged ib. Phalaenidse, (Fam.) 252

I , narrow luxngei ib. Pbaljenites, Lilr. ib.

Phalaiia dx, (Fam.) 119
PHAI.ANGIUM

120
120, 428

194,389

300, 415

104

9C Pearnj Undeiwir)g\^?,\^0
92'Pelb:e, chequered 441

, garden 426

ib 'I'ectns 31

179 Pedes, tht lees 33, 352

3,1 1 PEDICIA

«)7

79
106

PANDALUS

amiulicornis
PANDARUS

bicolor
PanopeCcti
PANORPA

aflinis

communis 66,2(30, 386

germanica 4!('

hyemalis 444

Panorpatae 260

Paiiorpidse, (Fam.) 26(i

PANURGUS

Eanksianus 283

Linneella 442

ursina ib.

Panther moth 424

PAPLLIO

*Hypothoe

Machaon 64, 235, 380,

416,429

I. 438

Podalirins 235

Papilionidie, (Fam.) 234
Papilionides, Lair, ib
Parnidre, (Fam.) 1S5

PARNUS

prolifericornis 135,367
sericeus 185, 360

Parts of insects 21

Peach blossom moth 250,
251, 402, 422
Pease blossom 402, 422
Peacock B. 238,363,416

L 416

moUi' 335

rivosa 291, 387, 437
Pediculidje, (Fam.) l42
Pediculus, Geoff. 261
PEDICULUS

cervicalis

143

humanus 142, 143

*inguinalis 142

*pubis ib.

*suis 14

PEDINUS

marltimus 192, 362
Pelastes, lUig. 26

Peltis, Kvgel. 169

PEMPHliDRON

unicolor 278,413

*cornutum
Opilio
PHALERIA

cadavcriua
PHASIA

variabilis
PHKRUSA
Fucicofk
Phial, a, useful when
collccLing small
insects 308

Philanthus quadricinc-

279

97

14

221

3J8

434

126

PEN;EUS

trisulcatus
Pentamera, (Sect.)
PENTATOMA
bidens

prasinus ib

Pentatomidfe, (Fam.)22t
PENTHROPHERA,

Germ. 24'

Pepper, infusions of,
for the micro-
scope 534
Peppered moth 253, 403
Pepsis flavipennis 27
PETROBIUS
maritimus
PHALACRUS
aneus
bicolor
caric s
consimilis
coruscus
cortical is
geminus
millefolii

tus
PHILOSCIA

muscorum 111,
Phoenix moth
P HO ECUS

pbalingioides
PHOSPHUGA

atrata 167, 365,443

subrotundata 167, 388
PHOXICIIILUS 305

PHROxNY.MA

sedentaria 100

Phronymadse, (Fam.) 101
Phrvganea, Linn. 66

PHRYGANEA

grandis 257, 386

*interrupta 256

hombica 257

Phryganidag, (Fam.) 257

141, 373

429

214, 429

429

ib.

ib.

Phthiridium 303

biarticulatum 304

Hermann i ib,
PHTHIRUS

inguinalis 142
PHYSIS

Pelionelia 249, 370

Pieris, Schrank 235

Piezata, (class) Fair. 262

Pill boxes, their use 309

Piiumnids, (Fam.) 86

ib.jPlLUMNUS

ib. hirtellus ib.

ib.lPimplia, Fair. 2G9

486

Pmion moth, broicn-

i

Plwme moth, common

443

spot

440!

, crescent

409

, taivny

4l9i

——, di'ygy white

ib.

, twin-striped

423'

, grey wood

ib.

, spotted ivhite

384

, hoary

ib.

■ yellcw

371

, large luhile

ib.

riNNOrERES

, lemon

ib.

Cranchii

87

, marbled

ib.

Pins of different sizcc

, pale

ib.

their use

GC9

, rose

ib.

PIPUNCULUS

, six-cleft

372

campestris

300

, small

409

PISA

, spt'ttcd, Hack,

ib.

Gibbsii

88

, rusty

ib.

tetraodon

ib.

, ich le

ib.

Pisi biaculeata

ib.

, triangle

ib.

PisoM, Jurine

275

, white-shafted

ib.

Pilih moth, shiniiig

441

Fockel ciilleefiiig: box

308

Pithitis, A7^^.

285

larva box

309

Plants, fresh, neces-

PODOCERUS

sary for caterpil

-

variegatus

104

lars

3 1 0

Podophthalma, (Le-

Platvccrus, Gefj\

J 92

gion 1.)

SI

PLATYPTERYX

Podosoniata

305

ciirvula

3?'b

PODURA

falcataria 254

,407

*atra

141

flexnla

435

pliimbea 141,

560

hamiila

425

V iridic

360

lacertanaria 254

385

Podiiradsp, (Fam.)

140

I.

441

Pod lire briin enfiimee

141

PLATYPUS

grise commune

ib.

cvlindricus? 205

378

plombee

ib.

PLATYRHINUS

POECIL[A,5f^ra?!A:

251

alblniis

390

POECILLUS

bvevirostris

ib.

cupreiis 153,

373

latirostris 199

390

dimidlatiis

3'5

PLATYSMA

lepidus

587

nicritum 151

,361

nigricornis

365

PLATYSOMA

Pogonophorns, Leach

147

depressum

185

Poisers or balancers,

d' pressus

360

Haiteres

37

fiavicornis 1S4

, 360

POLKA, Hilb.

