^i^. :f.? flutf 2. ~% a ^ % 9^ a ..^ ^^%p / N.V N. X ^ V '-C -¥^^ / 1 ^^»s^ 'ft!/3 Puhli^heR. hv T.BoiJ$ ,i. Lu/iaatr IRU. t, I / A ' /^r THE ENTOMOLOGIST'S JUstfuI fflompcniJium ; OR AN INTKODUCTION TO THE KNOWLEDGK OF BRITISH INSECTS, COMPRISING THI-: UliST MEANS OF OBTAINING AND PRESERVING THEM, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE APPARATUS GENERALLY ISED; TOGETHER WITH THE GENERA OF LINNE, AND Tlic Mtidtrii Mctlind of arr.iiii^iii'; (he Classes Crustacea, Myriapuda, Spiders, Mitt-s and Iiisti-ts, tVoni tiicir Alliiiitics and Struclurc, accurdiiij; to the \ic\vs ui' Dii. Lt.vcii. ALSO AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY j A CALENDAR OF THE TIMES OF APPEARANCE AND USUAL SITUATIONS OF 3,000 SPECIES OF BRITISH INSECTS; wriH INSTRUCTIONS FUJI COLLECTING AND KITTING LP OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. Illustrated with Ttichc Plates. BY GEORGE SAMOUELLE, ASSOCIATE OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. LONDON : PRINTED FOR LONGMAN, HIRST, REES, ORME, BROWN, AND GREEN, r.lterno'iter How. 1824. Coiiiptoa & Ritchie, Printers, Middle Street, Cloth Fiiir, Loiidoii. ^ ,r^^ ''' TO Dr. W. E. leach, F.R.S. &c. &c. Sir, I may justly dedicate thcfullowiug pages to you, being indebted for the most valuable part of their contents to your hiiuhicss and liberality. I am happy in tlius liaving it in my power to acknouledge my sense of the many obligations which I lie under to you : and at the satnc time I trust the present work will be the means of aiding you in tlie very praiseworthy cause in which you are engaged. It is also to be hoped that in England, ere long, Entomology will stand on the same ground with Botany, Chemistry, or Mineralogy ; and that your labours will eventually be as duly appreciated in this country as they are now on the Continent. I remain, Sir, with the greatest respect. Your most obliged and obedient servant, GEORGE SAMOUELLE. Hiackfiiars Road, :March 1819. 2 a PREFACE. IT must be acknowledged that the veiy rapid progress which every science for some years past has made in this country, is greatly to be attributed to Elementary works, and at the same time it is to be regretted that as yet none has appeared on the practical part of Entomology, by which I mean the method of collecting apd preserving insects, the elements of the science, See. It is true such a work is announced, and it is hoped will shortly appear ; I allude to the completion of Messrs. Kirby and Spence's Introduction to Entomology'. — From the profound knowledge of the subject which these ex- cellent authors possess, we certainly may expect a most com- plete work ; yet its extent, and the necessary expense of at least four octavo volumes, must exclude many from purchasing it, and especially young persons to whom the study of Entomo- logy is pai'ticularly adapted. From this consideration I was induced more than t^velve months ago to begin a work, the mere outline of the present, and which was intended to comprise little more than the Linnean Genera, with a slight notice of the more natural Genera which had been separated from them, with references to the best essays or papers that had been published on the subject, and directions for collecting, &c. This was to have been published in duodecimo, and would have made but a thin 6 PREFACE. voluine. On the return of Dr. Leach from the contuicnt ii> May I consulted him on the subject, when he most hberally promised me every assistance, with the free use of his books raid manuscripts, if I would extend the work. This was a kindness which I certainly did not expect, although I knew his zeal and ardour in the promotion of science : it was also an offer I could not withstand, and which no lover of science will regret. It has been my wish in no instance to omit ac- knowledging what has been derived from his valuable assist- ance : should this however have been in any case neglected, I trust that Dr. L. Avill pardon the oversight. To expei-ienced scientific Entomologists this work cannot be expected to afford much additional information : their good sense will however admit its necessity and utility, since a publication on such a plan lias long been a great deside- ratum ; yet even to these it is presumed it will not be altoge- ther useless, since it contains the characters of many genera lately established by the most celebrated Entomologists on the continent, and never before printed in this country. The Genera of T-inn6 I have been obliged to give according to my former plan, as the plates were engraved previous to the alteration. The INIodem System is nearly the same as that given in the Supplement to Encyclopaedia Britannica, article Crustaceology, and Dr. Brewster's Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, article Entomology, with the exception of the foreign Genera and the alteration of Tribes to Families terminating in ida. The introduction of Objects for the Microscope may "3" some be considered as rather foreign to the subject of Ento- mology ; but this I cannot altogether accede to, since the as- sistance of this instrument is so often required, and many who possess a microscope might be induced to extend their views PREFACE. 7 to Entomology if they were acquainted with the method of collecting insects, and were furnished with some work to give thorn an insijpiorum dctecla. 16S7. 14 AUTHORS QUOTED. Lehmann. — De Sensibus cxternis Animalium exsanguium Commentatio, Pre* mio Regis ornata. Goetting. 1798. Lehmann. — De Anieiinis Insectorum. 8vo. 1799. Linne. — Systema Natiiia:, sive Regiia tria Naturx systematic^! proposita per Classes, Oidines, Geneia et Species. 4 torn. 8vo. 1767. Marsh. — Eiitoniologia Critannica, sisteiis Insecta Britannix indigena secun- dum Methofliim Linnasanam disjiosita. Aiictore Tlioma JNIarsham. Vol. 1, 8vo. Coleoptera. Londini 1802. Meigan. — Klasbificazion und Beschreibung der Eiiropaischen Zweiflugligen In- sekten (Dipteia Linn.) Von Johaim Wilhehn Meigan. 4to. Braiinsctiweig 1804, Mem. JVtrn. Sodefy. — Memoirs of the Weriierian Natural History Society, vol. 2. 8vo. Kdjiibnrgh 1S17. Miill. — Zuologia; Uanicx Prodronms, sen Animalium Danije etNorvegiae in- digeiiarum, &e, Auctore Othone Frederico Miiller. 8vo. Hafnix 1766. Oihsenhdmer. — Die Schmelterling vonEuropa, Von Ferdinand Ochsenheiuier. 8vo. Leipzig 1816. O'dv. — Entomologie, on Histoire Naturelle des Insectes, avec les Caracteres generiques et specifiques, &c. Far M. Olivier, M.D. 4 torn. 4to. Paris 17S9. Ol/ers. — De vcgetativis et animatis Corporibus in Corporibus animatis reperi? undis Commentarius. Autore I. F. M. de Olfeis. 8vo. Berolini ISIG. Pall. Spec. Zool. — Spicilegia Zoologica,quibus nova; imprimis et obscura; Ani- malium Species Iconibus, Descriptionibus atque Commentariis illustran- tur, a Petr. .Sim. Pallas. 4to. Berlin 1767—1780. Pallas. — Icones Insectorum prssertim Rossi.T .Siliiiiffque pcculiarum, quae coir legit et Descriptionibus illiistrnvit. Pftrns .Simon T'allas, M.D. 4to. Er- lang. 1781. Panz. Ent. Germ. — Georg. Wolfg. Fran;^. Panzcri Entrmologia Germanica, exhibens Insecta per Gernianiam indigena, &c. l'2mo. Norimbergx 1793. Panz. Faun. Germ. — Faunas Insectorum Gernianicje Initia. D. Georg. Wolfr gang. Franz. Panzer. Nurnberg 1798 &,c. Penn. Brit. Z,ol. — British Zoology, by 'lliomas Pennant. 4 vols. 8vo. War- rington 1776. Penn. Arc. Zool. — Arctic Zoology, by Thomas Pennant. 3 vols. 4to. London 1784. Payk. — Monographia Staphylinorum Sueciae a Gustavo de Paykull, Svo. Up- sali^E 1789. Pfl2//c.— Monographia Caraborum Suecia:. 1 790. Payk, — Monographia Curculionum Suecix. 1792. Payk. Faun. Suec. — (aistavi Paykull Fauna Snecica. Insecta. 3 torn. Svo. 1798, Rees's Cyclopedia. — Articles Entomology and Insects. i{f A'.^ExnerimeiUa circa Geiu ranonem Insectorum. 1671. Rcemer, — Genera Insectorum Linnxi et Fabricii Iconibus illustrata, a Joanne Jacobo Rtemer. 4to. Vitoduri Helvetorum 1789. Eosii Fii. Elr. — Fauna Elrusca, sistens Insecta qua; in Provinciis Florentina et Pisana prxsertim collegit PetrusRossius, Ike. 4to. Liburni 1790. Savigny. — Memoiressur lesAnimaux sans Vertebres, par Savigny. 8vo. Paris 1816. Schellente-g. — Genres des Mouches Dipteres representees en 42 Planches par Schellenberg, et decrites par deux Aaiateurs d'Entomologie. In French and German. Svo. Zuric 1803. S.hieff. — D. Jacobi Christian! Schxfieri Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonanx indigenorum, &c. 3 torn, 4to. Regensburg 1769. ■ AUTHORS QUOTED, 15 S chonherr. —Synonym\a. Insectorum, &c. von C. J. Schiinherr, &c. Svo. Stock- holm 1806 & 180S. Schra?ik. — Francisci de Pavla Schrank Enumeratio Insectorum Austrix indi- genorum. Svo. 1781. Scopnli.—Jo^nn\s Antonii Scopoli Entoniologia Carnlolica, exhibens Insccta CarnioliK indigena, &c. Svo. Vindoboiise 1763. Shaw Nat. Misc. — Vivarium Natur.-c, or The Naturalist's Miscellany, by G. Shaw. Tlie Figures by E. P. Nodder. Svo. London 1790 &c. Stjwerby. — The Britisli Miscellany, or Coloured Figures of new, rare, or little known Animal Subjects ; many not before ascertained to be Inhabitants of the British Isles. Svo. vol. 1. London 1806. Spinola. — Insectorum Liguris Species novas aut rariores, quas in Agro Ligu- stico iniper detexit, descripsit et Iconibus illustravit Maximil. Spinola. 2 vols, in 4. Genus 1806—1808. Stewart. — Elements of Natural History, being an Introduction to the Systema Xaturx of Linna:us. vol. 2. Svo. London and Edinburgh 1802. Swammerdam. — Tlie Book of Nature, or History of Insects. Translated by Thomas Flloyd, with Notes by J. Hill, folio. London 1738. T/iMwZ'erg-.— Dissertatio Entomologica sistens Insecta Suecica. Partes 1,2, 3, 4. 4to. Upsalire 1784. Trans. Linn. Soc. — Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 12 vols. 4to. 1791 — ISlS. Tran^.Ent.Suc. — Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, vol.1. 8vo. "ifiirt'M. — A General System of Nature, through the Three Grand Kingdoms of Animals, Vegetables, and Minerals, systematically divided into their several Classes, Orders, Genera, Species, &c. By Sir Charles Linne : Translated from Gmelin, Fabricius, &c. by William Turton, M.D. Vol. 2 and S. Svo. London 1806. f'lZto's. — Car. Linnxi Entomologia, &c. curante et augente Carolo de Villcrs. 4 tom. Svo. Lugduni 1739. JFalck. — Faune Parisienne (Insectes), ou Histoireabregeedes Insectes des En- virons de Paris, classes d'apres le Systeme de Fabricius, Sec. ParC. A. Walckaer. Paris 1802. TVeher — Observationes Entomologies, continentes novorum qus condidit Ge- nerum Characteres, et nuperdetectarum Specierum Descriptiones. Svo. Kiel 1801. Wolff. — Icones Cimicum, Descriptionibus illustratse, Fascic. 1,2,3. 4to. Er- lang 1800—2. Tim ENTOMOLOGIST'S ^fitful CompenUium, INTRODUCTION. CjNTOMOLOOY is a study which may be considered as in its infancy. So prone is man to look with contempt on those parts of the creation which arc diminutive, that insects have been almost overlooked in his researches after knowledge. Ilis ignorance, the consequence of this contemptuous neglect, has led him to consider the whole class as of small importance, and to arraign the Creator for forming an useless, and in many cases ofiensive and injurious tribe of beings. Such can be the language only of " haughty ignorance:" the modest observer of Nature, although he may have learned little of the habits, occonomy, and uses of insects, will acknowledge that they have been created witli design, and will not doubt but the design was benevolent. The insect race constitute by far the most considerable portion of animated beings; — in this view the science of Entomology becomes one of the most important and interesting that can engage the mind of the natural philosopher. He who neglects the study of insects, or thinks it beneath his notice, cannot deserve respect as a general observer of nature, nor be considered a scientific naturalist. The views of such a man will be partial, and his inquiries circumscribed: he regards only an inconsiderable portion of animated nature ; and he confines his re- m^arks to such as from their size and distinctness of character present tire least obstacle to iirvestigation. In the stud}' of Entomology, the man of science will find abundant scope for the exercise of his zeal. The amazing number of species; their curious forms, so infinitely va- ried, and yet so nearly and gradually approximating through an endless series of transitions from one species to another ; the diversity of struc- ture observable in those parts which afford generic characters, added to the wonderful changes in form which they undergo, with their sur- prising oeconomy, — are circumstances which contribute to render thcni objects olinobt curious speculation to the philosopher. The study of 1 8 INTKODUCTION. every class of animals is most indisputably attended with peculiar ad- I'antages; yet I will venture to affirm, that it is from a knowledge of tlic characters and metamorphoses of these little animals, and the va- rious modes of life which they are destined to pursue, that he will ob- tain a more intimate acquaintance with the great laws of nature, and veneration for the Great Creator of all, than can be derived from the contemplation of any other class in nature. The beauty of insects in genera], renders them engaging to many who have neither time nor inclination for studying their more complicated structure; and the gaiety of their colours, ofteji combined with the most graceful forms, displays a beauty, splendour and vivacity, greater than that bestowed by the hand of Nature on any of her other works. One defect in ap- jiearance must indeed be conceded; and this may be regarded, in point of beauty, a material deticiency indeed, — they are not always so considerable in magnitude as to become, even with these embellish- ments, strikingly attractive. Were they equal in size to the smallest birds, their elegance would render them more inviting to the eyes of mankind in general ; but, even amongst the minor species, when ex- amined with a microscope, wc find their beauty and elegance far supe- rior to that of any other class of animals in the creation. " After a mi- nute and attentive examination," says Swammerdam, " of the nature and structure of the smaller as well as the larger animals, I cannot but allow an equal, if not superior, degree of dignity to the former. If, whilst we dissect with care the larger animals, we are filled with wonder at the elegant disposition of parts, to what a height is our astonishment raised when we discover their parts arranged in the least in the same regular manner!" Insects may be divided ijito two kinds ; those which are immediately or remotely beneficial or injurious to mankind. Many insects in- deed seem not to aftcct us in any manner; others, and by far the greater number, most assuredly fall imder one or the other denomir nation, and on this account demand our most serious attention. But, lest the alleged utihty of some insects should seem hypothetical to the superficial observer, whilst the noxious effects of others are too obvious to admit of doubt, I shall be more explicit ujion this subject. The depredations of insects upon vegetable bodies are often detrimental ; but it nuist be remembered, that in these ravages they often repay the injury they commit. Locusts, the most destructive of all insects, whose numbers spread desolation through the vegetable world, are not (except on some occasions when their nuiltii)lication ex- ceeds all bounds) unproductive of advantage. Although they deprive mankind of a certain portion of vegetable food, yet, in return, their bodies afi'ord nutriment of a wholesome and palatable kind, and in much greater abvmdanc'e. The various species of locusts are the com- mon food on which the inhabitants of several parts of the world subr INTnODTJCTION,' 19 sist at particular seasons. The honey of bees, in many warm climates, constitutes another primary article of food. The caterpillars of several moths furnish materials for the silken raiment so universally worn liy all ranks in the eastern parts of the world; and hence in tliese coun- tries the silky produce of these industrious little animals is of as much. use as the fleecy coat of the sheep is to us. As an object of traffic, silk is one of the utmost importance in China and Tartary ; and in those parts paper is manufactm-ed from the refuse of the same mate- rial. The extensive use of wax in all ages is well known. Some in- sects are used with success in medicine ; and many others (the cochi- neal for instance) are rendered useful in the arts : and greater num- bers might perhaps be employed for the same purpose. These few, out of a vast many instances, are sufficient to prove the absurdity of an opinion very prevalent, " that insects are too insignificant to deserve the attention of the philosopher." But allowing these benefits to be unknown, and that tlie study of Entomology is not productive of any substantial advantages, how absurd would it still be to treat such an extensive portion of the creation with neglect! The objection, that they are in nowise conducive to our interests (even if founded in truth), woukl be no evidence of the frivolity of the science; unless we are to conclude, that the only inquiries which merit our rational attention are those which tend to the gratification of selfishness. If this be ad- mitted as an objection, how many objects of iihilosophical investiga- tion must be rejected as frivolous! From the earliest period in which the light of natural knowledge dawned, this class of animals has ob- tained a certain portion of attention : and although the study has not at all times been cultivated with equal ardour, yet it has not been ut- terly neglected, but has engaged the study of men endowed with ta- lents as splendid, and judgement as refined, as the most exalted of those who affect to treat it with contempt. B i ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY So great is tlie number of natural bodies on the face of our earth, that on a general view the mind recoils at the attempt to investigate them as impossible. But the invention of systems has facilitated the task; and every natural object can be traced by certain characters to its place in the system^ whether natural or artificial. Those who with a philosophical eye have contemplated the produc- tions of Nature, have all by common consent divided them into three great groups; namely, the Animal, the "Vegetable, and the Mineral kingdoms. Animals are distinguished by being organized bodies, which have life, sensation, and are capable of voluntary motion. Vegetables are organized bodies, which are endowed with a living principle but want sensation. MiKErvALS are unorganized, without life or sensation. Zoology, or the study of Animals, is not only the amplest and most difficult, but the most pleasant and profitable part of Natural History. I'he following is the system of the celebrated Linne. Division 1. A heart with tzco auricles and tzco ventricles; warm and red blood. Class I. Mammalia. Viviparous animals, or such as suckle their young. Class II. AvES. Oviparous animals. Birds. Division 2. Heart with one auricle and one ventricle ; cold and red blood. Class III. Amphibia. Animals breathing arbitrarily through lungs. Class IV. Pisces. Animals with gills. Fishes. Division 3. Heart with one ventricle, no auricle; white and cold blood. Class V. Insecta. With antennae, and undergoing transformations. Insects. Class VI. Vermes. With tentacula; and undergoing no change. Worms- PARTS OF INSECTS, 21 DEFINITION OF INSECTS. Iksects are so called because they are divided into numerous seg- ments ; and not from their being almost separated into two parts, which are merely attached to each other by a slender thread, as is generally supposed. AH genuine insects have six legs; a head distinct from their body, and furnished with two antenuce or horns; and have pores conducting to tracheae arranged along their sides for respiration : they are all pro- duced from eggs. Some undergo no metamorphosis, others but a par- tial change, whilst the remainder pass through three stages of exist- ence, after being hatched from tlie egg. PARTS OF INSECTS. An insect may be divided into four parts. 1. Caput. 2. Truncus. 3. Abdomex. 4. Artus. CAPUT, the Head, which is distinguished in most insects, is fur- nished with Ei/cs, uintennce, and a Mouth. Eyes. Many insects have two crescents or immoveable caps, com- posing the greatest part of their head, and containing a prodigious number of little hexagonal protuberances, placed with the utmost re- gularity and exactness in lines crossing each other and resembling lat- tice-work : these are termed compound eyes. Leeuwenhoek reckons in each eye of the Libellula, or Dragon-fly, 12,544 lenses, or in both 25,088; the pictures of objects painted thereon must be millions of times less than the images of them pic- tured on the human eye. There is no doubt tliat insects still smaller have eyes adapted to discern objects some thousands of times less than themselves ; for so the minute particles they feed on must certainly be. Besides these larger eyes, many insects have three small s})heri- cal bodies placed triangularly on the crown of the head, called ocelli or stemmata (Pi. 10. Jig. 11. b). They are simple, and made for viewing large and distinct objects ; the other eyes for small and near ones. Antenna. The antenna are two articulated moveable processes placed on the head : they are subject to great variety, and were the parts from whence Linne formed his genera : they are called Setaceous, when they gradually taper towards their extremity; Clavated, when they grow gradually tliicker from their base; Tiliform, of an equal thickness throughout the whole of their length"; Moniliform, formed of a series of knots, resembling a string of beads ; Capitate J when they terminate in a knob; 22 ELEMENTS OF EJJTOMOLOGY. Fissile, with the knol) divided longitiadinally into laminae or plates; Fcrfoliatc, having tlie knoh divided horizontalh'; Pectinate, having a longitudinal series ol" hairs or processes project- ing from them in form oi" a comb ; Furcate, or tbrivcd, luiving the last joint divided into parts. Nothing has been the source of greater speculation tlian the %ise of the untcnnic: nor is this surprising, considering the variety constantly exhibited in their structm-e, occupation, and appearance. Some insects seem to keep them in continual employment ; in others they are pre- served in a quiescent state. Those of the ichneumon show an inces- sant tremulous vibratory motion, anxiously searching into every cre- vice ; while those of the carrion-tly scarcely appear endowed with ilexi- bility. They have successively been considered as the organs of hear- ing, feeling, smell, and taste, or of an unknown and indclinite sense. Bonnet seems to think the antenna." the orsran of smell. "Different insects," he observes, " have an exquisite sense of smelling, the organ of which is yet imdiscovcred. May it not reside in the antenna'?" Lehmann, from the result of experiments on this subject, denies that the antennas are ihe olfactory organ, lie made an opening an inch wide in the side of a glass vessel, and siuTounded the edge with wax, so that a close covering could be applied. An aperture was made in this covering, through which either the whole head, or the antenna' only of an insect could be introduced. By means ot a tube the glass was filled with penetrating odours, vapours, or heated air; but neillier the fumes of sidphur nor burnt feathers produced the smallest effect on butterflies, bees, or beetles, whose antenncC were exposed to them. He judges that the olfactory organ must be sought in the spiracula; " for what else," says he, " is the sense of the particles inspired than smell- ing.?" Bonsdorf, in discussing whether the antenna" may be the seat of hearing, mentions an experiment where a species of beetle, whose pe- culiar property it is to fold in the antennae when alarmed, did so on a loud noise being suddenly made, and fell to the grc^id, according to the nature of the species. But, notwithstanding that the animal pre- viously reposed in a tranquil state, his experiment cannot be consi- dered altogether conclusive. Butterflies are seen to erect their an- tennte on any sudden noise, and many Colcoptera to depress them ; which may equally arise from the sudden shock or vibration of the air. Spiders also, which want antennoe, are extremely sensible of sound. Lehmann relates that, on observing one descend from the roof by its thread in quest of a female, while he was reading, he began to read aloud: the animal, alarmed at the noise, retreated u})wards; he was silent, and it returned; on again reading aloud, it testified alarm and ascended its thread; nor was its apprehension of danger dispelled, vuilil familiuii^ied with the sound or conquered by tlie object of its PARTS OF INSECTS. 23 ^pursuit. The same author deprived crickets, which are animals noted for acuteness of hearing, of the antennae; yet they were equally sen- sible of sound as before. Lelunann concludes on the whole, that as the antenna' are not the organs of either smell or liearing, their prin- cipal though not sole office is feeling. But they are also endowed with an unknown sense, which he denominates acroscepsin, and con- jectures that in certain species they may contribute to the defence of the head. Ruber, well known for his ingenious and acute observations on hees, has made several most interesting experiments on the sub- ject. Amputating one of the antenna; of a queen he found was not attended with any perceptible effect. Privation of both anten- na?, however, produced very singular consequences. M. Iluber cut them from a queen whose fecundation had been retarded, so that she laid none but the eo;o;s of males. From that moment a marked alteration in her conduct was seen; she tiaversed the combs with extraordinary rapidity, scarcely had the workers time to recede be^ fore her; and, instead of the care which a perfect queen displays in depositing her eggs in those places alone suitable for their exclu- sion, she dropped them at random without selecting proper cells: she retired to the most solitary parts of the hive, seeming to avoid the hees, and long remained motionless. Several workers, however, fol- lowed her there, and treated her with the most evident respect. She seldom required honey from them ; but when that was the case, she directed her trunk with a kind of imcertain feeling, sometimes on tha head and sometimes on the limbs of the workers; and if she did reach their mouths it was by chance. Queens leave their hive but once m their whole lives, which is for the purpose of obtaining impregnation; they remain voluntary prisoners ever afterwards, unless in leading out a swarm. This queen, however, seemed eager to escape; she rushed towards the opening of the hive, but finding it too small for her exit she returned after fruitless exertion. Notwithstanding the symptoms of delirium by which she was agitated, the workers never ceased to pay her the same attention as they invariably do their queens, though she received it with indifference. Apprehensive that the queen's instinct might be impaired, from her organization suffering by retarded fecundation, M. Huber deprived another female of the antennae, and introduced her into the hive. She was quite in the nalTiral state, and had already proved of great fertility : but now she exhibited exactly the same symptoms of agitation and de- lirium that the other had done. Perfect queens, possessing all their organs, testify the most violent animosity against each other ; they fight repeatedly ; the workers seem to incite them to combat, until one at length falls, wliile the other svnvives to preserve and perpetuate the colony. Mutilated of the autennte, however, they testify no recib 2-1 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. procal aversion; in traversing the liive they meet without showing the smallest indications of resentment. If a perfect stranger queen is introduced, either when one already exists in a hive or within a few hours after she is lost, that stranger is immediately surrounded, and so closely hemmed in by the bees that she sometimes dies. But here the nuitilated stranger was quite well received; her arrival cre- ated no discontents in the hive, and thc'workers paid the same ho- mage to her as to their own. " Was it," asks I\I. lluber, " because after losing the autennaj. these queens no longer retained any cha- racteristic which distinguished the one from the other? I am the more inclined to adopt this conjecture, from tlie bad reception experienced by a third perfect queen introduced into the same hive : it is probably because they observe the same sensations from those two females, and want the means of distinguishing them from each other." Bees ne- ver abandon their queen; her presence seems almost indispensable to tlieir existence; and, as before observed, the queen never forsakes her hive. If she does so to found a new colony, the bees accompany her in her flight. Here, as both the nuiliiated queens constantly endeavoured to escape, the iirst and third were removed, and the entrance of the hive enlarged; the fertile mutilated one tbcreibre left it, but none of the workers followed her; she was allowed to depart alone. The wise pro- visions of nature are amply illustrated by these facts. It is fortunate that a queen deprived of the antennas is thus impelled to leave the hive : wliile she remains, the bees incessantly attend her, and never think of procuring another. The secret which the workers possess, of converting a common worm into one, which will become a queen, must be exercised within the first three days of its existence; therefore if the queen remained, this limited term would elapse. IS either can her presence contribute to preserve the hive; for mutilation of the an- tennae deprives her of the power of discriminating the different kind of cells adapted to receive tlie various species of eggs which she lays. M. Huber considers the antenna; as the organs of touch or smell, though he declines afHrming which of these senses resides in them ; and thinks it possible that they may be so organized as to fulfil both functions at once. Mr. Kirljy, in speaking of the Eucera (or long-horned bee), says : " A singular circumstance distinguishes their antenna", which, to the best of my knowledge, has never before been noticed, and which may possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these organs. Placed under a powerful magnifier, the last ten joints appear to be composed of innumerable hexagons, similar to those of which the eyes of these insects consist. If we reason from analogy, this remarkable cir- cumstance will lead us to conjecture, that the sense of which this part so essential to insects is the organ, may bear some relation to that conveyed by the eyes. As they are furnished with no iiistrunicnt for PARTS or INSFXTS, 25 receiving and communicating the impressions of sound, similar to the ear, that deficiency may he supplied hy extraordinar}- means of vision. That the atenniuita arc of this description seems very prohable; and the antenme may, in some degree, answer a similar pm-pose : the cir- cumstance just mentioned, furnishes a strong presumption that they do this, at least in the case of these males; else why do they exhibit that peculiar structure which distinguishes the real eyes?" Mr. Marsham obser\ed the Ichneumon Manifestatm; in June 178r, on the top of a post in Kensington Gardens. It moved rapidly along, having its antcnn;e bent in the form of an arch; and, with a strong vibratory motion in them, felt about until it came to a hole made hj some uisect, into which it thrust them quite to the head. It remained about a minute in this situation ajiparently very busy, and then, draw- ing its antennffi out, came round to the opposite side of the hole, and again thrust them in, and remained nearly the same time. It next proceeded to one side of the hule, and repeated the same operation tliere. Having now again withdrawn its antenna it turned about, and, dexterously measuring a proper distance, threw back its abdomen over its head and thorax, and projected the long and delicate tube at its tail into the hole. After remaining near tvvo minutes in this position, it drew out the tube, turned roimd, and again applied its antenna; to the hole for nearly the same time as before, and then again inserted its tube. This operation was repeated three times; but Mr. Marsham aji- proaching too near, in order if possible to observe with a glass what was passing in the tube, he frightened the insect entirely away. About a week afterwards ]Mr. Marsham was in Kensington Gardens, and saw several of these ichneumons at work. They appeared to pierce the solid wood with their tubes, which they forced in even to half their length, constantly passing them bet\veen the hinder thighs, which they closed in order to keep the tubes straight, when over re- sistance would otherwise have forced them to bend. It appeared truly surprising to see an instrument, apparently \»-eak and slender, able, with the strength of so small an animal, to pierce solid wood half or tliree-quarters of an inch deep; but, on particular attention, it was dis- covered, that all those that appeared to pierce the solid wood, did it through the centre of a small white spot resembling mold or mildew, which on minute examination was found to be fine white sand, deli- cately closing up a hole made Iiy the Apis muxillosa, and where, no doubt, there were yoimg bees deposited. In deep holes that were not closed, the insect not only thrust in the whole tube, but in some cases the whole of the abdomen and posterior legs, leaving out only the two fore feet and wings, which it placed in contrary directions, like arms. The tsvo cases of the tube were also projected up the back, with the ends appearing above the head out of tiie hole. 26 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. From Mr. Marsham's account it appears that these insects do not adopt any hole indiscriminately as a situation tor their eggs; for in many instances he saw them thrust their antenna- into holes and cre- vices from which they almost immediately withdrew them, and pro- ceeded in search of others. As the whole of the ichneumons deposit tlieir eggs in the body of some other creature as a nidus, it ai)jiears probable that in these instances they found the holes empty, and that they went on in search of those in which the young of the Apis maxil' losa were deposited. From these remarks may we not infer that the antenna? may be the organs of smelling.^ for the antenna; of the Ic/meiuiKm McDiiJ'cutulor (P/. Q.Jig- 4.) are not so long as the tube from which the eggs are ex- cluded, and consequently could not have touched the animal in which it afterwards deposited its eggs. In many .'^jtecies of Lcpidoptcra tlie females are destitute of wings: tlic males in general have pectinated antennae, and are so extremely eager after the female, that they have been known to enter the pocket of an entomologist who had one se- cured in a box. These experiments are in some measure corroborated by the ob- servations of Latreille, who supposes the antcnnie to be the olfactory organs. In the twelfth numticr of the Edinburgh Review is a critique (on the Nouteau Dictionnuire irilisloire Nutimi/c, '2i tom. Hvo. I'aris, 1803-4.) : the following extract 1 here insert, hoping it will produce a further inquiry. " That insects possess the faculty of smelling is clearly demonstrated. It is the most perfect of all their senses. Beetles, of various sorts, A'i- tidulce, the different species of Dernicdcs, St/lp/ue, Flics, iSc, pcrcci\c, at a very considerable distance, the smell of ordure and dead bodies, and resort in swarms to the situations in which they occur, either for the purpose of procuring food or depositing their eggs, 'ihe blue flesh- liy, deceived by the cadaverous odour of a species oi Ai-um, alights oa its flower. But though we can thus easily prove the presence of the sense of smell among insects, it is nuich more difficult to discover the seat of that particidar sense. Several naturalists have supposed that it resides in the antenna?. Dumtril, in a dissertation published in 1799, attempts to prove that it must be situated about the entrance of the stigmata or respiratory organs, as Baster had previously sup])oscd. Ilis arguments, however, did not induce Latreille to relinquish the for- mer opinion, which places it in the antenna?. The following are the reasons which he assigns for his belief. " 1. The exercise of smell consists only in the action of air, impreg- nated with odoriferous particles, on the nervous or olfactory mem- brane, which transmits the sensation. " If insects be endowed with an organ furnished with similar nerves, and with which air, charged with odoriferous particles, comes in con- PARTS OF INSECTS. 2^7 tact, such an organ may be regarded as that of smell. Should the an- tenna present a tissue of many nerves, what inconvenience can result from supposing that this tissue is capable of transmitting odour? Would not this hypothesis, on the contrary, be more simple and more consonant to anatomical principles, than that which fixes the seat of smell at the entrance of the stigmata? Besides, this last mode of ex- planation will not, I presume, suit the crustaceous animals, which so nearly approach to insects. " 2. Many male insects have their antennae more developed than the females ; a fact easily explained, if we admit that these organs are the seat of smell. " 3. It is certain tliat most of those insects which live or deposit their eggs on putrid animal or vegetable matters, stagnant waters, or any substance, in short, which, for a time, att'ects peculiar localities, arc almost uniformly distinguished by a greater development of the an- tenna". Such, for example, are the Scaraba-us, Dcnnestcs, Silpha, Ckrus, Teiicbrio, Tipula, Bilno, 4'C- These require a more perfect sense of smell, and are organized accordingly. " 4. A great many insects which are entirely predaceous have simple antennee ; and those wliich are characterized l)y similar manners, and which are sedentary, have none at all; as, for instance, the Acari, and a considerable portion of Lamarck's Arucknidce. " 3. Insects discover their habitation and food by the sense of smell. I have deprived several insects of their antenna', when they instantly fell into a state of stupor or derangement, and seemed to be incapable of recognising their haunts or their food, though just beside tliem. Such experiments deserve to be prosecuted. I would recommend, for example, the varnishing or covering the antenna; of dung beetles, and placing them near animal excrements, of which they are particularly fond, to observe if they would repair to them as usual. " G. The ner\'es terminate at the antennie; and their articulations, though externally covered with a pretty thick membrane, are hollow, lined within !\v a soft substance, which is often of a watery consist- ency, and whose extremity', when opposed to the air, may receive its impressions." Os, the Mouth. In order to afford some idea of the amazing dif- ference that prevails in the structure of the several parts or organs which constitute the mouth, it will be only requisite to observe, that the classification of all insects in the Fabriciau system is founded on this character. There are ten principal parts of which ihe mouth con- sists ; and it is from tlie relative proportion of each, from the dissimi- larity in the form, position, variation in nimiber, or occasional pecu- liarities, that the most permanent characters are deduced. These parts have one disadvantage; they are generally small, and from this cir- fuiastance have uot been so universally adopted in the arrangement 28 ELEMtNTS or ENTOMOLOGY. of insects as they would otherwise liave hcen. AVithout, however, be- stowing some Uttle attention on these organs, it is impossible to distri- bute insects into tlieir natural order with any great degree of certainty. In the works of Latreillc, Leach, and most other modern writers on Entomology, the essential characters are established chieliy on the pe- culiarities of these organs. The ten principal parts of which the INIouth consists are the follow- ing. Labrum, or Labium, supekius, the Upper Lip: a transverse, soft, moveable piece, of a coriaceous or membranaceous nature, known from its situation at the anterior or upjicr part of the mouth. This part is very distinct in many of the Coleopteru, and in Gri/tlus, Apis, and some other genera. Linue sometimes confounds the upper lip with the c/y- peus or shield of the head; and similar instances occur in the works of Fabricius. These two parts may be distinguished by one invariable cliaracter; the c/i/pcns is fixed, and forms a ])orlion of the head; the u}»per lip is moveable, and is placed more forward. , Labrum, or Labium, ini-erius, the piece which terminates the mouth beneath, and which is sometimes l(~ngthened so as to form the instrument called ligu/a. It is often bilid, and has tlie posterior pair of feelers placed at the base. JVL'VNDibul.e, MancUhlcn: (P/. 10. Jig. 1. d.) two hard pieces, in sub- stance resembling horn, which are placed one at each sideof the moulli, below the upper lip. These have a lateral motion, while the upper and lower lip move up and down, as in other animals. These diifer from the nmrilUe, with which they are sometimes confounded, by not Ii.i\ing any of the palpi or feelers attached to them. In rapacious in- sects these are longer than in those which perforate wood; and the lat- ter again have stronger mandibles than insects which feed only on her- b;ige or leaves. iSLvxiLL.E {PL 10. fig. 1. c. — -fig. 2. a. the same magnified): two small pieces generally of a somewluit membranaceous consistency, and in figure different I'rom the mandibles. 'I'hese are connnonly indented at the extremity, and nearly all ciliated at the inner edge. They are placed under the mandibles, and above the lower lip ; their motion is la- teral. In those insects which have more than two pair of feelers, the pos- terior ones take their origin from the sides of the maxillae, (fig. 2. I.e.) Gale.e, Shields of the Mouth: two membranaceous appendages, usually of a large size and cylindrical form, placed one on each side, at the exterior part of the jaw, and which cover and protect the organs of the mouth conjointly with the lips. The gu/eo" are inserted at the back of the jav/s, as is well exemplified in the Gryllus tribe. LiouLA. This is the part considered by many authors as the lower lip: its situation is immediately under the jaws; and it consists of a single piece, which is generally of a soft texture, often bifid, and, if at- PARTS or INSECTS. 29 tentively examined at the base, will be frequently found of a horny sub- stance. In the Coleoptera, and in some of the Jlimiptcra (as in Blat/a, Grt/Uus, Sfc), this appendage terminates at the point in a membranaceous sub- stance:— its form is extremely various in the different genera. The Hymenoptera and some Ni'u?'opte/'a have the ligula situated in the same manner; but it is in these concave, and is frequently prolong- ed into a sort of proboacis, which sometimes exceeds the length of the wliole body. It is membranaceous, but of a soft and spongy texture, and well suited for receiving the impressions of taste. This kind of process is extremely well exemplified in the bee. Lingua, the Tongue: an involuted tubular organ, which constitutes the whole mouth in lepidopterous insects. This is of a setaceous form, and either very long, as in the FapUio and Sphinx genera j or short, as in most of the Bombi/ces and other moths. It consists of two filamen- tous pieces, which are externally convex, concave within, and connected longitudinally by a suture along the middle above and bencalh. These, in uniting, form a cylinder, tlirough which the ncctareous jiriccs of the flowers on which these insects subsist are drawn up -with fxcility. These two pieces are not very closely united, and may be separated by means of a needle point. When the insect takes its food, this tube is exserted; at other times it is rolled up spiiidly between the palpi. Rostrum, or Beak : the part which forms the mouth in many of the hemipterous order of insects. This instrument is moveable, articu- lated, and bent imder the breast. Within, this beak is hjoilow, and contains, as in a sheath, three or more very fine and delicate bristles, the points of which these insects introduce into the body of the ani- mal, or substance of the plants, from wliich they draw nourishnicnt. The rostrum is conspicuous in the genera,C7o«f/(/, Nepa, and Cimcx. Proboscis, the Trunk: inserted in the ulace of the mouth in most 7 J. dipterous insects. It is rather tieshy, retractile, of a single piece, and often cylindrical; the end forming two lips, which are of a soft sub- stance, and from the delicacy of their teguments must possess the fa^- culty of taste in a very high degree. Example in the House-fly. Lingua, rostrum, and proboscis, are Linnean terms; and are adopted according to the definition of that author. Ligula is a Tabrician ex- pression, indicating a process of the lower lip. Haustellum : formed of two or more very small and delicate fila- ments, inclosed in a sheath of two valves. Palpi, Fcclci's. These are the small, moveable, filiform organs or appendages, placed at each side of the mouth in tlie generality of in- sects. In some respects they resemble the antenna-, but are more distinctly articulated. They vary in number in different insects, being either two, four, or six, (P/. 10. Jig. ^-ff- and g.) and are commonly in- serted at each side the exterior part of the jaw. In those which have 30 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY. only one pair, they are usually situated on the upper lip; wlion two or more, the posterior ones are generally on the lower lip ; and in some insects lurnished with a sucking trunk, they are oftentimes found inserted at each side of that organ. These feelers are com- posed of several joints, the number of which vary. Like the antenna, to which they bear analogy, they are endowed willi powers of motion, but still more extensively. They also serve, like the antennae, as an essential character in the construction of genera; and from their situ- ation, the nmnl)er of joints, termination, and relative projtortion and size, are exceedingly useful for that purpose. Frons, the Front: the anterior or fore part of the head, the space between the eyes and the mouth. Clypeus, Shield of the head in coleopterous insects : the part cor- responding with the front of the head in the other orders. In the beetle kind it is advanced more or less upon or over the mouth, and in some forms a sort of ca]i, the rim of which extends so far over the head as to conceal the mouth beneath. The anterior edge of the cly- peus is sometimes mistaken for the upper lip. Vertex, the C>vw?i or auinndt oftlic llctid. GuLA, that part which is opposed to the front of the head, usually called the Throat. TRUNCUS, the Trunk : the second principal division of which an msect consists, comprehending that j)ortion which is situated between the head and the abdomen. The trunk includes the Thorax, Collar, Sternum, and Sculcl. Thorax : a term indefinitely applied sometimes to the whole trunk, the scutcl excepted : in a stricter sense it implies only the dorsal part of the trunk, and may be considered as expressive of that portion of the superior surface which lies between the head and the base of the wings. The appropriation of suitable terms, by which a thorax con- sisting of one or of several pieces may be discriminated from each other, is desiralile. In some the thorax is of a single piece^ as in the orders Coleopta-a and Hemipln-a ; in that oi' Lepidoptei-a it comprehends several segments, and a similar structure is still more conspicuous to view in the order llijinenopteru. The first or anterior segment of the thorax, in those consisting of several pieces, has been sometimes called the collar ; but in admitting this, the coleopterous and hemipterous orders of insects can have no thorax. This will be rendered plain, when we consider that in the latter kinds of insects the first ])air of legs arises from what is usually understood l)y the lower surtiice of "the thorax ; the interior segment, in hymenopterous insects, corre- sponds with the whole thorax in the I'ormer, for the first pair of legs arises I'rom it in exactly the same manner. In the former, the thorax of a single piece is immediately succeeded behind by a scidei, while in PATITS OF INSECTS, 3l the Hrimenapkra and Lepldopteru a large plane of one or more joints in- tervenes between the true thorax and the sciitcl ; and it is to this last- inentioned dorsal space that the term thorax is assigned. Hence it is evident that the language of Entomology in this point is not altogether consistent; because what we denominate the collar in Hi/menoptera, is the thorax in Cukoptcm ; and in Culeuptera we tind nothing analo- gous to the tliorax of the other order, except the collar. The thorax in those insects which have that part consisting of a single piece, or the hrst segment in such as are of a compound nature, has the first pair of legs arising from the lower surface, and it is in this part that the muscles which move the head as well as this pair of less are said to be contained. The thorax in difierent kinds of insects varies considerably in form, and aftbrds very excellent generic and spe- citic distinctions. Some are armed with spines, others denticulated, marginated, &c. Pectus, the Breast, is the third segment of the body, or that to which the tour posterior feet are attached, and which is longitudinally di- vided at the anterior part of the sternum. The wings in lepidopterous and most other insects have their origin or l^ase in tlie superior part of the breast. The wings and elytra in the Coleoptera and Hemiptera deviate a little from this, as they are placed more immediately on the back than in a lateral position; the breast contains the muscles that move the wings and give action to the four posterior legs. This part is capa])le of l)eing compressed and dilated, the alternate motion of which is very evident in some insects of the butterfly or moth kind when held between the fingers. The power of compression and dila- tation is supposed to arise from the action of some very strong mus- cles, being reddish yellow, and extremely loose. It has been con- jectiu-ed that these muscles may assist the motions of the organs of liight. Sternum, or Breast-bone. By this term entomologists define tliat por- tion of the middle part of the breast which is situated between the base of the four posterior legs. This piece terminates in some insects anteriorly in a somewhat acute point; in others it appears rather bi- lobate ; and in the far greater number ends obtusely or in an obtuse lobe. There are few insects in which the stcrnwnis remarkable, eitlier from its magnitude or figure. In some of the coleopterous tribes, as in the Hydrophiti and Di/tici, this part is most conspicuous. ScuTELLUM (Linnc),the Scutel or Escutcheon: the lobe-like process si- tuated immediately at the posterior part of the thorax in the scutellatc insects. The scutel is not of the same form in all insects, yet its general tendency is towards a sub-triangular figure. In the coleopterous tribes it approaches nearest to this form; its deviations incline more or less to heart-shaped, with the tip pointing backwards. The same figure pre- vails in 5omc of the Ilcmiptcra. In the Ncuroptcra, liymcnoptcraf and 32 ELEMENTS OF EXTOMOLOGY. Dipfe?'a, the triangular contour is still more observable under various modifications, and most commonly with the posterior tip rounded oif. Sometimes, as in several of" the hymenopterous insects, the posterior end is armed with sphies or denticulations; this is, however, not usual. The sen/ el in ihc far greater number of insects, whether terminating in a point or rounded, is commonly unarmed. In point of size the sculel is more variable than in figure : in some it is so small as almost to escape notice, merely forming a point at the extremity of the tho- rax, as we observe in certain kinds of the beetle tribe ; in others it is very conspicuous, being sometimes so large as to cover the middle of the back; and in otliers, as the scutellatc kinds of Ciniices and a few of the genus Acrklhoii, it expands over the back, entirely conccahng the wings and wing-cases, and covering the margin of the abdomen. ABDOMEN. Tiie third principal division, or posterior part of the body, is connected with the breast, either closely or at a distance, by means of a fillet. The abdomen is composed of annular joints or segments, the number of which \ary in difterent insects. The upper part of the abdomen is called by entomologists, ta-guin ; the hiferior or belly, WH^e?-. The opening at the posterior part of the abdomen is the vent ; and the extremity in most insects contains the organs of ge- neration: there arc exceptions to the latter. The totid movement of the abdomen is not very obvious, except in insects which have that portion of the lj(j(ly pciliculated, as in many of tlie hymenopterous genera. It has then a real joint, in which the first annulation is indented above, and receives a projecting process from the breast, on whch it moves. This joint is rendered secin"e bv elastic liga- meats, which have a considerable degree of force. Some muscles which arise within the breast are inserted into the first ring, and de- termine the extent of its motions. The partial motion of the ring is produced by very simple muscles, consisting of fibres which extend from' the anterior edge of one ring to the posterior edge of that which immediately precedes it. When tlie dorsal fibres contract, the superior part of the abdomen being shortened, it turns up towards the back ; but when the contraction takes place in the ventral or lateral fibres, the abdomen is inflected towards the belly, or directed towards one of the sides. The extent of the motion, however, depends on the nmnber of the rings and their mode of junction. In the Co/eoplera, for example, the rings only touch each other by their edges, and the motion is very limited ; but in the Hymcywplera they are so many small hoops, which are incased one into another like the tidies of a telescope, so that scarcely half, and sometimes not above one-third, of tlieir extent appears visible externally. The form, connexion, proportion, and appearance, of the surface of the annulalious of the abdomen, afford nunibcrlebs specific distinc- PARTS OF INSECTS. 33 tions ; and so likewise do the appendices at the extremity- of the ab- domen. The abdomen contains the intestines, tlie ovary, and jiart of the or- gans of respiration: it is affixed to the thorax, and in nio^^t insects di- stinct from it, forming the posterior part of tlie body. Cauda, the TuiL An appendage of any iiind terminating the abdomen is usually denominated the tail. These appendages vary in figure con- siderably in different insects, and many tribes are totally destitute of them. They are supposed to be destined to direct the motion of the insect in flight, to serve lor its defence, and for the deposition of its eggs. In some insects this tail is simple, and yet capable of being extended and with- drawn at pleasure ; in others elongated. Some are setaceous or bris- tle-shaped, as in the Raphidia. Tliosc termed triseta have three bristle- shaped appendices, as in the Ephemera. In some it is forked, as in Podiira. When it terminates in a pair of forceps it is called J'urcipnta. In the Blatta and others it is follosa, or resembling a leaf. In the Panorpa it is furnished with a sting, and is called tclij'era : this last may be more properly referred to the next. AcuLEus, the Stinii : an instrument with which insects wound and in- stil a poison. The sting generally proceeds from the vmder part of the last ring of the belly: in some it is sharp and pointed, in others ser- rated or barbed. It is used by many insects both as an offensive and defensive weapon : by others it is used only to pierce wood, or the bodies of animals, in order to deposit their eggs. In wasps and bees the sting is known to be retractile. In some insects it exists in the male only, and in others nature has provided the female alone with this instrument : it is not frequently met with in both sexes of the same species, and the far greater number of insects have no such organ. ARTUS, the Members. Pedes, the Legx. In all insects the legs amount to six, and never exceed that number; and the same is observable of the true feet in the larva; of those insects; the latter have spurious feet to a greater amount, but the true feet do nut exceed six. The leg of an insect may be divided into four, or more correctly in- to five, parts : Coxa, the first joint or haunch, at the base; Femur, the thigh; T'/i/rt,the shank; Tarsus, the foot; and Unguis, the claw. Each of these parts is enveloped in a hard case of a horm^ substance, and varies in shape in different insects, the form of the feet in all the kinds being admirably adapted to their mode of life and convenience of their motion. From the different conformations of these limbs it is easy to recognise, even in the dead insect, the mode of life which the species is destined by nature to pursue. Those which have the legs adapted for running or walking have them long and cylindrical : the thighs of the c 34 ELEMENTS OF ENTOMOLOGY, leapers are remarkably large and thick, with the shank long and com- monly arched, by which means they possess great strength and power for leaping: the legs are broad, serrated, and sharp at the edges, in those accustomed to dig in the earth ; and such as are of the aquatic kind have the legs, especially the posterior pair, long, flat, and ciliated, or fringed at tlie edge with hair. The leapers are well exemplified in the saltatorial kinds ol' Curculio and Chrysomcla ; and the swimmers, in the genera Hi/dropliilus and Dyticus. The Coxa, a small joint at the base, connects the thigh to the body, and moves in a corresponding cavity of the collar or thorax in the first pair, or breast in the two posterior ones. This part varies in form : in the Cnambkcs, CoccbielUc, and other insects in which the feet serve for walking only, its shape is globular : such as require that the feet should have a lateral motion, and which is necessary to those that dig into the earth, have the coxa broad and flat; this is also observable in some of the aquatic beetles : in the ])i/fici the coxa of the posterior legs is imbedded in the tnmk, and in the BUttta, Lepismn, and others which walk very rapidly, it is compressed into a lamellate form. Femuu, the T/ilg/i. There is more diversity in the form of the thigh than the coxa to which it is unitcMl. The articulation of these two parts is internal, and is produced in such a manner that when the animal is in a state of repose it is ])arallcl to the inferior surface of the body. It is limited to a forward and backward motion with respect to the first piece. The nature and extent of the motions of the thigh appear to determine its form. In those insects which walk much and fly little, as in the Ca- y-ahua, S)-c. the thigh has two little prominences at the base called tro- clianters, which appear to be intended for removing the muscles from the axis of the articidation. Those which require strong muscles adapted for leaping, have the thigh not only thick but generally elon- gated; as in the Gryllus and Locusta tribes, the Pulices or fleas, &c. And in the Aphodiux, Geotrupes, 4'C. {Scarahai Linn.), and also the mole cricket, (all which burrow in the earth,) the thigh is moved with much force, and has an articulated surface corresponding to the flat part of the coxa on which it rests. This part is sometimes spinous. TiEi.-v, or S/iank, is the third joint of the legs, and moves in an an- gle accordmg to the direction of the thighs. The figure of this pai-t depends essentially on the uses to which the habits of the insect re- quire it to be applied : in the natatorial kinds it is usually flat and cili- ated— at least the tibia of the posterior pair; and in many others, as in a variety of the burrowing kinds of beetles, it is serrated. The shank is more frequently serrates-. 3.) Genus 8. Anthrenus, Fabi-icius. Antenna shorter than the thorax, with the club solid (P/. 2., fig- 4. a.): ;»«//«■ filiform, short: i'Of/y orbiculatc, ovate : .sc;iatu?\e the insects of tliis ge- nus were included in the genus Si/pJia, the habits of which they greatly resemble, being found in decayed animal substances, under the bark of trees, bones, &c. Sp. 1. Nit.discoidca. Black: the thorax marginated: the disk of the elytra ferruginous: length 1| lin. {PL Q.fig. 5.) The species of this genus are numerous, subject to great variety, and require a minute examination. Genus 11. Opatrum, Fdhr. Antenna: moniliform, growing thicker at the end : clj/tru marginated : /lea^ prominent : thorax Saltish, and marginated. The insects of this genus are foimd in sandy situations in May, June, and July. — They were arranged with the Si/phu: by Linne. Sp. 1. Opat. sabulosum. Brown : thorax emarginate : elytra dentated, with three elevated lines. {PL 2. fig. 3. a. antenna magnified.) Genus 12. Tritoma, Fahr. Antenna; clavated: club pcrfoliated {PL 1. fiig. 9. a.): lip emarginate: anterior palpi sccm'ii'onn: bodj/ much elevated: thora.r Adt. Of this genus we have but one species at present known in this coiuitry, which inhabits fungi : I once took them in profusion atCoombe Wood in the month of Alarch. Sp. 1. Trit.bipustulaium. Black: the elytra with a scarlet ?pot on ihc shoulder, in which is a ^niall black dot. {PL Q.fig. 9.) B 2 5'2 LI^-^EAN system. Genus 13. Cassida. Anitniue munillform : thorax and clijtra marginated : licad concealed under the thorax: body above gibbous, beneath fiat and margined. Of this genus we have several species, some of whicii are very bril- hant in coloiu-s, which disappear when tiie insect dies, but are said to revive when put in warm water. The larva; of these insects are found under the leaves of the plants on which they feed : by means of the lateral spines and bristle at the end of the tail the}' form a kind of parasol with their own excrements to shelter themselves from the sun and rain, and probably to screen themselves from their enemies. Sp. 1. Cass. wncidaUi. The elytra vary in colour, the yovmg state of the insect being green, and as it advances in age gradually approaching fo red spotted with black: black on the under side. C. murrceu of Marsham is only a variety of this. {PL '2. Jig. 10.) Genus 11. Coccixr.LtA. Antenna: clavated : the chd) solid : niavHlari/ pa//)/ terminated by a large securiform joint : Oodj/ hemispherical : thorax and elytra margined r abdomen Hat. The insects of this genus are commonly called in England Lady- cows, or Lady-birds. The larva) feed chietly on the Aphides or plant- lice, and are very scrviceal)le in clearing vegetables of tlie myriads with which they are often inl'ested. -\lr. Marsham in his Kniomologia Bri- tannica has described 50 species, two-thirds of which only are genuine. So great is the variety in the species of this genus, that by a close ex- aniiaation scarcely two specimens will be found alike: this shows the necessity of collecting varieties, for by this means species may be de- cided upon; I should therefore strongly reconunend the young ento- mologist never to disregard them, as they tend greatly to the advance- ment of the science, and certainly enrich a collection. Mr. Stephens (the author of the continuation to the ornithological part of Shaw's Zoology, and a most excellent entomologist,) for some years past has paid great attention to this genus of insects; and it his intention to lay his observations before the Linnean Society. Sp. 1. Cocc. H-guttuta. Elytra red: with fourteen white dots: antenna- and eye.s black: the spots on the elytra form lour lines; the first line contains two spots, the second six, the third four, and the last two. Inhabits willows. (PL Q.Jig. 11.) Genus 1.5. Chrysomela. Antenme moniliform: palpi six, thickest at their extremity : thorax mar- gined, but not the elytra: body for the most part ovate. The insects of this genus are in general adorned with shining and splendid colours. They live on leaves, but do not cat the nen-urcs. ORDEH I. COLLOPTER.A. 53 Their larva; are in general of an oval shape, somewhat elongated and soft, with six feet near the head. The last joint of their feet or tarsi consists of four articulations, which in most cases senx- for sexual di- stinctions, the tarsi of the fore feet heing considerably broader in the males than in the females. This numerous and beautil'ul tribe is found in almost every situation: their motion is slow; and some of them when caught emit an oily liqiior of a disagreeable smell. In this o-enus of Linne we lind manv insects that differ widely from the 2;encric character o;iven above, which lorm manv natural families consisting of numerous genera, the characters of which will be given in the system proposed by Dr. Leach. Sp. 1. Chrt/s. coiiaria. Apterous, oval; varies in colour from a dark blue to a black. It is a very common species, and may be found on heaths from April to Jime in abundance. {PL 2. Jig. 12.) Sp. 2. C/uys. Taitaceti. Black and pimctured : the antennas and feet black. (PL '2. fig. 13.) Galeruca Tanaceti, Gcoffroy, Lutreille, Fabri- cius, Olivier, and Leach. Sp. 3. C/irj/s. merdigem. {PL 2. Jig. 14.) Auchcnia merdigera, Marsiham. inhabits the while lily. Genus 16. CRVPTOcEPiiAi.rs, Fair. Antcniuc fdifurm : pulpi four: thorax margined, but not the elytra: hodi/ nearly cylindrical. The insects of this genus in some of the sections into which it has been divided by Gmclin resemble the preceding in form and manners, and were accordingly in the former editions of the Hi/Ucma l^utura ar- ranged with Chiysoiiiehe. ]\ir. Marsham's Aiwhcniu, Crioccrix, and TilluSy are separated from this genus. Sp. 1. Cn/pf. Lincola. Body black: elytra red, with a black line on each. {PL 2. Jig. 15.) Genus 17. IIispa, Antenne cylindrical, approximate at the base and seated between the eyes : palpi fusiform : thorax and elytra often spinous or toothed. Sp. 1. Hispa midica. {PL 2. fig. 16.) Orthocerus muticus, Latr. Inhabits sandy situations. Genus 18. Bnuciirs. AnteniKE filiform: pulpi equal and filiform: /?)> actmiinatcd. Sp. 1. Bruchus Fid. Elytra black, with white spots; the extremity white, with two black dots. {PL 2.fg. 17.) Inhabits Europe, and is very destructive to fields of peas. 54 LINNEAN SYSTEM. Genus 19. Curculio. Antennct clavated, situated on the rostnim: pctlpi four, tililbrm. The insects of this genus are very numerous, and subject to great diversity in form and colours. Mr. Marsham has described 234 spe- cies in liis Eiitoinologid Bi-itannica, some of which are but varieties. Many species have been discovered since his work was written, and the number is probably doubled. Sp. 1. Curc.nUens. Oblong, dark-violet : thorax and elytra of a blueish green. {PL 2.fg. 18.) Inhabits Europe ; is foimd in England on the white-thorn in woods in the month of May. Sp. 12. Ciac. Pyri. Bronzed with a changeable colour of yellow, red, and green: legs rufous. {PI. 2. /;g. 19.) Inhabits the nut-tree, but is very local. Sj». 3. Cure. Xucnm. Grey-brown; rostrum as long as the body. Inhabits tlie nut-tree ; the larva is frequently found in the hazel nut. {PI. 2. fig. 20.) Sp. 4. Cure. Scrophulariit. The coleoptra with two black spots on the b;u-k. {PL 2. fig. 21.) Inhabits the Scrophularia in marshes. Genus 90. Attelabus. Antennae moniliform ; thickest towards the apex : head inclined, ami acuminated behind. Sp. 1. Att. Coryli. Black; elytra red and reticulated. {PL ^. fg. 22.) Iidiabits Europe : is found on the hazel; the leaves of which the larva rolls up into a cylinder, close at both ends. The form of the heatl in this insect is remarkable: it is shaped like a long triangle; the acute angle attached to the thorax, the eyes in the other two angles, and from the base the rostrum arises. Genus 21. Notoxus, Fabr. Meloe, Linn. Lytta, Marsh. Antenn(t filiform; palpi four, securiform: majcilla with one dent or tooth. Sj). 1. Kot. t)ionoceros. The thorax projecting like a horn over the head. {PL 2. fig. 23. a. head, thorax, and antennjfi magnified.) Inhabits sand-pits, is rare near London. This species has been taken in profusion on the sandy sea shores of South Wales. Genus 22. Cerambvx. AuliiiTKc setaceous: palpi four: thorax spinous or gibbous: cli/tia linear. Thib is a numerous genus : it has therefore been divided into several ORDER I. COLEOPTERA. 55 genera by later writers. Few of them are natives of Britain. Their iarvffi live in wood, which they perforate and consume. They are the favourite food of the woodpecker. They have shorter feet than the larvae of most other Coleoptera. The antennae are often longer than the whole body, being in some species four times its length. Sp. 1. Cer. moschatus. Inhabits Europe. In England it frequently occurs on willow-trees in Jane. Sp. 2. Ccr. Textw. Inhabits Europe. This is esteemed a very rare British insect; it occurs on willows at the Efford Mills, near Lymington in Hampshire, and near Bristol. {PL 2. fig. 24.) Sp. 3. Ccr.arcuatus. The elytra with four yellow fasciae; the first inter- rupted, the others arched backwards. {PL l-fig- 25.) Inhabits Europe. Is found on the trunks of trees, but is rare in Britain. Genus 23. Leptura. Aiilenme setaceous: polpi four, filiform: elytra attenuated towards the apex: thorax somewhat cyhndrical. Sp. 1. Lcpt. (juadnfasciala. Black ; elytra testaceous with four black fascia;. {PL 2. Jig. 26.) Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is found in the woods of Rent on umbelliferous plants. _ * Sp. 2. Lepf. Ni/mp/uccc. Hind thighs toothed: thorax and elytra copper\' : body cinereous, downy. Inhabits Europe. May frequently be found in ditches on the leaves of Is'ijrnphau alba in the month of ]May. {PL 2. fig. 27.) Genus 24. Necydai.is. Antennae setaceous or filiform: palpi four, filiform: eh/fra smaller than the wings. Sp. 1. Neci/d. coerulca. Elytra subulate ; abdomen blue : hind thighs of the maleclavate, arcuate; those of the female simple. {PL 2. fig. 28.) Inhaliits flowers in woods and chalk-pits. Genus 25. Lampyris. .■I«;oi«ur, fili- form; the last articulation obtuse and truncated: head pari ly re- tracted within the thorax. {PL 3. Jig. 9.) Few of this numerous genus are natives of Britain. Many of the ex- otic species are remarkable for their rich metallic colours, having frc- 58 LINKT-AN SYSTEM. qucntly the appearance of the most highly poUslicd gold or copper: the larva; live in wood. Sp. \. Bnpr. biguttatu. Crccn above, blue-green beneath; scutellum transversely impressed; apex of the elytra serrated; a white villose spot on each side of the sutmc, and three on the sides of the ab- domen. In England it is rather rare, but was once observed in very great abundance, by Dr. Latham, in Daren t-wood, Kent. Genus 31. IlYnuoi'iuLus, Fabr. Dvtiscus, Linn. ^ntozM^ clavated, (■/«/> perfoliate: pa/pi fouv, fdiform: hinder feet cili- ated and formed for swinnninir, w ilh minute claws. The insects of this genus live in water and moist places. They may be seen in ponds during the summer and calm mild days in winter, frequently rising to the surface for fresh air; they swim well, and when laid on their backs restore themselves by whirling round ; they rest in the shade, keep in the water during the day, come abroad in the evening, and are sometimes found sitting on the plants by the edge; they fly by night; after having been long out of the water they cannot dive but with difficulty: the foremost f(;et of the males have a hemispherical appendage. The larvie always li\e in the water, and are the crocodiles of their class, killing not only aquatic insects but even fishes. Sp. 1. Ili/droph. pkciis. Black; the sternum channelled and spiny behind. Hydrous piceus. Leach, Jrom the Linnean MSS. This is the largest }>ritish species of the genus. The larva lives in still waters and ponds; is about an inch and a half in length; black; its head smooth and chesnut-coloured; with six short slender feet, which arc actually placed on the bark, and a tapering tail through which it respires. — In the month of July it is said to attain its utmost size, and leaving the water, creeps upon the dry ground to a heap of dung, (cow- dung if it be near,) and makes a hole under it pretty deep, and so wide that it can lie in it rolled up in a circle, and Uiere it changes into its pupa state. About the middle of August the perfect insect appears. Like most of the aquatic insects it lives thr(jugh the winter, diving deep into the mud in the most inclement weather. Sp. 2. Hi/droph.caraboides. {PL 3. fig. 16.) Genus 32. Dvtiscus. AntenntE setaceous ; palpi six, filiform : hind feet villous, formed for swimming, with the claws very minute. (PL S.fg. 13, 14 Sf 1.5.) The insects of tliis genus are very rmmerous, and are well deserving the attention of the entomologist. In Dr. Leach's system they are di- vided into several very natural genera : they are found in almost every ORDER I. COLEOrTTRA. 59 pond, ditch, and rivulet, but many of tiie species are very local : they may be obtained in the above-mentioned situations at all seasons of the year. Genus 33. Carabus. Antenme filiform ; palpi six, the last articulation obtuse and truncated : tfiorax obcordate, truncated at the apex, and marginated : eli/ira margined. Mr. Marsham has described 109 British species of this genus : the generality of them are found on the ground, under stones, in sand-pits^ &.C. a few are found in trees, feeding on the larvx of Lepidoptera. The whole of this tribe are very voracious, preying on all insects which they can overcome ; they discharge, when taken, a brown caustic and fetid liquor: many of tlicm want wings; though their elytra in general are separate and moveable : their larvae live in putrid wood, among mosses, in the earth, &c. PI. S.Jig. 17, 18, 19, c^- 20, belong to this genus of Linne. They are types of so many genera, the characters of which are given in the system of Dr. Leach. Genus 34. Teneerio. Antenna', moniliform; the last articijlation nearly roimd: thorax w'wh a small degree of convexity, and marginated: head standing out: elytra somewhat rigid. Sp. 1. Tencb. Molitor. Brownish-black; the anterior thighs the thickest. (PL 4. fig. 1.) The larvae of this insect are called Meal-zcorms, and are found in meal, l)akers' ovens, dry bread, &G. They are of a pale colour, smooth, with thirteen segments, soft; and are the favourite food of nightin- gales, and other Molucillcc. Genus 35. Blaps, Fair., Marsh. Tenebrio, Linn. Antenna: filiform; palpi four: thorax with a small degree of convexitj', and marginated : head standing out : eli/tra somewhat rigid : wings (in most species) wanting. Sp. 1. Bi. mortimga. Black ; coleoptra ending in a point, and smooth ; the antenna? moniliform at the apex. This species wants the wings : it walks slowly, and is therefore called the slow-legged beetle : when taken it emits a certain colourless but very fetid liquor. Genus 36^ Lytta, Fuhr. Meloe, Linn. Antenna filiform : palpi four, unequal, the hind ones clavated : thorax somewhat roimd : head inflected and gibbous : elytra soft and flexible. Sp. 1. Lytta vesical oria. Green; the antenna black. {PI. 4:. Jig. 5.) Inhabits the south of Europe, and is occasionally found in Britain. 60 LINNEAN SYSTEM. This is the common Spanish fly : it is found on tlie privet, the ash, the elder, the poplar, &c. It is so light when dried that fifty of them scarcely weigh a dram. Genus 37..Melof,. Antcniice moniliform : thorax nearly round : elijtrn soft, flexible, and shorter than the abdomen : head inflected, gibbous. {PL 4. fig. 7.) Sp. 1. Md. .Proscurab/eus. Of a violet colour. Found in spring, i)articularly in open sandy fields, feeding on the different species of Ranunculus, &c.; its ova have an agreeable smell; when touched, there issues from it a very limpid yellowish oil, which is exceedingly diuretic, and when mixed with honey or oil has been recommended in cases of hydrophobia. Genus 38. Mordella. J[;i^en??tf' moniliform or pectinated: palpi four, the anterior ones cla- vated, the hinder filiform : when frightened, it hides its head be- neath the thorax : chjlra narrower towards the apex, and slightly cui'vcd : before the thighs a broad plate at the base of the abdomen. The insects of this genus inhabit flowers. Sp. 1. Mord.fasciata. {PL L fig. 8.) Genus 39. Staphylinus. I shall omit the generic character of Liime, and refer the student to those genera given in Dr. Leach's system. JMr. Marsham has de- scribed only 87 species of this very extensive family : 500 species at least are found to be natives of this country, many of which are exceed- ingly minute, but very interesting. {PL 1. Jig. 10, 11, 12, 13 4" 11-) Genus 40. FoREicuLA. AnlenndE setaceous : palpi imequal and filiform : cli/tra truncated and shorter than the abdomen, the extremity of which is armed with forceps. Sp. 1. Forf. aiiricularia, Earwig. Order II. IIEMIPTERA. RIany of the insects of this Order are furnished with a rostrum which is inflected and bent inwards towards the breast. Their wins;- cases are hemelytratcc, or of a substance less hard than those of the preceding order; they do not meet together and form a longitudinal suture, but have some part of their anterior uiargins crossed or laid one over the other. ORDrR II. IIEMIPTERA. 51 Genus 41. Blatta. Jfca^ inflected : antenna: setaceous: ;w//ji unequal, filiform: elytra and ?67'«o-s flat, and nearly coriaceous: thorax nearly flat, orbicular, and niar<'inated : feet formed for rimning : two horns above the tail m most species. (PI. ^-fs- 1^-) Sp. 1. Bl. orknlalis, Black-beetle or Cock-roach. This insect was originally a native of South America, but is now very generally spread throughout Europe. It cannot be considered a British insect, thou2;h it frequents kitchens, ovens, and -warm places, and de- vours meal, "bread, and other provisions, shoes, &c. It conceals itself during the day, and comes abroad in the night; it runs quickly, and is very tenacious of life. They are killed by red wafers. Genus 42, Gryllus. Head inflected, furnished with maxillae and filiform palpi : antenna se- taceous or filiform : xcings four, deflected and convoluted ; the under ones folded : hind legs formed for leaping : two claws on all the feet. Sp. 1. Gr.flavipes. {PL 4. fg. 19.) Inhabits marshes, but is very local in Britain. Genus 43. Cicada. Rostrutn inflected : antenna: setaceous : w'mgs four, membranaceous and deflected : ,/t'e< formed for leaping. {PI. 5. fig. 1 Sf 2.) Sp. 1. Cic. viridis. Elytra green: head yellow, with black dots. Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches. Genus 44. Notonecta. Rostrum inflected : antenna shorter than the thorax : 7iuigs four, folded together crosswise ; coriaceous at the base : hinder feet ciliated, formed for swimming. The insects of this and the following genus live in water, feeding on aquatic animalcula; the larva and pupa have each six feet; they are active, and swim like tlie perfect insect; the former wants wings, the latter has the rudiments of them. {PL 5. fig. 3.) Sp. 1. 