251

(iiloncrus

360

POLLYXENUS

plcipes 164,300,375 Lagiirus 115,358

PLEA ■ Polvdesniidae, (Fam.) 115

minutissiiTia 227, 362 POLYDESMUS
Pliers, brass, their useSOSJ complanatiis 115,358
PLOIARIA !Po!ymero?omata, (Or-

vagabiinda 223, 394| der)

Plume moth, beautiful 409 Polyominatiis, Latr,

,bTindled ib.jPOLYPHEMUS

— — , browi wood ib.| Oclus

, chalk-pit ib. Pomphyius, F«iT.

, commsn 443 Pompilidae, (Fam.)

118
241

81

277
274

Pompilii, Latr, ^74

POMPILUS

annnlatus ib.

*corniculiis 275

exaltatus 4l3

fiiscus ib.

gibbns ib.

hircanus ib.

viaticus ib.

Ponds, method of col-
lecting insects
from 313

PONTIA

Brassica 236, 580, 430
Cardamines 236, 380
Crataegi 236, 395

^ I. 380

Daplidice 236,416
Napi 236,5S0, 416
Raps 256, 380, 430
Sinn pis 237, 580,450

PONTOPHILUS

spinosiis ■ 96

PORCELLANA

platvcbeles 92

PORCELLIO

scaber 112,358

Pi.iphyry moth 427

Pordayid moth 251, 383,
432

PORtUMNUS
variegatus 84

PortunidjE, (Fam.) 83

PORTUNUS
*corrngatus 85

*marmoreus ib.

pnber 84

POTAMOBIUS

fluviatilis 95

Pou ordinaire 143

Praunns fiexuosus 99

integer '00

Prawn, common 98

PRIONUS

coriarius 208, 416

Pro-apis, DeGeer 275

Proboscis 29, 352

PROCESSA

canaliculata 97

Procris, Fabr. 245

Promi?ie?it moth, cock's-
comb 382, 431

I. 382, 459

, dark 398

INDEX.

-^87

IPO,

179,

Prominent moth, great

, iron, I.

, small iron

, maple

, pale, 250, 398,

, /. 382,

, pebble 3S'2,

, swallriw398,43 1

Pioscuris Phellandrii
PrDsopis, Fabr,
PROTEINUS
brachypterus

PRoro

Pryoiiidae, (Fam.)
PSAMMODIUS
*globosiis
sulcicollis
PSELAPBUS
*bulbifer

Dresdensis
*gIabricollis

Heisii
*He!l\vigii

Merbstii
*impressns
longicollis
Pselaphidae
PSEM
ater
Psociilas, (Fam.)
PSOCUS

bipunctatus
Psoquillse, Lair.
PSYCHODA
phalasnoides 291,

PSYLLA

Aini 231

Psyllidae, (Fam.)

Pterigostia, or wing
bones

Pterocera, Meig.

Pteroniis, Jivine

Pterophorites, Liir.

PFEROPHORUS
bipimctidactylus
calodactylus
didactyliis
fuscodactylus
galactcdactylus
heterodactylus
leucadactylus

418 PTEROPHORUS
439 lunaedactylus
niegadaclylus
mecrodactyliis
nionodactylus
pallidactj'lus
pentadactylus 255,
plerodactylus
punetidactylus
ihododactyliis
tesseradactylus
tetiadaclylus
tridactylus
triuonodactylus
PTl LINUS

pecliiiicornis 181,
Pfilodontis, Hiib.
Ptinida: (Fam.)
Ptiniores, Litr.
PTINLS
*Boleti
cerevicix

Fur 180,

germanus

imperialis 49,

Lichenum
Musseorum
ovat.us
*pecticornis

rufipes
♦serraticoinis
*sulcatus
*tessellatus
*testaceus
PTOMOPHAGUS
fumatus
*riifescens
truncatus
villosus 169,

Pug moth, beautiful
, brown-gray

j -, common

35 j , green

296, , gray

2i)7| , small gray

255'^ , Juniper

! , lead-coloured

409i , Lime speck

ib. , bordered lime

ibj speck

ib.I , long-winged

ib.l , mottled

ib.' , narroW'Winged

ib.! , netted

ib.

393
418
439

439
418
431
,439
215
283

175
105

208

190

3"^

178
375
178
375
180
367
179
375
177

413

261

261
261

387,
437

231

409 ted 423

ib. -— — , plain 405

ib , red-barred 363

ib. V 423

ib. , lormwood 405

409 PULEX

443 Canis 359

409 Hirundinus 395
ib. irritans 234, 359
ib. Scmriis 395
ib. Talpaj ib.
ib.iPupa, extent of the
ib.! vvord 41
, of the Eepidop-

367 tera described ib.

247 PiipsE of Lepidoptera,

180 how obtained 308

180 Pupa; in breeding
cages, should be

206 kept in an out-

367 house 319

359 Pupaj, method of col-
362 lecting at the

root of trees 3 1 5

375 Puprc, method of pre-

ib serving 318

367 , di>crimination

181 of 352
375 Purple, lesser m. 372

181 ,bar 405,434

1 80 , barred 433

\?,\ Purple and Gold 427

180 , scarce 426

Purple Shades 403

Puss moth 248, 282

, I. 431

Pvcnogonidas, (Fam.) 305

pVcnogonum

Balfenarum 305

*Ceti 106
PYGiERA

Bucephala 247, 398

366
168
366
366
406
385
405
406
ib
385

I.

Pyralidae, (Fam.)
435;Pvralis, Hiib.
385PYRALIS

405

423
385
406
435

capreolatus

costalis

farinalis

glaucinalis

pinguinalis

unca

405 Pyrausta, Schrank

439
254
249

427
ib.
ib.
ib.

427
252
255

48S

IMDEX.

PYROCHROA

coccinea 36, l9o, 390
rubens 56, 196, 373
Pyrochroidae, (Fam.) 196
Pyrochroides, Latr. 196
Pyiopa, llUg. 299

Pyrophila, H«J. '251

Quaker moth, coni^non 37 1

, divarf 363

— — , pate 371

, puivJered 370

, red line 440

, imall 371

, yelUw-Une 444

Queen Bees, their in-
stinct impaired by
the lo!?s of their
antennae "23

Quills, their use for

minute insects 309
Radiata, anatomical

character of the 75
RANATFIA |

linearis '2'25, 36'2

Ranunculus moth, j

large 251, 439

•— — , small 41 9:

RAPHIDIA

affinis 411

Londinensis ib.

niaculicollis ib.

megacei^hala ib,

ophiiipsis '261, 410

Raphidiada;, (Fani.) 261

Rhaphidiiia;, Latr. 261

Red bar, for Iced

Red Underwing 433

REDUVIUS

personatus 223, 38(>
Relaxing insects, me-

Rhinosimus Roboris 199
RHIPIPHORUS

paradoxus 197, 429'

Rhipiptera, oharac- |

ters of the order 139:

-, classification of |

the order
RHYNCH/ENUS

Abietis

Eerator

Alismatis
*Alni

atriro>tris

anstriacus

brevis

crassus

ebeneus

Equiseti
*Ery>imi
*fusco-maculatus

interriiptus

Lathburii

maciilatiis

Nereis

nigrirostrls
*Nucum

palustris

Pini

Piantaginis

resinosus

Runiicis
*ScrophulariaE

stramineus

subnebulosus

Svsimbrii
425'RYNCHITES

thod of
RHAGIO

scolopaceus
Pi.has,"ionidae
RHAGIUM

bifafciatum
* Indagator

"Inquisitor

321

293, 414;
293;

392{
21lj
2101

Kneo-VMrens
asquatus
AlliariaB
angu status
Bacchus
*Betuls
BetulaB
cupreus
cylindricus
nanus
Popiili
pubescens

3"0

377
391
203
39 I
577
391

ib
390
377
203

ib.
390
416
339
591
369
203
390
202, 390
390
377

ib

2nr3
377
39(1
391

376
ib.
ib.

390
376
201
376
ib
390
376
390
57e

201,

vulgare 210, 339, 392,Rhynchophorus, HerZ'.204
RHINGIA JRhyngota, Fabr. 220

rostrata 296, 387,Rhyzophagus histe-

RHINOMACER | roidcs 206

*curculioniiks \99 Ribhand-ivave 44 1

attelaboidts 200, 590 ——, false ib.

Ricinus Cornicis 143

Ringlet B. '240

, small 396

, marsh ib.

Risophilus, Leach

monostigma 156

Rnulet 405

, drab 434

, middle 405

, sjyigle barred 434

, smad 405

Roots of grass, me-
thod of collecting
Insects from the 314
Rose Torlrxx -iOS

Rostrum or Beak 29, 333
Rrngh-wir g 408

RUGILrS, Leach 173
Russet moth
Rustic moth, black

, brown

, common

, da^k

, dutted

, lesser dotted

, feathered

— — , light

, barred

, fii>zt7iced

, lesser flounced

, irirden

—, gray

— , mottled

— , powdered

— , rosy

— , 6-ilriped

— , sordid

— , sqi/a e spot
Sable, silver barred

, wavy barred

Salda, Fabr.

432
401
420
433
421
420

ib.

ib.
401
420
432

ib.
420

ib.

ib.

ib.
421
433
420
452
427

ib.
225

Sail' ic, angle striped 42 1

, barred 433

, centie barred 402

, piyik barred 440

, bordered 421

, common 440

, dusky 421

, lemon 440

, orange 433

Salpingida?, (Fam.) 199

SALPINGUS

4-pustulatus 415

Roboris

199,359

INC EX.

480

SALPINGUS

Schal:e'ia7i T.

4361

rufirostris

359

Sc later

112

Salt, its crystallization 337

Scoliadx, (Fam.)

273

SALTICUS

Scoliets, Latr.

ib.

scenicus

129, 372

Scollop moth, browi

406

*furmicarius

130

, g^ay

405

sand kipper

102

434

Sand pits near London 313

Scollop she' I

406

produces

many

Scolopendra electrica

117!

insects

ib.

forficata

113

SAPERDA

hortensis

ib.

*Cardui

209

Lagura

ib.

lineato-collis

209,416

subterranea

116

*oculata

209

Scolopendr3da,(Fam.)115

SAPYGA

SCOLYTUS

1

sexpinictata

274,413

*crenatus

206

Sapygidse, (Fam

.) 274

*cyiin(iricu3

ib.l

Sarcopte de la

Gale 133

Destructor 206,

362

SARCOPTES

niultistriatus

391

Scabiei

133

* rypograplius

205

SARGUS

Scopula, SchraTik

255

cupreus

222, 414

Scorpionids, (Fam.)

119

SAROPODA

Scorched-wing 233,

403

rotundata

287, 428

SCRAPTIA

SARROTRIUM

fusca I96j

390

muticum

193

Scutellaria, Latr.