'Not. ininidissima. Grey; the head brown: the elytra truncated. Inhabits ponds. Genus 45. Nepa. Rostrum inflected : antenna short : rvings four, folded crosswise, the an- terior part of them coriaceous : the tico fore feet cheliform ; the others formed for walking. Sp. 1. Nepa ciuereu. Of an ash colour : the thorax unequal: the body oblong, ovate. {PL 5. fig. 4.) Inhabits ponds and ditches; is very common in Britain throughout the year. 62 LINNEAN SYSTEM. Genus 46. Cimex. Jioslrutn inflected: antenna: lonsier than llio thorax: uhtss four, folded crosswise; tlie upper ones coriaceous in tii;; anterior pari: buck flat : tliorav marginated : _/eef formed for running. {PI. 5. Jig. 6, 7, 8.) The insects of this genus, whetlier as hirva' or in the perfect state, feed for the most part on the juices of plants; some on the larvre of other animals: they have in general a very disagreeahle smell. The larvas and pupaj have six feet; they are active, and walk ahout like the perfect insect: the former has no wings, the latter has the rudiments of them. A great numticr oi' species arc found in Britain. Sp. 1. Cimex kctularius. Without wings, lidiahils Europe. This insect (the hed-bug) is unhappily but too well known, and was an inhabitant of Europe prior to the Christian a'ra; at least it is men- tioned by Aristophan(!S and other (jreek writers. Southall says it was hardly known in London before 1070; but there is good authority for asserting that it was common enough there before t?ie great fire in 1666. It is a nocturnal animal, very fetid ; seldom, though sometimes, found with wings; easily killed when taken alive. Bugs arc said to be expelled in a variety of ways, viz. by charcoal and oil of turpentine, soft soap, or hard pomatum. Genus 47. Aphis. Rostrum inflected: the vagina with five articulations and a single seta: a«toi/i/ : no steinniata : yawgs deflected, not folded : atitenna se- taceous, projecting, and longer than the thorax, which is convex. The species of this genus in all their stages feed upon small insects, especially the Aphides; their larvai have six feet; in most species they are oval and hairy; the pupa; are inactive, and inclosed in a case. The eggs are deposited on leaves in the midst of Aphides; they are sup- ported on small pedicles and set in the form of bunches. The larvee at- tain their growth in fifteen or sixteen days, and the yupa incompleta re- mains for three weeks before the fly comes forth. Sp. 1. II. Chri/sops. {PL 7. fig. 4.) Chrysops maculata, Leuch. Genus 58. Panorpa. Movth stretched out info a cylindrical horny rostrum : the 7nandihle\s without teeth: viaxUlce bifid at the apex: /;)) elongated, and covering the whole mouth : palpi four, nearly equal : stemmatu three : antennae filiibrm : the lail of the male armed with a chela, that of the female unarmed. Sp. 1. P. communis. (Fl. 7. Jig. 5. a. chela 7nagnificd.) Genus 59. Rapiiidia. Mouth with an arched, dentated, horny tmudibk : a cylindrical, obtuse iiorny maxilla: a rounded, entire, and horny lip: palpi fom-, very short, nearly equal, and filiform : stemmata three ; icings deflected : un- tennm filiform, of the length of the thorax; elongated before, and cylindrical; tail of the female with a lax recurved seta. (P/. I.f'g. 6.) Order V. HYMENOPTERA. Wings four, membranaceous : mouth with maxillze, and some of them likewise a tongue. Between the large eyes they h?,ve generally three j-tcnnnata. At the extremity of the abdomen the females of several of the genera have an aculeus or sting, that lies concealed within the ab- domen, which is used as a weapon, and instils into the wound an acid poison : those which want the sting, are furnished with an oviduct, tliai ORDER V. IIYMENOPTERA. 67 is often exserted, and with which the eggs are deposited either in the bodies of the caterpillars of other insects, or in wood. From these eggs the larvce are produced, which in some have no feet; in others more tlian sixteen. They change to pupa incomplete, which are inclosed in cases. Some of the insects of this Order live in societies, others are solitary. Genus CO. Cvnips. Arouth with a short membranaceous maxilla with one dent : an arched horny mandible cleft at the apex : a short, cylindrical, entire, horny lip: four short imequal /)(///;/ : antcnncE moniliform, aculeus spiral, and in 2;eneral hidden within the body. The Cj/)iipcs pierce the leaves, &c. of plants with their sting, and de- posit their eggs in the wound; the extravasated juices rise round it and form a gall, which becomes hard, and in this the larva lives and feeds, and changes to a pupa. Sp. 1. C. Que reus folii. (PI. 8.fg. 1.) ' The larva is found in galls, adhering to the under side of oak leave?, of the size of hazel-nuts. Genus 61. Tenthredo. Mouth with a horny arched mandible, dentatcd within : maxilla: obtuse at the apex: //)> cylindrical andtritid: 2)(tlpi four, unequal, and iiliform. The larvcE of the insects of this genus have from sixteen to twenty- eight feet; a round head: when touched they roll themselves together. Tliey feed on the leaves of plants. When full-grown, they make, some- times in tiie earth and sometimes between the leaves of the plant on which they feed, a net-work case, and within it change to a pupa in- complcta, which for the most part remains during the winter in the earth. The species are very numerous, and consist of many natural genera. Sp. 1. T. Serophularia:. {PI. 8. Jig. 2.) Inhabits the Water Betony. Genus 62. Sirex. Mouth with a thick, horny mandible, truncated at the apex, and denti- culated : an incurved, acuminated, cylindrical, ciliated maxilla, and a lip, both oithem membranaceous and entire ; the whole short: palpi four, the hind ones the longest, increasing towards their apex : an- tenuff filiform, with more than twenty-four equal articulations: ovi- duct exserted, stiff, and serrated : abdomen sessile, terminating in a point or spine : wings lanceolated, and not folded. Sp. 1. S. Gigus. {PI. 8.fg 3.) Genus 63. Ichneumon. 'Mouth with a straight membranaceous, bifid maxilla, rounded at the apex, dilated, ciliated, and horny: an arched, acute, horny mandible, e2 63 LINNEAX SYSTEM. Avithout teeth : lip cylindrical, emarginated, horny, and nicndjrana- ceoit* at the apex: palpi lour, unequal, tiliforni : a/itciiiuc h^ctaceous. The insects of this genus lay their eggs in the hodies of caterpillars or pupae, which are there hatched : the larvaj have no feet ; they are soft and cylindrical, and feed on the suhstance of tlie caterpillar; this last continues to feed, and even to undergo its change into a chrysalis, but never turns to a perfect insect : when the larvje of the ichneumon are full grown they issue forth, spin themselves a silky web, and change into a pupa incompletu, and in a few days the fly appears. The genus is very numerous, upwards of 800 species are found in this country, Sp. 1. J. ManiJ'estutor. {PL 8. Jig. 4.) Genus 64. Sphex. 2[out/i with an entire maxilla: a horny, incurved, dentated mandible: a horny lip, membranaceous at the apex : palpi lour : anicnnc: fili- form : the aculeus or sting concealed within the abdomen. The insects of this genus form their cells in sand-banks, and they are occasionally found on umbelliferous plants; the larva is soft, with- out feet, and lives in the bodies of dead insects in which the mother had previously deposited her eggs. Sp. 1. S. sabiilosa. (PL 8. Jig. 5.) Inhabits sand-banks: is common in Norfolk, Sufiblk, and the Hamp- shire coast, in June and July. Genus 65. Chrysis. Moullt horny and porrected : the maxillcc linear, much longer than the lip which is emarginated : palpi four, unequal and tiliform : antenna' filiform, the first articulation the longest, the remainder short: boclj/ shining and finely punctured, tlie abdomen arched underneath; the extremity, in most species, dcnlated : the sting somewhat cxserted : wings not folded. The species of this genus inhajjit sand-banks, old walls, or decayed wood. They rarely appear but in the middle of the day, and then only when the sun shines. Sp. 1. C. bidentata. {PL 8. Jig. 7.) Genus 66. Vespa, Wasp. Mouth horny ; tnaxilhe compressed ; palpi four, unequal and filiform : antenna: filiform, the first articulation the longest, and cylindrical ; ei/es shaped like a crescent; bod^ smooth; the sting hid within the abdomen ; the upper u^ings folded in both sexes. The insects of this genus live in society; tliey prey on insects that have naked wings, particularly bees and flies; the larva is soft and with- out feet; the pupa is motionless. Vv'asps make a hive of a substance like paper formed of wood reduced to a paste; the combs are horizontal, ORDER V. HVMEXOPTERA. C9 and have only one row of hexagonal cells, flat at hottom, the mouth turned downwards, which serve only lor holding the young. Every hive is begun by a mother, who at first deposits a lew eggs, from which neu- ters are produced, or working wasps, who assist her in increasing her work and in feeding the young afterwards produced. Neither males nor females are produced till towards the month of September. Be- fore that time there are none in the nest but the female and the neuters she has engendered. The females remain in the nest. The males do no work, ^^'asps feed their larvte with insects, meat, and the frag- ments of fruits. Towards autmnn they are said to Idll such of the lars'as luxl pupKas cannot come to perfection before the month of November. The males and neuters perish themselves during winter, and none re- main but a few impregnated females to perpetuate the species. Sp. 1. V. Crahro, the Hornet Wasp. (P/. 8. fg. 8.) Inhabits Europe, generally forming its nest in the trunks of trees. Some little caution is necessary in taking the insects of this species, as without care the entomologist is subject to be stung by them. I have found that the bag net(P/. W.fg. 4.) is the best means of taking them. The insects when seciuxd in the net should be gently trodden upon, not sufficiently to injure, but merely to numb them ; a pin should then be passed throu^^h the thorax, and the insect placed in the pocket box. Genus 07. Apis, Bee. Mou/.h horny: jn-^ivi/lu; and labhnn membranaceous at the apex: tougiie inflected : paipi four, unequal and filiform : aniciime filiform : zcings not folded : aculcus in the females and neuters concealed in the abdomen. Sp. 1. ^1. return, Linn. {kmvAc) jKnnipes, (male) {PL 8. Jig. 9. male.) Mr. Kirby has described upwards of 200 indigenous species of this genus in his admirable work entitled Monographia Apta/i Anglia, 2 vols. [ Bxo. This work is indispensable in the library of every entomologist. Genus 68. Formica, Jnt. ij Palj'A four, unequal, with cylindiical articulations, seated on a sub- 1 membranaceous cylindrical lip : unteniKE filiform ; bet^veen the thorax and the abdomen a small erect scale: the s^ecies short. Sp. 1. M. inanls. {PI. 9. fg. 3.) Genus 73. Tabakus. Mouth with a straight exserted membranaceous proboscis, ending in an ovate capitulvim or knob; with two equal ///)>■; hunstcllum projecting, exserted, and received into a groove in the back of the proboscis; vagina univalve, with five seta and two equal pu/pi, the last articula- tion of which is thicker than the rest ; antcnmc short, approximate, cylindrical, \\ilh seven articulations; the third generally largest, and armed with a lateral dent. The insects of this genus suck the blood of animals. They are of a dull plain appearance, but their large eyes are in general beautifully coloured — these colours fade after they are dead. Sp. 1. T. tropicus. {PI. 9. Jig. 4.) Genus 74. Culex, ilic Gnat. With an exserted, univalve, flexible ragiun; five .se/^; palpi two, con- sisting of three articulations; anlciuiaiWifovni. Sp. 1. C.pipieus. {Pt. 9. Jig. 5.) Inhabits Europe and the northern parts of Asia and America. This insect is frequent in the neighbourhood of waters and marshy places. In southern regions there is a larger species which is known by the name of Musquetoe. Its bite is jiainfid, raising a considerate degree of inflammation, and its continual piping note is exceedingly irksome where it abounds, especially during the night. When it settles to inflict the wound and draw the blood, it raises its hind pair of feet. In Lapland, the injuries the inhabitants sustain from it are amply re- paid by the vast numbers of water-fowl and wild-fowl which it attracts, as it forms the favourite food of their young. Genus 75. Empis. HausteUum inflected ; vagina univalve, with three sets and a proboscis ; p«//)t short and filiform; antenna setaceous. The changes of these insects are unknown; they are common on 72 LINNEAN SYSTEM. llovvers and in gardens; their head is small and round, the thorax gib- bous, the feet long, the proboscis small and intiected. Sp. 1. E.pennipes. (PL 9. fg. 6.) Genus 76. Conops. Month with a porrected, geniculatcd rostrum ; antemia clavated ; the clava acuminated. Sp. 1. C. nutcrocep/iala. (PI. 9. fig. 8.) Genus 77. Asilcs. Mouth with a straight, horny, bivalve haustel/iim, wliich is gibbous at the base; antenna filiform. The insects of this genus live Viv preying on those of the Dipterous and Lepidoplcrous orders. When they are at rest, their wings in general are incumbent on the abdomen, which is long and small, often liairy, particularly the feet, and these end in small claws. Their larv.-c feed in the earth, on the roots of plants : they change into a pvpa coardata, beset with seta;. Sp. 1. A. crabronij'ormis. (PL 9. fg. 9.) Genus 78. Bombylius. Mouth with a very long setaceous, straight, bivalve haustellum ; the valves unequal, with three seta"; tuoshort haijy palpi; antama; subu- lated, united at the base. The insects of this genus, while they fly, suck the nectareous juices of flowers. Sp. 1. B. major. (PL 9. fig. 10.) Genus 79. HirroBoscA. Mouth with a short, cylindrical, bivalve haustellum; the valves equal ; antenna filiform ; feet with several claws. The insects of this genus live by sucking the blood of animals; and stick so fast to their skinsj that they must be torn before they can b^ taken oft'. Sp. 1. IL equina. (PL 9. fig. 11.) Order ATI. ArTERA. In this Order Linne arranged (if we except the Flea, Louse, and Lc- pisma,) animals widely different from genuine insects: I shall only enumerate the names of Linne, and the Classes they constitute. The characters of the numerous tribes and genera into which they are dis- tributed, are fully detailed in the article "Annidosa" in theSuiipIemcnt J to Enci/c. Brit. vol. 1. part 2. The following genera belong to the Class Insecta, the characters of ORDER VII. APTERA. 73 which will be found in Dr. Leach's System, viz. Lepisma, Podura, Pe- DicuLus, Polex, and Termes. Genera Acarus, Phalaxgium,Aka- >EA, and Scorpio, belong to the Class Arachnuidea. Genera Cancer, IMoNOcuLus, and Oxiscus, to the Class Crustacea: Scolopexdra and JcLus, to the Mijriapoda. The characters of the above enumerated Classes w^ill be given hereafter. |}3=- It should be observed that those of the above genera, to which are affixed the names of other authors, are not to be found in the writ- ings of Linne, but have been adopted in the various translations and editions since the twelfth of the Si/stinia datura ; and are generally re- ceived by those who adhere to tliat system. The following synoptical view from the 12th edition of the Syatema Xafiirce, will show the extent of Entomology as left by Linne himself Order I. COLEOPTERA. * Antennee clavated or graduallt/ incrensiiig. Scarab^eus, Lucanus, Dermestes, Hister, Byrrhus, GvRixrs, Attelabus, Curculio, Silpiia, Coccixella. ** Antenna; jUiJ'urni. Bruciius, Cassida, Ptixus, Curysomela, IIispa, Meloe, Texe- EKio, Lampyris, Moruella, Stapiiylixus. *** Antenna setaceous. ' Cerambyx, Leptura, Caxtiiaris, Elater, Cicixdela, Bupres- TK*, Dytiscus, Carabus, Necydalis, Forficlla. Order IL HEMIPTERA. Blatta, Gryllus, Cicada, Notoxecta, Nepa, Cimex, Aphis, Ciiermes, Coccus, Thrips. Order III. LEPIDOPTERA, Papilio, Spiiixx, Phal.exa. Order IV. NEUROPTERA. LiBELi-ULA, Ephemera, Phrygaxea, IIemerobius, Paxorpa, Raphidia. Order V. HYMEXOPTERA. Cynips, Texturedo, Sirex, Ichxeumox, Sphex, Chrysis, Vespa, Apis, Formica, Mctilla. Order VJ. DIPTERA. CEsTRUs, TipuLA, MrscA, Tabax^s, Culex, Empis, Coxops, AsiLUS, Bombylius, Hippobosca. Order VII. APTERA. The genera of the animals of this Order are already enumerated j any further observation will therefore be unnecessarv. 7i MODERN SVSIEM. ON THE DIVISION OF ANIMALS from their ORGANIZATION. It is the object of comparative anatomy to point out the difference which eachorsian presents when considered in every animal: but this exposition would prove very tedious and mtncate, were we oluigeu at every step to enumerate all the animals in which particular organs have a uniform structure. It is certainly much more convenient to indicate them all at once under the name of a class or genus whieh may com- prehend the whole : but to enable us to form this arrangement, it is ne- cessary that all the animals which compose a genus or a class, should possess some resemblance not only in one, but in all their organs. Nature never oversteps the bounds which the necessary conditions of existence prescribe to her: but whenever she is unconfined by these conditions, she displays all her lerlility and variety. Never departing from the small number of combinations that are possible between the essential moditications of important organs, she seems to s])ort with in- finite caprice in all the accessary parts. In these there appears no ne- cessity for a particular form or disposition. It even freiiuenlly happens that particular Genii^ 2. CALIGUS, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Shell coriaceous-membranaceous, bipartite ; tlie anterior segment in- versely cordiform, very deeply notched behind (the notch receiving the hinder segment, which is round), the anterior part suliproduced, notched; the lacinia^ at their base externally bearing antennae : an- tenna biarticulate, the first joint thickest, the second witli a simjile seta at its extremity : alxlonicn narrower than the thorax, with its base contracted and bearing the hinder legs, its extremity on each side with a rounded process of the length of the body: rostrum, roinided, rather more slender towards its apex, which is obtuse : less fourteen, anterior; second and fourth pairs with a strong claw; the second pair short; the third slender, elongate, the last joint double, with inicqual lacinia:; the fifth, with the last joint on one side setose, the setie ciliated on each side; the sixth with a doidile triarticulated tar- sus, the last joints on each side setose, the set£e ciliated on each side; the seventh pair with its last joint trifid: the hinder segment of the thorax beneath, terminated by a large broad lamella, ciliated behind. Sp. 1. Cul. Midleri. Leach, Eucycl. Brit. Supp.,vol. 1. PI. 20. Inhabits the common cod-fish. Genus 3. PANDARUS, I^^ath. Caligus, Mnll, Latr., Bosc. Shell coriaceous-membranaceous, composed of but one part, deeply notched behind; the angles acute; the middle of the notch toothed ; anteriorly narrower, rounded, with a process on each side externally bearing the antennie: untcnme composed of two joints, the second joint terminated by several seta^ : abdomen somewhat narrower thaxi the shell, the base above with two transverse lamelkr, the first of which is four-lobed, the second bilobate: the apex notched, witii two filaments longer than the body, with a lamella at their base above: nw//v«rt elongate, attenuated, inserted behind the anterior legs : legs. fourteen; anterior pair short, terminated by a short claw, and arising from beneath an ovate process; second pair with a double, unequal tarsus; third pair without any determinate form, without any claw; fourth pair bifid; fifth and six pairs bifid, their cox;e connected by a lamella; seventh pair bifid, the exterior lacinia longest, with a notch externally towards its apex. Sp. 1. Fund, bieolor. Shell and the middle of the abdominal lamella black; tail with filaments double the length of the body. Pandarus bieolor. Leach, Encycl. Brit^ Supp. vol. 1. PL 20. Inhabits the Squalus guleus of Linne. Genus 4. ANTIIOSOMA, Leach. iSAe// coriaceous-membranaceous, unipartite, rounded before and behind; the anterior part as if uni-lobate, the lobe higher than the shell, be- hind on each side, bearing the anterjhse : nntenua bi.x-jointed : abdo- 80 MODERN SYSTEM. iiien much narrower than the shell, on every side imbricated with membranaceous, foliaceous lamella-, which surround or embrace it : two of the kmelke are dorsal, the one being placed over the other; the other lamella? arc placed on the sides of the belly, three on each side; apex of the abdomen terminated by two very long iila- ments, and with two shorter filaments below them : rostrum elongato- cylindric, inserted behind the anterior legs, furnished at its extremity with two straight corneous mandibles: /cgssix; anterior pair three- jointed, the second joint near the apex above unidentate, the last ter- minated by a claw; second pair triarticulated, the last joint ovate, compressed; third pair biarticulate, the second joint very thick, in- ternally dentated, armed at its extremity by a strong claw. Sp. 1. Aruh. Smilhii. Leach, Encycl. Brit. Supp. vol. 1. Ft. 20 This species was discovered sticking to a shark wliich was thrown ashore on the coast of Exmouth, in Devon, by T. Smith, esq. Division II. — Body covered bj/ a bivalve shell: eyes sessile. Subdivision 1 . — Head pon-ectcd. Genus 5. DAPHNIA, Mull., Lair., Bosc, Leach. Jv/c one only: ««^7»?^i' two, branching. Sp. 1. Daph. Pulcx. Tail intlexed: .shell mucronate behind. Monoculus Pulex. Linne, Fabr. Inhabits ponds and marshes. Subdivision 2. — Head concealed. Genus G. CYPRIS, Miill., Latr., Bosc, Leach, ^nterma terminated by a brush. The animals of this genus inhabit pools and ditches containing pure water; they s\\'im with very great rapidity, and whilst in mo- tion conceal their whole body within their shell, Avhich is truly bi- valve. Sp. 1. Ci/p.concluicca. Shell ovate, tomentose. JNIonoculus conchaceus. Linn., Fabr. Cypris pubera, Mali. Cypri.^ conchacea, Latr., Leach. Inhabits France, Germany, and England. Genus 7. CYTIIERE, Mull., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Antenna simply pilose. This genus was first discovered and established by Miiller, who first obserx'cd all the species described in his Entomostraca. It is di- siinguished from Cypris by the antenuce, which are not terminated by a pencil of hairs. The legs are eight in number, and are rarely dra^m within the shell, which is really bivalve. The Cythcres have no tail, and their antennae, like those of the Cy- prides, have their articulations pilose. They have but one eye. All the species inhabit the sea, and may be found among the conferva CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 81 antl corallines, which fill the pools left by the liJe in most of the rocky coasts of Europe. Sp. 1. Cj/th. viridis. Shell reniforni, velvety, and greeiy; Inhabits the European ocean. Is occasionally found on the shores of Scotland amongst/«cJ and confervs. Division III. — Bvcly covered neither bi/ a bivalve shell nor shield. Ei/c one, sessile. Genus 8. CYCLOPS. Miill., Lam., Latr., Base, Leach. Body ovate-conic, elongate : et/e one, situate on the thorax : antenna four, simple : legs eight. All the animals of this genus inhabit fresh waters. The females carry their eggs in a pouch resembling a bunch of grapes on each side of the taiT. The organs of generation of the male are placed in the antennae ; those of the female, beneath the belly, at the base of the tail, which is abruptly narrower than the abdomen. The antenna; are hairy at the base of their joints. Sp. 1. Cj/c. Geo§)o)jii. Tail straight and bitid; colour brownish. Monoculus quadricornis. Linnc, Fabr. Cyclops quadricornis. M'vll., Latr., Bosc. Cyclops Geoffroyii. Leach. Genus 9. POLYPHEMUS. MYdl., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Cephalo- CULUS. Lainarck. Eye one, forming the head : legs ten ; tv/o bifid, elongate, and extended horizontally. Sp. 1. Fol. Oculus. Body luteous, with a few blue spots. The only species known of this genus. It inhabits lakes and marshes; and is subject to very considerable variation in size and colour. Division IV. — Body covered by neither a bivalve shell nor shield. Eyes pedunculated. Genus 10. BRANCHIOPODA. Lam., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Body filiform and very soft: head divided from the thorax by a very narrow but distinct neck : eyes two, lateral : antemut two, short, two- jointed, capillary, inserted behind and above the eyes: front with two moveable processes (which are broader towards the apex in the male sex), that are notched, those of the female furnished with a papilla at their point. The organs of generation are situate at the base of the tail. Sp. 1. Br. stagnalis. Body transparent, of a light brown colour, slightly tinged with green or blue, particularly on the head and legs. Cancer stagnalis. Linne. — An interesting account of this species is given by the late Dr. Shaw in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, vol. i. 82 MODERN SYSTEM. Subclass II. MALACOSTRACA. A very valuable work is now publishing by Dr. Leach, in quarto, and illustrated with highly finished engravings, entitled, ]VI.\LACosTR.ic.\. PoDOPiiTH.'vLMA Britanni^, in which the whole of the indigenous spe- cies hitherto discovered of this subclass are figured. It is necessary to state that this gentleman has spared neither pains nor expense to ren- der the work complete, having with unexampled zeal and perseverance amassed together one of the finest collections ever formed, which is, with the remainder of his cabinet, consisting of insects, shells, &c. de- posited in the British Museum, and, under certain restrictions, may always be consulted by students of Zoology. Legion I. PODOPHTHAL M A. " The Malacoatmca Podophthalma include those animals which, iu common language, are denominated Crabs, Lobsters^ Cray-fish, Prawns, Pandals, and .Shrimps, all of which have the power of reproducing their claws when they are lost." Order I. BRACHYURA. A. Abdomen of the male Jive-jointed, the middle joint longest ; of the female seven-jointed. Anterior pair of legs didactyle. {Shell trun- cate behind. Tzco anterior legs of the male elongate, of the female moderate.) Fam. I. CoRYSTiDi. Leach. Antenna long, ciliated on each side. Genus 1. CORYSTES. Lutr., Leach. External antennte longer than the body; the third segment composed of elongate, cylindric joints: external double palpiwhh the external foot- stalk narrow; the second joint largest, having its internal side deeply emarginate : anterior pair of legs, of the male twice the length of the body, subcylindric, the hand gradually somewhat thicker and some- what compressed; of the female, of the length of the body, with a compressed hand : other legs with tibia; and tarsi of equal length : claws elongate, straight, acute, and longitudinally sulcated: abdomen, of the male, with the first joint linear-transverse; the second longer, and produced on each side ; third, nearly equally quadrate; the fourth transverse, and narrower than the third; the fifth narrower, nearly triangular, with the tip rounded ; of the female, with six joints trans- verse, arcuated in front; seventh triangular, with the apex rounded : shell oblong-ovate, anteriorly slightly rosti-ated, behind margined : CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 83 eiics not tliicker than their bending-backward peduncles: orUts above with one fissure. Sp. 1. Cor. cassivelaunus. Shell granulated, crenulated behind; front bitid ; the sides tridentate. Cancer cassivelaunus. Fenn. Brit. Zool. iv. 6. t. 7. male and female. Herbsf, i. 195. t. VI. f. 72. male. Cancer personatus. Hcrbst, 193. t. 12. /: 71. female. Alburnea dentata. Fabr. Supp. Ent. Sj/st. 398. Busc, Hist. Nat. dcs Crust, ii. 4. Corystes dentatus. Lntr. Corystes cassivelaunus. Ixach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. t. 1. Inhabits most of the sandy shores of the European ocean, and is often thro^^^l up after hea\'j' gales of wind. Genus 2. ATELECYCLUS. Leach, Latrcille. External antenna: haU'the length of the body; the third segment com- posed of elongate and cylindric joints : extei-nal double palpi witti the second joint of the internal footstalk shortest, with the internal apex produced, and the internal side notched towards the joint: anterior legs of the male longer than the body, with a compressed hand : ot/ier legs with tibia? and tarsi of equal lengths, furnished with elon- gate, quadrate nails that are longitudinally sulcated, having their tips naked, rounded and sharp, the hinder ones obscurely subcompressed : abdomen of the male with the first joint transverse, linear, twice the length of the second ; the third much elongated, narrower towards its extremit}-, the apex nearly straight; the fourth subquadrate, with the anterior angles produced ; fifth llask-shaped, with a very sharp extremitv-; of the female, with the first five joints transverse qua- drate, anteriorly notched ; the last elongate, subtriangular behind, subproduced : shell subcircular, the sides gradually converging into an angle behind ; hinder part truncate and granulate-margined : eyes narrower than their footstalks ; orbits behind with t^vo fissures, be- low, with one. Sp. 1. At.hcterodon. Shell granulated, the sides with seven serrulated teeth, and other smaller teeth between some of the other teeth : front with three serrulated teeth, the middle of which is the largest. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. 2. This elegant crab was discovered by Montagu on the southern coast of Devon, where it is not an uncommon species in deep water. To the fishermen it is well known by the name of Old Man's Face Crab. Fam. II. PoRTUKiD^. Leach. Antennte modersLte, simple: hinder pair of legs with compressed claws. Genus 3. PORTUMNUS. Leach. Ei/es not thicker than their peduncles : orbits entire : anterior pair of legs equal : other legs wkh compressed claws, internally towards their base dilated -.ffih pair with a compressed, foliaceous, lanceolate claw : F 2 84 MOBERX SYSTEM. nbdomai of the male willi the fourth joint elongate: shell with the transverse and longitudinal diameters the same. Sp. 1. For. variegatus. Shell obscurely granulated on each side, with five teeth, the second and third somewhat obsolete ; front with three teeth; wrists internally with one tootli. Leach, JMalac. Podoph. Brit. I. 1. male and female. Cancer latipes. Pcnn. Brit. Zool. iv.3. t. \.f. l, female. rianc first discovered this species on the shores of the Adriatic sea. It burrows beneath the sand, where it may be found by dig- ging at low water, on most of our sandy sliores. When li\ing it is most beautifully mottled, and the legs arc of a luteous-orange colour. Genus 4. CARCINUS. Leach. Zi^'es narrower than their peduncles: orJiVs behind and beneath with one fissure : anterior pair of legs unequal, the hands externally smooth; hinder pair compressed, and slightly formed for swimming: abdomen of the male with the fourth joint transverse, and scarcely narrower than the tliird: shell with tlie transverse diameter greatest. Sp. 1. Car. Alanas. Shell witli five teeth on each side; front with three rounded teeth or lobes : hands with one tooth, wrist with a spine. Cancer IMicnas of authors. Car. Ma:nas. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit, tab. 5. This most common species inhabits all the shores and estuaries of Britain. It burrows under the sand, or conceals itself beneath fuci and stones. It is sent to London in inunense quantities, and is eaten by the poor. Genus 5. PORTUNUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Lam., Leach. . ilyes much thicker than their peduncles; orbits hchmd, with two fis- sures, below with one fissure : abdomen of the male with the I'ourlh joint transverse : anterior pair of legs somewhat unequal, the hands externally with elevated lines, arms generally unarmed; hinder pair compressed, foliaccous, and formed for swimming: shell with the transverse diameter greatest; the sides with five, rarely with six, teeth. * Hinder dazes 2t it h an elevated longitudinal line ; external double palpi with the second joint of their inter7ial footstalk truncate at their internal apex. a. Orbits at the insertion of the antenna imperfect. Wrists hi- dentate. Sp. 1. Por. puber. Antenna- half the length of the body: shell pu- ' bcscent; front with many teeth. Cancer puber. Linne. Cancer velutinus. Penn. Brit. Zool. W.Q. pl.i. fg. <3. Portiinus puber. Leach, Mai. Podoph, Brit. tab. 6. CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. 85 Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon. In France it is used as an ar- ticle of food. b. Orbit internaUt/ slightli/ imperfect. Wrists unidentate. Sp. 2. For. corriigatiat. Sb.ell convex, with transverse serrate-granulate ciliated lines, the side with five teeth on each side, the three hinder of which are more acute; front trilobate, the lobes subgranulate-ser- rate, the middle one largest; hands above, unidentate; hinder clav/s with sharp points. Cancer corrugatus. Peiin. Brit. Zool. iv. p/. 5. fg. 9. Portunus corru- gatus. Ijeach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 315. — Mul. Fodopli. Brit. tab. 7. Jig- 1 4- 2. Inhabits the British seas. ** Hinder claws without the elevated line. External double palpi with the internal apex of the second joint of the internal footstalk emur- ginatc. Orbits internalli/ beneath the insertion of the antenna: imperfect. Sp. 3. For. marmorcus. Shell convex, obsoletely and slightly granu- lated, witli five nearly equal teeth on each side; front with three equal teeth, witli rounded points; hands smooth, with one tooth above; hinder tarsi with acute points. Cancer (pinnatus) marmoreus. Montagus MSS. Portunus marmoreus. Leach, Malucost. Podoph. Brit. tab. 8. This ele8. GEBIA. Leach. Tzco anterior legs equal, siibdidactyle, with the thumb short : interior an- tcmuc with an elongate peduncle; the second joint shortest, the third largest and cyHndric : external double palpi with the third joint o\' the internal footstalk shortest : tail with broad lamella? ; the exterior ones costated, the middle one quadrate. Sp. 1. Geb. Delldura. Abdomen willi the back membranaceous : tail u iih the apex of the exterior lamella dilated and somewhat rounded ; in- terior one truncate, and formed like the Greek delta. Gebia dellaura. Ixaeli, Trans. Linn. Hoe. xi. 342. — Mul. Fodop/u Brit, tab. 31. Jig. 9, 10. Inhabits beneath the sand on the southern coast of Devonshire, and is found by digging to tiie deiUh of two or three feet. Genus 21. CALLIANASSA. Leach. Four anterior legs didactyle ; anterior pair largest, very une{(ual ; second pair less; third ])air monodactyle ; fourth and fifth pairs spurious : Juternal anlcmuL' witli an elongate biarficulate peduncle, the second joint longest : external double palpi with the second joint of the inter- nal footstalk largest and conq>ressed: tail with broad lamella^; the middle process elongate-triangular, with the apex rounded. The thorax anteriorly abru[)tly subacuminate ; the rostriform pro- cess divided from the shell by a suture: anterior pair of legs very much compressed, the hand articulated : the larger leg with the base of its wrist furnished with a curved process. Sp. 1. Cal. sublciTanea. Shell with the rostriform process with one lon- gitudinal ridge, the point rounded. Cancer Astacus subterraneus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. Callianassa subterranea. Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. vii. 100. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 343. — Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. i. 420. — Maluc. Fodoph. Brit. tab. 32. This animal lives beneath the sand on the sea-shore. It was first described by Montagu, who foimd it by digging in a sand-bank in the estuary of Kingsbridge, on the southern coast of Devon. Genus 25. AXIUS. Leach. Four anterior legs didactyle; anterior pair largest, and somewhat un- equal; third, fourth, and fifth pairs furnished with a compressed claw: interior antcnntc with J. threc-ynnted ]icdunclc, the first joint longest: external double pulpl with the two first joints somewhat large CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 95 and unequal : tail broad ; the intermediate lamella elongate-trian- gular. Sp. 1. Ax. Stin/7ichus. Rostrum margined, the middle carinated: thorax be- hind the rostrum, with two elevated abbreviated lines notched behind. A.xius Stirynchus. Ixach, Trans. Linn. Sue. xi. 343. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. ho.—Mul. Foiloph. Brit. tub. 33. Inhabits the British sea. Stirps 2. Exterior lamella of the tail bipartite: external aidenrKB with a spine-shaped squaine at the first joint of the peduncle: anterior pair c>f legs didactyle. * Fj^es subglohose, not thicker than their peduncles. The coxae of the third pair of legs of the female, of the fifth pair of the male, perforated. These perforations are for the passage of the semen and of the eggs ; and although placed differently in other genera, yet they serve the same functions. Genus 26. ASTACUS. LeadCs MSS. Abdomen with the sides of its segments obtuse : middle tail lamella com- posed of one piece. Sp. 1. Ast. Gammarus. Rostrum on each side with four teeth, and with one on each side of its base. Cancer Gammarus. Linn. St/st. Nat. i. 1050. As tacus Gammarus. Pe7m. Brit. Zool. iv. 9. pi. 10. Astacus marirms. Fair. Svpp. Ent. Si/sf. 400. Latr. Gen. Crust, et bisect, i. 31. Astacus Gammarus. Leach, Edin. En- cycl.\\\. 398. — Treats. Linn.Soc.M. 344. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.'i. 420. This species, which is the common lobster of our markets, inhabits deep clear water at the foot of rocks which hang over the sea. They breed during the early summer months, and are very prolific, Baxter having counted no less than 12,444 eggs under the abdomen. In warm weather they are very active; they have the power of spring- ing backward in the water to a most astonishing distance into their holes in the rocks, as has been frequently observed by naturalists of credit. Their food consists oi' dead animal matter, and, it is said, also of sea-weed. The female is stated to deposit her eggs in the sand, but the voung state is not known. The common lobster inhabits the European ocean. It is found in verv sreat abundance in the North of Scotland; but is nuich more common on the coast of Norway, from whence the London markets are for the most part supplied. Genus 27. POTAMOBIUS. LeacKs MSS. Abdomen with the sides of its segments sharp : middle tail lamella bi- partite. Sp. 1. Fot.fluviatilis. Rostrurti laterally dentated, tlie base with one tooth on each side. Cancer Astacus. Liyin. Syst. Nat. 1. 1051. Astacus astacus. Penn. 96 MODKUX SVSTE\f. Bri(. Zool. iv. 14. pi. 15. Jig. 27. Astacus fluviatilis. Fair., Lulr., Leach. ** Ei/es reniform, abniplly shorter than their peduncles. The coxce of the third pair of legs of the female, of the fifth pair of the male, perforated. Genus 28. NEPHROPS. Leach. External antennte with the first joint of their pedimcle furnished at its apex with a squama, which is produced beyond the apc.x of the peduncle. Sp. 1. Neph. Norvcgicus. Abdomen with hairy areolje ; shell somewhat spiny in front. Cancer Norwegicus. Linn. Sj/st. Kai. i. 1053. Astaais Xonvegicus. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 17. pi. 12. Jig. 24. Ncphrops Norwegicus. Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 30. Inhabits the northern parts of Europe. It is foimd in the Frith of Forth diirins: the summer monlhs, often attachinsj; itself to the lines of the fishermen : colour, when li%ing, flesh red. Fabricius, Bosc, and Latreille, cannot have seen this animal, since they all describe it as having four instead of six didactyle legs. Fam. V. PALiEMONiD.K. External antenna: with a large squatna at tlieir base. Stirp> 1. — External antenna: inserted in the same horizontal line with tlie interior ones, which ha\ e two seta : tail with the external la- mella composed of but onepart. Genus 29. CRANGOX. Latr., Bosc, Leach. Second pair of legs didactyle, of the same length with the third pair : pedipalpcs with their last joint obtuse at its point. Sp. 1. Cran. vulgaris. Thorax behind the rostrum, and on each side, as well as the arms beneath with a spire. Cancer Crangon. Linni,. Crangon \ulgaris. Fuhr., Leach, Mai. Pod. Br, t. 37. B. Common Shrimp. Genus 30. PONTOPIIILUS. Leach. Second pair of kgs didactyle, much shorter than the third pair : pedi- palpcs with the last joint acuminated. Sp. 1. Pont. spinosKS. Thorax with five ranges of spines, disposed longitudinally ; three ranges dorsal and one on each side. Pontophilus spinosus. Leach, Mai. Pod. Brit. t. 37. A. Discovered by C. Prideaux, esq., amongst some rubbish from Ply- mouth Sound ; a second specimen was aftenvards taken off Falmouth by the late John Cranch, Zoologist to the Congo Expedition. Stirps 2. — External antenna: inserted below the internal ones : interior ones with two sets inserted in the same liuriionlal line : exterior /«- 7>tella of the tail bipartite. CLASS I. CRTSTACEA. 97 Genus 31. PROCESSA. Leach. Nika. Risso. \ Anterior pair of legs, with one side didactyle, the other armed with a ' simple claw : second pair unequal, didactyle, slender ; one very lone, with the wrists and fore arm many-jointed; the other shorter, with the wrists many-jointed ; other legs terminated hy simple claws. Sp. 1. Pro. curiuUculata. Base of the rostrum with one tooth ; inter- mediate lamella of the tail longitudinally canaliculated. Processa canaliculata. Leach, Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 41. The thighs of the third and fourth pairs of legs are spinuJose be- neath; at the base of the rostrum there is an elevation dividing it from the thorax. The above species, which forms the ts'pe of the genus, was dis- covered at Torcross, on the southern coast of Devon, by Montagu. Stirps 3. — External antenna: inserted below the internal ones; interior [ ' ones with t^vo setae, one placed aljovc the other. {External lamella of the tail composed but of one part.) a. Liternal antenna: with the superior seta: excavated below. Clares spinulose. Genus 3'2. PAXDALUS. Leach. Anterior pair of legs adactyle; second pair didactyle, unequal. Exteriial double palpi with the last joint of the internal footstalk longer than the preceding joint. Sp. 1. Pan. annulicornis. Rostrum ascending, many-toothed, apex notched ; inferior antcnnce annulated with red, and internally spinu- lose. Pandalus annulicornis. Leach, Malac. Podoph. Brit. tab. AO. — Trans. Linn. Soc. \i. 346. — Snppl. to Encxjcl. Brit. i. 421. Genus 33. HIPPOLYTE. Leach. Four antei'ior legs didactyle : external double palpi with the last joint of the internal footstalk shorter than the preceding joint. Sp. 1. Hip. varians. Rostnmi straight, with t\vo teeth above and below ; shell above and beneath the eyes with one spine. Hippolyte varians. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 421. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 38. fg. 6—16. p Inhabits the rocky shores of the south of Devon. It varies mucK in colour, being often found red, green, and blueish green. b. Internal antenna with the superior seta not excavated. Claws simple. Genus 34. PEN.EUS. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Six anterior legs didactyle : e.vternal double palpi with five exserted joint^, the last of which is obtuse. Sp. 1. Pen. trisulcatus. Thorax trisulcatcd behind ; rostrum descend- - I ■ ing, multidentate above. 98 MODEKN SYSTEM. Penaeub trisulcaUis. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 347. — Supp. to EncycL Brit. i. 421.— iVI«/. Podoph. Brit. tab. 42. Inhabits the Welsh Sea. Stirps 4. — Er/crnal antenna inserted below the internal; internal ones with three setae. (^External lamella of the tail composed of but one part.) Genus 35. PAL.li,MON. Tabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair smaller than the second pair : external double palpi with the last joint shorter than the preceding joint. Sp. 1. Fal. serrafus (common Praion). Rostrum ascending above, with from six to eight teeth, the apex emarginate; below with from four to six teeth. Astacus serratus. Penn. Brit. .Zool. iv. 10. (pi. 16. Jig. 28.) Cancer (JsifMC«s) Squilla. Herbst, ii. tib.tab. 27. (Jig. 1.) Paljemon Squilkt. JLatr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 54. Leach, Edin. Enct/cl. vii. 401. Pa- laemon serratus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Sue. xi. 348. — Supp. to Encycl. Bril. i. 421. — Mai. Podoph. Brit. tab. 43. Jig. 1—10, \'ariety a. Rostrum with six teeth above. Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. 2. five teeth. Varietj' ]S. Rostrum above with seven teeth. Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. ■ 2. five teeth. 3. six teeth. ^^ariety y. Rostrum with eight teeth above. Subvariety 1. Rostrum beneath with four teeth. ■ 2. five teeth. \ 3. six teeth. " Although all the above varieties are common, yet |S occurs most frequently. In some may be seen the upper edge of the rostrum with ten, the lower with five teeth ; and both edges with but three teeth. The apex is generally notched above, and in two specimens, which may be considered a rare occurrence, the point has been found en- tire. The situation of the teeth on the upper edge is variable, but in most instances the second tooth is at a greater distance from the first than the rest, which are generally equidistant, and rarely extend far beyond the middle, the rostrum from that part being edentate, with the exception of the emarginate apex." Herbst, Latreille, and Leach, ibrmerly considered this species as Cancer Squilla of Linne; but Dr. L. has, since the publication of the error, met with the true C. Squilla of that author, and has de- CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 99 scribed it in the eleventh vokmie of the Transactions of the Linneun Socitty, p. 343. '■^Pahimoii, se7'ra^;« of Fabricius is distinct, and, if his description be correct, it is not even referable to this genns ; he having expressly given as its specific character ' Antenius posticls bijidis,' (hinder an- tenna; bifid ;) whereas, in his generic character, he has stated these organs to be trifid (' Antennre superiores trl/idcc.' '') Genus 36. ATIIANAS. Leach. Four anterior legs didactyle : anterior pair larger than the second pair: exteriial double palpi with the last joint longer than the preceding joint. Sp. 1. Ath. nitescens. Rostrum straight, and simple. Cancer {Astucus) nitescens. Montagus MSS. Athanas nitescens. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. — Supp. to Encycl. P>ril. — j\]ul. Podoph. Brit. tab. 44. Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire. Stirps 5. — E.rternal antenna: inserted below the internal : interior ones with a large scale at their base. Legs for movement sixteen. Genus 37. MYSIS. Latr., Leach. Praunus. L^each. Legs bifid, the last joint of the four anterior pairs with the interior laciniu uniarticulate, ovate, compressed ; of the other pairs of legs multiarticulate : external double palpi with the middle joint of the internal footstalk longest, the first very short. At the base of the abdomen of the female is situated the external uterus, composed of two valve-like membranes, in which the young ones, just excluded from the egg, live and grow imtil they become strong enough to take care of themselves. The animals of this genus swim with their head uppermost, and with their eyes spreading, which gives them a singular and grotesque ap- pearance. * hitcrmediatc lamella of the tail eniarginate. Sp. 1. ]\L/sis spinulosa. Tail with the intermediate lamella externally spinulose; the apex acutely eniarginate ; exterior lamellce acuminate, and very 'broadly ciliated. Praunus flexuosus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 401. INIysis spinulosa. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 350. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 422. Inhabits the Frith of Forth near Leith. " Colour when alive, pellucid cinereous : eyes black, red at their base : lamina: of the external antenna' with a l)lack longitudinal line and spots. A clouded spot on each side of the hinder part of the thorax, and anotlier above the legs. Every segment of the body most beautifully marked with a reddish-rust coloured spot, disposed in an arborescent form ; tail fin spotted with the same colour, mixed with black : pouch of the female with two rows of fuscous-black spots : under side of the abdomen regularly mottled with rufous black." 100 MODERN SYSTEM. It was observed with young from the middle of June to the middle of July. The females are one-third more abundant than the males. Length an inch and a quarter. ** Intermediate lamella of the tail entire. Sp. "2. JMi/sis intestra. Praunus integer. Leach, Edin. Encycl.\\\. 401. Mysis Integra. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 350.— Sypp. to Encijcl. Brit. i. 4QQ. Inhabits brackish pools of water, left liy the tide at Lock Ranza in the Isle of Arran. Common in the month of August with young. Length one third of an inch. Females more abundant than the males. Colour whilst living pel- lucid cinereous, spotted with black and reddish brown. Division III. — Tail zcith tzroseta-, one on each aide. Fam. VI. Neualiad.t. Leach. Genus 38. NEBALIA. Leach. Thorax anteriorly with a moveable rostrum : anterior pair of legs longest, simple ; other pairs equal, approximate, Avith the last joint bifid : nntcnncE tsvo, inserted above the eyes, the last joint bilid and multi- articulate. Sp. 1. Neh. Hcrbstii. Gray or cinereous-yellowish ; eyes black. Cancer bipes. 0th. Fubr. Fn. Gion. no. 2'23. Jig. 2. Herbst, ii. tab. 24. Jig. 7. INIysis bipes. Latr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Insect, vi. 285. Monoculus rostratus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 14. tab. 2. fig. 5. Nebalia Ilerbstii. Leach, Zool. Miscel. i. 100. tab. 44. — 'Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 33l.—Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. \. 422. Inhabits the European Ocean ; it is common beneath stones lying on black mud, on the southern coast of Devon. Genus of doubtful situation. Genus 39. MEGALOPA, Leach. The situation of this curious genus, which is figured in Dr. Leach's Malacostruca Brit. {tub. lb?), is still doubtful. It however decidedly belongs to the Macrouea, as Dr. L. has discovered to be the case, since the publication of the first volume of the Supp. to Enct/el. Brit. Legion II. E D R I O P II T II A L M A. The Malacostraca Edriophthalma, or at least a greater part of them, were placed amongst the Macroi ka by Latreille, who considered them as forming a particular family of that order. Section I. Body laterally compressed* CLASS r. CRUSTACEA. lOl Fain. I. PiiRONVMAD.TE. Leach's MSS. Legs fourteen : antenna two, inserted one on each side of the front of the head. (Tail furnished with styles.) Genus 1. PHRONY^NIA. Lafr., Leach, Lamarck. Head large, nutant: autcunte biarticulate, the first joint small : tharav seven-jointed, all its segments bearing legs : legs compressed, fmo anterior pairs with the antepenultimate joint furnished at its point with a foliaceous process ; the penultimate joint with the point bifid and terminated with a small claw : third and fourth pahs simple, longer, somewhat thicker, terminated by a bent claw: Jlf/h pair large, very long, thicker, didactyle ; the first joint gradually thick- ened towards its point; the second subtrigonate; the third ovate, and abruptly narrowed at its base ; the last narrowed at its base ; the fingers curved, and internally furnished each with one tooth : sixth and seventh pairs simple, terminated with a nearly straight claw : abdomen triarticulate, each segment, on each side, with a double ap- pendice, placed on a peduncle : fait biarticulate, the first joint on each side furnished with a biarticulate process, terminated by two styles ; second joint with four processes, each terminated by two styles ; the inferior processes biarticulate, the superior triarticulate. Sp. 1. Phron. sedentaria. Fifth pair of legs with the apex of the thumb and base of the fingers internally denticulated. Cancer sedentarius. Foi-sk. Fn.Arab. 95. Phronyma sedentaria. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Lns. i. 57. Leach, Ec/in. Lnctjcl. vii. 403 — 433. — Trans. Linn. Sac. xi. 355. Cancer (Ganunai-ellus) sedentarius. Herbst, ii. 136. t. ol.fig. 8. Inhabits the Mediterranean Sea and Zetland Sea, residing in a cell composed of a gelatinous substance, open at each extremity, where it sits in an incurved posture. The only specimen of this most interesting, rare, and curious animal was taken by the Reverend Dr. J. Fleming, one of our most zealous naturalists, who found it on the 3d of November 1809, at Burray in Zetland, amongst rejectamenta of the sea, and communi- cated it to Dr Leach. Fam. II. Gammarid^:. LxaclCs MSS. Bof/(/ laterally compressed: legs fourteen, with lamelliform coxse : antennce four, inserted by pairs. {Tail furnished with styles.) Stirps 1. — Antennae four-jointed, the last segment composed of many- little joints ; the upper ones very short. Genus 2. TALITRUS. Latr., Base, Leach. Four anterior legs in both sexes subequal, monodactyle : upper antenna shorter than the two first joints of the under ones. 102 MODERN SYSTEM. Sp. 1. Till. Locn^tu. Antenna; subtestaceous-rufous, of the male longer than the l)ody, of the female shorter; body cinereous, varied with darker cinereous. Oniscus Locusta. Pallas? Talitrus Locusta. Lutr., Base, Leach. As- tacus Locusta. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 21. Cancer (Gc///(?««/7is) Saltator. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 01. Inliabits the sandy shores of the European Ocean. The specitic name Locusta is probably derived from the form of its protruded mouth, which has a general resemblance to the same part in the Gryllides. It has never been observed in the water ; it burrows in the sand, and leaps about on the shore. Talilrus llltoralis, described in the seventh vcjliniie of the EctitthHrgh Enci/clojutdiu, is merely tlie ie- male of T. Locusta. The use of this animal (which is generally denominated Sand- hopper) in the economy of nature, appears to be that of contributing to the dissolution of putrid animal and vegetable matter ; serving in return as food to the shore birds, who tlevour it with avidity. Genus 3. ORCHESTIA. Leach. Four anterior legs of the male monodactyle ; second pair with a com- pressed hand ; of the female, with the anterior pair monodactjde, the second didactyle: tipper antenna not longer than the two first joints of the under ones. Sp. 1. Ore. liltorea. Cancer Gainniarus littoreus. Montagu^ Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 96. Orche- stia littorea. Leach, Eclin. Encj/el. vi'i. 402. pi. 21. Jig. 6. — 'Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. ^56.—Siipp. to Enc^cl. Brit. i. 42-1. Inhabits many of our shores, and is found at the mouths of rivers, but has never been observed in the water. It resides under stones and fuci, and in the evening it leaps about and is devoured by birds. Stiri'S 2. — AntenncE four-jointed, the last joint composed of several little joints; upper ones rather shortest. Genus 4. DEXAMINE. Leach. Four anterior legs sub-equal, monodactyle, furnished with a filiform- subovate hand: antenna' with their first joint shortest: ei/es oblong, not prominent, inserted behind the superior antcnnje: tail on each side with three double styles, and above on each side with one move- able style. Sp. 1. -De.1'. spinosa. Segments of the abdomen behind, produced into spines. Cancer (Gammarus) spinosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3. Dex- amine spinosa. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 433. — Zool. Miscel. ii. 21. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3.^9. — Sitpp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 425. Inhabits the sea of the western coasts of Britain. CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 103 Genus 5. LEUCOTIIOE. Leach. Anterior pair of legs didactyle; the thumb biarticulatc : second pair with a dilated and compressed hand, furnished with a crooked thumb. Sp. 1. Leu. articulosa. Cancer articulosus. Montagu, Trans. Linn.Soc. vii. 71. t. 6.f. 6. Leu- cothoe articulosa. Leach, Edin. Encyct. \'ii. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 358. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 425. Inhabits the British sea, but is very rare. Stirps 3. — Antenna" {our-jo'intcd, the last segment composed of several little joints; upper ones longest. Subdivision 1. — Four anterior legs monodacti/Ie, second pair with a much dilated compressed hand. Genus G. MELITA. Leach. Anterior pair of legs monodactyle* second pair with the thumb inflexed on the palm: tail on each side with an elongate foliaceous lamella. Sp. 1. Mel. palmata. Body blackish : antennae and legs annulated with pale colour. Cancer palmatus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. G9. Melita palma- ta. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 358. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 4'25. pi. '21. Inhabits the sea shore on the Devonshire coast under stones. Genus 7. M.^RA. Leach. Four anterior kgs didactj'lc ; thumb of the second pair bent on the side of the hand: tail with no foliaceous appendices. Sp. 1. j\Iie. gi'ossiinana. Cancer Gammarus grossimanus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 97. t. 4. f. 5. INIsera grossimana. Leach, Edin. Enci/cl.\n.iOZ. — Trans. Linn. Soc.\\. 359. — Supp. to Encjjcl. Brit. i. 425. Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire beneath stones. Subdivision 2. — Tico anterior pair of legs itwnodacti/le and alike. Genus 8. GAMMARUS. Latr., Leach. Superior antenme furnished at the base of the fourth joint with a little jointed seta : t(ul aijove with bundles of spines. * Tail with the superior double styles, having the upper style process •rery short. Sp. 1. Gam. acjuaticus. Process between the antennae rounded, obtuse. Gammarus Pulex. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402 — 432. Gammarus aqua- ticus. Leach, T-ans. Linn.Soc. xi. '3o9. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit.i. 425. Inhabits ponds, ditches, and springs in great plenty. Sp. 2. Gam. marinus. Process bet^veen the antenna" subacuminate. Gammarus marinus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Supp.to Encyclt Brit. i. 425. Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Devonshire in plenty. 104 MODERN SYSTEM, ** Tail with the superior double sti/les, having the style processa suhcqual. Sp. 3. Gam. Locusta. Ei/es lunate. Cancer Gammarus Locusta. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 92. Gam- marus Locusta. Leach, Eilin. Encj/ct.\n. Wo. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 359. — Stipp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425. Inhabits the British sea. Sp. 4. Gam. Camptolops. Eyes flexuous. Gammarus Camptolops. Leach, Ediii. Encycl. vii. 403. — Trans. Linn, Sjc. xi. 3G0. — Sapp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 12o. Inhabits the sea about Loch llanza, in the Isle of Arran. Genus 9. AMPITH()E. Leach. Superior antenna; with no seta at the base of their fourth joint: tail bimple above : hands ovate. Sp. 1. Am. rubricata. Cancer Gammarus rubricatus. ^Fontagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. 99. Gam- marus rubricalus. J^ach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 402. Ampithce rubri- cata. Leach, FJin. Enci/cl. vii. 432. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 360, — Sapp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 425. Inliabits tlie sea of the southern coast of Devon. Genus 10. THERUSA. Leach. Superior aideniite with no seta at the base of their fourth joint : tail sim- ple above: AflWs filiform. Sp. 1. The. Fucicola. Testaceous-cinereous or gray cinereous mottled with reddisli. Pherusa Fucicola. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 432. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. S60.—Sapp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 426. ;;/. 21. Inhabits fuci on the soulliern coast of Devon, Stirps 4. Antennrr {cmr-jo'mtcd ; under ones longest, leg-shaped, {Four anterior legs monodactyle.) Subdivision 1. — Second pair of legs uilli a large hand. Genus 11. PODOCERUS. Leach. iyes prominent : four anterior legs monodactyle. Sp. 1. Pod.variegatus. Body varied with red and white. Podocerus variegatus. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 361. — Supp. to Encpcl. Brit. i. 426. Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, amongst confervas and co- rallines. Genus 12. JASSA. Leach. Eyes not prominent: four anterior legs monodactyle, with oval hand>j secoud pair with its internal edge dentated. CLASS T. CRUSTArrA. 105 Sp. 1. Jiif!. pulc/ielhi. Thumb nfthc second pair of legs with its internal edge notched at tlie l)use; colour white painted with red. Vav. a. Hands of the second pair with an elongate obtuse tooth. A'ar. ^. Hands of the second pair with tlie internal ed;^e tridentate. Jassa pulchclla. Leach, Edln. Encj/cl. vii. 133. — Trans. Linn. Soc. .xi. 3G1. — Siipp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. ViO. Inhabits the sea of southern Devon amongst fuci. Sid)division 2. — Second pair of legs with a moderate-sized hand. Genus 13. COROrHIU.M. Lair., Leach. Sp. 1. Cor. longicorne. Cancer grossipes. Linn. Sj/st. Nat. i. 1055. Astacus grossipcs. Peim. Brit. Zool.iv. pL 16. Jig. 31. Corophium longicorne. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 59. Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. vii. 403 — ^32.— Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 662. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 426. Inhai)its the coast of the European ocean. At low tide it may be ob- served crawling amongst the mud. It is very conunon at the mouth of the river JMedway, where it was first obser\'ed by J. Ilcnslow, esq. Section IT. Body depressed; antenna four: legs fourteen, A. Tuilzcilhout appendices. Fam. 111. C'aprcllad.i.. Leach. Bodi/ with all the segments bearing legs. Stjups 1. BodjjVxnc^Xr Genus 14. PROTO. Leach. Second, third, and fourth pair of legs appendiculated at their bases. To this genus l>elongs SquUla peduta, and probably also T'eH/wosa of INIidler, with Cancer Gammarus pedatus of Montagu, which is pro- bably the same with S. pcrA/toof Miilier. See Transactions of the Lin- 7iean Society, vol. xi. j). 6. t. 11- f- 6. Genus 15. CAPRELLA. Lamarck, latr.. Base, Leach. Second, third, and fourth pairs of legs not appendiculated at their bases; the third and fourth pairs spurious, subgelatinous, and globose. The animals composing this genus inhabit the sea, living amongst ScrtularicB and marine plants, moving geometrically like the larvai of the FhahenadiB. The specific character may be taken from the number and situ- ation of the spines on the head and back, form of the second pair of legs, &.C. Sp. 1. Cap. Phasma. Hands of the second pair of legs narrow, their in- ternal edge acutely notched backwards : back anteriorly with three spines, turning forwards. 106 MODERN SYSTEM, Cancer Phasma. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 66. t. 6.f. 3. Leacli, Supp. to Encijcl. Brit. i. 4'2(3. Inhabits the southern coast of Devon. Asfacns atomos of Pennant and Squilln lohata of IMiiller belong to the genus Caprella, of which in the British Musemn there areseveral imdescribed species. Stiri'S 2. Bodij broad. Genus 16. LARUNDA. Leach. Cyamus. Lutr., Bosc. Panope. Leach. Antenna four-jointed, upper ones longest: /fg.5 compressed, with strong claws ; the third and fourth pairs elongate, spurious, cylindric, withr out claws; the two anterior pairs nionodactyle. External uterus, or pouch of the fenialr, composed of four valves. Sp. 1. Lar. Ceti. Bases of the third and fourth pairs of legs with pro- cesses resemliling the figure 6 ; the hands of tiie second pair of legs anteriorly, with three obtuse teeth. Oniscus Ceti. Linn. S^st. Nat. i. loGO. PaU. Spec. Zool. ix. 4. /, 14. Squille de la Baleine. De Geer, Man. surles Insect, \n.pl. 42./. 6, 7. Pycrogonum Ceti. Fubr. Snpp. Enf. Si/sl. 570. Cyamus Ceti. Latr. Gen. Crust, ct Insect, i. 00. Panopc Ceti. Leach, Ldin. Encijcl. vii. 401". Larunda Ceti. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 3C4. — Snpp. to En- ci/cl. Brit. I. A'l6. pi. 21. Inhabits whales, and according to Latreille it is also found on some species of the genus Scomber. By the Greenland fishermen it is termed the Whale-louse. Fam. IV. looTEAD.i:. Leach. Bfldi/ with all the segments not bearing legs : {ventral appendages co- vered by two longitudinal plates.) Genus 17. IDOTEA. Fabr., Latr., Bosc, Leach. Asellvs. Ohv., La)narck. Entomox. Klein. Exlernul antenna half the length ol' the body, or less; tlie third and fourth joints equal: hoc] i/ ovate. Sp. 1. Id. pelagica. Body linear-oval: tail romided, the middle with a very obsolete tooth : antenna; one third of the length of the body. Idotea pelagica. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 365. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 426. Inhabits the Scottish seas. Colour when alive ash-gray or fuscous, speckled with darker co- lour, and often variegated or mottled with white spots : legs pale. The female seems to be very rare, as amongst 400 specimens of the animal, one only of that sex was found. Length one inch and a quarter. CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 107 Genus 18. STENOSOMA. Leach. Exfernal antemue as long as the body, the third joint longer than the fourth : bodi; linear. Sp. 1. St. iiiiearc. Last segment of the tail somewhat narrowed at its base, and dilated towards its apex, which is truncate and notched. Oniscus linearis. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. ;;/. 18. fig. 2. Idotea hectica. Jj^ach, EcHh. Enn/cl. vii. 404. Stenosoma hecticum. Leach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. Stenosoma lineare. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 360. —Sapp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 427. Inhabits the European ocean. It sometimes occurg in the Firth of Forth, and amongst the Hebrides. B. Tail on each side, zcith one or tzco appendices. Fam. V. AxTHURAD.T.. L^each. Afilrnna; inserted in nearly the same horizontal line: ventral appen- dages closed by two longitudinal plates. Genus 19. ANTHUKA. Leach. Antemue short, subequal ; inserted one after another in the same ho- rizontal line, the internal ones a little longest : bod^ linear : tail with the last joint but one very short; the last elongate, narrower, with two elongate lamella? on each side. Sp. 1. An. gracilis. Lateral processes of the tail obliquely truncated. Oniscus gracilis. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. tub. 5 Sr 6. Anthura gracilis. Leach, Edin. Encycl. — Trans. Linn. Soc. — Sapp. to Enci/cL Brit. Fam. VI. Cymotiioad.^. Leach. Antenna^ inserted in pairs, one above the other. SriRPS 1. Tail with one lamella on each side. Genus 20. CAMPTECOPEA. L^each. Tail with its last segment furnished on each side with a compressed, curved appendage : bodi/ six-jointed, the last johit of the same size with the others : antewur setaceous, upper ones longest, their pe- duncle biarticulate, the space between the antenna very great: an- terior cluws bifid. Sp. 1. Cam. hirsuta. Brown; the last joint of the body ^^■ith a few faint blueish spots. Oniscus hirsutus. Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 6.f. 8. Camptc- copea hirsuta. LcucIt,Trans. Linn. Soc.xi. 2>67.—Edin. Encycl.yn. 40j. — Supp.to Encycl. Brit. i. 427. Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire, but is rather rare. Length one eighth of an inch. 108 MODERN Sl'STEM. Genus 21. N^T.SA. LeacJi. Tail on each side of the last segment, with a straight subcom pressed process attaclied to a peduncle : bodj/ six-jointed, the last joint largest: antauKE setaceous, sulicqual; upper ones with a very large biarticu- lated peduncle, the firbt joint largest: space between the antennae easily to be discerned: c/«a;.s bifid. Sp. 1. NiE. hidentata. Last segment of the body armed with two spines or teeth; colour cinereous, faintly streaked with blue, or reddish. Oniscus bideniatus. Adams, Trans. Linn. Sgc. v. 3. f. I.f. 3. Is'asabi- dentata. Leach, Edin. Etici/cL wii. 405. — T7-a7is. Linn. Soc.xi. V>67.^— Supp. to Encycf. Brit. i. 427. Inhabits the coasts of Wales and Devonshire. Stirps 2. Tail with two lamoll^'E on each side. * Superior antenntc 7cith a vay la?'gc peduncle. Clares bifid. Genus 22. CYMODICE. Uach. Eyes touching the anterior margin of the first segment of the body: /'Of/j/ seven-jointed : tail at the base, on each side with two subconi- pressed but not i'oliaceous appendages, the exterior ones largest; the apex of the tail notched, with a lamella in the centre: dazes bifid. Sp. 1. Cij.ti-uncuta. Apex of the tail truncate. Oniscus truncatus. ]\hmtagris MSS. Cymodice truncata. Leach, Edin. Enctjcl. vii. -133. — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 303. — Saj)p. to Enct/cl. Brit. i. 427. This species is very rare, and has been found but three times on the southern coast of Devonshire. Genus 23. DYNAMENE. Leach. Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the body: hody seven-jointed: /«//with two equal ioliaceous appendages on each side of its base; the a])cx notched : dazes bifid. Dynamene. I^ach, Edin. Encycl. vii. 433. There arc several indigenous species of this genus, and their cha- racters will be given luiderthe article Cymotuoade'es, in the Dic- tionnaire dcs Sciences Naiiaxllcs, by Dr. Leach. Genus 24. SPILEROMA. Lafr., J^ach. Eyes not reaching to the anterior margin of the first segment of the body : body seven-jointed : tail with its apex entire ; the l)ase on each side with two equal foliaceous appendages: daws bifid. Sp. 1. Sph. scrruta. Body smooth, un;irmed: tail very smooth on each side; obliquely truncated : lamelke elliptic, acute, the external ones externally serrated. Oniscus Globator. Pall. Spec. Zool.fasc.ix. t. 4. f. 18. Cymothea ser- rata. I'abr. Ent. Syst. ii. 510. Sphceroma cinerea. Latr. Gen. Crust. CLASS I. CRUSTACEA. 109 ct Insect, i. G5. Spharoma serrata. Leach., Edin. Encycl. vii. 405. — Trans. Linn. Soc.\\. 303. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 42?. ** Superior antennce with a vay large peduncle. Claws simple. Genus 25. 7EGA. Leach. Etjcs large, granulated, oblong, oblique, marginal : fail with its ap- pendages foliaceous. Sp. 1. JEga emarginata. Tail with the last joint acuminate; the inte- rior lamella internally oliliquely truncated, externally emarginated. iEga emarginata. Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 370. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 427. pi. 21. *** Superior antenna with a moderate peduncle. Genus 20. EURYDICE. Leach. Ei/es distinct, simple, lateral : head as broad as the first segment of the body. Sp. 1. Eu.pnlchra. Tail wilh the last joint semioval : body cinereous, variegated with black, Genus 27. LIMNORIA. Leach. Head as broad as the first segment of the body : ci/es granulated. Sp. 1. Lim. terebrans. Body cinereous: eyes pitchy black. Lnnnoria terebrans. Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. vii. 433 — Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 370. — Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. Inhabits the British ocean, perforating buildings of wood, piles, &r. It is common at the Bell-rock, and on the coasts of Sutilolk and York- shire. It generally produces seven young ones. Genus 28. CYMOTHOA. Fair., Dald., Leach. Head narrow and small: eyes obsolete: body with the first segment notched to receive the head. Sp. 1. Cym. (Est rum. Cymothoa CEstrum. Fabr. Leach, Supp. to Encycl. Brit. i. 428. C . Tail furnished with two sette. Fam. VII. APSEUDIAD.S. Genus 29. APSEUDES. Leach. Eo.'/;/ six-jointed : fai/ wilh six segments; the last largest, armed at the apex with appendices: feet fourteen; the anterior pair wilh a finger and thumb; the second pair compressed and dentated; the thiroda ; but he has formed for them a separate Order, which he terms Arachnides palputi, and disposes them into the following little groups of Genera. I. PYCNOGONIDES. Genus 1. Nympiium: 2. Phoxiciiilds: 3. Pycnogonum. II. ACARIDES. * Parasitic. a. Six legs. Genus 4. Astoma: .5. Left us: G. Carts. 1). Eight legs. Genus 7. Uropoda: 8. Argas: 9. Ixodes: 10. Acarus. 118 MODERN SYSTEM. ** Wandcj'CJ'S. a. Land. Genus 11. Oribat.v : 12. Smaris: 13. C'heyletus: 14. Bdella: 1.3. ER,YTHRius: 16. Trombidium. b. Aquatic. Genus 17. Elais: 18. Limnocharis: 19. IIydrachxa. III. PIIALANGIDES. Genus 20. SiRo: 21. Trogulus: 22. Piialangium : 23. Galeodes, IV. SCORPIONIDES. Genus 24. Chelifer: 25. Scorpio: 26. Thelephoxus: ^7. Phry- NUS. V. ARANEIDES. Genus 28. Araxea: 29.Mygale. Classification. — The following Classification is that lately pub- lished in the third volume of the Zoological Misccllnni/. Order I. Polymerosomata. — Bodi/ composed of a scries of seg- ments : abdomen not pedunculated : mouth furnished with didactyle mandibles and with maxillie : ci/cs two, four, six, or eight : legs eight. Order II. Dimerosomata. — Bodi/ composed of two segments ; the abdomen pedunculated: 7nouth furnished with mandibles and with maxillie : c^cs six or eight. Order I. POLYINIEROSOMATA. Leach. Fam. I. SiKOMD.E. Leach. Palpi simple. Mandib/es didactyle. Genus 1. SIRO. L^atrcillc, Leach. Mandibles two ; two-jointed, cylindric, compressed; their points armed with a forceps: palpi two, five-jointed; joints elongate, the second longest: bodj/ oval : e>/es two, placed one on each ^idc of the thorax on an erect peduncle: legs elongate, filiform; tibia and taisi two- jointed, the latter parts terminated by an arcuate claw. Sp. 1. Siro rubcns. Pale red: legs paler. Siro rubens. LMt>\ Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 143. Leach, Ediv. Tla- cj/cl. vii. 416. — Trans. Linn Soc. xi. 390. — Supp. to Enci/cl. Brit. i. 433. pi. 23. Inhabits moss at the roots of trees and in woods. CLASS III. AP.ACIINOIDA. 119 Fam. II. ScoRPioNiDx. Leach. Palpi arm-shaped. Mandibles didactyle. Legs alike. The animals composing this Family constitute a most natural groupe. Sxinps 1. — Tail none. Eyes two, or four. Pcctcn none. " The ocelli of the animals of this division are placed on the sides of the anterior sesiment of the body or thorax. They want the tail and the pectinated processes near the base of the abdomen, by wlucli they may very easily be distinguished from those of the second Stiips, with which they were formerly arranged by Fabricius under the title Scorpio. Two species only were known to Linne, who referred them to his artificial genus Pliulangium. The greater number of the spe- cies live beneath the bark of decaying trees or imder stones; but one at least is parasitical, and attaches itself to the legs of flies." Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Those genera of the second Stirps include the Scorpion, &c. Genus 2. OBISIU:\I. Illiger, Leach. jBof/y cylindric : ^//t);-«.i' composed of one segment: mandibles porrect . eyes four. Sp. 1. Obi. trombidioides. Second joint of the arms elongate: fingers long and straight. Inhabits France and England, under stones. A valuable INIonograph has been pidjlished on the British species of this and tlie followins; "enus in the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany, and is illustrated with very accurate figures ot the whole. Genus 3. CHELIFER. Geoff., Leach. Thorax composed of three parts: mandibles short: eyes two. Sp. 1. Ch.fusciatus. Hands oval; segments of the abdomen bordered with whitish. Chelifer fasciatus. Leach, Trans. Linn. Sac. ix. Inhabits beneath the bark of willow and other trees. Obs. — Of the second stirps there are no British genera. Order II. DIMEROSOMATA. Leach. Fam. I. Phalaxgid.e. Leach. Eyes two : anus simple. Genus 4. PHALANGIUM of authors. Eyes placed in a conmion peduncle : mandibles corneous, sulicylindric, compressed, biarticulate, inflexed or geniculated at the second joint, l20 Modern system. the apex of which bears a forceps with equal fingers : palpi formed like legs, terminated by a hook : boJtj more or less oval. Second pair of legs almost six times the length of the body : tarsi all capil- lary, very slender, the first joints elongate, four times (or more) longer than broad. Sp. 1. F/i. Opitio. Latr. — INIale, Phalangiimi cornutum. Linn., Fair. Female, Phalangium Opilio. Linn., Fair. Inhabits Europe on walls and rocks. Genus 5. OPILIO. Leach. Ej/es placed on a common peduncle : mamlibks corneous, subcylindric, compressed, biarticulatc, indexed or gcnicuiated at the second joint, the apex of which has a tbrceps with cipial fingers: paijii formed like legs, tenninated by a hook: bodi/ more or less oval. Second pair of legs three or four times the lenglhofthe body, the fourth and fol- lowing joints a little elongate, twice as long as broad. Sp. 1. Op. Histrix. Inhabits France and England. Fam. II. AK.\NE.iD.£. Leach. Araneides. Latreilie. Ei/es six or eight: anus with nipples for spinning. The animals composing this mo.st natural family arc familiarly denominated Spiders, and, as before observed, were included by Linne, Fabricius, and other authors in one genus, which they called Aranea; but as the species are \ery numerous, they were obliged to divide them into sections, which they distinguished by the situa- tions of their e^'cs. These organs are immoveable, and consist each of a single lens, which deprives them of the faculty of seeing in every direction. "The Ar.4NEad,-e are by far the most interesting animals of that class of which they form the type ; and consetpiently their habits and structure excited the attention of naturalists at a very early pe- riod. Spiders frequently change their skins, and their skins are "often fotuid in their webs, being dry and transparent, with their mandibles attached to them. When about to cast their covering, they suspend themselves in some corner, and creep out of a fissure which takes place on their back, gradually withdrawing their legs from the skin, as it from a glove. They have likewise the power of reproducing their legs : the mode in which this takes place was first made known by that accurate observer of nature. Sir Joseph Banks." " As he was writing one evening in his study, one of the web- spinning spiders, of more than the middle size, passed over some papers on the table, holding a fly in its mouth. Much surprised to see a spider of this description walking about with its prey, and CLASS III. ARACHNOIDA. 