220

Salellite moth

252, 440

Scutellum 31,

333

Satin moth

248, 4 i 8

ScydmifnidjE, (Fam.^

179

, I.

398

SCYDM.^NUS

SATURNIA

Heihvigii

180

Pavonia mine

• 381,246

SCYMNUS

381, 431

analis

393

. I-

381

bipustulatus

ib.

Satrynus, Latr.

240

bis-bipustulatus

ib.

SCAPHISOMA

discoideiis

ib.

agaricinum

168,442

fulvifrons

ib.

SCAPIDIUM

litura

ib.

4-maculatum 1 68,374,443

nigrinus

ib.

Scarabaeides, Z.a«r. 189

parvulus

ib.

Scarabaeus 90,9

,188,189

4-piistulatus

ib.

190, 191

Sea-shore, time for

cylindricus

191

collecting on the 314

emarginatus

188

Sealed, hoary

408

fasciatns

191

Seasons for collecting

314

lunaris

188

Seeds of plants for tlie

melolontha

191

microscope

33 3

niobilicornis

189

SEGESTRIA

typliceus

47, 189

senoculata

122

SCATOPHAGA

SELANDRIA

merdaria 500

, 364, 442

cineripes

264

SCENOPINUS

fniiginosa

41 1

niger

300, 413

luteiventris

ib.

SCIRTES

ovata

264

liernisphEerica

163,413

serva 264,

41!

Semblis, Fair. 261

SEPEDON

paluslris 299,415

September, Calendar
for 438

— , employment
for ■ 815

Setting boards, how

made 309

Setting needles 308

Setting and preserving

Acari 317

Arachnijida ib.

Crustacea 316

Insects 318

Seraphim moth 406

small 434

SKRICOMYIA

Lapponuni 296, 414

Serroceius, Kugel 1 80

SERROPALPUS 195,415

♦caraboides 195

*micans ib.

SESIA

bombyciformis 244,397
fusiformis 244, 397
Setoura, Brown 140

Sha''k rr.oths, chamo-
mile 419

, large dark ib.

, Lettuce ib.

, large pale 252, 418

, Tansy 419

, twin- tailed 370

Sheers, glaucous, 401

, pale ib.

, tawny ib.

Shell moth, yellow 405

, dtngy ib.

Shells for the micro-
scope, how ob-
tained 335
Shipton moth 252, 403
Shoulder, flame 402,440

, pale 407

Sh'jitlder-knnt, gray 442

, minor 401

,''i.sttc 251,401

Shoulder stripe 37 1

Shirt cloak 425, 441

, cream 407

, marbled 441

Showers of blood ex-
plained 42

490

INDEX.

Shrimp, common

96

SIRO

SPHillROMA

Sialidffi, (Fam.)

261

rubens 118,

358

serrata 1 08

SFALIS

Sironidae, (Fain.)

118

sphaeropvx 270

r)is;er

26],

410

SITONA, Germ.

204

SPH^ROSOMA

SIGALPHUS

Skin, pores of the, fo

Qiiercus 394

Irrorator

270,

412

the microscope

333

Spbecida;, (Fam.) 275

SIGARA

Skipper, dingy, 242,

381

SPHECODES

*coleoptrata

228

, mallow

ib.

divisa 413

minutissioia

227

362

, pearl 242,

430

Geoffrella 386

♦striata

229

, scarce 243,

381

gibbus 282, 386

SILPHA

, small 242,

417

monilicornis 413

Ifcvigata

167,

374

, tt'Qorf, 242,381,

417

picea ib.

*littoralis

166

Slender bodied

423

spheccides ib.

nitidiuscula

388

Smeathmanniana

425

Sphex, De Geer 273

obscura

167

365

SMERINTHUS

SPHEX

opaca

360,

374

ocellatus 243,

381

*abietina 268

quadrimaculataol

; G7,

, I.

450

flavipennis 275, 4)3

374

Popull 243

396

*sabulo,^a 6S, 275

reticulata

388

, I. 430,

438

Sphex, LinrJ 271

*russica

214

Tills 243,

3S1

Sphingids, (Fam.) 243

*sabulosa

193

. P-

359

Spliinaides, Latr. ib.

*sinuata

167

, /.

430

SP H INX

*lhoracica

ib.

SMYNTHURUS

Atropos 244, 442

tristis

365

fuscus 141

360

, /. 438

*vespillo

51

Snout moth 253,406

435

Celerio 430

Silphiadff, (Fam.)

166

, beautiful

406

Convolvuli 244,438

Silphoides, Herbst.

207

, buttomd

ib.

Elpenor, 64, 243, 396

SILVANUS

, cream ff/gei 385,406

I. 430

frutnentarius

20 S,

362,

, dingy

407

Eiiphorbi-x 243, 397

429

, long tailed

425

Galii 243,397

Silver, crystals

of f.

r

, pinion

406

Ligustri 244, 307

the micrus

:upe

537

, small

424

/. 431

Silver barred, cif

er eous 31 \

, ivhite line

ib.

lineata 242, 396

Silver ground

404

Solandrian

436

Pinastri 244, 397

Silver tines, brown

384

Spanish fly

60

Porcellus 243,381

, smali green 385,^'25

Speck, tawny

434

SPHODRUS

Silver striped, dark

386

Speckled yellmv m.