121 being struck with somewhat unusual in its gait, he caught it, and placed it within a glass for examination, when, instead of eight, he perceived it had hut three legs, which accounted for the inability of the creature to s])in its web; but the curious circvunstance of its having changed its usual economy, and having become a hunting instead of a spinning spider, as well as a wish to learn whether its legs would be renewed, induced him to keep the animal in the glass, from whence it coidd not escape, and to observe its conduct. " On the following morning the animal ate two flies given to it, by sucking out tlie juices, but left the carcases entire. Two or three days afterwards it devoured the body and head of a fly, leaving only the wings and legs. After this time it sometimes sucked and some- times ate the fly given to it. At first it consumed two flies in a day, but afterwards not more than one in two days. Its excrement, which it voided, was at first of a milky-white colour, but afterwards the white had a black spot in the centre, of a more solid appearance than the surrounding fluid. " Soon after its confinement it attempted to form a web on the side of the %'essel, but performed the business very slowly and clum- sily, from the want of the proper number of legs. In about a fort- night it had completed a small web, upon which it generally sat. " A month after having been caught, it shed its skin, leaving the slough on the web. Alter this change five new legs appeared, not half as long as the other three legs, and of very little use to the ani- mal in walking. These new members, however, extended themselves a little in three davs, and became half as lonir as the old ones. The web was now increased, and the animal continued immoveably sit- ting on it in the day time, unless drawn from it, or attracted by a fly thrown to it as its usual provision. " Twenty-nine days afterwards it again lost its skin, leaving the slough hanging in the web, opposite to a hollow cell it had woven, so as to prevent it from being completely seen when lodged in it. The legs were now larger than before the change of skin, and they grew somewhat longer still in three or foiu" days, but did not attain the size of the old legs. " The animal now increased its web, and being put into a small bowl as a more commodious residence, soon renewed a better web than the first. In this state it was left on the first of November. No further observations have yet been made on the subject." " The principal use of the Aruneadte, in the economy of nature, seems to be that of preventing the too great increase of insects." Stirps 1. — Lcga simple, hinder ei/es not placed on the anterior and su- perior part of the thorax, nor forming an irregular hexagon. I'hc two exterior nipples of the anus longer than the others, and project- 122 MOD£RV SYSTEM. ing. Lip not advancing between the maxilla: nor prominent, but as long as broad. * Ei/cs eight. Mandibles projecting. Genus G. ATYPUS. Latr., Leach. Oleteua. Walckcn'der. Ej/cs on each side geminated : lip very small and quadrate, inserted under the base of the maxillae : palpi inserted at the external base of the maxilhp, which are dilated at that part. Sp. 1. At^. Sulzeri. Black and shining : mandibles very long and strong : thorax nearly quadrate ; plain behind, abruptly elevated be- fore : the two middle eyes placed on an eminence : back of the ab- domen coriaceous and more sliining : joints of the legs shining. Olctere dift'orme. Walck. Tab. des Aran. 7. Atypus Sulzcr. Lair., Leach. Inhabits France and England. In the latter country it was discovered by Dr. Leach near Exeter, and it has twice occurred near London. ** Mandibles perpendicular. Ej/es six. Genus 7. SEGESTllIA. Latrcille, Walckcn'der, Leach. Maxillte straight, longitudinal, with the liase thickened, dilated exter- nally, somewhat wedge-shaped, the middle longitudinally convex: Lip elongate-quadrate, longer than broad, the middle longitudinally convex or subcarinatcd : legs, the first pair longest, rest in propor- tion, the second, then the fourth, the third pair being shortest : ei/es placed in a transverse line, the extremities somewhat recurved. Sp. 1. Seg. scnoculata. Thorax blackish-brown : abdomen oblong, gri- seous, with a longitudinal band of blackish spots : legs pale brown with obscure bands. Aranea scnoculata. Fahr. Segestria senoculata. IT «/c7i., Latr., Leach. Inhabits rocks and old buildings. It is common in France, near Paris, and in England it is not rare. Genus 8. DYSDERA. Latreille, Walckcn'der, Leach. Max'illtc straight, longitudinal, with the base thickened and externally dilated at the insertion of the palpi : the aj)ex internally obliquely truncated, and thence externally acutely terminated : palpi with the first joint short and nearly obsolete : lip elongate, quadrate, gradu- ally narrowing towards its point : eyes forming the figure of a horse- shoe, the open part in front : legs with the first, then the fourth, then the second pair longest, the third shortest : claws with a little brush beneath. Sp. 1. Di/s. erijthr'ina. IMandibles and thorax sanguineous : legs lightly coloured : abdomen soft, grayish yellow and silky. Aranea erythrina. Fourcroy Fn. Paris, ii. '22i. Dysdera crythrina. Latr., Walck., Leach. CLASS in. AKACMNO'lDA. 123 Inhabits the south of France, and England, beneath stones. It is rare in this country, but has been taken in Devonshire, near Ply- mouth and Exeter, and near Eondon. *** Mandibles perpendkulai\ TLijes eight. Genus 9. DRASSUS. Walck., Latr., Lcacfi. Gnapiiosa. Lair. Palpi inserted under the lateral and external margin of the maxillae towards their middle : maxillae longitudinal, arcuated, gradually be- coming broader from the base towards the middle, somewhat con- cave internally, smooth externally, their middle impressed, the; points bent inwards above the lip, and oblifjuely truncated within : lip elongate, ovate-quadrate, or rather oval ; the l)ase transversely truncated, inclosing the maxilla : legs \s'ith the lirst, and afterwards tlie second pair longest. * Lip somewhat oral ; the external side of the maxilla much lent and arched. Sp. 1. Dras.mclanoiiastrr. JMandibles blackish : thorax and legs obscure brown : thighs light reddish-brown : abdomen cinereous-brown and silky. Drassus melanogaster. Latr., Leach. Drassus lucifugc. Wakk. Inhabits France and England, under stones. ** Lip ovate quadrate. Sp. 2. Dras. atcr. Entirely black. Drassus ater. Latr., Leach. Inhabits the vicinity of Paris, and near London, under stones. Genus 10. CLUBIONA. Latr., Walck., Leach. Maxillae straight and longitudinal : the basis a little dilated externally : the apex rounded and obliquely truncated on the inside: lip elon- gate, quadrate, gradually narrowing towards the point: legs, the tirst or the fourth pair longer than the second pair. * The tao outermost ci/cs on either side neitlter placed very close to- gether, nor inserted on a distinct prominence. (The 7/iaxilla in all rcith an iucrasscded base ; the fourth pair of feet (rarely the first) longest.) Sp. 1. Cln. lapidicola. Thorax and mandibles pale reddish: ket very light red : abdomen ash-grey coloured. Inhabits France and England under stones, constructing a globular cell of the size of a common hazel nut, in the centre of which are deposited a vast number of pale yellowish eggs agglutinated into a spherical mass. 124 MODERN SYSTEM. The mandibles of the male are porrect, and rather more than halt the length of the thorax; those of the female rather vertical. ** The two external cj/es on each aide placed rather close to each other. (Maxilla; not always thickened at their base; the first arid then the second pair of legs longest.) A. Maxilla somewhat thickened at their base, and transversely im- pixssed before the middle. Sp. 2. Clu. Nutrix. Ungulas black : thorax and mandibles light red : legs very light red : abdomen yellowish green, with an obscure lon- gitudinal band. It has once occurred in England, near Cheltenham. B. Maxilhe not thickened at their base ; Jront not transversely im- pressed. Sp. 3. Clu. atrox. Brown : logs pale: tibi;e with dark spots: middle of the back of the abdomen with a somewhat quadrate black spot, margined with yellow. Inhabits old walls and the fissures of rocks. It is very common in Britain and France. Genus 11. AllANEA of authors. Tegenekia. WaUk. Maxilla straight and longitudinal, with their internal angle distinctly truncate, diameter equal, apex rounded : /;/) elongate, nearly qua- drate, longer than broad, towards the superior angles a liltle nar- rower: legs, the anterior pair about the same length with the fourth pair; third pair shortest: eyes disposed in two transverse lines near each other, and bent backwards. Sp. 1. Ar. domestica. Livid-cinereous; thorax of the 7«a/e immaculate; of the female, on each side with a longitudinal l)iackish band : abdo- men blackish, middle of its back with a longitudinal, maculose, dentatcd band, and the lateral lineolce livid. Aranea domestica. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Tegeneria domestica. Walck. Inhabits houses in Europe; spinning its web in a place where there is a cavity, such as the corner of a room. The mode of constructing the web is curious. Having chosen a convenient situation, she fixes one end of the thread to the wall, and passes on to the other side, dragging the thread along with her, till she arrive at the other side, where she fixes the other end of it. Thus she passes and repasses luitil she has made as many parallel threads as are necessary; she then crosses these by other threads. This net is intended for the capture of her prey ; and, in addition to it, the animal prepares a cell for herself, where she remains concealed, and on the watch. Be- t\Yeen the cell and the net the spider builds a bridge of threads, which, CLASS III. AEACHNO'lDA. 125 by communicating with the threads of the large net, both gives her intelligence when any thing touches the web, and enables her to pass quickly in order to seize it. Genus 12. AGELENA. Walckemier, Leach. Maxilla straight and longitudinal, their internal angle slightly trun- cate ; diameters equal, apex rounded : Up not longer than broad, to- wards the superior angle a little narrower : legs moderately long, the anterior and fourth pairs of nearly equal length, the third pair shortest : eyes disposed in two transverse lines near to each other, and bent backwards. Sp. 1. Ag. labi/rinthica. Griseous pale-reddish : thorax on each side with a blackish longitudinal line : abdomen black, above and on each side with wliite oblique lines forming obtuse angles, running together anteriorly in pairs; the weaving appendices or nipples conic, elongate. Inhabits the fiekb. It is very common in most parts of Europe during the summer months. In Britain it is most abundant in the au- tumn. It spins a horizontal web on the grovmd, in which it watches for its prey, consisting of Hies and other dipterous insects. The spider itself lives in a funnel-shaped cavity, oi'ten extending below the surface of the ground. Genus 13. ARGYRONETA. Latreille, Wakkemcr, Leach. MaxHlce short, straight, elongate quadrate, the sides of nearly equal diameters ; anteriorly convex ; the apex rounded : Up short, shoKter than the maxilla-; of a narrow elongate-triangular form; the ante- rior aspect convex ; the aitex obtuse or trinicalc : legs, the first, the fourth pair longest; the second pair shortest: eyes with the four middle ones forming a quadrangle, the two on each side set obliquely and subgeminated. S]i. 1. Arg. aquatica. Blackish-brown: abdomen black velvety, with some impressed dots on its back. Aranea aquatica. Linn., Fabr. Argyroneta aquatica. Latr., Wulck., Leach. Inhabits Europe, frequenting slow nmning waters and ditches, spin- ning a web most beautiful^ constructed under the water, in which it lives, being surrounded with air, which shines through the water with a silvery lustre. The eggs are deposited in a globose silky bag. It is extremely conurion in most of the ditches round Lon- don, and may be observed, especially in the beginning of the sum- mer, building its nest beneath the water, or running along the lines by which it is suspended. Srinps '?.. — Legs simjde: hinder eyci not placed on the anterior and superior of ihe thorax, nor forming an iMe\^iiKu ln.\.igou ; /tipples 126 MODERN SYSTEM. of the anus sliort and nearly equal, of a conic form : lip nearly se- micircular, broader than long, and projecting between the niaxiliie: {et/es eight.) * Ei/es not desa^iblrig the segment of a circle. I\Ia.rilltc straight- cned towards t/ieir extremities, but not dilated. Genus 14. SYCTODES. Latrcille, Wakkemcr, Leach. Maxilla: obli([ue and longitudinal, covering the sides of the lip; their bases thickened, the apex internallv ol)li(iucly trimcated : lip some- what (piadratc, the base a little contracted : legs with the fourth, then the tirst pair longest; the third pair shortest. Sp. 1. Syc. tliorueicu. Pale reddish-while, spotted with l)lack : thorax large and somewhat orbicular, elevated roundly liehind : aljdomen lighter in colour, and subglobose. Inhabits Paris, in houses. It has twice occurred near Dover, but both the individuals were females. Genus 1.5. THERIDIUM. Walckenaer, Latreillc, Leach. Mcuillee with an oblique direction covering the sides of the lip, con- verging towards their points; of equal breadth; the internal apex obtuse, or obli(|uely truncated : lip small, triangular, or semicircu- lar ; the apex truncate or subrounded : legs elongate, the first, then the foiu'th pair longest : CT/es with four in the centre, forming a qua- drangle, the under ones placed ou a conunon elevation; two others on each side geminated, and situated on a common elevation. Sp. 1. Th. sisij)hi(m. llufous : abdomen globose, with three lines. Theridium sisiphum. Leacli. Inhabits Europe, in the corners of buildings, walls, and rocks. It i$ figured by Lister, t. 14. Jig. 11. Genus 16. PIIOLCUS. Wnldanaer, Latreille, Leach. Marille oblique, covering the sides of the lip, converging from the base to the apex: apex internally truncated: Up transversely qua- drate; the lateral angles of tJie apex roimded and somewhat mar- gined: /c^'s very long and very slender; the first, then the second and fourth (nearly equal) the longest: eyes inserted on a tubercle; two geminated and placed transversely in the middle; three on each side amassed in a triangle, one larger than the rest. ?>^.l. Fh. phalungioides. Pale-livid: abdomen elongate, cylindric-oval, very soft, obscure cinereous : tip of the tibias and thighs with a pale ring of a whitish colour. Pholcus phalangibides. Walck., Latr., Leach. Aranea Pluchii. Scopol, Aranea opilionides. Schrank. Aranea phalangioides. Fourcroy. Inhabits houses in Europe; in the western parts of England it is ex- ' ricmcly common, lt-5 body viliruto^, like that of a tipyUdeous iu- ' sect. CLASS III. ARACHNOIDA. m ** E^cs not describing the segment of a circle. Maxillcc straii^ht, with tlieir points dilated. Genus 17. TETRAGNATIIA. LatreiUe, Leach. Ej/es subcqual ; disposed in nvo straight and almost parallel transverse lines, the four middle ones forming nearly a regular quadrangle : jnuxilUe straight, elongate and narrow, almost equally broad ; the apex externally dilated and round : lip semicircular and somewhat notched : legs very long and very slender; the first pair longest, then the second, afterwards the fourth. Sp. 1. Tet. extcnsa. Reddish; abdomen oblong, golden green, with the sides and two lines below yellowish; the middle below longitu- dinally black. Aranea extensa. Linn., Fair. Tetragnatha extensa. Latr.,Walck., Leach. Inhabits Europe; frequenting moist places, in which it constRicls a vertical web, sitting on it with its legs extended. Genus 18. EPEIRA. Walckender, Lalrcille, U^ach. Latreille has divided this genus into sections, most of which would form good genera. Ei/es with the four middle ones placed on an abruptly formed tubercle in the form of a quadrangle, the two anterior ones largest and most distant; the lateral eyes on each side subgeminated and placed ob- liquely on a tubercle : maxilUv subcircular, internally membrana- ceous : lip semicircular ; short, with the point membranaceous : legs moderately long, hispid, the thighs rather strong; the first pair largest, then the second, afterwards the fourth pair: thorax inversely elongate subcordate, anteriorly broadly truncated : uhdumen subglo- bose, large, much broader than the thorax. Sp. 1. Ep.Diudcma. Reddish; abdomen globose-oval, with an elevated angle on each side of its base ; dorsal bund broad, triangular, den- tated, darker, with a triple cross of luteous white dots or spots, and with four impressed dots disposed in a quadrangle. Aranea Diadcma. Linn. Araignee a croix. De Geer. Epeira Dia- dema. Walck., Latr., Leach. Inhabits Europe. It frequents the borders of woods, rocks, and gar- dens, and is well known in Britain by the names Sceptre or Diadem Spider. *** Eyes describing the seginent of a circle. Genus 19. TIIOMISUS. Walck., Latr., Leach. Heteropoda. i«/f. MisuMENA. Latr. Ei/es generally subequal, placed in two transverse lines in a kind of semicircle : maxilla oblique, covering the side of the lip. and in some degree converging; the mternal apex truncate: lip somewhat oval 128 MODCUN SYSTF.M. or near]}' quadrate, generally longer than broad : le^a^ the first and second pair longest: the second rather longest; the third and fourth pair of legs much less, sometimes one being largest, sometimes the other. The mandibles of tiie animals composing this genus are either per- pendicular or somewhat indexed ; in many conical with many short claws. * Thorax convex, cordifoiin ; the .s«/ts-, cspcclalli/ behind, abruptly sloping, antcriorli/ hroadhj triincafr ; I he largest legs not doable the length of the body ; the first and second pair much thicker than the others, sometimes one sometimes the other being longest. The first joint of the tarsi, rcifh scvc?'al moveable little sj)ines,in a single or in a double series; the claus oj' the tarsi naked, hip somewhat ova^, the apex truncate or obtuse. Apex of the maxilla wedge-shaped. Sp. 1. Tho. citreus. Thorax at the insertion of the eyes transversely elevated; the sides anteriorly produced and prominonl: eyes equal: abdomen roundish, trigonal, broader behhid, with a red line on each side: body yellowish citron-coloured. Inhabits Europe, living in flowers. It is very common in Rritain. The male is rare, smaller than the female; of a brown colour banded with vcUowish frreen. o ** Thorax convex, cordiform ; the sides, especially behind, abruptly sloping, the anterior part bi'oadly truncated; the larger legs not twice tite length of the body, all of nearly an C(jual degree of thickness; the hinder four not much shorter; the anterior with, four little .opines: the claws of all the tarsi scarcely visible. Lips somcichat oval : the apex truncate or obtuse. Maxilla at their points wedge-shaped. Sp. 2. Tho. lynceus. Lateral eyes largest, placed on an eminence, the tubercles of the hinder ones thickest: body pale yellowihh-grey, Variegated with punctures and spots of a blackish colour: abdomen very large, of a triangular-oval form, broader behind. iBhabits France and Scotland. Latreille considers it to be much allied to Thomisus onustus of Walckeniicr. *** Thorax depressed, somewhat oval, very obtuse before ; the larger legs 7iot twice the length of the body; all the legs of equal thickness: the tarsi hairy beneath, the first joint loitk a few little spines: the apex with two brushes under the claws : abdomen oblong : the maxilla beyond the insertion of the palpi, nearly of equal breadth, distinctly and abruptly truncated: lip somewhat quadrate : hinder eyes distant. Sp. 3. Tho. oblongus. Pale-yellowish, with white hairs above: abdo- men somewhat cylindrical, with obscure longitudinal lines. Inhabits France, Denmark, and England, on plants. CLjiSS III. AKACHNOIDA. 129 Stirps 3. — Legs not formed for leaping. Hinder eyes placed on the anterior and superior part of the thorax, forming an irregular hex- agon. {Hinder pair of legs longest.) Genus 20. LYCOSA. Lutreillc, Wakkcnacr, Leach. Ahi.rilUe straight, anteriorly convex; externally towards the side some- what arcuated; internally slightly margined, gradually narrowing towards the base; the apex obliquely truncated, forming almost an inverted triangle: Up elongate, quadrate: legs strong, the fourth pair longest, then the second; the third shortest. Sp. 1 . Lye. saccata. Above smoky-black clouded with cinereous vil- lositv' ; carina of tlie thorax obscure, reddish, with a cinereous vil- lous line ; base of the abdomerl with a little bundle of griseous hairs : legs livid-red, with blackish spots. Inhabits Europe. It is very common in Britain : the female may be observed in gardens carrying her bag of eggs, of a green colour : palpi, mandibles, and anterior margin of the thorax livid-red in the female, black in the male. Genus 21. DOLOMEDES. Lafrcilk, Walckenaer, Leach. ill«.n7/^' straight, oval-quadrate; tlie apex externally rounded, inter- nally obliquely truncated: lip somewhat square, the diameters nearly equal, the points of the angles rounded : legs elongate ; the fuurUi pair longest, then the second; the third shortest: elaits ex- serted, without brushes below. Sp. 1. DoL mirabitis. Pale reddish, covered with greyish down: tho- rax heart-shaped, anteriorly abruptly sloping: the anterior angles and dor,-al line whitish: abdomen conical, suboval : back darker. Aranea saccata. Linn. Dolomcdes mirabilis. Walck., Latr., Leach. Aranea Listeri. Scopoli. Aranea obscura. Fahr. Inhabits woods. Stirps 4.— ie^s formed for leaping: (Eyeseight. r/(o?Y/r never carinatcd.) Genus 22. SALTICUS. Lair., Leach. Attus. Vrulck. Maxilla; sti'aight, longitudinal, subrhomboidal, or inverse-cuneate- ovate: Up elongate, suboval, the apex obtuse: palpi clavate: thora.v tmncate-ovate or parallelogrammic : eijes disposed in the form of a horse-shoe, the t^vo middle ones largest : /fgs thick and short; tlie iirst pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second and the third pairs of nearly an equal length, and shorter than the two other pairs. Sp. 1. Sal. scenicus. Black; margin of the thorax covered with white down : abdomen short ovate ; above with a reddish-gray pubescence, with three transverse arcuate lines, and the anus white; the tirst band basal and entire, the others acutely tent anteriorly; and inter- rupted in their middle. 130 MODERN SYSTEM, Aranea scenica. Linn., Fabr. Atte pare. Walck. Salticus sccnicus. Latr., Lenc/i. Inhahits walls and palings. It is founil in most parts of Europe, and is called in Britain the Hunting Spider. Genus 23. ATTUS. Wnlck., Lcadt's Supp. to Encycl. BriU Sal- ticus. Latr., Leach's Edln. Encycl. vol. vii. Maxilla- straight, longitudinal, subrliomboidal or inversely cuneate- ovate: ///> elongate, suboval, with the apex obtuse: ;j«//)i filiform : thorax elongate, narrow, subconic : ci/es disposed in the form of a horse-shoe; the two middle eyes largest: lega slender, elongate, the first pair thickest and not longer than the fourth pair; the second and tliird pairs of nearly an equal length and shorter than the other pairs. Sj). 1. Att. fortnicarim. Thorax anteriorly black, behind red : abdomen fuscous, with a white spot on each side: legs red. Attus formicarius. Walck. Salticus formicarius. Latr., Leach. Arai- gnee fourmi. De Gcer. Inhabits Eurojic, residing on pMits and walls. It is very rare in Scot- land, and has not been observed in England. Class IV. A CAUL Leach's MSS. In the Supplement to Encycl. Brit. vol. i. the animals of this Class were arranged with the Arachnoida and formed the Order Monomero- somata. Since that paper was written, Dr. Leach has, from a further investigation of their characters, separated them from the Arachnoida (in which they differ essentially), and considers them as a distinct class ; they are for the most part parasitic, living on the bodies ol" otlier animals: to the lovers of the microscope these animals will af- ford an extensive field for their research and investigation ; they are very numerous, highly interesting, and as yet but in)perfectly known. CiiAUACTER. — Body formed but of one segment: mouth rostriforni, or in some fm-nishcd with maxillcE and mandibles: legs six or eight : irachem for respiration. Section I. — Legs formed for zcalking. A. Mouth 7vith mandibles. Fam. I. Tkombidiads:. Leach. Talpi porrect, and furnished at their extremities M'ith a moveable ap- pendage. F.ycs two, placed on a pillar. Body apparently divided into two parts by a transverse line; the anterior division bearing the- eyes, mouth, and four anterior legs. CLASS IV. ACAKI. Jgl Genus 1. TROMBIDIUM. Fair., Lair., Lcadi. Lrgs eight. Sp. ]. Trom. holoscriceum. Suliquadrate, hlood-red, tomentose; the down short composed of cyhndric i)ai)illa\ which arc rounded at their extremities. Tromhidium holoscriceum. Fair., Latr. Inhabits Europe, and is abundant in the spring. Genus 2. OCYPETE. Leach. Legs six. Sp. 1. Oc^. rubra. Red; back with a few long hairs, the legs with many short hairs of a rufous ash-colour; eyes black brown. Ocypete rubra. Leach, Tram. Linn. Soc. xi. This curious little animal, which is not larger than a grain of small sand, is parasitic, and is frequently to be found on the largest tipuladous insects, adhering to their legs. No less than sixteen specimens have been obtained from one insect. Fam. TI. Gammasid^^e. Tuach. Palpi porrect, simple. Genus 3. GAMMASUS. Lafreil/e, Leach. Bo'Ji/ depressed, the skin of the back partly or entirely coriaceous. * Anterior portion of the hack, and a triangular pai-t hcldnd, cori- aceous. Sp. 1. Gumm. Coleoptrutorum. Coriaceous ])arts of the back fuscous ; anterior pair of legs a little longer than the hinder ones. Gammase des Coleopteres. LMtr. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et dcs Insect. vii. 399. Gammasus Coleoptratorimi. Latr. Gen. Crust, et Insect, i. 147. Leach. Acarus Coleoptratorum. Linn., Fahr. Inhabits the excrements of horses and oxen, often attaching itself to Scarahai, Histcres, &c. in great numbers. ** Back cntireli/ coriaceous. Sp. 2. Gamm. marginatus. Ovate, lirown ; belly coriaceous, the sides alone membranaceous and whitish ; anterior legs nearly twice the length of the body. Inhabits dung and dead animals. Fam. III. AcARiD.^. Leach. Mouth furnished with mandibles : palpi simple, very short, not por- rectcd. Genus 4. ORIBITA. Latrcillc, Leach. Bodi/ covered by a coriaceous skin ; anterior part rostrated ; the pro- duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : abdomen subglo- bose : tarsi with claws. Sp. 1. Or. geniculatu. Fuscous-castaneous, shining, hairy : legs pale- fuscous : thighs subclavate. 132 MODERN SYSTEM. Acarus geniculatus* Linn. Inhabits trees and beneath stones. It is common in Sweden, Ger- many, and England. Genus 5. NOTASPTS. Hermann. Bodt/ covered I)y a coriaceous skin, tlie anterior part rostrated, the pro- duced part inclosing the organs of mastication : ulnhmicn subglobose, the sides anteriorly with a wing-like process: tarsi with claws. Sp. 1. Not. hu)nc?'alis. Abdomen blackish-chesnut; the produced i)arts membranaceous. Mitte a rebord. De Geer. Oribita humeralis. Latr., Leach. Inhabits moss and beneath stones. It is not unconimon in the southern parts of Devonshire. Genus 6. ACARITS of authors. Bodt/ soft : mouth naked : tarsi with a pedunculated vesicle at their ex- tremities. Sp. 1 . ^Ica. domesticus. White, with two brown spots ; body ovate, the middle coarctatc, with very long hairs: legs equal. Acarus Siro. Linn., Fain-., I^each Edin. Enci/cl. vii. 41.5. Acarus do- mesticus. Latr., Lcaeh Supp. to Eniycl. Brit. i. 111. Inhalnts houses, living in cheese and flour that have licen kept too long. B. ]\L)uth furnished nitit a rostrum. Fam. I\'. I.xoDiAD^;. Leach. Ej/cs obscure or concealed. Stirps. 1. — Pdljii and rostrum exserted. Genus 7. IXODES. Latreille, Leach. Cynoeikestes. Hermann. Palpi equally broad, longer than broad. Sp. 1. Ix. llicinus. Scutum rounded, smaller; with the vagina of the rostrum and the legs tiiscous : al)domen varying in colour. Acarus Ricinus. Linn., Fabr. Ixodes Ricinus. Latr., Leach. Inhabits Europe, attaching itself to dogs. In Britain it is called the D Oil-tick. Dr. Leach has written a paper on the British species of this ge- nus, which is ])iiblishcd in the eleventh volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Societi/. Stirps 2. — Palpi and rostrum hidden. Genus 8. UROPODA. Latreille, Leach. Body oval, orbiculate : back corneous, clypeiform, the disc being gra- dually convex; beneath flat: anus produced into a long filiform pe- dmicle (by which it adheres to coleopterous insects) : legs very short, pressed close to the body, the first pair shortest, the second pair rather longer, the third distinctly longer, the fourth pair longest. CLASS IV. ACARI. 133 Sp. 1. Uro. vegetans. Brown, very smooth, shining. Mitte vegetative. l)e Geer.,vn. 123. pi. 1-fig. 13. Uropoda vegetans. Lair., Leach. Inhabits France and England, attaching itself to the legs, abdomen, and elytra of Histeres, Aphodii, &c. by its pedunculated anus. Fam. V. CiiEYLETiD.r.. Leach. Ei/es distinct : palpi concealed. Stir PS 1. — Palpi distinct. Genus 9. SARCOPTES. Lafreille, Leach. Sp. 1. Sar. Scubiei. Subrotundate ; legs short, reddish; four hinder ones, with a very long seta : the plantfc of the four anterior ones terminated by a swelling. Mitte de la Gale. Dc Gecr. Acarus Scabiei. Fair. Lc Ciron de la Gale. Geoff'. Sarcopte de la Gale. ImI/-. Hist. Nat. des Crust, et des Iii'iecf. viii. 55. et vii. /)/. 66. Sarcoptes Scabiei. Latr., Leach. inhabits the ulcers of the itch. Acarus exulcerans of Linnt is pro- bably this animal, or is at least referable to the same genus. Section II. — Legs formed for swimming, Fam. Hydrachxad-i. Mouth with mandibles. Genus 10. HYDRACIIXA. MWll, Oliv., Latr., Leach. Palpi subcylindric, porrcct, arcuate infle.xed, four-jointed, the last acute imguiform : mouth produced into a conic rostrum : bod^ globose : legs timbriated with hairs, and situated at equal distances from each other. Sp. 1. Hi/, geographica. Black, with coGcineous spots and dots. Hydrachna geographica. Mull. Hijdr. 59. tab. 8. fig. 3-5. Latr., Leach. Inhabits waters that flow gently. It is a most beautiful animal, and is very common near London. Genus 11. LIININOCIIAllES. Latr., Leach. Palpi incurved, the apex acute simple : jmmlh with a very short ro- strum : bodi/ depressed : legs short, the four hinder ones remote : er/es two. Sp. 1. Lim. holosericca. Body ovate, red, rugose, soft; eyes black. Acarus aquaticus. Linn. La Tique rouge satinee aquatique. Geoff'. Mitte satinee aquatique. Dc Geer. Trombidium aquaticum. Fabr. Limnochares holosericea. Latr., Leach. Inhabits Europe. It is very common in most of our ponds during the summer months. It varies much in colour, but is generally found of a bright red or greyish-red colour, and of all the intermediate varieties of shape,' 131 MODIiUN SYSTF.M. Class V. INSEeTA. Hisfori/. — IxsECTA, so named from in (into) and 5ffo(tocut). This lerm was applied to those animals hy the Latins; by the Greeks they were named Entoma (IVrOj^a), from av, lido, and tsij.'/m, to cut. In- sects were so named, because their bodies are composed of many joints or segments ; on which account several of the ancient and oldc r naturalists placed them with the classes Crustacea, Mj/riapoda, AracL- noida, and Vermes. The oldest records on this subject are to be found in the sacred writings, where mention is made of locusts, flies, and caterpillars ; and it is probable that Moses had acquired some knowledge of insccis from the Egyptian sages, as his writings abound with passages relating to insects. Hippocrates, as we are told by Pliny, wrote on insects; and tl':' writings of the earlier Greek and Latin philosophers, quoted by Pliny, afford extracts of his labours. Aristotle, in liis Histo?// of Animals, has devoted a very considerable portion of his attention to insects, and has described their general external structure with groat accuracy. Aldrovandus, in 100'.', published a very voluminous work, Dc Ani- malibus Insectis, in which he divides insects into Terrestrial and Aqua- tic. In 1612, Wolfgang Frantzius ^n\Ah\KA Ristoria Animalinm Sacra, which contains some new observations, and a distribution of insccis into Aerial, Aquatic, and Tcrrcstriul. Swannnerdam, who published his Historia Inscctorum Gcncralis in 16(39, divided genuine insects into, 1st, Those which, after leaving the ^'SS) fippcar under the form of the perfect insect, but have no wings, which parts are afterwards produced : 2dly, Those insects which aji- pear, when hatched from the eggs, under the Ibrm of a larva, and, when full grown, change into a chrysalis, where it remains imtil its parts arc fit to be developed : 3dly, Those which, having attained the pupa (chrysalis or nympha) state, do not divest themselves of their skin. His other divisions refer to animals of the classes Arachndida, Crustacea, and Jh/riapoda; and the whole of his work contains much valuable observation on the structure and economy of these animals. In 1735, Linne published the first edition of his Spstema Naturw, sive Regiia tria Natarre si/stematicc proposita per Classes, Ordiiics, Genera, et Species, in which work Insects are distributed into four Orders, ac- cording to the Qumber and form of their wings: 1. Coleopter.\ ; 2. ANGioprERA; li. IIemipteua ; 4. Ai'tera. With the last Order he included Crustacea, Araclmides, Mj/riapoda, Vermes, and certain Zoophjtes; but in subsequent editions of this work CLASS V. IXSECTA. 135 he separated the Vermes, as Aristotle had done before him, and estii- bhshed them as a class distinct from Insects. Schseflfer, in If-ll, published a valuable work, under the title Icones Iiiscctonan circa Raflsbonam indigenorum. The classilication proposed by the author difters entirely from that of Linne, and approaches in some respects that proposed by Geoffroy. In 1764, GeoftVoy published his most valuable System of Insect*;, under the title Hisloire abngee de$ Insectes, c^c. in which tliese ani- mals are arranged into six sections. In 177(3, J. C. Fabricius, a pupil of Linnc, published a new system of entomology, under the title Si/Hte/na Entomologue, in which the principles of a new mode of classification, founded on the organs of deglutition and mastication, is for the first time developed. This sy- stem, which has undergone several modifications, is named the Ciba- rian St/stcin. Scopoli, in 1777, published his Introductio ad Historiam Naturaknif in which work he divides insects into five tribes, under the singular appellations of, 1. Swuiiuncrdaim-Lucifuga ; 1. (icofj'ro^-Gi//nnopteru; 3. Roeselii-Lepidoptera ; 4. Reaumiiru-Froboscidea ; 5. Frischii-Coleoptera, identifying each tribe by the name of each author, who has, in his opi- nion, been most successful in the explanation of that to whicii his name is attached. The Lucif'tiga includes the lice ; Gj/mnopfcra, his halterafa, aculeafa, and caudiita : Lepidoptcra, the moths and butterfiies : Pi-oboscidea he has divided into terrestrial and aquatic; and the Coleoptera he divides into those inhabiting water, and those the land. In 1780, Linne produced the twelfth edition of his St/sfema Xafur^e, which was the last systematic work of that illustrious naturalist. In 1793, P. A. Latreille published his Precis des Caractlrcs Gene- riqitcs des Insectes, in which he divided Insects into I. Axle's : 1. Cole- optera, 2. Ort/ioptcra, 3. Hemiptcra, 4. Neuroptcrcij 5. Lepiduptera, II. Apt.e^res : 6. Sucloria, 7. Tliasynowa. In 1798, J. C. Fabricius produced his last general systematic work, the Supplenicntum EnfoniologicE S^stefnatiae, which presents an outline of his system in its latest state ; and which, being the result of much knowledge, demands a considerable portion of attention. In the Erdomologie Helvetirjue, a work published in 1798, ClairvilLe, its author, has arranged Insects in the following manner : * PTEROPHORA; Mandibulata. With wings and jaws. Section 1. Elytroptera. Wings crustaceous. 2. Deratoptera. Wings coriaceous. 3. Dictyoptera. Wings reticulated. 4. Phleboptera. wings veined. ] 36 MODEllN SYSTEM. ** PTEROPIIORA; Haustellata. With wings and a haustcUum, Sections. IIalteriptera. Wings with poisers. G. Lepidopteua. Wings with powder. 7. IIemimlropteka. Wings partly obscnrc, partly diapha- nous. ««: APTERA; Hausteelata. Without wings; with a sucker. 8. RopnoPTERA. Sucker sharp. **** APTERA; Manpiijl'eata. Without wings, with jaws. 9. PoDODUNEUA. Legs formed for runninrt:i, in which work lu; has arranged some of the genuine Insects witii xiie A7-uc/i7wida ; the rest he distributes into the following Orders; * With tnandiblcs andjarvs. Order I. Coleoptera. II. Ortiioptera. III. NevrOptera, ** With mandibles, and witli a kind of pTohoscis. Order I\'. Uvmenoptera. *** Ko mandibles. A trunk or sticker. Order \'. Lei'idoptera. \'I. IIemiptera. \'II. Diptera. A'III. A- PTERA. In 180G, Latreille published his Genera Crustaceorum et Inscctorum, in which he has denominated the true Insects Insecta Ftcrodicera ; und has arranged them in the followins: manner : Century I. ELYTHROPTERA. Elytra two, covering the wings entirely. Cohors I. Odoxtota. Mouth with mandibles, maxilla-, and lip. Wings folded. Order I. Coleoptera. II. Orthoptera. Cohors II. Siphonostoma. Order III. IIemiptera. Century II. GYMNOPTERA. Wings naked, CLASS V. INSECTA, 137 Cohors I. Odontata. Mouth with mandibles, maxillae, and lip. Wings four. Order IV. — Neuroptera. V. IIymenoptera. Cohors II. SiPIIONOSTOMA. Mouth tubular, formed for sucking. Order VI. Lepidovtera. VII. Diptera. VIII. Suctoriv. Latreille has retained the same general arrangement in his last work, Cinsida-ations Ginirales sur I'Ordre Xatu?-elle, <^c. but he has rejected the divisions into Legions, Centuries, and Cohorts. JJnmtrW, m hi^ Zoologic Aiiali/fi(jiie, arranges insects into Eight Or- ders, the last of which also comprehends the Classes Arachndida and Mj/rkqioda. In 1812 Lamarck published a little work, entitled Extraitdu Cours de fj Zoologie du Museum d'Uistoire Naturelle, in which he has continued the general arrangement published by him in ir.Ol. In 1815, vol. i.\. of the Edinburgh Eiuyc/oiucdiu was published, in which Dr. Leach gave the following arrangement of Insects into Or- ders, and has added to them the PitrasUa and ThtjsanoHru^ which La- treille placed with the Artidnididd. Subclass I. A:\IETAB0LIA. Ofder I. Thysanura. II. Axoplvra. Subclass II. METABOLIA. Century I. ELYTilROPTEllA. Insects with elytra. Cohors I. Odontostomata. Mouth with mandibles. * Metamorphosis incomplete. Order III. Coleoptera. ** Mclamorphosis nearly coaictate. Order IV. Strepsiptera, *** Metamorphosis semi-complete. prder V. Dermaptera. VI. Orthoptera. VII. Dictyopteba. Cohors II. SiPlIONOSTOMATA. jVIouth with an articulated rostrum. 138 MODERN SYSTEM, Order VIII. IIemiptera. IX. Omoptera. Century II. MEDAMOPTEILV. Insects witliout wings or elytra. Order X. ApTEn^. Century III. GYMNOPTEllA. Insects with wings but no elytra. Cohors I. Glossostomata. Mouth with a spiral tongue. Order XI. Lepidoptera. Cohors II. Gxatuostomata. Mouth with maxilliE and lip. Order XII. Triciioptera. Cohors III. Obontostomata. Mouth with mandibles, maxillffij and lip. Order XIII. Neuroptera. XIV. IIyjiekoptera. Cohors IV. Siphonostomata. Mouth tubular, formed for sucking. Order XV. Diptera. As tlie above arrangement is sidycct to various ol)jections, I shall adopt that since given by the same ailthor in vol. iii. of his Zoological Miscellany. Class V. IN SECT A. Subclass I. AMETABOLIA. Insects undergoing no metamorphosis. Order I. Thysanura. — Tail armed with seta;. Order II. Anoplura. — Tail without setas. Subclass 2. METABOLIA. Insects imdergoing metamorphosis. Order III. Coleoptera. — Wings two, transversely folded, covered by two crustaccous or hard coriaceous elytra, meeting (generally) with a straight suture. Mouth with mandibles. (ilfcto«o/y/iOS« incomplete.) CLASS V. IX3ECTA. 139 Order IV. Dermaptera. — Wings two, longitudinally and trans- versely iblded. FJyt7u subcrubtiiceous, ubljrevuUtd, wiih the suture straight. Mouth with nuuidiblcs. {JMctamorp/iosis bemi-complete.) Order V. Orthoptera. — Wings two, longitiidintijly folded, covered by two coriaceous elytra, the margin ot" one elytron covering the same part of the other. Moulh with mandibles. {Mdamorphosis semi-com- pleto.) Order \'I. DicTVOPxr.r. \. — TT7/;i's two, longitudinally folded, twice or more, covered by two coriaceous elytra; one elytron decussating the other obli(JuelJ^ JMouUi with mandibles. (^Metamorphosis semi- oomplcte.) Order \'II. IIemiptih \.^TI7/?^i-.v tv.-o, covered by tv/o crustaceous or coriaceous elytra (the tips of which are generally Juenibranaceous), horizontal, one decussating the other obliquely. Mouth viith an arli- culated rostrum. (^Metamorphosis semi-complete.) Order \'[1I. Omoptlra. — Wings two, covered by tsvo elytra which are entirely coriaceous or membranaceous ; meeting ob]i(]ueiy with a straight suture. Mouth with an articulated rostrum. (^Metamorphosis semi-complete or incomplete.) Order IX. Aptera. — xVo rcings or elytra. Mouth with a lubular jointed sucking rostrum. (^Metamorphosis incomplete.) Order X. Lepidopti.ra. — Wings four, membranaceous, covered w-ilh meal-like scales. Moulh with a spiral tongue. (^7iIetainorphosis incom- plete.) Order XI. Trkhoptkra. — Wings four, membranaceous; the pteri- gostia or wing bones hairy. Moulh with maxilke and lip. [^Ljumor- phosis incomplete.) Order XIT. Xei'roptj-.ra. — Tr///i;-.s- fom", membranaceous, generally of equal size, with numerous decussaling pterigostia resembling a net- work. Month with mandibles, maxilke, and lip. (^^htamorpliosis in- complete or semicomplete.) Order XIII. IIymenoptera. — Wings four, memliranaceous, the hinder ones always smallest; the pterigostia not decussating each other, so as to resemble a net-work. Mouth with mandibles, maxilkc and lip. (^JMctamorpIiosis incomplete.) Order XIV. Riiipiptera.- — 117//_i;.s- two, longitudinally folded. Mouth with mandibles. (^Metamorphosis subcoarctate.) Order XV. Diptera. — Wings two, with halteres or balancers at their base. Mouth tuhuhr, formed for sucking. {Met amorp/tosis in- complete or subcoarctate.) Order XVI. Omaloptera. — Mot'lh furnished with mandibles and 140 MODERN SYSTEM. olonc:ator1 maxillfe: ///> simple. Wings tvfo or none. {Metamorphosis coaiclata.) Subclass I. INSECTA AMETABOLIA. Order T. TIIYSANURA. Leach. Tn YSANOURA . Lat?ri//e. Tail furnislicd with setae or filaments: rtioitlh with mandibles, palpi, la- Viruni, and labivim. The body of the animals which compose this Order is generally covered with scales or hair. Their motion is extremely rapid, or per- formed by leaping. Fam. I. Lepismau.t:. J.cacli's j\ISS. Talpl very distinct and prominent, or exserted : anfcnnff composed of a vast number of very short joints : tail with three exserted sctie. Stirps 1. — £o(/.^ depressed, and moving with a running motion : lad with three nearly equal (ilaments. Genus 1. LEPISMA. Linn., De Gccr, Fair., Lu/r., Leach. Se- TOURA. Brown. Forbicina. Geoff., Lamarck. .4nfe««'E inserted between the eyes: maxi/hay pa/pi slender, composed of five joints, the last of which is elongate and very slender: laliial, ])ul-pi with their joints compressed, dilated, and round : ei/cs small and remote. Sp. 1. Lcp. uiccharina. Body covered with sihcry scales. Inhabits Europe. It is very conunon amongst books, clothes. Sec. and wanders about during the night. It is supposed to have been origin;dly introduced into iMuope from America, wiiere it is said to live amongst sugar. Stirps Q. — Body convex, with an arched back formed for springing. Tail with three setae, the middle one longest. Genus 2. FORBICINA. Geolf'., Leach. LEriSMA, Linn., Olivier. Machilis. La/r. Antenn(C inserted under the eyes, shorter than the body : maxillary palpi thick, with six joints, the last conic : labial palpi with the apex mem- branaceous : cijes large and contiguous. Sp. 1. For. poh/poda. Smoky brown, with obscure rust-coloured s))ots. Lepisma polypoda. Linn. Lcpisma saccharina. Vill. Ent. 4. tab. 11. fig. 1. Machilis polypoda. Lafr. Gen. Crust, et Lis. 1. p. 165. tab. 6. fig. \. magnified La Forbicine cyiindrique. Geoff'. Forbicina poly- |)oda. Leach. Inhabits all the temperate parts of Europe, and is found in woods and under stones. CLASS V. INSECTA. 141 Genus 3. PETROBIUS. LeacKs Zoological Miscellnny, vol. iii. tab. 115. Lepisma. Fab?-.? Antcytna longer than the bodv, inserted under the eyes : maxUhtri) palpi six-jointed; the tiftli joint inversely conic, tlie sixth conic: labial palpi with the lust joint obliquely truncate, with the apex acute, and not membranaceous : ej/es large and coiuiguous. Sp. 1. Fct. mariliinus. Blackish, with golden scales: feet yellowjsh: setae of the tail annulated with white. Inhabits all the rocky shores of Britain. Dr. Leach first obser\'cd this species on the Devonshire coast, and afterwards in Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. It is very active, runs fast, and leaps to a great distance. Dr. L. suspects that it has been confounded by Fabricius vvit)i For- Incina poli/poda. Fam. II. PoBUKAD.'E. Leach. Palpi not exserted nor very conspicuous: antermcc composed of four joints, the last sometimes formed of several other minute articula- tions : tail forked, and bent beneath the abdomen. Genus 4. PODURA. Linn., Geoff, Be Geer., Fahr., Lam., Her- mann, Leach. Antenna with the last joint solid, not articulated : abdomen elongate, li- near. Sp. 1. Pod. plumbea. Lead-coloured, sliining, with griseous head and feet. Podura plumbea. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Ij^acli. I'odure plombee. T)c Geer. La Podure grise commune. Geoff'. Inhabits Europe under stones. There are a great number of species in this and the following ge- nus, which are worthy of attention. Fabricius has placed these two genera together without the slightest distinction, and has de- scribed several species, which it is hoped some future zoologist will be induced to examine. Genus 5. SMY^iTIlURUS. Lair., Leach. Podura. Linn., Fabr., De Geer, Geoff. Sp. 1. SmT/n.ft'.scus. B(«ly entirely brown. La Podure brun enfumee. Geoff. Podura atra. Linn. ? Fubr. Smyn- thurus fuscus. Lair., Leach. Inhabits Europe; is common on the ground and in damp hedges. Order II. ANOPLURA. Leach. Parasita. LatrciUe. Tail without seta3 or filaments : mouth in some furnished with two j teeth (or mandibles.') and an opening, beneath; in others with a tubulose very short haustellum. The animals of this Order are parasitical; and were by Latreillc 142 MODERN SYSTEM. placed in an order which he named Paraaita. This name Dr. Leach has changed for the sake of harmony, and also to render the name more easy of retention in the memory, the characters being drawn from the same parts. Their motion is slow, and their nourishment is derived from the blood of mammalia, birds and insects. " It is almo>t an established fact, that every sjiecies of bird (and probably mammiferons animal) has its own jjeculiar parasite; and there is no instance of the same species of louse having been ob- served on two distinct species of birds, although some birds (as the raven oyster-catcher, &c.) are infested with several species of para- sites." The importance of clearly ascertaining the truth is such" to the ornithologist, that J)r. Leach has employed a considerable por- tion of time for the purpose of investigating and of describing the species with accuracy, little more than a bare catalogue of names and habitats having been given in the works of Linne, I'abriciiis, and Gmelin. The result of his examinations he docs not consider himself as able to communicate at present; but it is Ids intention, when the subject has arrived at maturity, to give a paper on this Or- der to the Linnean Society of London. Fam. T. Pedicclid;e. Leach. MoiilJi consisting of a tubulose, very short haustellum. Geims G. PIITIIIRUS. Leach. Pediculus. Linn., Fxcdl, Lair., Fahr. Anterior pair of feet sim\Ac ; two hinder pair didactvle: ^/wa.r extremely short, scarcely visible. 8p. 1. P/ilh. ingnina/is. Body whitish. Pediculus inguinalis. liccli. Pediculus pubis, linn.. Fair., La(r. Le Jlorpion. Gcof. Phthirus inguinalis. Leach. Inhabits the eyebrows, &;c. of inen and women, being commonly known under the titles Crabs, Crab-lice, &c. Genus 7. PEDICULUS. Linn., Fahr., De Geer, Gcof., Redi, Hermann, Lam., I^ach. Fed all armed with a finger and thumb : ihorac composed of three di- stinct equal segments. Sp. 1. Fed. hianamts. Body oval, lobate, vrhite and nearly immaculate. Pediculus humanus. Fabr., Linn., Latr., Leach. Inhabits the bodies and garments of men, and is known by the name of the body-louse. On the continent of Europe, especial! v in Spain and Portugal, it is very abundant. In Britain it is of rare occur- rence, and may have been introduced from the neighbouring coim- tries. CLASS V. IXSECTA, 143 Sp. 2. Fed. ccnkaVts. Body oval, lobed, cinereous, with a black inter- rupted l)and on either side. Le Pou ordinaire. Geoff. Pediculus humanus. rar. Linn. Pediculus cervicaHs. Lntr., Leach. Inhabits the heads of man throughout Europe. In Britain it is ex- tremely common, especially in the heads and upper part of the necks of children, whence they are extracted by means of a fine- toothed comb, or are destroyed by rubbing calomel mixed with a little fat amongst the roots of tlie hair. This species has been by many authors confounded with the preceding species. Genus 8. ILE:MAT0PIXUS. Leach. Thorax narrow and distinct from tlie abdomen : abdomen very broad. Sp. 1. Ham. Suis. Pediculus Suis. Linni. Ilrematopinus Suis. Leach's Zool. Misc. m. 06. pi. 146. Inhabits swine. Fam. II. NiRMiDx. Leach. Mouth with a cavitj", and two teeth or mandibles. Genus 9. NIR]\IUS. Hermann, Leach. Ricixus. De Gccr, Olir., Lam., Latr. Pediculvs. Linn., Geoff'., Fabr, The character of this genus is given in that of the tribe. All the species inhabit birds. The term ricinus having been used in botany is rejected, and that of Dr. Hermann's is adopted. Sp. 1. Nir. Cornicis. Whitish: head heart-shaped; segments of the thorax on each side produced into a tooth : abdomen oval, trans- versely banded with brown. Ricinus Cornicis. Lafr. Inhabits the Corvus Corni.v of Linne. Subclass II. IXSECTA .METABOLIA. Order III. COLEOPTERA. OrderCoLEOPTERA. Linn., Cut., Lam., Latr., ^c. Class Eleuterata. Fabr. This Order is divided into five great sections, from the general num- ber of jomts in the tarsi. Section I. — Pentamera. The number of joints in the tarsi is generally five, but in some of tlie aquatic genera the number is less. 144 MODERN SYSTEM. Fam. T. Cicindeliad^e. Leach. MaxUhry palpi four, the interior ones two-jointed : labial two : antenna filitbnn, never nionilitorin : maxillcc furnished at their extremities with a distinct articulated hooli : mandibles with many teeth : feet formed for running; hinder ones with trochanters. All the insects of this lianily live on other insects. Genus 10. CICINDELA. Linn., Ik Gcer, Fabt\,S)C. Buprestis. Gcof. Tliornv short, almost as wide as the head : abdomen elongate quadrate : elytra i\d\., separate, rounded : wini^a two : exterior mux II tar y palpi ^■^ lono- or longer llum the lahial : U7itenn(c inserted into the anterior margin of tlie eye: cli/pcas shorter than the labrum. Sp. 1. Cic. si/lvalira. <)l)'>cure aneons aiiove; each elytron with an ex- ternal lunule at the base, with a mark at the apex, and an interme- diate transverse, narrow sinuated hand of white; with many im- pressed punctures at the suture. {Fl.il.fg. 8.) Cicindela sylvatica. Linn., Oliv., Lair. Inhabits Europe. Is found on Martlesome Heath, Suffolk, occasion- ally; near Christchurch in Ihunpshire; and near C(;bham and Go- dalming in Surry it is very conunon. There are three other i>ritish species, viz. Q. C. ca?npestr Is, ■which is taken in sandy places and in highways in great plenty. 3. C. In/bri- da, found on the sea-shore dear Yarmouth and Swansea. 4. C. Ger- manica, which is common at a place called IJlack Gang-way in the Isle of Wight, and is occasionally found in chalk-pits near Dartford, Kent, in the months ol' June and July. Fam. II. Carabid-e. The mandibles of the Carahida: are entirely porrecled; their hinder legs are formed for running, and they feed on other insects. " Professor F. A. Donelli, of Turin, has lately written an admirable monograph on the European genera of this family. This is published under the title of Observations Erdomologiques, and has been sanc- tioned by the ImjK'rial Academy. From the parts studied it proves that Bon,«lli is a man of accurate judgement, and fully entitled to rank amongst the first entomologists of the present day." Leach's MSS. Obs. — For the characters of most of the Genera in this extensive Fa- mily I am indebted to Dr. Leach, who with his usual liberality al- lowed me the free use of his MSS. I. Anterior tibia not notched within. Elytra entire, covering the whole abdomen. Antenna linear or setaceous. Stirps 1. — Palpi with the fourth joint thicker than the third; the apex CLASS V. IXSECTA. H5 dilated : anfenno' with the second joint as long or longer thrtit the fourth : zciugs wanting, or two incomplete : uUdomin oval or ovate. Genus 11. CYCIIRUS. Fahr.,V(u/l:., Latr., Boncm, Leach, S<.K6,y- hoT. Falpi with the fourth joint spoon-shaped : lip with the tooth of the notch simple: labriuit bilobate: eli/tra dcUexcd, embracing the sides of the abdomen : zc'uigs none, or very short. Dr. Leach has observed that the palpi of the male are larger than those of the female. Anterior tarsi in both sexes simple, Sp. 1. Ci/c. 1-ostrutas. Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach, Schonherr. Carabus rostratus. Mars/i. Eat. Brit. i. Inhabits pathways in woods, roots of trees, beneath stoneSj and under moss. Genus 12. CARABUS of authors. TAcriYPrs. Weber. Palpi with their last joint securiform: lij) with the tooth of its notch simple : hihriun bilobate : e/j/tra not embracing the abdomen ; zvings very short or entirely wanting. The males have their anterior tarsi more or less dilated, and their thorax is evidently narrower than that of the lemalcs. Sp. 1. Car. inohureus. Black; margins of the thorax and elytra violet- copper: elytra iincly rugulose, somewhat smooth : abdomen elon- gate-oval. Carabus violaceus. Linn., Tahr., OJiv., Marsh., Latr. Inhabits Europe. It is frequent in Britain at the roots of trees, under stones, &c. Sp. 2. Car. cutemdatus. Black: margins of thorax and elytra Tiolct : thorax broader than long, deeply emai-ginate behind; each eh'tron with about Iburtecn stri;t; the fourth, eighth, and twelfth from the suture interrujited; the intervals with a distinct, soniewhat rugose line: abdomen oval. Caral >us catcnulatus. Scnn., Tahr., Latr. Carabus intricatus. Marsh. ^Oliv. Inhabits the south of France, Germany, and Britain. It is sometimes found quite black, at other times with a tinge of fine violet: and is very plentiful in this coimtr}'. Sp. 3. Cur. intricatus. Black violet above, black beneath : thorax nar- row, with nearly equal diameters: elytra with hregular stride; the intervals punctate-rugose ; each elytron with three elevated ratcnu. lated lines. Carabus intricatus. Linv.,L.atr. Carabus cyaneus. Falr.yFimz. Inhabits Europe. There is but one instance of its having occurred in Britain. Dr. Leach took a single specimen under a stone in a wooj with their last joint never conic: rvings two: tibia anterior not palmate-dentate : mandibles simple, or towards their base denticulated : lip with its notch-tooth bifid : thorax obcordate or sub- orbiculate-sessile : bodi/ moderately or very much elongated : tarsi anterior of the male with three or four dilated joints ; intermediate tarsi simple. * Antemw compressed, narrower towards their extixmities {thorax obsolete). Genus 33. PLATYSMA. Bonelll, Panz., Leach. Palpi with their fourth joint cylindric, its base attenuated ; those of the maxilla; with their fourth joint shorter than the preceding: tho- rax with the base on each side with two stria-, the exterior stria very small : basal angles straight ; {bodi/ depressed.) Sp. 1. PI. nigritum. Carabus nigritus. Fabr. Carabus aterrimus. Marsh. Inhabits damp woods. Genus 34. CHL^NIUS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. Palpi with the fourth joint oval, of the length of the third joint : tho- rax with its base on each side with one stria : {bodj/ punctulate, va- ried with colour; elytra generally with a pale margin.) Sp. 1. Chl.festivus. Carabus festivus. Fabr. Car. vestitus. Marsh. Inhabits moist banks and woods. Genus 35. EPOMIS. Bonelli, Panz., Leach. Palpi with their fourth joint triangular, compressed ; maxillary ones with their fourth joint shorter than the third : thorax witli one stria on each side of its base. Sp. 1. Ep. cincta. 152 MODEHN SYSTEM. Caralius cinctus. Pan.:. liihabiLs ihc rields near Bristol and Plyinouth. *•• Antenna linear. Genus 3C. SPIIODRUS. C/urrv., Bond., Panz., Leach. ■Palpi with their fovuth joint cylindric: labial uttciuiated at their base, shorter than the third : mandihks elongate : untenntc with their tiiird joint cIoDi^ate, as long as the two first taken together : thorax obcor- (late, the base on each side with one stria, the angles straight : (reivt^s «omctimesabbreviated:/)-D«n«ra of the male with four dilated joints.) &p. 1. Sph. planus. Ciairv. Carabus ieucophthalnius. Linne. ■ Inhabits houses. Genus 37. A^iIARA. Pomlli, Panzer, Lcacli. Palpi with their fourth joint oval, of the length of the third : man- dibles short: anlrnntc with their third joint shorter than the first : ^//o;'ct/iin(i?-ic. Genus 38. BLETIIISA. Bonelli, Panz. Helokiim. Leach. Maxillnrij palpi with the fourth shorter than the third joint : labrum emarginate: mandibles w'lXh their base subdenticulated : thorax oh- cordate, the base on each side with one stria {eh/fra with large exca- vated dots) : anterior tiOiie with their notch near the apex : anterior tarsiof the male with four dilated joints : wings pcrJect. Sj*. 1. Ble. mnUipunctala. Car. niukipunctatus. Fabr. Inhabits moist places; it occurs occasionally in Battersea Fields. CJenus 30. CALATIIUS. Ponelli, Panz., Pleach. llaxillarrj pulpi with the fourth joint of the length of the third: la- brum entire : mandibles with tiicir base multidentate : thorax trapezi- form, rather {lat, behind on each side punctulate impressed : body flliptic: wings generally abbreviated ; anterior tarsi of the male witl^ three dilated joints. Sp. 1. -'«/. cisleloidis. Panz. Carabus cisteloides. Illig. Snhabits under stones and the bark of trees. Genus 40. POECILLUS. Bouelli, Panz., T^ach. Maxillarif palpi with the first joint of the length of the third : labrum truncate entire, or scarcely notched : mundddes with their base sub- ddnticnlated : Mo/tfor with its base narrower, with two stcicC on each Side, the exterior stria very small, or with obliterated impressed dots : zrings sometimes abbreviated ; {anterior tarsi of the males witli tlircc dilated joints.) . - ■ CLiViS V. INSECTA, IS3 Sp. 1. Foe. aipreiis. Carahiis cupreus. LinyiL Inhabits sand-pits and path-ways, JStikps 11. — Fa^pi v/ith their lu'^t joint never conic : wings Iavo: fihlit unlc/'ior not pahnate-dentatc : viinidiblcs sharp witliin or strongly miidentate: lip vf'ith. tlie tooth of its notch simple: thorax obcor- date, its base very narrow or pedunculated : loth/ convex most often eloniiate: Itcud large: tarsi anterior of the male with three or four dilated joints; intermediate tarsi simple. Genus 41. STOlVIIS. Cluirville, Bouel/i, P/mz., Leach. M/Didib/es \ery porrect without teeth internally, that of its right side with its middle incised: p/i!pi with the fourth joint oval, maxillary ones with the fourth joint larger than the third : Udu-iDii bilobate: ///' on each side subrounded : untcnna. longer than the tliorax, tlie third joiut as long as the fourth ; tliorax oblong : zciiigs n(jne; {ante- rior larni of the male v.itii three dilated joints.) Sp. 1. Sto. pamicatua. Carabus pumicatus. lUig. Car. tciiuis. j\[arslu Inhabits moist banks at the roots of grass. Genus 42. BIIOSCUS. P^iazer, Leack. Cr.piiAi.oTr.s. Bonelli. Mandibles moderate, their middle internally with one tooth; labial palpi with their fourth joint oljconic; vuirillary ones with the sam# joint of the length of the third, cylindric : labrum transversely qua- drate, entire : ///) rounded on each side: auttmne as Ions as the tho- rax, with the third joint as long as the fourth: i tiorax \\\ih equal diameters: iKi;?_g.s perfect : {anterior tarsi oi' the male willi three di- lated joints.) Sp. 1. Bros, cephalotes. Carabus cephalotes. Fabr. inhabits the sea shores near Swansea. Stiups 12. — Falpi with their last joint never conic: icings two or none : tibia; anterior pahnatc dentate : thorax pedunculated : lip with the tooth of its notch simple. Genus 4.3. CLIVINA. Latr., Cluirv., Bonel, Fanz., Leach. Mandibles denticulated from their base to their apex : thoi-ax quadrate ; unteror tibia externally and at their apex digitated : uings two, some- times incomplete. Sp. 1. Cli. Foi-wr. Tenebrio Fossor. Linni. Clivina arenaria. L(dr. Carabus distans. Manh. Inhabits sandy situations. Genus 44. DYSCIIIillUS. Fanzer, Leach. Mandibles denticulated at their base : thorax globose : anterior tibid. with their extremities (rarely also externally slightly) digitated: uings two perfect. S]). 1. Dijs. gibbiis. 154 MODERN SYSTEM. Clivina gibba. Latr.^ Leach. Inhabits moist places ; is pretty common at Battcrsea. Stiiu's 13. — P((//)«\\ith their last joint oval, wintjs none: fihue ante- rior not palniate-dentated : thorax sessile ; lip with the tooth of its notch bifid : tibiee of the third pair of legs behind spinulose ; (elytra with no impressed discoidal spots : anus in both sexes very smooth.) * AnteniiiE setaceous. Genus 45. ABAX. Bonelli, Panzer, Leach. Body broad, equal depressed : elyti-u united, their shoulders carinate plicate : anteniue rather longer than the thorax : thordx transversely quadrate, the base on each side with two stria^, the basal angles straight : (anterior tarsi of the male with three dilated joints.) Sp. 1. xibax Striola. Carabus Striola. Tahr. Car. depressus. Oliv. Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under stones. Stirps 14. — TI'iHgs incomplete or none : //6/« anterior simple : thorax sessile: lip with the tooth of its notch simple and obtuse: (elytra obliquely emarginate-truncalc, without any larger impressed, dis- coidal spots.) Genus 46. CYMIXDIS. Latr., Bond., Panz., Leach. Tarcs. Clairv. Cymidis. Gj/ll. Labrum subquadrate, emarginate : ina.villary palpi with the fourth joint rounded oval, of tiie labial palpi compressed, its apex more or less dilated : uings none, or very imperfect. Sp. 1. Cym. htaneralis. Carabus humeralis. Fubr. Inhabits moist banks. III. Anterior tibiae notched at their infernal side before the apex. Ely- tra abruptly truncated, shorter than the abdomen. Wings com- plete in both sexes. Stirps 15. — Palpi short filiform : lip with its notch simple, or with a bifid tooth : 7nandibles dentate at their base : palpi with their fourth joint deeply truncate : thmax oblong : body convex : wings two or none: nccknowa: /a6;7wj transverse : to-«t with their fourth joints simple. Genus 47. BRACIIINUS. Fabr., Bond, Clairv., Latr., Pan:., Schonh., Leach. Lip with the tooth of its notch wanting : labrum not or scarcely emar- ginate : labial palpi with their fourth joint rounded, oval : elytra slightly truncated : less moderatelv Ions : ui?i£S two. Sp. 1. Brn. crepitans. Fabr. Caralius crepitans. Linnc, ]\Iarsh. Inhabits under stones, near Gravesend in profusion, and occasionally beneath clods of earth in ploughed fields in May. (PL 3. Jig. 19.) CLASS V. INSECTA. 1 5fi Stirps 16. — Palpi short, filiform, the fourth joint truncate, with the tooth of its notch acute : mundiblcs without teeth : thorax transverse : body depressed, broad : wings two : neck none : labrum entire. Genus 48. LAMPRTAS. Bonelli, Panz. Echimuthus. Leach. Tarsi with their fourth joint simple: antenim linear: unngs short. Sp. 1 . Lum. cyanocephala. Intense blue-green ; first joint of the an- tennae, thorax, thighs, and tibiae red ; elytra with punctured striit, the spaces between the stri* punctured ; knees black. Carabus cyanocephalus. Linni, Sch'uuher. Echimuthus cyanocephalus. Leach. Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain, where it was first discovered by Dr. Leach. Sp.2. Lam. chlorocephala. Intense green ; the three first joints of the antennas, thorax, and legs red; elytra with punctured stris, the spaces between the striee very obsoletely and irregularly punctu- lated ; tarsi black. Carabus cyanocephalus. Marsham. Inhabits the broom and imder the bark of trees. It is very abundant occasionally in Coonibe ^^'ood, near London, and is not uncommon in other parts of Britain : — it has been considered as L. cyanocephala by all British collectors. Genus 49. LEBIA. Lutr., Bonelli, Panz., Uach. Tarsi with their fourth joint bifid : anlcnme more slender at their base: wings long. The palpi of this genus are scarcely truncate. Sp. 1. Leh. Crux-minor. Carabus Crux-minor. Linn'c. Inhal)its Europe : in Britain it is very rare. Stieps 17. — Palpi short, filiform: lip with the tooth of its notch acute : mandibles dentated at their bases : palpi with their fourth joints scarcely truncated: thorax \\\i\\ subequal diameters, or longer than broad : body depressed, flat, narrow : icings two : labrum emar- ginate. Genus 50. DROMIUS. Bonelli, Leach. Tarsi with their fourth joint simple : head not remarkably produced behind : thorax obcordate, margined fiat, a little broader than long. Sp. 1. Dro. quadrimaculatus. Lebia 4-maculata. Latr. Inhabits beneath the bark of trees durinsi the winter months. Genus 51. DEMETRIAS. Bonelli. Risophilus. Leach. Tarsi with the fourth joints bifid : head behind very much produced : thoi-ax rather longer than broad, obcordate, margined, narrower than the head, 156 MODEIIN SYSTEM, Sp. 1. Dem. atrkapilla. Body pale yellowish : head black : month and thorax reddish: elytra very obsolctely striated: wings elongated; epigastrium and base of the belly liiscous. Lebia atricapilla. Lair. Inhabits beneath the bark of trees. Sp. 2. De7n. monostigma. Body pale yellowish : head black : thorax reddish : elytra obsoletely striated, towards their tips v.ith one fus- cous spot : wings abbreviated. Risophilus monostigma. Leach. Inhabits Europe amongst the roots of plants. It is very common near Swaxisca. Genus 52. ODACANTIIA. Fair., Latr., Bond, Clairv., Panz., Leach, Gijll. Tc/m with their fourth joint simple: Arr/f/ behind much produced: thorax oblong, subcylindric, narrower than the head. Sp. 1. OdacaiUha iticlanura. Attelabus melanurus. Linne. Inhabits marshes in Norfolk and near Swansea. Stirps 18.— Fa/pi very much elongated, the fourth joint with its apex dilated: lip with the tooth of its notch bifid: labtfim trilobate, the middle lobe largest : mumUblcs very prominent : (imuilhr with a very thin perpendicular claw : tarsi with the fourth joint bifid : neck di- stinct.) Genus 53. DRYPTA. Latr., Fabr., Bonel., Panz.,Lcach. Cara- Bus. Rossi, Marsh. Cicindela. Oliv. Thorav cylindric: head narrowed or lengthened behmd : mandibles much elongated and very ].rominent : exterior maxillary and labial palpi termmatcd by a large nearly obconic joint, (maxillary ones nuich lengthened :) lip elongate linear, with two auricles. Sp. 1. Bri/p.cmurginuta. Blue, punctate, villose: mouth, antenna*, and feet red : thorax vv^ith an impressed longitudinal line ; elytra with punctured stria; ; apex of the first and middle of the third joint of the antennffi brown. Drypta emarginata. Fair. Latr. Gen. Crust, et hisect. i. 197. tab. 7. Jig. 3. Leach, Edin. Encj/cl. ix. 81. Carabus chrysostomus. Mar sham. Inha])its Europe. In Britain it is rare; but has been taken jiear Ilast- mgs and Faversham. Fam. III. Dyticid.i. Leach. H V I) iioQA NTH A R I . Lulreilk. EJyticus. Geoff'ro)/. Dytiscvs. Linne, &c. - All the Dyticida; inhabit th€ ^vater, both in the state of iarra CLASS V. INSEPTA. 157 and wheii perfect, living on other insects. Tlie anterior and middle tarsi in some of the genera have but four joints. A. With a scutellum, feet formed for walking: tarsi, the whole of them mith Jive joints; chnvs didacti/lc. SriRPS 1. — H<«&?-//(i^As covered at their base with a shield-shaped plate. Genus 54. HALIPLUS. Lair., GylL, Leach. Cnemidotus. lUig. HoPLiTUS. Ctairv. " * Bodij oblong oval. FJj/tra with elevated ridges." Leach. Labial and external inaxillary palpi subulate. Sp. 1. Jlul. elevatus. Panz. Inha])its running streams. " ** Body oval. Elytra striatedP Leach. Sp. "2. TJ(d. frrrugincus. Linne. Inhabits jjonds and ditches. Stiups 2. — Hinder thighs without the shield at their base: (eyes pro- minent.) Genus 53. PiTi!,LOBIUS. Schonher?; Leach. IIygrobia. Lcdreilk. IlyDTvACHNA. Fubr. External inaxillary palpi with the last joint subclavate. Sp. 1. Feel. Herjiianni. Black: head, transverse band on the thoiax, base and border of the elytra aiid feet ferrugineous. {PL 2. Jig. 14.) Dytiscus Ilermanni. JIarsh., Oliv. Inhabits j^onds. The last segment of the abdomen when rubbed against the elytra produce a noise. B. Scutellum none. Feet, hinder ones, for the most part farmed Jbr sicimming. Srir.ps 3. — The four anterior tarsi with four, the two pcstei'ior with live joints. Genus 56. IIyviiydrus. Latr., Gyll., lUig-, Schonh., Leach. . Body nearly globose : the four anterior tarsi with ihc last joint short; the hinder feet witli but one claw. Sp. 1. Hyp. ovatiis. Obscure, ferrugineous, impunctate; the base of the el^-tra with an impression at the base of the suture. Dytiscus ovatus. Linne. Inhabits ponds. Genus 57. IIYDROPORUS. Clairville, Leach. IlyPHYDRi's. LUig., Sclwnh., Gyll. Body otal ; the breadth exceeding the height : the four anterior tarsi uith four joints, the last joint slender: dazes didactyle. 158 MODEKX SYSTEM. * Body elongattd. Sp. 1. Hvp. l^-pushtlatus. Inhabits ponda and ditches. ** Body oral. Sp. 1. Hyp. conjtutns. D%tiscu5 contiuens. Marshnm. Inhabits ponds and ditches. Stikps 5. — ^All the tarsi with five articulations. Genus 58. NOTERUS. Cluh-., Latr., Leach. Antenruz with a fifth or seventii joint dilated : hinder feet but slightly adapted for swimming. Sp. 1. Hot. Geerii. Oval, convex, brown: head and thorax ferrugine- GU3 : el\"tra sprinkled with impressed dots : antenns of the male thick. D^tiscus crassicomis ofattthors. D\"tis clavicornis. De Geer. Inhabits stagnant waters. Sp. 2. Abf. sparsus. Eh-tra with impressed dots. Dytiscus sparsus. Marsh., i. 430. Inhabits stagnant waters near London. Genus 59. L^CCOPHILUS. Leach, Edin. Encycl vol. ix. Antenna with the joints simple : hinder Jeet well adapted tor swim- rning. Sp. 1. Lac. hyalmus. Inhabits canals and slowly running waters. Sp. 2. Lac. minutus. Greenish-testaceous : legs yellowish. Dvtiscus minutus. Linni, Marsh., Gyll. Inhabits stagnant waters. C. With a scutellum : hinder feet compressed and Jormedjbr suim- ming: all the tarsi with five articulations. Stirps 6. — Tibiiz posterior elongated : claws on the hinder feet didac- tyle. Genus 60. COLYilBETES. ClairriUe, Latr., Leach. Ejfernal maxillary palpi with tlie second and diird joint equal; fourth long, obtuse at the apex. Sp. 1. Col. striatus. Inhabits stagnant waters. Sp. 2. Col. maculacus. (P/, 3. fg. 15.) Inhabits ditches. Genus 61. n\T)ATICUS. Leach, Edinh. Encycl. vol. is. External maxillary palpi with the second joint short, third and fourth long bat equal and subulated: anterior tarsi of the male patellitbnn; female with the thorax rough on buth sides ; elytra smooth. CLASS V. IKSECTA. 159 Sp. 1. Hyd. Byhneri. Black; front and margin of the thorax femigine- ous, margins of the ehtra yellow with black spots. Dytiscus parapleurus. Harsh. Inhabits ponds : is of rare occurrence near London. Genus 62. ACILIUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. External maxillari/ palpi with the second joint obconic, third elongate obconic, fourth longer, nearly cylindrical, and roimded at its apex. Anterior tarsi of tlie male patellilbrm : elj/tra of the female sulcated. Sp. 1. Ac. sulcatus. Dytiscus sulcatus of authors. Inhabits ponds and stagnant waters, and is very conmion. Genus 63. DYTICUS. Geof., Illig., Leach. Dytisccs. Linn£, Fair., Latr., Marsh. External maxillary palpi with the third and following joint of equal length ; the last gradually increasing from the middle : anterior tarsi of the male patelliform : {PL 3. Jig. 13. a.) eli/tra of the female sul- cated. Sp. 1 . Di/t. marginalis. Ovate, olive-black above, luteous red beneath ; the scutellum of the same colour with the eljtra : clypeus, whole margin of the thorax, and border of the el,\-tra, red clay-colour; bi- furcature of the sternum lanceolate. (PI. 3. fg. 13. c.) Inhabits Europe. In Britain it is common in ponds at aU seasons of the year. Dytiscus circumiiexus of Fabricius is abundant in the ponds near London. It is distinsuished from marginalis by its more elongate shape, by the bifurcate process of the sternum being spine-shaped, and by the colour of the scutellum, which is invariably ferruginous. (P/. 3. Jig. 13. b. sternum.) Fam. IV. Gtrixid-I. Leach. Internal maxillary palpi composed of one part : antenna very short : eyes dinded so as to appear as four ; four hinder Jeet compressed, fo- liaceous, formed for swimming. Genus 64. GYRINUS. Linn., Fabr , Latr., Gyll, Leach, " * Elytra nailed, zcixh punctured struz.'^ Leach. Sp. 1. Gyr. Xatator. Oval: el jtra with punctured stris ; the inflescd margin testaceous. {PI. 2. Jig. 2. a. antenna tnagnijied. b, the hinder leg magnified.) Inhabits stagnant waters. « ** Elytra smooth, villose." Leach. Sp. 2. Gyr. zUlosus. Fabr., GyU. G%Tinus Moderii. Marsham. Inhabits rivers and running waters. laO MODERN SYSTEBf. Fani. \. Bu-PRESTiAoa;. Leach. Mandibles with their extremities entire: antenns liliform or setaceot??. olteii pectinaleil or serrated : bod^ convex. f. Fu'pi fdij'orm. Genus 65. BUPRESTIS. Linn., Fabr., Lair., Marsh., Leach. J/i^a/n^i- fihtbrm, serrated in l)oth sexes: thorax Avilli t lie hinder mar- gin aiipUcd to the base of the elytra : hodj/ cyliiidric linear. Sp. 1. Bap. bi^uftata. Green ahove, blue-green beneath; scutelhun transversely impressed: apex ot" the elytra serrated ; a white villosc spot on each side of tlie suture, and three on tlie sides of the ab- domen. Buprestis biguttata. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., L.titr., Leach. Inhabits Trance and Germany. In England it is very rare. Sp. 2. Blip, viridis. (Fl. 3. Jig. 9. a. anieniia magnified.) Inhabits tlie birch and nut-tree. Genus 66. TRACHYS. Fabr., Gi/l!., Lcaeh. AnlcnjKC serrated and filiform : thorax with the hinder margin lobecl and applied to tJic base of the elytra: seideUum obsolete: bodij short, ovate or triangular. Sp. 1. Tra. minula. Copiierv-ljnnvn above; front impressed: elytra with slightly elevated s[>aces and transverse undulating bimds of white hair. Buprestis minuta. Linn., Murak.. Lair. Trachys minuta. Gi^ll.y Fabr., Leach. Inhabits the birch and nut-tree in June and July. Genus 07. APHANISTIC17S. Latr., Ixach. Antenna massive. Sp. 1. Aph.emarginutus. Latr., Leach. Buprestis emarginatus. Fabr. Inhabits Trance and England. II. Fidpi terminated by a thick joint. Genus C8. MELASIS. Oliv., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Elater. Linn. Tarsi with entire joints. Sp. 1. Mel.fabcllicornis. Obscure blackish : antennge, tibifp, and tarsi red-brown : head ptaictatc ; thorax rough, w^ith elevated punctm-es, having an impressed dorsal line: elytra finely rugulose and striated. Elater buprestoidos. Linn. JNlclu'^is iiabellicornis. Olir., Panz., Fabr., Li-ach. Melasis buprcstoides. Latr. Inhabitis Germaiiy and the south of France. In England it has been once taken by Mr. J. Curtis, of Norwich, an excellent artist and an industrious entomologist; and several times near Windsor, where it was first observed by iMr. Ilerschel. CLASS V. IXSF.CTA. 161 Fam. VI. Elaterid,€. Leach. Palpi thick at their extremities : antcnncE filiform : hodi; formed for leaping : hinder thighs with a trochanter. Genus 69. CERATOPHYTUM. Leach. Cerophytvm, Latr. Mandibles without notch at their extremities : tarsi with their last joint but one bifid. Sp. 1. Cer. Latreiltii. Leach. Cerophytum Elateroides. Latr., Leach. Inhabits Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. In the latter country it was discovered by IMr. Millard in the New Forest, Hants. Obs. — Latreille referred this genus to the preceding family (as a sec- tion of his family Sterroxi); but it has been referred to the Elutc- ridie by Dr. Leach in his MSS. Genus 70. ELATER of authors. Mandibles notched or bifid at their extremities : tarsi with all their joints entire. This genus should be divided into several others, but the charac- ters have not yet been developed. They may be divided into the following sections, as given by Latreille in his Genera Crustaceonun et Inseclorum. * The last joint of the antenna nith the ape.v so abrupt I j/ acuminated as to give the appearance of a twelfth joint . Sp. 1. Elat.ferrugineus. Antennse serrated ; colour black : thorax with the exception of the hinder margin and elytra red, finely punctated, pubescent : elytra with punctured strife. Elater ferrugineus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Panz., Ma7-sh., Leach. Inhabits rotten trees, especially willows. In Britain it is very rare. It sometimes occurs in Kent ; varies in size and colour. In Dr. Leach's collection (now in the British Museum) is a variety' with the thorax entirely black. ** Last joint of llie antenna oval or oblong, not abniptlt/ acuminate. I. Bo^'y not linear, but three times as long as broad ; abdomen oblong- trians.ulate. A. AntenniB {of the male at least) pectinated or serrated, Sp. 2. Elat.castaneus. Antennce of the male pectinated, colour black; head and thorax red-tomentose : elytra yellow punctate-striated: apex black. Elater castaneus. Linn., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Inhabits 162 ' MODERN SYSTEM. B. Antennd: simple: joints conic. Sp. 3. Elat. vmrinus. Black-fuscous, cloudetl with cinereous down : tho- rax bituberculate : antennae and tarsi red. Elatcr murinus. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Leach. Inliubits Europe. Is common on thistles, willows, and under stones in sandy situations. II. BoJu linear, nearh/ four times longer than broad : tiborax oblong- quadrate. Sp. 4. Elat. marginatus. Black : front retuse : antennae, sides of the thorax, feet, anus, and hinder margins of the abdominal segments, brownish-.yelluw; suture and outer margin of the elytra black. Elater marginatus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits various herbaceous plants in fields. Plate 3. represents fig. 7, Elater seneus, Linn., E. cyaneus. Marsh. — fio-. G. E. semiruber, Hoffmannseggs MSS. a species very connnon in the New Forest, Hampshire; and has, together with many other species, been confounded under the general name sanguineus. Fam. VII. Telepiioridx. Leach. Tarsi with the last joint but one bifid : antenncr filiform, composed of ten joints : clijtra soft, flexible : thorax nearly quadrate or semicir- cular. Genus 71. DASCILLUS. Za/r. Atopa. Pai/kull, Fabr., Leach. Chuysomela. Linn. Crioceris. Marsh. Cistela. Olivier. Ma^rillar^ ;7fl/;)i filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palid not bifurcate: hod^ ovate: feet sim])le. Sp. 1. Das. cervina. Black, with cinereous down: antennae, feet and elytra, pale yellow. Ghrysomela cervina. Linn. Atopa cervina. Payk., Fabr., Leach. Das- cillus cervinus. Latr. Inhabits hedges and woods. Genus 72. ELODES. Latr. Cyphon. Fabr., Par/k., Gi/IL, Leach. Maxillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric : labial palpi bifurcate : body sub-ovate or round-ovate : feet with their tibiae sim- ple, and their thighs not thickened. Sp. 1. El. pallida. Sub-ovate, pale-red, punctulated, pubescent: eyes, antennee (with the exception of their base), apex of the elytra, and afcdomen, blackish : thorax somewhat semicircular, transverse, lo- bate behind. Elode.s pallida. Latr. Cy^hon pallidus. Fabr., Leach, Inhaliits the white-thoru aijd umbelliferous plants. CLASS V. IXSECTA. 163 Genus 73. SCIRTES. IlUger, Leach. Cypiiox. PayJ:., Fair. Elodes. Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., Marsh. Majillary palpi filiform, the last joint somewhat cylindric: labial palpi bififrcatc : body ovate, inclining to round, convex : feet with their ti- bia ternnnated with a strong spine : hinder thighs thickened and formed for leaping. Sp. 1. Scir. hemispheric a. Black, smooth: thorax short, transverse, anterior margin somewhat concave: tibiae, tarsi, aiid base of tlie an- tennae paie fuscous. Cyphon hemisphgericus. labr., Pai/h. Elodes hemisphserica. Latr.. Chrysomela hemisphaerica. Marsh. Inhabits aquatic plants in ditches. Genus 74. DRILUS. Oliv., Lam., Lutr. Ptilixus. Fabr.,G£of: Caxthakis. Marsh. Maxillary palpi with their apex acute ; labial short, somewhat cylin- dric : antenniE with their internal edge pectinated : viuxilhe with one process : mandibles notched at their points : body soft, anteriorly ar- cuate, inflexed. Sp. 1. Dri. flavescens. Black, pubescent : elytra yellowish. Drilus flavescens. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cantharis serraticomis. Mar- sham. Inhabits Europe. Is found in Darent Wood, Kent, amongst grass in tolerable abundance, some years. Genus 75. LYCUS. Fabr.,Oliv., Lam.,Leach. Caxtharis. im«. Lampyris. Geoff], Marsh. Mandibles with their entire end pointed : antenna compressed, more or less serrate, inserted near each other : palpi of the maxillaj with the last joint somewhat triangular, having their points broader: head with the mouth produced into a kind of rostrum : maxiUcc with one process : elytra nearly of equal breadth : thorax somewhat quadrate, the anterior margin transverse, straight. Sp. 1. Ly. minutus. Elytra with four elevated lines: thorax black, with the margins much elevated; last joint of the antennae reddish. Lycus minutus. Gyll. Lampyris pusilla. Marsh. Inhabits oaks and hedges; is rare in England. Genus 76. LAMPYRIS of authors. Mandibles pointed at their tips, sharp, and entire : antennte approximate, the joints cylindric and compressed, the third of the same length as the following joints, the second small : head concealed by the tho- rax : mouth small : maxillae with a double process : maxillary palpi with the last joint triangular-ovate, compressed, the apex acute : eyes very large : body soft, of the male with elytra and wings; of the female apterous : thorax semicircular. ' Sp. 1. Lam. noctiluca. Common Glow-worm. (P/. 3./^. 1. . 1. Tel. fuscus. Cinereous-black: mouth, base of the antennae, thorax, back of the abdomen, sides of the belly and anus, red : tho- rax with a black spot. {PL 3. jig. 4.) Cantharis fusca. Linn., Fahr. I'elephorus fuscus. Lafr. Inhabits various plants in the spring and beginning of summer. Genus 78. MALTIIINUS. La/r., Leach. Cantharis. Linn., Fabr., Marsh. Telephorus. Oliv., De Geer. i4/j«//)/ with their lust joint ovate, acute : elijtra shorter than the abdomen : head attenuated behind more or less. Sji. 1. il/«/. //«Tv/s. Head much attenuated behind : thorax not broader than long, margined all round, the middle longitudinally impressed : body yellowish : antenna; (base excepted), vertex, and dorsal mark of tl-.e thorax blackish: elytra with punctured stria, yellow at their points. Telcpliorus minimus. Oliv. INIalthinus flavus. Lutr. Inhabits the oaks of England and France. Fam. VIII. Melyriux. Leach. Tarsi w'lth the last joint but one bifid: mandibles notched : maxilla: bi- fid: urtcnwe filiform, composed of ten joints: elytra soft, flexible: thorax quadrate or semicircular. Genus 79. DASYTES. Patfh., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Melyris. Olivier, L^am., Illig. Tillus. JMarsh. Head somewhat transverse, retracted within the thorax, even to the eyes : iu?-si with nails apparently bifid : antenna: with short turlii- natcd joints nearly as broad as long: lip with the apex deeply notched, almost bifid : body without papillae. Sp. 1. Das. ater. Oblong, black, widely punctate, hairy, the hairs black and cinereous : head with a double impression in front, which is ovate and roughish. Dasytes ater. Latr., Fabr. Melyris ater. Olivier. Inhabits Europe, amongst grass and moss. Genus 80. MALACHIUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Cax- tiiaris. Linn., Marsh. TELEnioRus. Sche§'., Dc Geer. Head somewhat transverse, retractile even to the eyes within the tho- rax: tar.u with apparently bifid nails: antennm with conic or cylin- dric-conic joints, longer than broad, in soone few pectinated ; hibwm CLASS V. INSECTA. 165 with apex entire or scarcely notched : bod^ with two papillae on each side, one under the anterior angle of the thorax, the other at the base of the abdomen. Sp. 1. Mai. cLiicus. Brassy-green: head anteriorly red-yellowish : elytra blood-red, with the base and half the suture brassy-greeii. {PL 8. M- 5.) 'Malachius jeneus. Fahr., Lat?\, Oliv., Gylh, Leach. Cantliaris anea. lAnn., Mu7-sh. Inhabits various plants. Fam. TX. Tillid;e. Leach. A.ifenn^ thicker at their extremities, serrated in some, solid in others : cli/tra covering the whole abdomen : bodij cylindric : tlioruv narrow behind. Sxinps 1. — Tani with first joint very distinct, longer than the pre- ceding joint. Genus 81. TILLUS. Oliv., Fahr., Marsh., iMlr., Leach. Chry- soMELA. Jahikeus. Clerus. Fuhr., Olit. MaxiUartj palpi filiform : labial palpi securifijrm, nearly completely ser- rated : thorax cylindric or somewhat cordate. * Thoi-ux cylindric. Sp. 1. Til. elongatm. Black, villous: thorax red, black before. Tillus elongatus. Fahr., Oliv., Manh., Lutr. Chrysomela elongata. Linn. Inhabits oaks in June. T. ambulans of Marsham is a mere variety of this species. ** Thorax subcordate. Sp. 2. Til. unifasciatus. Black, pubescent: elytra red at their base, v.ith a white transverse band in the middle. Clerus unifasciatus. Fubr., Oliv. Tillus unifasciatus. Latr. Inhabits England. Genus 82. TIIANx-iSIMUS. Latr., Leach. Clerus. Geoff., De Gecr, Fahr., Oliv. Attelabus. Linn. Cleroides. Sch^eff'er. Maxillari/ palpi filiform : labial palpi securiform : antenna with their extremities thick and not serrated : thorax somewhat cordate. Sp. 1. Tha.formicarins.BVdck: thorax and base of the elytra red : ely- tra with t\vo transverse bands. Attelabus formicarius. Linn. Clerus formicarius. Fahr., Oliv., Marsh. Inhabits trees in Europe. Stirps. — Tarsi w'lih the first joint very short, the upper part con- cealed by the base of the second articulation. IS'G MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 8C. OPILUS. Latr., Leach. Eupocns. Illlger. Palpi securiform : anteniuc with the ninth and tenth joints obconic, the last ova], obliquely truncate : eyes not notched: thora,v conic-cylin- dric, narrower behind. Sp. 1. Op. mollis. Fuscous, villous: base and apex of the elytra and a middle transverse band with the under parts of the thighs yellow- ish gray. Abdomen red. (P/. 12. /g. 1.) Notoxus mollis. Fahr. Clerus mollis. Oliv., Marsh. Attelabus mollis. Linn. Opilus mollis. Lutr. Inhabits Europe, under the bark of trees and in the wood of decayed willows, eating the larvaj of other insects. Genus 84. NECROBIA. Lat7\, Oliv., Leach. Dermestes. Linn. Clerus. Geoff'.,T)e Geer, Marsh. Coryst-tes. Paykull, Fabr. Falpi terminated by an obconic Joint: antemue with the three last joints forming an oblong triangulate mass, obtuse both externally and internally. .Sj'. 1. Nee. riificolUs. Blue-black: thorax and base of the elytra red. Dermestes ruiicoUis. IJnn. Corj^netes ruticollis. Fahr. Inhabits Europe, feeding on decayed animal substances. Earn. X. SiLPHi.vu.E. Leuclis Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Antenna: gradually thickening towards their extremities, or terminated by a solid or perfoliate club : elytra covering the greater portion of the abdomen : body oval or paralleloj)iped. SxiRPS 1. — Palpi very distinct: mandibles with their apex entire. Genus 85. NECKOPIIAGUS. Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Leach. Sil- pii.v. Linn., Dc Geer, Murslt. Dermestes. Geoff. Antenna not nuich longer than the head, terminated abruptly in a per- foliatcd kuub : elytra truncated in a straight line, the external mar- gin not channelled or keeled : body long quadrate. Sp. 1. iVecr. spinipes. Black: antennte ferruginous at their points: ely- tra witli their external margin and a double transverse undulated band of orange: trochanters of hinder thighs produced into a spine. Sp. ','. Necr. I'espillo. {PL 2. fig. 6. a. antenna: mugnijied.) ■Inhabits putrid /«/?gj and dead animals. Genus 86. NECRODES. Wilkinis MSS. Leach. Body elongate oval : thorar orbicular : apex of the elytra obliquely trun- cate: hinder thighs of the male thicker than the rest. Sp. 1. A^ecr. lilloralis. Black: antennai with the three last joints ferru- ginous: elytra with three elevated lines, the two external ones con- nected by a tubercle; hiviler tibicc of the male arcuate; the thighs toothed, CLASS V. IMSECTA. 167 Silpha littoralis. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Marsh. Inhabits dead bodies, on the banks of rivers or on the shores of the sea. Genus 87. OICEOPTOMA. Leach. Bodi/ ova.\: ^//(>7-«r nearly semicircular, transverse, emarginate before : antenncB with the club abrupt, distinct : eli/tra whole (female in ge- neral emarginate). * FJi/tra whole in both sexes. Sp. 1. Oic. thoracica. Black : thorax unequal, ferruginous, somewhat silky : each elytron with three elevated lines. Silpha thoracical Linn., Fabr., Latr., Marslt. Inhabits Europe, in dead animals and putrid fungi. ** Elytra of tlie female tcith the apex cmarginated. Genus Thanatophilus. Leach. Sp. 1. sinuata — Silpha sinuata. Fa])r., Sec. Genus 88. SILPHA. Linn., Leach, Fabr., Latr., Marsh. " * Elt/tra with elevuted lines." Borb/ oval : thorax nearly semicircular, truncate in front : antennct with a gradually formed club. Sp. 1. Sil.obscura. Black, dull above, finely punctate, shining beneath: thorax smoothly punctate, the punctures small and close. Each elytron witli three elevated straight lines. Silpha ol)scura. Linn., Latr., Marsh. Inhabits Europe. Is very common under stones and on pathways in the spring and summer. Sp. 2. Sil. quadrintaculata. (P/. 2.fg. 7. a. antenncs magnified.) Inhabits oaks. " ** Elijtru smooth." Sp. 3. Silpha laevigata. Fabr. Inhabits pathways in sandy situations. Genus 89. PIIOSPIIUGA. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Body oval or nearly rounded : thorax semicircular, anterior part trim- cated: elytra whoXe: antcnme with the three last joints abruptly in- creasing towards their apex. Sp. 1. Phos. atrafa. Oval and black : elytra rough and punctured, with three elevated lines. Inhabits beneath the bark of trees and under moss in winter, sandy si- tuations and pathways in spring. Sp. 2. Phos.subrotundata. Nearly roimd and black : elytra rough, and punctured with three elevated lines. Phosphuga subrotundata. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. 75. Inhabits Ireland, beneath stones; is very rare. J 68 MODKHN 5YS1EM. Sriups 2. — Palpi very distinct: /nandib/cs notched at their extremities. Genus 90. SCAPHIDIUM. OUv., Pm/k., Fabr., Latr., Marsh. AnteiiHcE, with an abrupt chib composed of five somewhat hemispheric joints : bodi/ acuminated at each extremity : eli/tra truncated : palpi liUform : sadellnm distinct. Sp. 1. Sea. quadrimaculatum. Body Idack, shining: thorax somewhat coarctate on each side behind: elytra widely punctured, wilh two blood-red spots on each : tibia' striated. Inhabits Germany, France, and England, m fuiigiznd rotten wood. Genus 91. SCAPHISOMA. Uach. Scaphidium. Fabr., Latr. Oliv. Antenna', v/'\th a club composed of five somewhat oval joints: bod^ acuminated at each extremity : cli/fra truncated : palpi iiliform : scu- tcllnm none. Obs. — ^The hinder margin of the thorax at the middle is produced into an angle. Sp. 1. Sea. agar icinum. Body black, shining, very smootli; antenna-, apex of the elytra, and feet, pale brown. Inhabits the Boletus versicolor and other fungi. Genus 92. CnOLE\'A. Latr., Spence, Leach. Catops. Fabr., Pai/k., Gi/ll. Ptomophagus. llliger. Mordella. Forstcr, Marsh. Helops. Panz. Cistela. Olio., Fabr. Lupuius. Frolich. Dermestes. Rossi. AnlcnniE straight, with a five-jointed club: innrillart/ palpi with the last joint subulate, conic : labial palpi with the last joint obtuse : thorax with the hinder angles obtuse. The species of this genus are numerous, and have afforded the subject of a learned and interesting monograph, by that excellent entomologist, W. Spence, esq. published by the Linncan Society in tlie eleventh volume of their Trausactions. Sp. 1. Cho. oblonga. Narrow, oblong: thorax narrower behind, the hinder angles obtuse, the middle slightly foveolated : antenna; some- what filiform. Cistcla angustata. Fabr. Choleva oblonga. Latr., Spence. CatojJS elongatus. Pai/knll, Gi/ll. Ptomophagus rufcscens. Illig. .Mordella picea. Marsh. Luperus cisteloides. Frulieh. Inhabits moss and under stones. Genus 93. CATOPS. Fabr., Pai/k., Gi/IL, Panz., Leach. yl/ielimis. Black, shining, smooth : thorax, elytra (base excepted), and feet, red yellow: thorax somewhat transverse: abdomen with the extremity truncate. Tachyporus chrysomelinus. Grav., Latr., Leach. Oxyporus chryso- melinus. Fabr. Staphylinus chrysomelinus. Linn., Marsh. Inhabits t]owers, the roots of grass and moss. b. Antenna^ more or less approximate, inserted at the anterior internal margin of tlie eye, fifth and following joints broader than long : tibite not spiny. Obs.— Tachyporus Granum. Gravenh. is the type oftlie Genus Cypiia. Kirby, Genus 115. ALEOCIIARA. Knoch, Gravenh., Lair., Leach. Sta- phylinus. Linn., Fabr., Geoff"., De Geer, Oliv., Marsh. Head with the hinder part received into the thorax. Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata. Red fuscous, feet paler: head and the two last joints (save one of the abdomen), black: elytra together trans- verse-quadrate ; back of the thorax excavated with an impressed longitudinal line in the middle. Alcochara canaliculata. Grav., Latr. Staphylinus canaliculatus. Fahr. Inhabits sandy banks and under stones. CLASS V. INSECTA. 177 Obs. — Of this genus the following species may be considered as types of the undermentioned genera : Genus Aleochara. Grav. Sp. 1. Aleo. fuscipes. Genus Drusilla. Leach. Sp. 1. Aleo. canaliculata. Genus Falagria. Leach. Sp. 1. Aleo. sulcata. Genus AuTALiA. Leach. Sp. 1. Aleo. impressa. 2. Aleo. ri\T.ilaris. Genus 116. LOMECIIUSA. Grav., Lafr., Leach. Head disengaged from the thorax behind, with an inconspicuous neck or none : thorax transverse, the sides rounded : antenna distinctly perfoliated. Sp. 1. Loin, cmarginata. Bro\\'n-reddish rather opaque, minutely pimc- tulated : elytra pale, testaceous ; hinder angles of the thorax and elytra terminating in spinous points. Lom. emarginata. Grav. Inhabits dry sand spots under stones. Obs. — Genus Dinarda. Leach. The type of this genus is Lomechusa dentata. Grav. Fam. XII. Pselaphidx. Leach. Dimera. Latreille. Elytra abbreviated : tarxi with three articulations : clans monodactyle. " Latreille supposed that these aninrals had but two joints to their tarsi, and therefore placed them in a peculiar section of the Cole- optera; observing, however, that they are allied to Aleochara, to whose family they are even referred by Kirl)y." Dr. Leach considers them as constituting a distinct family, whose situation is intermediate between the Staphi/linidee and Scj/dina:uiiJ^, to both of which they are intimately allied ; but may be distinguished from either by the structiu-e of their claws, and from the latter also by their abbreviated elytra. In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany is given an e,i?- cellent monograph of the genera of this family, in which are enu- merated nineteen British species, five of which are new, and none of them were known to Mr. Marsham, who has not described one spe- cies in his Entomologia Britannica. 1 . Antenna with eleven joints. Maxillary palpi elongated, Stirps 1. — Body elongated and depressed. M 178 MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 117. EUPLECTUS. Kirbi/, MSS. Leach, Zool. Misc. vol. iii. AntenniE witli the first and second joint thick : maxillary palpi with the last joint conical. Sp. 1. Eiip. Rcichenbachii. Leach. Inhabits . Taken in Norfolk by Mr. J. Curtis. .StitxPS 2. — Body short and convex. A. Maxillari) palpi with the hat joint securiform. Genus 118. BYTIIINUS. Leach. Pselaphus, Family II. 'Reichen- hach. Antenna with the first joint round and considerably larger than the se- cond, which is but a little increased, of the male internally acutely produced ; the third and succeeding to the eighth joint round and of an equal size, ninth and tenth larger, eleventh oval, the last acute : maxillary palpi with the first articulation filiform, increasing towards the apex; second oval, third securiform, the base with a large angle. Sp. 1. Rytli. Cnrtisii. Inhabits sand-pits. Genus 119. ARCOPAGUS. Leach. Antemuc with the first and second joint increasing; the first elongated, the second round; the third and fbllowiug to the eighth nearly glo- bose; ninth increasing, nearly globose and lenticular; the tenth larger ; the eleventh and remainder increasing, oval, the ai)cx of the last joint acuminated : nmxillary palpi with the first joint filitorui, gradually increasing to a club ; the second elongate-oval; the third oval securiform, base angular. * AntenniE with the first joint cylindrical. Sp. 1. Arc.glabricollis. Leach. Pselaphus grabricollis. Reich. Inhabits woods, under moss. ** Antcnnce with the first joint internally diluted. Sp. 2. Arc. hulhifer. Leach. Pselaphus bulhifer. Reich. Inhabits Norfolk. Messrs. Sims and Jos. Hooker. Genus 120. TYCHUS. Leach. AntenncE with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly round, the first a little more lengthened and thicker than the second ; third and following to the eighth nearly globose ; third and fourth a little longer than the fifth, which is somewhat larger ; ninth and tenth globose, increasing, and lenticular, the tenth larger than the ninth; the eleventh with the others gradually increasing. Sp. 1. Tych. niger. Inhabits ? Taken near London and Bristol, as well as in tlic vici- nity of Norwich. CLASS V. INSECTA. 179 B. MaxiUari/ palpi with the last joint clavate. Genus 121. BRYAXIS, Knoch, Leach. Pselaphus, Fam. III. A. Reich. Antenna with the first and second joint enlarged and nearly cyUndri- cal; third and following to the seventh nearly cylindrical; the tilth the longest, eighth small and subglobose, ninth and following gra- dually increasing : maxiUari/ palpi with the first joint clavated, nar- row at the base; second nearly globose; third conical. * Fovcola of' the thorax connected b^ a furrozc. Antenna zcilh the apex of' the lust joint acute, third and four folloTxing joints, elongated, 8p. 1. Bri^. longicornis. Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. 85. Inhabits the roots of grass on the slopmg banks Battersea fields. ** Thorax tcifh the furrow very conspicuous. Antenna zcith the last joint nearly obtuse ; the third and J'oUoicing to the seventh, short, {^Ni)ith subglobose ; tenth lenticulated.) Sp. 2. Bry. impressa. Ps. iinpressus. Reich., Monog. Ps. t. 2. f. 15. Inhabits Nortblk. C. Maxillary palpi with the last joint clarated. Genus 122. PSELAPHUS. Hcrbst, Latr., Leach, ^-c. Pselaphus, Fam.. I. Reichenbach. Antenna with the first and second joint elongated and nearly cylindri- cal; third and following to the eighth nearly globular and equal; ninth and tenth increasing, nearly equal and globular; eleventh and remainder gradually increasing: mucillary palpi with the first joint filiform, the apex almost abruptly clavated; second nearly globose; third with the apex gradually clavated. Sp. 1. Psel. Herbsfii. (PI. l.Jig. 15.) magnified: the line beneath shows the natural size. Inhabits banks and river sides. Pbs. — The Pselaphi are obtained by seeking at the roots of grass, in sand-pits, Sec. but being so exceedingly minute they easily escape the eye of the entomologist unless he looks very close to the ground; the usual practice is either to sit or lie down, and by this means many highly interesting and rare insects may be taken whilst the entomologist rests from a more laborious mode of collecting, Fam. XIII, ScydMjSnid.e. Leach, Palpatores. I^atreiJle. Body ovoid, rounded at each extremity: jw/pi very long: tarsi shqrt; elytra hard, covering the abdom.en : antenna gradually thicker tq^ VTards their extremities. m2 180 MOCERN SYSTEM, Genus 123. SCYDMiENUS. Illig., Pat/kuU, Leach. Antiiicus. Fabr. Antenna grddivdUy thickening towards their _ extremities : maxillary palpi terminated by an acicular obscure joint. Sp. 1. Sci/d. Hfllwigii. Lastjointof the maxillary palpi obsolete; three last joints of the antennae forming a club: thorax ovate: body fus- cous-red-brown, pubescent: head, thorax, and abdomen darker: elytra smooth. Tsefaphus Hellwigii. Ihrb&t, Tai/h., Illig., Leach, Anthicus Hellwi- 2^u, Fabr. Scvdmffinus Hellwigii. Latr. Fam. XIV. Ptinid;f.. Leach. Ptiniore'*. Latreillc. Anienna: much longer than the head, fdiforra, or terminated by three large joints not united into a mass. Sinips 1. — Antenme luuforni, not terminated by three joints, larger than the rest. Genus 12 J. PTINUS. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach. Brucuus. Geoff. Antenna:- simple filiform, approximate, inserted between the eyes: ei/cs projecting: Irliurax hood-like: abdomen nearly oval: t/j/Zra united in the male. S]\ 1. Fli)t. Fur. Red-fuscous: thoi'ax with four tubercles transversely striated, the two middle ones highest, with tufts of hair, contracted and margined behind : abdomen ovate, rounded at the base : elytra villose, with two yellow-gray bands ; the second joint of the antenna- shorter than the third : under part of the body with short gray-yel- low hairs. Ptinus Fur. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Oliv., Leabh. Inhabits houses, and commits great devastation in museums. Obs. — Ptinus tcstaceus of Marsham is merely the male of this species. Genus 125. GIBBIUM. Latr., Leach. Antenna simple, setaceous, inserted behind the eyes: eyes not promi- nent : thorax simple : abdomen nearly globular : elytra united in botli sexes. Sp. 1 . Gib. Scotias. Latr., Leach. Inhabits houses. It has been three times taken in Bristol. OiJS. — Ptinus sulcatus, Manhuw, forms the type of the genus Mezium^ Leach's MSS., and is akin to Gibbium. Genus 126. PTILINUS. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Fabr., Latr., Leach, Akobium. Illiger. Sebrocerus. Kugellan. Ptinus. Linn., Marsh. Antenna: inserted before the eyes, very much pectinated in the males, serrated in the femaleg: tyt/y long-ovoid, nearly cyliadiic; thorax somewhat globose, CLASS V. INSECTA. ^ 181 Sp. 1. Pti. pcctinicornis. Body blackish : elytra obscure brown : an- tenna' and feet reddish : thorax rough : elytra punctuate. Ptilinus pectinicoi'nis. Fal/r., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Ptinus pectinicornis. Linn., Marsh. Dcrmestes pectinicornis. Linn. ? Inhabits old trees and houses, perforating them to destruction. Obs. — Ftimis serraticornis, Marsham, is the female of this insect. Stirp's 2. — Antenna terminated by three joints differing from the rest in size. Genus 127. ANOBIUM. Tuhr., Oliv., Lamarck, Latr., Leach. Pti\us. LJnn., T)c Geer, Marsh. Bpa^cnus. Geoff'. Antenna: eleven-jointed, with the three last joints abruptly thicker than the others; the ninth and tenth joints obconic; the tenth oval. * Eli/tra not striated. Sp. 1. Anuh. tesscllatum. Thorax bilobate behind, the lateral margins re- tlexcd : body fuscous, s[irinklcd with villose, obscure luteous spots : elytra not striated Anoliium tessellatum. Tubr., Latr., Leach. Ptinus tcssellatus. Marsh. Inhabits the wood of rotten trees, especially willows, during the winter months. * •■ Llytra striated. Sp. 3. Anoh. striatum. Fuscous, with grayish down : thorax with a gib- bous protuberance, unisulcate above, with the angles compressed : hinder margins somewhat marginated : elytra longitudinally punctate. Anobium striatum. Latr., OLv., lUig-, Leach. Anobium pertinax. Fair., Payk. Inhabits rotten trees. Pam. XV, Df.rmestidje. Leach. Dermestini. Latreille. Antenna slender, longer than the head, and terminated by a large ovoid mass. Stirps 1. — Sternum not produced to the mouth, or over it like a neck- cloth : tibia spinbse. Genus 128. DEPvMESTES. Linn., Fair., Latr., Marsh., Herbst, Oliv., Leach. Antenna with an ovate club, the last joint short, not (or but little) longer than the preceding joint : body narrow oval : thorax with the hinder margin straight or olitusely lobed : palpi ve'ry short : maxil- lary palpi shorter than the maxillae, or scarcely as long. Sp. 1. Der. lardarius. Black: base of the elyti-a with a cinereous band with black points. Dermestes lardarius. Linn., Fabr. Latr., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits decayed animal substances^ paper, &c. is common in houses. iS2 Modern system; Genus 129. ATTAGENUS. Latr., Leach. Megatoma. Herbst' Dermestes. Fabr., Linn., I^air., Marsh. Antenna with an elongate-ovate club, the last joint longer than the preceding (especially in the male), triangular or conic : body broad- oval : thorax with the posterior margin narrowly and acutely lobed: tnaxif/ari/ puljii exserted, longer than the maxilla; the last joint elongate-cylindric, very long in some. Sp. 1. Att. Fellio. Black; middle of the antenna; and of the tarsi ob- scure red : hinder margin of the thorax with three spots, and the elytra with a spot on each side of the suture villose-white: antennee of the male with the last joint ensiform, very long. iDermestcs Pellio. Linn., Fabr., Marsh., Latr. Megatoma nigra. Herbst. (variety of the male.) Inhabits skins in liouses, old wood, and paper. Stirps 2. — Sternum Tproduced over the mouth like a neckcloth: tibia not or but slightly spined. Genus 1.30. MEGATOMA. Herb.tt., Latr., Leach. Dermestes. Linn., De Geer, Fabr. Bodi/ narrow-oval : antenna: Avith an oval or oblong club with the inter- nal edge simple. Sp. 1. Meg. undatum. Black; sides of the thorax and two undulated bands on the elytra white villose: to'sj obscure red. Megatoma undulata. Herbst. Megatoma imdatum. Latr. Dermestes undatus. Linn., Fabr., Oliv., Fan.:. Inhabits birch trees (beneath the bark) in the months of March and April : the larva spins a silken web in which it changes to a pupa. Eam. XVI. Byrrhid/T. T.each. Byerhi. L^atreiile. Bodj/ ovoid : feet entirely or semicon tractile: sterniuu anteriorly pro- duced to a mouth in the form of a neckcloth : antcnmv thicker to- wards their extremities : tarai with five very distinct articulations : antenna straight, not inserted in the cavity of the eyes : feet perfectly contractile : mandibles but little or not at all prominent. Genus 131. ANTHRENUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Byrrhus. Linn., Ma/sh. Dermestes. De Geer. ^n^eww^E shorter than the thorax witli the club solid: j3«/p/ filiform^ short: 6o((*/ orbiculate-ovate : 5c;/ie//2/?« very minute. Sp. 1. Anth. Scrophularite. Black: sides of the thorax and three trans- verse bands on the elytra gray : suture and external margin of the elytra and hinder margin of the thorax red lutescent. Anthrenus Scrophularia?. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Byrrhus Scrophularias, Linn., Marsh. Inhabits the blossoms of various plants. CLASS V. INSECTA. 183 Genus 132. THROSCUS. Latr., Leach. Elater. Linn., OUv., Geoff. Dermestes. Fahr., Pai/k., Il/lger. Antenna as long as the thorax, with the three last joints large, forming an oval club : pa/pi short, with the last joint securiform : bod^ elliptic, narrow, depressed. Sp. 1. T/ir. dermcdouks. Brown, with gray-yellowish down: elytra with punctated stria?. Elater dermestoides. Linn., OUv. Dermestes adstrictor. Paj/k., IlUg., Fabr. Throscus dermestoides. Latr., Leach. Inhabits European plants; is very rare in Britain. Genus 133. BYRRHUS. Linn., Fabr., OUv., Lam., Latr.,- IlUger, GyU., Leach. Cistela. Geoff., Marsh. Dermestes. De Geer. Antenna: a little shorter than the thorax, with the four or five terminal joints gradually thicker, compressed : palpi short, the last joint long- est, thick, somewhat ovate: bodj/ smewhat ovate, very convex aljove : scnteUnm minute. Sp. 1. Bjjr. Filula. Inhabits pathways and sandy situations. Fam.XVII. Histeridt,. Leach. Genus HiSTER. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Marsh., S,c. Histeroides. Gi/IL, Faijk. Antenna geniculated, terminated by a nearly solid club of three arti- culations : elytra shorter than the abdomen, the margin of the sides inflexed : tost with five joints; contractile. The insects of this Family are numerous : their habitation is the dung of animals, and some are foimd in rotten wood. A valuaV^le paper has been published in the third volvune of the .Zoological Mis- cellany, from which the Ibllowing is selected. Stirps 1. — Body thick, nearly globose or quadrate: tibia elongated and straight : tarsi long and slender : sternum simple. Genus 134. ABR.'EUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Antenna with the first articulation somewhat elongated, second and third nearly cylindrical, straight : fourth short; fifth, sixth, and se- venth, nearly globose and equal ; eighth nearly globose, lenticular; ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming a short oval club. Sp. 1. Abr. pcrpusillus. Hister perpusillus. Marsh. Inhabits the dung of animals. Genus 135. ONTHOPHILUS. LeacKs Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Antenna with the first joint long, the second cylindrical, closely joined at the base; third obconic; fourth and filth short and obconic; sixth and seventh shorter and nearly globose ; eighth nearly lenti- cular; ninth, tenth, and eleventh forming an oval club. 184 MODERN SYSTEM, Sp.l. Onfh. strialus. Payk., Monogr. Hist. 100. t. 11./. 1. Inhabits dung. Stirps 2. — Bo(/i/ depressed: tibia hroad: ^ar^i short: «to'nw?w dilated, the fore part forming a cavity for the head, which is capable of be- ing retracted even to the mandibles. A. Tihitt, the four posterior with two series of spines. Genus 130. ULSTER of authors. Btnli/ above nearly convex : thorax with the anterior part straight. A. Elytra with the outer stria; extending their whole length. a. Thorax with the sides striated, the striae extending their whole length. * Elytra with marginal stria. Sp. 1. Hist.unicolor o^ authors. Inhabits dung. ** Eh/tra without the marginal strips. Sp. 2. Hist, sinuatus. llliger. A-macnlatus. Marsh. b. Thorax with the sides not striated. * Elytra with no marginal stria. Sp. 3. Hist. parvus. Marsh., Leach. ** Elytra with a marginal stria. Sp.l. Hist. purpurascens. Fabr., Leach. Hist, hipustulatus. Marsh. B. Elytra with the external stria; abbreviated. Sp. 1. Hist, nitidulus. (P/. 2. Jig. 1. a., antenna mugnified.) Fabr., Leach, — Hist, scmipunctatus. Miirsh. B. Four posterior tibia with only one row of spines. Genus 137. DEINDROPHILUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. yo\. iii. Body with the upper part nearly convex : thorax short, the anterior part straight. Sp. 1. Den. puncfatKS. Hister punctatus. Ent. Heft. Genus 138. PLATYSOMA. Leach. Body with the ii})per part plain : thorax transverse or nearly equall quadrate. * Elytra zcitkout stria. Body finely punctured. Sp. 1. Plat, picipes. Leach. H. piscipes. Fabr. ** Elytra without external stria. Body not punctured, Sp. 2. Plat.favicoruis. Leach. H.flavicornis. llerbst. CLASS V. IKSiiCTA. 185 *** Elyti'a externally striated. Body zoithout punctures. Sp. 3. Plat, depressum. Leach. H. depressiis. Marsh. Subdivision 3. — Antennae straigJd, not inserted in the cavity of the eyes. Feet semicontractite. Genus 139. LIMNIUS. Muller, GylL, Leach. Dytiscus. Panz. CiiRYSOMELA. Mursli. Elmis. Lutr. Antenna nearly filiform, the last joint largest, somewhat oval. Sp. 1. IJm. Volckmari. Leach. Dytiscus Volckmari. Panzer. Chrysomela buprestoides. Marsh. Fam. XVIIL Parnid.t:. Leach. Antenna inserted in the anterior canthus of the eye : elytra not shorter than the abdomen. Genus 1-tO. PARNL^^S. Fabr., Illig., Marsh., Leach. Deemestes. Geoff. Elater. Rossi. Dryops. Oliv., Lam., Latr. Antenna composed of three joints, the last joint articulated : tarsi with five joints. Obs.' — The insects of this genvis inhabit the roots and blades of grass at the sides of ponds and ditches ; the method of finding them is to loosen the grass in those places, by which means the insects will be found floating on the water : we have several species in this country that have not yet been clearly defined, but have been con- founded with prolij'ericornis. Sp. Af Par. sericeus. Leach's MSS. (P/. 3. fig. 10. a. antenna magni- fed.) Genus 141. IIETEROCERUS. Base, Fabr., Illig., Latr., Marsh., Leach. Antenna composed of eleven joints, the seven last forming a dentate or serrated mass : tar^si with four joints. Sp. 1. Het. inarginutus. Blackish villose; sides of the thorax and ab- domen with spots on the elytra, margins of the abdomen, and feet pale luteous. {Pi. 3. jig. 11.) Inhabits marshy places, burrowing in the muddy and clayey banks of ponds. Fam. XIX. IIelophorid.e. Leach. Mandibles without teeth at their extremities : body oblong : antenna terminated by a club. Stirps 1. — Clypcus whole : maxillary palpi with the last joint thick and oval. 186 MOUKKiy SVSTEM. Genus 142. HELOPIIORUS. Leach. Elophorus. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Gyll. Ei/es sessile : thorax transverse. * Thorax and cli/tra furrowed. Sj). 1. Ilel. slagnaUs. Hydrophilus stagnalis. Marsh. Inhabits ponds, floating on the surface and walking on aquatic plants. ** Thorax and elytra with elevated lines. Sp. 1. Hel. nubiliis. Gyll. Genus 143. HYDROCHUS. Germar., Leach. Elophorus. Fabr., Illig., 4r. Eyes rather prominent: thorax elongated. Sp. 1. Ifyclr. cicindcloides. Hydrophilus cicindeloides. Marsh. Inhabits ponds, and may freijuently be found in the mud at the sides. Stirps 2. — Ch/pcus entire. Genus 144. OCIITIIEBIUS. Leach's Edinh. Enct/cl.—Zool. Misc. vol. iii. ELOPiior.us. Fabr. IIydux.va. Latr., Illig. Maxillari/ palpi with the middle and last joint slender and acute. Sp. 1. Och. riparius. Leach. Hydrophilus impressus. Marsh. Genus 145. HYDllvENA. Kugellan, Leach. Maxillary palpi with the last joint long and acuminated. Sp. 1. Hi/d. Kugellani. Leach. Hydro, longipalpus. Marsh, Fam. XX. Hydrophilid.'e. Mandibles at their points bidentate : body oval or round : antenna ter- minated by a club. Stirps 1. — Clypeus emarginate: sternum simple: antenna with six ar- ticulations. Genus 146. SPERCHEUS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Sp. 1. Sper. sordidus. Spercheus sordidus. Fabr. Hydr. sordidus. Marsh. Inhabits stagnant waters. Stirps 1. — Clypeus whole : sternum simple. A. Elytra icilh the apex whole. Scufellum small. Genus 147. BEROSUS. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Body narrow before : tlnrrax convex : eyes rather prominent. Sp. 1. Bcr. luridns of authors. Inhabits ponds. CLASS V. IXSECTA. 187 Oeniis 148. HYDROBIUS. Leach. Bodi/ ovalj convex, obtuse : ej/cs simple. * Elytra striated, Sp. 1. Jiydr. fiiscipes. Inhabits ponds. ** ElT/tra smooth. S;". 1. Hi/dr. melanocephahts. Inhabits ponds. B. Elt/ti'a, icith the apex truncated. ScitteUiim small. Genus 119. LIMNEBIUS. Leach. Bodi/ rather depressed : ej/es simple. Sp. 1. Lii7i. nitidus. Hydrophilus nitidus. Marsh. Inhabits ponds and ditches. Stirps 3. — Cli/pcus whole : sternum produced into a spine. Genus 150. HYDROUS. Lhmcs ALSS., Leach. Sctddlion large : anterior tarsi of the male dilated in the middle with un- equal claws: antenna With, their last joint acuminated. Sp. 1. tfijdr. piceus of authors. Inhabits ponds and ditches. Genus 151. HYDROPHILUS of authors. Bodi/ with the posterior part slightly obtuse: antennridiiun scarabsoidcs. Fabr., f.atr. Dermestes scarabasoides. Mar.t/i., Linn. Inhabitb dung. Genus 153. CERCYON. Lcacb's Zool. Misc. vol. iii. Dermes- tes. Marslt. Anlcnnti with the club imbricated (P/. 'i-fi^. 12. b. magnified): anterior tarsi in both sexes simple. SjL 1. Cer. unipunctaium. Inhabits dung. Sp. 2. Cer. melanocephalum, lahubits dung and flowers. Fani. XXII. Covvhqje. Leach. CoPROPHAGi I. Latreille. Labial palpi very hairy, the last joint smaller than the preceding : scn- tellum none or very obscure : c/j/tra taken together not longer than broad : posterior feet situated near the anus : antenna eight- or nine- jointed, terminated by an abrupt lamellated mass: anterior tibia large and dentatcd : tncnlmn not very large : vianilibles mcnibraiia- ceous : maxilla: membranaceous : cli/peus semicircidar. Subdivision 1.- — I^abiul palpi, with the last joint very 'distinct. Thorax much shorter than the elijtru ; much broader than long. Anterior tibia long, arcuate. Genus 151. COrRIS. Geoff'., Illig., Fair., Lam., Lutr., Leach. ScARAB^us. Linn., De Gcer., Oliv., Marsh. Scutellum none : abdomfn elevated, convex : anterior tibia longer than the others; externally with three stropg teeth terminated by a tar- sus: a)2e. Leach. GEOTEVPixr. Latreille. Antenna; eleven-jointed, terminated by a lamellated club : anterior tihi in meal and flour ; and is well known un- der the name of meal-worm, Fam. XXIX. Diaperid.^. Leach. Mandibles bifid at their extremities : head more or less triangular, with- out a contraction behind, at its juncture with the thorax : tarsi with entire joints : antenna not moniliform, their extremities pertbliated or serrated. Stxups 1. — Bo,'^(y linear, or nearly so. T/iora.r almost quadrate. Antenna terminated by a cIuIj. Maxilla unguiculated. Genus 173. SARROTRIUJVt. Illig., Fabr., Leach. Hispa. Linn., Marsh. Tenebrio. De Geer. Orthocerus. Lutr. Antenna with the last six joints forming a thick, fusiform, downy mass. Sp. 1. Sarr. muticum. {PL 2.Jig. 16. a. antenna magnified.) Sarrotrium muticum. Pai/k., Fabr., Leach. Hispa mutica. Linn., Marsh. Orthocerus hirticornis. Latr. Inhabits sandy places. In Britain it is rare, or at least very local. It has been found in gravel-pits near Norwich by Mr. Joseph Hooker, and near Hampstead by Mr. Stephens, in the months of June and July. Stirps. 2. — Antennip not xnomMoxm. Boc/j/ oval, or nearly orbicular : a little longer than broad. a. Antenna not serrated at their extr-emities. Genus 1T4. PHALERTA. Le Gecr,OHv.,Lam.,Latr.j Leach. Meloe. L'um. Lytta. Fahr., Alursh. Elytra soft, elongate, linear, with the sides somewhat inflexed, the hack convex, rounded : maxillce with two membranaceous lacinije, the external one acute within, subuncinate : antenna: with the first joint larger than the others ; the second very short, transverse ; the rest obconic, the last ovoid. Sp. 1. Canth. rcsicaloria, (Spanish fly.) (PI. 4. fig. 3.) Meliie vesicatorius. JAnn. Cantharis vesicatoria. De Geer, Geoff., 0/iv., Latr. Lytta vesicatoria. Marsh., Fahr. Inhabits Europe : is found on the ash, but is rare in England : it is the common blister-fly of the shops. Fam. XXXIV. CEDEMiRADiE. Leach. QilDEMERiTES. Lat)-cil/c. Antenmr filiform or setaceous: rostntm not very flat, and dilated at its extremity : head produced into a kind of rostrum. Genus 194. (EDEMERA. Latr., Oliv., Leach. Necydalis. Linn., Fabr. Cantharis. Marsh. Antenna inserted at the anterior internal margin of the eyes : rostrum not elongate : eyes prominent : ch/tra tubulate : palpi with the last joint broader than the penultimate joint. Sp. 1. CEdem. carnlca. Necydalis ccerulea. Linn., Fabr. CEdemera ccerulea. Latr., Oliv., Leach. Inhabits Europe on the flowers of umbelliferous plants. Genus 195. MYCTERLS. Clairv., Oliv., Leach. Riiinomacer. Fabr., Latr. Mylabris. Schaffcr. Antenna inserted before the eyes on the rostrum : rostrum elongate, CLASS V. INSECTA. 199 narrow : eyes globose, prominent : elytra hard : palpi with the last joint comjiressed. Sp. 1. Myc. curcullonidcs. Rhinomacer curculionides. Tahr., Latr. Mycterus griseus. Cluirv. Mycterus curculionides. J^each. Inhabits Europe : has been taken in South Devon by the late Mr. John Crunch, of Kingsbridge, zoologist in the late unfortunate ex- pedition to the Congo. For a most interesting biographical account of this indefatigable naturalist, see Capt. Tuckeys Narrative, and Journal of Aits, No. IX. Fam. XXXV. Salpingid^. Leach. Antenna: thicker at their extremities : rostrmn very flat, and dilated at its extremity : head produced into a rostrum. Genus 196. SALPINGUS. lUiger, Leach. Curculio. Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Anthribus. Fair., Payk., Panz., Clairv, Km-' NOSiMUS. Latr. Antenna inserted before the eyes: elytra rigid. Sp. 1. Sal. Rohoris. Rhinosimus Roboris. Latr. Curculio ruficoUis. Marsh. Salpingus Ro- horis. Leach. Inhabits Europe under the bark of trees. Section III. TETRAMERA. Tarsi with four joints. Division I. — Head anteriorly rostrated; the mouth at the apes of tlie rostrum. Fam. XXX\T. RuTJcniDiE. Leach. Bruchel.!. Latreille. Palpi obvious, filiform, not very minute : rostrum broad : lahrum ex- serted : antemia eleven-jointed, subclavate, with the club formed of distinct joints, in some; filiform, or gradually thicker towards their points, in others; serrated or pectinated. Genus 197. PLATYRHINUS. Clairville, Leach. Anthribus. Fabr., Geoff'., Puyk., Latr. Macrocephalus. Oliv. Antenna clavate, the club elongate : eyes not emarginate : elytra cover- ing the anus above : body ovate, oblong : abdomen somewhat elon- gate-quadrate. Sp. 1. PL latirostris. Anthribus latirostris. Fabr., Latr., Payk. Platyxhinus latirostrjs. Clairv., Leach. Macrocephalus latirostris. Oliv. Inhabits boleti in woods : is rare in Britain. 200 MODERN 3VSTEM. Genus 198. ANTIIRIBUS. Faijkull, Fahr., Latr., Geoff'., Leach. Macrocephah'S. OUv. AntentKe davate: the club ovale, ahruyifcd. Genus 245. HALTICA. Leach. Altica. Geoff., Oliv., Panz., Latr. Chrysomela. Linn., De Geer, Marsh. Crioceris. Fabr. Lema. Fabr. Galeruca. Fabr. Antennae with the second joint generally a little shorter than the first. * Bodj/ ovate. Sp. 1. Hal. oleracea. Altica oleracea. Latr., Panz. Chrysomela oleracea. Marsh. Ilaltica oleracea. Leach. Inhabits saad-pits, and nettles in hedges. ** Body nearly orbiculate. Sp. 2. Hal. fcstacea. Galeruca testacea. Fabr. Altica testacea. Lair. Chrysomela Lcstacea. Marsh. Haltica testacea. Leach. Inhabits sand-pits, and nettles in iiedges. Stiups 3. — Maxillary palpi very apparent: anlenncc inserted before llic eyes, gradually thickening towards their points: head wwUwt , form- ing an obtuse angle witii the thora.\. CLASS V. INSECTA. 213 Division I. — JMundibla short, obtuse, truncated or terminated hj/ a very short point : antenna with the four last joints globose or turbinated. Subdivision l.~-'Antenn(e with the last four joints turbinated. Bodt/ hemispheric or oval. Thorax transrerse. Genus 246. CIIRYSOMELA. Lutr., Fubr., S^c. Palpi terminated l)y two joints of nearly an equal length, the last al- most ovoid truncate or nearly cylindric: sternum not produced. * Thorax with the sides incraasated, as if margined ; body ovate qua- drate. Sp. 1. Chri/. Banksii. Chrysomela Banksii. Fah\, Latr., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits nettles in lanes. ** Thorax with the sides not incrassated. Bodjf ovate quadrate. Sp. 2. Chry. Litura. Chrysomela Litura. Fabr., Latr., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits the broom. *** Body elongate-ovate quadrate. Sp. 3. Chri/. margincl/a. Chrysomela marginella. Fair., Latr., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits plants growing by the side of ditches. Obs. — Chrysomela tenebricosa Linn, forms the Genus Timarciia {of Hoppe) } Subdivision 2. — Antenna: zcith the four last joints semi-globose, almost forming a club. Body elongate-quadrate. Thorax as long as broad. Genus 247. IIELODES. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Palpi short, thicker at their middle, the last joint short-obconic. Sp. 1. Hel. Phcllandrii. Ilelodes Phellandrii. Payk., Fabr. Proscuris Phellandrii. Latr. Inhabits flowers in meadows. Stirps 4. — Maxillary palpi very apparent : antenna inserted before the e3^es : head vertical : jyalpi with the last joint conic-cylindric : body short-cylindric. Genus 248. CRYPTOCEPIIALUS. Geoff., Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Lam., Marsh., I^each. Antenna simple, filiform, about the length of the body. Sp. 1. Crypt, sericeus. Chrysomela sericea. Linn. Cryptocephalus sericeus. Fabr., Oliv., Marsh., Leach. Inhabits the flowers of the dandelion. 214 MODEKN SYSTEM. Genus 249. CLYTIIRA. Laicharting, Fabr., Oliv., Lnfr., Leach. Anlenntt short, serrated, exserted : palpi alike. Sp. 1. Cly. qiuidripiuKtata. Clythra quadripunctata. Tahr.^ Latr., Leach. Cryptocephalus quadri- punctatus. Marsh. Chrysomela quadripunctata. Limi. Inhabits the oak, but is very local. Fam. XLVI. EROTYLioi. AnteniKE moniiiform below, terminated by an ovoid club : thorax ele- vated at the middle : tihim elongate-triangular. SxiRPs. 1. — Falpi all terminated by large semilunar or securiform joints. Genus 250. TRITOMA. Fabr., Oliv., Latr., Leach. Bodi/ short-uvate, the back elevated in the middle : thorax with the middle of tlie hinder margin dilated into an angle. Sp. 1. Trit. bipustulatum. {PL 2. jig. 9.) Tritoma bipustulatum. Fabr., Payk., Latr., Leach. Inhabits boleti. Genus 251. TRIPLAX. Payk., Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Silpha, Linn., Marsh. Body oval. Sp. 1. Tri. russica. Silpha russica. Linn., Marsh. Triplax russica. Payk., Fabr. Tritoma russica. Latr., Leach. Inhabits dead trees ^nA fungi. Stirps 2. — Maxillary palpi filiform, or thicker towards their extremities, * Tarsi with the penultimate joint bilobate. Body hemispheric, but not contractile into a ball. Genus 252. PHALACRUS. Latr., Payk., Leach, Antenna: with a three-jointed club. Sp. 1. Plia. bicolor. Phalacrus bicolor. Payk., Latr., Leach. Dermestes Calthse. Scopoli, Anisotoma bicolor. Illig., Fabr. Inhabits various flowers. ** Tarsi with the joints entire. Body nearly globose, contractile into a ball. Genus 253. AGATHIDIUM. Illig., Latr., Leach, Antenna with a three-jointed club. Sp. 1. Agath. nigripenne. CLASS V. INSECTA. 215 Agathiclium iiigripenne. lUig-, Latr., Leach. Sphserklium ruficclle. Oitv. Anisotoma nigripenais. Fair. Inhabits sand-pits. Section IV^ TIUMERA. Taisi all thrcc-jointed. Fam. XL\'II. Coccinellid.e. Leach. Antenritz shorter than the thorax: maxillary palpi terminated by a large securiform joint: hodij hemibpheric: t/iomx transverse, the hinder margin arcuated. Genus 254. COCCINELLA of authors. Thorax (even behind) narrower than the elytra : hodi/ hemispheric, ap- proaching to ovate. Sp. 1. Coc. septcnipunctata (Common Lady-cow or Lady-bird). Coccinella septempunctata of authors. Inhabits Eurojie. Genus 255. CIIILOCORUS. Leach. Thorax lunate, without hinder angles : body entirely marginated. Sp. 1. Chi. Cacti. Coccinella Cacti. Latr., Fubr. Chilocorus Cacti. Leach. Inhabits white-thorn hedges, Fam. XLVIII. Enuomychid.e. Leach. Antennts longer than the thorax : maxillary palpi not terminated by a large joint: body more or less ovoid: thorax almost quadrate. Genus 25G. ENDOMYCHUS. Payk., Fabr., Leach. AnteniKB with the greater portion of their joints very short, nearly cy- lindric; the ninth joint longer than the one before it, the last with the apex truncate or obtuse: palpi with their extremities thicker: thighs not abruptly clavate: body ovate : thorax short, with the base gradually enlarging from the apex, not narrowed behind : mandibles with their points distinctly bifid or bidentate. Sp. 1. End. coccineus. Chrysomela coccinea, Linn. Endomychus coccineus. Payk., Latr., Fabr., Leach. Tenebrio coccineus. Marsh. Inhabits beneath the bark of the stumps of trees : this is a very local in- sect. In Coombe Wood, Surrey, they occurred for a year or two in profusion in the months of ]May and June. The larvje resemble the female glow-worm, but are not more than a quarter of an inch in length, and arc found beneatli the bark of trees, particularly those in moist places. 215 MUDLRN SYSTLJI. Genus 25?. LYCOPERDINA. Latr., Lcac/i. A7itenii a: momVit'orm, gradually thickening towards their extremities, the ninth joint scarcely longer than the one before it : muxUIuri/ palpi filiform: /«/'.■« ' pa/pi with the last joint large, u!uu,-c ovoid : t/ii^/is abruptly clavate : Im/j/ elongate-ovate: /Aor«.r wiih the anterior an- gles a little dilated, narrowed behind : mandibles with their points very acute, undivided. Sp. 1. Lye. Buvistce. Endomychus Bovistse. Pai/k., Fabr. Tenebrio Bovistte. Marsh. Ly- coperdina immaculata. Latr. Lycoperdina Bovistae. Leach. Inhabits the Li/copcrdinm or pufF-ball. Order IV. DERMAPTERA. De Geer, Leach, Kirhj/. Order Coleoptera. Linnc, Marsham. Order Orthoptera. Latreilk, Lamarck. Characters of the Order. Elulra somewhat crustaceous and abbreviated, of a square form ; the suture straight : wings membranaceous, externally coriaceous, large, folded transversely and longitudinally: anus armed with forceps, which is horny and moveable : body linear depressed: antenna: in- serted before the eyes, composed of from^ twelve to thirty joints; the first articulation largest, the second very small, the others short, ob- conic or nearly globose : mandibles with their points bidentate : palpi filiform, terminated with a very obscure tviberculiform little body or spine : tarsi three-jointed, villose beneath : eyes triangular-orbicular, and but little profhinent. Obs. — The genera are founded on the number of joints in the antennae. Genus 258. FORFICULA of authors. Antenna composed of fourteen joints. Sp. 1 . Tor. auricularia. Forceps at the base internally denticulated, and a little beneath with a tooth on each side : elytra yellowish-brovvTi, with the disk darker. Forficula auricularia of authors. Inhabits Europe. Mr. Marsham has considered the sexes of this in- sect as two species, under the names auricularia and neglecta. Genus 259. LABIA. Leach. AntenntE twelve-jointed. Sp.l. Lab. minor. Forceps denticulated wthin. (P/. 4. ^^. 16.) Forficula minor. Fabr., Panzer, Leach. Inhabits dung-hills, under clods of earth, stones, 8cc. The forceps of GLASS V. INSECTA. 2l7 tlie male arc somewhat larger than that of the female, which charac- ter Mr. Marsham has considered as specific. Genus 260. LABIDURA. Leach. AntcDiue with ahout thirty joints. Sp. 1. Labid. g'lgantcu. Entirely testaceous yellow. ]"orticida gigantea. Fabr. Inliahits Europe. It was discovered to inhabit Britain by the Rev. Wil- liam Bingley, who observed them on the sea-coast under stones near Clnistchurch, Hampshire, where they occurred in great abundLmce. Order V. ORTIIOPTERA. Leach. Order Ortiioptera. Oliv., Lam., LmIi-. Class Ulonata. Fabr. > Order HcMirxERA. Linnc. Characlcrs of the Order. Flytra coriaceous, the internal margin of one overlapping the same margin of the other : wivgs membranaceous, the anterior margin co- riaceous, longitudinally folded: palpi short: bodtj elongate, narrow; tarsi with three or tour \ery rarely with five joints. Fam. I. AcHETiD.E. Leach. Gkyllides. Latrei/k. E/i/tra horizontal: zvings longitudinally folded, often produced beyond the elytra: tarsi three-jointed: hinde r feel i'onned for jumping. Stirps 1. — AntenntE pot longer than the thorax: anterior feet com- pressed, formed for digging : oviduct not exserted. Genus 261. GRYLLOTALPA. E«y, Latr., Leach. Antenna setaceous, composed of a vast number of joints (beyond sixty) : anterior tibia and tarsi formed for digging ; two first joints of the tarsi very large, dentiform: hinder J'eet little formed for jumping. Sp. 1. Gryl. vulgaris. Above fuscous, ferruginous yellowish beneath : anterior tibia quadridentate : zcings twice the length of the elytra. Gryllus Gryllotalpa. Linn. Acheta Gryllotalpa. Fabr. Gryllotalpa vul- garis. Latr., Leach. Ijihabits Europe in gardens and cultivated places, especially the sides of ponds and banks of streams : they burrow and work underground like the mole, raising a ridge as they proceed, but seldom throw up hillocks. They sometimes destroy whole beds of cabbages, young legumes and flowers. At night they come abroad and make long excursions. In fine weather, about the middle of April, and at the close of day, they begin to utter a luw, dull, jarring note, continued for a long time without interruption. About the begimiing of May 218 MODEKN SYSTLM. tlicy lay their eggs, two hundred or more, helow ground, the female being excessively solicitous to preserve them from cold and accidents. They are said to be attracted to gardens by horse-dung, and to be expelled by the dung of hogs. They are common in some parts of Hampshire and Wiltshire. Stirps 2. — Feet not formed for digging : oviduct exserted : antenna: longer than the thorax. Genus 2(j'2. ACIiETA. Fahr., Lcm-fi. Gryllus. Linn., Geoff., Lulr.^ Oliv., Tjum. Sp. 1. Ach. campestris. Body three times longer than broad, black, shin- ing. Grylliis campestris. Linn., Latr. Acheta campestris. Fabr., Leach. Inhabits the temperate parts of Eurojie; is not very common in Bri- tain. 'J'he house cricket belongs to this genus. Fam. II. GRYLMt),!:. Leach. LocusTArvT.^. Latrcille. FJiitrn and wings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi four- jniuted : autemuc setaceous: oviduct exserted. Genus 2G3. CONOCEPIIALUS. Thunb., Leach. Locusta. Gaff, De Gee?; Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr. Thorax deflexcd, convex, truncated : head acuminated : hinder feet twice the length of the body : antennae as long as the body. Sp. 1. Con. viridissimus. Green: antenna?, vertex, dorsum of the thorax, and suture of the elytra fuscous ferrugineous. Locusta viridissima. Fabr., Latr. Gryllus viridissimus. Linne. Inhabits Europe. In the autumn the perfect insect may be found in great plenty in the marshes near London. Fam. III. LocusTiD^. Leach. AcRYDii. Latreille. Eli/trn and icings oblique: hinder feet formed for jumping: tarsi v,\th three joints: antenna filiform or ensiform: oviduct not exserted. Stirps 1.— Hinder legs as long as the body : antenna filiform : scutellum short. Genus 264. LOCUSTA. Leach. Gryllus. Fabr., Pane, Linn. Antenna filiform, or terminated in a club ; hinder legs not, or scarcely, longer than the body. Obs.— We have many indigenous species of this genus. Sp_l. Loc. migratoria. Thorax somewhat carinated t mandibles blue. Tins species, though not a native of this country, has been occa- sionally taken in Britain ; in the year 1748 it appeared in several CLASS V. INSKCTA. 219 irregular flights in many parts of Europe, and visited England: but they perished in a very short time, before they did much hann. " Of all the insects which are capable of adding to the calamities of the human race, locusts seem to possess the most formidable powers of destruction. Legions of these voracious animals of various species are produced in Africa, where the devastation they commit is almost incredible. The air is darkened by their numbers; they carry desolation with them wherever they pass, and in the short sjrace of a few hours are said to change the most fertile provinces in- to a barren desert. " Some of the species ser\'c as food, and are eaten fresh as well as salted. In the latter state they are constantly exposed to sale in the Levant, but the quantitj^ of nutritious matter is said to be very small." Stihps 2. — Hinder legs longer than the body : antenna capitate: scu- trllum short. Genus 265. GOMPIIOCERUS. Uadis MSS. Gomphoceuos. Thu7ib. Hinder legs longer than the body : antenna; capitate ; club of the anten- nae spoon-shaped in both sexes : anterior tibia; simple. Sp. 1. Gon/ph. rufus, Gryllus rufus. LinnL Inhabits England. Stirps 3. — Wings covered by the scutellum. Genus 266. ACRYDIUM. Fubr., Geoff., Dc Gecr, Oliv., Leach. Sp. 1. Aer. subulatwn. Obscure, testaceous brown, granulose : tliorax carinated, marginated. Gryllus sidudatus. Linn, Acrydium subulatum. Fabr., Oliv., Leach. Tetrix subulata. Latr. Inhabits Europe. It is found on hot and sandy banks, and is subject to some variation in colour. The species of Acrydium are but little understood. We seem to possess three verj- distinct indigenous species, all varying in size, sculpture, and colour. Order VI. DICTYOPTERA. Lecicli. Order Hemiptera. LinnL Class Ulonata. Fabr. Order Orthopteka. Latr, Characters of the Order. Flytra coriaceous, nervose, decussating each other : wings membrS,- naceous, with a few longitudinal folds: maxillary palpi elongate: bpdij depressed, oval, or somewhat orbicular ; taniviiih. five joints. 220 MODERiV SYSTEM. Genus 267. BLA TTA. Linn., Fabr., S,c. Sp. 1. " The genus Blatta may be defined (as it now stands), to be a ge- neral reservoir for all insects agreeing with the character of the Order. The foreign species are niuiierous, and but little known : much might be done towards elucidating this hitherto neglected part of entomology, and it is hoped some cntomographer who has time will devote some share of his attention to the examination of the genera and species." Order VII. HEMIPTERA. Order Hemiptera. Linn., Lam., Cuv., Leach. Class Rhyngota. Fab?-. Order IIemiptera. Section I. Heteroptera. Lutr. Characters of the Order. Roifrum attached to the anterior extremity of the head : eli/tra some- what crustaceous or coriaceous, with the apex membranaceous, placed in an horizontal direction, one decussating the other : thorax with the first segment (which bears the feet) larger than the follow- ing one : haustellum with three setae : ocelli or little eyes two, one oT^olete. {Metamorphosis semicomplete.) Section I. TERRFSTmA. Latr., Leach. Tlie insects which compose this section are not only distinguished from the second section by their economy, hut likewise by the struc- ture of some essential organs : the antenna of this division are cx- serted, and are very distinct. Fam. I. PentaTomid^. Leach. CoRiSi.?: I. Latreille. ^j!«c«»fF composed of five joints: ros^/-u?« with four distinct joints, the three first of nearly an equal length : lubrum very long, striated : tarsi with three distinct joints, the lirst elongate : head trigonate, im- mersed even to the eyes in the thorax. Stirps 1. — Scutelhan elongate, covering the elytra and tlie wings. Genus 268. TETYRA. Fabr., Leach. Scutellera. Latr. Cx- MEX. Linn. Scutellum longer than broad, not covering the sides of the abdomen : thora r very narrow in front : antenncc with the second joint longer than the third. Sp. 1. Tet. Maura. Fabr. Inhabits CLASS V. INSECTA. 221 Stirps 2. — Scufellum not covering the wings or elytra. Genus 269. iELIA. Fabr., Leach. Builji ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than the hinder : head longer than broad : anteniue with tlie second joint not longer than the third, their base covered by the lateral margins of the head. Sp. 1. JEl. acuminata. Palc-ycllowish, longitudinally lineated with fus- cous, impressed-punctatc ; a fuscous band running down the mid- dle of the back divided by a whitish line; last joint of the antennae red. Ciniex acuminatus. Linn. iElia acuminata Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma aciwninatum. Lair. Inhabits grassy places : is rare in Britain. Genus 270. PENTATOMA. Oliv., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Fcihr.^ Wolff. Bodt/ ovate : thorax with the anterior margin much narrower than tlie hinder: head with nearly equal diameters. Sp. 1. Pent, bidens. Body griseous above; thorax with a lengthened spine on each side behind. Cimex bidens. Fabr. Pentatoma bidens. Latr., Leach. Inhabits Europe. Sp. 2. Pent, prasinus. Green above; hinder angles of the thorax with-' out spines. Cimex prasinus. Fabr. Pentatoma prasinus. Leach. Inhabits woods and ferns on heaths. Genus 271. CYDNUS. Fabr., Leach. Pentatoma. lyjtr. Body ovate, somewhat orbicular ; anterior margin of the thorax nar- rower than the hinder: /;f«rf nearly semicircular: antenni^ witli the second joint longer than the third : tibia spinnlose. Sp. 1. Cyd. vlcraceus. Brassy dark 'green; sides of the head and tho- rax with a longitudinal line, on the latter red ; outer margin of the _ elytra a spot on each, and the apex of the elytra red ; thighs (apex excepted) and the middle tibia^ yellowish. Inhabits woods and sandy situations. Fam. II. CoRr.iD.E. leach, CoRisr.E II. Latreille. Antenna- composed of four joints: rostrum with four distinct joint*!, the first three of nearly an equal length : labrum very long, striated : tarsi with three distinct joints, the first elongate: head trigonate, im- mersed even to the eyes witlnu the thorax. 222 MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 272. COREUS. Fahr., Lam., Wolff, Lutr., Leach. Cimex. JJnn., Geoff. Antenna; inserted above a line dravra from the eyes to the base of the labriim ; the last joint thick : thorax with the anterior narrower than the posterior margin : bod)) ovate, the sides of the abdomen dilated : head trigonate ; neck not apparent. Sp. 1. Cor. 7}iargi7Uitvs. Rcd-fuscous, obscure; sides of the abdomen elevated, acute; antenna^ with their internal base unidentate, the first and last joints blackish, the middle ones red; thighs beneath with a canal, and a few little teeth. Coreus marginatus. Fubr., Latr., Leach. Cimex marginatus. Linne. Inhabits Europe, and is common in Britain in hedges and on the dock. Genus 273. BERYTUS. Fabr., Uuch. Neides. Latr. Antenna: inserted above a line drawii from tlie eyes to the base of tlie labrum ; geniculated about the middle ; the first jraint very long, the last thick : bodif filiform : head somewhat conic : iieck not apparent : scutellum minute, linear conic : feet elongate : thighs clavate. Sp. 1 . Ber. tipulariiis. Reddish-gray ; antennae as long as the body, with the last joint fuscous; clypeus acuminate, and produced; tlio- rax with three elevated lines, which are parallel and longitudinal ; two of these are marginal, the other dorsal ; elytra striate nervous, impressed-punctate, spotted with fuscous. Cimex tipularius. Linnt. Berytus tipularius. Fabr., Leach. Neides tipularius. Latr. Inhabits grassy places. Genus 274. LYGiEUS. Fabr., Wolff, Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., De Geer. Antenncc filiform, inserted beneath a line drawn from the eyes to the base of the labrum : bodif elongate ovate : head trigonate, neck not apparent. Sp. 1 . Lyg. apterus. Red with black spots : elytra abbreviated. Inhabits woods in the autumn. Genus 275. CAPSUS. Fabr., Lntr., Leach. Cimex. Linn. Head trigonate, neck not apparent: antenine setaceous; the second joint at the apex thick, the two last when combined much shorter than the one before it. Sp. 1. Cap. afer. Body black. Inhabits grassy places, and is very common. Genus 276. IMIRIS. Fabr., Latr., Leach. Cimex. Linn., Geoff., Sec. Lyg/Eus. Wo/ff". Antenna setaceous, the second and following joints alike : head trigo- nate : wee A: not appar^it. Sp. 1. Mir.ragaui. Leach. CLASS V. TNSECTA. 223 Genus 277. JMYODOCIIA. Latr., Leach. Cimex. Dc Geer. Head ovoid, with a distinct neck: antenneE slightly thicker towards their extremities. Sp. 1. Mijo. tipu/oidcs. Myodocha tipuloides. Latr., LeacJi. Cimex tipuloidcs. Dc Gcer, Mem. *7. TETTIGONIA. Oliv., Lamarck. Cicada. Linn., Fahr., Latr., Leach. Front elongate-quadrate, the apex trvmcate, convex, thickened. Sp. 1. Tet. rH)-iilis. Inhabits moist places. Fam. III. Psyllid^. Latreille, Leach. Tarsi with two joints distinct: antenna; with ten or eleven joints, th^ last with two sets : legs formed for leaping. Both sexes with wings. Genus 303. PSYLLA. Geoff., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Chermes. Linn., De Geer, Fabr. Antenna: filiform or slightly setaceous, as long as the body: thorax with the anterior margin arcuate. Sp. 1. Ps)/l. Alni. Green-yellowish; anterior segment of the thorax, squamula of the elytra, and nervures, green. Chermes Betulte Alni. LiJin. Chermes Alni. Fabr. Psylla Alni. Latr,, Leach. lohabits the alder. 232 MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 304. LIVIA. Latr., Leach. Diraphia. llliger. Antenna shorter than the thorax, the base much thickened even to the middle : thorax with the anterior segment transverse, straight. Sp. 1. Liv.juncorum. {PI. 5. Jig. llj) magnified: the line beneath exhi- bitx the natural size.) Livia Juncoriim. Latr. Inhabits Junci. Fam. IV, Aphids, Leach. Aphidii. Latreille. Tarsi two-jointed, the first joint very short : rostrum in both sexes : antennm with six, seven, or eight joints : females generally apterous ; tarsi with the last joint vesiculous. Stirps 1. — Antenna eight-jointed : rostrum minute and horizontal with indistinct joints: head elongate-quadrate. Genus 305. THRIPS. Linn., Geoff., Latr., Lam., Oliv., Leach. Elytra and wings horizontal and linear. Sp. 1. Thr. Pht/sapus. Black, hairy: antenna, tibife, and tarsi pale; middle of the tibiaj pale brown ; elytra and wings white. {PI. 5, Jig. 12. magnified : the line beneath shows the natural .size,) Inhabits the blossoms of various plants. Stikps 2. — yln^e«ne- cond joint broad, hairy : hinder wing orbicular : anterior feet very short in both sexes : tarsi with double nails. Cluysalis suspended by the tail. Caterpillars spiny. Sp. 1. A?'g. Lathonia (Queen of Spain fritillary). Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain. Sp. 2. Arg. Aglaia (dark green fritillary). Inhabits Europe in woods and lanes. Sp. 3. Arg. Adippe (high brown fritillary). Inhabits heaths and the borders of woods. Sp. 1. Arg. Paphiu (silver-washed fritillary). Inliabits the bordera of woods, and the New Eurcbt in ]lHmp)»hire. 238 MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 317. VANESSA. Fahr., Latr., Leach. Papilio. Imw., Haicorth. Antenna; terminated with an abrupt short club : pnlpi contiguous, and terminated gradually in a point; the two combined bearing some resemblance to a rostrum : antcr'wi- pair of feet in both sexes short and very hairy : turd with double nails. Vhrijiiulis suspended by its tail. Caterpillar spiny. Sp. 1. Van. Alalanta (red admirable). Wings indented, black with white spots ; a red fascia in the upper wings, and another on the margin ot" the under wings. Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the nettle. Sp. 2. Van. C«/r/H/! (painted lady). Wings orange, indented ; variegated with black and white spots : four ocelli on the under side of tlie posterior wings. Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on the thistle. Sp. 3. Van. Antiopa (Camberwell beauty). Wings angulated and black, the borders whitish. Cynthia Cardui. Fahr., Lcac/i. Inhabits Europe. This species has become exceedingly rare in this coimtry. Mr. Il^worth has observed (in the first part of his Lepido- ptera Britanuica) " There is something very extraordinary in the peri- odical but irregular appearance of this species, Papilio Edusa (Colias Hyalc of this work) and Fap. Cardui. Ihey arc plentiful all over the kingdom in some years ; after which Antiopa in particular will not be seen by any one for eight, ten, or more years, and then appear as plen- tiful as before. To suppose they come from the Continent, is an idle conjectme; because the English specimens are easily distinguished from all others by the sujterior whiteness of their borders. Perhaps their eggs, in this climate, like the seeds of some vegetables, may occasionally lie dormant for several seasons, and not hatch until some extraordinary but undiscovered coincidence awake them into active life." Sp. 4. Van. lo (peacock). Inliabits nettles. Sp. 5. Van. polychloros (large tortoise-shell). Inliabits Europe : the larva on the elm. Sp. 6. Van. Urfica: (small tortoise-shell). Inhabits Europe : the larva feeds on nettles. Sp. 7. Van. C. allium (comma). Inhabits woods : the larva feeds on the nettle, hop, willo^^c, and the current. CLASS V. INSECTA. 239 Genus 318. APATURA. Fain:, Leach. Nympiialis. Latr. Pa- pi Lio. Linn., Haworth. Antenna with an elongate-obconic thickened cUib : palpi with the se- cond joint not much compressed, the anterior murgin broad : ante- rior pair of feet very siiort in both sexes. Sp. 1. Apa. L-is (purple emperor). Wings indented, brownish, shining, with bkie or purple ; on both surfaces a whitish interrupted fascia and a single ocellus on the under wing. The following account of this interesting and elegant insect is given by Mr. Haworth. " In the month of July he makes his appearance in the winged state, and invariably fixes his throne upon tlie summit of a lofty oak, from ihe utmost sprigs of which, on sunny days, he performs his aerial excursions; and in these ascends to a much greater elevation than any other insect I have ever seen, sometimes mountinir higher than the eye can follow, especially if he happens to quarrel with another emperor, the monarch of some neighbouring oak: they never meet without a battle, flying upwards all the while and com- bating with each other as much as possible, after which they will frequently return again to the identical sprigs from whence tliey ascended. The wings of this fine species are of a stronger texture than those of any other in Britain, and more calculated for that gay and powerful flight which is so much admired by entomologists. The Purple Emperor commences his aerial movements from ten to twelve o'clock in the morning, but does not perform his loftiest flights till noon, decreasing them after this hour until he quite ceases to fly about foiu- in the afternoon ; thus emulating the motions of that source of all his strength, the sun. The females, like those of many other species, are very rarely seen on the wing : the reason of which is both interesting and but little known. It is their being destitute of a certain spiral socket vfh\c\\ the males possess, near the base of the main tendon of their upper wings ; which socket receives and works a strong clastic spring arising from the base of the under wings, thereby enabling them to perform a stronger, longer, and more easy flight than it is possible for the females to do.". " The males usually fly very high, and are only to be taken by a liaa-nct fixed to tlie end of a rod twenty or thirty feet long. There have been instances, though very rare, of their settling on the groutid near puddles of water, and being taken there. When the Purple Emperor is within reach, no fly is more easily taken than he; for he is so very bold and fearless that he will not move from his settliog place until you quite push him off: you may even ti[i the endi ot his wings, ujui be suli'crcd to strike again." o 240 MODERN SYSTEM. Genus 319. LTMENITIS. Fair., Leach. Nvmphalis. Litr. Antenna gradually clubbed; club slender, round obconic: palpi as long as the head, with the second joint not very much compressed ; the anterior margin not remarkably broader: unleriur pair of feet in both sexes very short and spurious ; wings not inucii longer than broad : Four hinder feet with double nails. Ijarvu elongate. Chrysalis suspended by the tail. Sp. 1. Lim. Camilla (white admirable). Inhabits Europe. This is considered a rare insect in Britain, l)ut I have observed them in certain years in Bedstile-wood near Finch- ley, and Birch-wood in Kent, in tolerable abundance. • Genus 320. IIIPPARCHIA. Fabr., Leach. Maniola. Schrank. SviTYKT s. Latr. Papii.io. Linn., Haworth. Antenna: with a slender somewhat fuciform, or trigonate-orhicular club : palpi meeting above the tongue, with the second joint very much compressed, and much longer than the first : anterior pair of legs shorter than the rest, and often very hairy ; feet of the other legs with double nails : hinder wings somewhat orbicular or orbicu- late-triangulate, with the external margin excavated to receive the abdomen; the middle cell closed beliind, from which part the ner- vures radiate ; the other margin entire, or with acute or obtuse in- dentations. Caterpillar downy, with a globular head somewhat compressed in front; the abdomen bimucronate behind. Cliri/salis angulated, with the front himucromate suspended by the tail. Leach's Zool. Misc. vol. i. p. 17 . Sp. 1. Hipp. Galathea (marbled). Inhabits woods and fields. Sp. 2. Hipp. Hj/peranthiis (the ringlet). Inhabits woods and fields. Sp. 3. Hipp. Pamphilus (small heath). Inhabits heaths. •Sp. 4. Hipp, blandina (Scotch Argus). Inhabits the isles of Bute and Arran. Sp. 5. Hipp. Pilosella (small meadow brown). Inhabits fields and the borders of woods. Sp. 6. Hipp. Janira (meadow brown). I'apilio Jurtina. Haworth, Linn. Inhabits fields and lanes. Sp. 7. ifi/)/j. Aft'grfTrt (gate-keeper). Inhabits fields and llie borders of woods. CLASS V. INSECTa. 241 Sp. 8. Hipp. Mgeria (speckled wood, or v/ood Argus). Inhabits the borders of woods and fields. Sp. 9. Hipp. Semele (grayling, or rock underwing). Inhabits heaths, commons, and rocky wastes. Stirps 2. — Z,«7-r<£ oval, depressed: pupa short, contracted, obtuse at both extremities : tarsi with very small nails. Genus 321. THECLA. Fabr., Leech. Polyomm.itus. Lati\ Feet in both sexes all alike : nails scarcely produced beyond the pul- villi, which are large: a«fcw«« gradually clubbed; the club elon- gate, cylindric o\ al : hinder zcings tailed. * Antenna gradually clavatcd, Sp. 1 . The. Betuhe (brown hair streak.) Inhabits the borders of woods. Sp. 2. The. Pruni (black hair streak). Inhabits the borders of woods. Sp. 3. The. Quercits (purple hair streak). Inhabits oak woods, flying on the highest branches of the trees. ** Antenns ahruptli/ clavatcd. Sp. 4. The. Rubi (green underside, or hair streak). Inhabits the skirts of woods. Genus 322. LYCjENA. Fabr., Leach. Polyommatus. Latr. Legs alike in both sexes : 7iails projecting beyond the pulvilli, which are small : antenna with an abrupt club, somewhat ovate, compressed, or spoon-shaped. * Hinder icings 7nore or less tailed. Sp. 1. Lye. dispar (large copper). Papilio Hypothoe. Donovan. Inhabits the fens of Cambridgeshire, and has been observed near Aberdeen in Scotland. Sp. 2. Li/c. Chryseis (purple-edged copper). Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is extremely rare. Sp. 3. Lye. VirgaureeE (scarce copper). Inhabits Europe : very local in Britain. It is found in swiie parts of Huntin2,donshire. Sp. 4. Lye. Phlaas (small copper). Inhabits woods and heaths. ** Hinder wings rcith the posterior margin entire. Sp. 5. Lye. Corydon (chalk-hill blue). Inhabits chalky districts. Sp. 6. Lye. Adonis (Clifden blue). Inhabits chalky districts. 242 MODERN SYSTEM. Sp. 7. Lyc. Dori/lus (common blue). Inhabits heaths, commons, and lanes. Sp. 3. Lye. Argus (studded blue). Inhabits fields and marshes. Sp. 9. Lye. Idas (black-spot brown). Inhabits grassy places. Sp. 10. Lye. Artaxerxes (white-spot, brown or Scotch Argus). Inhabits Arthur's Seat and the base of Kirk-hill, (one of the Peatland range near Edinburgh) in great plenty. So. 11. Lye. Alms (Bedford blue). Inhabits clover fields, &.'c.. Sp. 11. Lye. Argiolm (azure blue). Inhabits meadows. Sp. 13. Lye. Cymon. Inhabits Europe : in Britain it is very local. It is found near Shec- bonic in Dorset in great abundance. Fam. II. Hesperid.e. Leach, Hesperides. LatrelUe. Hinder tibice with t^vo pair of heels or spurs, one pair at the middle, the other at the usual place: antenna distinctly terminated with a club, hooked at their extremities : palpi short, thick, and squamose in front : hinder wings elevated when the insect is at rest. Genus 323. IIESPERIA. Fabr., Cuv., Lam., Latr., Wakk., Leach. Papilio. Linn., Haworth. Palpi with the third joint cylindric or cylindric-conic. * Antenna ending in an abrupt very acute hook. Sp. 1. Hes. Comma (pearl skipper). Inhabits Europe : in England, near Lewes in Sussex. Sp. 2. Hes. Sylvanus (wood skipper). Inhabits the borders of woods. ** Antenna with their points arcuate. Sp, 3. Hes. Tages (dingy skipper). Inhabits Europe, on dry heatlis and banks. Sp. 4. Hes. Mahe (mallow skipper), lulialiits dry banks. *** Antenna rcith straight points^. Sp. .5. Hes. Linca (small skipper). Inhabits liie skirls of woods. CLASS V. INStCTA. 243 Sp. 6. Hes. Paniscus (scarce skipper). Inhabits meadows : very rare in Britain, excepting in some parts of Bedlbrdbhire, where it is common. Section II. CREPUSCULARIA. Latreille. Wings liorizontal in repose : antewiM' prismatic or fusiform. The insects of this section constitute the Linnean genus Sphhn, which has been divided by later writers into a number of genera. Fam. III. Sphixgidx. Leach. Spuingides. Latreille. Palpi short, covered with very short close scales ; the last joint tuber- culiform and very short. Stirps 1. Anus not tufted. Genus 324. SMERINTHUS. Lutr., Leach. Laotuoe. rabr., Sphinx, Linn., Hazcorlh. Spectrum. Scopo/i. Antenne somewhat prismatic, serrated towards the middle, gradually thicker: tongue very short : anterior wings angulated: palpi conti- guous. Sp. 1. Sme. ocellata (eyed hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe. The larva on the willow and poplar. Sp. 2. Sme. Tilia: (lime hawk-moth). Inhabits the lime in the larva state. Sp. 3. Swe. Populi (poplar hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the poplar. Genus 325. SPHINX. Linn., Fair., Latr., Hazcorlh, Leach. Spec- trum. Scopoli. Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue long, very distinct, convo- luted : antenna: prismatic, thicker towards their middle, in the males slightly ciliated. Obs. — This genus has lately been divided into the following genera : 1. Deilophila, Ochsheinier. Sp. 1. Elpenor. 2. Porcellus. 3. Li- neata. 4. Euphorbias. 5. Galii. — II. Sphinx, Och. Sp. 1. Pinastri. 2. Ligustri. ?. Convolvuli. — III. Acherontia, Och. Sp. 1. Atropos. Sp. 1. Sph. Porcc//MS (small elephant hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe : is very rare in Britain. Sp. 2. Sph. Elpenor (elephant hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the ladies bed-straw, and is found in the autumn in drills or ditches in marshes near London. Sp. 3. Sph. lineata (silver line hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe, and is exceeding rare in this country. Sphinx lineata q2 244 MODERN SYSTEM. of Donovan is distinct, and must be considered as a doubtful inhabi- tant of Britain. Sp. 4. Sph. Gain (scarce spotted elephant). Inhabits Europe : it is very rare in Britain. Two specimens have been taken in Cornwall near Penzance, one near Kmgsbndge m Devon, and another near London. Sp. 5. Sph. Euphorbm (spotted elephant). Inhabits Europe: it is very rare in Britain. Tlic larva has occurred near Plymoutli. Sp. 6. Sph. Pinastri (pine hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in Ravelston- wood near Edinburgh. Sp. 7. Sph. ConvolvuU (convolvulus hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe : it has been taken near London, and in the most re- mote parts of Britain, even in the Shetland Islands, but does not make a regular appearance. Sp. 8. Sph. Ligustri (privet hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the privet and ash in gardens and woods. Sp. 9. Sph. Atropos (death's head hawk-moth). Inhabits Europe. It must be considered as a valuable acquisition to tlie British cabinet ; for although it occasionally occurs in the larva state, yet it is bred with extreme difficulty, and the fly when taken on the wing is generally very much mutilated and rubbed. Tiie ca- terpillar feeds on the blossom of the potatoe. Stirps 2. — Jnus tufted. Genus 326. JNIACROGLOSSUM. Scopoli, Leach. Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long, distinct and con- voluted : antennic prismatic, thicker towards their middle, (of the males ciliated) ;' wings opaque. Sp. 1. Macro. Stellaturum (humming-bird hawk-moth). Inhabits gardens. The perfect insect feeds on the wing, extracting the honey of stellated plants. Genus 327. SESIA, Fabr., Leach. Macroglossa. Ochsheimer. . Palpi contiguous above the tongue : tongue very long ; distinct, and convoluted : anlenrKz prismatic, thicker towards their middle (of the males ciliated) : wiiigs transparent. Sp. 1. Scs. bo7)ibyciformis (narrow-bordered bee hawk-moth). Inhabits open places in woods. Sp. 2. Ses.fusiformis (broad-bordered bee hawk-moth). Inhabits the borders of woods. Fam. IV. ZYG.iiNiDx. Leach. ZycaiNiDES. Latrcilk. Palpi long, separate, covered witla lyiag scales or porrected hair. CLASS V. insectaT 245 Genus 328. iEGERlA. Fahr., Leach. Sesia. Latr., Laspei/res. Trochilum. Scopoli. Antenna; fusiform : abdomen with the anus bearded. Sp. 1. jEg. apifonnis (bee hornet sphinx). Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain. Sp. 2. ^g. crahroniformis (hornet spliinx). Inliabits Europe : the larva feeds on the wood of the lime-tree. There are several other species of this genus found in Britain, but their synonyms have never been satisfactorily ascertained. Genus 329. ZYG.ENA of authors. Sphixx. Linn. Antenna: abruptly flexuous-clavate : palpi cj'lindric-conic. Sp. 1. Zijg. J'/Zipejirfu/^ (six-spot burnet). Inhabits fields. Genus 330. INO. Leucli. Procris. Fahr., Lutr. Zycena. Panz., Walckenaer. Sphinx. Linn. Antenna: of the male bipectinate, of the female simple : palpi short. Sp. 1. Ino Statices (forester). Inhabits the margins of woods in meadows. Section III. NOCTURNA. LatrelUe. Wings horizontal in repose : antenna setaceous, gradually narrowing towards their extremities. Fam. V. BoMBYciD^. Leach. BosibyciTes . Latreille. Antenna with a single series of cilicB (of the male at least serrated) : tongue none : palpi two, short, cylindric, very hairy : thorax not crest- ed : wings elongate undivided. Stirps 1. — Wings deflexed, long and narrow : larcm naked : pupa with its segments laterally denticulated. Genus 331. HEPIALUS. Fair., Latr., Lecch» Phal^^na (Noc- tua). Linn'e. Antenna moniliform, shorter than the thorax : palpi very small, and very hairy : wings elliptic, equal, long. Sp. 1. Hep. Humuli (ghost swift). Sp. 2. Hep. Mappa (map-winged swift). Sp. 3. Hep. Hectus (golden swift), &c. Genus 332. COSSUS. Fabr., Latr., Cuv., Leach. Phal^na (BoMBYx). Linnc. Antenna as long as the thorax, setaceous, furnislied with a single se- ries of short transverse obtuse teeth : palpi very distinct, thick cy- lindric, and squamous : anterior wings larger than the posterior. 246 MODERN SYSTExM. Sp. 1. Cos. Ligiupcrda (gnat moth). FliaU-na (Boinbyx) Consus. Liune. Inhabits Europe. The larva feeds on the internal parts of the willow, ash, and oak. The cclclirated Lvonnctt has immortalized himself by his laborious work on the anatomy of the larva and perfect insect. The caterpillar diffuses a scent, by which its residence may fre- quently be made known to those passing such trees as are much in- iesled by it. It remains three years in this state, when it spins a strong web intermixed with particles of wood, and changes into the chrysalis, which it does in the month of May; and in June the perfect insect may be found sticking to the trunks of trees (gene- rally willows) early in the morning and in the evening. I once found the larva in an old oak near Norwood, in the month of January. Mr. Standish informs me, that those which feed on the wood of the oak are paler in colour than those which feed on the willow. Genus 333. ZEUZERA. Lutr., Leach. Bombyx. Hubner. He- I'lALus. Schrank. Piialjena (Nortua). Linnt. Cossus. Fabr. Antenna setaceous, of the males pectinated at their base ; of the fe- males entirely simple, with the exception of their base, which is to- rn entose. Sp. 1. Zeu. jEscuU (wood leopard-moth). Inhabits Europe. In England it is rather rare; but maybe found against trees in St. James's Park in July, if industriously sought after. SriRPS 2. — Wings broad and spreading: lai-va more or less hairy, its hinder legs formed for walking : pupa with its segments simple. Genus 331. SATURNIA. Schirmk, Leach. PhaL/Ena (Attacus). Lbiiic. BoMBY'x. Fabr., Hiibncr, Latr. Wings horizontal ; antenna subcylindric : of tlie male doubly pecti- nated : hinder wings simple. Sp. 1. Sat. Faronia w('nor (emperor moth). Stirps 3. — ]r7y/^-.s deflexcd : larV(E more or less hairy, its hinder legs formed for walking: pupa with its segments simple. " * Antenna in both sexes pectinated." Genus 335. LIPARIS. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Hypogymna. Hub. Fa/pi porrected, hairy, composed of tAvo joints, the last of which is in- crassated at its extremity : tongue obsolete : antenna setaceous. Sp. 1. Lip. Mwzacte (black arches). Sp. 2. Lip. c?is/;ar (gipsy moth). Genus 336. LARIA. Schrank, Leach, Germar. Oroya. Och., Dasychira. H'libner. Falpi very hairy, three-jointed : last joint minute linear and almost naked : tongue obsolete : antenna filiform. CtASS V. INSECTA. 247 Sp. 1. Lar. ptifiibunda (^ale tussock). Sp. 2. Lar.fuscelina {dark tus- sock). Genus 337. GASTROPACIIA. Och., Germ., Leach's MSS. Palpi porrected, three-jointed, hairy, subcylindric, with obtuse points : tongue obsolete : antenna filiform. Sp. 1. Gas. quercifoUa (lappet motli). " ** Antenna of the male atone pectinated." Genus 338. ODENESIS. G-ermar, Leach's MSS. Palpi porrect, hairy and three-jointed, dilated in the middle, attenuated and reversed at their extremities : tongue very short : uHtcnnJoctUjElites. Latreille. Anfenna; setSLCeous in the males, sometimes pectinated or ciliated: tongue distinct : pa/pi much compressed : uings horizontal or incum- bent, not divided : thorax thick, often crested : palpi with the last joint much shorter than the preceding, squamosa. Genus 354. NOCTUA. Fahr., Lafr., ITiibncr, Leach. Bombyx. Fab?\, Hub. Piialjena (Bombyx). LinnL Piiai,;ena (Noc- tua). Linne. P;ecilia. Schrank. Cucullja. Schrank. The genus Noctiia requires a minute investigation. It contains seve- ral natural genera, as exhibited in the following divisions. A. Caterpillars with sixteen feet. * Caterpillars half loopers, their anterior feet menthranaccoiis, evi- dcntly shorter than the others. Wings horizontal. iSp, 1. Noc. spo«sa (crimson underwing). Sp. 2. Noc. nupta, SjC. ** Caterpillars with viembranuceous feet of conformable size. 1. Wings horizontal. Sp. 1. jV()r./?w6?7« (broad-bordered yellow underwing). Sp. 2. Koc. proniiba. 3. ]!/es very laro-e. Stieps 1. — TI7«o^s horizontal: j^Pf/f/hemispheric, with a distinct vesicle on which the little eyes are placed in a triangle : abdomen more or less depressed: lip with the middle lamella smallest. Genus 380. LIBELLULA. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leach. Posterior zcings alike in both sexes. Sp. 1. Lib. depressa. All the wings blackish at the base; the abdomen depressed ; of the male blueish, the female yellowish. Libellula depressa. Linn., Fabr., Latr., Leuch. Inhabits gardens and woods, Dying over them in pursuit of insects. 238 MODERN SYSTEM, Genus 381. CORDULIA. Leach. Libelltjla. Linn., Don., Fans., iMr. Posterior 7viiigx of the male produced into an angle at the anal edge. Sp. 1. Cor. diiea. Wings pellucid: thorax and abdomen of a brassy green. Inhaliits marshy places on Epping Forest and the New Forest of Hampshire in June and .Inly. Sri UPS 2. — Wings horizontal : head hemispheric, without a distinct ve- sicle for the little eyes, which are arranged in a straight line : ubdomen cvlindric, sometimes clavate: lip with the middle lamella not much smaller than the others. Genus 3Q2. CORDULEGASTER. Lectch. Libelllla. Linn., Don. ^F.SHNA. Latr. Hinder zvings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdomen of the male clavate, of the female with an acuminated process. Sp. 1. Cor. anmdatus. Leach. Libcllulaforcipata. Harris. iEshna annulata. Latr. Libellula Bolto- nii. Don. Inhabits Yorkshire, Devonshire, Dorsetshire, Somersetshire, Hamp- shire, and Cornwall. It likewise occurs amongst the Lakes, in the North of England ; amongst the Pentland Hills, near Edinbiu-gh ; and on Loch Lomond and Lock Katrine. Genus 383. GOMPHUS. Leach. Libellula. Linn., Don. Hinder zcings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdomen cla- vate in both se.xes. Sp. L Com. vulgatissinuis.lLeach. Libellula vulgatissima. Linn. Libellula forcipata. Don. Inliabits Europe. It occasionally occurs on Epping Forest, and at Coombe Wood in Surry. Genus 384. iESHNA. Leach, Fobr. Libellula. Linn., Don. Hinder wings of the male angulated at their anal edge : abdomen cy- lindric in both sexes, not clavate. Sp. 1. JEsh. grandis. I'abr., Leach. Libellula grandis. Linn., Don. Inhabits the fields near London ; Hackney and Plaistow ^larshes ; but is dihicult to catch unless inwindy weather, when it may be found on the water plants growing in ditches. It may also be taken at the dusk of fine evenings in the months of June and July, flying in pur- suit of various insects which appear only at these times. Genus 385. ANAX. Leach. Hinder zcings of the male not angulated at their anal edge, but resem- V)ling those of the female : abdomen cylindric in both se.xes ; not cla- vate. CLASS V. INSECTA. 259 Sp. 1. Auux Impemfor. Inhabits England in the Now Forest of Hampshire. It is necessary to inform the young entomologist, that the insects of the first and se- cond stirpes of this family require, whilst in a recent state, that the contents of the abdomen should be extracted, and filled with either a piece of paper or cotton, rolled up as near as possible to the natu- ral size of the body, as without this precaution the insects will lose their colour and turn entirely black. For further directions see In- structions for Killing and Preserving. Stirps 3. — Wings erect: head transverse: abdomen cylindric, linear: ocelli or little eyes placed in a triangle. Genus 386. AGRION. Fabr., Lnfr., Leach. Libei.'i.ula. Linn. Wings membranaceous, with a rhomboidal stigma: abdoinen of the male not armed with a forceps-like appendage. Sp. 1. Agrion Hunguineus. Inhabits marshes. Genus 387. LESTES. Leach. Wings memViranaceous with an oblong-quadrate parallelepiped stig- ma : ubdointn of the male armed with a tbrceps-like appendage. Sp. 1. Lcstes aiitumnulis. Inhabits marshy places. Genus 388. CALEPTEKYX. Lead,. Acrion. Fabr., Latr. Wings coriaceo-membranaceous, without a real stigma, in place of which is sometimes an irregular transparent spot : abdomen oi \hc male furnished with a forceps-like appendage. Sp. 1 . Cal. Virgo. Inhabits the banks of rivers. Fam. II. Ephemekid.^. Leach. Ephemerin.e. Lalrcille. Tarsi four-jointed: vwufh not distinct: inferior .icings much smaller than the others, sometimes wanting : abdomen, with the extremity furnished with filaments. JMeUunorphosis quadruple. Stirps 1. — Tail with two filaments. Genus 389. BxVETIS. Leach. Ephemera. Linn., Fabr., Lafr. Wings four. Sp. 1. Baetis bioculala. Inhabits near water. Genus 390 CLOEON. Leach. Wings two. Sp. 1. Clo. pallida. Ephemera diptera. Linn., Fabr. Inhabits Norfolk and Cumberland, near large pieces of yatc]-. K 2 260 MODETtN SYSTEM. Stirps 2. — Tail with three filaments. Genus 391. EPHEMERA of authors. Sp. 1. Eph. vulgata. (PL l.fg. 2.) Inhabits marshes, and the banks of rivers- Section TT. FILICORNES. Anteyince longer than the head, not subulate : uiiigs generally deflexed? or incumbent. Fam. III. P.\>oriPiD.E. Leach. Panorpat^. Latrcillc. Jfeaci anteriorly produced into a rostrum : avwn's equal, ovate-elliplic, lying one over the other : ocelli three, approximate, arranged in a triangle. Genus 392. PANORPA. Linn., Tahr., Lam., Latr., Leach. Tarsi with two bent claws, denticulated beneath, having a spongy pul- villus between them : palpi nearlj^ equal, filiform; the last joint cy- lindric-ovate : mamiiblcs 'with their points distinctly bidcntate: alxlo- men of the male with the three last joints forming a tail armed with a forceps. Sp. 1. Pan. communis. {PI. 7. fig. 5. a. clicia magnified.) Inhabits hedges, and is very abundant in this country. Fam. IV. IIf.meroriad^. I^.ach. IIemerobini. Latreille. Antenna filiform or setaceous : palpi four : wings equal : tarsi five- jointed. Stirps 1. — Ocelli or little e3'es not distinct. Genus 393. CIIRYSOPA. Leach. Utlu-e^omw?, of authors. Antenncc (at least as long as the body) with cylindric joints longer than broad. Sp. 1. Chri/s. Perla, Hemerobius Perla. Limit, Fabr., Latr. Chrysopa Perla. Leach. Inhabits woods, and is a common species. Genus 394. IIEINIEROBIUS. Leach, 4c. Antenna; as long or siiorter than the body, with moniliform joints. Sj). 1. Hem. variegatus. Inhabits : is rare near London. Stirps 2. — Ocelli three, distinct. Genus 395. OSMYLUS. Latr., Leach. Hemerobius. Fab.'-. Villers, Roemer, Don. Antenna: moniliform. Sji. 1. Osm.maculatus. Fuscous; head and feet testaceous: wings hairy, the upper ones and the costal margin of the inferior ones spotted with black. {Pl.7.fg.4.) ^ , CLASS V, ISSrCTA. 261 Inhabits France, Germany, and England, in trees and hedges by the sides of running brooks. Fam. V. SiALiDiE. Leach. Megaloptera. Latreille. Thorax with the first segment large, not much longer than broad: tarsi five-jointed : wings of equal"size : feet resembling each other. Genus 396. SIALIS. Lair., Leach. Hemerobius. Geoff., De Geer, Oliv. Semblis. Fahr. Wings deflexed : tai-si with the last joint but one bifid : ocelli none. Sp. 1. Si. niger. Inhabits trees ; tlie larva in water. Fam. VI. Raphidiadx. I^ach. Rhaphidin.t. Latreille. It7«gs of equal size: thorax with the first segment large: tarsi witii four distinct joints, the last but onebilobate: antenna: nearly seta ceous : ocelli three, arranged in a triangle. Genus 397. RAPHIDIA. Lirin., Geoff., De Geer, Fabr., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Head oval, narrowed behind, inflexed : thorax with the first segment very long, narrow, and somewhat cylindric : anus of the female with two united setje. Sp. 1. Raph. ophiopsis. (PL 7. fg. 6.) Inhabits trees and bushes near rivulets. Fam. \T:I. Psocid.e. Leach. PsoQuiLt,!;. Latreille, Liferior zcings smaller than the superior ones: some are apterous: palpi two, composed of four joints. Stirps 1. — Tarsi t\vo-jointed. Genus 398. PSOCUS. Latr., Leach. Wings four. Sp. 1. Pso. bipunctutus. Latr. Inhabits woods. Stirps 2. — Tai-si three-jointed. Genus 399. xiTROPOS. Leach. Termes. Linn., De Geer. Pso- cus. Fair., Latr. Pediculus. Geoff'. Wings none. Sp. 1. Atr. lignaria. Termes pulsatorium. Linn. Atropos lignaria. Leach. Inhabits old books, and the paper on walls, often beating like a watch. 262 MODERN SYSTEM, Order XII [. IIYMENOPTERA. Order Hymenoptera. Linn., Latr., Lam., Cuv., l.cuch. Class PiEZATA. Fabricins. Churuchrs of the Order-. Wings nervured (the areolas large and unequal in size), the inferior ones smaller than the upper: anus of the female with an oviduct. Section I. TEREBRAXTIA. Ovidnct lamelliform or filiform ; in a few resemhlin^x a sting and valved ; the vagina bivalve, received in a canal beneath, before the anus: the valves compressed, in some compressed-lamelliforui, in others elongate-cylindric, setaceous. Division I. — Abdomen iniitcd to the thorax along its jchole breadth, without any distinct peduncle. Tarn. I. Tentiiuedimdje. Leach. Tenthredinet.e. Lutreille. Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamellae which arc serrated : mandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : uings with the marginal cells complete : lubruni distinct. Larv.£ with membranaceous feet. In the third volume of the Zoological Miscellany Dr. Leach has given an excellent essay on this very interesting family of insects. " The object of which is to give the external character of the genera of this family, to enable the student to distinguish them without ex- amining the parts of the mouth." Stirps 1. — Antenna short and clavated ; with the third Joint very long : superior uings with two marginal and three submarginal cells. Genus 400. CIMBEX Oliv., Fubr., Spinoli, Latr., Leach. Tex- THREDO. Linnc, Jurinc, Punz., De Geer. Crabro. Gcoffroj/. Claveixaria. Lamarck. Body slightly hairy : abdomen with the first articulation (of the male especially) on the upper part emarginated: the four posterior thighs of the male very thick, of the female simple; tarsi of the male with the last joint on the under part with a small horn or protuberance. Sp. 1. Cim. europaa. Head and thorax black : alnlomen blueish-ljlack; the apex only yellow or ferruginous : antenna; and tarsi yellow : fe- mora and tibiae blueish-black : wings brownish at the apex. Tenthredo femorata. Linnc, Panzer. Cimbex femorata. Fubr., Latr. Crabro lunulaLus. Fourc. Cimbex europaa. Leach. CLASS V. INSECTA. 263 Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain, but has been taken near Dartford in Kent, and at Windsor. Genus 401. TRICIIIOSOMA. Leach, Zool.Mlsc. vol. iii. Bodj/ hairy: abdomen with tlie first articulation (especially in the male) but slightly emarginated, the four posterior thighs dentated (in the male thick). Sp. 1, Tri. sylvaticum. Black, and slightly shining: abdomen of a dull yellow or brownish, the base and apex black: lemora blueish bl.irK . tibiaj and tarsi yellowish : wings with the apex bruwnish. Inhabits woods near London, but is rare. Genus 402. CLAVELLARTA. Lamarck, Leach. -Borfj/ hairy or but slightly hairy : abdomen with the first artirnliiiiiin scarcely marginated: femora of the four posterior legs withuuc ilenl.L- tions (of the male tliickened). Sp. 1. C/u. marginatu. Black; apex of the antenna", tibia?, and t-.u-i yellow : abdomen with the margins of the posterior segments whiu. Tenthredo marginata. Linn., Panz. Cimtiex marginata of authors. Inhabits woods in Europe : and has once occurred at Windsor. Genus 403. ZAR/EA. Leach. Ei/es of the male joining at the posterior part. Sp. 1. Zar.fusci'ita. Black; tibite and tarsi yellow, the superior wings with a brownish band (abdomen of the female with the base white). Tenthredo fasciata. Linnt, Fanz. Cimbex fasciata (>f authors. Inhabits woods: is rare in Britain, Genus 404. ABIA. Leach. Abdomen of the male with an C'ongated, silky spot on the posterior part: e>/es of the male nearly jjining. Sp. 1. Abia nigricornis. Antennae black: wings from the middle to the apex with light brown spots : feet light red; thighs black and shin- ing. Tenthredo nitens (female). Linn. Cimbex sericea, var. Fubr. Abia nigricornis. Leach. Inhabits woods. Sp. 2. Abia serirea. Tenthredo sericea. Liniic. Inhabits woods and furze on heaths. Genus 405. AMASIS. Leach. Body without spots: abdomen with the first articulation undivided. Sp. 1. Ayn. lata. Back of the abdomen pale yellow, the first segment wholly black: wings at the base blackish, Tenthredo Ijeta. Fahr., Panz. Cimbex Ifeta of authors. Amasis Iseta. Leach. Inliabits England and Germany. It has once occurred near Bristol, 2(54 aiODERN SYSTEM, Shrps '2.—Antcnnce of a moderate length, composed of three articu.a- tions, fihfoi-m, the last joint increasing towards the apex (in the males ciliated or furcated) : zviiigs witli one marginal and three sub- marginal cells: I'odi/ short, and mcreasing towards its apex. Genus 406. IIYLOTOMA. Fahr., Leach. Upper wings with the marginal cell emitting a small branch: anloin/s of the male ciliated: trbui; the lour hinder ones furnished with a spine situated near the nnddle on the inner side. Larva with fourteen spurious feet. Sp. 1. Hi/l. pUicoruis. Bod}- blueish-black: wings at the apex clouded : feet black, with white bands : antenna; rather lengthened, black and ciliated : the third submarginal cell increasing towards the apex. Length of the body '^i lines, expansion of the wings 6 lines. Found in Coombe VV^ood, Surry, by Mr. Stephens. Obs. — Of this genus we have several indigenous species. Genus 407. CRYPTUS. Jnrinc, L.each. Upper zvhtgs without the branch to the marginal cells : antenna of the male divided and ciliated : the whole of the tibite simple. Sp. 1. Cn/p. I'Uhrsii. Bright yellow : head, antenna^, (and thorax of the male) liJack : wings brownish and transparent. Tcntbredo furcata. 77//. Jv;/. 3. 8G. /. 7./. 16. ^ f. 17. g .— Panz. Fa/in. Liisal. Germ. 46. 1. Tenthredo Rvdji Idan. Il/ig., Rossi, Fn. Efr. 2. 31. riylotoma furcata. Fubr., L^tr., SpinoL, King. Cryp- tus iurcatus. Jarine. Cryptus \"illersii. Leach, ZooL Misc. vol. iii. l^ 1. — 9 Ilylotoma Angelica;. Fubr. Sijst. Piczat. 25. — Klug, Berl. Mag. 1814, /). 302. Tenthredo melanocephala. Panz. Inhabits 1 rancc, Germany, and Italy. In England it is very rare. Stirps 3. — Antcnntc short, with nine or ten articidations, increasing in thickness in the middle, but ending in a point, the third articulation longer than the fourth : bodi/ short, and increasing towards the apex. Genus 103. aiESSA. L.each. Upper -wings with one marguial and four submarginal cells: antcnnce with nine joints. Sp. 1. Mcssa hortidana. Tenthredo hortulana. King. ^Nlessa hortulana. Leach. Inhabits Genus 400. ATIIALIA. Leach. Upper zoings v/ith two marginal and four submarginal cells : unlenncc with ten joints. Sp. 1. Atlt. spinuriun. 2. AUi. Rosa. 3. Ath. annidala. Genus 410. SELANDUIA. Leacli. Tenthredo, Fum. I. King. Ujiper 'a-ings with two marginal and tour submarginal ceils: antenna with nine joints. Sp. 1. Scl. seri:a. 2. Sel, cineripcs. 3. Sel. ovata. CLASS V. IX3ECTA. 265 Gemis 41 1 FENUSA. Leach. Texthredo, Fmn. II. f. King. Vpper wings with two marginal and three submarginal cells : unleniiit composed of nine joints. Sp. ] Fi'ii. piimilu. Tenthredo pumila. Klug. Fenusa pumila. Leach. Stirps 4. — Antenna composed of nine joints, moderately long : body moderately long: upper uings with two marginal cells. Genus 412. ALLANTUS. Punz., Jurine, Leach. Tenthredixf.^ Allan n. Klug. r^i/'f;' ?aHo-s with four submarginal cells : antenna: v,'\Xh the third joint longer than the fourth. Sp. 1. All. seiiiicincta. Q. All. notha. 3. All. zonata, ^x. Genus 413. TENTHREDO. Leach. Tenturedines Allanti. King. Upper 7rings with four submarginal cells: antenna: with the third joint of the same length with the foiuth. Sp. 1. Tenth, liapa. 1. Tenlh. diiiiidiata. 3. Tenth, nasata, ^c. Genus 414. DOSYTHEUS. Leach. Temhuedines Doleui. Klag. Upper wings with three submarginal cells: «/i/e««^ewith the first joint short, the third longer than the fourth. Sp. 1. Dos. Elanterlae. 2. Dos. J unci, S,c. Genus 415. DOLERUS. J urine, LatreiUe, Leach. Tenthredines Doleri. Klug. Dolekus. Jurine. Upper wings with three submarginal cells: antenna: with the first joint short; the third and fourth of equal length. Sp. 1. Dol. opucus. 2. Dot. Conagra, Sjx: Genus 416. EMPIIYTUS. Leach. Tentiiredixes EwPHYTr. Klug. tZ/j^jer ?r/«£!S wi:h three submarginal cells : antenna ■wiih the first and second joints equal ; third and fourth equtd. Sp. 1. Einph. cincta. 2. Eniph. ccrea. 3. Einph. tibialis, S^x. StiRPS 5. — Superior icings with but one marginal cell : body short; of the males narrower towards the apex: antcume sinuile, nine-jointed, slightly ciliated, gradually increasing in the middle, and decreasing towards the apex. Dr. Leach has obser^-ed that from the shortness of the body, the one marginal cell, Sec. it is probable that this is nearly allied to the second stirps. Genus 417. CR.^SUS. Leach. Upper 7cings with four submarginal cells : antenna in both sexes longer th;m the body (especially in the females) with very short cilia; : pos- terior tarsi with the first joint elongated and compressed. 266 MODERN SVSTEM. Sp. 1. CrtES. septentrionalis. Nematus Septentrionalis. Juriiie, Lafr., Leach. Crresus Septentrio- nalis. Leach, Zool. Misc. vul. iii p. i'^9. Inhabits woods. Genus 418. NEMATUS. Leach. Superior wi/igs with i'our submarginal cells: unteiuKB simple, nine- jointed; lonjicr than the body in the males, the last articulation ge- nerally increasing, or internally a little produced: tarsi simple. Sp. 1. Nem. iiiger. 2. Nem. lutcns. 'o. Nein. lucidus, S)-c. Genus 419. CLADIUS. Leach. Upper zvings wUh three sultmarginal cells : antennee of the same length as the body or scarcely longer; of the males with very long cilije; the (3d, 4th, and oth joints from the apex, or the (3th and 7th (espe- cially) a little produced ; the third joint from the base with a small protuberance: farsi simple. Sp. 1. Cia. difformis. Inhaljits England, liut is rare; it has occurred at Coombe Wood in Surry, and near Bristol. Stiri's 6. — Ant f nine \v\t\\ many articulations: /)(«/;/ rather depressed: wings with two marginal and four submarginal cells. Genus 420. TAliPA. Fair., King, Leach. Mloalodontes. Latr., Spinola. Diprion. Schi-unk. Tibia:, the four posterior armed on the inside with two spurs or spines. Obs. — Abdomen with the posterior part of the first articulation with a membranaceous margin ; the membrane pale. Sji. 1. Tar. Faliricii. Black; head with two spots on the inner margin between the eyes : thorax with the anterior ])art angular ; two stripes near the scutellum, and punctured; the membrane of the abdomen with two fascia', and a ])uncture on each side : anus with a white band: antenna^ brown; the first two joir\ts black : feet yellow; base of the coxa' of the four anterior feet black. Tarpa Fabricii. Leach. Length of the body 7 lines; expansion of the wings 12-1 lines. In the museum of Dr. Leach. Sp. 2. 2ar. Kliigii. Black, with three spots between the eyes; those placed on the margin of the eyes broken : thorax with the anterior margin divided; two stripes near the scutellum, and punctured: ab- domen with the 1st, 4th, .oth, 6th, 7th, and 8th joints at the poste- rior margins, with two yellow bands : antennte with the second and last joint black, the others brown; feet reddish brown; tibiw yellow; thighs of the four anterior legs black at their base. Tenthredo cephalotes. Fabr. Ent.Si/st. 2. 111. Tarpa cephalotes. Fabr. Sj/st. Piczat. 19. Tarpa plagiocephala. King, Berl. Mag. 1808, 270. t. a. Tarpa Klugii, Leach, Zool. Misc. ni. 131. CLASS V. INSECTA. 267 Length of the l)ocly 5 — 5| hnes, expansion of the wings 10 — 11 hnes. Inhabits Germany and England : in the latter it is very rare, and has only been fonnd near Bristol. Genus 421. LYDA. Fubr., SpiuoL, Klug., Leach. Pampiiilius. Latr., Leach, Edinb. Enc^cl. vol. ix. 141. Cephaleia. Jurinc Tibicc, the four posterior furnished on the inside with a single spine near the uiiddle and a double one beneath. Laifa with no spurious feet. Lyda-. King. Sp. 1. Li/da Betulie. 2. L^du eiythrocephala, SfC, Genus 422. LOPIIYRUS. Latr., Leach. Pteronus. Jurine. Hy- LOTOMA. Fubr. Tenthre^do. Linn., De Gecr, Oth\, Lam., Panz. Antenna pennated in the males; serrated in the females: superior wings with one martrinal and three sid^mar^inal cells; /«0H(/t6/ts tridentate. Sp. 1. Lup/i. Fini. Inhai)its Europe : is very rare in Britain. Fam. II. XiPHYDRiAD.E. I^each. Abdomen sessile : oviduct composed of two lamella", which are serrated : )nandibles more or less long, terminated by two strong teeth : wings with the three marginal cells complete : labrum obscure. LurviB with scaly feet, or at least not membranaceous. Genus 423. CEPIIUS. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sirex. Linn. AsTATus. Klug. Trachelus. Jurine. Mandibles oxserted, longer than wide : neck long : oviduct exserted : anten/ie inserted in the front between the eyes, gradually thicker ex- tern.dly. Sp. 1. Cephas pygmaus. Latr. Inhabii-. (lowers in tields and hedges. Genus 424. XIPIIYDRIA. Latr., Fabr., Panz., Leach. Sieex. Una. ^landiblcs exserted, longer than wide: neck long: oviduct exserted: antennec. setaceous, inserted above the clypeus. Sp. 1. Xiph. Camelus. Inhabils willow grounds. lam. III. Urocerid.e. Leach. Abdomen sessile: oviduct filiform, exserted, or inclosed in a groove be- neat! i the abdomen : mandibles short. Genus 42.5. ORYSSUS. Latr., Fabr., Jurine, Lam., Klug, Panz., Leach. Sphex. Scopoli. Mandibles with their internal edge not dentated : maxillary palpi long and pendulous: untennte filiform, compressed, inserted under the an- terior margin of the clypeus : superior wings with one marginal cell, '268 MonrRN =;Y<;TrM. and 1\vo ';uiimar2;inn,l, the last incomplete: oviducL capillary, hidden in a longitudinal groove. Sp. 4. 07-ys. coronatus. Oryssus coronatus. Fcihr., Latr., Coquchcrt, Leach. Oryssus Vesperti- Ho. Khtg, Fanz. Sphex abietina. Scopoli. Inhabits sandy places : taken by Dr. Leach in Darent wood in July. Genus 420. UROCERUS. Gcof., Oliv., Lam., Latr., Leach. Si- rex. Linn., Fuhr., Jurine, Panz. Mandibles dcntated on their internal edge : maxillary palpi very small : Inhiul palpi terminated by a very thick, hairy joint : antenna gradu- ally narrowing externally, inserted in the front, longer than the tho- rax : superior ivings with two marginal and two submarginal cells com})lcte : abdomen terminating in a point : oviduct exserted, com- posed of three parts, the outer ones valviform. Sp. 1. Uro. Gigas. {PI. 8. Jig. 3.) Sirex Mariscus. I^«i7'.(Male). Sirex Gigas Linne. Fabr., Za^r. (Female). Inhabits Europe : is rare in Britain. Division II. — Abdomen united to the thorax by a peduncle. Fam. IV. EvA>"iAD.E. Leach. Evan I ALES. Latreiile. inferior wings with very distinct ncrvures : antenna: with 13 or 14 joints. Genus 427. EVANIA. Fuhr., Oliv., Lam., Jurine, Panz., Leach, Si'iiF.x. Linn. Ichnkumox. De Gcer. Abdomen very small, much compressed, triangidar or ovoid; abruptly pedunculated and inserted behind the mctathorax. Sp. ]. Ev. appiudagaslcr. Fabr., La' r. Found near Bristol and Swansea, but is very rare. Genus 420. FOiNUS. Fabr., Lair., Jurine, Panz., Leach. Icii- NEUM0>'. Linn., Geoff'., De Gecr. GASTERUrxiON. Latr. (obsolete). Neck elongate : hinder lihicc clavate : abdomen a lengthened club. Sp. 1. Fa-n. Jaculator. Fc:nus Jaculator. Fabr., Panz., iMlr., Leach. Ichneumon Jaculator. Linn. Inhabits woods and hedo-es. Fam. V. IciiNEUMOMD.£. Leach. IciiNEUMONiDES. Latreiile. Abdomen attached to the thorax by a part of its transverse diameter : ithfcrior wings with very distinct ncrvures: antenna: with 21 joints or more: mandibles bidcntatC; or notched at their extraiiiity.' CLASS V. INSECTA. 269 Division I. — Abdomen xc'dli Jive very distinct segments. Suljdivision 1. — Superior zvings 'with t he first submarginal cell -very large, the two discoidal cells situated longitudinally, one above the otlicr. Genus 429. ICHNEUMON. Latr., Leach. Maxillarr/ palpi with very unequal joints; oviduct with its base not co- vered by a large scale, exsertcd. [This Genus consists of several natural genera; but the charac/- ters are obscure, and are not yet fully understood. The following divisions are proposed by Latreille, who has submitted these in- sects to a scrupulous and daily investigation. Division A. Abdomen but little or not at all compressed. Subdivision a. Extremity of the abdomen of the female compressed and obliquely trun- cated : oviduct exserted. 1, '* Abdomen cylindric, with a very short peduncle. Genus Pxmpi.a of Fabricius. o ** Abdomen somewhat ovoid, with the peduncle long, slender, and arcuate. Genus Cryptus of Fabricius. Subdivision b. Extremity of the abdomen of the female slightly compressed, not ob- liquely truncated: oviduct scarcely prominent or exserted. 3. * Abdomen cylindric, almost sessile. Genus Metopius of Panzer. Pelastes of Illiger. 4. ** Abdomen almost fusiform or cylindric, gradually narrower to- wards the base; the peduncle not slender or arcuate. Genus Alomya of Panzer. *** ... arcuate. Genus Ichneumon of Fabricius Division B. Abdomen very much compressed. 6. * Apex truncate in the females. Genus Ophiox of Fabricius. 0. "^* Abdomen ellipsoid or ovulate, with the peduncle shndir and I . ** Abdomen with the apex pointed. Genus Bam.;uus of Fabricius.] 270 MODERN SYSTEM. SulKlivision 2. — Superior wings nilli the first suhinurginal cell .■iiiuiU, or of (I moderate size ; Ike two diseoidal cells placed in a t}-ansv'ersc liiw bj the side of each other. Genus 430. BKACON. Jurine, ly three transverse sutures : metathorax with the middle not eloniralcd into a scutellum. 272 MODF.RN SYSTEM. Subdivision 1. — Mctathorav with the mkhlic produced into a acutcUum. * Abdomen with the second segment lari^er than lite others : palpi vuini/-Jointed. Genus 437. ELAMPUS. Spinoli, Lafr., Leach. Ciirysis. Fabr., Jininc. Ilr.DvciiRT'M. Pauz., Lcpcletier. Mandib/cs dentnXed : abdo/nen terminated by an obtuse point; the se- cond segment larger than the otliers. Sp. 1. El. Fanzcri. Elampus Panzcri. Spinoli. Chrysis Panzeri. Fubr. Inhabits walls. Taken at Exeter by Dr. Leach. Subdivision 2. — Metathorux zoUh the middle not elongated into a scu- tellum. ** Abdomen zcitli the third or fourth segment larger than the others : palpi trvo-joiiitcd (and very small). Genus 438. CHRYSIS of authors. Vesp.\. Geojf. Mandibles with one tooth on their internal edges: abdomen scmicylin- dric, elongate; the last segment aliruplly divided by an imj>ression, with a transverse row of impressed dots. Sp. 1. Chr. ig)uta. {Fl. 8. fig. 7.) Inhabits sand-banks, posts, and walls. We have several species in this country that have been confounded with Chr. ignitu, ^c. Genus 430. IIEDYCIIRUM. JMtr., Funz., Spin. Chiiysis, Linn., Fftbr., lllig., Lamarck. Mandibles bidcntate on their internal c. MELLINUS. Fabr., Fanz., Jnrine, Illig., Spinola, Leach. Spiiex. De Geer, Cuv., J'ill. A'espa. Linnc, Bossi, Harris. Abdomoi distinctly pedunculated: tarsi terminated by a thick joint bearing a large pulvillus, Sp. 1. Mel. 7nijstaceus. Inhabits sand-banks. CLASS V. IXSECTA. 279 ** Antcnne titichcr touards their extremities, inserted about the mid- dle of the face : chjpeus trilobate. Genus 463. CEllCERIS. Latr., Illig., Spinola, Leach. Spiiex. Scha;ff'er, Villers, Rossi. V'espa. Geoff., Oliv., Hairis. Pm- LANTHUS. Fubr., Jurinc, Paiiz. Bembex. liossi. Crabko. liossi. Antenrice gradually thicker externally, very much approximating at their l)asc, almost as long as the thorax, the third joint somewhat c,\lindric : t/iuiidiblcs with a tooth in their internal edge : superior wings with the second suhmarginal cell petiolated. Sp. 1. Cer. quudricinctus. Philanthus quadricinctus. Fubr., Punz. Cerceris quadricinctus. Leach. Inhabits ? Fam. XVII. Vespab^e. Leach. V ESP A R I.E. Latreille. Superior wings folded longitudinally: thorax with the first segment forming an arc, prolonged l)ehind even to the origin of the sujiefior wings : antenna; twelve-jointed, with their extremities pointed : Up with three glandiferous divisions, or with four long plumose seta;. Stirps 1. — Mandibles longer than broad, anteriorly meeting like a rostrum : cli/pcus cordiform, with the point porrected, and more or less truncated : Up having four glandular points at its extremity, parted into three pieces, the middle one large, and bifid or notched at its extremity : superior xvings doubled, three suhmarginal cells complete: marillari/ putpi six-jointed, not very much shorter than the labial ones. Genus 464. ODYNERUS. Latr., Leach. Vespa. Panz., Fair. Abdomen ovoid-conic, the second segment Ijroader than the first : 7iiux- illary palpi with the tv.o or three first joints extending beyond the extremity of the maxilke : maxilUe with the terminal lobe short, short-lance-shaped. Sp. 1. Ody. parietiniis. Vespa parietina. Fabr. Inhabits walls. Stirps 2. — Mandibles longer than broad, long quadrate, with their ex- tremities obliquely truncated : c/ypeus almost quadrate : lip with the intermediate division a little lengthened, cordiform. Genus 465. VESPA of authors. Mandibles (at least of the females and neuters) with the second tooth much broader than the two under ones, the upper one obtuse : cly- pcus with the anterior margin broadly truncate, and somewhat emajr- 280 MODERN SYSTEMi giuate, with a tooth ou each side : abdomen ovoid-conic, with the base abruptly truncated, and very shortly pedunculated. Sp. 1. Vespa Crubro (hornet). (P/. i^.fig. 8.) Vespa Crabro. Linnc, &c. Inhabits Europe, building its nest in hollow trees. Sp. 2. Vespa vulgaris (connnon wasp). Vespa vulgaris of aidhoi's. Inhabits Europe, building its nest in holes under ground. Sp. 3. Vespa Britannica. Vespa Britannica. Leach, Zool. Misccl. vol. i. Inhabits Britain, and builds a nest suspended from trees. Division II. — Hinder feet polHnigerons ; their farsi with the first joint compressed, c/ongate-(jiiadrate or obtrigonous. Earn. XMII. ANDiiEKiDiE. Lcaqh. Andkeket.'E. Lalreille. JjXv^vje. pollinivorous. Lip with the apex subcordatc or subhastatc, on each side wilh one au- ricle ; nearly straight, or slightly incurved in some, reflexed in others, shorter than the sheathing tube : palpi alike. Stirps 1. — Lip with the apex dilated, somewhat cordiform. Genus 466. COLLETES. Lutr., lllig., Spinola, Leach. Apis. Linne, Oliv., Villcrs. Anduena. Fabr., Jurine. Il"iL.tLJS. Cuv. EvoDiA. Panz. Melitta. * a. Kirby. Hinder fet pollinigerous : superior wings with three sui)Uiarginal cells : anfennic with the third joint longer than the second : abdomen nuicli elongated, more or less villose : ocelli forming a curved line : tongm obtuse, the apex bilobate. Sp. 1. Col. succinctu. Eatr. Melitta succincta. Kirbi/. Evodia calendarum, Fanz. Inhabits . Stirps 2. — Lip with the intermediate process lanceolate, acute. a. Lip when at rest dcflexed. * Superior wings with two submarginal cells. Genus 407. DASYPODA. Lutr., Fabr., Panz., Tllig., Spinola, Klug, Leach. Axdke.va. Rossi. Apis. Christus. Trachisa. Jurine. Melitta. Kirbj/. Maxillcc inflexed at their middle, or below, their terminal process tri- angular-lanceolate, and longer than their palpi : hinder feet with the first joint of their tarsi as long or longer than the tibiie. Sp. 1. Das. plumipes. CLASS V. INSrXTA. 281 Dasypoda pluiiiijJCri. Fiuiz., Leach. IMelilta Swammerdamella. Kirhy. Inhabits liurope. It was first noticed by the illustrious Swammer- dam. They burrow in sandy soil, throwing up a heap of sand with- out their hole. ** Superio?' wings zcitli three subniarginul cells, the second small. Genus 468. AXDllENA. Fubr., Fanz., Jurine, Illig., Spinola, Klug, Leach. Apis. Linn., Vill. Melitta. ** c. Kirbij. Maxilhe bent at their extremity, tiieir terminal lobe scarcely longer than broad : hindo-Jht with the first Joint ot" their tarsi shorter than the tibiie : labium or lip little elongate, shorter than its palpi. Sp. 1. And. nigro-iEiieu. Melitta nigro-amea. Kirbij. Inhabits the blossoms of sallows in the spring. Obs. — The species of this genus are extremely numerous, and a very large portion of them inhabit Britain. Their proboscis is downy and thick. The hinder legs of the male are furnished with a floccu- his at their base, the tibia' with a thick scopa or brush, and their anus is covered by a fringe of hairs. They nidificate under ground in a light soil, some choosing banks over which l)ushcs are scattered, others Ijare j)crpendicular sections, but all seem to prefer a southern aspect. They excavate biuTows of acylindric form, from five inches to nearly a foot or more in depth, of such diameter only as to ad- mit the insect. In nraking lliesc holes they remove the earth grain by grain, which they throw up on the outside of their holes in the form of a hillock. Some species penetrate in a horizontal, and others in a perpendicular direction. They construct a cell at the bottom of this hole, which they replenish with pollen made into a paste with honey, and in tins they deposit their eggs. The pollen they carry in the scopa or brush ol' their hinder til>ice, upon the fioc- culus at the base of the hinder thighs, and on the hairs of the me- tathorax. When the female has committed her egg to the paste, she very carefully stops the mouth of her hole, to prevent the in- gress of ants, or of other insects which might be enemies to the larva. Genus 469. CILLSSA. Leach. Melitta. Kii-by. Andrena. Lair., Fanz. Maxilhe bent near their middle, the terminal process very much longer than broad: ///j elongate, longer than its palpi: superior xcings with three submarginal cells, the second small. Obs.— This genus is not only distinguished from Andrena by the cha- racters of the lip and maxilke, but also by having a longer tongue vAth. very minute auricles, and the tops of the valves cultriform. Sp. 1. Cil. triciucta. 282 MODEKK SYSTEM. Melitta tricincta. Kirbj/. Aiidrena tricincla. Latr. Cilissa tricincta. Leach. Inhabits ■ • . SxiRPs 2. — Lip with the intermediate division incurved, or nearly straio-ht: superior zti/igs in all with three complete submarginaJ cells! * Lip icilh the intermediate division nearly straight, not twice the length of the head. Genus 470. SPHECODES. Latr., Leach Spiiex. Limie, Villers, Rossi. Aris. Geoff. Pkoapis. De Geer. Nomoda. Fabr. Andrena. QHv., Panz., Jiirine, Spiaola. Dichhoa. Illig-, King. Mei.itta. ** a. Kirbi/. Lahnnii trigonate, of tlie male entire, of the female generally emar- ginate : untcmue of the males long, almost monililorm, arcuated : abdomen with the greater portion smooth. Ocs. — The species of Sphecodes, at first sight, bear a near resemblance to Sjihex. I'hey make their nests in bare sections of banks exposed to the sun, and nearly vertical. According to Rcaunun-, they exca- vate to the depth of nine or ten inches, and deposit their eggs in a mass of pollen mixed with honey. Sp. 1. Sph. gibbiis. Melitta gibba. Kirby. Inhabits Europe. ** Lip with the intermediate division incurved, longer than the la- teral ones, and twice us long or more than the head. Genus 471. IIYL^'EUS. Fabr., Illig., Spinola, King, Leach. Ai'rs. Linnc, Villers, liossi. Andufa'a. Oliv., Faiiz., Jurine, Spi- nola. Melitta. ** b. Kirbi/. Uai, ictus. Latr. Lip lanceolate, little sericeous : hinder feet in botli sexes alike : anus of the females with a longitudinal groove above. The males of this genus arc remarkable for an elongate cylindric body. The wings of many of the species are beautifuHy iridescent. They nidilicate in bare banks. ?vp. 1. H)/l. quddri-cinctus. Apis 4-cincta. Linnc. Inhabits the vicinity of London, l)ut is rare. Fain. XIX. Ario.t. Leach. Lip with the apex inflected, the intermediate lacinia filiform, and very long : labial palpi with the two first joints resembling a compressed seta. CLASS V. TNSECTA. 283 Si'iRPS I. -^Hinder farsi with the first joint nearly equally broad, or gradually narrowing from the base to tire apex, the second joint ori- gioatlng from the middle of its apex. A . Pa/pi alike. Genus 472. PANURGUS. Panz., Splnola, Latr., Leach. Arts. Scopo/i. Dasvpoda. Iltig., Fabr. Apis. * a. Kirhij. Eriops. Klui^. Mandibles not dentated : anteniue straight in both sexes, and subda- vate : superior wingn with two subnrarginal cells : ocelli disposed in a triangle. Sp. 1. Pan. BuitksiauHS. Apis Baniy (** c. 2 y). Antuoi'iiora. Fabr., Illig., Klag. Antiiidium. Fanz. Trachusa. Jurine. Labial palpi witli the second joint longer than the first: body very long, cylindric. This genus in habit and economy resembles Chclostoma. Sp. 1. Her. truncorion. Heriadcs truncorum. Spinola, Latr., Leach. Anthophora truncoruni. Fabr., Illig. Inhabits Genus 476. STELIS.' Fanz., Leach. Apis. Kirby (**c. 1 /3). Anthophora. Illig- Meoachile. Latr., ll'alck. Traciusa. Jurine. Gyrodroma. King. Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary palpi two-jointed, the first joint longest: mandibles strong: abdomen convex al)ovc, siuootli below^ and scarcely hirsute. Sp. 1. Ste. punctulatissima. Inhabits Genus 477. ANTIIIDIUM. Fabr., Fanz., King, Latr., Leach. Apis. Linn., Geolf'., Schccff., Kirby ( ** c. 2 /3). Axtiiopiioka. Illig. Megachile. Wulckcnaer, Spinola. Tracuusa. Jurine. Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : maxillaiy palpi one-jointed : abdomen of the females, below, very hairy; above, convex, incurved, the base broadly truncate: mandibles broad, mul- tidentate. The anus of the males of this genus is always armed with spines. Sp. 1. Anth. manicafum. Anthidium manicatum. Fanz., Latr., Leach, Apis manicata. Kirby, IJnni. Inhabits Europe in gardens. Genus 478. OSMIA. Fanz., Spinola, J^^tr., Leach. Apis. Liuni, Fillers, Kirby ( ** c. 2^;. Anthophora. Fabr., Illig., King. Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first : maxillary palpi four-jointed : abdomen convex above, hairy beneath in the I'e- males : mandibles broad. CLASS V. INSECTA. 285 Sp. 1. Osm. cornuta. Osinia cornutii. Latr., Leach. Apis bicornis. Kirhi/. Inhabits Euroiie. Tliis species selects the hollows of large stones for the purpose of nidificating. Genus 479. MEGACIIILE. Latr., Walck., Spinola, Leach. Apis. Linn., Villers, Kiiinj ( ** C. 1 cc). Axtiiopuoua. Fahr., I/lig., Panzer, King. Traciiusa. Jnrine. Xvlocopa. Fabr. Cen- TRis. Falir. Labial palpi with the second joint not longer than the first: maxillary palpi two-jointed, the first rather longest: mandibles very strong: ab- domen triangular, fiat above, very downy beneath in the females. " The insects of this genus are well known by the name of leaf cutters and carpenter bees : their interesting economy having attract- ed the attention of many naturalists, so early as 1670 it was noticed by Hay, Dr. Lister^ \Villughl\v, and .Sir Edward King. Linne in this as in many other instances (supposing the economy of a genus to be peculiar to one species only) has confounded several species under the general title of Apis ccntunculuris, and dedioted it l^y the orange- coloured hairs which cover the under side of the abdomen, a cha- racter which it possesses along with a great number of species." Sp. 1. Mega, centnnculuris. Apis centuncularis. Linn., Fourcroi/, King. INtegachile centuncularis. Latr., Leach. Inhabits Europe. Builds its cells with the leaves of roses and of the 2Iercurialis annua. Genus 480. C^ELIOXYS. L^atr., J^each. Apis. Linne, Villers, Kirbi/ ( ** c. 1 cc). Labial palpi with their second joint not longer than the first : maxillary palpi two-jointed, the first double the length of the second : mandi- bles narrow and stt'ong in both sexes : scuteUum spiny : abdomen co- nic or triangular, very little or not at all downy : anus of the males spiny. Sp. 1. Ccel. conica. Apis conica. Kirbj/. Caelioxys conica. Latr., Leach. Male Apis quadripunctata. Linn. Anthophora quadridentata. Fair. Female Apis conica. Linn. Inhabits flowers. 28S MODr,UN SYSTEM. C. TMhrum a lilllc broader Hum long, subsemicircuhtr or snuiotVi/. Mandibles slender, poinled, unidcntate on their internal edge. Abdo- men not polUnigcrous. * Up n-ilh tJie lalcrol divisions shorter than the palpi. Bodi/ sim^ plij pubescent. Genus 481. NOMADA. Scop., Fabr., Tllig., King, Spinola, Ju- rine, Panz., Leach. Ai'is. Linni, ViUe7's, Kirbt/ (^■' h). Superior wings with three sul)marginal cells complete: ntaxillury palpi six-jointed. 'J'he history, economy, and mode of nidification of the insects of this genus (all ol' which are remarkable for tlie gaiety of tiieir co- lours) as yet remain a secret. Dr. Leach has strong reasons for su- specting them to he jtarasitical ; and this seems the more probable from their having no instrument for carrying pollen. Their flight is silent, imattended iiy any hum ; they frequent dry banks. Their eyes, whilst living, exhiliit through the external reticulated covering a surface of hexagons, which keeps shifting with the light. Sp. 1. i\'^i)/«. rujicornis. Apis ruficornis. Linn., Kirby. Nomada ruficornis. Fabr., Ijitr., Leach. Inhaliits dry banks and sandy situations. Genus 482. EPEOLUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Jurine, Panz., Spi- nola, King, Jj:ach. Apis. Linnc, Kirbi/ (** b). Superior Tci/igs with three complete submarginal cells: maiillartj palpi one-jointed. Sp. 1. Epeo. variegatus. I'.peolus variegatus. Fabr., Panz., Latr. Apis variegata. Linne. inhaliits Europe, but is very local in BriUiin. I once met with this species in abundance in a sand-pit near Be.xley, Kent. ** Lateral divisions of the lip almost as long as the palpi. Bodi/ very villose in parts. Sculellum spinose. Superior wings uilh three submai'ginal cells. Genus 48.3. MELECTA. Latr., Panz., Illig., Spinola, Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirbi/ (** a). Maxillary palpi six-jointed, with five very distinct. The insects of this genus are supposed to be parasitical. Sp. 1. Mel. punctata. Latr. Crocisa atra. Jvrine. Apis punctata. Kirby. Inhabits Europe. Is common near Swansea in South Wales. CLASS V. IXSECTA. 287 Stikps 2. — Lip with the apex, generally hirsute, not inflected. A. Hinder feet of the females, zoith their tihitt externalhj, and the first joint of the tarsi ve?-// hairi/. a. j\laxilUuy palpi zcith more than four joints. Lip with its lateral divisioJis as long or longer than the labial palpi. AntcnncE ofttte mutes vert/ long. Genus 484. EUCERA. Scop., Fabr., Lutr., Panz., Spinola, Klug^ L^each. Apis. LJnui, Kirbi/ (^^* d. 1). Muxillarif palpi distinctly six-jointed: superiot wings with two sub- marginal ceils complete. Sp. 1. £a. longicornis. Euccra longicornis. Fabr., Panz., Latr., Leach. Apis longicornis. Linne, Kirby. Inhabits banks with a southern aspect. * Maxillary palpi with four joints or more. Lip with tlie lateral di- visions shorter than the palpi. Superior wings with three submarginal cells complete : labial palpi sefiform. Genus 485. ANTHOPIIORA. Latr., Spinola, Leach. Mandibles unidentated within : maxillaiy palpi six-jointed. Sp. 1. Anth. rctusa. {PI. 8.fg. 9.) Apis retusa. Linnc, Kirby. Lasis pilipcs. Jurine. Megilla pilipes. Fabr. Anthophora hirsuta. Latr. Anthophora retusa. Leach. Inhabits sandy banks. Genus 48(3. SAROPODA. Lafr., Leach. Megilla. Illig., Paitz., IIeliopiiila. King. Apis. Kirby. Mandibles unidentate within : viuxillurii palpi five-jointed. Sp. 1. Saro. rotundata. Megilla rotundata. Panz. Saropoda rotundata. Latr., Leach. Inhabits flowers on sandy heaths. B. Hinder feet with the tibia and the first joint of the tarsi shortly haii-y. * Hinder tibia- terminuted by two spur's or heels : superior uings xcith three submarginal cells in all, complete, the last neither linear uur ob- lique. Genus 487. BO:\IBUS. Latr., Fabr., Illig., Panz., Spinola, King, Leach. Apis. Linne, Kirby (** e. 2). Bremls. Jurine. Labrum transverse : proboscis shorter than the body : ocelli disposed in a transverse straight line. The Bombi usually nidificate in cavities beneath the ground, hut many of the species (especially tliose of a fulvescent colour) con- struct their nest of moss on the surface. The females appear early r 288 MODERX SYSTEM. in the sprina; when the willows are in bloom. The males are moj-t abundant in the autumn. Sp. 1. Bom. tcrreslris. Bombus tcrrestris. Fuhr., Lutr., Laic/i. Apis terrcstris. Liim. Inhabits Europe. ** Hinder tih'ut wif/iouf apitfg or Iicc/a. Sitjicrior er/w^s zfUh two or three .siili//itirginii/cet/s,t/ie last oblique or linear. Genus 488. AI'IS ofaut/iors. Hinder tarsi with their first joint long: .arts do not touch. Anxious to become acquainted with all the characters of the order, I commenced an examination of the mouth, and was soon convinced that the parts of it were far from being ob- .solete ; but tearing to undertake the dissection, I submitted the spe- cimen to tlie inspection of Savigny, from whose exact and almost infallible hand and eye I felt confident of gaining the desired infor- ClASS V. INSECTA. 289 iTialion. lie observed that the mouth contains the whole of the usual parts which, under various modifications, exist in all insects : the mandihics are perfectly distinct from ai:id unconnected with the maxillu- : the maxilke are inserted behind, and somewhat below the mandibles, whose base they conceal ; and the articulation of the labrum is very evident from its semitransparency." Leach, Zuol. Misc. vol. iii. Mr. Kirby, in the second volume of his Monographia Apum An- gVuc, gives the following account of S/j/lops Mtlittu : " Upon this in- sect {Mcliiiu iiigro-cenca) I discovered, last spring, a very singular animal, which seems appropriated to the present genus. I had pre- viously more than once observed upon other sp'^^^ies something that I took to be a kind of Acarus, which appeared to be immovably fixed just at the inosculations of the dorsal segments of the abdomen; at length, finding three or four upon a specimen of MelUta nigio-cenea, I determined not to lose that opportunity of t{U-;ing one off to ex- amine and describe; but what was my astonishment when, upon my attempting to disengage it with a pin, I drew forth from the body of the McVttta a white lleshy larva, a quarter of an inch in length, the head of which I had mistaken for an Acarus I After I had examined one specimen, I attempted to extract a second ; and the reader may imagine how greatly my astonishment was increased, when, after I had drawn it out but a little way, I saw its skin burst, and a head as black as ink, with large staring eyes and antennae, consisting of two branches, break forth, and move itself briskly from side to side. It looked like a little imp of darkness just emerg- ing from the infernal regions. My eagerness to set free from its confinement this extraordinary animal may be easily conjectured. Indeed I was impatient to become better acquainted with so singular a creature. When it was completely disengaged, and I had securctl it from making its escape, I set myself to examine it as accurately as possible ; and I found, after a careful inquiry, that I had not only got a non-descript, but also an insect of a new genus, whose very class seemed dubious." For hnlher information on this Order I must refer the reader to the eleventh v(jlunie of the Transucilons of the Lliniean Socid^, S(»rc?h/s Brifis/i I\lisccllaiii/, and Leach's Z'uolu- gical Miscellany, vol. iii., all of which contain figures of the insects of this Order. Order XV. DIPTERA. Lium, Leach, Latr., S)-c, Class A>Ti,iATA. Fair. The insects composing this Order are distinguished from all other insects by the following characters. Wings two, naked, unprotected llaltercs (poisers or balancers) placed behind, and generally beneath T 290 MODERN SYSTEM. the wings : head distinct from the thorax by an evident interval : proboscis (rarely wanting) univalve : tarsi with two simple nails. Besides these characters may be noted some others, which are common to almost all dipterous insects. The 7nout/i is for the most part furnished with a rostrum having no articulations. Thorax com- posed of but one segment, always distinct from the abdomen. Fam. I. TiPULiD-'E. Leach. TiPULARi.?:. Latreille. Antennx With many joints, filiform or setaceous, longer than the head. Stirps 1. — Ocelli none: antenna \cxy\\'3Axy. eyes large: ?'os^/-«m tubu- lar and long. Genus 489. CULEX of authors. Sp. 1. Cul. pipiens of authors (the common gnat). (PI. 9. Jig. 5.) Inhabits water in the larva state. Stirps 2. — Occ//i none : c///e?iH^ very hairy : ryes large: rostrum very short, terminated by two lips : tzco anterior legs at a distance from the others. Genus 490. CORETIIRA. Meig., Illig., Latr., Leach. Antenna fourteen-Jointed ; the basilar joints conic-ovoid; of the male with fasciculi of hairs; with simple hairs on tlie females, the two last joints atteniiated, elongated. Sp. 1. Cor. cuculiformis. Meig. Inhabits marshy places. Genus 491. TANYPUS. Meig., Wig., Latr., Leach. Antenna fourteen-jointed, very plumose, monilitl)rm, their extremities filiform ; of the male, almost entirely moniliform, their last joint larger and ovoid in the female. Sp. 1. Tan. cinctus. Inhabits marshy places. Genus 49^2. CIIIRONOMUS. Meig., Latr., Wig., Fahr., Leach. Antenna twelve-jointed, very plumose, moniliform, with filiform ex- tremities in the male, seven-jointed, the last joint elongate, cylindric in the female. Sp. 1. C/tir. p/umosus. Meig. Inhabits marshy places. Stirps 3. — Ocelli none : antenna very hairy : eyes large : rostrum very short : legs at an equal distance from each other. Genus 493. PSYCnODA. Latr., Fair., Leach. Tinearia. SrAc//. Trichoptera. JSIeig. WiHgt deflexed : rostrum shorter than the head . antenna with fifteen or sixteen joints, of a globular form, covered with bundles of hairs. CLASS V, IXSLCTA. -291 Sp. 1. Psy. phulcciiukks. Latr. Inhabits moist places. Genus 49-1. CECIDOMYIA. Latr., lUig., Melg., Leach. Oligo- TROPHUS. Latr. Wmga incumbent: antenna monililorm, hairy. Sp. 1. Cec. liUea. Meig. Stirps 4. — Oce//i none : anfenncs with short hairs: fj/cs oval, entire: ■palpi with their last joint very long : lips not inclined. Genus 495. CTENOPIIORA. Meig., lllig., Latr., Fahr., Leach. Taxiptera. Latr. Antenna filiform; pectinated in the males, serrated in the females; the second Joint short, the third elongate. Sp. 1. Cte. ufrata. Meig. Inhabits moist places and meadows. Genus 496. PEDICIA. Latr., Leach. Limonia. Meig. yl«S('r«te of authors. Inhabits tlowers. Genus 524. SERICOIMYIA. Latr., Leach. Antenna: w'lih their seta' plumose, inserted at the dorsal juncture of the second and third joints; the last joint of the antenna suborbicular. Sp. 1. Scr. Luppomim. Latr., Leach. Inhabits marshes, especially the bogs of Dartmoor, and the north of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Genus 525. VOLUCELLA. Geoff., Schaff., Latr., Leach. Pte- ROCERA. Meig. ^rtienK(E with' their last joint elongate; seta plumose, inserted at the dorsal juncture of the second and third joint. Sp. L Vol. pellucens. Latr., Leach. Inhabits woods in June and July. Genus 520. ERISTALIS. Latr., Fabr., Leach. IIeliopiiilvs. Meig., Illig. Antenna contiguous at their base, their last joint broader than long ; CLASS V, I>^SECTA. 297 seta (simple or slightly plumose) inserted beyond the dorsal jvmc- tion of the second and third joints : head anteriorly distinctly rostri- form. Sp. 1. Erist. Na7rissi. Jnliabits flowers in marshes. Genus 5'27. IlELOPIIILUS. Leach. Elopkilus. Mclg., Illig., Latr. ^/ito»iculate : seta in- serted beyond the dorsal juncture of the second and third joints : ab- domen subovate-trigonai ; the length double the breadth. Sp. 1. Doros conopseus. Milesia conopsea. Fabr. Inhabits fields, but is very rare. SxiRPS 2. — Head not anteriorly conic-produced : antennee much longer than the head, placed on a common elevation : oval caviti/ on the nasal prominence : zcings deflexed. Genus 530. CHRYSOTOXUM. Meig., Latr., Leach. Antenna subcylindric, their last joint having a seta at its base. Sp. 1. Chri/s. arcuatum. Musca arcuata. Linni. Inhabits flowers. Genus 531. CERIA. Fabr., Latr., Illig., Meig., Leach. Antemuv with their first and second joints forming an oval mass termi- nated by a style. There is one British species, that does not seem to have been de- scribed. Stirps 3. — Head not anteriorly produced: nasal part straight, not pro- minent ; antenna inserted separately, very much longer than the head : wings deflexed. Genus 53'2. APHRITIS. Latr., Leach. Microdon. Meig. Antenncs with their third joint conic, elongate, its base bearing a seta. 298 MODERN SYSTEM, Sp. 1. Aphr. auro-pubcscens. Latr., Leach, Inhalnts heaths. Stirps 4^.— Head not anteriorly produced ; nasal part straight, not pro- minent: antenna inserted separately, very much longer than the head : wings deflexed. Genus 533. MILESTA. Latr., Leach. Hinder thighs (of the males* at least) large, very thick, elongate-ovato, denticulated beneath: antenna; with their last joint much compress- ed : abdomen trigonate. Sp. 1. MU.annnlata. Loach. Inhabits borders of woods. Fam. XIII. CoNOPSiDvE. Leach. CoNOPSARii. Latrcille. Trohoscis prominent, nearly cylindric or conic, without any remark- able dilatation : a??^cmimall insects are found may be put in a small phial filled with water, which will not only clean them but keep them alive; and in many in- stances, upon a close exaniination, the Naturalist will be surj.riscd at these the most wonderful productions of Nature. To the Entomologist this niode of collecting will be equally advantageous, as he will obtain many species ot Di/ticida',Nufuiiectidte, c^c. Moss, Decayed Trees, Koots of Grass, &c. — Many insects Mill be 314 SEASONS FOR COLLECTING INSECTS, found in moss and under it : the roots and wood of decayed trees af- ford nourishment and a habitation to a number of insects ; many of the larvae of the Lepidoptera penetrate the trunks of trees in all direc- tions : most of tlie Ceraml)yces feed on wood, as well as some species of Curubidic, Elatcridcc, 6,x. In seeking lor tliese tlie disiger is gene- rally used, as it is sometimes necessary to dig six or seven niches into the wood before they are found. Banks of Ponds and Roots of Grass. — This is a never-failing source of collecting, which may be followed at all seasons of the year, and in general with great success: those banks are to be preferred which have the morning or noon-day sun: the Entomologist may sit down and collect with the greatest ease an immense number of Slu- philinkla-. Fsclaphi are generally taken in those situations. Banks of Rivers, Sandy Sea Shores, Sec. — These situations are productive of a great variety of Culcople/v, Ci'istacca, ^x. The dead ani- mals that are thrown on the shores should be carefidly examined, as they are the food of SiJphiad.r, StaphUutidie, S^c. .May and June are the best times for collecting in these situations. Dead Animals, Dried Bones, &;c. should constantly be examined, as tliese are the natural habitats of several insects. Dead moles arc fre- quently found hung on bushes l)y the country people; mider these the Entomologist should hold his net, and shake the boughs on which they are hung, as a great number of C'oleoptcra generally inhabit them. Fungi, Boleti, and Flowers, ought constantly, when met with, to be examined, as many exceeding rare insects inhabit them. SEASONS FOR COLLECTING. January, February, and March. — It is not every Entomologist that will collect at this early sea'-on oi" the year, under the impression that but few insects can be olitained : this is true in some measure : how^ever, I have collected throughout the year and in all seasons, for many years, and my labours liave been repaid with success much beyond my hopes or expectations. I have repaired to the woods when in some parts I have been up to my knees in snow, and, strange to sav, have taken insects from under the bark of trees, moss, &:c. in great numbers, and of species which have been considered scarce even in the summer months. At this season the Entomologist should not omit to collect a quantity of moss from the roots of trees, which may be carried home in a pocket handkerchief and examined, by shaking it over a sheet of paper, upon which the insects will fall, and are easily discovered. At this season also, if the weather is mild, the Entomologist should SEASONS FOTl COLLECTING INSECTS. 315 dig at the roots of trees for the pupje of Ijphloptcra ; for tliis purpose the digger is used, or a small trowel : the principal places worthy at- tention are the roots of oaks, elms, lime-trees, &:c. or l)eneath the un- derwood : open the earth close to the tree, and search to the depth of several inches. Such pupffi as penetrate into theVood require more care, lest they be destroyed when the attempt is made to extricate them ; sound on the bark with the digger, and the hollows will soon be discovered where no external sign is visible ; tear off the l)ark, (and carel'ully examine it, for minute (Jolcoptera are frequently foimd adhering to it,) and with a knife cut away the wood that surrounds the orifice of the cavity, to enlarge it, and take out the pupa^ as carefully as possible. April and May. — The same genial warmth that brings forth vege- tation brings forth also myriads of insects into life and motion; the dung of animals at this season swarms with minute Coleopiera; se- veral species of the Lepidoptera will also be found by looking care- fully garden pales, gates in lanes. Sec. Many species of Bees will be found sucking the pollen from the sallow, which blossoms at this sea- son. Sand and gravel pits should be carefully examined, and under the stones and clods of earth many insects will be found. In May, as soon as the white-thorn is in leaf, the hedges should be well beat; the season for taking Caterpillars commences, from which most of the Le- pidopftni are obtained, and this is by far the best method, as the in- sects arc generally perlect, and the specimens very fine. Great atten- tion should be paid to the larvce, as supplying them with fresh food, and keeping the earth moist at the bottoms of their cages. June, July, August. — In these months the Entomologist will find full employment in the woods. Most of ilic Butterfiies are taken in these months, flying abroad in the day-time only : Moths will be foimd flying at break of day, and at t\\ ilight in the evening. This me- thod is termed Moihing, and should be well followed up during the summer season. I^lany of the rarer Lepidoptera are never found but at these times. The males of some, if not of every species of the Moth tribe, and perhaps of other insects also, by a very astonishing faculty, are able to discover the females at a great distance, and in the most secret situations. The ibllowing observations by Mr. Ilaworth on Bo/idu/x Qiitrcus will fully establish this fact, and at the same time illustrate the manner of taking them : " It is a frequent practice with the London Aurelians, when they breed a female of this and some other day-flying species, to take her whilst yet a virgin into the vici- nity of woods, where, if the weather is fiuourable, she never fails to attract a numerous train of the males, whose only business appears to be an incessant, rapid, and undulating flight in search of their iminH prcgnated females. One of which is no sooner perceived, than they become so much enamoured of their i'air and chaste relation, as abso- 316 SETTING AND PRESERVING CRUSTACEA. lately to lose all kind of tear for their own personal safety, which, at other times, is effectually secured by the reiterated evolutions of their strong and rd\nd wings. So fearless indeed have I beheld them on these occasions, as to climl) up and down the sides of the cage which contained the dear object of their eager ]>ursuit, in exactly the same hurrying manner as honey bees, which have lost themselves, climb up and down the glasses of a window." At the latter end of August, and the whole of .Septeml")er, the second and last brood of Caterpillars are found : several species of Gryllus may also be taken in meadows and marshy lands. OcTor.ER, November, December. — At the fall of the leaf insects lx;come less numerous, but many of the llemiptcrous insects may be foimd by beating the ferns and underwood in woods, also many very beautiful Tinea? and Tortrices ; the aquatic insects will be found in ponds pretty plentiful. Roots of grass, decayed trees, &:c. may again be resorted to. Having now given an outline of ilie rules \\hich appear necessary for the purpose of collecting insects, I shall proceed to their preser\'a- tion, which, above all, will act as a particular incitement to the early collector, who, it is supposed, " would feel very little pleasure at the recollection that all the fruits of his toil in one season would be de- stroyed in the next; or at best, that his specimens would only retain a wretched vestige of their original perfection.'' SETTING AND PRESERVING. Crustacea. Mti/tod of collecthig. — Most of the Crustacea inhabit the sea; the few tliat are found in frchh water are generally minute, Init highly in- teresting : ponds, ditches, and marshes produce the latter in abund- ance, and are common near London ; they are taken with the water- net, and may be preserved as directed hereafter. In searching for Crustacea on the sea-shore, the Entomologist must not omit to search diligently, by turning up stones, &c.; — Confervas and Corallines, thrown on the ^hore after storms, frequently contain many rare species, as also the pools left by the retiring tide on most of the rocky coasts. By walking on the sea-bhore after heavy gales of wind many Crustacea will be found : he must also take every opportu- nity of examining the fishermen's nets, and the refuse thrown away by them. Empty shells should also be examined, as they frequently form a habitation for these animals. Dinvtiunsjbr preserving Crustacea for Cahbiets. — Those species which uihabit the sea should be suffered to remain for some hours in cold SETTING AND PRESERVING ARACIINoKda AND ACARI. 317 fresh water, to extract the sak, which would soon destroy them by at- tracting moisture; tliey are then to be phiced in a crawhng posture, and the parts of the mouth are to be displayed by means of pins un- til dry ; they will then remain in that position. The more minute species must be dried, and afterwards stuck on paper with giun-water, in ditierent positions. Those of Mi/riapoda are to be killed by immer- sion in spirits, and afterwards stuck with a pin on the right side. Crustacea and Mt/riapoda arc kept in cabinets lined with cork, to which they are aftixed with pins; or in boxes loose: the former me- thod is best, as they can then be moved from one place to another without trouble or risk. AUACIIXOIPA AND ACART. The habitations of the animals of this class are fully described in the account of the genera, — further observations on this point will therefore be unnecessary. Method of prcsemhig. — Mr. Donovan has observed, " To determine whether some species of Spiders could be preserved with their natu- ral colours, I i)ut several into spirits of wine ; those with gibbous bo- dies soon after discharged a very considerable quantiy of viscid matter, and therewith all their most beautiful colours ; the smallest retained their form, and only ajipeared rather paler in the colours than when they were living. " During the course of last summer, among other Spiders, I met with a rare species; it was of a bright yellow colour, elegantly marked with black, red, green, and purple. By some accident it was unfortu- nately crushed to pieces in the chip-box wherein it was confined, and was therefore thrown aside as useless ; a mouth or more after that time, ha\ing occasion to open the box, I observed that such parts of the skin as had dried against the inside of the box retained the origi- nal brightness of colour in a considerable degree. To further the experiment, I made a similar attempt, with some caution, on the body of another spider {Aranca Diadcma), and though the colours were not perfectly preserved, they appeared distinct. " From other obser\'ations I liud, that if you kill the spider, and immediately after extract the entrails, then intlate them by means of a blow-pipe, you may preserve them tolerably well : yovi must cleanse them on the inside no more than is sutiicient to prevent mouldiness, lest you injure the colours, which certainly in many kinds depend on some substance that lies beneath the skin." The best preserved specimens that 1 have seen are those where the contents of the abdomen have been taken out and filled with tine sand. I liave preserved several in this way, and tind it answer the purpose. 318 SETTING AND PRKSmVIXG IXSECTS. INSECTS. Entomologists are generally satisfied if they can obtain the insect in its last or perfect state; hut as a few instructions for the preserviv tion of the egg, larva, ami pupa may induce the collector to enrich his cabinet with such specimens, and which is absolutely necessary in gaining a perfect knowledge of their nature, I shall give a few parti- culars for this purpose. The E"i:. Tiie eags of most insects retain their form and colour well if preserved in the cabinet : but those w hich do not promise fairly may be prepared after the niclhod practised by Swammerdam. He used to pierce the eggs with a \ery tine needle, and })ress all tlie con- tained juices through the aperture: he then iutlaled them until they regained their jjroper form by means of a small glass tidie; and lastly, filled them with oil of spike in which some resin had been dia- solved. T/ic Larva or Caterpillar. — The preservation of insects in this state, is not only one of the most curious, but useful discoveries that have been made in this department of science. The readiest and quickest way of destroying the life of the cater- pillar is to immerse it in spirits of wine, by which means the softness fuid transparency of the parts are retained, and arc preserved tor a length of time in this liquid. In the cabinet of jNIr. William Weatherhead are preserved many larvffi of the Lqndoplcra, which he prepares in the following way, and which answers extremely well — Having killed the animal in spirits of wine, he makes a small incision or puncture in the tail, and very gently pressing out all the contained humoiu-s, fills the skin with very fine dry sand; the insect is thus again brought to its natm-al shape: in the course of a few hours the skin dries, and the sand is gently shaken out : it is then gummed on a piece of card, and the preparation is ready for the cabinet : they may likewise be injected with coloured wax. There is another method which is frequently practised, and is as follows : After the whole of the entrails are pressed out, a glass tube drawn to a small point is inserted into the opening, through which the operator continues to blow while he turns the skin at the end slowly round a charcoal fire; this hardens the skin equally, and dries up all the mois- ture within; a pin is then put through it to fix it in a standing posi- tion : it may afterwards be anointed with oil of spike in which some resin has been dissolved, unless it is a hairy caterpillar. The Pnpu.—\\\wn insects have quitted the pupa state, the case will require only to be ])ut into the drawers ; but those which have insects within must be either dropped into scalding water, or inclosed in a small tin box and exposed to the heat of a fire, which will shortly kill the insect within. SETTIXG .VXD PRESERVING INSECTS. 319 Coi.EOPTERA, OnxiioPTERA, AND IIemiptera. — Tlic prcscrvation of these Orders is attended with very Uttle difficulty. They are easily killed by immersion in scalding water, and upon being withdrawn should be thrown on a sheet of blossom or blotting jvaper to extract as much as possible the water : or they may be killed by exposing them in a tin box with a little camphor in it to the heat of a lire, which treatment will add greatly to their preservation. Those of the Me/oc and Gn/llus Genera, which have full and tender bodies, are subject to shrivel after death : to preserve them, make an incision on the under part of the abdomen, take out the entrails with a blunt pen or probe, and till the cavity with cotton. Specimens of Coleoptera that arc required to be set with the wings displayed, should have the elyti'a separated and the pin passed through the body near the thorax, as at /)/. 12. J/g. Q ; the wings are to be dis- posed as in the act of flying, and kept in this situation until perfectly- dry with the card braces h and c ; insects of these Orders should never have the pin i)assed through the thorax, but through the right elytron on the right side, as shown at pi. 12. fig. 1 : the legs, antennae, and palpi should be placed out in a natural position on the setting boards, and kept so by pins and braces, for a longer or shorter time, according to the size of the insect and state of the weather. No insect must be placed in the cabinet until it is perfectly dry. IVIinute insects should be fixed on slips of card, as at/>/. 12. fig. 5 and G, with gum, previous to which the legs, &c. should be extended, for future examination : tri- angular slips of card are to he preferred, as no greater portion of the insect should be hid than what is absolutely necessary to fix it to the card, as 'dtfg. 5. Lepidoptera. — Buftcrfics are soon killed if a pin is passed through tlie thorax; but many of the Sphinges and large Moths are difticidt to kill, lieing very tenacious of lite. Mr. Haworth in his Lepkhiptcm Bri- tannica, in his observations on Bombvx Cossus, remarks, that " the usual way of compressing the thorax is not sidficienf. they will live several days after the most severe pressure has been given there, to the great uneasiness of anv humane Entomologist. The methods of suftocation by tobacco or sulphur are equally inefiicacious, unless conti- nued for a greater numlter of hours than is proper lor the preservation of the specimens. Another method now in practice is better; and, however fraught with cruelt}' it may appear to the inexperienced col- lector, is the greatest piece of comparative viercij that can in this case be administered. When the larger jNIoths must be killed, destroy them at once by the insertion of a strong red hot needle into their thickest parts, beginning at the front of the thorax. If this is properly done, instead ot lingering through several dai/s thei/ arc dead in a moment. It appears to me, however, that insects being animals of cold and sluggish juices, are not so susceptible of the sensations we call pain as those which enjoy a 320 SETTING AND PnESEnVING INSECTS. warmer temperature of body and a swifter circulation of the fluids. To the philosophic mind it is seU-evident, that they have not such acute organs of feeUng pain as other animals of a similar size whose juices arc endowed witli a quicker motion, and possess a constant, regular, and genial warmtli — such as young mice or the naked young of birds : if any of these have the misfortune to lose their heads or limbs from force, speedy death is the certain consequence : but insects imdcr si- milar circumstances, it is well known, are capable of surviving a consi- derable time." For small Moths, it is only necessary to put the pin through the thorax, and they die in a very short time. The minute spe- cies of this Order should be collected in chip boxes, as they arc in ge- neral too small to be pierced when first taken ; they soon die, and the wings become stiff before tlic Entomologist has time to set them; but if brought home in separate pill-boxes they will remain alive for seve- ral days, and are instantly killed by being exposed near the fire, or placed under a tumbler with the lid of the box sliglitly elevated, but not sufficient to allow the insect to escape; a lighted match should then he placed under the tumbler, which will deprive the insect of life in a few seconds of time. The pin, which serves to transfix the insect, shoiddbe passed through the thorax in the centre, and in an upright position, So that in looking on the insect no part of the wings shoidd be obscured by the slope of the pin. The insects of this Order are by far the most dif- ficult to set, for they require great care and inuch practice to display them with that nicety which adds so much beauty to their appearance and imiformity in a collection. The method of setting the Insects )f this Order is by braces : a sin- gle brace should be first introduced uuderthe wing near the thorax, as in pi. 12. fig. 3. a, with a longer brace over the wings, as at /* ; this shoidd not touch the wing, but be ready to be pressed gently down : when the wings are raised to their proper place by the setting needle <:, other braces are to be applied according as they are required: the antennae and feet are to be extended to their proper attitude, and kept so by pins or small braces. Some Moths are very liable to change colour when placed in the ca- binet after a short time: an oily matter is common to all insects, but some are charged with a superabundance. It appears at first in spots on the body, but gradually pervades every part; in some it will even descend into the wings, and then an obliteration of all the beautiful markings is the least that may be expected : the method which is the most successful for recovering the original appearance after the insect has become greasy, is to powder some fine dry chalk on a piece of heated iron, cover the chalk with a very fine piece ol" linen doth, and ' thereto apply the under part of tlie body of the insect: the heat of the iron dissolves the grease while the chalk absorbs it, and the cloth l^revenlN the chulk from clotting to the insect. METHOD OF RELAXING INSECTf. 321 Those known species that are subject to grease, should have the Contents of the abdomen taken out, and the cavity tilled with cotton. Tricuoptera, Neuroptera, IIymenoptera, and Diptera. — Most of the Libellula: require the contents of the abdomen to be taken out when the insert is dead, as the body generally turns black within, a icw days after death, without this precaution : the cavity may be filled up with a roll of white paper or cotton : I have found this method tn answer extremely well, and the colours are as brilliant as when the in- sect was alive. The larger species are very powerful, and when col- lected they must be transfixed through the side and placed in the corked pocket-box ; a brace or two should be placed across the wings, to prevent their fluttering and breaking their wings or those of other insects which may be near them. They may be killed by being plunged in boiling water, or by a hot needle, as directed for Moths. The other species of this Order not being so large soon die, as well as those of the Orders Trichaphra, Hi/mertoptcra, and Diphra. They may be set by braces and pins, as in pi. 11. jig. 4. In some species of the Diptera the colours of the body are very lively, but change after death ; in these the colours maybe i)reserved if the contents of the abdomen be re- moved, and the cavity filled with a powder the colour of tlie living in-^ sect. METHOD OF RELAXING INSECTS. It frequently occurs that insects become dead and stiff before the Entomologist has an opportunity of setting or displaying their parts. Cokoptern are easily relaxed by immersion in hot water; and in many instances this way is to be preferred, as the parts liecome more pli- able and are more easily set. — The Orthoptera, Ilcwiptcra, and Le- pidoptern, must be fixed on a piece of cork, and placed In a pan of water covered over; these, if the specimens are large, will fre- quently require two or three whole days before the wings will admit of replacing without the risk of breaking ; care must be taken not to force the wino-s, or any part in fact, until the parts are perfectly re- laxed when they may be displayed and kept so by braces, as directed for recent specimens. Neuroptera, Hi/meiwptera, and Diptera, may be relaxed accordino- to the latter method : but those insects that require the contents of the abdomen to be removed, can never be altered, and therefore must be preserved in a recent state, or their beauty is lost for ever. 322 ARRANGING INSECTS IN A CABINET. Tlie modern practice, which is by far the best, is to arrange insects in cokuiins, with the generic name fastened Ijy a pin above, and the s^>ecific below them : the Hnes should be ruled with a black lead pen- cil, which will always admit of alteration, and look much neater than if ruled with ink. Males and females should be procured as far as possible. Cokup/era, Orthoptera, and Hemiptcnt, are arranged side by side, with an open-winged specimen below them. Lepidoplera, of But- terflies ; four specimens of each species arc preferred, to show the upper ajid under side of each sex : the Sphinges and Moths — the upper sides only are shown, as the specific characters are but seldom taken front the under side : in this and the following Orders the males are placed above, the females below; as they not only look much more natural, but save considerable room. \^arieties should be procured and ex- tended as far as possible, as they frequently tend to decide the species : mutilated specimens should be rejected ; but as we cannot always rea- dily replace them by perfect ones, it is much better to retain them. There is a vile practice in use among collectors, to mend such speci- mens by parts from other insects. I cannot sufficiently express my al>- horrence of such ways, but should hope that no Naturalist, who is a lover of truth and an admirer of nature, will ever disgrace his cabinet by such paltry specimens, as they can be of no use in a scientific view, and only serve to lead to errors. No Exotic specimen should ever be placed in a collection of Bri- tish Insects, however near it may approach in appearance ; for by this means numbers of insects liave been described as natives of Britain, merely on account of being found in such cabinets. Species are distinguished in many instances by such minute characters, ami they approach each other by such imperceptible degrees, that wc eaiv not be too particular in our examination, or too curious in knowing their habitats, as this frequently leads us to determine whether they are natives of this coimtry. Our best Entomologists, therefore, where they cannot obtain British specimens of rare insects, are naturally anxious to obtain foreign ones; but these as well as doubtful species are always kept in a drawer by themselves, which answers every good purpose of reference for the sake of becoming acquainted with the species : to this drawer a large label is affixed, as, Exotic Specimens of Rare British Insects. By this means a cabinet is rendered more valuable, as a dependence can be placed on the specimens it contains, and will ever remain a fj.«e to his own eye, and not depend upon the situa- tion it was placed in by another. A small magnifying power should always be begun with; by which means the observer will best obtain an exact idea of the situation and connection of the whole, as well as the connection and use of the parts. A living anin'.al ought to be as little hurt or discomposed as possible. GrcKt caution is to be used in fojming a judgement on what is seen by the microscope, if the objects are extended or contracted by force or dryness. Nothing can be determined about them without making the proper allowances ; and different lights and positions will often show the same object as very different from itself. There is no advantage in any greater magnifier than such as is capable of showing the object in view distinctly ; and the less the glass magnifies, the more plea- santly the object is always seen. The colours of objects are very little to be depended on, as seen by the microscope ; for their several component particles being by this means removed to great distances from one another, may give reffcc- tions very different from w hat they would if seen by the naked eye. Some consideration is likewise necessary in forming a judgement of the motions of living creatures, or even of fluids, when seen through the microscope ; for as the moving body, and the space wherein it moves, are magnified, the motion will also be inc-reasctl. MKTHQD OF USING THE MIQllOSCOPE. 327 2J. On the management of the light depends in a great measure the distinctness of the vision : and as, in order to have this in the greatest perfection, we must adapt the quantity of hght to the nature of the object, and the focus of the niagnitier, it is therefore necessary to view it in various degrees of Hght. In some objects it is dithcult to distinguish between a prominence and a depression, a shadow or a dark marking; or between a reflection of light, and whiteness, which is particularly obser\'able in the eyes of Libcllnla and other insects • all of them appearing very different in one position from what they do in another. The brightness of an object likewise depends on the quantity of the light, the distinctness of vision, and on regulating the quantity to the object; for some will be in a manner lost in a quan- tity' of light scarcely sufficient to render another visible. The light of a lamp or candle is generally better for viewing mi- croscopic objects than daylight, it being easier to modify the former than the latter, and to throw it upon the objects with different degrees of density. The best lamp that can be used for this purpose is the one invented by Count Rumford, which moves on a rod, so that it may be easily raised or depressed. The light of a candle or lamp is increased, and more directly thrown upon the reflecting mirror or object, by means of a convex lens mounted on a semicircle and stand, so that its position may be easily varied. If the light thus collected from a lamp be too powerful, it may be lessened liy placing a piece of thin writing-paper, or a piece of fine grayed glass, between the object and the reflecting mirror. Thus a proper degree of light may be ob- tained, and diffused equally all over the surface of an object, a cir- cumstance which ought to be particularly attended to; for if the light l>e thrown irregularly upon it, no distinct view can be obtained. The examination of objects so as to discover truth, requires a great deal of attention, care, and patience; with some skill and dexterity, to be acquired chiefly by practice, in the preparing, managing, and apply- ing them to the microscope. Whatever object offers itself as the subject of our examination, the size, contexture, and nature of it are first to be considered, in order to apply it to such glasses, and in such a manner, as may show it best. The first step should always be to view the whole together with such a magnifier as can take it in all at once ; and after this the several parts of it may the more fitly be examined, whether remaining on the object, or separated from it. The smaller the parts are which are to be examined, the more powerful should be the magnifiers employed. The transparency or opacity of the object must also be considered, and the glasses employed accordingly suited to it; for a transparent object -will bear a much greater magnifier than one which is opaque, since the nearness that a glass must be placed at, unavoidably darkens an ^28 DIRKCriONS rOR THE MICROSCOl'E. object in its own nature opaque, and renders it very difficult to be seen, unless by the help of a silver speculum. The nature of the object also, whether it be alive or dead, a solid or a fluid, an animal, a vegetable, or a mineral substance, nuist like- wise be considered, and all the circumstances of it attended to, that we may apply it in the most advantageous manner. If it be a living object, care must be taken not to squeeze or injure it, that we may see it in its natural state and full perfection. If it be a fluid, and that too thick, it must be diluted with water ; and if too thin, we should let some of its watery parts evaporate. Some substances are fittest for observation when dry, others when moistened ; some when fresh, and others after they have been kept some time. Transparent ohjccfs. — Most objects require also some management in order to bring them properly before the glasses. If they are Hat and transparent, and such as will not be injured by pressure, the usual way is to inclose them in sliders between talc, or, what is certainly preferable, between two slips of glass. For this purpose thin and clear glass must be used. The slips should be about three inches in length and half an inch in width : a piece of paper, the size of the glass, must be placed between them, with circular or oblong holes cut a little larger than the object intended to be placed between them; — one side of the paper should be washed over with a little gum-water, fastened on one of the glasses, and suffered to dry; the objects are then to be placed on the glass where the holes are cut in the paper; the upper part of the paper is then to be slightly touched with gum-water; and the other glass may be placed on it. This plan answers well for the transparent wings of insects, &c. Opa/jue objects are best preserved and viewed in the following man- ner: Cut card- or drawing-paper into small pieces of about a quarter of an inch in diameter, ;uid with a fine camel's hair pencil, or the point of a pen, put a little gum-water in the centre of it ; if the ob- ■ect is an insect, display the legs, antenna^, &:c. by means of a fine 'lecdle (as \n pi. 'i'2-fig- G.); the gum, when dry, will fix the insect in this position. The seeds of plants, minerals, !kc. may be preser\ed iu this way. Paper of difi'crent colours should be chosen for ditterent object-s, in order to render them the more conspicuous, such as a black paper for a white subject, &;c. Objects prepared in this way are extremely convenient for viewing, and by means of the pliers they may be examined in every direction; a pin may be passed through the pa]ier or card, and the objects kept in u small box lined with cork. The boxes may be made the size and form of an octavo or quarto volume, and kept on shelves, in the man- ner of books ; if made in the book form the backs should be lettered, and Uic collection may be continued to any extent. OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 329 Living Objects. — These will be treated of hereafter under the head Aiwnalcula. No part of the creation affords such an infinite variety of subjects for the microscope as insects. " Insects," observe Messrs. Kirby and Spence, in their Introductorij Letter to Entomology, " indeed, appear to have been Nature's favourite productions, in which, to manifest her power and skill, she has combined and concentrated almost all that is either beautiful and graceful, interesting and alluring, or curious and singular, in every other class and order of her children. To these, her valued miniatures, she has given the most delicate touch and highest finish of her pencil. Numbers she has armed with glittering mail, which re'flects a lustre like that of burnished metals ; in others she lights up the dazzling radiance of polished gems. Some exhibit a rude exterior, like stones in their native state ; while others represent their smooth and shining face after they have been submitted to the tool of the polisher : others again, like so many pygmy Atlases bear- ing on their backs a microcosm, by the nigged and various elevations and depressions of their tuberculated crust, present to the eye of the beholder no unapt imitation of the unequal surface of the earth, now horrid with mis-shapen rocks, ridges, and precipices — now swelling into hills and mountains — and now sinking into valleys, glens, and caves ; while not a few are covered with branching spines, which fancy may form into a forest of trees. " What numbers vie with the charming offspring of Flora in various beauties ! some in the delicacy and variety of their colours, colours not like those of flowers evanescent and fugitive, but fixed and du- rable, surviving their subject, and adorning it as much after death as they did when it was alive ; others, again, in the veining and texture of their wings; and others in the rich cottony down that clothes them. To such perfection, indeed, has Nature in them carried her mimetic art, that you would declare, upon beholding some insects, that they had robbed the trees of their leaves to form for themselves artificial wings, so exactly do they resemble them in their form, substance, and vascular structure; some representing green leaves, and others those that are dry and withered. Nay, sometimes this mimicry is so ex- quisite, that you would mistake the whole insect for a portion of the branching spray of a tree. No mean beauty in some plants arises from the fluting and punctation of their stems and leaves, and a simi- lar ornament conspicuously distinguishes numerous insects, which also imitate with multiform variety, as may particularly be seen in the caterpillars of many species of the huUer^y trihe (Papi/ionidie), tlie spines and prickles which are given as a Noli nie tangere armour to se- veral vegetable productions. ^^ In fishes the lucid scales of varied hue that cover and defend tbem 330 DIRECTIONS FOR IHE MICROSCOPE. arc universally admired, and esteemed their peculiar ornament; but place a butterfly's wing under a microscope, that avenue to unseen glories in new worlds, and you will discover that nature has endowed the most numerous of the insect tribes with the same privilege, mul- tiplving in them the fomis, and diversifying the colouring of this kind of clothing beyond all pandlel. The rich and velvet tints of the plu- noage of buds'are not superior to what the curious observer may disco- vermin a variety of Lcpidoptcra ; and those many-coloured eyes which deck so gloriously the peacock's tail. are imiuited with success by one of our most common buitcrflies. Feathers are tliought to be peculiar to birds; but insects often imitate them in their antenna?, wings, and even sometimes in the covering of their bodies.— We admire with reason the coats of quadrupeds, whether their skins be covered with pile, or wool, or fur; yet are not perhaps aware that a vast variety ot insects are clothed with all these kinds of hair, but infinitely liner and more silky in texture, more brilliant and delicate in colour, and more variously shaded than what any other animals can jiretend to. " In variegation insects certainly exceed every other class of animated beings. Nature, in her sportive muod, when painting them, sometimes imitates the clouds of heaven; at others, the meandring course of the rivers of the earth, or the undulations of their waters : many are veined like beautiful marbles; others have the semblance of a robe of the finest net-work thrown over them : some she blazons with heral- dic insignia, giving them to bear infields sable — azure — vert — gules — argent and or, fesses — bars — bends — crosses — crescents — stars, and even animals. On many, taking her rule and compasses, she draws with precision mathematical figures : i.oints, lines, angles, triangles, squares, and circles. On others she pourtrays, with mystic hand, what seem like hieroglyphic symbols, or inscribes them with the characters and letters of various languages, often very correctly formed ; and what is more extraordinary, she has registered in others figures which correspond with several dates of the Christian era. •" Nor has nature been lavish only in the ap)iarel and ornament of these privileged tribes; in other respects she has been equally un- sparing of her fiivours. To some she has given fins like those offish,, or a beak reseml'ling that of birds; to others horns, nearly the couri- tcrparts of those of various quadrupeds. The bull, the stag, the rhi- noceros, and even the hitherto vainly sought for unicorn, have in this respect many representatives amongst insects. One is armed with tusks not unlike those of the elephant; another is bristled with spines, as the porcupine and hedge-hog with quills; a third is an armadillo in miniature; the disproportioned hind legs of the kangaroo give a most grotesque apjiearance to a fourth ; and the threatening head of the s-nake is found in a fifth. It woidd, however, be endless to prochice all OBJECTS rOR THE MICROSCOPE. 33l the instances which occur of such imitations; and I shall only remark that, generally speaking, these arms and instruments in structure and finishing far exceed those which they resemhle." METHOD OF DISSECTING INSECTS. Swammerdam excelled in the preparation of insects. Neither difii- oultj' nor disappointment could make him abandon the pursuit of any object until he had obtained a satisfactory idea of it. But, unhappily, few of the methods he used in preparing his objects for the micro- scope are now known. Boerhaave examined with the strictest atten- tion all the letters and manuscripts of Swammerdanr which he could find; but his researches were far from being successful. Ihe follow- ing are all the particulars which have come to the knowledge of the public. For dissecting small insects Swammerdam had a brass table, to which were afiixed two brass arms moveable at pleasure to any part of it. The upper part of these vertical arms was constructed in such a manner as to have a slow vertical motion; by which means the ope- rator could readilv alter the height as he saw convenient. One of these arms was to hold the minute objects, and the other to apply the microscope. -^i^ The lenses of Swammerdam's microscopes were of various sizes as' well as foci; but all of them the best that could l)e procured both for the transparency of the glass and the fineness of the workmanship. His obsen'ations were alwavs beo;un with the smallest magnifiers, from which he proceeded to the greatest; but in the use of them he was so exceedingly dexterous, that he made every observation subservient to that which succeeded it, and all of them to the confirmation of each other and to the completing of the description. His chief art seems to have been in constructing scissars of an exqui^ite fineness, and making them very sharp. Thus he was enabled to cut very minute objects to much more advantage than could be done by knives and lancets; for these, though ever so sharp and fine, are apt to disorder delicate substances by displacing some of the filaments and drawing them after them as they pass thro vigh the bodies; but the scissars cut them all equally. The knives, lancet-, and styles he made use of in his dissections, were so fine that he could not see to sharpen them without the assistance of a magnifying glass ; but with these he could dissect the intestines of bees with the same accuracy that the best anatomists can do those of large animals. He made use also of very small glass tubes, no thicker than a bristle, and drawn to a very fine jx)int at one end but thicker at the other. These were for the purpose of l>lowing 332 DIRECTIONS rOR THE MICROSCOPE. up, and tlius rendering visihle, the smallest vessels which could be dis- oovered by the microscope, to trace their courses and communications, or sometimes to inject them with coloured liquors. PARTS OF INSECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. The head and the parts of the mouth can seldom be examined without the aid of a microscope ; consequently, much still remains to be done in this department of science: the palpi, mandibles, 7)ia.riU(r,^c. {tor their use and situation, see page 21 to 29) would form a most beauti- ful series of objects, which may be rendered still more interesting by a knowledge of the manners, economy, &c. of the animals; these parts can always be separated and displayed, however old the specimen may be, by being plunged into boiling water, and then placed on a piece of blotting paper to extract whatever water remains about them : the parti of the mouth may then be displayed by means of the setting needle, and when the urticidations are fine and in danger oi' breaking, a camel's hair pencil will be found extremely useful. The abdomen and legs frequently display the most lively and brilliant colours, espe- cially the Chrysulichc ; the minute Ichneumons are no less to be admired, cither for their beauty or the singularity of their manners. The wings, for transparent objects, form an endless variety ; the disposition ot the nerves is frequently found essential in their generic character, as in the Ttnthredinidc£ : these, no doubt, would frequently, with other parts, be useful in forming natural genera of many families, both of Ih/mc- fwptera and Diptcia, as the parts are easy of examination : hi fact, there is no part of an insect but what may be rendered a pleasing and in- teresting subject. The copious directions for collecting them that I have before given, will render any further directions on this head un-- necessary. There is no substance in nature but what will bear an examination by the microscope : consequently this instrument is a never-failing source of rational amusement; the hair of animals, the feathers of birds, the scales of fish, bones, the circulation of the blood, cuttings of wood, seeds, vegetable infusions, the leaves of plants, and the innu- merable unimulculu which are Ibund in every decaying substance, will afford employment never to be regretted : 1 shall therefore close this part of the subject by a few brief directions for prejiaring, examining, and obtaining the above, which I trust will be found sufficient for the purpose. OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 33^- PARTS OF ANIMALS. Po}-es of the Skin may be examined by cutting off a thin slice from any soft part of the body that is not hairy, such as from between the fingers, with a razor or sharp penknife — this is a transparent object. Hair. — The hairs of different animals vary widely in their appear- ance, as also tlie hairs from the various parts of the human body, and will furnish a pleasing series of oljjects. Ca/cined Iknies. — Bones should bo heated red hot in a clear fire, by which means all the animal juices will be destroyed, and little will !>€ left hut pure lime of a most delicate whiteness, and highly interesting from the beauty of the cells : — this is an opaque object. Some useful hints on this subject will be found in the 9tli volume of tlie Medico- C/iirurgical Sucieti/ Transactions, in a paper by ^Nlr. Howship, which is illustrated by plates with the specimens magnified. Fcathtrs of Birds. — These afford an almost endless variety of ob- jects, both opake and transparent. Scales of Lizai-ds, Stiakes, and Fish. — These should be carefully cleansed from any dirt or filth; they may always be cleaned by soak- ing in water and brushing with a camel's hair pencil. Blood. — The circulation of the blood may be easiest seen in the tails or fins of small fish, which should be placed in a very thin glass tube. Crustacea. — Many animals of this Class require the aid of the mi- croscope ; to the lovers of the rnicroscope they are highly interesting, and well deserving their attention, i'rom the little that is known con- cerning them : a few of the species are enumerated in the first sijjb- class of the Cmstacea, p. 78 to 82. Arachmiida. — Several species of this Class arc very minute ; they are found beneath the bark of trees, attached to the legs of insect*, ^c. As an example of the care we should take in preparing objects for the mi- croscope, as well as forming an idea of them, it is worth notice to men- tion, that the figure of the " Lobster insect," (a species of Obhium) given in Adams's Essai/s on the Microscope, 4to. has a dentation on the outer part of the inner claw, which is in fact a fracture produced by com- pression; this was pointed out to me by my much respected friend T. Carpenter, Esq. of Tottenham, who has the identical specimen in his extensive collection. jNIany parts of the Spiders form most beau- tifid objects, especially the eyes. The webs of spiders in hedges, gar- den gates, and gates in woods, may frequently be examined with ad- vantage, as these are nets in which many minute and rare insects may be found. Acuri. — This Class of animals have long been celebrated as objects for the microscope; yet it is to be regretted tliat very little is yet known, of tliem, most collectors being satisfied by possessing a specimen of the « cheese mite,'' lo cx^iibit one of the wondci-s of the little world. 334 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. Shells. — Minute shells; these form must elegant subjects, and in ge- neral fetch a very high price ; but they may be easily obtiiined by es- amining with a microscope the sand found on the sea shores ; they are used as opake objects, and should be placed on a coloured jiaper that is the greatest contrast to the shell. An enumeration witii figures of most of the minute British shells will be found in INIontagu's Tesfacea Bri- tannica, and Walker's Tcstucea m'muta, 4to. 178i. Animulcula. — These animals are so exceedingly numerous that vo- lumes might be ^\'ritI:cn uu them. I shall therefore give only a few brief directions for the best methods of obtaining them in vegetable in- fusions, &c. Infusions of Pepper. — Bruise as much common black pepper as will cover the bottom of an open jar, and lay it thereon about half an inch thick: pour as much soft water into the vessel as will rise about an inch above the pepper, shake the whole well together; after which they must be stirred, but be left exposed to the air for a few days, in which time a thin pellicle will be formed on the surface, in which innume- rable animals are to be discovered by the microscope. Eels in Paste — may be obtained by boiling a little Hour and water into the consistence of honey, then exposing it to the air in an open vessel, and beating it frequently to prevent tlie surface from growing hard : in summer, after a few days, eels will be found in myriads visi- ble to the naked eye, and may be preserved for a length of time by Jceeping the paste moistened with water. Vegetable Infusions. — These as well as animal infusions are by far the best methods of procuring animalcula. Plants should be placed in a glass of either rain or river water, and suftered to remain imtil a scum is observed on the surface of the water, which acquires thickness by standin"-. In this scum the greatest number of animalcules are found. Sometimes it is necessary to dilute the infusions; but this ought al- ways to be done with water, not only distilled but viewed through a microscope, lest it should also have animalcules in it, and thus prove a source of deception. Stagnant waters contain also immense numbers of these very mi- nute but interesting animals ; they are also found adhering to duck- weed, pieces of wood, &.c. A quantity of these should be collected and thrown into clean water; they may then be separated and fiu'ther ex- amined. Zoophr/tes and Corals. — These are only to be obtained on the sea shore, and are found at the recess of the tide. When an opportimity occurs of collecting in these places, every piece of sea weed, &c. should be examined, as many very rare marine animals are frequently found in them, especially after a storm. OBJECTS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. 335 VEGETABLES. Seeds of Plants aftord many pleasing objects, as well as the leaves, &c. : they shoukl be giunmed to paper, as directed for Insects. Moss. — This, in the winter months, shonld always be collected and carefully examined, as it not only furnishes many curious subjects of itself, but likewise harbours many very beautiful insects, minute shells, &-C. Farina or the Pollen of Plants aftbrds some curious subjects, and is well deserving of a further investigation. In the sixth volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society is given an Account of a Micro- scopical investigation of several species of Pollen, with some Peniarks and Questions on the structure and use of that part oj' vegetables. By Luke HouHird, Esq. from tvhich the following is extracted. " I began my observations," says Mr. Howard, " with the Hazel- tree {Corylus Avellanu). On a calm dry day I shook off sopie of the pollen from the expanded catkins upon a clean piece of writing-paper : I also gathered some of the catkins and female buds. These I viewed separately on a clear plate of glass, usually transmitting the light through them from a speculum below, and with different magnifying powers, preferring those which, without enormously enlarging the ob- jects, gave a clear view of the structure and position of several at once. " 1. Corylus Avellana. — Anthers furnished with transparent horn- like appendages. Pollen crumbles from the surface, and is sometime-» so abundant as to tall in a visible cloud on the slightest motion of a branch. To the naked eye it is a fine yellow powder. A few grains laid on the glass plate and viewed with the lens, No. 4; some appear of an irregular angular ^.hape, opake, except in one or two parts, where light passing presents the appearance of a perfcu-ation ; others nearly spherical, the surface divided by depressed lines into a number of con- vex facets. The transparency of these is such, that they reflect the image of a small object held under them, as well as a drop of liquid. On repeating the examination, the former are found to come from the most mature anthers, and to differ from tlie latter only as a raisin does from a grape. A clear drop of distilled water being put on the gla*.s, both kinds imbibe it v/ith the avidity of a sponge, at tlie same time distending and spreading abroad in tlie water, but without any motion further than that which this expansion causes. When saturated with the water they remain at the bottom, clear as the liquid itself, and all alike distended to a bulk many times greater than their original one in a dry state. They are now seen to be multilocular capsules, having septa in various directions within them, the union of which with the external membrane appears at the angles in the dry state, and at die depressed lines in the wet. 336 DIRECTIONS FOR THE MICROSCOPE. " These capsules may be kept in the water for several days without any further perceptible change. When that is dried up they return to the opake state, and the same operation may be several times repeated on tliem. " In exhibiting this spectacle to some friends, -pure water not being just at hand, a drop of brandy was substituted for it This gave rise to a phenomenon equally curious and iniexpected. The grains expand as in the water; but in the mean time tliey arc put into rapid motion, each grain darling from side to side with the vivacity of a swarm of gnats in the air. As they approach to complete expansion the motion dies away, and one after another sinks to the bottom. By a small ad- dition of fresh brandy some few are excited a second time, but with fainter movements. Presently the liquid begins to be obscured, and in a few minutes the grains are mostly dispersed and decomposed, and the spirit e.\haling, leaves a sort of extract on the glass mixed with many undissolved particles, among which sometimes appear a few unbroken grains, much changed, and now resembling an empty bladder lying tlat." Mr. Howard, after the same experiments on various other plants, observes, " The proper spirit for this purpose seems to be a mixture of one part of pure spirit of wine with two of water. A stronger spirit or spirit of wine alone may sometimes be required, when we operate upon a pollen which has by any means become previously saturated with moisture, (or has lost, by keeping, a part of its irritabilit}',) but it does not enter the drv srain so readilv as water alone. " It is proper here to remark, tliat the utmost care is requisite to prevent accidental mixtures of the subjects or menstnia in these ex- periments, which might greatly embarrass and mislead the observer; separate pieces of clear glass for the several kinds, and separate point- ed glass tubes to convey the liquids, will therefore be requisite. It will be proper attentively to examine the pollen dry, as well as the liquids before they are used, in order to be satisfied of the absence of animal- cules and other extraneous matter which might be suspected to in- fluence the appearances. " I do not pretend to say that the above-related experiments were absolutely free from optical deception ; but I may venture to affirm, from frequent repetition of them, that when tried with due precaution, thev will scarcely ever be fomid to fail of producing the appearance ro- lated." MINERALS. Crystak. — The name Crystal is given to those polyhedral bodiei*, produced by nature and the operations of chemistry, which possess a regular geometrical form and rectilineal interior structure. MINERALS. 337 Observation has shown that every substance in crytallizing has a tendency to assume a peculiar figtire. Common suit cr\slallizes incubts, Epsom sulta in six-sided prisms, xUum in octahedrons, Siigar-candjf in obhipie fonr-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits. But the cry- stalline form in any crystallizable material is liable to be altered by circumstances affecting the crystallizing process; and hence the geome- trical forms which the same identical substances present, often bear no such resemblance to each other as would seem to indicate their rela- tion. There are, nevertheless, a certain number of figures peculiar to every crystallizable body, and the crystals of that substance assimie one or other of these forms, and no other. Common salt, for example, when it has assumed its true crystalline shape, presents itself in the form of cu!)es ; it is also met with in octahedrons, dodecahedrons, or some figure ajiperlaining tu these solids. Sugar-eantlii usually crystal- lizes in oblique four-sided prisms, and it likewise occurs in cubes and in si-x-sided prisms with wedge-shaped summits variously modiiied. Alton crystallizes in octahedrons, Init it also occurs in cubes. Method ofobtainbtg Crystals. — The method of effecting the crystal- lization of such bodies as re(|uire a previo\is state of solution, and among which the class of Salts holds a distinguished rank, consists of heating the solution so as to dissipate gradually part of the water by evaporation. It is thus that chemists proceed for obtaining crystals of sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, &c. The iiiiure of crystals has very little regularity if the water be eva- porated Too hastily, as by boiling; b\it b.y keeping the saline solution in a gentle heat, very beautiful and very regular crystals are obtained in a longer or shorter space of time; and there is scarcely any salt which niay not be made to assume a very distinct form by this process if it be skilfully conducted. — Accnm. Cnist'ils of Camphor. — Camphor dissolves readily in sjiiritsof wine. To obtain the crystals it is only necessary to place one drop on a piece ol" glass ; the glass should be held over a candle a few seconds to ac- celerate the evaporation of the spirit, and then placed in the micro- scope, when the configuration may be seen. _ ^ Crystals of Silver. — This forms a very beautiful and interesting object. In one drop of nitrate of silver put a small piece of very fiiie iM-ass wire; this must be immediately placed in the microscope, and the crystals will extend gradually till the whole quantity of fluid is evaporated. Minerals of all kinds frequently exhibit very curious ol jects. Sand also should be collected and examined, as it is subject to great variety : — -m fact, a very good knowledge might be gained of Mineralogy trom small specimens which maybe obtained at very reasonable prices, and which occupy but little room. V AN EXPLANxVTION ■ THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. Abdomen, that jiart of lUe Iwdy distinct from the thorax, forming the hinder part of tlic insect, and consisting of segments or rings. {PL 10. Jig. 7. c.) jEqmik, when it is of the same hreadtli \vith the thorax. Barhatimi^ with tiilts of hair at the sides or extremity. Takatum, shaped hke a sickle. Fi'tiolatmii, attached to the tht ca\ by means of a slender elongated tube. Picmum, the under part flat. Sessile, sitting attached to the thorax in its Avhole breadth ; not di- stant and connected by a filament. Suhpetiolahmt, attached to the ihoraxby a short tube, nearly equalling the thorax in l)readth. ACULEUS, the Sthig, an elongated dart, often poisonous, seated in the extremity of the abdomen. Composltus, having two or more sharp points or darts. Hxsertus, projecting, not lying hid within the body. Keconditus, always concealed within the abdomen, and seldom thrust out. Retractilis, for the most part exserted, but capable of being drawn in. ^Simplex, having one dart or point. Vaginatus, inclosed in a bivalve sheath. AL.'l^', the Wings, the instruments of flight. , Acuminatee, terminating in a subulated apex. Angulattp, the posterior margin having prominent angles. Avgnlus ani, the posterior angle of the inferior wings. Angulus ]}osticus, that extremity of the wing Avhich is opposite to the base and to the apex. Apex, the part opposite to the base, terminating the anterior mar- gin. (PI. 10. Jig. 8. c.) Basis, the part by wliich it is connected with the thorax. {PI. 10. /'g. B. b.) TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 339 Bkuudut(s, the hinder wings having two projecting processes. Caudate, in which one or more projections in the hinder wings arc extended into processes. Concu/ures, of the same colom- both on the upper and under surfaces. Conniventes, which when at rest have tlic anterior margin in part contiguous to the inner or posterior margin, whether erect or in- cumhcnt. Convoluta, wrapping round the body, the ui)per surface forming a convexity. Costa, tlie margin between the liusc and tlie apex. Crenatce, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures are pointed to neitlier extremity. Cruciata; incumbent, but tlie inner margins lying over each other. CruciaUc cu/iiplicahe, folded together crosswise. Deflexcc, incumbent, Init not horizontally, the outer edges declining towards the sides. Dent at o-cr usee, hollowed, with denticulations between the hollows. Dentkulata, with minute distinct teeth. Dcniidatee, a certain part destitute of scales, but opake. Dii^itala; divided nearly to the base like fingers. Discus, the space between the base, the apex, the margin, and the sutm-e. Divarkatce, incumbent, but diverging behind. Elongata, the posterior margin longer than the interior. Erecta, when at rest, standing up so as to approach each other. Erosie, with minute obtuse hollows and unequal laciniae. Exaiudufu; having no projecting processes. Ectensee, not lying upon one another. Fa/cafa-, the posterior margin obtusely hollowed. Ffuestrafie, with one or more transparent spots. Fisse, digitated, divided into linear portions with straight margins. G^muopttne, membranaceous and transparent without scales. Morizonfahs, which when at rest are parallel to the horizon. Hi/ulintc, quite transparent. Inannbc/cs, which when the insect is at rest cover the back of the abdomen horizontally. Incumattc, the anterior margin bent like an arch. Infegerrbiui-, with a margin linear and not in any wise cut. Integra, undivided without indentations. Jrroiatic, marked with exceedingly minute poiiits. Lancculati/. Hast ATA, a javelin-shaped mark that is triangular; the base and sides hollowed, the posterior angles spreading horizontally. IIAUS'i'ELLUM, a sort of trunk at the mouth of insects, principally of the Dipfera, consisting of setse, which are either inclosed in a bivalve sheath or without one. Head. See Cahvt. IlrMr-LYTRA, wings either wholly or in part formed of a substance in- termediate between leather and membrane. IIexapoda iiisccta, having six feet, jis in all genuine insects. HvAEiXA, wings, elytra, &c. quite transparent. IMAGO, the perfect insect after having gone through the states of La7va and Pupa. ImbPvIcatus, set with scales, lying over each other like the tiles of a house. IxsTiTA, a stria of equal breadth throughout. Lahrum. (See p. 'lH.) LARVA, caterpillar, grub or maggot; the insect as it comes from the egg, slow, sterile, and voracious. Cuudaia, with a tiiil or horn, as in most of the Sphingida. Gregaria, those larvai that live in society, many of them inclosed in a web. Nuda, naked, not hairy. Polyphagu, that will eat a variety of plants. Subcntanea, small caterpillars that feed within the substance of the ^ leaf. LiNEA,, a line, the twelt tii part of an inch. LINGUA, the Tongue. (See p. 29.) lieplkatUu, the point capable of being turned back. Spiralis, capable of being rolled up like the spring of a watch be- t\veen the palpi. {PL iO.fig. 9.) Litura, a spot of a deeper colour in one parttlian another. Lunula, a spot shaped like a new moon. MACULA^ a S|;ot, larger than punctuni, of an indeterminate tlgure, and of a different colour from the ground. (/-"/. lo. fg- B. It.) 350 AN' EXl'l.ANATIO^' OF Annularis, round, the miclLlle of the same colour with the rest of llic wing. Deltoidcii, nearly triangular. Flexuosu, irregularly \\aving. MANDIBUL/E, the niandibies. (See p. '28. PL iO.JJg. 1. d.) Manus, a foot shaped like the claw ofa crah. Maugixatl s, thorax, elytra, Sec. with a tree elevated margin. MAXILL/E, organs at the mouth, generally semicircular, pointed at the ends, moving transversely, that is, horizontally, not perpendi- cularly as in the human species, lor the purpose of holding and comminuting the food. (See also p. 'J8. Fl. 10. Jig. '2. a. — b. c. maxillari/ palpi.) Dcnfafa-, the margins set with sharp pointed processes. Forcipafie, like a pair of pincers. Furcafa, forked, divided into two jiarts at the ends. Litnulutce, thick in the middle, and smaller towards the base and the apex. Proininentes, placed straight before the head, and on the same plane. Mentim, the chin. This part is most observable in the iwc«m/s Cer- vns. METAMORPHOSIS. — The transformation of an insect from the luna to the pupa, and previous to its last or perfect state. The meta- morphosis of ins(;cts is delincd as follows. Courctuta, of an oblong cylindrical shape \s ilh no part of the body vi- sible ; as in the Order Omcdoptera. Incoiiipletd, with motionless feet and wings ; as in Coleoptera, Lepi- dopteru, ^'C. Sen/icomp/cta, when the pupa moves, eats, and has wing-cases ; as in l\'niuiptcru, Orthoptcra, Dirti/opfcra, Hciniptera, tVc. OCELLI (or Stemmata), little shining eyes generally placed together on the crown of the head, for the purpose of seeing objects at a di- stance and above the insect. Dioptrati, with a transparent pupil di^•idcd transversely by a small line. Seaquiulter or Sesquioc'ellus, a large ocellus inclosing a smaller one. OCULT, th('(i/es (see ]>. 21). All //i.sa-/.s have at least two eyes: the Aiachn'uida have six or eight, arranged for the most part on the vertex ox summit of the head. They are subject to considerable variety in sit\iation and shape, and are distinguished as under. Approxivmti, when placed close together. liini, two eyes, one placed on each side of the head. Colorati, ofa dift'crcnt colour from that of the head. Compositi, furnished with many and often numerous lenses, for the purpose of seeing near objects and those at a distance. Concolores, of the same colour with the head and body. THE TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY. 351 CoJitii^ni, toiichini!; one another. Fusciati, marked with stripes of a difterent colour: this may be ob- sened in several of the Dipterous insects, particidarly those of the Tubiituhe; but the colours fade when the insect is dead. Ft'iitsti-uti, the pupil glassy and transparent. Hemispherici, convex, like the section of a globe. Ii/niiobi/cs, so fixed in the head as to be incapable of motion. IiiJ'tri, placed on the under side of the head. Intcrrupti, broken, but continued either above or below, as in the G^irinidcc. Lataalcs, placed at each side of the head. Liauiti, i-esemhliu'^ a crescent or new moon. Mobiles, so situated as to be moveable. Oblitirati, the pupil scarcely distinguishable. Ccfuiii, eight distinct eyes, as in many of the Arachnoidu. Ovules, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal. Vfduucidati, elevated on a stalk or peduncle. Flani, the surface on the same plane with the head. Prominuli, standing lar out from the head. Quutcnii, with four eyes. lieiitoti, distant from each other. Reniformes, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side. Seni, with six distinct eyes. Siwplucs, furnished with only one lens. Vuriegati, of different colours. Verticales, placed on the crown of the head. OS, the mouth and its parts, (See p. 27.) lufcrum, when placed on the under side of the head. Maxillosiini, with large maxilke. Fcctorule, situated in the breust, in a tube or rostrum, Tcniiinule, the apex of the head. Pag IN A superior, the upper surface of the wing. inferior, the under surface. Palatum, the interior part of the transverse lip. PALPI, organs placed at the mouth, often articulated, and gerferally shorter than the antennce, and are either two, four, or six. (P/. 10, Jig. 1- e. g. labiul palpi, f.f. maxilluri/ palpi.) Oavati, club-shaped, terminating in a knob; growing gradually thicker towards the apex. Flongati, longer than common, or longer than the mouth. Exurticulati, with no distinct articulations. Erscrti, projecting, not lying hid. Filifortiies, of the same thickness throughout. Incurvi, turning straight upwards at the ends, o\xt the head. FeditWmes, with a geniculated articulation like a foot. 352 AN KXPr.AN'ATIOX OF Porrectiy stretched struight forwards. Hecti, straight, without ticxure. RecuriHiti, turned hack. • Securif'orwes, shaped somewhat like an axe. -Se/tfct/, growing gradually more attenuated from the base to the apex. Simp/ ices, not articulated. Subulati, linear at the base, growing more slender and pointed at the apex. Pateli,.?;, orbicular, elevated, moveable bodies on which the base of the femora rests, as in the hlnieunnmicLc. Pectin Es, in the genus Scoip'o, two bo(hes sititatcd between the abdo- men and the breast, denlated on one side, but the nunibeir of teeth varies. Pectus, the Breast, the under part of the thorax to wliich the feet are attached. PEDES, tite Limbs. — I'ius term is a])plicd by IJnne to the whole limb,, including thcj'ctiiiu-, libin, la? si, and iiitgiiis. 'J lie formation of tiie legs will generally delcrmiue the halnts ol insects, and are called Ctirsorii, when formed for running. AhUici, witliout claws or spines. Natutorii, compresscil, doubly ciliated and two-edged, formed for swinuning. Saltutorii, with thick thighs, formed lor leaping. Sirrati, dentaled (jr toothed like a saw. Spinosi, set with large sul)ulated spines. Petiolati'm, having a slender elongated tul)e connecting the abdomcft to Uic thorax : tiiis is observable in many of the Ilynienoplerous in- sects. Plast^e, the under part of the tarsi. HeniispJurica-, concave and nearly circular : this kind of ^w/'sms is pe- culiar to the aquatic Vohoptcru. {l^L 'o-Jig- 1^- ^i-) PROBOSCIS, a hollow tube at the mouth, often lieshy, and enlarging at the point. Ipjlcxa, tending towards the breast. P/kafifis, pliable, so that it can be folded up. Po?Tecta, stretched straight forward. ■%Rtrw/7'(/^o, turning backwards. lit, / ~ PUPA, Aurcliu, Cliri/salis, JSiimpha, the animal changed from a larva, often motionless, destitute of moutli, &c. See Metuiimiphosis. FoUiru/tda, inclosed in a case made of hair or silk, or of leaves, wool, earth, &;c. conglutinaled together. Ifncia, not inclosed in a case, not folliculated. Ohiccta, wrapped up in a crustaceous covering, the thorax and abdo- men oI)vious. PfKCTATA, Ell/Ira, Sfc. sprinkled with hollow dots or I'unctiires. THE TEPvMS USED IN ENTQMOLOCy. 353 PuxcTUM, a small dot of a different colour from the rest of the wing. ■ Callosnm, an elevated and somewhat rigid point. Geminum, two spots near each other but separated. Ramosiim, divided into distant parts. Ocellare, an orbicular spot of a different colmir in the middle. Sesquialtenim, formed of two spots that are distinct but contiguous. Rexiformis, kidney-shaped, nearly round, hollowed on one side. RivuLUS, a stripe running irregularly over the wing, and of a different colour from it. ROSTRUM, the mouth lengthened out into a snout or tapering beak; this part is siibjectto great variations, and in the Curculionida, Sfc. is essential in the generic character. Acutum, the apex forming an acute angle. Apex, the point. Arcuutum, bent like a circular arch. Basis, the part next the head. Biralve, consisting of two concave valves, united so as to form a tube. Breve, shorter than the head. Cunalkuhttum, with a deep hollow groove in the middle. Conicum, cylindrical, growing smaller at the apex. Cijlindrkuin, linear and round. Gcniculatum, bent, and making an angle at the flexure. Injiexum, not })rojecting, but bent towards the breast. Longius, longer than the head and thorax. Longwii, longer than the head. LongissimJini, longer than the bod\^ Blultivalvc, forming a tube by means of many valves uniting. Nutans, transversely tixed to the head. Pui'recfwn, prominent and elongated. Bcctiaii, produced but not bent. Setaceum, slender, flexible, and gradually tapering towards the apex, TnbuJoswii, perforated like a tube; entire. RtGosus, with waved and elevated lines, either longitudinally or trans- versely. Saltatoru, such insects that have their legs with thick thighs strong and formed for leaping. SCUTELLUM. — ^This partis separated from the thorax by a transverse line, and lies between the wings or wing-cases ; its form is gene- rally triangular. Seta, a line hair or bristle. Sexes of Insects, are distinguished in Entomoiogical works, by ^ (Mars) for male, and 5 [Venus) female. SiNt^s, a hollow, an excavation as if scooped out. z 354 AN EXPLANATION OF Spiracula, the respiratory organs, situated on the sides of the abdo- men. 6QUAMULA,a Scale; an erect membrane placed between the thorax and abdomen. Stem M ATA, the Ocelli or Httlc eyes placed on the summit of the head ; these are frequently considered in the character of a genus. Sternl'm, the ridge running under the breast; this part is very con- spicuous in the Di/tkicUc. Stigma, a spot or mark generally on the upper wing. STRIA, a longitudinal line, and often punctured, generally extending from the base to the apex of tlie elytra. Obsolcta, indistinct, as if obliterated. Striga, a narrow transverse line. Sulcus, a deep hollow furrow. SuTUPvA, tlie part where the elytra meet and form the line in the Tnid- dle of the back, from the base to the apex. Tarsus, the Foot. The form and number of the joints vary according to the insect's mode of life: in several species of the Coleoptera the anterior tarsi of the male are frequently broader than those of the female, and consequently serve as a sexual distinction. The num- ber of joints in the tarsi ser\'es as sections of the Order ColeojAeru. Tergum, the upper part or back of the abdomen. Tessellata, spotted or marked with another colour chequerwise. TflOIlAX, the part intermediate to the head and body. (Seep. 31.) This part is subject to the greatest variety in sha])e, sculpture, &<•. Many of the terms used to distinguish the elytra in Coleoptera are also applicable to the thorax. Aculcatus, furnished with sharp spines. ^gualis, when of the same breadth with the elytra. Angvhitus, the posterior margin having prominent angles. Canuliculutus, with a deep longitudinal groove in the middle. CarinatuSy the middle part of the disc raised into a straight longitu- dinal ridge. Cotivexus, when tlie surface is elevated like the section of a sphere. Cordatus, heart-shaped, the base notched, without angles. Creiiatus, the margin notched, but in such a way that the incisures are pointed to neither extremity. Crlstatus, the carinatcd ridge arched, dentated, and compressed. Cucullatus, the carinated ridge hollowed before into a kind of hood. Discus, the middle of the thorax, the line from i to c {fg. 4. pi. 10). Gibbus, the disc elevated but not spherical. Immarginutus, without clypeus or distinct rim. In-ccqiiuHa, the surface not flat, but with irregular elevations and de- pressions. THE TERMS USED tN ENTOMOLOGV. 355 Integer, Integerrimus, with the margin hnear and not in anywise cut. Lineatus, marked h-.i-ritudinally with coloured hnes. Lobatiis, divided intci '.listinct parts. Marginafus, with a free elevated margin. Margo, the part surrounding the disc. Muticus, not furnished with horns, spines, or tubercles. NUidi'.s, the surface smooth and shining. Obcordutus, heart-shaped, with tlie apex towards the abdomen. Oblongm, the transverse diameter much less than the longitudinal. Oboi'cUtis, inversely ovate. Obtusiis, blunt, or rounded at the apex. Orbiculutus, the transverse diameter equal to the longitudinal. Ovalh, egg-shaped, the outline at both extremities equal. Ovatus, the longitudinal diameter exceeding the transverse, and the latter broader at the base than at the apex. Planus, the surface on the same plane with the head. Punctatua, with hollow dots or punctures. Rctusus, terminating in an obtuse hollow. Rotiatdatus, the outline nearly circular, without corners. Rttgosiis, wrinkled, marked with waved and elevated lines, either longitudinally or transversely. Sen-atus, the margin toothed like a saw. ' Spi/ioatis, the margins furnished with rigid spines. Sgiiarrosus, divided into elevated laciniiB. Strkitus, slightly channelled with parallel lines. Submargiuatus, the margin having a distinct rim, but neither free nor elevated. Subrofiindus, the outline nearly circular. Sulcafiis, with one or more deep hollow furrows. Teretiusculus, nearly cylindrical. Tctrugonus, with four corners. Transversus, linear, but transverse. Tubcrculatus, rough with rigid prominent warts or tubercles. Villosus, covered with soft down or hair. Tibia, a part of the leg between the femora and tarsi. Trochan TERES, spines fixed to the legs to assist them in running; these are common to most of tlie Carabkhc. Vagina, a bivalve sheath at the mouth of many IIymeno})terous and Dipterous insects sometimes articulated. JNIr. Kirby uses it in Ify- vie7ioplera to include every part the office of which is to cover, de- fend, or support the tongue. Vagina is sometimes used for that part which contains the sting of insects. Valvul.t, small concave mendiranes inclosing the proboscis. Ven.i, Veins; the vessels diffused throughout the wings; theveining z'i 356 TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOCy. of the wings may ahvaj's be considered with great advantage ill the generic characters of insects, especially such as have them transparent. Venter, the under part of the abdomen. Vertex, the crown or summit of the head. ViLLOsus, covered with soft hair. Vitta, a stria with a waved or furrowed margin. Interrupta, not (extending in a continued line but continued either above or below. licpanda, with waving acute sinuses. TJndata, with waving obtuse sinuses. Ungues, the Claus, subulated hook-shaped spines at the apex of the tarsi. THE ENTOxMOLOGIST'S CALENDAR, EXlirBlTING THE TIME OF APPEARANCE AND HABITA- TION OF NEAR THREE THOUSAND SPECIES OF BRITISH INSECTS. In forming tlie followins; Calendar, I have been anxious to render it as extensive as possible, and at tlie same time to introduce as many species of insects as my own knowledge of the subject, and the few works that have hitherto been pul)lii'hed relative to British Entomology, could make it. In the times of appearance, and the situation where found, of a great number of species, I have been greatly assisted by my kind and much respected friend J. F. Ste|)hens, Esq. F. L. S. whose rich cabinet has always been open to me, and who also has furnished me with much valu- able information, derived from his own observations. In many species I have been vmable to give a reference to a description, several of them being new to Britain, and hitherto undescribed ; but thought it best to in- troduce them, as they are certainly valuable acqui'^itions to a cabinet. As many of the Linnean genera have not yet been sufficiently investi- gated, and the species requiring a minute examination, such genera and species are distinguished by i/u/ica. Of these the most extensive are the LcpifJoptcra, the genera of which are the least known in any department of Entomology. Of the Ilemiptcra, Neuroptaa, Ht/»tenupfem, and Di- ptcra, but little is yet known of the species, consefpiently a very small nimiber is introduced : however, they may be obtained in the course of collecting. I may be censured by the scientific Entomologist for in- troducing the English names of the Lcpkhptcra, i)ut my object has been to render this a useful work ; and many collectors are acquainted with them by no other name ; yet it is to be hoped that these will hereafter be discontinued, as the scientific name is as easily retained in the memory (if a person uses himself to it) as the absurd English ones in present use. The species marked by the asterisk (*) I am rather doubtful if found jn the month in which they are placed in the calendar; but such is the time of the plants on which they feed being in blossom, which is certainly a good guide to the Entomologist. The obelisk (f) to the plant in the habitation denotes that such insects are generally found in the larva state, and should be sought for accord- ingly, the insect being rare or difficult to procure in the perfect state. O This mark, placed in other tunes of appearance, denotes that they may be foimd in such situations thrt)ughout the year. As many of the Lepidoptera last but a few days in the perfect state, I have distinguished the time of the month in which such species appear by the following: b. beginning: m. middle; e. end :— also, /. larva: p. pupa. 358 •fiiE entomologist's calendar. JANUARY. Name, tso. of Gen. 34 Philoscia IMiiscoiuiii 3,1 Oniscus Asellus 3(i Purcellio scaber 37 Arniadiilo vulgaris 1 Glomeris marginata 2 Jul us sabulosus Londiuensis niger terrestris punctatus pulchellus puiilhis 3 Craspedosoma Raulinsii Polydesmoides 4 Polydesmus complanatus 5 Pollj'xenus Lagurus 6 Lithobius forficatus variegatus vulgaris 7 Cryptops hortensis Savignii Where found. Other times ofap. Reference to description. Under moss Old walls Under stones • sandy places Under moss in woods I'nder stones, Scotland Sandy places in woods Under bark of trees and moss Under moi.s, on mountains of England and Scotland Under stones and roots of grass Edinburgh Under bark of trees Under stones Gardens, under stones 8 Geophilus subterraneus Under stones maritimus acuniinatiis longicornis 1 Siro rubens 2 Obisium trombidioides orthodactylum ]\Iuscornm maritimnm 3 Chelifer Hcrmanni Latreillii GeofTroyi 6 Acarus domesticus 11 Cychrus rostratus 18 Nothiophilus aquaticus biguttatus 20 Bembidium agile 30 Agonum vaporariorum 36 Sphodrus planus 44 Dyschirius gibbus sea shore o 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 0 0 0 0 Page 111. 112. 113. 114. Z.M.ni.33,t.l33 34. Page 1 1 4. 115. Z. M. iii. 40. Moss, Battersea-Qelds, (Dr. L.) 0 0 Under stones IMoss Under stones Page 116. Z. M. iii. 42. 1. 40, f. 12 45. t.40.f.3,6. 2,3,4,Page 1 ! 8. Under moss Sea shore I'nder bark of trees Grassy banks Moist gravel-pits Houses and cellars Moist places, Battersca 50 Droniius quadrimaculatusUnder bark of trees rufescens linearis pusillus punctomacnlatus 51 Demetrias atricapilla 56 Hyphydius ovatus Ponds 0 119. [f.2. 0 Z.M.iii.51,t.l41 0 f. 3. 0 52. [f.3. 0 49, t. 142, 0 f. 5. 0 50.t.l42.f.l. 0 Page 132. Und. St., moss, roots of trees 2,3,4,M. 470. sp. ] 03. Pathways and banks of ponds 0 Page 148. 1!. of ponds, r. of grass, s. pits 0 M. 395. sp. 10. Old cheese 0 [sp. 08. 5,6, Gyll. ii. 161. 2,3,4,5,Page 152. o 3 J 2to6,- - l.iS. 155. 2tot1,Marsh. 45S.sp.7l 2to6, 463. sp. 84 ~ 2to6, Herts(Mr.StephenF) 2to6, 4G0. sp.74. 2,3.4, 462.sp.S3^ 210 12, Page 157. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 350 JANUARY. No. Other of Name. Where found. times Cen. of ap. Reference to description. 58 Xotf rus sparsus Puiuls GO Colymhetes bipunctatus Ponds and ditches xiliginosus hipustulatus f)2 Acilin^ sulcatus C3 Dj'ticus marginalis circuindexus punctiilatus 107 Stenuscicindeioides bigiittatus 1 10*Arcop3giis glabricollis ]21*Brya\is ha?matica 124 Ptinus Fur IjO Hydrijus picens 173 S.irr(jtrinni muticum n9 Helops stri:Uus 196 Salpingus Roboris rufirostiis 205 Apion Ulicis Ponds Ponds and stagnant waters O Z. .M. iii. 71. 0 Mars.4l8.sp.l5 0 4ir>. sn. 9. 0 415.sp. 7. 2tol2,Pas:e 159. Moist banks IMoist banks Woods, under moss Under moss Houses Ponds, under weeds 2,4,10,12, 2,4,10,12, 2,4,H'>,12,Marsli.412.?p.3 0 Gvll.ii.470.sp.6. Page ITS. 1-8. 0 2,3, 2,3, 0 Zool. Misc. iii. Marsh. 89. sp.27. 2to6, Page 187 - 193. Gr.-pits Hampst. (Mr.Steph.)2,3, Roots of trees and undei bark 0 iSIarsh.43 l.sp.5 I'nder bark of trees Fiirze 208 Rhynclia-nus maculatus Under bark of trees 223 MoBotoma Juglandis Stumps of trees, mnist places t0j5, Page 207 Page 199. 2,3, Mar.2O7.sp.l70, 2, Kirbv T.L.S. ix. 2,3, ]Mar.292.sp.lo8. Hedses Under bark of oaks Under bark Houses Ponds and ditches 237 Rhagium vulgare 254 Cocci nella 7-punctata variabilis instabilis humeralis dispar 262 Acheta domestica 287 Nepa cinerea 289 Notonecta furcata glaiica 310 Pulex irritans Canis 324 SmerintbnsTiliae p. The Lim-e Haick-rnoth Geomel'a primaria e. The Earhj M.th bruniaria The IVinter Moth TfjTlrix s|)adiceana Coombe Wood Tlie Bay-'^houldered Button 440 Formica Herculanea Woods, &c. fusca ■ • nigra • rufa ■ 488 Apis mellilica 489 Culex pipiens Coombe Wood md inider bark 10. O Marsh. Ki2.sp.l0. 0 lllig.i.447.sp.32 0 16I.sp.30. OSchon.ii.163.sp.35 0 Illig.i.4j5.sp.33 0 Fabr. 0 Page 225. 2tol2, — ^ 22G. 2tol2, 227. Houses, sucking blood of man 0 234. Dogs f Roots of lime-trees 0 2,3, N.S. Page 243 Hedges 2, Haw. 305 Pales 11, sp. Flowers Houses and gardens 0 0 O © 0 0 412. sp.57. Stewart ii. 245. 246. K. ii. 312.sp. Page 290. 300 THE ENTOMOLOGIST 8 CALENDAR. FEBRUARY. No. of Gen, Name. Where fountl. Other times of ap. Reference to description. Under stones Damp hedges Buckwheat Roots of trees, Epping Forest 3,4, Roots of trees Under stones and moss Under bark of decayed trees Roots of grass and banks Under bark Stewart ii. 27fi. M.443. sp. 29. 1'20. sp.l5. 3,4 .4, Gyil.ii.288.sp.9. 221.sp.20. 3,4,5, 199. sp. 7. 3,4, Page 184. 3,4, 3,4, 3,4, 185. Hist. O. Fabr. 4 Podura phimbea Under stones Page 141. 5 Sinynthurus fiisciis Podura viridis 36 Sphodrus collaris 88 Silpha opaca 104 Staphylinus Morio 110 Omalium planum 133 Byrrhns semistriatus 138 Platysoma picijies flavicornii depressus oblongus 140 Parnus serlceus 142 Helophorus stagnalis 131 Hydrophilus caraboides 200 Bruchus ater 340 Eriogaster lancstrls e. Tlie small Eg^ar 354 Noctua croceago e. The oravge Upper-wing Geomelra leucophcaria E.Dry leaves and trunks of trees The Spring Usher caesiata n. Skirts of woods, Peckham The Fehuary Carpel iiigricaria e. Trunks of trees The dark- burdered Uihtr primaria b. Hedges 1 1 , The early Moth lrist6, — THE entomologist's CALEXDAK. 361 MARCH. No. of Gen. Name. Where found, Other ti mes of ap. Reference to description. 14 16 19 •20 25 32 33 34 36 39 41 43 45 46 57 U. stones, s.-pits, roots of tr. Roots of trt i-s Moist hanks Roots of gra^s Grassy banks ? } > 5 } Under stones Sand-pits I'nder moss in hedp;e banks Moist places in woods Moist banks and woods Under stones 59 64 70 85 104 Nebria brevicollis Panagffius Crux major Elaplirus ripariiis Beaibidiiim tlavipes puncticolle crucigerum E|jhippiiiiu Giittuia rutipes Harpalus obscnrus apricarius Anchomenus prasinns Platysma nigritnm Cbiaeniiis festiviis Sphodrus terricola Calathus cisteloides cisteloides, p. melanocephakis Scomis pnmicatus Clivina Fossor Abaxstriola angiistior melanarins ■ Cymindis humeralis Moist banks Hydroporusl2-pustulatusCroydon canal diipressiis linnellus granulans trifidus confluens Laccophilus byaliiius minutus Gyrinus Natalor Elaler nitidulns 4,5, Mars.444.sp.31- 7, Page 147. 4,5,'',Marsb.39'2.sp.4. 4, Marsh.394.sp,9. 4,5, 4,5, 4,5, Mars. 462. sp.81. 4,5, Gyll.ii.27. sp.l3 4,5, Mars.453.sp.54. 4,5,6, 437. sp.13 4, Gyl.ii.l04.sp.22 4, Page 151. 4,5, 4. 4,5, Mars.443.sp,2S. Under bark, stones, sandy pla.4,5,6,Car.flavipes. M. 4,5,6, — obscnrus. M. INIoist banks, roots of trees , Baitersea Under stones Ponds, Norfolk Ponds and ditches Ponds and sfaernant waters and ditcli 109 110 111 113 11-; S:ni<1-pits, Hampstead Necrophagus mnrtuornm Dead animals, woods Stapbylinns brunnipes Hedge banks Erytbropterns Under stones and dung pnbescens Under dung Slaphyliyius punctnlatus Under stones and moss Oxytelus carinatus Omalium rivnlare Lestiva obscura Tachmus subterraneus marginellus analis Tacbyporus analis marginatus nitidulns Dnntr 4, Mars.438.sp.l5. 4,5, Page 153. 4,5, ■ 4,5, 154. 4,5, Mars.442.sp.26. 4,5, Payk. i.ll5. sp. 4,5, Page 154. [24 4,5, Mars.422.sp.23. 4,5, 421.sp.22. 4,5, Gyll.i. 529. sp.13 Mars.426.sp.34. 4,5, 423.sp.27. 4,5, 424.sp.28. 4,5, 420.sp.l9. 4,5, Page I5S. 4,5,6, 159. 6, Mars.580. sp.l2. 6, llS.sp. 4. 4,5, Gyl.ii.289.sp.l0 4,5, Page l-Tl. 4,5, Gvll.ii.284.sp.5. 4,5, — ^353.sp.6.3. 4,5, Page 174. Panks of rivers, fl\ Hyda*ifT.« transversalis 64 Gyrinus .xneiis 70 Elater mnrinws obsovirus 83 Opilus nioliis Moist banks Gardens and roots of grass Sandy places Under stones in sandy places jMoist banks, Battersea Sandy places Grassy banks Sandy places 3,6, Mar. 452.sp.51. 5,6, • 454.sp.58. 456. sp.64. 436. sp.ll. sp. 12. 450.sp,46. 461.sp.78. 440. sp.21. Roofs of grass, moist banks, Bat. 5, Page 150. Roots of grass, gardens Moist places Moist banks, Battersea Under stones, mo'ist places Moist banks Sandy places, pathways Moist banks, Battersea Moist banks Sandy places, pathways Sea shore, Swansea Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr. Leacli)5, 6, Leach's MSS, Boots of plants near Swansea 5,6, Page 150. 5,6, Mar. 446.sp.37. 5,6, 450.sp.44, 5,6, 45". sp,68. 5,6, Gyll.ii.P7.sp.l6 Page 151. 5,6, Mars.438.sp,16, .5, Page 1 52, 5,6, Mars.44l.sp.24. 5,6, 445.sp.35. 3. Page 153. Ponds and ditches Ponds ( Dr. Leach) Ponds and ditches Ditches in marshes Ponds and ditches Ponds. Battersea Ponds and ditches Under ?tones in sandy places 5,6, Page 157. 5,6, Mars.430.sp.47. 5,6, 429.sp.45. 5,6, 428.sp.43. 5,6, Gyll.i. 547.sp.3. 5,6, Mars.429.sp.44- 3,6, Gyll.i. 550.sp.5. 3,6, • 554.sp.2S. 3,6, Mars.423.sp.26. -425.sp.30. -423. sp.24. 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, Dry rotten willows 85 Necrcphagus vestigaLor Sandy places, Hempstead 88 Silpba obsoura Under stones, pathways tristis Sandy places under stones 89 Pbosphiiga atraU Pathvays Zool.Misc.iii.71. 5, Mars.4l9.sp.l6. 5, ■ 414. sp. 4. Dyt. parapleurus. M, 5, 5,6, 385.sp.26. 5,6,7, 377. sp. 4. 4, Page 166. 5,6, Mars.nS.sp.lO. 5,6, in.sp. 7. 5,6, — ;— lie.sp, 6. 366 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. APRIL. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Otlier limes of ap. Reference to description . 92 Choleva oblonga agilis 93 Catops sericeus chrysomeloidcs nigricans 94 Ptomopliagus villosus truncatus fumatus 95 Mylaschus brunncus 102*Cateretes rufilabris bipustulatus 104 Staphyiinus murinus hybrid\is castanopterus stercorarius seneocephalus tristis picipennis liajmonhous splendens politus decerns laminatus maculiccirnis marginatus inarginelhis fiicicola lateralis sanguinolentus litinatus obscmipennis fimetarius pilipes semiobscunis varians nitipcnnis altenuatiis bipustulatus concinnus olens simiiis maxillosus 105 l»athrobium elongatum quad latum dentatum 106 Psderus riparius orbiculatus iuimunis melanoceplialus Under moss and stones Dung on heaths lender moss Dung on heaths 5,6, Page 168. .5,6, Linn.Tr.xi, 5,6, 142. 5,6, 146. 5,6, 141. 5,6, 152. 140. 5,6, Illig. 42. sp. 4. ■ 5,C, Linn.Tr.xi. 155. 5,6, Page 169. .Tunci near Hull Page J 70. Banks, Battcrsea, (Dr. Leach) Gyll.i.24S.sp.3 Under dung 5,6, ii.283.sp.4 and stones 5,6, Marsh. 500. sp. 9. 5,6, Gyll. 293.sp.14. - 5,6, 296.sp.l5. U. stones and moss moist places 5,6, 29l.sp. 12. . 5,6, — 301.sp.l9. Under dung and stones ■stones and moss ■ and stones stones and moss moist places 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6. 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, . 5,6, 5,6, • 5,6, . 5,6, -297.sp.16. ■ 317.sp.33. ■316. sp.32. ■ 293.sp.l7. 322. sp.38. - 338.sp.54. - 324.sp.40. .342.sp.58. •311.sp.27. . 339.sp.55. Roots uf trees and under stones ] 0, 285. sp,6. Under stones 5, 287. sp. 8. Under dung and in dead anim. 5,6, Page 172. Putrid veget. and und. stones .5,6, Ml list banks and under stones 5, Gyll.ii. 367.sp.4. 5, 5, Page 172. 5, Gyll.ii. 374.sp.3. 5, 5, and ur.der stones Under stones and moist banks Sandy places THE entomologist's CALE^^DAR. 3^ APRIL. 106 Pjederus angustatus 101 Steniis pubescens Juncorum ociilatus nigricornis * angustatus rufitarsis flavicornis pusillus brunnipes aceris rugulosus 109 Oxytelus opacus angustatus armatus 110 Omalium depressum 1 1 1 Lestiva caraboides 113 Tacliinus rutlpes 114 Aleochara canaliculata fuscipes . sulcata laniiginosar 121 Bryaxis longicornis sanguinea * Juncorum 122 Pselaphus Ilerbstii 12-i Ptinus ovatus cerevicia? 125 Gibbium sulcatus * Scot i as l'2f) Ptilinus pectinicornis 127*Anobiiini Abietis J 28 Dermestes lardarius 13! Aiitbrenus Museorum 133 Byrrhus ninrinus ? dorsalis varius 135 Onthophilus striatus 136 Hister sinuatus 4-notatus parvus stercorarius neglectvis carbonarius purpurascens 140 Parnus prolifericornis 141 Heterocerus marginatus 143 Hydrochu? eloiigatus 14S Hydrobius fuscipes Reference to description. Under stones iu sandy places 5, Gyll. ii.575.sp.4. ]Moist banks 5, .... 5^ 5, — — 471. sp. 7. ■ 5, Dung and sandy places Cow dung Under stones, on palings, &c. 5,6, •5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, 5,0, 5,6, 5,6, 5,6, Tr.Ent.Soc.i.97, 5,6, 210.sp.il 19'3.sp. 1. Dung 5, Page 176. Sandy places and under stones 5,6, Gyll.ii.39l.sp.l4 I'nder dung Roots of grass, Battersea J unci, Norfolk Moist places Houses — and old paper Bristol Old trees and houses Trees, Norfolk Houses Museums Sandy places Roots of trees Dung Banks of ponds Marshy p". and nnuldy banks Aquatic j)!ants, Battersea Ponds 5, 428.sp.50. 5, — — 573. sp. I. 5, 432.sp.54. 5, Page 179. 5, Zool. Misc. iii. 5,6, 5,6, Page 179. 5,(>,7,Marsh.9().sp.28. 5,6, sp. 29. 5,6,7,Page 180. 5,6, 181. Gyll. i.297.sp.9. 5,6, Page 1 81. 5, Gyll.i.l62.sp.3. 5, —- 193. sp. 5. 5, Marsh.l04.sp.6. 5, Gyll.i.l97.sp.4. 5' Fabr. 5,6, lllig.i. 57. 5, 58. 5, Marsh. 93.sp.3. 5, Payk. Mon. 40. 5, Megcrle 5, GvlI.i.SS.sp.lO. 5, Fabr. Marsh. ? 5, Page ISJ. Fabr. 5, Page iS7. 368 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, APRIL. Ko. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 14s Hydrobius calcoaotus bipustulatns atricapillus torquatus melanocephalus orbicularis fulvus griseus minutus seminulus margiuelhis 149 Limnebius nitidus mollis nigrinus 154 Copris lunaris 155 Onthophagus Vacca nuchicornis Xiphias verticicornis nutans ovatus * Dillwynii 156 Aphodius rufipes lurid us depressus Sus merdarius testudinarius Fossor subterraneus erratieus unicolor fimetarius coprinus scutator conflagratus sordid us ictericus fcEtens attamiuatus inquinatus fcedalus haemorrhoidalis terrestris humeralis pusillus obscurus granarius turpi s 157 Geotrupes sylvatious Ponds Ponds and ditches 5, 5, Mars,406.sp.l3. ■5, 5, 405.sp.l0, 5, Page 187. 5, Marsh.4i)3.sp.4. b, 408.sp.'20. 5, Gyll.i.l22.sp.ll 5, Mars.40G.sp.l-2. 5, Gyll.i. 116.sp.5. 5, Payk.i.lSG.sp.l 1 5, Page 187, 5, Mars.407.sp.l6. 5, 5, Page 183. 5, 5, Marsh.32.sp.57. 5, 33. sp. 59. 5, 54. sp. 60. 5, 35. sp. 62. 5, sp. 63. -, Swansea, (Mr. Dillwyn) 5, Leach, MSS. 5, Marsh.25.sp.42. [Bexley Under dung, Charlton: lanes Swansea -, Hampstead 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 27. sp.45. 'l'.Ent.Suc.i.246 Mars. 29.sp.50. 30. sp. 52, 28. sp. 49. 16.sp.24. 18. sp, -, Bristol . Norfolk , Lessness Heath 29 9. sp. 5. 11. sp. 9. 10. sp. 7. 12. sp. 11. n.sp. 8, sp. 10. 5, 10. sp. 6. 5, Tr.Ent.Soc.i.BO, 5, Mars. 17. sp. 2o. 5, ■ 13. sp. 15, 5, 13. sp. 14. 5, 14. sp. 16, 5, 19.sp.30. 5, 17. sp.26. 5, Panz. 5, Mars. 18.sp.27, 5, 18. sp. 28. 5, 19. sp.31. 5, — — 15. sp.21. 5, — 23. sp. 38, THE entomologist's CALENDAH. iCO APRIL. 137 Geotrupes vernaiis 138 Typliseus vulgaris 161 Ti'ox sabulosus arenarius 1 69 Blaps mortisac;a 17'2 Tenebrio molitor 180 Cistela nigra 192 Meloe brevicollis violaceus proscarabjeus 205 Apion immune Broom and furze 208 RhynchxnusnigrirostrisMoist pi. & banks of ponds; 210 Liparus sqiiamiger Saiuly j)l. and nettles, Hertf. vastator asper sexstiiatus 215*Cossonus linearis 225 Latridius transversus rugicollis ruficollis impressus 227 I.yctus oblongus Under dung, Lessiness Heath 5, Epping Forest 5, Sandy places, Cootnbe Wood 3, Gardens, under dry boiiQS, stones, 5tc. 5,6, Cellars 5to9, Houses, in meal and flour 5,G, Hedges and lanes 3, Meadows, Dovoi;, (Dr. Leach) INIeadows and sunny baiiks 5, 5, 5,6, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, Marsh. 23. sp.37. Page 189. 190. Marsh. 25. sp. 41. Page 192. 193. Marsh. 221. sp. 5. Leach T.L.S. xi. Nettles and hedges Harnpstead Trunks of trees, Windsor For. Hedges and sandj' places Old wood and palings 228 Trogosita mauritanica Under stones in moist places 230 Lamia minuta Hedges 2-i6 Chrysomela tenebricosa Var. plants in hedges & lanes 5,6, Kirbv T.L.S. ix. Marsh. 267. sp. 8 P. 301. sp. 182. 300. sp. 180. .301. sp. 181. 305. sp. 195. Page 204. Marsh. 109.sp.l0. 115. sp. 23. lll.sp. 17. ^110. sp. 11. 107. sp. 3. Heaths Heaths and sandy places Knotgrass Palings Nettles coriaria gcettingensis Polygon! ancta polita staphylea sanguinolenta limbata marginella Weedy banks 254 Coccinellaoblongo-guttata Pines, Hertford 2;)7 Lycoperdina B )vistre Pufl"-balls on commons 261 Gryllotalpa vulgaris m. Gardens, fields of peas, banks of streams Sandy places, Charlton 5,6, 5.5, 5, 5, 5, 5. 5, 5, 5, 5,6, Running waters 5,6, Ponds and ditches 5.6, Grassy places 5,6, Ribwort, plantain in meadows 283 Velia rivuloium 284 Gerris paludum 285 Acanthia maculatri 315 Melitsa Cinxia /. m. TheGianvdleFnlUia' y Artemis I. m. Devil's-bit, woods Scch. places The greasy FnUllary 320 Hipparchia iEgeria r. Borders of woods and fields 6,8, The speckled f rood 2 a 217. •224. 225. Ha won h 36. -, 36. Page 241. 370 T-ilE ENTOMdLOGISl's CALENDAR. APRIL, No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. 6.8, Page 241. 7, Haworth 45. 16. 6.9, Page 244. 247. ' Haw. 130. sp. 89. 7, 102.sp, 32. 5,6, Page 249. 6, Haw. 162. sp. 12. — — loo. sp. 19. 167. sp. 21. ■ 135. sp. G9. 202. sp. 1 IX* 10, 199. sp. 111. 10, 200. sp. 112. 326. sp. 192. 2,6, 238. sp. 227. 241. sp. 234. sp. 236. sp. 257. sp. 238. 242. sp. 239. — sp. 240, 022 Lycsena Phlasas b. Grassy commons The common Copper Dory las I. e. Grassy banks The common Blue Argus /. E. ■ The. studded Blue Idas /. E. — The hlack-spot Broum 326 Macroglossa Stellatarum e. Gardens The Humming-bird 341 Endromis versicolor m. Trunks of trees The Kentish Glory 340 Ciosteva curtula e. The chocolate Tip Bomhyx (Viryli is. Tlie nut-tree Tussock 352 Phynis Pclionella 354 Noctua tctra The Mahogany fissina The tivin-tailed Shark ScrophuhxriK li. Gardens The ivater Belony operosa c. The early Grey ridens m. The frosted Green seladdnia m. The brindled Green Trimks of poplurs Skirts of woods Konses Gardens Shady pales and rails Pales and trnnks of trees Trunks of oaks Skirts of woods apnhna m. The Marvel duJour gothica M. Hed ges The Hebrew Character croceaxo e. - The orange Upper-tving fusoata B. Oaks and sallows The dark Drab angusta The dark Drab, var. subsetaoea b. The dark Drab, var'. iiebiilosa The dark Drab, var. sparsa e. The pnmdered Quaker geminata b. Trunks of oaks The twin-spotled Drab Sallows Sallows and osier beds Sallows Sallows and osier beds THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 371 APRIL. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. 354 ivVf/;/! biniacul.'.ta b. Trunks of oaks ? Thffe'runine.nus Drab subpliimbpa n. The lead-co uured Drab 15r.lli(la — The pale Quaker Cerasi b. — The commnn Quaker juncta B. • of trees cf willows The com>non Quaker, \ar. nana b. ■' The small Quaker libaiiix E. Poplars and pales The Herald Geomelra illunaria e. Shady groves The early Th ,rii badiala b. The Sh'iulder-slripe cervinata b. Scarce Tissue suffumata The water Carpet quadrimaciilata Skirts of woods Gardens and pales Open places in woods Other times of ap. Preference to description. Pathways and woods The pinion spnlied Yellow congeneraria r. Trunks of trees The forked-striptd Brindle fumaria b. Oaks The dark Brmdle Cratajgaria b. Hedges and woods The Brimslnnt dentistrigata m. Trunks of trees, CoombeW. The early Tuolh-striped viretata Pathways in woods The brindle-larred Yeliio insulata e. Woods The insulated Carpet bidentaria e. The scalloped Hazel 360 Biston hirtarius The brindled Beauty 365 Tortrix Loeflingina The Ltejiivgian subsequaiia — The faint Silver-striped * fraternana - Skirts of woods Trunks of trees Hedffes The cinereous Silver-barred perlepidana The beautt/ul Crescent t" Haw. 242. sp. 241. 5, 8, 6,8, 5, - ~ sp, 242. sp. 243. 243. sp. 244. - — sp. 247. - 244. sp. 249. ~ — sp. 250, -292. sp. 58. - 325. sp 27. -318. sp. 6. - 323. sp. 21. - 343. sp, 80. - 273. sp. 4. - 273. sp. 5. - 298. sp. 74. - 320. sp. 11. - 329. sp. 39. - 330, sp, 43. 6, 291. sp. 55. 5,6, 5, - 273. sp, 3, - 420, sp. 82. . 448, sp, 173. ■ 449. sp, 174. -458. sp. 206. 3 A 2 372 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. APRIL. *Tinea Pyralea The yellow-stis;maed Alstrreaieri The Alslramer signosa The red Letter purpurea The Ifsser Purple 574 Alucita hexadactyla The six-cleft Plume 401 Trichiosoma laterale 4G8 Andrena Rosa; pratensis thoracica nitida nigro-Knea atriceps vaiians Gwynana spinigera armata fulva Clarkella Smithella nigriceps chrysocelis Lewinella parvnia 467 Bombiis campestris subinterruptus Stylops Melitta 498 Beris iiigiitarsis clavipcs 5'20 Bombyliiis major niedius 550 Musca vomitoria domestica 554 Tacbina fera Nettles in hedgesjCoombeW. 5, Haw, 499. sp. 4. Grey Hedges 508- sp. lO. ? Chelsea Houses Coombe Wood Flowers Blossoms of willows Blossoms of apple-trees Flowers Blossoms of willows Flowers in gardens Heaths, Hampstead Blossoms of willuws Flowers Blossoms of sallows Melitta iiigro-senea Palings near meadows Open places in woods Houses and hedges Houses Skirts of woods 508. sp. 11. 511. sp. 20. 5,9, 480. sp. 21. Zool.Misc. iii. 109. Kirby ii 83, sp.39. 100. sp. 48. 101. sp. 49. 5, 104. sp. 51. 109. sp. 54. __ .. 117 11 "iR 1 20. sp. 60. — . 123. sp, 63. 124. sp. 64. 5, 128 sp. 68. 130. sp. 69. 131. sp. 70. 134. sp. 7.3. 5, 143. sp. 82. 148. sp. 88. 162. sp. 103. 5, 335. sp. 8.S. 3, 356. sp.99. 5, i. 111. 5, Page 291. 