384

collaris 360, 442

, faint

371

, wood B. 241

369

planus 152, 358

, light

386

I. 363

381

terricola 361

SIMAETHIS

Spectacle moth, dark

422

5/)!(/er, observations on

dentata

254

, Ight

ib.

a, by SirJ. Banks 120

Single dot, angle bar-

Spectrum, Scopoli

243

Spider, Hunting 150

red

364

Spence's observations

Spiders,how preserved 3 1 7

364

on the necessity

Spinach moth 405

, square barred

ib.

of new genern

46

, dark 423

Singular cond

ict

of

SPERCHEUS

Spiritsof wine, experi-

queen bees on

sordidiis 186

362

ments on the pol-

the loss of their

SphKridiad.-E, (Fam.

)187

len of jjlants with 355

antennaj

23;SPH^R1D1UIVI

Spotted pinion, lesser 252,

.SINODENDRON

marginatum

362

422

cylindricum 190, 3S9j *ruficol!e 215

Sirex, Linni 67, 267| soarabaeoides 187, 362
.Sirex Gigas 67, 268SPH^ROMA

mariscus 2681 *cinerea 108

, lunar 433

, while 252, 433

Spraicler 439
, /. 382

491

Spurge moth

400

STAPHYLINUS

STR.ATIOMYS

Sijuare-spot

433

*riparins

173

Chameleon 292

414

, dovh'e

ib.

*rivularis

175

Slraiv, bordered

422

, small

421

♦rufipes

176

, chequered

426

Squilla lobata

106

*rufus

174

, clouded

425

pedata

103

sangninolentus

366

, crossed

435

vcntricosa

ib.

semiobscurus

ib.

, hook-marked

ib.

Squille, asele

no

siinilis

ib.

, oblique bais

436

Baleiiie, de la

106

splendens

ib.

, pale

426

Slag beetle

48

stercorarius

ib.

, short barred

436

Staphylinidap, (Fatn

)171

tjistis

ib.

, barred

427

Stapliylinus, L'nr:t

60

varians

ib

, dingy

ib.

STAPHYLINUS

Star wort

419

Straw Underivivg 382,432

aeneocephaliis

3(56

STAUROPUS

Streak

443

attemiatiis

ib.

Fasi 247,

398

Streamer

405

bipustnlatus

ib.

, /.

431

Strepsiptcra, Kirby

288

brunnipes

561

STELIS

Striped eJg', Itght

364

*caHalicuIatii5

1-C

piiaeoptera

437

Stronevlns, liejbst.

170

*castanopteriis

366

punctulatissima

284,

STYLciPS

*cIirysomeIiiius

176

442

meiitta 289,

372

concinnus

36G

Stenepteryx, Leach

303

tenuicornis

428

*concoIor

17'2

STENOSOAIA

Subnlicornes, (Sect.)

57

^cyaneus

ib.

hecticum

107

Suctoria, Lair.

220

decorus

366

lineare

ib.

Sugar candy, its cry

-

*dilata'u3

172

STENUS

stallization

537

*elongatus

ib.

aceris

367

Sulphur moth

426

*erytl)roptenis

ib.

angustatus

ib.

, spotted

403

erythropterus 171

361

biguttatus 173

359

Swammerdam's me-

fimetarins

306

brunnipes

367

thod of preserv-

fucicolor •

ib.

caerulescen^i 173,

375

ing the eggs of

*fiilgidus

172

cicindeloides

359

insects

318

•guttatiis

173

flavicornis

367

method of dis-

hffimoirhous

366

Juncorun

367

secting insects

331

»hirlus

172

nigricoriiis

ib.

Swallow tail B. 64,

285,

hybridiis

366

ociilatus

ib.

38!),

429

laminatiis

ib.

pubesceiis

piisillus

rufitarsis

ib.

, /. 416,

438

lateralis

ib.

ib.

Swalkw tail molh253

,424

lituratus

ib.

ib.

Swi/l moth, beautiful

397

maculicornis

ib.

rugn'osus

ib.

, brown

381

marginatus

ib.

Sternum

31

, ghost 245,

397

margiiiellus
*maxil!osiis

ib.

172

.STIGMUS

— — , golden
, mr.p-wlvged

ib.

245

maxiliosus
IMorio

366
360

ater 278
Stir g of Insects 33,

413

338

, ormige

, silver

431
381

murinus

nitipennis
obscuripeiinis

366
ib.

ib.

STO.M IS

putnioatus 1.t3
Stomoxoides, Schaef.

561
298

, sj.otted silver

, tawny

Swird-arass Moth,

381

397

oleiib 3GG

, 442 STOMOXYS

large 252, 382

44^

picipennis

366

calcitrans 29S

442

, I-

419

pilipes
politus
*porcatus
pnbescens
punctiilatus

ib.

irritans

442

— ' — , sniali

401

ib. Store boxes, how

Si/ca'Ti'ne Muth

4(W

171 made

512,SYCTODES

36 1 Straight bar-ed

407] thoracica 126

,5T2

i'J.

Stratiomyds, (Fam.j

291

Synistata, Fair.

257

49-2

INDEX.

SYNUCFIUS

vivalib Ijl, 365

Syrphire, Lair. 296

SyrphidsE (Fain ) ib.

SYRPHUS

Pyrastri 297, 415

Systems of Entomo-
logy by Linne 44
. of Entomo-

logy by Fabric! us ib.
' 11 , Kirbv's ob-

servations on form-

Tacliytes tricolor 277
Taii/Canda 33

PALITP.US
*littoralis 102

Locusta ib.