5, Panz. ix. 119. Page 295. Linn.i. 1009. sp. 2. 5to8, 989. sp. 67. 990. sp. 69. Page 201. MAY. 8 Geophilus electricus 3 Chelifer Muscorum 14*Syctodes thoracicus 21*DoIiinie(!cs tnirabilis 22 Salticus sceuicus 7 Ixodes Ricinus Under stones Museums Houses Woods Walls and palings Docs 1 1 Limnochares holosericeaPonds P.ns:ell7. [f. 4. 6,7,8 Z.M. iii.50.t.l42. Page 126. 6,7, 129. 6,-7, 6, 132. 6, 133, THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAH. 373 MAY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. 3 Petrobius maritimus 1 1 Cychrus rostratus 12 Carabus intricatus e. monilis nitens 14 Nebria complanata 15 Leistnscaeruleus Raulinsii 16 Panagaeus crux major 20 Bembidium flavipes * pallipes 21 Cilleniis lateralis 22 Trechus aquaticus discus Seashores Pasre 141. Pathways and woods 6,7, Marsh. -iTO.sp.lOj. N. the riv.Tavy, Devon, (Dr.L.) Page 145. Gardens and pathways 6,7,8 — Moist pi. and sand-pits, Hants 6, Marsh. 435. sp. S. U. wood, sandy shores, Swansea 5, Pai?e 146. SanOy places under stones 6, — ■ — 147. Near Ipswich, (Mr. Stone) 9, New species. Sandy places 3,7, Page 147. .Sand-pits, Bexley 6, Marsh. 394. sp. 9. Croome, Norfolk Sea sho., Porto Beilo, (Dr.L.) 6,7, Page 148. Moist places, Battersea 6, Marsh. 461. sp.77. Gardens, Lambeth, (Dr. Leach) Fabr. 50 Agonum sexpunctatum Moist places,Coombe,&Batt. vaporariornm Sandy places 40 Poecillus cnpreus Sandy places and pathways 6,"; 47 Brachinus crepitans U.stones,Gravesend.(Mr.Steph.) 48 Lamprias chlorocephalaBroom 53 Drypta emarginata 54 Haliplus elevatus 57 Hydroporus flexuosus 60 Colymbetes collaris conspersus notatus maculatus abbreviatus obscurus 64 Gyrinns marinus minutus , elongatus villosus 70 Elatertessellatus balteatus niger aeneus holosericeus lineatus sputator minutus castanipes marginatus unicolor mesomelus mesomelus, var. 72 Elodes pallida melanura molle nigricans Ch. places, Hastings&Faversh. Running streams, Bexley Ponds and ditches, Hampst. Ponds ? Norfolk > ) Running streams Ponds Ponds and ditches _ Salt marshes Bristol Salt marshes Rivers and running waters Willows ■ and hedges Hedges Under stones, in sand-pits Birch-trees, Coombe Wood Hedges 6, Page 151. 6, Gvll. ii.161 .sp 68. Marsh. 439 sp 13. ) Page 154. 6, 155. ' G, 156. 6, 157. c>. Marsh.425 .sp 31. 6, Gyll. i.485 sp .19 6, 482.' .p. 16. 6, 4S3.. .p. 17. Marsh.418.sp.l4. Gyll.i. 48o.sp.22. Marsh. 414. sp. 5. 6, Gyll. i. 143. sp. 4. 6, Marsh. 100. sp. 2. C, 100. sp. 4. Page 159. 6, Marsh. 386. sp.27. 6, 384. sp. 23. Gyll. i. 406. sp.36. Linn.ii. 6j5. sp.31. 6, Marsh. 386.sp.28. Skirts of woods White thorn & umbel, plants Hedges 6, 6, 6, 6,7 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, 6, • 387. sp. 5. ■ 384. sp. 24. • 381. sp. 17. ■381. sp. 15. . 379. sp. 9. . 379. sp. 8. • 378. sp. 6. 7. 227. sp. 20. Gyll. i. 366. sp. i. 6, Marsh. 225. sp. 15. 6, 226. sp. 17. 374 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. MAY. •79 SO 84 85 Telephoriis fiiscus obsciirus lateralis riificoUis lividus rufus melanurus testaceiis pallidiis fnlvicollis Mallhinus (lav us imiminis humenilis Dasj'tes atcr sen ens Malachiiis aeneus biguttatus Necrobia nificollis violacca Tiltus Quadra Necropliagus spinipcs hiimatov Hedges in lanes Hedges Hedges and wood-sides Iledsjes and woods INIoss and grass Pales and posts, wood-sides Hedges Hodges and woods ])iicd bones 6,7, Page 164. 6,7, Marsh. 36.5. sp. 2. 6,7, Linn.ii. 648. sp. 6. 6,7, Marsh. 566. sp. 5. 6,7, sp.4. 6,7, Gvll. i.3.5(). sp.26. 6,7, Marsh.36S.sp. 7. 6,7, 367. sp. 5. 6,7, 368. sp. 6. 6,7, Payk. i.266.sp,12. 6,7, Page l64. 6,7, Marsh. 574. sp.20. 6,7, 374. sp. 19. 6, Page 164. 6, MaVsh. 230. sp. 3. 6,7, Page 165. 6, Marsh.372.sp.l5. 6, Page 166. 6,12 Ma^sh. 323. sp.3. * Cermanicus Auglicanus vospillo 86 Necrotics littoralis 87 Oiceoptoma thoracica rugosa sinnata 88 Silplia opaca 4-punctata laevigata 90 Scaphidium 4-maculat 97 Engis hunieralis rufifrons 99 Nitidula bipustulata rufipcs nigrina senea Urlicx erythropa 100 Ips4-tnaculata ferruginea 101 Bituriis tomentosus fiunatus 103 Micropeplns Porcatus staphylinoides Fungi and dead unimals Dead animals, banks of rivers Plaistow Marshes Dead animals and woods , marshes Fungi and dead animals Dead animals, river sides Dead animals, woods 6, 6, 323. sp. 4. 0, G, 6, 6. 114. sp. 2. 114. sp. 1. Under stones in sandy places Oaks Sandy places um Fungi and rotten wood Bark of trees and boleti 114. sp. J. — — 1 1 6. sp. 5. Page 167. 6, Marsh. 120. Fp.l6. 6, 120. sp. 14. 6, 120. sp. 15. 6, II 8. sp. 9. 6, 119. sp. 12. 6, Pase 168. 6, (Jyll. i. 203. sp. 2. 6, 204. sp. 4. Dry bones on heaths & woods 6,7, Marsh, 129. sp. 1. Flowers in heda;es & sides of woods Flowers in hedges , and nettles Flowers in hedges Und.baikjNew Forest Hants Blossom of the white-thorn White thorn hedges Sandy places, Bexley 6,7, . 6,7, - 6,7, - 6, 6, - 6, • 6, 6, Page 170. 6, Marsh. 65. sp. 11. 6, Page 171. 6, Marsh. 137.sp.25. 130. sp. 4. 138. sp. 27. 131. sp. 8. 132. sp. 10. 130. sp. 2. THE entomologist's CALENDAR. 375 MAY. Reference to description. l('7*St.enus casrulesceiis 108 Oxyponis riifiis Moist banks & sides of rivers 6, Gyll. ii. 463. sp.l. Boleti and other fungi 6,7, Pao;e 174. 6, Marsh. 127.sp.39. 6, Gyll. ii. 231. sp.'23. 6, 6, 274. sp. 20. 6, Paare 177. 6, Gyll.ii.44l. sp.4. Page 178. Zoo). Misc. iii. 6, 6, Page 178. 110 Omalium melanocephalumFlowers striatum . grossuin Sandy places 113 T.-JChinus luuulatus Fungi 116 Lomechusa einarginataDry sandy places und. stones dentata — - 1 1 7*F.uplectusReichenbachii ? Norfo11<(.\Ir. Curtis) 118'Bythinussecuriger ? Norf.(Mr.J.£ looker) ,.^^,. ..,,=... lI9*Arcophagus clavicornisSandy pl.,S\vans.(Mr.Millard) 6, bnlhifcr ^" "" "" -• ■ - " 121*Bryaxis impressa fossulala I22*Pselaphns Hicsii longicolhs Dresdensis 124 Ptinus Musa!orum Lichenum 111 fj pes 127 Anobium striatum 128 Dermestes tesscllatus 129 Attagenus PcUio Norfolk (Mr. Sims) , ^ _._ ? Norfolk(Mr. Wilkin) 6, 179. Bex ley ? Noifolk ? Norfolk ' Bristol (Mr. Millar) 6, Zool. Misc. iii. 87. Zool. Misc. iii. Dung and dead animals Edinburgh Old palings, Wandsworth Hedges Houses Dead animals ^ Houses 131 Anthrenus Scrophularia^I'lowers Verbasci 136 Hister nnicolor cadaverinus 12-striatus Dung speculifer -^-^— . 137 Dendrophilus punctatusUnder bark 138 Platysoma picipes l39*Limnius Valckmari 143 llydrochus crenatus brevis 144 Ochthebius riparius pygmiens " ' iriarinus ' 145 Hydra?na Kugellani 150 Onthophagus Coenobita Under dung iu sandy places 160 Psammodkis sulcicollis Sandy pi. S'.vansea(Mr.Millard) 163 Melolontha vulgaris \'arious t/ees Hedges and dead animals Flowers of the dog-rose Rose-trees and uinbell. plants Sapdy places, Coombe Wood Hedges and woods Under bark of trees Hedctes 6, 6, Marsh. 89. sp. 26.- 6, '■ 83. sp. 5. 6,7, Pa?e 181. 6, Marsh. 61. sp. 3. 6,7, Page 1 82. 6,7, Marsh. 101. sp.2. 6, Gyll. i. 74. sp. 1, 6, Pavk, 5,6, F.S.i.39.sp.6, 6, Latr. Page 184. llootsofurass, brinks of rivers 6,7, 185 Aquatic plants, Norfolk " Ponds and ditches brunneus 166 Trichius nobilis 167 Cetoniaaurata 171 Opatrum sabulosu'ii 180 Cistela murina 1S3 Melandrya caraboides 184 Lagria hirta 185 Pyrochroa rubcns Fabr. 6, Gyll.i. ].32.sp.8. 6, Page 186. 6, Gyll.i. 133. sp. 9. 6, 134. sp. 10. 6, Page 186. 6, Marsh. 33. sp. 58. Page 190. 6,' Marsh. 33. sp. 67. 6, Page 191. 6, Marsli. 41. sp. 75. Page 193. 6, Marsh. 222. sp. -7. 6, Page 1 95. ■ 6, 196. 376 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. MAY. ]S7 188 190 ISl 1?'2 Notoxu? monoceros Anthicus fuscus fleralis Mordella aculeata abilominalis bicolor ferruginea Aiiaspis frontalis rufioollis obscuiiis bifasciatus higuttatus Meloe variegatus Sandy pl.Charlton & Swansea Dune: near stables Flowers in gardens White-thorn hedges and umbellate plants V.'hitc-tborn Umbellate plants White-thorn cicatrico^ns 193 Anthribus scabrosus * varius 20C Bruchus Pisi 201 Attelabus furciilionoi 20'2 Apoderus Coryli 203 Rhynchites Bacchus asquatns cuprens •sneo-virens nanus Ai'iariae pubescens Betuloe 204 Deporaus BetulaB 205 Apion melanopum Malv!e vernale * vorax cserulescens suleifrons Mai varum * nigritarse flfivipes Sarbi subsulcatum flaviferaoralum * Fagi virens * marchiciim Spartii '■ Gyllenhalii * Meliloti '■*■ laevigatum Oxurutn 6, Page 196. 6, Marsh. 4S3. sp. 2. 6, Page 197. 6, Marsh. 489. sp. 4. 6, —490. sp. S. 6, sp. 6. G, Page 197. 6, Marsb.491.sp.ll. f), 492. sp. 14. 6, 493. sp. 18. — G, 492.sp. 12. Faversham, (Mr. Crowe,) Mar- Leach Tr.L.Soc.xi. gate, (Mr. Milne) Margate, (Mr. Milne) Elm and borse-cbesnut Page 200. White-tborn Panz. Pea-fields & willows,Coombe 6, Page 200. desNut-tree and willow Nut-tree Nut, plum tree and hop Wiiite-thorn — hedges V.'hitc-thom Nut-tree White-thorn hedges & aider Oak, birch and hazel Broom Mallow The white archangel So nettle Ash M'iiite-thorn Bush vetch Iilallow Nut-tree Trefoil and sandy places Mountain ash Bnsh vetch Trefoil Beech trees Hedges > Broom Birch Tn^foil Sandy places Mallows 6, €.7, 6,7, 6, 6, 6, 6, fi, 6, 6, C, 6,7, 6, 6, 6. 6, 6, 6,7, 6, 6, C, 6, 201. Marsh. 240. sp. P. 238. sp. 1. 239, sp. 4. sp. 5. 238. sp. 3. - — — sp. 'i. 240. sp. 7. 241. sp. 8. Page 201. KirbyTr.L.Soc.ix. THE entomologist's CArENDAR. 377 MAY. Reference to description. Mallows Grass near furze & sandy pi. Nettles and sandy places Oak Nettles 205 Apion asneiiiTi * haematoides fnimenlariuni 206 Curciilio argentatus Mali cnides oblongus unifasciatus ■ sericeus ■ 208 Rhynchsenns austriacusNettles and sandy places Hedsres Equiseti aerator Rumicis stramineus resinosus 209 Balaniniis Nucntn Tremulae Tortrix maculatus 210 Liparus n^ger scabrosus Van rauciis siibg!obosu3 elevatus obesus Corylj sulcatus Ligustici o vat us punctatus Anglicaniis Marsh horse-tail Com spurrey The deck, and sandy places Sandy places Nut-tree Aspia Sallows Sandy places near the sea Sandy places and nettles Copenhagen fields&sandy pi. Roots of grass and sandy pi. Chalky and sandy places 211 Cryptorhj'nchusLapathi()sier grounds ptinoides phaeorhynchus pleurostigma leucogaster g/obosus ovalis dentatus Quercicola Urticae melanostictus obstrictus contractus Lythri sulculus horridus viduus Hedges Sandy places Hedges 6, KirbyTr.L.Socix. 6, 6, Page 202. Marsh.3l7.sp.230. -318. sp. 231. 6, 6, 6, 6. 6, r>, 6, 6. 6. ■316. sp. 226. Nettles and hedges Hedges, Colney Hatch Nut-trees Sandy places ? Dover and Surrey -502.sp. 184. — 234. sp. 48. - 266. sp. 87. — — sp. 85. - 267. sp. 88. -268. sp.9l. 6, Page 203. 6, Marsh.29Lsp.l56. G, 291. sp. 157. 6, 292. sp. 158. 297. sp. 172. 6, 298. sp. 174. 6, 299. sp. 177. 6, 300. sp. 179. 6, 313. sp. 219. 6, 306. sp. 197. 6, 304. sp. 191. 6, 303, sp. 1 87. 6, 315. sp. 224. ' 513. sp. 220. 6, . 315.sp.223. 6, 291.sp. 155. 6, 290. sp. 154. G, 254. sp. 47. 6,7, 258. sp. 59. 6,7, — -- sp. 58. 6,7, 282. sp. 131. 6,7, 253. sp.45. C,7, Panz. 6,7, Marsh.279.sp.l23. 6,7, — 280. sp. 125. 6,7, sp. 126. 6,7, 281. sp. 128. 6,7, 282. sp. 132. 6,7, 255. sp. 50. 6,7, 250. sp. 36. 6,7, 252. sp. 41. 6,7, 6,7, Panz. Faun. Suee. 6.7. 378 THE entomologist's CALENDAR MAY. So. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. 211 Cryptorhynchiis assinii canescens ruber melanorhynchus inflexus 212 Cionus immunis 213 Orchestes AIni ferrugineus atricapillus rufus iiigricollis depressiis pilosus vhododactylus Salicis AvellanfB 218 Platypus cyh'ndricus ? 220 Hylesinus vaiitis 221 Cis Boleli 239 Donacia mieans fasciata Sasittarite vittata Nymphtea; fusca palustris simplex linearis HydrorJiaris melanocephala 24l) Crloccris Asparagi 241 Cassida equestris similis criientata tnarcida • nobilis splendidula 242 Galeruca Tanaceti Cratajgi Caprseaj Nymphasre calmarlensis 243 Adimonia nigricornis * Alni 244 Lnperus flavipes rutipes- 245 Haltica oleracea orbiculata Centaureae isHedges Sides of ponds Alder Elms Hedges, skirts of woods 6,7, Marsh. 257.sp.55. Hedses ———, skiitsof woods Hedges Sallow, skirts of woods Nut-trees Bark of tree.<, New Forest Tiark of trees Boletus versicolor Rushes in ditches Aquatic pi. in ditches, Greenw, Plants in ditches Hushes in ditches Asparagus Horse-mint in ditches 259. sp. 62. 251. sp. 39. - 253. sp. 44. — — — sp. 43. 278. sp. 120. 260. sp. 67. sp. 68. 261. sp. 71. sp. 69. sp. 70. 262. sp. 73. sp. 72. sp. 74. 264. sp. 79. 263. sp. 78. Page 205. Marsh. 54. sp. 9. Page 206. 6, 21!. 6, Marsh. 344. sp. 9, 6, 345. sp. 11. 6, sp. 10. 347. sp. 15. . 349. sp. 20. ■ — sp, 21. .348.sp. 19. 347. sp. 16. ■ — sp. 17. . 348. sp. 18. 214. sp. 3. 6,7, 6,7, 6,7, 6,7, G, 6, G, G, G, 6, 6, 6, 6, G, 6, Tiiistles Broom Oaks and hedges Nettles and hedges Chalk-pits White-thorn hushes Aquatic plants 6, . 6, . G, ■ 6, • G, ■ 6, G, . 6, ■ 6, Page 211. 6, Marsh. 144. sp. 2. 145. sp. 4. 6, G, 146. sp. 7. 147, sp. 8. Hedges near Bexlcy Akler Woods, Shooter's Hill Willows Birch trees Nettles and hedges 6to9, Page 212 6, Marsh. 228 G, - 6, 224. sp. 12 227. sp. 21, sp.23. 225. sp. 14. 6, 6, G, G, G, G, G, Page 21-2. Marsh. 172. sp. 7. Page 212. Marsh. 217. sp. 9. 202. sp. 80. 200. sp. 72. THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. 379 MAY, No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p.' Piefcrencc to description. 245 Haltica testacea a r. rat a nitidula Helxines semisnea cyanea ruficornis transversa affinis fuscipcs Hyoscyami nigricollia atricilla nigrosenea. picina cnncinna Modeeri striata seneo-fusca rufipes Pieudacori testacea as rata nodicornis Brassicae neinorum flexuosa 4-piistii!ata ochroleuca tabida femoralis Verbasci exoleta suturalis Nettles and hedges WillovTs Ncltles and hedges Millows and hedges Hed2;es and nettles Hedges Wliite-tliorn and nettles , Hedges and gardens Hedges and nettles, Eexley , lanes, Bexley Hedges and nettles, Uexley Nettles and hedges Hedges Marshy places Hedges and nettles 246 ChrysomelaquinquejnglsPlants on sea shore, Hants 6, Marsh. 202. sp. 81. 6, 19,7. sp. 59. 6, sp. GO. 6, 194. sp. 58. 6, sp. 57. 6, 196. sp. G'2. 6, 199.sp. 70. 6, 203. sp. 83. 199. sp. 69. 193. sp. 55. 206. sp. 91. 2(H). sp. 74. 1 97. sp. 64, ■ 9,05. sp. 92. ■ 196. sp. 61. ■ 1-94. sp. 56. Hyperici hasmoptera clavicornis Bet 111 33 Hypochseridis pallida Populi TremuL-c Baiiksii 247 Helodes Phellandrii violacea Coombe Sandy pi. near the sea, Hants Birch and willows Birch Hedges — , Coombe Aspen woods Nettles, lanes, Bexl.&Cra} f. C'lw parsnip Bronk lime 256 Endoinychuscoccineus llnder bark, Coombe 258 Forficula auricularia fiardens 259 Labia minor Dimg-hills, under stones, &c 6, 6, e ■ 19S. sp. 68. 196. sp. 63. -'202. sp. 81. ■ 204. sp. 87. sp. 86. 0, — sp. 00, 6, Fabr.Syst. Ent. 6, Marsh. 197. sp.65. 6, 198. sp. 66, 6, sp. 67. 6, 202. sp. SO. 6, 203, sp. 82. 6, 201. sp. 76, 6, 202. sp. 78, 6, 201. sp. 75. 6, sp. 77. 6, 173. sp. 9, 0, sp. 8. 6, 171. sp. 5, 6, 17S. sp. 20. 6, 184. sp. 35. 174. sp. 12. 6, 188. sp. 44. 6, ■ 1S9. sp. 45. 6, 187. sp. 42. ^, 185. sp. 38. 6, 186. sp. 39. 6, Page 215. 6tol2 216. 380 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. MAY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Otiier times of a p. Reference to description. IS*^! Achcta campebtris 267 Blalta livitla i * ? 27'2*Corens marginatus 275 Capsus ater !>78 Rediivjus personatiis 282 Hydrometra stagnoriim Ponds (Jardensand fiel, Page 231. 6,7, 232. 6, Stewart 6, Page 232. ' 6, 233. 6, 8. 235. 8, 236. 8, Haw. 6. sp. Page 256. 8, 237. 6, o Haw. 31. 32, 30. The tilver-woihed Fritillary THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, MAY. 381 No. of Gen. Name. Where found Other times of ap, Reference to description. 318 Apat'.ra ir.s ». e. Greal lo.iiiJ-leaved willow The p TO e E-i-p'Tur 320 HipparihiaPiinphilus /.b. Crested dog's tail grass The S'vail. Heath Meiraera I. b. Grassy banks The JVaLl ]E%ev\3. I. ■ The sperkled Wood 321 Thecia Rubi e. Hedges The green Hair-streak 322 Ly^^fpna Adonis e. Chalky places 'The Chfden Blue Dorylas e. Heaths and commons The common Blue Idas E. Clover fields The biark-spot Brozim Alsus E. Clover fields The Bedford Blue Argioliis M. Meadows The azwe Blue Cymdn m. Chalky places The MazaHne B'ue 323 Hesperia Sylvanus e. Skirts of woods The wood Skipper Tages B. Dry heaths and banks The Dingy Skipper Maivs E. Dry banks The mallow Skipper Paniscus e. Open parts in woods, Bedfordsh The scarce Skipper 32i Smerinthus ocellatiis E Near willows The eyed Hawk Moth Tilite M. Lime and elm trees The lime Harck Moth 325 Sphinx Porcellus e. Banks of gross weeds The small Elephant 328 .Egeria apiformis /. Trunks of lime and poplar tr. The Hurnet 331 Hepialus fuscus e. Grassy places The brou-n Swift obliqiius E. Jleadows The silver Swift nebiiiosus e. The spotted silver Swift 53-i Satiirnia Pavonia-minor m. Osier beds The Emperor Pavonia-minor I. Sallows in woods The Emperor Haw. IS. 8, 17. 8, —22. 1i,6, 23. Page 241. 8, 242. • 245. Haw. 68. 141. sp, 4. • 142. sp. 6. 143. sp. 7. 8, Page 246. Haw. 73. sp. 1. 382 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. MA^ Ho. cf Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. 336 Laria fascelina I. e. Broom The dark Tussock 337 Gastropachaqiiercifoliai. E. Sloe bushes The lappet Moth 359 Lasioeainpa Trifolii e. Grassy commons The grass Eggar Crattpgi l. M. y.'hite-thorn The oak Eggar 343 Notodonta Ziczac b. Trunks of trees The peMle Prominent Camelinus b. Oaks in v.'oods The coxcomb Prominerit paipinus .'. e. Poplars and sallows in hedges Pali Prominent Camelinus /. m. Oaks Cinia I, m. Oaks The Sprawler 349 Yponomenta Cribella I'histles 354 Noclua c\\.\\e\ea. Skirts of woods The straw Undericing Verbasii m. Gardens and pales The Mullein exoleta Gardens The large Sicord-grass conspicillaris m. Shady pales The silver Cloud megacephala The poplar Grey M. Marshy places B. Gardens Haw. 102. sp. 31. 95. sp. 19. Page 247. Haw. I05.sp. 37. • 99. sp. 26. 8, 98. sp. 21. o, sp. 20. sp.2]. 131. sp. 91, Page 248. Haw. 94. sp. 17. sp. IS. Page 248. [56. Stewart ii. 158. sp. 9, Haw. 102.sp. 39. 105.sp.39. 106. sp. 40. 8, Haw. Prodrom. 8, IGl.sp. 6. 167. sp. 20. 10, 168. sp. 24, 171, sp. 32. 177. sp. 49. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, J83 MAY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. .. Reference to times , . . of ap. description. Haw. ns. sp. 50. 182. sp. 62. 193. sp. 93. — sp. 94. 200. sp. 113. 201. sp. 114. -238. sp. 225. - — sp. 226.- -244. sp. 251, L. Lanes Trunks of trees E. Gardens Trunks of trees Gardens and fields Meadows Noclua Rumicis Tlie Knot-grass leporina The Miller oleracea The hr-ight-line Broicn-eye Pisi I. Broom The Broom runica Trunks of 1 rees The scarce Man-el du. Jour prrecox K. Skirts of woods . The Portland Mulh ferruc:inagro The heart Moth renago The heart Moth, var. meticulosa Fales The angle Shades Gamma The silver Y. Arbuti E The minute yelloiv Undericing Geomelra pusaria Hedges The common white TJ'ave arenosaria Moist woods The sandy Have stria ria ' The common JVave rotundaria ■ The round luinged IVave ferru^aria e. Hedges The red Twin-spot Salicaria e. The striped Twin-spot omitromaria e. Woods in Kent The Mocha oceilaria e. The false Mocha penduiaria e. The birch Mocha punctaria e. The Maiden's Blush putataria e. Ihe little Emerald vernaria e. Woods Birch-trees in woods Open places in woods Meadows, Peckham The small Grass Emerald iilustraria e, Skirts of woods The purple Thorn fi,0, 9, - 256. sp. 6. 265. sp. 33. to 8, 290. sp. 51. 6, - 6, •- 2S9. sp. 48. - 2S9. sp. 49. - — sp. 50. -305. sp. 102. - 309. sp. 103. -312. sp. 110. 8,' 8, — sp. 111. 8, -311. sp. lOS. 8, 312. sp. 112. 300. sp. 82. sp. 81. 8, 291. sp. 56. 384 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. MAY. of Gen Name. Where found. Other times ofap, Reference to description. Haw. 351. sp. 111. sp. 109. sp. 110. -— 329. sp, 40. 6, 334.sp.54. 6,7, 333. sp. 53. 277. sp. 17. 278. sp. 18, 8, ——318. sp. 7. 8, 324. sp. 24. 8, . 325. sp. 26. sp. 25. — - 339. sp. 69. 342, sp. 79. 344. sp. 84. 352. sp.15. sp. 114. 356. sp, 124. 340. sp. 72. 339. sp. 70. 343. sp. 81. 8, 348. sp. 98. 546. sp. 94. 522. sp. 18. Geometra flos-lactata E.Sbady groves The cream Wave lactata e, ■ The pale cream JVave sublactata e. ■ The broad-striped cream IVuve sylvata e. Chalky pi. & woods, Kent The waved Carpet costovata Hedges The short-barred Carpet fluctuata Gardens The garden Carpet Woods Birch-trees Hedges and gardens consonana The brindled Grey punetularia m. The grey Birch dubitata e. The Tissue centum-notata e. Open places in woods The common marbled Carpet comma-notata e. ■ The yellow marbled Carpet perfuscata Woods ? The brown marbled Carpet Rhamnata e. Hedges near chalk-pits The dark Umber testata b. Thickets and bushes The Chevron petrata e. Fern, Coombe Wood The brown Silver Line luteata r.. Open places in woods The small Yellow IVave candidiilata e. — — The small IVkile JVave biniaculata e. Shady groves The whtte Pinion Spotted vitalbata n. The small tvaved Umber tersata E. The Fern maculata e. Pathways, woods The speckled Yellow clathrata e. Clover fields, Kent The latticed Heath praenotata e. Birch-trees The sharp-angled Peacock rufata m. Broora fields 'Ihe broom Tip Hedges near chalk THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 385 MAY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. 362 363 364 3G5 Geomelra eloiigata Cooiube The Ldvg-w.iigfd Pug subluscata e. Woods The brown -grey Pug insulata e. ■ The ttisxialed Carpet subtxistata m. The common Carpet marginata The clouded Border Eiiphorbiata The drab Looper notata e. The Peacock Moth retala e. The netted lualh trigeminata e. The treble Tix.n-spol illustraria The purple Thorn pliimbeolata e. The lead-coloured Pug piibillata Gardens The small grey Pug Ilerm'mia vittahs m. Hedges, Chelsea The cream-edged Snout barbalis M. Pathways in woods The common Fan-fool Platyptefyx curvula e. Birch trees The bordered Ho-kltp lacertinaria e. ■ The scolloped Hook tip Cilex couipressa e. Hedges The go'ne-egg Moih *Tortrix urticaria Nettles The barred Nellie ' and hedges Bushy places Shady groves Birch trees Clover fields, Kent Hedges, chalky places Skirts of woods Woods Fagana /. Oa'^s The small green Stiver-lines ruticiliana e. Meadows, Yorkshire The red Frirge Baumanniana Shady groves The Baumannian Oxyacanthana Hedges The rJ'hile ihom covticana e Open parts in woods Ike marbled Long-cloak sequana b. Hedges The iilver Blolih-ia^k 2 B Other times of a p. Beference to description. Haw. 338. sp. 132. 360. sp. 138. 4,7, 330. sp. 43. 8, 332. sp. 50. 7, 337. sp. 66. 345. sp. 88. 346. sp. 93. 348. sp. 100. 354. sp. 119. 291. sp. 56. 360. sp. 137. 359. sp. 136. 6, — — 367, sp. 5. 7, 368. sp. 11, 153. sp. 6. sp. 5. 8, 110. sp. 46. 6, 460. sp. 210. 7, 395. sp. 2, 402. sp.24. 404. sp. 30. 425. sp. 97. 432. sp. 118 446, sp. 166. 386 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. MAY. of Gen. Name- Where found. * 365*ror«ria; coinposana e. Oaks The triple-striped Blolch-haik tiiti'la E. Hedges The dark Silver-striped strobilana b. ■ The light Silver-striped * paiiperaiia Fens The spotted Drab * egestana ■— The lesser Drab IiOtys stii"ulalis v.. ? Yorkshire The least Black Arches piipinalis i:. Hedges The Crimson and Gold *Cranibiis saiiguiiica Grassy places near chalk The buff-edged ro'y Feneer 376 Leptoceiiis iuterriiplus Marslij- places 377 Odontocerusgiiseiis S78 Phrysanea grandis Woods 379 Limiii philiis rhombicus Marshy places nervosiis ■ ecbinatus . ■ griseus . radiatus striola ■ S80 Libellulu depressa conspiircata 4-nnciilala 465 Vespa Crabro vulgaris Britannica 4^8 Andrena albicans 392 Pauorpa communis 403 Zarffia fasciata 412 Allantus viridis 468 Andrena heivola ovatnla barbilabris fuscata * Afzcliella 470 Sphecodes gibbns Geoffrella Devonshire Ponds and woods Trunks of trees Woods and hedges, &c. Tansy and flowers Hedges Coombe Wood Hedge?; and woods Blossoms of black currant Sandy places Flowers Flowers on sunny banks 479*Megacl!i!ecircumcinctaStony banks, Darlford 48 1 Nomada tioudeniana Sunny banks aUernata Marsbamella Caprex le ucophthalma Other times of a p. Reference to description. Haw. 447. sp. 169. 448. sp. 171. sp. 172. r>, 469. sp, 242. 6, 470. sp. 243. 387. sj). 34. 388. sp. 37. 8, 484, sp. 11.. to 9, Fa.E.S.ii.79.sp.25. to 9, .sp.l3. ii. 78. sp. 14. ' ^9 <), Page 2.57. to 9, Fa.E.S.ii.77 to 9, to 9, to 9, . to 9, to 9, 6. Lin.S.N.i.902.sp.5. 6,7, 6,7,8, 901. sp. 1. 6,7,8, Page 280. 6,7, 6,7, Kirby ii. 94. sp. 45. to 8, Page 260. — 1. 263. 6,7, F.R.S.ii.ll3.sp.33. Kirby ii. 1 l9.sp.59. 149. sp. 89. 151. sp. 91. 167. sp. 107. ■ ]7(). sp. 108. - 42. sp. 7. • 45. sp. 8. - 246. sp. 45. 180. sp.4. 6, Round-rooted crowfoot Blos.of great round-leaved willow 162. sp. 5. 188. sp. 10. . 193. sp. 13. • 197. sp.16. THE entomologist's CALENDAR, }87 MAY. 487 Boiubus pratunim 490 Corethra cuculiformis 49 I Tanypiis cinctus 492 ChironiJimis plumosus 493 Psj-chotla phala;noides 494 Cecidoiiiyia lutea 495 Ctenophora atrata 496 Peilu'ia rivosa 497 TIpula oleracea 500 (Jdontomyia tigiiiia micioleon 502 Nemotelus viliginosus 503 Oxyceia Hydroleon tnlincata 521 Aciocera gibbosa 523 Txiiingia rostiata 527 Helophilus tenax 533 jMilesia pipiens 536 Myopa doisalis 539 jNIocillus cellaiius 550 Musca Csesar Meridiana 561 jNIelophagus oviiius 562*Nycteribia Hermaiini Blossoms of the currant Marshy places. Moist places Marshy places Marshes Meadows Marshes, Battersea, (Dr. L.) Moist places Flowers in meadows Reference to description. Kirbyii.36O.sp.l0: 6, Page 290. 6, 6, 6, 291. 6, 6, G, F.E.S.iv.267.sp.l6. 6, iv. 265. sp. 9. Pa^e 292. Wimbledon Common Flowers in gardens Hedges 6,7, 6,7,8, F.E.S.iv.267.sp.l9. Page 296. 297. Flowers in hedges & gardens 6,7,F.E.S.iv.310.sp.l 19 Hedges 6, Page 293. Wine- vaults — ^299. Hedges and lanes 6, Li.3.N,i.9S9.sp.64. Trunks of trees 6, i.989. sp. 63. Sheep 6, Page 303. Horse-shoe bats 6, 304. JUNE. 6 Atypns Sulzcri 19 Thomisus citreus lynceus 10 Cicindela sylvatica hybrida Geritianica 12 Carabns glabiatas arvensis 13 Calosoma sycophanta Inqui^ltor Davent wood Hedges 7,B, 7,8, Sandy pi., Clinst-ch. Hants, Cobham, Surrey 7, Sandy pi. Yarmouth, Swansea 7, Chalky pi. Isle of VV. Darlf. 7, Surrey. Irehuul, (Dr. Leach) Near Norwich(Mr.Step.)Sur. Near Dartmouth W.thorn,Nor\v. Dev. Windsor Page 122. — — 128. 20 Bembidium bipunctatum Sand-pits, Darent W. 25 Harpalus tibialis aulicus Germanus 45 Epomis cincta 39 Calathus littoralis 40 Poecillus lepidus Sandy places ? Trees, Cooinbe Kingsbridge, Devon Fields, Bristol, Plymouth Sea shore Pathways, fields 48 Lamprias cyanocephalaBroom ' Darent Wood 49 Lebia crux-minor Under stones 52 Odacantha melanura Moist pi. Norfolk, Swansea 2 B 2 144. Linn. .Marsh. 390. sp. 2. Tr.Ent.S.i.93.pl.2. 93. Page 146. 6, 7, Marsh. 453. sp.55. 445. sp. 33. 6, 7, 7, sp. 34. Panzer. Page 151. Gvll ii. 94. sp. 14 Page 155. 156. 388 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAfi. JUNE. 57 Hydroporus dorsalis melanocephala flavi|)es CO Colymbetes vitreus fenestratm colconotus * oblongus 61 *Hydaticiis Hybneri * stagnalis 6j Bupr?stis biguttatus viiidis 66 Trachys miniita pysmjei Birch ? Coombe Wood 67*Aphai)islicus Pinatginatus Woods ? Devon '70 Elater t)ectiniconiis ciipreiis ferru2,ineiis Ponds, C'openbagen Fields Ponds , Coombe , Norfolk Croydon Canal Ponds, Coombe ■ , Norfolk , Ealing: , Wiltshire Woods Birch and nut-trees ephippimn rnfipennis sanguineus pomonx praeiislus metal lie us riparius 4-pustulatus bipustulatus thoracicus rufioollis rufipes cylindi icus * lon<;icollis viltatus, var. '71 Dascillns cervinus 74 Drilns flavescens 75 Lycus ininutns 7(1 [.anipyns noctiluca •79 Dasytcs flivipes CEenileus ▼ I'idis SO Mahit liius ruficollis san^ninoleiitus fasciatus 81 Tillus elongatus * uiiifasciatus Woods ? Yorkshire ? Kent New Forest Highgate Devon Bristol Copenhagen Fields Windsor Hvde Park W(Jods Hedges Bristol He, (Mr. Chant) Oaks? 82 Thanasimus formicariusSandy banks, Coombe 83 Opilus mollis Hedges and woods 88 Silpha leticulaia Corn-fields * nitidiuscida Yorkshire B9*PhusphugasiibroluudataUuder stones, Ireland Gyll. i. 327. sp. 5. i. 324. sp. 1. 7, Marsh. 371. sp.l2. 7, 370. sp. 10. 7, 571. sp. 1], Page 165. 7, 166. 6, Marsh. 119. sp.ll. S. bicolor,'rr. Ent. Sue. 8 2. Zool. Misc. iii. 75. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, 389 JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where louncl. Ouitr times of ap. Reference to description. 96 Cryplopliagus pal lens 98 Tliymalus ferrugineus 99 Nitidula Boleti fiilva obscura obsoleta ]0-giiltata marginata tlepres-:a srrisea Umbelliferoiis plants Under bark of trees, New Forest, Hants Fungi 7, Marsh. 477. 7, Page 170. sp. 9. Dead animals Fungi Tender bark, Coomlie T)ry bones, Coonilje Dry bon. & nn. bark, Cnombe and luider bark of tr. 1 14 TachyponisclirysomelinusFlowers lis IJytliinus Curtisii 124 Ptinus imperialis 1'27 Anobinm castaneuin rufipes panicium molle ptinoides 125 Dermestes murinus 129 AttHgenus serra Sand-pits, P.exley Hedges, Birch Wood Hedges near Crayford, Kent Houses, Coombe Wood Houses Coombe Da rent Wood Under bark of trees 132 Throseus dermestoides Houses, Coombe 135 Ontliophilus striatus Under dung sulcalus 136 Hister '2-maoulatus viresoens ' aeneus ■ nitididus - 153 Odonteus mobilicornis Wisbeach, Norfolk 162 Svnodendron cvlindricum Old ash-trees, Bexley l63*Melolontha Fullo solstitialis 1G4 Anomala Frischii horticola * Agricola * Donovani ruricola 165 Hoplia pulvernlenta 166 Trichius variabilis 168 Lucaniis Cervus 169 Blaps lethifera 172 Tenebrio obscuriis 174 Phaieria cadaverina 175 Diaperis I'oleti ahenea 176 Tetratoma Fungorum 177 Leoides picea humeralis * polita Near Sandwich and Dover Trees] Near the sea shore, Devon Skirts of woods Glamorgansh. (Mr. Donovan) Newmarket Heath Heaths Brixton, Surrey I.anes Cellars, Hertfordshire Cellars Sandy places Boleti of trees Sandy places, Bexley Fungi in woods Sandy places Fungi, DarentWood. Sandy places ? Marsh 136. sp.21. 130. sp. 3. IS."), sp. 19. 135. sp. '20. Gyll. i. 216. sp. 3. Mar,-h. 133.sp. 14. — — 1.34.sp. 15. 7, G'yll. ii.236. sp. 1. Page 178. Marsh. 88. sp. 24, 84. sp. 7. 83. sp. 5. Gyll. i. 293. sp. 5. Marsh. 84. sp. 8. 228. sp. 5. 61. sp. 2. • 63. sp. 7. Page 183. 184. Hister s. Payk. M. 11. l.inn. Pavk. Fabr. Pa fe 189. - 190. 7,8, 7, i.81. Marsh. 36. sp. 64. 38. sp. 66. 40. sp. 71. 41..sp. 78. 43. sp. 76. — — 44. sj). 77. 39. sp. 65. 7, Page 191. Tr.^Ent.Soc. 7, Page 192. Marsh. 479. sp. 2. Turton ii. 473. Page 193. C, — - 1 94. Marsh. 176. sp. 17. 7, Page 194. 7, Marsh. 67. sp. 13. 75. sp. 45. 390 THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. JUNE. 177 Leoides luficollis Sandy plac<^s, Darent Wood 1 78 Boletophagiis Agaricola Boleti and fungi Under bark of trees ? Devon Hedges Umbelliferous plants Hedges Hedges and skirts of woods BoletijCoombeW. (Mr.Stone) Hedges and woods, Darent Boleti Woods, Bexley and Darent Boleti Flowers, Hertford Flowers, New Forest Woods, Hampstead Ash-trees Umbelliferous plants Chatham Bristol Flowers in chalk-pits, Kent 179 Helops lanipes ISO Cistela ceramboides sulphurea fulvipes castanea humeralis fusca 182'Orchesia micans 183 Pyrochroa coccinea 186 Scraptia fusca 188 Anthicus antherinus 190 Mordellafasciata ] 92 Meloe tectus 193 Cantharis vesicatoria 194 CEdemera Cieruiea nigripes ruficollis viridissima lurida Podagraiia3 Umbelliferous plants 195 Mycteruscurculionides Flow. chalk-pits, South Devon 197 Platyrliinus latirostris Boleti in woods albinus Hurdles & dry wood, woods, Eltham brevirostris Hedges, Coombe 199*Rhinomacerattelaboides'rhistles 200 Bruchusseminarius Heidey 203 KbynchitesPopuli Aspen and poplar angustatus Coombe cylindricus 205 Apion vicinum Bird's-foot trefoil ruficorne Nut-tree assimile Sulphur-coloured trefoil * Astragali Sweet milk-vetch Loti Bird's-foot trefoil * violaceum The dock * Hydrolapathi Rumicis The broad-leaved dock Carduorum Thistles 206 Curculio Pyri Skirts of woods 208 Khynchajnus Piui Pine woods Abietis Fir woods, Scotland ebeneus Hertford, (Mr. Stephens) subnebulosus Norfolk palustris Battersea ir.terruptus Banks and sandy places Plantaginis Kefercnce to description. Marsh. 68. sp. 19. Page 194. 7, Marsh. 222. sp. 6. 219. sp. 1. 223. sp. 10. "_ sp. 9. Gyll. ii. 545. sp. 5. Marsh. 223. sp. 8. Page 195. 196. Marsh. 485. sp. 3. Page 197. Leach Tr.L.S. xi. Page 198. 7, 6, Marsh. 372. sp.l4. 6, Panz. Marsh. 572. sp.13. 360. sp. 6. Gyll. ii.633. sp. 6. Page 199. Marsh.295.sp.l66. Page 200. Marsh. 236, sp. 3. 7, 241. sp. 9. 6, 7, Kirby Tr.L.S. ix. 7, 1, Marsh. 317.sp.229 -289. sp. 153. - 270. sp.lOO. 269. sp. 95, . 265. sp. 84. THE ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR, 391 JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Oaks Heilaes Sallows in hedges Hedges 208 Rhynchsenus Nereis Norfolk Sysimbrii Hedges atrirostris — — — Alismatis crassus brevis 209 Balaniiu.s Glandium Cerasorum tenuirostris fasciatiis Ponioriim niurinus longimaniis fructiuim Tnactilatns lubelliis atramentarius stygiiis semicylindi iciis 210 Liparus Germanns pice us mauras pilosulus setosus maritimus scabriculiis subrotundus 211 Cryptorhynch\isErysimi 31'2 Cionus Scrophularice Water betony Thapsi Hortulanus Dover and Hastings Sandy places Sandy pi. and nettles,Coombe Coombe Bristol C'jombe 'J, 1. Knot ty- rooted figwort? woods Bexley bipustulatas 21G Hylurgus Piniperda niger ater obscurus 217 Tomicus Typographus fuse us 219 Scolytns multistriatus 220 Hylesinus creuatus 221 Cis concinnus bidentaius 222 Cerylon hisleroides bipunctatum derniestoides 224*Mycetophagus 4-pustulatus Fungi 230 Lamia adilis Trunks of trees Bark of the pine Bark of trees Boleti Bark of trees Under bark of trees Payk.iii.240.sp.58. Marsh. 253. sp.45. Pavk.iii.22'7.sp.45. Marsh. 273. sp. 103 . 245. sp. 18. 265. sp. 82. .284. sp. 137. — sp. 138. — sp. 139. . 2s6. sp. 144. . 285. sp. 142. 293. sp. IGl. 292. sp. 159. — sp. 158. 293. sp. 162. sp. 163. 294. sp. 16.5. sp. 164. 1 290. sp. 153. 305. sp. 191. 316. sp. 225. 299. sp. 175. 304. sp. 1 39. 307. sp. 201. 307. ?p.202. 304. sp. 192. sp. 190. 257. sp. 56. 276. sp. 117. 277. sp. 118. 278. sp. 119. '7, 7, 278. sp. 121. Page 205. Marsh. 59. sp. 24. . — sp. 25. 57. sp. 17. Page 205. Marsh. 53. sp. 5. 54. sp. 8. Page 206. Marsh. S7. sp, 19. 86. sp. 17. 7, 7, 103. sp. 7, 7, Page 207. 7, Page 209. 392 TUE IINTOMOLOGISI S CALEXDAR. JUNE. 230 Lamia nebulosa Textor aculeata pil 'Sa hispiila scaljvis popiilnea ntibila prsnsta QS'Z Cerambyx m.^^chatiis 233 Clytus Arie.is arciiaius Alni inysticiis 234 Callidium violacciim bajulvim 2C5 Molorchus major dimih. 341. sp. 2. 340. sp. I. 334. sp. 32. 356. sp. 34. 330. sp. 23. 33 1 . sp. 25. 337. sp. 37. 331.sp. 2r,. 352. sp. 27. — sp. 28. 550. sp. 24. 533. sp.29. 349. sp. 22. 353. sp. 30. Page 2 1 0. Marsh. 542. sp. 4. Page 210. 211. Marsh. 214. sp. 2. 215. sp. 4. 216. sp. 7. 2! 7. sp. 8. 224. sp. 13. 193. sp. 53. 172. sp. 6. 174.sp. 11. THF. ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. 393 JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 246 ChrysomelalO-punetataOaks, Bexiey lO-nolata Willows, Bexiey VitelJiiitB Willows niarginata Heaths, Norfolk * lurida Windsor uiiicolor Hedges ? Q'iS Cryptocephaiussericeiisnandelkin 7, SI mil IS Coryli liiieola nitens 6-piinctatus Mora,'i marginelliis pusilliis bilitiiratus * labiatus flavilabiis 249 elytra 4-punrtata tridentata 251 Triplax bicolor Flowers in chalk pits, Kent Hedges, Darent Wood-sides, Kent Hedges Sallows in moist woods, Kent New Forest Hedges , Coombe Bristol Hedges ? -, Kent Marsh. 175. sp. 14. — sp. 13. 18(1. sp. 23. - 190. sp. 47. Marsh. ISo.sp. 57. Page 2)3. N. S. Marsh. 208. sp. 4. 207. sp. 3. 2C9. sp. 7, 203. sp. 5. 212. sp. 14. 211. sp. 10. 210. sp. 9. 211. sp.ll. Oak, Bexiey Sallows, Coombe Wood Coombe 253 Agathidium n'gripenne Sandy places rutipeiine namim 254 Coccinella 14-giittata bis-o-giiltata t>cellata 5-punctata 22-pnnctata conglomerata 14 pustulata lateralis impiistulata conglobata 1 1- punctata liieroglyphica IS-gattata ?53 Chilocorus 4-verrucalus White- thorn KirbyMS. Marsh. 507. sp. 2, 206. sp. 1. 122. sp. IS. Page 215. Gyll. ii. 565, sp. 3. Hedses Illis.435.sp. 22. ^^'llKlsor 432. sp. IP. Windsor and Norwich 43". sp. 25. Hedges and Battersea fields 9, 441. sp. 23. Hed-es 3,9, 468. sp. 37. Meadows . '7j8)9, Pavk. ii.28.?p.3i> \\'indsor Illig.445. sp. 30. Devon Cof>mbe and Norfolk 459. sp. 34. Cobham, Surrey Coombe 462. sp. 35. 445.sp.31. Firs bipustulatus 2t."li Labidura gigautea Scymnus litura di8,9, 7 G 0 — — '>0,-') 7 8 0 "7 4; Q 7,8,9, 7,8,9, 7,8.9, ',S>9, 431.sp.lS. 473. sp. 41. 475. sp, 43. Page 217. Illisr. 419. so. 10. ■418. 41f'. sp. 1, :Marsh.l68.sp.43. lUig. 414. sp. 4. Payk. ii. 7. sp. 3. Mai-sh. 161-. sp. :>T" Illig. 4ia. sp. 6. .Alarsb. 164, sp. 5S- 394 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Sphffirosoma Qiiercus 268 Tetyra Maura inuncta 272 Coreus rhomboideus hirticornis 273 Berytus tipularius 274 Lygseus nugax Hyoscyami microptcrus 275 Capsus spissicornis ruficollis 276 Miris vagans 277 Myodocha tipnloides 279*Ploiaria vagabunda 280 Cimex lectularius 281 Tingis Cardui 293 Cicada Anglica ? 298 Cercopis sanguinolenta 299 Ledraaurita 800 Membracis cornutus 304 Li via Juncorum Ajjhis Ribis Ulmi Pruni Sambuci Pruni cerasi Runiicis lapathi Acetosae Ligustici scotici Lychnidis Capreaj Padi Rosaa Dauci Tilia^ Juniperi Brassica3 Cracca; Lactuc3e Sonchi Tanaceti Absinthii Millefolii Avense sativre Fraxini Jace.T3 Betulae Alni I'agi Oaks Hedges Sanely places, Bexley Hedges Sandy places Grassy places Hedges in woods Stony jilaces, Devon Grassy places, Cuombe Woody places Sandy places Hedges 7, Page 220. Stew. ii. 103. 7, Houses Thistles Pennington Common ? Open places in woods, Hedges and oaks Hedges and woods Junci Red currant Elm Plum-trees Elder Cherry-tree The dock Wild sorrel Lovage Lychnis dioica Willow Bird-cherry Rose Carrot Lime-trees Juniper Cabbage Vicia cracca Lettuce Sow-thistle Tansy Wormwood Milfoil Oats Ash-tree Centaurea jacea Birch-tree Alder Beech-tree Page 222. Stew. ii. 105. Trans. Ent. Soc. 73. Stew. ii. 104. Page 222. 223. Stew. ii. 107. Page 223. Hants Kent ■ 229. 231. 232. 7, - 7, - 7, ■ 7, -^ 7,8, Stewart. 7,8, 7,8, 7',8', 7'8', 7,8, 7,8, . 7,8, .^ 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, , 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, , 7. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 395 JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Olhcr times of a p. Reference to description. Aphis Qiiercus Pini Salicis Populi Treinulffi Vibnrni Biirsaria Aceris platanoides Maple Oak Scotch fir Willow The leaves of the aspen Young branches of the aspen Way -fa ring tree Black poplar Atripiicis Plantaginis Lcucanthemi Scabiofs Fabae Coccus Quercus lietulaj Car pini Ulmi Coryli Tiliaj Capros Salicis polonichus Fragariae Pilosellae Uva ursi Phalnridis Oxyacanlhx Serratulae Pcrsicaj Abietis Mespili Aceris Alni fusciis ■variegatus conchiformis catafractus 305 Thrips ininutissima juniperina fasciata 310 PulexTalpaj Hiriindinis Sciiirus ? 512 Gonepteryx Rhamni The Brimstone 313 Colias Hyale The clouded Yellow 314 Pontia Cratasgi Orach Plaiitaki Ox-eye daisy Scabiuus Bean Oak Birch Hornbeam Elm Hazel Lime Willow Salix hermaphrodita Sclcranthus perennis Strawberry Hieracium Pilosella Arbutus uva ursi Canary grass White-thorn Serratiila arvensis Peach-trees Pinus Abies Medlar Maple Alder Oak Klni Mosses Flowers,frequent in carnation Galls of the juniper Compound flowers The mole (Mr.Weatherhead) Swallows (Mr. Stephens) Squir>-el Woods 7, Stewart. 7, 7, "7, 7, 7, 7, ^] 7, 7. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, ■ 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, . 7, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, N. S. 7,3, Page 23C. Gardens and woods The hlaik- veined While 396 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Pasre 237. Haw. 27. 26. Haw. 34. Page 24D. 9, 315 Melit.va Knphrosyne b. Waste (grounds and heaths The V e ■1-' I -i ordered Fnhtlary Cicixia M. .Meadow3 The G anvil I e Frvillary 317 Vanessa Polythloros /.p.. Elms The large Tortiiseshell Urticre /. B. Nettles y/jf s'naU Tortoiseshe.'l Urticaj b. I..nnes. &c. 9, Page 238. The small Tortuiseshell C. all)um Z. M. Nettle, hop, willow & currant 8, The. wh te C. 319 Limeni'is Camilla /. Hoiipysiickle The nine Adimrai 320 Hipparohia Hyperanthus f.. Woods and fields The RiHglel Pampliilus b. Grassy Commons The snnll Heath * Elandina Isles of Bute and Arran The Sc'di h Argus Pilosella /. b. Mouse-earHawkwced, pastures Haw. 25. The larss Ilealh Janira b. Meadows Page 240. The meadow Brotvn /F.giria I. Grassy banks 3,5, Haw. 23. The speckled Jf'ood Davus Marshes 1 5. sp. \Ci, The smn'l Ringlet Polydama 1 Ck sp. 17. The marsh Ri7}glet Typiion • — — — sp. 18. The scarce Heath v^geria e. Borders of woods and fields 4,8, Page 241. T^e sveck-led Hood 321 Thocla r.etuja? /. r. Birch The brown Hairstreak Quercns I. b. Oak The purple Hairstreak 322 Lycwna Phheas b. Grassy commons The common Copper Idas I. E. Grassy banks The luack-spot Broum 324 Smeiintlnis Populi e. Trunks of poplars The poplar Hawk 325 Spliiiix F.lpenor e. Gardens and marshy places The elephant Hawkiiolh lineata Gardens The silver-line Ilawknwtk Haw 37. 39. 4,8, Page 241. ^, Haw. 46. 243. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR- SOT JUNE. Devoushire Page 244. Trunks of pine-trees Gardens Bedstraw Gardens 323 Sphinx Galii e. * The scarce Elephant Eiiphi)rl)ia; b. The spoiled Elephant Pinastri The pine Hawk Moth Ligustri E. The privet Hawk 326 Macroglos'^aScellatarnni /. E The H 'mmivg-bird Steliataruin E. Gardens ' 4,9, The H ■ '» mnig. bird 527 Sesia boinbycit'orniis m. Flowers, marshy pi. in woods The iia^r. w-b irdered Bte fusciformi-: m. Borders of woods The broad-bordered Bee 32S ^seiiaapif irmis e. Near lime and poplar trees Y/ie Hr net JEgeria Astlif>rmis m. Poplars The dear Underwing Cynipifornrds m. Gardens The ylL lu- legged Clear wing Tipubformts m. Currant-bushes The currant Clearwing Oestrijiarmis m. Gardens and woods The ytl'.i.iu-tailed Clearwing yesp^forrnxs E. Devonshire The six-be! ted Cleaiwing Spheciformis Enlield? The black and whUe-bordered Clearwing ■ 329 Zysffina Fiiipendiila; b. Meadows The six-spoiled Burnet Loti E. The five-spotted Barnel 330 Ino Statices m. The Fo: ester 331 Hepialiis Humiili m. The Ghost Map pa The beautiful Swift Angulum b. The tawny Swift hectiis M. The gold Swft 332 CossLis Ligniiierda e. The g^>al Moth 535 Liparis Monaclia I. e. The black Archer Monacha e. The black Arches Haw. fi(i. Page 244. 245. Page 245. Haw. 74. sp. 3. Page 245. Grassy places ' Darent Wood, (Mr. Standish) Open places in woods Trunks of willows Trunks of oaks Haw. 141. sp. 3. H 142. sp. 5. . 144. sp. S. Page 246. Haw.87.sp. 11. 8, Pa.sc 246. 398 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JUNE, No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 336 Laria pudiljunda e. Vv'ouds The pale Tussuck 338 Odenesis potatoiia I. m. fTall grass in hedges The DiinkfT 339 Lasiocainpa Qiiercus I. fOak/long grass, white The large Eggar Rubi B. Woods The Fvx Neustria I. Fruit-trees The lart'd Irte Lackey 340 Eriogaster lane^iris U e. jSloe bushes The small Ezgar 341 Endromis versicolor ?.M.f Birch The Kentish Glory 342 Stauropus Fagi m. The lobster Moth S43 Notodonta palpinus b. The pale Prominent perfiiscns The dark Prominent dromedariilus The small iron Prominent Trepida b. Poplars The stcailoiv Prominent 344 PygJera bucephala m. Skirts of woods 'iheHJfTip S45 Cerura minax ? * bifida 346 Aretia villica The cream-spot Tyger Caja /. The garden Tyger Plantaginis b, The wood Tyger Russida M. The clouded Buff papyritia m. The water Ermine Iribricipeda Trunks of trees Willows in hedges Oaks Oaks ? Page 247. Haw. 34. sp. 8. thorn Sl.sp. 5. 83. sp. 7. 129. sp. 87. 124. sp. 84. 80. sp. 3. Page 247. 9, Haw. 98. sp. 20. 100. sp. 27. 101. sp.29. DonovanB.l.239.1, Page 247. Trunks of apple-trees Darent Wood Open paths in woods Nettles, &c. Open places in woods Furze on commons The huff Ermine Sali'cis I. The Satin chvysorrhfca I. The YelUw-tail pbsEorrhoca I. The Brown-tail 547 Calliraorpba Dominula Lanes The scarlel Tyger Marshy places Gardens Poplars White-thorn hedges White-thorn 248. Haw. 93. sp. 16. Page 248. 245. Haw. 107.sp.42. . lOS. sp. 43. 109. sp.45. Page 248. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 309 JUNE. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Callimcrpha rosea The red Arches Jacobe» The Cinnahar fuiiginosa The ruby Tyeer 348 Lithosia quadra Oaks Heaths and commons Skirls of woods Pine-trees The four- spoiled Fuotm an Lithosia aurantia Skirts of woods The orange Footman Bornli/x DoAoxisa. m. Oaks Marlied Broicn Roboris Woods Lunar marbled Brown Quercea Oaks Dark maiblied Brown Nudaria fusca Pales, Winchmore-hilUVood The brown Muslin 349 Ypononienta Evonymella Hedges * Echiella Dover irrorella Coombe Padella Hedges 350 iF.cophora Flavolla Pale's .353 Adda Degeerella Thick woods 554 Nuctua Scropbularise I, Water betony The water Betovy tetra Gardens The Mahngany Pronuba ' The large yelloiv Underwing fimbria b. Oaks The Broad Border intcrjecta Open parts in woods The least Broad Bordn- Myrtilii m. Heaths near Erith The beautiful yellow U/iderwhig albirena Heaths, Norfolk The small yellow Underwing combusta e. Trunks of trees Page 248. Stew. lj9 sp ,57. Page 249. Haw . 147 , sp .5, 104, sp. sp. 34. 35. — sp. 36. 157. sp. 3. 8, 6, 512, sp. sp. 1. 2. 4, 7, 8, - 167. ■ 1 62. 160. 161. 162. The dark Tawny Pinastii m. The Bird-u'ing putris M. The Flame crassicornis The Large JVainscot comma b. The shoulder-stripe Wainscot Trunks of pines Sc shady pales Weedy banks and gardens Marshy places ? Lanes,Hampsh,(Mr.Bentley) 163. 170, 172. 173. 174. 400 THE ENK)M0L0CIST3 CALENDAR. JUNE. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times ofap. Reference to description. Noclua atomina m. Marshy places The powdered JVainscut Aceris e. Shady pales The Sycamore ivfuscata e. — — The Sycamore, var. Euphorbix Woods E. Trunks of trees Pales Trunks of alders Trunks of trees Shady pales The Spurge Ligustri The Coronet coronula e. The Coronet, var. cumpta E. The marbled Coronet Aini M. The Alder Menyanthidis b. The light Knot-grass similis b, ■ The scarce Knot-grass auricoma m. Coombe The scarce Dagger Psi E. The dark Dagger tridcns e. ■ The light Dagger Serena m. • The hroadlarred If kite grandis e. Trunks of trees The grey Arches polyodon e. Pales and gardens The dark Arches satura Trunks of trees ? The barred Arches ad vena b. Gardens The pale shming Brown rectiiinea m. Skirts of woods The light Brocade dives M. Trunks of trees The beautiful Brocade duplex M. -> The dark B'ocade Achates {Hub.) The pale shouldered Brocade BrassicjB Pales The cabbage Moth Persicarias £. — The Dot Haw. 173. 116. 177. 178. 6, i7y. 180. 181. 184. 185. 186. 187. • 189. IPO 7,8, 191. JHE ENTOMaLOGISTS CALENDAR, 401 JUNE. Reference to description. Noclua nigra The Mack Rustic Chenopodii The Nutmeg contigiia The large Nutmeg Pisi M, The Broom basilinea b Haw. 192. Gardens and pales Commons and pales Woods The rustic Shoulder-knot E. typica The Gothic capsincola The Lychnis Atriplicis e. The Arrach Moth glauca E. The glaucous Sheers pleleia e. — The glaucous Sheers, var. dentma e. ^— e, Weedj' banks and gardens Gardens and hedges Shady pales 19: 194. 196, 197, 198. near Coombe Wood The glaucous Sheers, var. leucostigma e. — — The pale Sheers ochracea e, ' The tawny Sheers Oxyacanthae I. White-thorn The green-brindled Crescent ridens I. e. Oaks Tlte frosted Green Lichenis e. Old walls, Chelsea The marbled Green denticulata b. Clover-fields The light-f'athered Rustic cubicularis m. Willows and gardens The pale mottled JFillow lucipara e. Skirts of woods The small Angle-shade secalina e. Marshy places The small clouded Brindle scripta Woods The minor Shoulder-knot ajthiops e. Hedges The Blackamoor spinifera e. Weedy banks The small Sword-grass suffusa — — — The small Sword-grass, var, 2 c 199. — -201. 202. 203. 205. 208. 210. 213 215. 21' 402 THE entomologist's calendak. JUNE. Gardens Noctua eonnexa The chain-shot Dart vennsa m. Weedy banks The broad-veined Dart spinula m. Hedges The brindled Dart nigricornuta m. 77ie black Dart subatrata m. The dark Dart fectiiiala e. —— ^ The pectinated Dart caltenata m. ■ ' ' The brindled Heart and Club clavigera e. — ^— The Heart and Club subjusca Haw. 218. Skirts of woods Weedy banks 219. The brown Heart and Club exclamationis e. — — The Heart and Dart C nigrum b. ■ ■ The setaceous Hebrew Character plecta E. ' Thejlame Shoulder ochraceago I. Burdock The frosted Orange centrago m. Marshes The centre-barred Sallow croceago e. Hedges The orange Upperwing meticulosa Pales The angle Shades batii> M. The Peach-blossom. Delphinii The Peme- blossom trilinea e. Thickets The equal Treble-lines bilinea e. Coombe The dark Treble-lines retusa I. e. Great rotind-leaved willow The double Kidney diluta Trunks of trees The lesser Lutestring flavicornis b. Trunks of poplars The Poplar Lutestring fluctuosa M. Skirts of woods The satin Carpet 22G. Skirts of woods Gardens, Windsor 254. 236. 2,4, 238. 5,9, 244. 7, 245. 7, 248. 9, 249. — 251. 253. THE EKTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAR. JUNE. 403 No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. N^octua diiphiris b. Skirts of woods The lesser satin Carpet chr\-sitis e. Weedy banks The burnished Brass orichalcea Gardens, Crayford The scarce burnished Brass bractea Yorkshire and Scotland The gold Spangle Iota E. Gardens The gold Y. Reference to description. Haw. 253. 254. sp. 2. sp. 3. 255. sp. 4. 256. sp. 5. Moimtains and heaths, Yorks. Essex Salisbury plain Meadows interrosationis The Yorkshire Y. circumflexa The Essex Y. illustris * The purple Shades arcuosa e The small- dotted Buff fusca E. Woods The marbled White spot albilinea < The marbled While-line unca Marshy places, Norfolk The Silver-hook snlphurea e. Clover-ficlds The spnited Sulphur luctuosa ■ The Fi'ti- -spotted glyph ica d. The Burnet Mi B, The Ship ton maura The great Broion Bar 560 Biston Betularius m. Pales The Peppered Ceomelra Prunaria e. Shady groves The orange Moth Roboraria e. Trunks of trees The great Oak Beauty consortaria b. Woods The pale Oak Beauty repandaria e. - The miitlled Beauty consobrinaria The tawny Beauty suberaria b. Open parts in woods The large-tvaved Umler dolabraria e. Bushes The scorched Ji'ing O /- « Out-houses and paliugs 1,8, 257. sp. 7. ■ — sp. 8. 258. sp. 9. 260. sp. 17. 261. sp. IS, • — sp. 19. ■ 263. sp. 23. — sp. 24. ■ 264. sp. 29. 26o.sp. 31. sp. 52. - 269. sp. 6. - 272. sp. 2. 283. sp. 34. . 275. sp. 8. sp. 9. . — sp, 10. 276, sp. 13. ■ 284. sp, 35. . 295. sp, 67, 404 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JUNE, No. cf Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to descriptioii. Geometra Pinaria Pines, Scotland The lordered JFhite unidentaria b. Skirts of woods The dark red Twin-spot viridaria e. Open parts in woods The green Carpet orbicularia m. Near Brockenhurst, Hants, Tht dingy Mocha (Mr. Bentley) linearia Woods, Kent The clay Triple-line respersaria Heaths The lesser Grass-wave plumbaria e. ■ The Belle Chenopodaria e. The small Mallow fasciaria The barred Red lunaria m. The Iwiar Thorn advenaria m. The little Thorn bidentaria b. The scalloped Hazel pulveraria b. The barred Umher Thymiaria e. Common Emerald implicaria The silver Ground Vauaria The V Moth fuliginaria m. ■ The waved Black trepidaria e. Mountains, Scotland The black .mountain Moth ulmata m. Elms The scarce Magpie Haw Bushy places Westerham, Kent Paths in woods Colney-hatch Wood Skirts of woods Paths in woods 4, Open places, skirts of woods Open places in woods Gardens ^, Chalky places Open places, Coombe Wood dealbata b The Black-veined hastata b The Argent and Sable albinillata e. Paths in woods The beautiful Carpet adustata e. Hedges The scorched Carpet rubiginata e. Pathways, woods The blue- bordered Carpet 8, 278. sp. 21, . 508. sp. 101. • 304. sp. 92. ■Sll.sp. 109. • 314. sp. 114. - 289. sp. 46. - 287. sp. 41. • 302. sp. 83. -301. sp. 83. - 292. sp. 57, ■ 296. sp. 69. • 291. sp. 55. ■'SOl.sp. 85. - 300. sp. 80. - 303. sp. 90. - 283. sp. 33. -281.sp. 30. sp. 31. -317. sp. 3. - — sp. 5. - 336. sp. 62. - 337. sp. 64. - — sp. 65. - 338, sp. 67. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR, 405 JUNE. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Geomelra oce]]a.ta. b. Open paths in woods The purple bar Galiata Devonshire Galium Carpet unilobata Yorkshire The Hu7ii-angled Carpet impluviata Skirts of woods The May H'.ghftyer berberata Hedges, Norfolk derivata b. Woods The Streamer spinaoiata e. Gardens The Spinach Pyraliata Hedges bijineata e. Hedges and skirts of woods The yellow Shell munitata b. Pine-trees The rufous Carpet duplicata Chalky places J/ie slendir Trthle-lar nassata m. Open parts in woods The small Rivulet rivulata e. Copenhagen F. and Norfolk The middle Rivulet Alchemillata m. Bushy places and thickets The Fivulet osseata e. Hedges The dwarf Cream-wave lividata b. — — — ^.^ Chalky pi. near Lewes, Sus;. Shady groves Woods Gardens Reference to description. 6, G, The small dotted Wave punctata Chalky hedges lineoiata The Oblique-striped he pa rata m. The dingy Shell abbreviata venosata e. The netted Pug Centaureata e. The Lime-spe:lc Absinthiata e. The itft'Tniv'wd Pug vulgata The common Pug sinipliciata ■ The plain Pug favillaciaria b. Neir Ringw.Hants,(Mr.EentIey) The grey Scallop Atomaria b. Heaths The common Heath Haw. 331. sp. 46. 6, 332. sp. 47, 6, 331. sp. 44. 321. sp. 17, Fab.E.S.iv.l82.sp.l89 Haw. 326. sp. 30. 341. sp. 76, Trans. Ent. See. Haw. 343. sp. 82. 528. sp. 34. > 318. sp. 8. 335. sp.60, 7, sp. 59. — sp. 58, ■ 353. sp. 116. sp, 118. 7, 341. sp. 75. 343. sp. 83. Hiibner. Haw. 357. sp. 127. 358. sp. 131. 359. sp. 133. - — sp. 134. - — sp. 135. - 278. sp. 19. - 280. sp. 26. 406 THE ENTOMULOGIST 3 CALENDAR. JUNE. No. of Gen, Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Geometra glarearia b. The yellow Heath roseidaria b. The light Heath carhuiiaria m. The Mack Heath inacqnaria b. Heaths Open parts in woods The larger Grassivave Crata gaiia b. Hedges and woods Pathways, woods Chalky places in woods Pathways, woods The Brimstone undulata e. The SvAlof-^hdl vetulata e The broton Scollop biangiilata The cloaked Carpet ruptata ' The broken-barred Carpet decolorata The sandy Carpet Chaerophyllala b. Open places in woods The looping Chimney-stveeper hexapierala b. Birch-trees, Kent VI. B. The Seraphim illiistraria The purple Thnrn trimaculata b The mottled Pug singiilariata The grey Pvg rectansciilata The green Pug linariata The beautiful Pug rusticata The least Carpet 362 Herminea flamealis e The rosy Fiounced vittalis E. The cream-edge Snout proboscidalis e. Hedges The Snout rostralis e. ■ The buttoned Snout crassalis ■ The pinion Snout achatalis b. The beautiful Snout Skirts of woods 5, Hedges Open parts in woods Gardens Open parts in woods Thick woods Broom-fields, CoombeWooJ Hedges, Chelsea 5, Shady groves, Kent Haw. 280. sp. 21. — - — sp. 28. — 28l,sp. 29. 288. sp. 45. 4,8, 298. sp. 14. 320. sp. 13. sp. 14. 326. sp. 51. 327. sp. 32. 328. sp. 3G. 344. sp. 85. 356. sp. 12'5. - 29l.sp. 5G. -362. sp. 147. - 360. sp. 139. - 563. sp. 151. -364. sp. 153. sp. 154. - 375.sp. 26. - 366. sp. 5. - 365. sp. 1. - 366. sp. 4' - — sp. 3. - 367. sp. 6, THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 407 JUNE. No, of Gen. Name. M'here found. Birch-trees, woods Skirts of woods, Kent Woods Open parts in woods Darent Wood Gardens Darent Wood Other times ofap. Reference to df-<' ription. 362 Hermi.jia saticalis b. Birch-trees, woods Haw The lesser Belle derivialis The clay Fan-foot tarsicrinalis The Favfoot nemoralis The small Fanfoot obscuralis The dingy Snout colonalis r. The green Shaded socia The pale Shoulder 363 Platypteryxfalcataria M.Woods The pehhlf Hoi'klip 565 Tortrix chlorana m. Willows The bordered G^een Christieriiana Hedges in chalky places 7, The ChristierHian oporana m. Hedges The great Hook-tivped Ribeana Gardens and hedges The common Oblique Bar Acerana Hedges The Maple pruniana Woods The lesier Lr.iig.doak Udmanniana Pathways, woods The Udmannian comitana Pales The cream Short-cloak IMitterbaoliina ■ The Mi'te-bachian Leche.iii I E. Open places in woods The Le>h' in Absiiitliiatia Wormwood The uo- 'itwiiid Turtrix harpana Hedges The hooke Norfolk "> Haw. 482. sp. 1. f- r- — sp. 2. 475. sp. 1. 7, 476. sp.4. TT 1-n ") ^ 477. sp. 7. sp. 9. sp. 10. 478. sp. 12. rf 478. sp. 13. n, 475. sp. 2. 479. sp. 16. 478. sp. 15. 7, — sp. 14. 7, 479. sp. 17, 1- 473. sp. 11. 7, 479. sp. 18. f. . . ■: n 111 7, 477. sp. 8. 7, 480. sp. 20. 474. sp. 3. 492. sp. 2. 410 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAK. JUNE. Ko. of Gen. Name, Where found. Other times ofap. Reference to description. Tinea contubernea Dry chalky fields The mealy Knot-horn 380 Libellulacancellata Croydon Canal vulgata Ponds and ditches scotica Ponds, Devon and Scotland 535 Anax Impcrator Ponds and woods, Hants SSI Cordulia ffinea Ponds,Nc\vForcst & F.pp.For. 3S'2 Cordulegaster annulaliisPonds and woods, Hants 383 Gomphus vulgatissimus Woods Haw.493. sp. 4. 384 .Sshna grandis viatica Juncaea angiicana terluscula 386 Agrion rufescens corea sanguineum puella albicans annulare zonatus 39>1 Lestes sponsa 3SS Calepteryx Virgo Indovicia 3^9 ■Daetisbioculata 390 Cleon pallida 391 Ephemera vulgata 392 Panorpa affinis * germanica 393 Chrysopa Perla capitata fuhocephala reticulata alba perla 304 Hemerobius variegatus Beckwithii Pini nemoralis decussatus lutesccns punctatus affinis obscurus irroratus nervosus 395 Osmylus maculatus 396 Sialis niger 397 Raphidia ophiopsis IMarshy places Woods, Kent Marshy places Eanks of Marshy places Hedges Cumberland Hedges and woods Woods, &c. Hedges and woods 7, Fa.E.S.ii.383.sp.18. '^, ii.382.sp.l6. 7, Donovan. '; Page 258. ^_ M , 7, . . .^ 7, — '7, Fab.F.S.ii.3gS.sp.l. 7, Sowerby Brit. Misc. 7, f» '» 7, 7, Page 259. 7, Fab.E.S.ii.387.sp.2. 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, Fab.E.S.ii.70.sp.9. 68. sp. 1. ii 97. sp. 2. Running brooks, skirts of woods Banks of rivers Hedges near streams 7,8, Page 260. 7,8, Fab.E.S. ii.82.sp.5. 7,8. 7,8, 7,8, Panz. 87, 14. 7 8 13, 7,'8,' Fab.E.S.ii.85.sp.l8. 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 6,8, 7. 7, ii. 84. sp. 12. ii. 85. sp. 19, Page 260. Fa.E.S.ii.79.sp.20. Page 26 1 . THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 411 JUNE. No. of Gen, Name, \A'here found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 397 Raphidia Londinensis affinis maculicollis megacepliala 40'2 Clavellaria marginata A merino^ 404 Abia nigiicornis sericea 405 Amasis lajta 406 Hylotoma pilicornis carulesceus femoral is ustulata segraentaria Rose Stephensii Eerberidis violacea pag-ana Anglica enodis caeruiea Klugii 40'r*Cryptus Villersii * pallipes 408 Messa hortulana 409 Athalia aimulata Rosse centifolia spinarum 410 Selandria serva fuligiiiosa luteiventria 411 Feniisa pumila 412 Allantus bicinctus nollia ha?matopus neglectus blandus albocinctus pnnctum 1 2-punctatus zonatus lividus conspicuns nifiventris lateralis ater Hedges near streams ''A'indsor Woods, Coombe Woods Bristol Cooiiabe, (Mr. Stephens) Woods Darent Wood (Mr. Stephens) Woods -, (Mr. Stephens) Woods, (Mr. Standish) Bristol Coombe Wood, (Mr, J.King)7,8, Hedges and woods 7,8, . '7,8, Page 263. Zool.Misc. iii. 112. Page 263. Zool. Misc. ill. 113. Page 263. Page 264. Klug. sp. 13. — — sp. 14. sp. 8. sp. 9. — sp. 10. Zool. Misc. iii. 123. King. sp. 3. sp. 6. sp. i], Zool. Misc. iii. 122. Klug. sp. 1. sp. 7. Zool.Misc.iii. 122. Page 264. Zool. Misc. iii. 125. Page 264. Klu Zool.Misc. iii. 126. '7.8, V,8, 7,8, 7,8, T,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, 7,8, '7,8, 'r,8, '7,8, '7,8, 7,8, Klug. sp. 84. sp. 77. sp. 76. sp. 94. sp. 85. sp. 91. Panz. 64. 9. Fabr. E. S. ii. 116. [sp. 46. ii. lis. sp.53. ii. 117. sp. 49. 412 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JUNE. Reference to description. 41'2 Ailantus punctomaculatus Hedges and woods 413 Tenth redo Hapse nassata 414 Dosytheiis Eglanterias Junci . 415 Dolerus opacus Gonagra ■ 416 Etnpliytus succinctiis cinctus ■ ceria tibialis 417 Croesus septentrionalis Woods, Darent 418 Nematus niger luteiis lucidus 419 Cladius difibrmis 420 I'ajpa Panzerii Klugii 4'21 Lyda BetulfB nemoruin erythrocei)Iiala 422 Lophyrus I'ini rufiis 423 Cei)liiis pygmiEus 424 Xiphydria Casneliis dromedarius 426 Urocerus Gigas psyllius 42'7*Evania :ippendigaster 428 FoRuus Jaculator 430 ]5racon Desertor 431 *Sigaiiilius Irrorator Hedges and woods Coonibe \^''ood Hedges and woods Pine woods Flowers in fields and hedges AVillows Hedges Pines Hedges ? Hedges and woods Wood s ^ , Hedges 432 Diplolepis Querous-folii Oaks 434 Chalcis clavipes 435 Cyni|)s Caprece 436 Cleptcs scnii-aurata ai:rata Eattersea fields Willows Sandy places 457*Elampus Paiizeri 438 Chrysis ignita affinis efl'iiigens fulgida bidentata cyanea Stroudera 430 Hedychrum auratum regium 441 Miitilla Eiiropjea Walls, Exeter, (Dr. Leach) Sandv banks 7.B, 7,8, King. sp. 96. 7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.l I4.sp.37. 7,S, ii. ]09.sp. 19. 7,8, 7,8, ii. 120.sp. 62. 7,8, ii. 117. sp.48. 7,8, 7,8, ii. 117. sp.5l. 7,8, 7,8, Panz. (.2. 1 1 . 7,8, Page 266. 7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.l20.fp.C4 7,8, Panz. 90. 10. 7,8, 7,8, Page 266. Zool. -Misc. iii. 131. iii. 132. King. sp. 13. sp. 8. sp. 16. . .. vr» 0 ■?»-> T Page 267. Sandj' places Sand and sunny banks Sandy places 442''i\]yrmofa niclanocf p'aala ? Norfolk Fa.E.S.ii.l 2S.sp. 16 Page 263. Fa.E.S. ii.l24.sp.2. ii. 192. sp. 1. Page 2(i8. 270. 7, Fa.E.S.ii.l52.sp.79 7, Page 270. 271. Fa.E.S.ii.l02.sp.l3. 7, Panz. 51. 2. 7, Fa.E.S.ii.242.sp.l8. Page 272. 7, Fa.E.S.ii.24l.sp.lO. 7, 7, 7, ii.240. sp. 8. 7,8, ii.241. sp.Il. 7,8, ii.243. sp. 20. 7,S, Panz. 107. 12. 7,8, Page 272. 7,8, Fa.E.S.ii.243.?p.]9 7,8, Page 273. Fa.E.S.ii,372.sp.27 THF. ENTOMOLOGIST S CALENDAK. 413 JUNE. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 443 Tiphia femorata morio 444 Sapyga 6-punctata 443 Poinpilus Dta/icMS? gibbus f Juscus f exaltatus f hircanus ? 445 Amophila sabulosa 449 Sphex flavipennis A5'2 Psen ater Flowers and sandy places Woods Palings Sandy places Sand banks Sandy places Posts and sand3' places 454*Larra ichneumoniformisBristol 455 Lyrops tricolor 456 Dinetiis pictus 457 Trypoxylon Fignlus 458 Oxybelus unigluniis 459 Crabro cribarius 4fi0 Stigmns ater 461 Pemphredon uiiicolor 462 Mellinus mystaceus 463 Cerceris qiiadricinctus 464 Odynerns parietinus 46S*Andrcna affiiiis fulvago pilipes lisemorrhoidalis Collinsonana albicrus chrysura Windsor Flowers ? Bristol Sandy places Walls Stnmps of trees Flowers Sandy banks Darent Wood Flowers Gardens Round-leaved bell-flower 470*Spliecodes monilicornis Flowers on sunny banks ? * picea * divisa ■ * Spbecoides 473 Ceratina caerulea 474 Chelostoma floris-omne 451 Nomada cornigera * sex-cmcta * Schaefferella * connexa * Fabriciella flavo-gutta rufo-cincta Sheppardana * ferruginata 484 Eucera longicomis 487 Bonobus Muscorum Francillonana floralis Beckwithclja Flowers of the rag-wort Flowers in hedges Sunny and sandy banks Banks ? Sunny banks i Sandy banks Meadows and field? Flower*. 7, Page 274. 7, Fa.E.S.ii.227.sp.lt 7, 7, Fabr. Piez. 7, '7, 7, 7, 7, n, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7, Page 274. Page 275. 276. Fa.E.S. ii.22].sp.l. Page 277. 278. 279. Kirby ii.92.sp.43. 93. sp. 44. 96. sp. 46. 141. sp. S!. 153. sp. 93. i 56. sp. *)«. 172. sp. 110. 7, 47. sp. 10. T, 48. sp. 11. 7, 49. sp. 12. 7, 46. sp. 9. 7,8, Page 283. 7, 7, 284. Kirbyii. I90.sp.ll. 198. sp. 17. 199. sp. 18. , sp. 19. 218. sp. 29. 215. sp. 31. 216. sp. 32. 7, -217. sp. 33. 7, 218. sp. 34. 7, Page 287. 7, Kirby ii.Gl7.sp.74 7, . 319. sp. 75. 7, 32!. sp. 75. 7, , 333, sp. 78. 7, 7, 7, 414 THE ENTOMOI.OGISrS CALENDAR. JUNE. Flowers 4S7 Eombus C'urtisella Fosterella agroriim Rossiella Leeana Francisana Jonella hortorum Scritnshirana Barbutella Tunstallana vestalis Sorensis Donovaiiella Burrellana CuIIumana Derhamclla ■ lapidaria Raiella rupestris subterranea — IJanisella 499 Stratiomys Chama^lcon Marshes 500 Odontomyia furcata • hydroleon vulpina ' 501 Clitellarium EphippiumSkirts of woods Flowers in gardens Flowers Corn fields Flowers Flowers in gardens Flowers 505 Sargus ciipreiis 506 Tabaiuis hovinus Paganus 507 Ha^matopota pluvial is 508 Chrysops csciitiens 509 Rhagio scolopaceus 510 Atherix mactilata Flowers in meadows Meadows New Forest, Hants Hedges Hedges and commons Trunks of trees Darent Wd. (Mr. Stephens) 51 1 Dnlychopus nobilitatus Moist places in woods 512 Thereva plebeia 514 Asihis crabroniformis 515 Dasvpogon pnnctatus 516 Dioctria oelandica 518 Empis pennipes boreaiis 519 Anthrax Hottentotla Abbadon 522 Ogcodes gibbosus 524*Sericomya Lapponum 525 Volucella pellucens iTiystaceus bombylans inanis Woods and commons Commons and heaths Sandy commons Skirts of woods Hedsres Borders of woods, Devon Devon Coombe Marshes, Dartmoor Woods 7, Kirbv ii.324.sp779. 7, ^ 325. sp. 80. 7, 326. sp. 81. 7, 321.sp. 85. 7, 333. sp. 86. 7, 334. sp. 87. 7, 338. sp. 90. 7, 339. sp. 91. 7, 342. sp. 92. 7, 343. sp. 93. 7, sp. 94. 7, 347. sp. 95. 7, 335. sp. 98. 7, 357. sp. 100- 7, 358. sp. 101. 7, 359. sp. 102. 7, 363. sp. 105. 7, -- sp. 106. 7, 367. sp. 107. 7, 369. sp. 108. 7, 371. sp. 109. 7, 373. sp. 110. 7, Page 292. 7, [sp. 17. Fabr. E. S. iv. 267. Panz. 58. 4. Fa.E.S.iv.264.sp,6. Page 292. Stewart ii. 267. '7, Page 293. — - 294. Skirts of woods 7, 295, [sp. 53. 7, Fab. E. S. iv. 388. — — iv. 404. sp. 5. iv. 403. sp. ]. Page 295. [sp. 23. Fab. E. S. iv. 262. iv 311.sp.121 Page 296. 7, [sp. 5. 7, Fab. E. S. iv. 279. 7, •iv.279. sp. 4. 7, iv.278. sp. 1. THE entomologist's calendar 415 JUNE. 526 527 528 529 530 532 533 534 536 540 542 543 545 547 54S 549 551 555 557 559 Eiistalis Narcissi Flowers in marshes Helophilus pendulus Hedges Syrphus Pyra>tii Hedges and flowers Doros conopssus Fields, Colney Hatch Chrysotosutn arcuatum Hedges Aphritis auro-pubescensNew Forest , (Messrs. Bentley and Chant) Borders of woods Hecl°es Milesia annulata Conops aculcata Myopa picta Tephritis piilchella Cardui vi brans onopordinis grossi6cationis Sepedon pahistris Loxocera Ichneumonea Anthomyia pluvialis Scenopinvis niger Ochthera Mantis Phasia variabilis Ocypteryx lateralis Biassicaria puparum larvarum Qistrus ovis Hippobosca equina Craterina Hirundinis Flowers in hedges Thistles Flowers Gardens Marshes Flowers in marshes Woods Houses near woods Devonshire, (Dr. Leach) , (Or. Leach) Woods and pales Trunks of trees Hedges Sheep in pastures Horses, New Forest, Hants Swallows Page 297. [sp. ]7. 7, Fabr. E.S. iv. 2S2. iv.305.sp.l02 6, iv.297.sp.69. Page 297. 298. 7, Panz. 54. 22. F.E.S.iv.352-sp.167 Page 299. [158. Fa. E.S. iv. 350. sp. iv.3r)0.sp.l9S. iv.35l.sp. 162. Panz. 60. 23. 73.24. Page 300. 30!. [sp.65. Fabr, E.S. iv. 527. iv.326.sp.50, iv. — sp. 59. 7, Clark 59. Page 302. I, — — — oVo. lO*Clubiona Nutrix 19 Thomisus oblongus 20 Lycosa saccata 16 Panagaeus crux-major 22 Trechus humeralis 24 Aepus flavescens 6',) Colymbetes fontinalis 68*Meiasis filabellicornis 73 Scirtes iiemisphasrica 166*Trichius fasciatus 181 Serropalp'js — — - ? 196 Salpirgns 4-pustulatus 205 Apion Viciae Ervi Lathyri Ononis svbulatHin JULY. Hedges Gardens Sand-pits, Bexley Meadows, Battersea Und. stones S. coast of Devon Ponds, Devon (Dr. Leach) Woods, Norwich, Windsor Aquatic plants Umbelliferous plants Rotten oaks, New. 1'. Hants Palings, Camberwell Grove Tufted Vetch Yellow Lathvras ^ 8,9, Bestharrow Yellow Lathy rus 149. - 160. -163. - 191. 195. 8, Marsh.297.sp Kirby T.L.a IX. 416 THE entomologist's CAtENDAR. JULY, Where found. Reference to description. 20j 207 208 215 224 229 2130 231 236 240 241 246 263 266 274 311 Apion Craccae Tufted Vetch Lixus paraplecticiis Water Hemlock Rhynchffiiius Lathburii Sandy places, Hants Cossonus hypoleiicus Herls Mycctophagus multipunctatiis Dry Boleti 8, Kirby I'.L.S, ix. 8, Marsh.272.sp,]06. 314 315 316 Prion us coriarius Lamia sutor Snperda lineato-collis Leptura 4-fasciata apicalis Crioceris puncticollis melanopa Cassida Spergula; Chry-omela varians fulgida Conocephalus varius griseus Acrj'dium sabulatum bipunctatnm Lygaeus apterns Papilio Machaon I. The Swallow-tail. Pontia Napi Lanes near woods & old trees Trunks of trees Umbelliferous plants Sand-pits, Bexley Skirts of woods C'orn-spurrey, sandy fields St. John's- wort, Coombe Wood Wliittlesea Mere Hedges and woods Sandy places Crassy banks, Battersca Woods and hedges Umbelliferous plants 8, 8, 8, 8, 8,9, 8,0, 8. 8,9, 8, n. Gardens and woods The green-veined JFhile- Daplidice e. Dover (Mr. Stephens) The green- chequered JFhile Melitaea Silene b. Woods and waste ground The small Pearl-bordered Frilillary. Argynnis Lathonia b. Open parts ia woods, Sec. The Queen of Spain FntUlary. Aglaia b. The dark-green Frtlillary. Adippe B. 8 <•> 'J, 3, 274. sp. 109. 139. sp. 3. Page '208. Marsh. 529. sp. 7. Page 209. Marsh. 354. sp. 31. Ha worth's JNISS, Marsh. 215.sp. 5. 144. sp. 3. 173. sp. 10. Fa.S.E.i.432.sp.59. ii.42. sp. 35. ii. 41. sp.31. Page 219. Fa.S. E.ii.26.sp.2. 222. 235. - 236. — 237. 5, 317 The hjgh- brown Frilillary. Paphia b. Borders of woods The silver-washed Frilillary. Vanessa Atalanta i. b. Nettles The red Admiral. Cardui /. M. The pmnled Lady, Cardui e. Thi painted Lady. Antiopa I. b. The jyinle-hordered. Jo I. b. The Peacock. M. lo The Peacock. polychloros Spear thistle Meadows Birch and sallow Nettles Lanes, woods, &c. M- Near elms The large TorioiseshelL THE EXTOMOLOOISTS CALENDAD- 417 JULY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 3i7 Vanessa C. album b. The whi'e C. 31S Apatiira Iris m. Tlie purple Emperor 319 Limenitis Camilla b. Thi ■whUe Admiral 320 Ilippar^hia Galati^a b. The ■marlieti JJ'hile Pilosellae m. The large Heath Meg;rra b. The n'all Semele m. The Grayling Thecla Pnini I. b. The Hack Hair-slreak Prnni e. Borders of woods The black Hair-streak Quercus m. Oak-woods The purple Hair-streak Rubi l. B. Bramble The green Hair-streak Lycasna dispar e. Fens near Cambridge 321 Skirts of woods 9, Page 238 Oaks, Coombe; woods, Kent 239. Woods 240. Moist woods — Grassy commons Moist places and lanrs 8, ^ Heaths, commons, &.c. 241. Plum-trees Haw. 33. 322 328 The large C ipper Arion Tlie large Tilue Corvdon b. The chalk-hill Blue Dorylas /. e. The common Blue Argus M. The studded Blue Idas M. Tie black-spot Broiun Artaxerxes e. The tvhite-spot Brown Alsns B, The Bedford Blue Cymon e The mazarine Blue Hesperia Sylvanus The wood Skipper Linea m. ' The small Skipper Egeria Crabroniformis m. Willows The lunar Hornet Culiciformis b. Gardens The rtdlelled Cleariuivg Chalky places — — , Darn, Dover Grassy banks Grassy commons Clover-fields Meadows, Scotland Clover-fields . Chalky places E. Skirts of woods Pase 241. Ilaw. 39. Page 241. Haw. 43. sp. 55. 8, Page 2i-l. 4, Haw. 45. Page 242. 5, 245. Haw. 71 . «p, 2o, 418 The entomologist's calendar. JULY, Ho. of Gen. Name. Where found. Pine-trees, Norfolk Grassy banks S28 Egeria Formiciformis b. Gardens The Jlame-tipped Red-belt 333 Zeuzera j^sculi b. Trunks of trees The wood Leopard 336 Laria fascelina m. Woods The dark Tussock 337 Gastropacha quercifolia b. Skirts of woods The lappet Moth Pini The Pine Lappet 338 Odenesis potatoria e. The Drinker 339 Lasiocampa Quercus e. Skirts of woods The large Eggar 343 Notodonta tritopha b. Trunks of trees The great Prominent Ziczac B. ■ The pebble Prominent cuculla E. Oaks The Maple Prominent 345 Ccrura Furcula e. Palings The Kitten 346 Arctia Caja e. ■ ■ i The Garden Tyger Salicis The Satin chrysorrbcea e. The yellow Tail 347 Callimorpba Rosea m. The red Arches 34s Litbosia rubricollis m. — — The black Footman eborina m. Open places in woods The four-spot small Footman irrorea Grassy commons The dew Moth Bombyx Coryli m. Skirts of woods The nut-tree Tussock gonostigmata b. Woods The scarce Fapourer "Nudaria rotunda Hedges ? Battersea The round-winged Muslin Apoda Testudo m. Woods, Kent The Festoon 354 Noctua Myrtilli e. Heatbs near Erith The beautijul yellow Underwing umbratica m. Shady pales and rails The large Pale Sluirk Willows, sallows Hedges Oaks Other times of a p. Reference ti description. Haw. 71. sp. 27. Page 246. 247. Haw. 80. sp. 4. Page 247. Haw. 99. sp. 26. sp.22. Page 248. Haw. 149. sp. 9. 147. sp. 6. 148. sp. 8. 4, 102.sp.32. B, 132. sp. 93 156. sp. 2. 137. sp. 1. 6, 162. 164. THE tlNTOMOLOGIST's CALENDAR. 419 JULY. 354 Noftua ChamomWlx m. Shady pales and rails Haw. 165. The Chamomile Shark Tanaeeti • _^_ __ The Tansy Shark LactucEe ■ . 166, The Lettuce Shark Lucifuga ■ _. The large dark Shark Verbasci I. The Mullein 1G7. The Mullein Asteris Gardens 168. TTie Slarwnrt AbsinUiii b. Places where wormwood grows — The Jf'ormwood exoleta /. The yellow Iris, marshes — The large Sword-grass lithoxylea b. Shady pales and rails 169. The light Arches hepatica m. Skirts of woods — The clouded-lordered Brnidle epomidion b. «• —— 170. The clouded Brindle Scolopacina e. .. Yorksh. (Mr. J. Chant) The slender-clouded Brindle semi-brunnea b. Shady pales The tawny Pinion fuliginosa e. 174, The smoky IFainscol punctina . — The dotted-bordered Ifainscot rufescens e. Garden paks 175. The red If'ainscot pailens m. i i ■ ■ .— The common ff'ainscot atomiiia /. e. Carex ■ — • The powdered Wainscot Ranuiiciiliiia e. Gardens and pales 183. The small Ranunculus oculata Trunks of trees 186, The great B't.cade argentiiia b. , Coombe, Darn — — — The silvery Arches advena b. Gardens — — 187. The pale shining Brown Dens-canis Trunks of trees, Kent 190. The Dog's-tooth Brassicap Pales ^6^8, — — 191. The Cabbage Moth 2i) 2 420 THE entomologist's CAI.1-.NUAR. JULY. No. of Gen, Name. Where found. Other times f)f np. Reference to description. 334 AWtua popiil.iris Woods Haw. U'J. The fialhered Gothic marginosa m. Norfolk — The bordered Gothic Cucubali Woods The Campion Upsiion Trunks of willows The Dismal fusca Coombe The larred-feathered Rustic phxa Skirts of wood.-* The feathered Rustic xanthojrraplia Tlie doited Rustic rcdacta Gardens • — The lesser-dotted Rustic egens _— _— — The garden Rustic Sepii » — The mottled Rustic obsoletissima .^___ ■■ 207. The Irotvn Rustic Isevis Skirts of woods — The grey Rustic sordida Gardens — The sordid Rustic blanda ■ 208. The piwdered Rustic lunina Hedges ■ SOP. The Crescent biloba M. ' — The Douhle-lohed literosa r- Gardens, Norfolk The rosy Minor praBduncida Woods The marlled Minor strigilis Hedges The minor Beauty latruncula ■ — The taivny-marlled Minor humeralis —^—^ 215. The cloaked Minor terminalis ' i 8, ^— — Thejiovnced Minor fasciuncula — — The middle-barred Minor monilea r. Weedy banks 21°. The necklace Dart THE EXTOMOLOCIbT S CALENDAR. 421 JULY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. ^Nurtva picea Tlie pitchy Dart augur B. The d:.uhle Dart fumosa The dark Rustic nigricans b. The garden Dj.rt ruiis Jht rvfous Dart obeliscata The square-spot Dart ' s-ordida Weedy banks, Surrey Gardens Haw. 220. 221. Woods 222. Grassy places ? Grassy commons Grassy banks Heaths, Kent Skirts of woods Woods, Kent The itnped-Square Spot vailigera b. Gardens The wedge-Ian' d Dart albilinea b. ■ The xchile-line Dart. lineolata ? The hneulated Dart pupiilata £. The pupilled Dart sagittifera Tne Archer's Dart gram in is The Antler Ericas e. The Lover's Knot fe^tiva B. The iyigrniled Clay subrufa B. The rufous Clay erythrocephala The barred Chesnut cypriaca The rosy Rustic punicea The small Square-spot grisea b. Skirts of woods The bright eyed Clay marginago The bordered Sallow citrina The dufky Sillow angaiago e. Paths in woods The angle-striped Salhic conigera e. Skirts of woods The brown-line Bright-eye A, ^%J m 224. 226. 227. Weedy banks and bo'ises Weedy banks Woods Heaths • 228. 229. • 235. 237. 239. 422 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDaU. JULY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. 354 Noctua hat\i m. Skirts of woods The peach Blossom triplacea Gardens The dark Spectacle Asclepiades t.. Weedy banks The light Spectacle affinis E. Skirts of woods The lesser-spotted Pininn Delphinii The pease Blossom lurca Tlie double Line subtusa The Olive gracilis m. The Sleyider-hodied retusa e. The double K>duey e, Gardens, Windsor Woods Trunks of trees Trunks of willows 6, Haw. 243. 245. 246. 247. 248. 2j0. 251. FestuCEe l.cXp.z. Meadow reed-grass, ditches The gold Spot slraminta f.. Clover fields The bordered Slraiv Dipsacea e. ■ The marbled Clover Fraxiui Trunks of trees The Nonpareil sponsa F. Oaks The dark crimson Underwing promissa Tr. of trees, Richmond Park The light crimson Underwng conjuga Trunks of trees The lesser crimson Vndei icing Geometra margaritaria m. Bushy places Jhs light Emerald Woods 8, Papiiionaria e. The large Emerald rhomboidaria m. The willow Beauty varieta The grey Carpet rubiadata b. The Flame sinuata b. The rcyal Mantle fulvata The barred Yellow Populata E. The barred Straw Open places in woods Skirts of woods, (Mr. Hatchett) Woods , near Dartford Thickets and bushes Weedy banks -254. sp. 1. - 263. sp. 2j. . — sp. 26. -267, sp. 1. ■ 268. sp. 3. - -— sp. 4, -269.sp. 6. -299. sp. 77. ■ 29S. sp, 75, -276, sp, 12. • 327. sp. 33. - 325. sp. 28. - 326. sp, 29. - 328. sp. 35. .34l.sp. 77. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. 423 JULY. No. of Gen, Name. Where found. Other times of ap Reference to description. Haw. 342. sp. 73. Geometra coniilata e. Weedy banks The dark Spinach aversata m. The ribband Wave strigilata b. The subangled Jl'ave subroseata e. The rosy Wave immutata Shady groves Skirts of woods, chalky places Grassy pi. near the sea,Norf. Marshy places, Norfolk The lesser Cream-ivave subsericeata Open places in woods The satiny If'ave emarginata r. Open parts, Coombe Wood Tlie scolloped Double-line consignata Woods The Pinion spotted Pi/g succentiiriata Coombe Wood The bordered Lime -speck destrigraria e. Pathways, woods The light-mottled Beauty apici-Aria e. Bushes and thickets 7 he bordered Beauty costastrigata T. of trees, Westerham, Kent The twin-striped Pinion fusco-undata Skirts of woods The yellow-striped Highflyer sylvaticata e. Hedges, chalky places The wood Carpet niarginata The clouded Border inomata e The plain JVave virgulata Hedges The small Dusly Wave clathrata m. Clover-fields, Kent The latticed Heath V. ata e. Gardens TTie V. Pug limbaria Broom-fields The frosted Yelloic ditaria a. Open parts in woods The blotched Emerald quadrifasciaria e. Hedges, Hertford The large Twin-spot didymaria e. Scotland and Yorkshire The twin-spot Carpet amataria Skirts of woods i he large Blood-vein ' . Bushes and thickets Open places in woods 9, o, 5, ■ 349.sp. lot. . 350. sp. 107. •351. sp. 108. ■ 352. sp. 112. sp.ll3. - 347. sp. 96. •357. sp. 128. • 35S.sp. 130. -276. sp. 11. - 295. sp. C8. - 319. sp. 10. - 321. sp. 16. - 332, sp. 49. - 537. sp. 66. -349. sp. 103. -354, sp. 120. - 348. sp. 98. -364. sp. 152. - 286. sp. 40. - 299. sp. 79. - 307. sp. 100. - 306. sp. 99. .296,sp.71. 421 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JULY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other tiniPs of a p. Reference to description. Geometra voliitaria e. Chalky places The small Emerald citraria Clover-l;e!ds The yellow Belle bipiinctaria m. Chalkj' places The Chalk Carpel Lichenaria £. The Brussels Lace pvasinaria b. The grass Emerald Syriiigaria b. The lilac Beauty Juliaria The July Thorn imitaria e. The small Blood-vein paUidata The lace Border (jrupugnata m. The flame Carpet Crepuscularia The small Ingrailed extersaria b. Woods The brindled IChite-spot V, nigraria The soohj V sambucaria b. The Swallow-lail Grossulariata e. The common Magpie pantaria The Panther unansrulata n. Haw Open parts in woods and pales ■ Grassy places Paths in woods Bushy places Chalky places Thick ivoods Skirts of woods I'ales ? Iledges Hedges and gardens Devonshire 22. Thickets and bushes The sharp-angled Carpel procellata e. Hedges in chalky places The chalk Carpet elatata Skirts of woods The July Highflyer irnmanata b. Open paths in woods, Kent The daik- marbled Carpet marniorata Hedges, Westerham, Kent 8, The rrarbled Carpet 7, Hedges 362 Herminia albistrigalis The white-hne Snout angustalis m. Coombe Wood The small &mut pinguinalis e. Houses The large Tubby ,298. sp. 70. ■ 288. sp. 43. ■ 303. sp, 89. 