Taniptera, Latr. 291

TANYPU3

cinctus 290, 387, 457
FARPA
*cephalotes 266

Fabricii ib.

Klugii 266, ill

4b

of Entomology

by Dr. Leach, why
adopted
— — — , the Modern,
promotes the
science of Ento-
mology
— » of Natural Hi
story, bow form
ed
Tabanidaj (Fam.)
Tabanii, Latr.
TABANUS
autumnalis
bovinus
•caecutiens
Paganus
*plixvialis
tropicus
Tabby Moth,

ib.

40

■, small

TACHINA

fera
TACHINUS

analis

lunulatus

marginal lus

rufipes

suliterraneus

437
293, 414
293
414
293
71, 428
the lar^e,
255, 427
427
435

301, 372

176, 361
375
361
176, 367
176, 361,
42
429

Panzcrii
*plagiocephala
Tarsus, the foot
Tarus, Clairv.
Fegcneria, Walck.
relephorids. (Fam.)
TELEPHORUS

fulvicoliis

fuscus

lateralis

livid us

melanurus
* minimus

obscurus

pallidus

ruficollis

rufus

testaceus
Tenebrio, De Geet

412
266
34
154
124
162

3 14

164, 374
374

ib.

ib.
164
374

ib.

ib.

ib,

ib,
196,
208

trimaculatns
TACHYPORUS

analis 361

rhrysomelinusl76j 389,
443
nranum 176

marginatus fiSl

nitidulus ib.

pubescens 443

FENEBRIO

*Bovistae 216

*cadaverinus 194

*coccineus 2

* femoral is 192

*Fossor 153

*gemellatus 192

.*lanipes 195

*Mauritanicus 208

Molitor 59, 193, 369

obscura 389

*sabulosus 193

Tenehrionida? (Fam.) 192
leneidx (I-am.) 248

I'eneiles, Latr. ib.

Tenthreitines Allanti,

Kiug 265

Doleri, Kli>g ib

Tenthredinetse 262
Tenthredo (Fam. I.),

Kljig 264
Tenthredo (Fam. II.)

King 265
TENTHREDO

*cephalotes 266

*dimidiata 265

*fasciata 263

*femorata 262

*fiircata 264

*hortulana ib.

*lffta 263

*marginata ib.

*melanocephala 264

nassata 265, 412

*nitens 263

*pumila 265

Rapa; 265,412

*Rubi Idaei 264

*Scrophularia 67

*.sericea 263

TEPHRITIS

Cardui 299

grossificationis 415

onopoidinis ib.

pulchella ib.

vibrans ib.

Terebrantia (Sect.) 262

Termes, Linn, 26 1

Terre^tria (Sect.) 220

TETHEA, 0th. 25

TETRAGNATHA

extensa 127, 364

Tetramera 199

— Emphyti,A7yg

ib,

Tenthredinidj? (Fam.)

FETRA I OMA

Fungorum
Tetrix subulata
TETTIGOXIA

spumaria

viridis
TETYRA

inuncta

Maura
THANASIMLS

formicarius

194, 389

219

880
231, 380

394
220, 394

165, 388

THANATOPHILUS,

Pruni

2(52

147

241,430

396

241,417

417

THECLA

INDEX.
tILLUS

TORTRIX

493

Quercus

241, 411

elongatus

165,388'

Absinthlania

407

I.

396

Quadra

374

Acerana

ib.

Rubi

241, 381

unifasciatus

163, 388

afiVactana

435

I.

4n

riMARCHA, H

ujtpe 213

Afzeliana

364

Thereva, Fabr,

300

Tinea, Linne

233

angustana

425

THEREVA

Tinea, Fair.

249

Asperana

456

plebeia

294,414

Finece, collected

in pill

atromargana

403

THERIDIUM

boxes

309

aurana

ib.

sisipluun

126

riNEA

A vellana

423

Thigh, Femur

34

Alstroemeri

372

Bannianniana

385

THOMISUS

appiana

437, 445

Bcrginanniana

436

citrcus

123,381

bistriga

427

Betuletana

ib.

lynceus

ib. ib.

contubernia

410

bifidana

441

oblongus

123, 413

ciirvipunctosa

364

borana

425

Thorax, definition of

Fagi

ib.

cana

408

the

30

gelatella

443

Car|)iniana

425

, discrimination

Nemorum

233

caudana

435

of the

334

Novembris

443

cerusana

425

ThjTfi Moth, clouded

nubilea

360

chlorana

407

August

434

Phryganea

443

Christiernana

ib.

, freckle Au

gust ib.

purpurea

372

ciliana

441

, plant Aug

list ib

Pyralea

ib.

cinereana

436

, canaj y-shuuldered'ih.

Salicis

360

coniitana

407

—^ — , early

371

signosa

372

composana

386

yfeat'he'-ed

44:;

spissicornis

409

contaminana

441

, flounced

441

tortricea

360

corticana

385

——, July

424

TING IS

costana

436

• , little

404

Cardui

223, 394

Degenerana

425

, lunar

233, 404

TIPHIA

dentaua

254

, purple

SS3, 383,

femorata

274,413

Desfontiana

435

40(;

Morio

413

diver ana

ib.

, September

441

TIPULA

egestana

386

Thrips, Linn.

63

oleracea 71,

291,387,

emargana

435

THRIPS

437

examiana

443

fasciata

395

rivosa

291

excavana

435

junipcrina

ib.

jTipulariae, Latr

2QI)

Fagana 254,

385, 425

minutissima

ib

jTipulidae (Fam.

) _ ib.

fasciana

407

Phvsapus

232,381

iTique rouge

satinee

limbriana

364

THROSCUS

1 aquatique

133

Forskiiliana

436

dermestoides

183,389

Tissue Moth

384, 435

Forsterana

407

THYATIRA, 0<A. 231

, scarce

371

fraternana

37]

TtHTACITES, Germ.205

TOMICUS

Typographus 205, 391

gnomana
hamana

564, 441
435

THYiMALUS

1 fuscus

391

harpana

407

ferrugineus

170,389

Tijngue of Insects 2?

Holnoiana

436

Thysanura, characters

VTooth- striped

Moth,

hyemalis

444

of the order 1 3i

eirly

371

Ilicaiia

436

ication

Tortoise-shell B. large

incarnana

441

of the order Mt

) 238

, 363, 4K

latifasciana

ib.

Tib'a, the shank

3-

\ , I.

39t

Lecheana

407

Tick, dog

13

I , small 238, 363, 396

literana

435,441

Tilius, Marsh.

16

•i

43f

I.ocflingina

371

Tillids(Fani.}

»C

5 , /.

396, 43t

>l Logianu

4U7

49i:

rORTRlX

TORTKIX

Tritoma, Geo/.

207

Lnncliana

407

Xrlosteaiia 425

I'RITOMA

liuosa

j()4

Zoi'sana 435

bipuitulatv.in

51,

214.

maculaiia

441

TRACHRA, OJi. 251

362

Milterbachina

407

Tvachi Ins, Juri7ie 267

*russica

214

IMylleri

441

Tracluisa, Jurine 280, 283

Trochiium, Sco

pdi

245

nana

4'25

TRACHYS

TilOGOSlTA

nebulana

lb.

niiniita 160, 388

*caiaboides

208

nigricana

,436

viiidis 338

inauritaiiica

208

369

nit i (la

386

TrehU-bar Molh, slender

*mauritauici;3

208

nubiferana

40S

405, 441

Trornbidiadae (Fain.)

130

nubilana

ib.

Treble lines M. eifual

TROMBIUIUM

oporana

407

402,440,441

*aquaticiim

135

Oxyacanthena385,442

, dark 402

lu)losericeiim

131

,436

palliolatis

^25 Treble spot M. rusty 441

TRUX

paiiperana

.'386

, white 425

areiiarius

369

perlepidana

371

TRECHUS

sabulosus

190

'369

piceana

441

aqiiaticus 373

Truncus

30

Pomniia

423

discus ib.

IVvpeta, Meig.

299

populana

441

fill V us 565

TRYPOXYLON

pluiiibeolana

425

humenlis 415

Figulus

277

413

priiniana

407

meridianus 149, 365

Tussock Mvlh, dark

247.

Quercana

436

Frees, decayed, me-

418

rbonibana

441

thod of (^ollectiug

, I.

382

Kibeaiia

407

insects IVoni 314

, nut-iree

250,

370,

Rosa u a

408

, roots of, method

418,

439

Rubiaiia

436

ofcollectingpupae

, I.

382

rufana

ib.

at the " 315

,pale

247

,598

ruficiliana

583

Triavgle, red 436

Twin-spot M.

423

rugosana

408

Tribonophora, Huh. 252

, large

ib,

nistioana

436

TRICHIOSOMA

, red

383

Salicaiia

ib.

laterale 372

, dark-red

404

Scballeriana

ib.

Scalesii 427

, striped

383

semifasciana

ib.

sylvaticum 263, 427

, treble

585

seq liana

385

unidentatum 427

lYcmis

Smeatlimanniana

425

TRICHIUS

niger

173

Solandiiana

436

fasciatus 191,415

Tyger M^th,

crearr

-

spadiceana

350

nobilis 37j

spot

243,

398

aquamana

43.3

variabilis 3S9

, Z.

382

St rami Ufa

436

Trichonlera, charac-

, garden

418

sticticaiia

ib.

ters of the order 139

, I.

398

strobilana

386

, classification

, rz/ly

399

iubocellana

425

of the 256

, scarlet

248

398

fubsequana

371

, method of

, I.

382

tetraquetrana

364

jireserviiig 321

, tv>cd

248,

39S

trapezana

436

, method of ar-

, /.

3S2

iricolorana

441

ia nging 32C

PYPH/EUS

tripimctana 403

44]

Trimcia (Sect.) 2 15

vulgaris

189,

369

Udnianiiiana

407

TRIPLAX

r. Moth

404

umbraiia

435

bicoior 39'

V. black

431

unipiinilata

364

rufipes 42S

V. sno;y

424

urtiCana

S85

russica 214,429

VANE.SSA

viridana

425

Ttiple Lir.e M. clay

Antiopa

238,

430

- Wceb^riana

403

404

, /.

416

VANESSA

Atalauta 238, 363, 430

, /. 416

C. album 233, 396, 417,

438
— . l. 430

238, 416
I. 416

238, 363, 41 1

, I. 4:6

Polychloros 238, 363-

896, 4l6

Urlicx 238,363, 396,438

Cardui
lo

/.

430

439

431

418, 43'.'

INDEX.

VESPA
Britannica
Crabro
*|)arietina
*anig!umis

vulgaris
Vespadae (Fam.)
V'esparix, Latr. ib

VHpio, L^tr. 270

Ulonata, Fflir. 2:7,219
Umber Muli, birred 404
., connecting
, dark

495

[PVave M'ith, small dustif

280, 3S6I wave

280, 386 , small fan-foot

279 , mullein

277 , plain

280, 383 , ribband

2"9l , rosy

202 428K^"'^^"*''^"^ ^''"'' ^"**^

Fapourer Midh

, scarce

VAPPO

ater

Udmannian Tortrix 40

Vegetables, delinition i,-^, ,Tr^n.r t «
° ijf 20p'OLUCELLA

YgLi^ bombylans

rivuforum 224,3691 ""anis
VELLEIUS, Leach

384

442

ib

, mottled

-, scarce

, large waved 403

, small waved 584

Unguis, claio 35

423
434

ib.
423

ib,

ib.
383
423

ib.
333

ih.
384

ib.

-, lunar

432
440

ib.

437

408

Veneer, aquatic
— '— , barred
——, chequered

. , common

, buff-edged rosij 386,

437

, large brown-edged

408
, eU'Owed- striped

, garden

, gigantic

. , h.oktip

-, pale hooklip

, inlaid

, dark inlaid

, necklace

——, pearl

, yell'iv satin

, strow -coloured

. , small straw-co-

lo'xred 45

414

ib.

I mvstaceus ib.

l"^'-^ pellucens 296, 414

408 Uroceridai (Fam.) 267

UROCERUS

Gigas
psyllius

UROPODA

vegetans
Uihtr, dark-barred
dark bordered
spring
IVainscot Moth, com- J^^y^-^^.^^^^j.^^ Vp-r

268,412
412

133, 364

433

•, sandy

•, satiny

■, subaiigled

-, ruund-ivivged

-, common white

-, small white

-, small yellow

IVhite Bullerfy,Balh 236,
416
, black-veined 236,
395
l. 3S0

, bordered 404, 430
I. 416

, green-veined 236,
580, 430
., la-gfi 236, 380, 430
-, marbled 417

., small 236, 330

-,'icood 236,380,430
IVhite C. But. I. 430

PVhtte Moth, broad-
barred 400
., bordered 253
IVhile line Moth, mar-
bled 403

ib
ib
ib.

409
ib.

4._.7

364

40;

ib

ib

JVhite spot, brindled 424

f'" , marbled 403

^^■'fVhite Tortrix, cloudy 408

419

IFhite- fringed Tor.

436
441

-, dotted-bordered ^^-hf/ kite-shouldered Tor.436

-, large ^^^{IVhite spotted 426

,'poivdered 400, 4 1 9^^;^ -j^ j^^^^ ^^oWrfx 385

, red '• ' "

419

■, shoulder-stripe 15 1 ,

399

., small 432

, smoky 419

'" , tawny -veined 432

, ro^y 408| , tunn'-spot 439

,rush ^1b,4S6\WallButlerfiy 430,417

narroiu-xui'iged 409 , /. 381,430

' " 69., 280

Vertebrofa, anatomical

character of the 75
Vertex 80

Wasp

, Hornet 69, 280

rVave Molh, common 383'

Vesjia, Linn.C>9, 27 1, 276[ , small-dotted

White thorn hedges,
time for collect-
ing insects from 315
Willow, pale mottled 401
Widow, mourning 363
Wing-bones, Pterigosiiu?>5
Wings, their form and

structure ib.
atford charac-
ters for genera
and species 37
405t/rin^ CTes ^7

•JD6

Wings of I.epiuoptoia
acquire their full
size in a few mi-
nutes 42

.discrimination

oftlie 338

PFinler Muth, 359, 443
JViiiter Tort'ix 444

Woeberian Tottrix 408
Wood BuUerJiy, speckled
396, 430

, I. 396

Woods near London 312
, insects how col-
lected ill ib
JVormwood M th 2o2, 419
JVormtcuod T,rlrix 40
X, tawny

Hub.

432

2o2

86

XANTHfA

XANIHO
florid a
*incisa ib.

XIPHYDRIA

Camel us 267, 412

droinedarius 412

Xiphydriadai (Fam.) 267

XYLENA, Hiib. 252

Xyiocopa, Fabr. 28.)
r. Moth, gold 403
, Esiex ib.

— tpig^y 44]

, silver 383

Vtrk-shire 40.3

Velloiv, frosted 423

Yellow-horned Moth 365
Yellow-tail Moth 248, 41 8

, I. 398

Yellow -wider wing Moth,

beautijul 252, 399,

418

■, broad-bordered 250,

399, 43 2

, least broad border

399
ylesserbroad bjiderA32

, lunar 432

, minute 383

, small 399

YPONOMEtjTA

cribelia 3S'i

Echiella 399

Ev-onymella 249, 399,
482
irrorelia 399

YPONOMEUTA

Padella 399

plunibella 432

seqaella ib.

Ypsolophiis, Fabr. 255
ZABRUS

gibbus 149,428

ZAR/EA

fasciata 263, 386

ZEUZERA

iEsculi 246, 418

ZODION

conopsoides 298

Zi.egien 435

iZooplivtes, anatomi-
cal character of 75
I for the micro-
scope 334
Zoology, the most dif-
ficult department
in Natural His-
tory 20
ZYG^ENA

rilipendulac, 245, 397
Loti 397

ZYGiENID^, (Fam.)244
ZYG.ENIDES, Lair. ib.

THE END.

printed by Richard and Arthur Taylor, Shoe-lane.

wsm

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