280. sp. 25. - 299. sp. 78. - 293. sp. 61). - — sp. jO. - 297. sp. ''2. - 355. sp. - 33-i. sp. 35. - 277. sp. 15. - — sp, 16. - 282. sp, 32. - C97.sp. 73. - 316. sp. 1. -317. sp. 4. - 532. sp, 48. • 336. sp. 63. - 521. sp, 15. . 323. sp. 22. . 324.sp. 23. ■ 368. sp. 10. - 558. sp. 8. -371. sp. 17. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. JULY. 425 Ka. of Gen, Name. Where found. Otiier times of a p Reference to discription. Haw. 368. sp. II. sp. ?. 153. sp, C. — 59C\ sp. :3. 406. sp. 38. 416. sp. 7-2, 420. sp. 8], 428. sp. 107. 421. sp. 85. 422. sp. S3. 457. sp. 200. 5, 39o. sp, 2. 400. sp. 17. 415. sp. 68. 437, sp. 136, 438. sp. 140. 439. sp. 142. 461. sp. 215. 383. sp. 24. 386. sp. 32. 387. sp. 35. 384. sp. 25. • — sp. 26. Oaks Pathways in woods 362 Herrnima Liaibalis b. Pathways in woods The (ommon Fai'Ju^t * Bonibycalis Skirts of woods ? The lurg-tailed Snout 365 Piatypteryx hatnula m. Oak woods The oak Hooklip 365 Ti-rtriz viridaiia The Pea-gieen Degenerana 7 he laige Marbled cerusana e. Elm-trees The white Treble-spot plumbeolaiia Open places in woods The cLouderi Straw Xylosteana The forked Red-bar Avellana b. The hazelTorlrix Caipiniana The dark oblique Bar Pomona Apple-trees and garden pales The Codling Fagana Paths in woods Thi small green Silver-lines Smeathmanniana E.Burdock, Battersea-fields The Smeathmannian Oaks Hedges and pathwaj's, woods Hedges borana e. The crested Buff subocellana b. The reluse Mm ble aiigustana b. The barred Marble nana The barred Divarf nebulana The clouded Iron Hedges Lroom-Celds ? Kent J6S B'ilys stratiotalis b. Ponds The ringed China-mark hybridalis Coombe Woods The rush Feneer cucullatalis b. Hedges The Short-cloaked Lemnata ]\Ioist places Small China-mark lilcralis - The lettered China- mark 426 THE ENTOMOLOGIST.S CALENDAR. JULY. Reference to description. Hedges 368 Botys Saiubucata Moist places The garden China-mark nymphreata The beautiful China-mark Potamogata . 7*/ie large China-mark Urticata The small Magpie verticalis The Mother-of-pearl hjalinalis The scarce Pearl limbalis The lesser Pearl aticciistalis The narrow-winded Pearl terminalis The bordered Pearl glabralis The dingy Pearl palealis The Sulphur longalis The Img-winged Pearl verbascnlis Tlie straio China-mark ochrcalis Norfolk Charlton The small straw China-mark arcualis ■ Tlie rusty China-mark lutealis The pale Strata forficalis Gardens The garden Pebble elutalis Hedges The chequered Straw ilavalis The gold China-mark sericealis e. ■ -■ The straw Dot fernigalis ■ The rusty Dot nebulalis ■ The dusky Brindled atralis The JVhite-spolled punicealis ■ The Purple and Gold Haw. 383. 333, — — 382, 376, 377. 378, 379, 380. 378. 379. -381. •380. ■377. 378. 381. 5, 5, ■382. ■386. 388. ■339. sp. 23. sp. 22. sp, 21. sp, 20. sp. 1. sp. 2. sp. 5. sp. 8, sp.9. sp. 13. sp. 4. sp. 7. sp. 16. sp. 17. sp. 14. sp. n . sp. 3. sp. 6. sp. 15. sp. 18. sp. 19. sp. 31. sp. 36. sp. 33. THE Entomologist's calendar 427 JULY. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap Tieference to description. 363 Botys ostrinalis Hedj;es The sea' c e Purple and Gold PorpliN rialis The Poyphyiy cespi^ali^ The Slraiv-lo-red sordidalis — The dinpy Straw- barred ansuiualis — Chalky places The ivaiy- ' arrcd Sable cingulalw - The 'i ver-btnred Sable Devon 369 Pyralis capreolalis The small Tub'jy pingiiinalis The Tabby glaucinalis The D'juble-striped fariualis The meal Moth cos a I is The gold Fiiiige Tinea bistriga Stables, &c. Gardens Houses Hedges S80 399 Skirts of woods Thf d' vble-striped red Knot-horn Libellnia Oonovani Atropos lignuria 400 Cimbex Europcea varians 10-macu!ata maciilata annnlata Griffinii * biimeralis 401 Tricbiosoma sylvaticum Woods Ponds, New Forest, Hants Houses Da'-pnt Wood and Windsor Coombe and Darent Wood Windsor Darent Wood Windsor Norwich Salisbury Scalesi * unidentatum 419 Cladius riifformis 425 Oryssus coronatiis 432 Diplolepis ; 466 Coiletes fodiens 4G8 Andrena tihialis MoufTetella Listerclla fulvicrus 4T1 TlyltEus annulatus annularis diiatatus signatus Coombe '\^^ood Darent Wood Copenhagen Fields Darent Wood, (Dr. Leach) Pales, Camberwell Grove Flowers of the ragwort Tansy Thistles, &.C. Ragwort, &c. Dyers weed, &c. 5, Haw. — sp. 39. 5, 5, ■ 5, ■ 5, 5, • 389. sp. 40. - 590. sp. 42, ■391. sp. 43. - — sp. 45. - — sp. 44. 372. sp. 20. — sp. 13. • 374. sp. 24. — — 374. sp. 22. 375. sp. 25. 496. sp. 16. N. S. 8,9, Page 261. 262. Zool.Misc. iii. 105. 106. 107. Page 265. Zool.Misc. iii. 111. Page 266. 268. N. S. ? Kirby ii. 34. sp. 2. 107. sp. 52. 1U8. sp. 53. ! 37. sp. 7ti. 138. sp. 77. ■ 36. sp. 3. 38. sp. 4. 39. sp. 5, 41. sp, 6. 428 THE EKTOMOLOGISTS CALEKDAll. JULY. No. of Geo. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. A~!j HeriadesCainpaniilaruin Bell-fiowers 477 Anthidiuin manicatiun Gardens 478 i'Oiijiia leucomolana 'J'ruiiks of trees ? ctenilescens Glial ky and saudy places * Tuneniis Clayey banks bicolur Gardens 479 MegachiieWillughbiellaTrunks of willows * * * marilima 480 Cjelioxys conica 48i*Xoinai!a Lalhburiana fl.iv a riifiventris nifo-picta IJiilana schrostoma * riificornis * Xanthosticta quadi'iiiotata 482 EpeoUis variegatus 486 Saropoda rotuudata 487*Bonibiis flavicollis virginalis teirestris Stylops tenuicornis 5(14 Vappoater 506 Tabanus tropicus Near the sea shore, Suffolk Flowers Sunny banks ? } . 3 Flowers and banks Cuombe Wood Sandy places, Kent 8, FlowerSjSandv pi. CoombeWood Thistles? Sheffield, (Mr.Salt) 8, Various flowers 8, 8, Spiders webs, (Mr. Sowerby) Hedges, Darentand Greenhithe Palinjrs, meadows 507 Hjematopota pluvialis, v.ir. Palings, New Forest 515 Dasypogoii punctatus Sandy commons 517 Gonypes tipuloides Woods 520*Eumbyliiis minor ■ ■? Devonshire 535 Zodion conopsoidcs Umbelliferous plants 551 Ocypteryx Mortuorum Skirts of woods 552 Gymnosoma rotundatumUmbelliferous plants 553 Echinumyia grossa Counibe Wuod 556 Gastero])iiilns veterinus Horses, on commons 8, 558 Ornithomyiaviridis Crows, iSic. S, 8, Kirbvii.256.sp.50. Page '284. Kirby ii.2b0.sp.52. i— 264. sp. 55. 260. sp. 30. 277. sp. 68. 2.33. sp. 41. 242. sp. 43. Page 285. 8, Kirby ii. 183. sp. 6. 8, — 186. sp. 8. 8, 187. sp. 9. 207. sp. 24. 208. sp. 25. 209. sp. 26. 210. sp. 27. 213. sp. 28. 215. sp. 30. 8, Page 236. Kirbvii.291.sp.66. Sow.'b.M. i. pi 19. Kirby ii.549.sp.96, 350. sp. 97. L. T. xi.233. Page 292. Stewart ii. 267. — sp. 5. Page 295. Stewart ii. 294. ii. 274. Page 298. Lin. S. N. ii. 989. Page 301. Clark 53. Leach Wern.Tfiui. AUGUST. 8 Geophiluscarpophagus Garden fruit 4 Phalangium Opilio 12 Agelena labyrintliica 18 Epeira Diadema 2 Ocypetc rubra 20 Bembidium flavipes 25 Zabius gibbus Walls and rocks Fields Gardens Insects Roots of grass, sandy places 4,6, Marsh. 394, sp. 9. Corn-fields 9, Page 149. THE ENTOMOLOCIbl S CALLMJAR'. 429 AUGUST, 49 I.ebia cnix-minor Trees, Coombe(Mr.J.Standij;h) 9, Page 153. 60 Calj'tnbetes apilis Ponds? Norfolk f;9*Ceratophytum I.alreilliiNew Forest, Hants, (Mr. Millard) Page 161. 96 Cryptophagus cellaris Tender bark Popnli TyphfB • denticiilatus ■ serratus ■ hirtus 113 Tachinns subtcrraneus Fungi trimactilatus — — 114 Aleocbara lanuginosa fuscipes rivularis 1S9 Rhipipliorus paradoxus Hornets nests hi'.mfralis ? Wasps nests 207 Lixus productus Drills in marshes 224 Mycetophagus atomariiis Boleti similis rufiis 22J Latridius trausversus Hedges rnficollis Sandy places nigicollis impressns 226 Silvanns frumrntaritis 241 Cassida maculata 9,10, Gyll. i. 168. sp. 4. 9,10, 165. sp. 1. 9,10, sp. 12. 9,10, Marsh. lll.sp.lS. 9,10, 109. sp. nebulosa ,25l*Triplax russica ru Pipes 252 Phalacrns bicolor cor'.ii^alis millefoiii caricis jencns coriisciis cpnsimilis geminus 254 Coccinella luntabilis 95s Forficiila borealis 264 I^ocusta flavipes 311 Papilio Machaon R. The Swalioir-liil 312 Honepteryx Rhamni The Brimstove Gi3 (,'olias Hyale m. Tke clouded Yellow F.dusa M. Damp cellars Eiecampane, sides of ditche"', Piaistow Elecampane, Plaistow marsh Dead trees and fungi Df'ad trees Flowers 9,10, GvII. i. lP4.sp.23. 9,10, ii.252.sp.2. 9,10, 275.sp. 21. 9,10, 432. sp.54. 9, 428. sp. 50. ,10, 382. sp. 5. Page 197. Marih. JISS, Ma-.ih. Ul.sp. 7. 140. sp. 4. 1 39. sp. 2. 3to5, 109. sp. 10. 4, lll.sp. 17. 4, llS.sp. 23. 4, 110. sp. 11. 10,11, Page 208. Marsh. 147. sp. 9. 1 V5. sp. 6. Page 214. Gvl!.i.207.sp. 4. 9, lil.K.P.i.SO.sp.lS. . 9, 79. sp. 11. 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, 9, Hedges 9, Ill.K.P.i.426.sp.l5. Scotland Marshes, nackncy&.Bcrmonds.9, Don. Brit. Ins. Meadows 5, ~ 79. sp. 10. Marsh. 75. sp. 46. Woods Meadows 6,7, 6, Page 235. — 236. The pale clouded YeUutc 430 THE entomologist's CALEKDAE. AUGUST. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. 314 Pontia Brassica m. Gardens The large White Rapai M. Gardens The green-veined JFhile Sinapis b. Woods The wood JFhile Sn Vanessa Atalanta b. The red Admiral Antiopa d. The white Bordered Urticae /. m. Nettles The small Tortoiseihell C. album I. m. Nettle, hop^willow & currant The white C 320 HipparchiaPamphilus La. Crested dog's-tail grass The small Heath Lanes in woods and open pi. Woods 5, Page 236. 5, — 5, 237 238. Grassy banks Moist places and lanes Borders of woods and fields Birch woods MesJEra I, b The iVall MegSRra b, The Wall .ffigeria b The speckled IFuod 321 Thecla Betulae m The broivn Hair-streak 522 Lycjena Chryseis Marshy places The purple- edged Copper Yirgaurefe e. — ^— — The middle Copper Adonis b. The Clifden Blue Phlffias B. The common Copper Argioliis E. The Azure Blue Dorylas £. The common Blue 523 Hesperia Comma e. The pearl Skipper 324 Smeriuthnsocellntus Z. E.f Sallow, apple-trees The eyed Hawkmoth Tilias /. M, Lime and elm-trees The lime Haivkmoth Populi Z. E. Trunks of poplars The p'lplar Hawk 525 Sphinx Eipenor I. m. f Ladies bed-straw, marshes The elephml Hawkmoth Celerio b. Gardeas,&,Wisb.(Dr.SkrirDshire) The sharp winged Hawk Haw. 26. 6, Page 238. 3, Haw. 17. 5, Haw. 22. 7, Page 240 4,6, 241, Chalky places Grassy commons Meadows Heaths and commons Chalky places near Lewes 5, 4,6, 5, 242. Haw. 64. Page 242. Haw. 62. — 61. THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CAI.ElsDAR. 431 AUGUST. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference to description. Privet hedges *Oak, birchwood, Darent Willows and poplars 325 Sphinx Ligustri I Theprivet Haick 326 MaeroglossaStellatarum e. Bedstraw The Humming-bird 331 HepiaUis lupulinus Banks of gross weeds The orange Swift 334 Saturnia Pavonia-niinor b.. Osier beds The Emperor 355 Liparis Monacha. e. Trunks of oaks The black Arches dispar b. Willows The Gipsy 339 Lasiocampa Neustria m. Gardens The harred-tree Lackey castrensa b. The ground Lackey 342 Stauropus Fagi I. The Lcliter Moth 343 Notodonta Ziczac Ln. The pebble Prominent camelina b. Oaks in woods The coxcomb Prominent trepida a. Poplars The sivallciv Promine7il 345 Centra VinHia L -f-Willows and poplars The Puss 346 Arctia papyritia I, The tvaler Ermine lubricipeda L Tne huff Ermine pha3orrhaea b. The brown Tail V nigra m. The black V 347 Callimorpha Jacobeie L Ragwort The Cinnabar 348 Lithosia lutarella Woods The four- spot Yellow-footman complana b. Skirts of woods The common Footman griseola The dun Footman flava E. Woods The straw-coloured Footman Bombyx cceruleocephala m. Bushy places The figure of 8 antiqua I, Oaks The VapouTtr *Water plants Various plants Hedges Lime-trees, Darent Haw. 59. 66. . 141. sp. 2. 5, Page '246. Haw. 129. sp. 87, 9, i^ 65. fp. 9. 99. sp. 26. 5, 98. sp. 21. Donov. B. I, 239. 9, Haw. 86. sp. 1 0. lll.sp.48. 110. sp. 47. Page 248. Haw. I07.sp. 41. - 150. sp. 12. 148. sp. 7, 147. sp. 3, — sp. 2. — sp. 4. 104. sp. 39, 102. sp. 92. 432 TUB ENTOMOT OGIST S CALENDAR. AUGUST. Reference to description. Bombvx gonostigmata b. Woods The scarce Vapoiirer Nudarta niunda b. Hedges in lanes, Cravesend The Muslin Apnda Testudo /. Oaks The Festoon 549 YponomcntaEvonympIIa Hedges seq\iella m. pKiml)ella 354 Nocliia fimbria m. Oaks The bread Border orbona b. Gardens The lesser yellow Underw'.ng stibspqiia b. ■ 7, Haw. 1 sp. 9: 136. sp. ], ]57.?p. I. 512. sp. 1. Prodr. 1(11. The lunar yellow Undc^tvive oytlif-rea Skirts uf woods The straw Under wing Jantliina m. Woods The lesser Broad loader pyrainidea b. Oaks The copper Underwiig Typlije M. Ne.Tr lni!!n)s1ies TheDdlruih nervosa r. Wredy banlcs The lawiy-veined ll^ainsevt pyginina The small fVainsrot Chi n. The Chi Moth Rras^ica; The tallage MjIH unca The flounced Rustic Iiinato-strigata Hedges The lesser flounced Rustic X notata The tawny X praecox f. Skirls of woods The Portland Moth perla Old v.all?, Greeinvifh The marlled Beanty tetragona Hedges The square-spot Rustic fiirca B. Weedy banks The flame FurlelffK rava b. The Russet I. nijrrr The letter I. If 2. \G?,. 17D. 17(-. Skirts of woods — Old walls.Derbysl. (.Mr.J.Chant) 183 Tales G,7, 191 -194 • 2'1]. ■ 203. 205. 209. 211. THE entomologist's CALENDAR, 433 AUGUST. No. of Gfiii. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Gardens and banks Weedy banks Open parts in woods Gardens Grassy places and tr. of trees S54 Noriua oculea b. The common Rustic lugens B. The rustic Mourner minima m. The least Minor crassa m. The stout Dart radia b. The shuttle- shaped Dart baja B. Skirts of woods The dotted Clay brunnea b. — — — The purple Clay Sigma B. — — The double Square-spot umbiosa m. The 6-striped R'zstic aurago z. The barred Sallow citrago b. The orange Salloto Haw. Open places in woods Trunks of limes B. Skirts of woods Poplars and pales Skirts of woods 4, auricula The golden Ear libatrix e. The Herald derasa b. The buff Arches trapetzina — — — — The Dunbar Pyralina m. CoombeWood, (Mr. J. Chant) ■ The lunar-spotted Pinion tliftinis M. Trunks of trees — — The while-spotted Pinion Festucje e. Meadows — — The gold Spot lusoria m. Moist woods — _ The black Neck aenea e. Heaths ■ i The small Purple-barred nupta B. Trunks of willows The red Underwivg Geometra conversaria WarleyWood, Devon, (Dr.Leach) — — The targe Carpet unidentaria R. Skirts of woods 6, — — The dark-barred Usher gilvaria Clovei-fi.,Dover,(Mr.Steph.) — — The straw Belle 2s 211. 212. 216. 220. 223. 224. • 225. 228. sp. 198, 235. 258. 240. 244. ■246. 247. 254. sp. 1. 259. sp. 11. 266. sp. 34. 268. sp. 2. 302. sp. 87. 308. spflOl. 287. sp. 43, 434 IHE BNTOMOLOOrST S CALENDAR. AUGUST. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a p. Reference to d ,^ . tion. psonp '291.sp. 54. ■ 294. sp. 62. ■ — sp. 64. • — sp, 63. — sp. 63. . 304. gp. 91. 314. sp. 115. 322. sp. 19. 333. sp. 51. . 335. sp. 57. 33G. sp, CI. 353. sp. 117, ■ 350. sp. 104, ■ 340. sp. 73. • 347. sp, 97, • 346. sp. 92. -357. sp. 129. • 298. sp,74. -320. sp, 12. 532. sp. 50. 338. sp. 68. 356. sp. 12P. Geomelra eling-uaiia m. Skirts of woods The scolloped Oak Alniaria e. Lime-trees The I anary shoulder ed Thorn Querciiiaria ■ The plain August Thorn Tiliaria Haw, 361 The freckle August Thorn ansularia The clouded August Thorn olivaria e. Rirch-trees, Kent The beech green Carpet pullaria Heaths, Wales and Devonsh The brown Annulet prunata b. Skirts of woodo and gardens The Phcenir degenerata b. Kent The degenerate Carpet iinifasciata b. Open places in woods The single barred Rivulet albulata B. Pastures The grass Rivulet dilutata e. Hedges The small fanjoot IVave incanata Mullein The mullein IVave lignata e. The oblique Carpet diniidiata b. The small Scollop liturata The tawny birred Angle Kent siibfulvata M. Skirts of woods The tau'tiy Speck Crataegaria b. Hedges and woods The Brimstone fimbriatu Trunks of trees The bordered November su'otristata b. Woods and hedges The common Carpet trigonata b. Hedges, Kent The small blue Border sexalisata b. Open places in woods, Kent The small Seraphim rubiginata e. Pathways in woods The blue bordered Carpet • adustata e. Hedges The scorched Carpet occllata E, Open paths in woods The purple Bar Marshy places Hedges Shady groves near Westerham, 4,6. 5, C, 33S. sp. 67. 6, ■ • 337, sp. 65. . 331. sp. 46. THE EKTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. AUGUST. 435 No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of a]). Reference to description. (?eo>?ieiracentum-notata Open paths in woods Tlie ■marbUd Carpet comma iiotata — — The yelLuw-mat bled Carpel oinicronaiia e. Woods, Kent The Mocha ocellaria e. U''oods Th^fahe Mocha pendularia e. Birch-trees, Coombe The birch Mocha punctaria Open places in woods The maideii's Blush Chenoporlaria e. Bushy places The small Mallow (hibitata M. Hedges and gardens Til'. Tissue angustata b. Hedges, Kent T^lie narrotu ivinged Pug laevigata b. Juniper trees & gardens, Norf. The Juniper Pi,g /Z^rmz^ia dimidiata b. Tea wharehouses, E. I. House The tea Tabbi/ 36*2 proboscidalis e. Hedges The Sr,out 3o3 Platvpteryx flexula e. Pathways in woods The beautiful Hooklip 364 Ci!ex compressa b. Hedges The g'idse-egg Molh Tortrix diversana b. Grassy banks The crossed Straw Z'ie;;ana b. - ■ ■ The Zccgiaii S6^ hamana b. ■ The hook-rnarked ^Iraic caudaiia Pathways in woods The shallow Notchwing afFractana ■ The commcTi Notchwing excavana ■ The iron Notchiving emarsaua 5, Haw. 324. sp. 24. 5, 325. sp. 26. 5, 312. sp. no. 5, sp. HI. 5, 311. sp. lOS. 5, 312. sp. 112. G, 302. sp.88. 5, 318. sp, 7. 3G2. sp. 145. sp. 148. C, 5, * * The chequered Notchiving literal) a Oaks The black-sprigged Green sq-iamana ■ Th' scniy Green Desfuntiana Pathways in woods The Desfuntianian umbrana Tlie dark-streaktd Button „ „ 372. f5p. 19. 3G5. sp. 1. 154. sp. 7. . no. sp. 46. 397. sp. 7. ■398.sp. 8. . 397. .sp. 6. ■ 409. sp. 46. ■ 40S. sp. 45. ■ — sp. 44. - 408. sp. 43. • 411. sp. 53, •410. sp. 53. -413. sp. 62. -411. sp, 55. 436 THE entomologist's CALENDAR. AUGUST. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap Reference to description. Haw. 417. sp. 74 420. sp. 83. 404. sp. 32. 427. sp. lO: — 423. sp. 91, .— 449, sp. m 430. sp. Ill 599. sp. 12. 401. sp. IS. 407. sp. 40. 414. sp. 66, 4l6.sp. 73. 431. sp. 115 432. sp. lie 441. sp. 150 442. sp. 154 — — — sp. 153 450. sp. 1 7S 451. sp. 183 45S. sp. 202 — 386.sp. 32, 385. sp. 30. 392. sp. 2. — — sp. 1. Hedges, Yorkshire Hedges Gardens Hedges in chalky places Open places in woods Willows Paths in woods and gardens Pastures 565 Torlrix rufana e. The red Triangle Forskaliana e. The Forskalian Bergmanniana The Bergmannian Holmiana e. The Holmian costana The straw oblique Bar Solandriana The Solandrian Salicana m The fThile- backed Quercana e, The Long- horned straminea e The short- barred Straw Ilicana b. Thick woods ITie large Holly asperana b. Hedges The li'Tiile-shouldered Schalleriana e. Woods The Schallerian semifasciana e. Hedges, Kent The short-barred Grey Betuletana m. Birch-trees, Coombe Wood The birch Long-cloak trapezana Birch The iestaceoTis Diamond-lack rusticana e. Hedges The tawny Blotch-back * sticticana ■ The brown Blotch-back Rubiana Open parts in woods The blotch-backed Grey cinereana e. Moss on trees The mottled Grey nigricana Hedges The black-striped Edge Botys hybridalis The rush Feneer tetragonalis The diamond Spot S70 Galeriaalvearia The Honey-moth cerea TTie honey-comb Moth Chelsea Hedges, Dover, Coombe Bee-hives THE entomologist's CALENDAR 437 AUGUST. 371 387 466 467 463 476 47S 479 481 487 490 491 492 493 494 493 496 497 506 555 556 558 Crambus pascuea Pastures The inlaid Veneer falsa Meadows The chequered Veneer stiiga Epping Forest The small straw-coloured Veneer sanguinea Grassy places near cfaalk The buff-edged rosy Veneer Tinea applana e. Hedges, Kent The common Flat body Lestes autumnalis Colletes succincta Da.-5'poda pUmiipes Andrena cingulatac? Schrankella Trimmerana \ liidentata Stelis plixoptera Osmia spinulosa Leaiaiia JMarshy places Gardens Sandy banks Flowers of the Ranunculi Flowers Sandy and chalky places Thistles Megachile centuncularis Nomada lineola Umbelliferous plants JacobaeaR Ragwort Bombus sylvarum Flowers fragrans •^-^— Latreillilia lucorum Albinelia Corethra culiciformis Tanypus cinctiis Chironomus plumosus Psychoda phalsnoides Moist places Cecidomyia lutea Ctenophora atrata Pedicia rivosa Tipuia oleracea Tabanus autumnalis CEstrus Bovis m. Gasterophilus Equi Hemorrhoidalis Thi^^tles Flowers in gardens Flowers Marshy places Marshy places Marshes Meadows Cattle on commons Horses on commons Cattle on commons Ornifhomyia avicularia Black grouse and tit-pippit Haw. 4S8. sp. 25. 488. sp. 27. 490, sp. 33. 5, 484. sp. 11. 11, 510. sp. 17. Page 259. Kirbv ii. 32. sp 1 Page 280. - Kirbyii.88.sp. 41. 9, 90. sp. 42, — — ]16. sp. .57 132. sp. 71. 232. sp. 40. 261. sp. 53. 263. sp. 54. 237. sp. 42, 194. sp. 14. 201. sp. 20. 326. sp. 82. 329. sp. 83. 330. sp. 84. 337. sp. 89. 361. sp. 104. 9, - 9, - % - 9, - 9, - 9, - 9, Page 290. 9, 9, 9. 9, 9, 9, 9, •291 Stewart ii. Clark 44. 20. 29. Page 303. 267. 438 THE entomologist's galekdar. SEPTEMBER. Leistus Raiiliusii 37 55 96 100 115 192 River side, Baltersea, (Mr. Stephens) Under stcmes Corn-fields, Hertford, (Mr. Stephens) Ponds CryptophaguspbeeorrhseusUnderbark and damp wood 10, 1 1,12, ruficollis 1U,11,1'2, Ips 4-nustulatus of the stumps of trees, Bexley Page 170. Aleochara cinnamonea Fungi and dead trees 10,11, Gyll.ii.4l2.sp.o4, caerulens Amara aerata Pselobius Hcrmanni 5, N. S. 5,6, Page 147. 10,11,12, Page 157. Meloe autumnalis glabratns 254 Coccinella 12-panctata Banks Mainate, (Mr. Milne) ? (Rev. W. Kirby) j6-guttata globosa 5-punctata ii2-piinctata 13- punctata 19-punctata - l55 Chi]ocorus4-verrucatus Fir bipustulatus Oaks Cacti White-thorn 263 Conocephalus viridissimusMarshes Bristol Banks Hedges and Battersea-fields Hedges 5C5 269 273 277 300 311 317 320 324 325 3'26 339 verrucivorus Gompbocerus rufus /Elia acuminata melanocephalu Bcrytus tipularius Myodocha tipuioidcs Rochester Sloping hank«, Battcrsea Grassy places ? Commons /. Umbelliferous plants Lanes, &,c. Meiubracis Genista; Papilio Machaon The Swallow-tail Vanessa Urticas b. The small Torloiseshell C. al b u m S k i rts of wood s The while C HipparcbiaPampbilus b. Grassy commons The small Heath SmerinthusPopuli I. m. Poplars The poplar Haivk Sphinx Convolvuli b. Gardens and palings The convolvulus Hawkmoth Atropos /. E. Potato blossoms The Death's Head MacroglossumStellatarum.E. Gardens The Humming-bird Lasiocampa Crataegi b. Woods, Bedfordshire The oak Eggar 10, 6, Leach T. L. S. xi. IlIig.K.P.i.466.sp.36 435. sp. 23, ■ 469. sp. 39. ■ 441. sp. 28. 6, 6, 468. sp. .'57. 473. sp. 41. ■475. sp. 43. [3C Page 215. ^218. Fabr. F..S. ii.G2. sp. Page 2 1 y. Fab.E S.ii.l26. sp. Page 221. \\n% 6, • 238. THK J.NTOMOLOGISt'b CALENDAR. 429 SEPTEMBER, No. of Gen. Name. Where founu. Other times of a p. Reference to description. Oaks Poplars Willows in hedges 343 Notodonta tritopha I. The great Prominent dromedaria /. The iron Prsminent palpina /. e. The pale P •ominent palpina b. The pale Prominent Camelina I. e. Oaks The coxcomb Prominent Trepida /. Poplar The swalloiv Prominent 344 Pyp-^ra bucepliala I. M. f Lime, oak, sallowi The buff Tip Clostera curtula /. e. Poplaf The chocolate Tip reclusa l. e. — .i^— The small chocolate Tip 345 Cerura Furciila I. ? The Kitten 348 Lithosia pulchella e. Near Christ-ch. Hants, (Mr. The crimson Speckled Bombyx Roboris I. m. Birch and nut-tree The lunar marbled Brown Cassinea m. Pales and trunks of tree* The Sprawler Coryli I. m. Nut-trees The nut-tree Tussock antiqua Gardens The Fapourer Noctua Tragopoginis m. Gardens The Mouse geminipuncta Marshy places The twin-spot JVainscot leporina /• Birch Tlue Miller fiavocincta e. Garden pales The large Ranunculus cataena m. Trunks of trees ? The Brixton Beauty Atriplicis Gardens and hedges '/he arrack Moth Oxyacanthae e. Hedges The green-brindled Crescent rufuncula ■ The plain red Minor margaritosa e. Weedy banks The pearly Underwing 440 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. SEPTEMBER. Reference to description. 354 Noctua majuscula Weedy banks The pearly Underwing, var. plecta B. ■ Thejiame Shoulder satellitia e. Skirts of woods The Satellite helvola m. ■ The flounced Chesnut lunosa The lunar Underwing sphaeriilatina e. Skirts of woods The bearded Chesnut pislacina • The pale bearded Chesnut lineola — — — Haw. 6, Woods, Coombe 2i8. 226. 229. 230. 231. The dark bearded Chesnut ferrea — The iron Chesnut venosa The veiny Chesnut litura E. The brown-spot Pinion Vaccinii m. ■ ■« The Chesnut polita The netted Chesnut spadicea m. ■ The dark Chesnut suhnigra • The black Chesnut flavago E. Open places in woods The pink-barred Sallow fulvago E. ■■ The common Sallow gilvago E. I The lemon Sallow macilenta Elms TTie brick Moth erythrnstigma Margate The red Dot ochraceago m. The frosted Orange Lota The red line Quaker meticulosa Pales The angle Shades trilinea b. Thickets The equal Treble-lines 232. 233. PI. where burdock abonnds Trunks of trees 6, ■ 234. ■236. ■<2Tl. •239. ■240. 234. ■ 242. 244. 249, THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAE. 441 SEPTEMBER, No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times ofap. ].efcrence to (Jescription. 354 Noctua apprnximans Thickets The eqiia! T'-eble-lines,\'ar. senvfuscans . Ihe equal Treble-lines, var. Geometra ero.aria b. Lime-trees The S'ptemlter Th-'Vij. Carpinaria Thickets The flounced Tli;,rn miatu E. Pales Tlie autumn. Green Carpet Juniperata Fir woods simulata - ericetaria Qbham and Hants The hiirdered Grey plagiata b. Bush}'^ places The slender Treble-bar remiitata b. Shady groves 7 he false Ribband-wave aversata b, ■ The R.bbarid-iuave 363 riatypteryx lacertianaria I. e. Birch The scalloped Hooktip ^65 Tortrix tripunctana Pathways in woods The rusly Treble-spot contaminana b. Hedges 7/ie chequered Pebble ciliana Woods The JVhite-frivged rombana . The dark Chequered literana Oaks The black-sprigged Green Mylleri Nettles and thistles Millers Neltle-tap tricolorana e. Oaks The Iri-coloured Green latifasciaua The broad-barrel Hedges, Yorkshire Open places in woods gnomana The Dial bifidana The Ftrk-barred incarnana m. Heaths The marbled Short-chak niaculana e. Skirts of woods The black Double-bijtched pioeana Heaths, Sarry The shinivp; Pitch populana Nettles The pigrny Y Haw. 249. 293. sp. 61. ■i^— 295. sp. 66, 328. sp. 37. Linn. S.N. ii. SI 1. Haw. 278, sp. 20. 6, 318. sp. 8. 349. sp. 102. 7, sp. 101. 153. sp. 5. 417. sp. 75. 419. sp. 80. 10, sp. 79. 19, 418. sp, 78. 8, 411. sp. 53. ■ ' 472. sp. 5. 41 1. sp. 54. 414. sp. 65. 10, 417. sp. 76. 10, 418. sp. 77. 435. sp. 128. 440. sp. 145. — — sp. 147. 447. sp. 167. 442 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. SEPTEMBER. No. of Gen. Name. Where found. ToTlrix Oxyacanthae Flowers The Autumn Nettle-lap 468 Andrena Sliawella * miiiutula 472 Panurgus iirsiiia Linneella 416 Stelis punctatissitna 479 Megacliile ligniseca 481 Noaiada varia flavopicta Solidaginis picta 538 Stonioxys calcitrans irritans 544 Scatophaga merdaria Heatbs Flowers ? Oaks, &c. Sunny banks ? Ragwort Heaths Flowers and banks Cattle on coniinons Other times ofap. 10, Haw. 471 Reference to description. Kirbyii.160.sp.100 161. sp. 101. 178. sp. 1. 179. sp. '2. 231. sp. 39. 242. sp. 44. 185. sp. 7. 202. sp. 21. 204.sp,22. 206. sp. 23. Cow dung Page 298. Stewart ii. Page 300. 271, OCrOBER. 20 Bembidium Spencii Grassy banks 10,12, 36 .Sphodrus collaris Roots of trees, Epping Forest lto4, 91 Scapbisoma Agaricinum Boletus versicolor and fungi 10, 104 Stapbylinus olens Roots of trees 4, 114 Aleocbara impressa Fungi and decayed trees in woods 11,12,' 224 Mycetopbagus undulatusBoleti 025 Sphinx Atropos e. Gardens The Dralh's Head 328 yEgeria crabroniformis /.Trunks of willows The lunar Hornet *Lithosia graminicus m. Wales, (Mr. Donovan) The feathered Footman 354 Noctua exoleta m. Gardens The large Sword-grass Lambda e. Shady pales The grey Shoulder-knot seladonia m. Skirts of woods The Brindled Green N. S. Marsh. 443. sp.29^. Page 168. Gyll.ii. 285. sp. C. 381. sp. 4. Marsh. 140. sp. 6. Page 244. aprihna m. The Marvel du Jour Geometra connectaria m. Palings and trunks of trees The connecting Umber prosapiaria e. Trunks of trees The scarce Umber defoliaria e. ■ The mottled Umber clavaria Mallows The Mallow Moth THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR. NOVEMBER. 443 No. of Gen. Name. Where found. Other times of ap. Reference t* description. Genrnetra pennaria b. Woods Tfiefeathe'ed Thorn psittacaia m. Trunks of trees The ifd Green Carpel Spaitiata e. Bioom-fields The Sireak 373 Pteroplionis ptemdactyliis Gardens, bushes, woods The ciimmon Plume Torl'ix pxainiaiia Coombe Wood The Tnarbled Chesvut Tinea gelatclla Trunks of trees The autumnal Dagger NOVEMBER. 84 Necrnhia nifipes Geumelra diiiitata b. The Nuvemler bnimaria e. The IVinter Moth Tinea Novembris The November Dagger Gardens I'hrygnnea Coombe Wood The drab Day-molh applana e. Gardens The common Flat-body CopenhagenFields,(Mr.Gray) 12, N. S. Palings Gardens and palings Trunks of trees, Kensington Haw. 319. sp. 9. 1, 30j.sp. 93. 8, . 502. sp. (>. • 503. sp. 4. 510. sp. 17. DECEMBER. 12 Carabus morbillosus Under bark and wood of wil- ^0 Bembidium properans poecillum lows Grapsv banks ? t'^- ^ ., 60 Colymbetes fuliginosus Ponds, Copenhagen Fields 83 0|>iius mollis Dry rotten willows 89 Phosphuga atrata Under bark of trees 90 Sca[)hidium 4-maculatum Fun;ji and rotten wood *7 Engis luimeralis Bark of trees and boleti rulifrons . ferrnginea 99 Nitidula grisea Under bark of trees 114 Tachyporuschrysomelinus Roots of grass and moss pubescens Under bark and trunks of de- cayed trees 1,2,3, 243. sp, S. 127 Angbimii tessellatum Rotten willows l,^j3, Page iSl. 1,2, Page 145. Marsh.457. sp 34. lll.K.P.i.232.sp.l7 Gvll. i. 495. sp.28. 1,2, Page 1G6. 1,2, Marsh. 116 sp. 6, Page 168. 5,6, Gyll. i. 203. ?p. ?. 5,(>, 204. sp. 4. 5,6, 212. sp,4. Marsh. 134.sp. 15. 1,2, Gyll. ii.236. sp. 1. 444 THE ENTOMOLOGISTS CALENDAR DECEMBER. Ko. of Gen, Name. Where found. 340 Eriogaster Populi b. Trunks of trees The December Moth 354 A^otiua flavilinea e. ? The yellow-line Quaker Geoweirtt incompletariaE. , woods The Incomplete apteria e. ■ Tor trix hyemaWs Heaths, Sussex The IVinter Tortrix 392 Panorpa hyenialis Hedges Other times of a p. 'I Reference to description. Page 247. Haw. 243. 305. sp. 95. 306. sp. 96. . 413. sp. 64. Panz. 22. 17 ? EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE I.— Order Coleoptera. Fig. 1. Scarabseus Typhaeus, p. 47. Typhous vulgaris^ p. 189. a. Antennee magnified. Fig. 2. Trichius nobilis, p. 191. Fig. 3. Lucanus Cervus, p. 48, 191. a. ^Hfe«H££ clavated : club pectinated, h. Maxillari/ palpi, c. Labia(^ palpi, d. Lacinia. / e. Mandibles, f. Head. g. Thorax, h. Scu' tellum. i. Elj/tra. k. Femur. 1. Tibia, m. Tarsi, n. Unguis. Fig. 4. Dermestes murinus, p. 48, 389. a. Antenna; magnified. Fig. 5. Scolytus Destructor, p. 206. a. Antennee magnified. Fig. 6. Pthius imperialis, p. 49, 389. a. Antenna: filiform. PLATE II. — Order Coleoptera continued. Fig. 1. Hister semipunctatus, p. 49. Eig. 2. Gyrinus Natator, p. 50, 159. a. Antenna magnified, b. The hinder foot, compressed and formed for swimming. Fig. 3. Byrrhus Pilula, p. 50, 183. a.. Antenna magnified. Fig. 4. Anthrenus Scrophularia, p. 50. 182. a. Antennee magnified. • Fig. 5. Nitiduladiscoidea, p. 51, 170. a. Antenna magnified. Fig. G. Silpha A'cspillo, p. 51. a. Antenna magnified. Necrophagua \'espillo, p. 160. Fig. 7. Silpha quadrimaculata, p. 51, 167. a. Atitcnna magnified. Fig. 8. Opatrum sabulosuni, 51, 193. a. Antenna magnified. Fig. 9. Tritoraa bipustulatum, p. 51, 214. a. A7itenna magnified. Fig. 10. Cassida maculata, p. 52. ' Fig. 11. Coccinella 14-guttata. Fig. 12. Chrysomela coriaria, p. 53. Timarcha coriaria, p. 213. Fig. 13. Tanaceti, p. 53. Galeruca Tanaceti, p. 212. Fig. 14. merdigera, p. 53. Crioceris merdigera, p. 211. Fig. 15. Cryptocephalus lineola, p. 53, 393. Fig. 16. Hispa mutica, p. 53. a. Antetma magnified. Sarrotrium miv- ticum, p. 193. Fig. 17. Bruchus Pisi, p. 53, 200. Fig. 18. Curculio nitens, p. 54. Rhynchites nitens. 446 EXPLANATION 01' THE PLATES. Fig. 19. Curculio Pyri, p. 54, 390. Fig. 20. Curculio Nucuni, p. 54. Balaninus Nucum, p. 202. Fig. 21. Scrophularias, p. 54. Clonus Scrophularia, p. 20^. Fig. 22. -Attelabus Coryli, p. 54. Apoderus Coryli, p. 201. Fig. 23. Notoxus monoccro?, p. 54, 196. a. A lateral view of the head and thorax magnified. Fig. 64. Cerambyx Textor, p. 55. Lamia Textor, p. 209. Fig. 25. arcuatus, p. 55. Clytus arcuatus, p. 392. Fig. 26. Leptura quadrifasciata, p. 55, 210. Fig. 27. Leptura Nymplucff, p. 55. Donacia Nymphtea^, p. 378. Fig. 28. Necydalis carulea, p. 55. (Edemera carulca, p. 198. PLATE in. — Order Coleopteua continued. Fig. 1. Lampyris noctiluca, vale. Fig. 2. Female, p. 55, 163. a. Antenna: magnified. Fig. 3. Pyrochroa coccinea, p. 56, 196. Fig. 4. Cantharis fusca, p. 56. Telephorus fuscus, p. 164. Fiff. 5. biguttata, p. 56. Malachius biguttatus, p. 374. Fig. 6. Elater sanguineus. Marshum. Elatea semiruber, p. 162. Fig. 7. — cyanaeus. Marshum. Elater a;neus, p. 162. Fig. 8. Cicindela sylvatica, p. 57, 144. Fig. 9. Buprestis viridis, p. 160. Fig. 10. Parnus sericeus, p. 185.. . Fig. 11. Heterocerus marginatus, p. 185. Fig. 12. Sphjeridium scaraba-oides, p. 187. a. AntcnncB magnified. b. Antenncc of the G. Cercyon (p. 188) magnified. Fig. 13. Dytiscus marginalis. Marshum. Dyticus marginalis, p. 159. a. Anterior tarsi of the md\e patelli/'orm. b. Sternum of D. circura- c. Stei-nuju of D. marginalis Fig. 14. Pidobius Hermanni, p. 157. Fig. 15. Hydroporus 12-pustulatus, p. 158. Fig. 16. Hydrophilus caraboides, p. 58, 187. Fig. 17. Carabus morbillosus, p. 116. Fig. 18. Nebra complanata, p. 146. Fig. 19. Brachinus crepitans, p. 154. Fig. 20. Agonum sex-punctatuni, p. 150. PLATE IV. — Order Coleopteka, «;c. Fig. 1. Tenehrio Molitor, p. 59, 193. Fig. 2. Pedinus maritimus, p. 192. Fig. 3. Endomychus coccineus, p. 215. Fig. 4. Helops violaceus, p. 362. Fig. 5. Lytta vesicatoria, p. 59. Cantharis vesicatoris, p. 195, EXPLANATION OF THK PLATES. '447 Fig. G. Cistela sulphurea, p. 195. Fig. 7. MeliJe violaceus, p. 369. Fig. 8. Mordella lasciata, p. CO, 197. Fig. 9. Choleva oblonga, p. 168. Fig. 10. Staphylinus erythropterus, p. 171. Fig. 11. Oxyporus rufus, p. 174. Fig. 12. Pasderus ripariiis, p. 173. Fig. 13. Stenus biguttatus, p. 173. The line beneath shows the nat. size. Fig. 14. Omalium melanocephalum, p. 175. The line beneath showi the nat. size. Rg. 15. Pselaphus Ilerbstii, p. 179. The line beneath shows the mt. size. Order Dermaptera. Fig. 16. Labia minor, p. 21G. Order Dictyoptera. Fig. 17. Blatta livida? p. 220. Order Ortiioptera. Fig. 18. Acrydium bipunctatum, p. il6. Fig. 19. Locusta flavipes, p. 429. PLATE v.— Order HEurfTERA. Fig. 1. Cercopis sanguinolenta, p. 230. Fig. 2. Cicada Anglica.' p. 229. Fig. 3. Notonecta glauca, p. 227. Fig. 4. Nepa cinerea, p. 61, 925. Fig. 5 Gerris pallidum, p. 224. Fig. 6. Cimex prasinus, p. 62. Pentatoma prasinus, p. 221. Fig. 7. • marginatus. Coreus marginatus, p. 222. Fig. 8. Lyga3us apterus, p. 222. Fig. 9 and 10. Aphis. Fig. 11. Livia Juncorum, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat. size. Fio-. 12. Thrips Physaphus, p. 232. The line beneath shows the nat. size. PLATE VI.— Order Lepidoptera. Fig. 1. Papilio Machaon, p. 64, 235. Fig. 2. Sphinx Elpcnor, p. 64, 243. . Fi^-. 3. Phalfcna (Boinby .\) Qucrcii?, p. 63. Lnj-iocampa Qucrcu?, p. 247. 448 EXPLAJJATION OF THE PLATES. PLATE Aai.— Order Neukoptera. Fig. 1. Libellula 4-maculata, p. 65. Fig. 2. Ephemera vulgata, p. 6.'), 260. Fig. 3. Limncphilus nervosiis. Fig. 4. Osmylus maciilatus, p. 260. Fig. 5. Panorpa comniiinis, p. 66, 260. a. Chela magnified. Fig. 6. Kaphidia opliiopsis, p. 261. PLATE VIIL— Order Hymenoptera. g. 1. Cynips Quercus-folii, p. 67. Diplolcpis Quercus-folii, p. 270. g. 2. Tenthredo Scrophularia', p. 67. g. 3. 8irex Gigas, p. 67. Urocerus Gigas, p. 268. g. 4. Ichneumon JNIanifestator, p. 68. g. 5. Sphex sabulosa, p. 68. Amophila sabulosa, p. 275. g. 6. Chalcis ciavipes, p. 271. g. 7. Chrysis ignita, p. 272. g. 8. Vespa Crabro, p. 69, 280. g. 9. Apis retusa, j). 69. Anthophora retusa, p. 387. g. 10. Formica lierculanea, p. 69, 273. g. 11. Mutilla EuropcEa, p. 70, 273. PLATE IX —Order Diptera, &.c. g. 1. CEstrus Bovis, p. 70, 302. g. 2. Tipula oleracea, p. 71, 291. g. 3. Musca inanis. Volucella inanis, p. 414. g. 4. Tabanus tropicus, p. 71. g. 5. Culex pipiens, p. 71. g. 6. Empis pennipes, p. 72. g. 7. Stomoxys calcitrans, p. 298. g. 8. Conops macrocephala, p. 72. g. 9. Asihis crabronit'ormis, p. 72, 294. g. 10. Bombylus major, p. 72, 295. Order Omaloptera, Fig. 11. Hippobosca equina, p. 79, 302. PLATE X. — PaFvTS of Insects. Fig. 1. a. Front view of the head of Carabus catemdatus magnified, b. Ocelli, c. Antenna, d. Mandibles, e. and g. Labial palpi. f. f. Maxillary palpi, h. Lip. FictteJ. Fublished Ini T. Bovs .j.Lnd^ ate Hill. Plate a. \;:,j Fiihlixhed In/ TBousyXiulMntelTilt. Plate 4. m / m M in I z*_ RibUshed hi/ TBoi/,i; y.Litd^ate HM. Fla/rS HxbTlshfA hy T.Bovs.7,Liidffa.te.IRlL Plate 6 Hiblisheil bu T.Boii.'i.j.LiiJ^iiUe Hill. Piatt <"/ Riblished ly T. Boys . y.Liidoaif FEll. Flutes l^ihtished In/ T.Boys.-jJ.uikfatemil. Flate9. Fuhlished J>v T.Bpvs, T.LiuiantcHUl Plate IC ■i « " h f (J A *■ f f 4 b d e d Fublished hv IBoijs .■j.Lnd^ate Hill. Plate tl. -Published ty T.Boys.y.LudaateHtll. Flate 72 PubUshtil bu T.Bovs.y.LudaatelRll. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, 449 Fig. '2. a. The maxilla separated and magnified to show the situation of the palpi b. and c. Fig. 3. View of the under side of the same head. a. Labial palpi. h. c Maxillary palpi, d. Antenna, e. Gula. f. Ocelli. rig. 4. r/^o/Ya- of the same. a. d. 6'i(/es. h.Theaiiterior part. c. The posterior. Fig. 5. One of the elytra or wing-cases, a. The sutor. b. Side. c. Base. d. Apex. Fig. 6. The hind leg of the same insect complete, a. The Trochanter. 1). Femur, c. Tihice. d. Tarsi, e. XJngnis. f. Spinula:. Fig. 7. Viewof the abdomen, &c. a. Tho7'ax. h. Sternum, c. Femur. d. Margin of the Elj/tra. e. Abdomen. Fig. 8. Wing of a ie/)«/o/)to'ousi/isec/ explanatory of the markings, 5cc. A. Superior wing. a. Anterior 7nurgin or costal edge. b. Base. c. Apex. B. Secondary or inferior wing. d. Fostei'ior angle, e. An Ocellus or eye-like marking, f. Punctum or dot. g. Stigma, h. Ma- cula or spots, i. A Fascia or band. k. An angulated line. Fig. 9. Head of a Lcpidopterous insect, a. Antenna, b. Palpi, c. Spi- ral tongue. Fig. 10. Superior wing of Trichiosoma Lucorum. a. a. Areola or marginal cells, b. b. b. Submarginal. Fig. 11. Head of Vespa Crabro. a. Vertex, b. Stemmatei. c. Ocelli. d. Antenna, e. Mandibles, f. Clypeus. g. i/p. Fig 12. Wing of a Bee. a. .Base. b. Exterior costal Jicme. c. Interior costal nerve, d. Anastomosis, e. Areola or cells, f. ^y^er. Kirbys Mo)iograph, tab. 1. * 6. fig. 7. ro/. 1. Fig. 13. Antenna of Ancb'ena combinata. a. Badiculu. b. Scapus. c. Pediccllus. d. First joint of the antenna, e. The articulations. — Kir by. Fig. 14. Trunk of Nomada Goodcniana. a. Collum. b. Collare. c. Tm- hercula. d. Squamnla. e. Thorax, f. Scutellum. g. Metathorax. h. Cavitas. i. B«se o/'Me a/w^f. — A7r/)y Monog. tab. 5. fig. 8. vol. 1. Fig. 1.5. Posterior leg of Andrcna combiriata. a. Flocculus, b. Scopa. c. Apophysis or first articulation. A. Second articulation, e. Femitr. f. Spinula. g. Planta. — A'tV^y iliortog-. tab. 4. fig. 10. vol. 1. I have taken the liberty of introducing the above four figures from Mr. Kirby's excellent Monograph, as they will be usefiil to the young Entomologist, and at the same time show the valuable instruction which mav be sained from this iustlv celebrated work. Fig. 16. Antenna magn. of Tipula oleracea, p. 291. Fig. 17. of Chironomus pluraosus, p. 290. Fig. 18. of Empis livida. Fig. 19. Head of Rhingia rostrata. a. Antenna, b. The head anteriorly produced, c. Proboscis. Fig. 20. Antenna highly magnified, p. 296. 2 F 450 EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES, Fig. '21. AntenncE of Volucella pellucens, magn. p. 296. Fig. 22. of Neinotellusuiiginosiis, magn. p. 292. Fig. 23. of Asilus crabroniformis, magn. p. 294. Fig. 24. of Musca punctum, magn. Fig. 25. ■ of Sargus cupreus, magn. p. 292. Fig. 20. of Stomoxys calcitrans, magn. p. 298. PLATE XI.— Apparatus. Fig. 1. A Net-rod, described at p. 307. a. The cross-piece, h. The angular ferrule, c. The joint fitting into the ferrule (/. e. A small staple for tying the band of the net. Fig. 2. A net complete; — for the use see p. 307. Fig. 3. A breeding-cage; see p. 309. Fig. 4. An aquatic or landing-net for taking water-insects, &c. Fig. 5. A Digger, a. the point. Fig. 6. A phial for small insects. Fig. 7. A pair of brass pliers. Fig. 8. and 9. Setting needles. Fig. 10. Forceps. PLATE XIL — Method of Setting Insects. Fig. 1. Opilis mollis (p. IGG).— This figure exhibits the method of set- ting Coleoptcra with the wings closed and in a crawling posUiun ; the legs are kept in the attitude designed by pins applied as ne- cessity requires : the tarsi arc kept flat on the setting-board by card-braces, as at /).— Care must always be taken to introduce the pin which serves to transfix the insect, through the right elytron. Fig. 2. Callidium bajulum with the elytra extended and the wings dis- played ; in all specimens set in this way the pin must be passed through the middle of the back and near the thorax : the wings are kept extended by braces. The above methods are also applicable for the Orders Dcrmaplera^ Ortboptcra, Dict^optera, Remiptera and Omoptera. Fig. 3. Odenesis potatoria (p. 247). The method of setting the Lepi- doptera is fully explained at 320. Fig. 4. Stratiomys Chama-leon (p. 292). Neuroptera, Hymenopttra, as well as Biptera, may be set by pins alone as is here exhibited. Fig. 5. Such minute insects as are difficult to pierce with a pin may be placed on small triangular pieces of paper : this method is to be preferred, as almost every part may be examined, and is much su- perior to the method frequently used^ as aifg. 6. 451 COLLECTIONS OF INSECTS AND OTHER SUBJECTS OF NATURAL HISTORY. In order to facilitate the study of Natural History, especially those departments most suitable for young persons, it is my intention to form several small collections of Insects, Shells, S,x. Each Collec- tion will have an accompanying catalogue of the generic and spe- cific names, with reference to authors by whom the species are de- scribed. Single specimens may also be obtained to illustrate genera, as well as to assist those who may be forming collections. Also every kind of apparatus used by the Botanist, Conchologist, Entomo- logist, or Mineralogist ; such as collecting and other boxes, nets, for- ceps, setting-boards, pins, pocket microscopes or hand magnifiers, ca- binets, trays for minerals, shells, &c. either corked or plain. Dissec- tions of insects to illustrate their generic characters, or as most inter- esting objects for the microscope. Mr. Sowerby intends also to re-open his very valuable and extensive Museum, for the use of his friends and for the benefit of students and lovers of natural history. The many rare and interesting specimens which this collection contains are highly deserving the honour which it has received from many of the most distinguished personages. The abilities and industry of its possessor are sufficiently known througtx the medium of his voluminous scientific and useful works. This gen- tleman has also been induced to offer for sale his duplicate specimens, which consist of subjects in every department of Natural History. These of themselves would form no mean Museum. However, he in- tends to dispose of them in small parcels to give the student an insight into the science, or in single specimens for the accommodation of those who may already possess collections, and to whom such species may be desiderata. Those ladies and gentlemen who reside in the country may have collections, or any of the apparatus sent them, through the medium of their booksellers, by an application to Mr. Boys the publisher, to the Author, or to Mr. Sowerby, No. 2, Mead Place, Lambeth. 2 F S INDEX. New Genera and those adopted are in capitals : the Species marked with an Asterisk arc cither sijnouymous or referable to other Genera : the En- glish names are in italics : 1. affixed to the Species refers to the larva. ABAX angustior 361 melanaiius ib. Striola 154,361 Abdomen and its parts 32 ■ , discrimination 338 263, 411 ib. 253 ib, 183,362 252 of the AEIA iiigriconiis serioea ABRAXAS grofsulariata uimaria ABK.T.US perpiisillns ABi;OSl"OLA, 0th ACANTHI A *lectularia 223 maculata 225,369 Acanthida; (Fani.) 224 Acari, anatomical view ofthe 75 — , cliararter and classification of the 130 — for the micro- scope 130,335 Acaridae(Fam.) 131 ACARUS *aquaticus 153 *Coleoptratoruni 131 domesticiis 132,358 *exulcerai)s 135 *geniciilatus ]52 ^Scabiei . 133 ACARUS '/4c!mirnl,ichite, 1. 396 *siro 132 .-ECOPHORA *Ricinus 132 Flavella 249 ,399 AC I LI US Linneella 249 snlcatus 159,359 Rcesella ib. ACIJETA .EGA campestris 218, 380 emarc'inata 109 doniestica 218, 359 .^EGERIA *Gryllotalpa 217 apiformis 245 ,581 ,397 Achatia, Hub. 251 asiliformis 397 ACHF.NIUM, LeacJi 172 ACHERONTIA,0.'/t. 243 crabroniformi s 245,417 I. 442 4)7 culiciformis Achetida? (Fam.) 217 cynipiformis 397 Acridii, Lair. 218 formiciformis 418 ACROCERA 296 oestriformis 397 gibbosa 387 S()heciformis ib. Acroceridtt(Fs m.) 296 tipuiiformis vespiformis ib. ACRYDIUM ib. bipiniciatiim 416 ^GiALIA sabuiatiim 219, 416 c;lobosa 190, 362 Aculeata, (feet .) 272 -ELIA Aculens, the sling acuminata 221 ,433 discrimination of 338 melariocephal a 433 , its siuialion Si AEPUS use •o:i fiiivescens 149, 415 ADELA 7ESHNA Degeerelia 249,399 Anglicana 410 ADIMONIA grand is 258, 410 AIni 378 iuncrea 410 iiigricornis 212,578 teretinscula ib. Admiral, red 238, 363, viatica ib. 430 A/zdiUiS Tortrix 364 1. 41 G AGATHIDIUM 240,417 nanum 393 454 INDEX. AGATHIDIUM nigripcnne 214, S93 rufipeniie 393 AG ELENA labyrinthica 125,428 aglossa, Latr. '255 AGONUM albipes 365 CEerulescens ib. picipes ib rufipes ib. sexpunctatum 150,373 Siinpsoni 365 sordiduni ib. vaporariorum 358, 373 AGRION I albicans 4UV annulare ib corea ib.J piiella ib. rufesccns ib. sanguineus 259, 410 zonatus 4U) AGROTIS, Hub. 251 Alte, (iL'ings) afl'onl chanicters for genera tk species 3G ' , (the wings) dis- crimination of 338 ■ , their form and structure 35 Alburnca dentata 83 y^lier ir,i.th 400 ALEOCHARA canalicuiata 176, 367 cinnamomea 438 fuscipes 177, 367, 451 ALLANTUS neglectus 4) 1 notha 265,411 punctomaculatus 412 pu net urn rufiventris semiciiiCta viridis ziiunta ALOMYA, Par, /llil-cewer's T^rlrxx ALTICA olerarea testacea Ahicita, Oliv. ALIXITA hexadactyla 256, Alucita'Ia: (Fain.) AAIAI.oPUA A.MARA xrata vulgaris AMASIS Iwta 263, 4 Aniblychus, CyH. 147 Ametaboiia,« iiaracter of Ihe subclass 13S — ■ , classitication of the 140 411 ih. 265 386 265, 411 26'.i 372 212 ib. 249 , 37'' 255 19! 438 152,365 II impressa lanuginosa obscura rivularis sulcata ALEYRODES chelidonii ALLANTUS albocinctus ater bicinctus blandus conspicuus 12-punctatus haematopus lateralis lividus 177, 442 567, 429 36'. 177,429 177, 367 233, 380 4!1 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. AMOI'HILA sabMJo.'^a 275,413 AiMI'HIPYR.A, Och. 251 AIMFirtlOE ruhricata 104 ANARTA, Oih. 252 ANASl'IS bifasciatiis 37'i bigultaius frontalis ol)scurus rii(i-, t/iwMj barred 434 AiigU Ji.dci, 250, 383, 402, 440 , small 401 Animalcida for the 576 ib. 258, 410 niicioscope, how obtained Aniirials,( iivier's di- strihiiliou of ,df ad, the ba- 334 bitatiunuf many insects 314 — , distribution of, from their or- ganization 74 -,how distinguish'd 20 INDEX. 455 Animosity of q'leen Antennre, the, used by Apidar, (Fam,) 228 bees cease on the the Ichneumon APION loss of the antennae 24 Manifestator f )r seneum 377 Anisotoma bicoior 214 discovering a ni- assimile 390 nigripcnnis 21.-) dusto depo -itits A^Ma-ali ib. picea 194 eggs in 24,25 Carduorum ib. piceum ib. * 1-. « — . gans caerulescens 376 Anniilata.distri )ution of smellii)2c sup- Craccae 416 of tlie iiical 75 posed to be sitn- 25 Ervi Fagi 415 375 ateti Ml tnem character 3f the ib. A.XTHICUS flavifemoratum ib. Annulet, brown. 434 antlierinus 390 flavipes ib. AXOBIUM florialis 376 frumt ritarium 377 Abietis 367 fuscus 197, 376 Gyllenhalii 37S *bi(lentatiim 206 *Hellwigii 180 hseinatoides .377 *Boleti ib. *monoceros 196 Hydrolapathi 390 castanGum 389 ANTHIDIUM immune 369 Diolle ib. manicum 284, 428 Lathyri 415 pan cum ib. ANrHOBlUM,Z,eac;i 175 lavigatum 376 *pertinax 181 ANTHOMYIA Loti" 390 ptinoides 3 39 pluvialis 300, 415 Malvarutn 376 rufipes ib. Anthophora, Jib. ?• 283 MalvK ib. striatum 181, 375 ANTHOPHORA marchicum ib. tesseliatum 181, 443 *hirsuta 287 melanupum ib. ANO.VJALA *quadridentata 285 Meliloti ib. Agricola 389 recusa 287, 364 nigritarse ib. Donovani ib. *tnmcorum 284 Ononis 415 Frischii 191, 389 ANTHOSOMA Oxurum 376 horticola 3b9 Smithii 80 ruficorne 390 ruriciila 191, 5B9 Anthracii, Lair. 295 Rnmicis ib. Anoplura, character Antbracid.x (Fam.) ib. Siirbi 376 of the Ord er 138 ANTHRAX Spartii ib. ^1^ -o'r. cation Abaddon 414 siibulatum 415 of 141 Hottentotta 295, 414 subsulcatum 576 Ant 69. 273 ANTHRKNUS sulcifrons ib. Antcnnx of insects 21 Museorum 567 Ulicis 3.^9 A\^- ^..: nina- Scropliulariae 50, 182, vernale 376 tionof the 340 575 vicias 415 Verbasci 375 vicinum 390 on tlie, ijy Bonnet 1-2 ANTHRIBUS violaceum ib. " • nients *latirostris 199 \irens 376 J txpeii on the, by Buns- *rhinomacer 200 vorax ib. dorf ib. scabrosus 20O, 376 Apis, Harr, 273 ments varius 376 * a. Kvrhy 283 on the, by Hiib- ANTHURA * a. Kirly 286 ner O'; gracilis 107 * b. Kirby ib. .; mcnts Anthuradas, (Fam.) ib. ** b. Kirby ib. on the, by Leh- Antler moth 421 ** c. 1. «. 285 mann ib. Antiiata, Fflfcr. 289 ** c. I./3. 284 ^.f fi,« long- > coni- APAMRA, Oih APATLRA O ^ I ** C. 2, a. ** c. 2. /3. 285 284 -™— ^— UI LUC horned bee ZJ 1 posed of hexagor s24 Iris 239, 417 »■* c. 2. S. ib. , on their use 22 l. 381 ** c. 2. V. 2£3-4 456 INDEX. 287 9.83 '287 G9,2S(i Apis ** d. 1, ** d. 2. o. ** e. 2. Aois, Linne APIS *liank>iana 283 *bicornis 285 *cxrulea 28 *centuncularis 28j *conica '^(•yanea ib 283 *florison)nis 284 *Ionc!;icori)i3 287 ♦majiicata 284 mellilira 288, 35"^ *punctata 286 *4-cin(ta 282 *quadiipunctata 2: *retus3 287 *ruf;coniis 236 *terrestris 288 *varieKata 286 Apius, Jurine 27 APHANISTICUS emarginatus 160,388 Aphidii, Latr. 2 Aphidaj, (Fain.) ib. Apbi'j, Lx'inc 62 — -^,NatiiialHistory of the ib. APHIS Absintbii 394 Aceris platanoides 393 Aoetosjc 394 Aliii ib Atripiicis 39J Avena* sativ-x 394 Betuls ib. Brassicse ib. Bursaria 39j Caprea: 394 Cracex ib Daiici ib. Fabae 593 Fagi _ 394 Traxini ib, Jacea." ib Juniperi ib. Lacluca; ib. *laiii-era 232 Leucanthemi 393 Ligustici scotici ib. L^-chnidis ib. APurs Millefoiii Padi Pin: Plaiitaginis Popuii Pruni Pruni-cerasi Qiiercus Ribis Rosse Riimicis Lapathi Salicis Sanibuci ScabiDsje •Sonchi 'I'aiiaceti Tilise Trcmula L'ltni iirticata Viburni .^phodiadic, (Fam.) APHODIUS attaminatus conflagratus copriiius depressiis erraticus fiinetariiis fcxdatus ftjctens Fossor *glubosu3 granariiis lisemorihoidaHs humeralis ictericiis inquinatus luridiis Tnerdarius obscurus piisiilus rufipes 180, scutator sordidus subterraiieus *sulcicollis Stis terrestris tcstudiiiarius tiirpis unicobr , APIIRITIS 395j auro-piibescciis29S,415 S94jApoilaTfcstudo 41 S 395 ib. ib. I APODERUS Corvii APORUS ib. unicolor \>95 Apos, Scopoli 394!A))paratus used by ib.l 'Entomologists ib '.April, calendar fur 39 V 394 393 394 432 201, 376 275 78 307 3G4 ib. .395 394 380 395 189 368 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. lb. ib. ib 190 368 ib. ib. ib ib ib. ib. ib, ib. 368 368 ib. ib. 190 368 ib ib. ib. ib. . employment for 315 APSEUDES Talpa 109 .Apseudiada:, (Fam.) ib. .Apiera, Linni 72 Aptera, characters of the Order 139,233 A PUS Montagui 78 *j)roductiis .Aquarius pakidum Aquatic insects, how obtained Aqiiatica, (Sect.) Arachnides, Lam. Lair.l 17 .Arachnoidoa,anatom. view of the 75 Arachnoida, classifi- catioa of the 117 for the micro- scope 1 1 8, 333 ib. 224 225 Araignee a croix fourmi ARANEA *aquatica *Diadenia domestica •erythrina •extensa *Listeri *obscura •opilionides *phaIangioides *Pluchii ♦saccata *scenica *senoculata Araneadffi, (Fim.) , observations on the, by Sir J. Banks 12'; 130 125 127 ] 24, 360 122 1.27 129 ib. 126 ib. ib. I '19 130 1 22 IJO i:o INDEX. 457 Arches fnolhyharred 400 ,L-laclc '246,397,43 1 ,- 1. 397 , hast black 386 , Hf 251 433 , dark 400 , gray ib. , I'ght 4i9 ~,red 243,399,418 -, sihery Aselle d'eau douce 110 ATTUS ib. ib. lOG ARCOP.ACUS bulbifer clavicoinis glabricollis ARCIIA CaiT /. ordinaire Asellida; (Fam.) Asellu?, Oliv. ASELLUS aquations *vulgaiis Asilici, Lair. Asilida, (Fam.) 419|AS1UTS crabroniformis 7-3, 294, 178,375' 414 37:) ASIRACA 110 ib. 294 294 178, "339 248,418 S9S formicarius 130 C'hrysorrluea 248, 398, 418 iubiicipeda 248, 39S /. 431 Mendira 248, 382 I^knthrastri ib. papyiitia 243, 398 l. 43 1 phaeori ha?a248,398,45 1 plantaginis 243, 393 — — l. 382 russula 248, 398 salicis 248,398,418 V. nigra 431 villica 248,398 I. 382 ArctiadK, (Fam.) 248 Argent and Sahiemoth 404 Argui biiilerfiy, Scotch 240 396 ■ ivood 341 ARGYNNIS Adippe I Aglaia I. 237,416 380 237,416 380 Lathonia 237,380,416 Paphia 237,41b l. 380 ARGYRONETA aquatica 125, 360 ARMADILLO vulgaris U2, 358 Arpactus, Jiirine 276 Arrath moth, 251,41)1, 439 Artuj, the memlers 33 clavicornis 230, 380 Astacids, (Fam.) ASI'.ACUS *astaciis *atomos ♦Bamffius Gainmarua *grossipes ♦hoinaius 9-\ ♦Locusta 102 •mariuiis 95 *Nor\vegicus 96 ^serratiis •strigofus 93 ASTaTA 276 Astalus, Khe;. 267 Astomata, Du^'eril 301 VTELKCYCLU3 heterodon 83 ATHALLA annulata ceulifoiia Rosae spinarum A'lHANAS nitescens ATHERIX mactilata Atopa cervina ATROPCS lignaria .^TTAGKNUS Pellio serra Atte pare AT TEL A BUS •Cory I i ATVPUS *Sidzer 122 Snizeri 122, 3S7 .Auclienia hirta 196 nicrdigera 211 August, Calendar for42S , employment for315 AUTALLA, Leach 177 AX I US Stirynohus 95 Daccai Fabr. 299 94 RADISTER bipustulatus 147, 364 BAETIS bioculata 9b 106 93 95 BAGOUS,^ Germ. in51CALANINUS 259,410 204 264,411 411 264,411 ib. atramentarius Cerasorum fasciatus fructuum Gladius longimanus mac'jlatus murinus NucMtn Pumorum rubellus semicylindricus 391 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. 377,391 391 203, 377 9 tenuirostris Tortrix 'I'remuls B.inclu.s, Fair. 99j Hanks, Sir Jos. obser- vations on the Araneadae Barred red straw moth yelhw mclh ib. ib. 'th. i-b. 377 ib. 2tiy 120 404 422 ib. 385 29 423 54,201 curculioriides 201,31 *formicarius *melanu;u3 *nio!!is 294, 414 162 261, 4 Baurnar.iran Tortrix 182, 375|B?flA: or rostrum 3S9' S^a.v/y, bordered 130 , brindled 253, 571 , Bnxton 4:59 — , Carrbeiwell 238 , Lilr.c 424 ,->vaTbled 251,432 , miner 420 i — , tnatiled 4((S 165 156 ICG 458 INDEX. Beauly, light mcti^ei 4-23 Bitoma unipunctata 20S BOAIBUS -, oak 253, '3G3, 403 BITURUS -, pale oak 4031 funiatiis -, tawny -, u-iLLow ib, tonieiitosus 422 Blackamoor moth, Bedhvg 62 Black beetle Bee (--^pis) 69 Black-neck m. , humming lird \B:ack-veined m. ——, bread bordered 244, Black icaied h. m. 597 BLAPS , narrow bordered ib.i letbifeia 374 170, 374 401 61 433 404 ib. 380 Belle moth , lesser , straw — — , yellvw Bembidion, Lxtr. BEMBIDIU.M acuUim agile bipiinclatnm crucigerum Epliippium flavipes 148, 361, Guttula littoiale pal I i pes poecillum properans puncticolle 4-guttatuni rufipes Spencii Bergmzunian Tortrix 436 BEKIS clavipes 372 DJsritarsis 291, 372 BEROSUS I liii-icius 186,3621 EERYTIS j tipu!arius222, 394,43Sj Bethyllu?, Payfz. 274i Betony violh, water 252,1 370, 39P Birch^gray 384 Birds, feathers of, for the microscope 333 Bird's-iidng moth 252, 599 LISTOX 255, 403 253, 571 360 363 253, 563 404' niorli..iasa 59, 192, 369 407 niapsidx, (I-aui.) 192 453.Blastus SS 424} tetraodon ib. USjBLATTA 220 livida 380 364 orientalis 61 ^■^^iBT.EDIUS, Leach 174 5(5|:BLETHISA jj^j miiltipunctata 152,365 o^'^ iBIcod, in small fish, ^A.>Q ail object for the og, microscope 333 2,- ^'Blood-vein moth, large 424 r;-qj jSrKall ib. BU'Ssrtm Unlerwmg 363 Bloltliback,l,oicn 436 , silver S^5 , tuwny 436 , triple striped 386 x.nBlue, azure 241, 381, 450 -, Bedford 242, 381, 417 -, (halk-hill 241,417 Barbiitella Beckwithella Burrellana c.Tinpestris Ciillumana Ciirtisella Derhamella Donovanella flavicollis flora lis Fosferelia fragraiis Fraiicillonana Franci-ana Harrisella hortorum Jonella lapidaria Latreillilla Leeana lucorum Muscorum pratorum Raiella Rossiella riipcstiis Schriinshirana Sorensis sul)inlerruptus siibterranea sylvarum teriestris Tunstaliana vestalis virgi nails , CUfdai 24 1 , 381 , Bombycids (Fam .) 430 ib. -, conimcn I. -, large -, mazjrine 242, 381, 417 -, studded 242,417 570 :Rombycltes, Lair. ^ . ^ Bombyliaria, Latr. ■^'"'*!!Bombylidaj(Fam.) Betularia Lirtaria hispidaria j)edaria prodromaria ib. B ily {crrpjis) Boletaria, Marsh, quadripiistulata COLILOPH.AGUS Agaricola 194,390 BOI.ITOBIUS, Z-eacA 176 BOMBUS 414 414 413 414 372 414 ib. ib. ib. 428 413 414 437 413 414 ib. ib. ib. ib. 437 4)4 457 413 387 414 ib. ib. ib. ib, 372 414 437 288,428 414 ib. 423 245 245 295 295 BOMBYLIUS major 72, 295, 372 medius agrorum Albiaella ^ mmor •^'JZ Bombvx. Hubner ^"' autiqua 43 caruleocephala L casslnea *compressus corvli 250 437, coryli /. 372 428 246 439 431 582 459 582 254 370,418 582, 439 IXDEX. 469 Bombyx *cariiila 247 /. 459 Dodonaca 399 gonostigmata 418, 43'2 Quercea 399 *reclusa 247 /. 439 Roboris 399, 439 Boinb5x Quercus, cu- rious account of 315 Bones, calcined, for the microscope 333 BonnelV experiments on the antennae of insects 22 Bonsdorft's experiments on the antennje of insects ib. Bordir, small blue 434 , clouded 5S5, 423 , lace BOTYS nivealis Nymphsata ochrealis ostricahs Porphyrialis Pulamogeta puicalis punicealis purpuralis San'ibncata sericealis sordidali ■ S ratiotalis stritiLiialis termiualis tetr.-igoualis uiticata verbascalis verticalis \Bnndle, small AO^^Bnndted, dusky 426 42f. 42- ib. 426 ib. ib. 255, 386 426 lb. 427 425 S8C 426 436 426 ib. ib. 360 426 , while 408 iarred yellow 371 B'^ad-harTed T.itrix 441 Bro'.ude, beautiful 400 ,Ua>k ib. , great 419 , hght 400 — — , pa e-shoulder- ed 400 Broum moth 250,251,401 - /. 283 Tip 384 Box, pocket collectins 3uS 309 Bordered, b'aik Bostrichus Typogra- phtis cvlindricus Bostricidas, (Fam.) Bostric-ni, Lc'r. Bi/t-flij. method of de- positing its eggs Bols of horses BOTYS anguinalis angiisiulus arena lis atralis cespitalis cineralis cingiilatis cucullatalis ehitalis ferrugalis flavalis forticalis 205 206 205 ib. .39j 70 424 Braces, their use '^'^'^JBRACHINUS crepitans 154, Brachypterus, ^'''g. 170 Brachyrinus argen- tatus ^ 202 Brachvura, (Order) 82 BRACON Desertor 270, 412 IBRANCHIOPODA stagnalis 81 Breast, Pectus 3i Breeding cages 30f , the most con- venient size of 5H , deal, otijt'C- BROSCrS cephalotijs 153, 365 Broun-lar, great 251 , 403 Broicn,biitterfiy, backspot 242,381, 417 - I. 370, 396 -, meadow 240, 396 -, $Tnail rr eadow 240 -, ivhiie-fp,t 242, 417 -, moth, marbled 399 -, lunar ma- bled ib. - /. ib. 427 426 ib. ib. 427 4CS ,paleih'nirgJt00,i\9 B'own-tye b'lght line 383 B'owa tail mcT. 248, 431 — I. 30? 2S7 200, 252 ill. 44i 4'2 glabralis hyl)ridalis hyalinalis Lemnata limbalis literalis longalis lutealis nebulalis tionable To- Bremus, Jurine *i ^ I 425 BREPH, Htih. 426 Brephiis, O h. 426 Bri, k-nifilh ib. Br shl-tye b own line ib. Ban;s/o-e, /•. 236,.S95,42V ib , m. 571, 40^., 4,34 425, 436 finndie, cZ«ad*^d 4iv 426, , slender-cl. ih 425' ,snall-cl. 401 42b , clouded bo^- 425| dered 252,419 426; ,dark 371 ib.l , forked-striped ib ib. ,fale 563) BroW'iTmra, clouded Br<.w ■ b rdfred Tor- BrucbelEE, Loir. Bruchidas, (Fam.) RUCHUS aier Pl>i 53, stminarius B'ussels Lace m BRYAXIS f s^ula a liseaiatica impressa Jtiiicnrnm longic-rnis saniiiiinea ,;ULENrts cinereus B ff, ck-hided , crested 39S 360 364 199 ib. 360 576 390 424 375 359 179,375 367 179, 367 367 298 243, 39S 425 small-dotted 403 Tip 247, 598 L 439 4bo EUPALUS pinarius 25' raipiesUada; (Fam.) 160 Biiprestis, Ge-ff. 144 BUPRESTIS Biguttata 58,160,338 *eniari;inalus 1 60 *miiiiita ib. viridis 1 GO, 383 Burnet, five'SpoUed 397 , six-spvtled 245, 397 molh 403 Burnished brats 230, 403 ,siarce 403 Button Tortrix, Bay- shouldered 339 , durk-streaked 433 Butterflies, method of arranging 322 ■ , method of set ting Byrriii, Latr. Byrrhidas (Fam.) BYKRHUS dor?alis fasoiatiis rnnrinus Pilula *ScrophuIariae semistriatus varilis BYTHLNUS Cnrtisii sccuriger C. white, B. ( j;lioxys conica 320 )S2 182 367 362 36T 50, 182,362 132 560 367 178,389 373 417 396 285, 428 Call-age-mcth, 400, 419, 432 Cabinet for insects, form of a 310 Cabinet, method of ar- ranging insects in322 , number of draw- ers for a 310 Cabinets mu^t be kept dry 311 - should be well taui|)lioied 312 — , small, rtcom- nu'udcd 31 1 INDEX > CALANDRA CANCER granaria 204, 362 *grossimanus 103 liguaria 362 * gross pes 105 CA LATH US *hirtellus 86 cisteloides 132, 361 *liorridus 90 littoralis 387 *incisus 86 Uielanocepha! us 361 *!atipes 84 CALEPTERYX ♦liltoreus 102 luduvicia 4 IT: *Locusta 104 \"ir£;o 259, 410 *nitescens 99 CALLIANASSA *Noiwegiciis 96 subterianea 94 *A1a?nas 84 CALLIDIUM *Ma)a 89, 90 *Arietis 210 *marmoreus 83 bajuium 392 *palmatus 103 violaceum 210, 392 Pagurus 85 CALLIGUS *pedaUis 103 Mulleri 79 *personatus 83 CALLIMORPHA *Phalangiuai 91 Dominula 248, 398 *Phasma 106 /. 382 *platycheles 92 fuliginosa 399 *puber 84 Jacoi)a;a 248, 399 *rubricatu9 104 ; 431 418 *rugosus *.Saltator 93 102 Rosea 248, 399, CALLISTUS *iCorpio 90 lunatus 150 *sedentarius 101 !C A LOB ATA *spinosus ](j2 filitormis 299 *squil!a 98 CALOsOMA *squinado 89 lnqui>itor 146, 387 *stagnalis 81 Sycophant p. 146, 387 *strigosus 93 Canijihor, crystals oi , for *subterraneus 94 the micrusc ope 337 *tetvaodon 83 y for ca- 312 *tuberosus *vclutinus 91 St bluets Campion-molh, 251, 420 Cauceridae (Fam.) 85 CAMPTECOPEA Canthaiidie 197 hirsuta 107 Canlharis, Linne, 56, CANCER 163, 164, 196 *angulatus 87 CANTOARIS *araneus 89 *a3nta ]65 *articulosus 103 *biguttata 56 * as pel a 88 *fusca 56, 164 *Astacus 93 *seriaticornis 163 *P>ernliardus 92 vesicatoria 198, 390 *biaculeatHs 88 CAPRELLA ^liipes 100 Phasma 105 *Biifo 89 Caprellr.dae (Fam.) ib. *cassivelaunus 83 CAPSLIS *con ugaUis 83 ater 222, 380 *craiigon 96 rulicoUis 394 * Dorset! ensis 90 s|iissicornis ib. *Gainrnaiiis 95, iiO Caput the head 21, 342 INDEX. 461 Carabidae (Fam.) Carabus, Linn. CARABIJS *arenarias arvensis *aterrimus *cephalotps *chrysostomus rUCAPxClNUS 59J Msnas \CarpenteT, the, or mil- ] 46j lipede ^?3 CARPELIMUS, Kir. 174 151 catenulatus, 145, 146, 30(1 153 156 15'2 ib. 364 146 154 155 155 145 155 154 175 153 131 150 ib. -^cinctus *cisteIoides clathratus *complanatus *orepitans *Cnix-minor ^ciipreus *C}'aneus *cyanocephaIus *depressiis *dimidiatus *distans *festivus *gibbus *gibbosus glabratus 3; *granulalus 146 *hoitensis ib- *humeralis 154 **intricatus 145 intricatiis 375 *lcucopthalmus 152 *lunatus 150 *m'jnilis 146 monilis 372 morbillosus, 146, 364. 443 'niultipunctatus 152 nemoralis 145, 36( nitens 373 *pilicoriiis 15( *pumic3tus 153 *rostratus 145 ♦secalis ' 149 *sex-piinctatus 150 *spiiiibarbis 147 *staphylionoides 1 75 *Striola 154 *tenuis 153 *vestitus 15) violaceus 145, 360 *vi vails 151 ''vulgaris 152 CARADRINA, Oc/i. 251 Carpet, Aul-umn , heautijid , hcc.no[)sidffi (Fam.) ib. Convex glasses, table of the powers of 325 Copper, common 396, 430 — -, large 241,417 , middle 430 .purpl€-edged2Al ,4.30 , scarce 24 1 , small 241,370 Copper Underwhig 432 Coprida;, (Fam.) 188 COPRIS lunaris 1 88, 363 Coprophagi, T. Lair. !S8 , 11. Latr. 189 362, 393, Colydium frumenta 438 liuni 208 .s^PCOLYAinETES abbrcviatus 373 agilis 429 bipunctatns 359 bipustulatus ib colconatus 388 collaris 375 conspersus ib fenestratus 388 fontinalis 415 fuliginosus 443 maciilatus 15S, 373 nolatus 375 ■oblongus 388 obscurus 373 politus ,365 striatus 158, 365 uliginosus 359 vitrens 388 Comma, B. 23S Commons, near Lon- don 313 Comparative anatomy, 74 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib, ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. object of ib.jCona, Schel. ib. conoci:phalus ib. ib. COR DULEG ASTER CORDULU aenea 258,411) annulata 258, 410 Coreids, (Fam.) 221 CORETHRA cuculiformis 290, 387, 457 CO REUS liirticornis marginatus rhomboideus Corise, Geo . Corisis, I. Latr. , II. Latr. 394 222,380 394 229 220 ib. Cochineal, how made, 63 grjseus varius verrucivoriis CORIXA affinis 229, 363 coleoptrata 228, 363 dorsalis ib. fossarum ib. GeollVoyi 229, 363 lateralis 228, 363 stagnalis ib. striata ib. Cork for drawers, the finest and best 31 1 Corking drawers, the method of ib. 300' Coronet moth, 250, 400 I , marbled 25 1 , 400 416COROPHIUM 416 longicorne 105 438 Corpus, the body 344 INDEX. 465 Corticarla fiumen(aria20S CRAMBUS Crustacea for the m - oblonga ib. Rosea 408 croscope 78 ,333 taxicornis 207 sanguinea 386 ,437 CRYPTOCEPIIALUS Coryliis AveJIana, cii striga 437 biiituratus 393 rioiis experiments CRANGON Coryli ib. on the farina of 335 vulgaris 96 flavilabris ib. CORYNliTES CRASPEDOSOMA labiatus ib. *rnlioollis 166 pnlydesnioides 1 14,358 lineola 53 ,393 COKYSl ES Raulinsii ib. maiginellus 393 cassivelanus 83'CRATERINA Moral ib. *(lentatus ib, Hiruiidiiiis 503 , 415 uitens ib. CorystioK, (Fanr '•) 82 Cream-wave, broad- pusillus ib. COSMtA, Hiib. 252 itriped 384 *quadripunctatus 214 COSSONUS , dwarf 405 sericeus 213 ,393 hypuleiicus 416 I - ~— 423 6-punctatus 393 ■, tCtSCT linearis 204 , 369 384 similis ib. jpaie COSSUS CREOPHILUS,/rt% \1^2 CRYPTOPHAGUS Ligniperda 246 ,397 Crepii^cularia, (Sect.)243 cellaiis 169; 429 Cox.-i 34 Crescent 420 *crenatus 169 Crab, common 85 , beauli/iil 371 denticulatus 429 , Hermit 92 439 hirtus ib. , greeu-ofviuiea , King 89| , " /. 401 pallens 389 /T J n/i ^. * face S3,Crim.3c7i and Gold 386 phaeorrhsus 438 , Soldier Q'l'.Ci imsoii-speckled 439 Populi 429 , Thornhack S9,Crimsvn Underwing 250 rulicollis 438 2*78 m.) r. 413 252 278 ib. riirh 422 ib. ib. 21 1 162 serratus 429 Typhje ib. CRYPTOPS hortensis 116, 35S Savisnii 358 CRYPTORHYNCHUS CRABRO cribarius *lunatus Crabronidse, (Fa Crabroiiircs, Lat CR.ESU3 septentrionalis Crambites, Lair. , UUI It , lesser , light Crioccridse, (Fam.) Crioceris, Marsh. CRIOCERIS ; 266,412 234 Asparagi *caraboides cyanella 378 195 392 assimilis canescens contractus 377 378 377 CRAMBUS 12 -punctata ib. dentatus ib. acinacidea 409 flavicollis ib. Erysimi 203, 391 arboriiin 408 *navipes 212 globosus 377 Cardni ib. melanopa 416 horridus ib. caniea ii). merdigera 211, 392 inflexus 378 caudea 409 *nigricornis 212 Lapathi 377 cespitis 408 puncticollis 416 leucogaster ib. consorta ib. subspinosa 392 Lythri ib. culmoruiii ib, Crocisaatra 286 mclanorhynch Uf5 378 cnltrea 409 Crustacea, anatomical | melanostictus 377 falsa 437 view of the 75 obstrictus ib. geniculea 408 , history 76 oralis ib. gigantea ib.l , method of pleurostigma ib. liortorum ib.l collecting 316 phaeorhynchus ib. o eel lea 3(U' , method of ptinoides ib. pascuea petrificia 437 preserving ib. 408' , pins used for 309 Quercicola ruber ib. 378 Pineti 255, 408 , writers on th e76 su'culus 377 pinguinalis 255 , classification of Urticx ib. Pratoium 403 the 2g 78 viduus ib 466 INDi.X; Cry plus, Fair, CRYPT LTS *furcatus *Irrorator pallipes Villersii 264, Crystals, method of obtaining, for the microscope ■ of C.'ainplior of Salt • of Silver 2o9 264 270 411 41! 837 ib. ib. ib. CTENOPHORA atrata 291,387,437 CUCULLIA,5'f/iranfc. 252 CULEX pipiens 71, 290, 359 CURCULIO *Alismatis 204 *Alni 203 argentatiis 202, 377 *aterrinnus 204 *binodulus ib. cuitles 377 *Coryli 201 *Equiseti 204 *Germaniis 203 *granarius 204 *hispidulus ib. *incanus 20.') ♦linearis 204 *linoatus ib. Mali 37 *niger 204 *nigroroslris 205 *nitens 54 *Nucum ib, oblongus 377 *parallelopipedos 204 *Pini 202 Pyri 54, 390 *rulicollis 199 *Scrophuiarix 54, 203 sericeus .377 *su]cirostris 204 •trigutlatus ib. unifasciatus 377 Curculioni(la;,(Fam.) 200 Curculionites, Lair. ib Cuvier's distribution of Animals 75 CvamusCeti 106 CVCHRUS rostratus 145, 35S, 373 CYCLOPS, Geoff. *qiiadricoriiis CYDNUS oleraceus Cyniindis, Gyll. CYMINDIS humeralis 154, CYMODICE trunrata Cymotbea serrata CYMOI'HOA (P^strum Cvmoihoadse, (Fam.) CYNIPS caprsea 271, *Quercus folii 67, *sciitel!aris Cynipsera, Latr. C'ynipsidse, (Fam.) VpHA, Kirhj CYPRIS conchacea Cyplion hemisplueri- ciis pallidas Cypris pubera CYTHERE viridis Dacne humeralis Dacus, Fabr. Dagger molh, autum- nal , da'k , light , March scarce DAPHNIA Pulex Dark Tawny Dart Molh, archers , black , brindled , broad-veined , chainshot , dark ., double , garden ; lineolaled necklace 81 ib. 221 154 361 108 ib. 109 10 412 270 27 0| ib. 270 176 80 163 162 80 81 169 299 443 400 ib 364 400 80 399 421 402 Dart mothySquare-spolA'l 1 — , striped square-sp.\h. — , slnut 433 — , wedge barred 421 ivldte-line ib. DASCILLUS cerviiuis 162, 388 Dasyrbira, Hilb. 246 Das'vpocla, lllig. 283 DAS Y POD A pliiiniijes 280, 437 DASYP(JGON pnnct:itiis295,4l4, 428 DASYTKS aeneus 374 ater 164,374 csrnleus 388 llavipes ib. viridis ib. Da7j moth, drab 443 , rrsy 560 December, Calendar for 443 , employment for 316 December moth 444 Definition of Insects 21 DEILOPHILA, Oih. 243 Delpbax clavicornis 230 DEMETRIAS atricapilla 156,358 monostigma 156,365 DENDROPHILUS punctatus 184, 375 DEI'OBAUS Bctiila; 201,376 Derma ptera, charac- ter of the order l3y , classification 21 6 185 -207 251 , pectinated , pitchy , pupilled , rufous I '■2b 1 , shuttle-shaped of the Dermestes, Geoff. ib.lDerniestes, Thunb. 402 DERMFSl'ES ib. ib. 421 421 ib. 420 402 421 ib. 421 433 *adstrictor *I5oleti ♦Calthx *cellaris *Ftm£;orum lardariiis *marg natns mnriniis *Pellio *ruficollis *Scarabxoidc.-. 183 206 214 169. ib. 181,367 207 48, 389 182 166 187 INDEX. 467 DERMESTE3 *scol}'tus tessellatus * rypograplius *ui)da us Dermestidae, (Fain.) Dermestuii, Latr. Desfonlmnian Turlrix 435 Dew moih 418 DEXAMIN'K spinfisa 102 Dial ToHix 3C4, 441 DiamoKd'back, testa- ceous 436 Diamond sp t 43("i DIANOUS, Gtjll. 17:3 Diaperids, (f'am ) 193 DIAPERIS Boleti 194, 389 aheiiea 389 Dict5'optei-a, charac- ters of the order , classification ^Dismal >nnth 43 Diiirna (Sect) 3~5 D'lg's-tnntk m:,lh 2()j'U0LF,RUS 18'2' Ganagra loll opacns ib.iD :)LICHURUS ater D0L0MEDE3 mirabilis Dolychopoda; Dolychopodes, Latr. DOLYCHOPU.S 420DRASSUS 234; lucifuge 123 419; mclanogaster 123, 360 Drawers of a cabinet. 265, 412 ib. 275; 129, 372 294 ib J^igger, use of the Diinera, Latr. Dimerosomata, cha- racters of the or- der , classifieation 139 2 1 9 308 177 18 119 24 276 177 of the Dimorphn, Hiih. Dimorpha, Jurine DINARDA, Leach DINETUS pictus 277, 4l3 DIOCTEIA CEIandica 295, 414 Diplolepar!£e, Latr. 270 Diplolepidis, (Fatn.) ib DIPLOLEPIS 427 QuercLisfoIii 270,412 Diptera,Li««e' 70,289,30'; , characters of nobililatiis 294, 414 DONACIAi *Equispti 211,392 fasciata 378 fuse a ib. Hydrocharis iK linearis ib. melanocephala ib niican? 211,378 Nvinphaea; 378 palustris ib Sagittarix ib. simplex 211, 378 vittata 378 *Zostera 2!l,39'2 Donovan's method of preserving spi- ders 317 DOROS conopseus DOSYTHEUS Eglanteriae Juiici Dot moth, , red , rusty , straiv the size, &c. method of corking — method of pa- permg !)RILUS flavescens Drinker moth 10 ib. /. 1 63, 388 4!S 398 the order \'^:'9 Double line moth —, classification | , scollnped 297,415 265, 412 ib. 400 440 426 ib. 364 363 Doulle-blolched, black H\ 422 423 D ROM ITS linearis 358 punctomaculatus ib. pusilhis ib. qiiadritnaculatiis 155, 358 rufescens ib. DRUSILLA, Leach 177 Drvops, Oltv. l85 DlivPTA emarginata 156, 373 DYNAMENE, Leach 108 DYSCHIRIUS gibbns 153, 35S DYSDERA erythrina 122 Dyticida-, (Fam.) 156 DYTICUS circumtlexus 159, 359 Didted, curve border of the 1?,9' Double lohei , method of ar- IDuyble-striped ransinq: 322Drab-mcih, dark , method of ! , ferry gineous preservmg Diraphia, IV'^g. Directions for the mi- croscope Dircaea, Fair. 420 427 370 371 370 386 ib 321 , tivm-spotttd 230.' Drab Tor Irix, lesser j , spotted 323 DR ASS US 195! ater 123,360 2 c. 2 margmalis punctulatus Dytis clavicornis Dytiscus, Linn. *confluens *crassicorni3 *Hermanni *minutus *ovatus *parap!urus *sparsus *sulcatus *Vo!ckmari Dun-bar Dwarf, barred Ear moth, golden Early moth Earivig F.BALIA Pennantii ib. 359 158 58 158 ib. 157 158 157 159 158 159 185 433 425 433 559, 360 60 91 468 INDEX. Echimuthua cyanocephalus loo ECHINOxMYIA grossa 301, 428 Edge, black-striped 43(i Edrioplitlialma,(Lcg-.)lOl) Eels in paste, how ob- tained for the mi- 334 247 crosoope Egger moth , grass , large Eggs of Insects preserved ELAMPUS Panzeri ELAPHRUS riparius uliginosus Elater, Rossi ——, Linn. ELATER ieneus balteatiis bipustulatus ♦buprestoides castaneus castanipes cuprous *cyaneus cylindricns *dermestoide3 ephippium ferrugineus holosericeus lineatus longicollis marginatus mesomelus metallicus minutus murinus niger nitidulus obscurus jjectinicornis PoinonsE prsiustus -, how S82 418 398 438 382 360 398 38 318 ELATER 4-pustuIatu3 388 riparius ib ruficollis ib. riifipeniiis ib. rufipes ib sanguineus 51, 3-!8 seniiruber 16'? sputator 373 tessellatus ib tlioracicus 388 unicolor 373 vittatus Elateridas, (Fam.) E LODES *hcmisphserica melanura mollis nigricans pallida Kledona Agaricola 272, 4I2ELONIUAT, Leach Elophilus, Meig. 148, 361 Elonhoru.s, Fabr. 364 Elytra or iving-cases 185 , how disorimi- 57,161 nated \Emerald m., blotched 162, 373 , common 373 , grass -, small grass -, large -, light -, Utile -, small 388 161 16o 373 ib. ib 162,373 194 175 297 186 37 247, 370 398 443 17 ib. 106 388 160 161 373 888 57, 162 3S8 183 388 161^388 373 ib. 388 162, 373 373 388 373 162, 365 373 361 365 388 ib. ib. ENDROMIS versicolor ENGIS fei rugini^a Imnieralis 169,374,443 rullfrons 574, 443 Entomology, its ad- vantage to the man of science ■ , a neglected science Entomon, Klein , hieroglyphi- ciim HO Entomostraca, charac- ter and classifica- tion of the subcl. 78 EPA PHI US secalis 149 EPEIRA Diadema 127, 428 EPEOLUS variesatus 286, 428 EPHEMERA *dipteia 259 345 vulgata 65, 259, 410 423 EphenKrid£P,(Fam.) 259 404,F,phemciinEe, Latr. ib. 424 Ephippium, Lair. 292 383EPOMIS 253,422 cincta 151,387 422 ERASTRIA, Och. 252 424 239, 417 381 -, moth 246,381,431 '^SSJEpax^ Scopoli Emperor, Purple b. —, L ERfOG ASTER lanestris I. 381 EMPHYTUS ccria 265,412 cinctus ib. succinctus 412 tibialis 265, 412 Empidae, (Fam.) 295 Empides, Lair. ib. EMPIS Borealis 295, 414 pennipes 72, 414 EMUS, Z,£ac/i 172 Endomvchids,(Fam.}2l5 ENDOMYCHUS coccjueus 215,379 294 247, 360 398 247, 444 283 232, 380 301 Populi Eriops, Khg ERIOSOMA Mali Eriothrix, Meig. ERISTALIS Narcissi 297, 415 ERFSTIIETUS,A'/Jocft 174 Ermine moth, 248, 382 ■, bvff I. -, This tit -, ivater I. Erotyla, Hiih. Erot'yiidic, (Fam.) 248, 398 431 408 248, 398 431 252 214 INDEX, 469 ErCEFlA lonuicornis 237,413 ''t2 249 109 SS ELCLFDIA, Hiib tyPLKCTUS Keichenbachii 178,375 EL PLO CAMUS Giittella EURYDICE pill cilia EURYNOME aspera EVANIA appendagaster 268,412 Evaniada;, (Fam.) 268 Evaiiiules, Latr. ib. Evodia calendaruni 280 Exorista, Me.g. 301 Exotic specimc.is of Insects, why re- jected 322 Eyes of Insects 21 Fabiicius's Classes of lnse(!ts 44 Fabiiciiis'sSystem uni- veisaiiy icjected 46 FALAGRIA, Ltut/i 177 Favfoot moth, 407 . , ctcuj il) 3S5, 423 ■5(17 common small 360 314 29 34 ib. 347 PLATA *neivo?a 230 I'eticiilata 230, 380 Flounced rosy 406 Flv, bouse 71 FGENUS Jaculator 268,412 Footma7i moth, Hack 41 8 , common 431 , dun ib. ——, feathered 442 Fntillary, pearly border hkeness 237, 3S0 , Queen of Spain '23T , 380, 416 , silver-tcashed 237, 416 , /. 380 Frons, the Front 30 February, Calendar for , employ- ment for Feelerri or Palpi Feet, Tarsi t'etiuir, tbe thigh • , discrimination of the FENL'SA piin)ila 265, 4] 1 Fein molh 384 Fern, time for collect- ing Insects from 316 FeslconiK. 418,432 FiGlTl'S scutellaris 270 Figure oj 8 m. 431 Z. • 382 Filicornis, (Sect.) 260 Fish, scales of, for the microscope 333 Flayne m. 59 9 422J Frosted oravge m. 252,402 440 Fulgora, Latr. ,ybur-sjS3Z/ei/249,399|Fumaria plumistrea ——, four-ipct, small 41 8 Furbeloiu, flame GALATEA, Fahricii rugosa spinigera squamifera Galateada; (Fam.) Galathea Ramffia longipeda rugosa spinigera squamifera strigosa Galea GALERUCA calmariensis Caprsex Cratregi *nigricornis Nymphsese Tanaceti *testacea VJburni Galinsecta, Latr GALLERIA alvearia 255, 436 cerea 436 Galls, how formed 67 Ganiinaridae, (Fam.) 101 GAMMARUS aquations camptolops Locusta masinus *Pu!ex *rubricatus Gammase des Coleo- pteres GammasidsE, (Fam.) GAMMASUS coleoptratorum 13 1 ,3CAi marginatus 364 , four-spot, yetlowiSl , orange 399 , straw-coloured 431 Four-ip. tied moth 403 FORBICINA polypoda 140, 360 Forbicine, Geoff. cylindrique 140 Forceps, their use 308 Forester Sphinx 397 FORFICULA auricularia 60,216,3'7i) 4'i^ 21.7 216 ib. 441 559 borealis *gigantea *minor *neglecta Foik-larred m. FORMICA fnsca herculanea 69,273,359 nigra rufa Formicadje, (Fam.) Fcirmicaria?, Latr. FoTskiilian Tortrix Forslerian Tortrix Fox moth Fringe, red FrxliUary, dark green 237, 416 /. 380 ,Duke <•/ Burgnn 59 ib. 272 ib. 436 407 S9S 385 230 409 432 93 93 ib. ib. 92 93 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. 28 378 ib. ib. 212 378 2, 373 212 392 233 dy 237, 580 -, Glanville 237, 396 369 237,380 369 237 I. greasy I. -, Heath -, high ircti'/i 237,416 L 380 Flat budy ,commoni31 ,ii3' ,pearlybord, 237,396 103 104 ib. 103 ib. 104 131 ib. 470 Gasteropliiliis Equi, (J] method of dejjo- siting its egzs 39 GASTEROPHILUS Equi 302, 437 Hemorrlioidalis 437 viterinus 428 GASTROPACIIA Piinis 413 quercifolia 247, 418 /. 382 Gale-keeper, b. 2^0 (J EH I A Deitaura 94 Geiieia founded on a consideration of every clKir;ictcr 45 of Liinie 47 syn p- tica! view of llio ■ why s;ivf n of plants com- 73 45 pared with Insects 46 — — , Spence's ob- servations on the npcrssitv of new ib. GEOMETRA abhrcviata abictaiia Absinthiata adustata advenaiia ^scuiaria albicillata albulata Alcheinillata AIniaria amaturia angulaiia angiistata apriciaria apteria arenosaria Atouiaria aversata badiata berberata biangulata bidentaria bilincata bimaculata bipunctaria brumaria 405 3(13 405 404, 434 404 S63 404 434 405 43+1 4'^ 3 434 435 42:> 444 383 405 423,441 37i 405 40(i 371, 404 405 384 424 359, 443 INDEX. EOME'I'RA GEOMETRA caesiata 360 fujiginaria 404 candidulata 384 fulvata 422 carbonaria 406 fuinaria 371 carpiniaria 441 fuscD-undata 423 Centaureata 405 Gaiiata 405 centum- notata 348 ,435 gilvaria 433 cervinata 371 glareaiia 406 Chxrophyliata 406 Grossulariata 424 Cheriopodaria 404, 435 hastata 404 citraria 424 heparata 405 clathrata 384 423 hexapterata 406 clavaria 442 illunaria 371 comnia-notata 384,435 coniitata 423 fongeneraria 37 ) connectaria 442 consigiiata 423 consobriiiaria 403 consonaria 384 consortaria 403 convcrsaria 433 costa^trigala 423 costovata 384 Crat£egaria37 1,406,434 Crepuseuiaria 424 dealbata 404 decolorata 406 defoliaiia 442 degenerata 434 dentistrigata 371 derivata 405 destrigaria 423 didymaiia 423 diintata 434, 443 dimidiata 434 ditaria 423 dolabraria 253, 403 dubitata 534,435 diiplicata 405 elatata 424 elinguaria 434 clongata 385 emarginata 423 ericetaria 44 ! erosaria 441 Euphorbiata 385 extensaria 424 fasciaria 404 favillaciaria 405 ferrugaria 383 fimbriata 434 flps-lactata 384 fluctuata . 384 illustraria 383, 38 J,406 imitaria 424 ininianafa ib. iinmuiata 423 iniplicaria 404 impiuviata 405 initqiiaria 406 incaiiata 434 incumpletaria 444 inornata 423 insulata 371, 385 Juliaria 424 Juiiiperata 441 laotata 384 laevigata 435 leiicophearia 360 Liciienaria 424 lignata 434 limbaria 423 linariata 406 linearia 404 lineoiata 405 liiurata 434 lividata 405 luctuaria 363 lunaria 253, 404 luteata 384 macuiata ib. margaritaria 422 marginata 385, 423 marmorata 424 miata 441 multistrigata 363 munitata 405 nassata ib. nigricaria 360 notata 385 ocellaria 383, 435 oceliata 405,434 olivaria 434 oinicronaria 383, 455 INDEX. 471 rjEOMETRA orbicularia osseata })alu(lata pantaria Papilionaria peudularia 383, pennaria perfuscata petrata Pinaiia plagiata pluinbaria pliimbeolata Popiilata prasinaria prsenotata primaria 359, procellata propugnata prosapiaria Prunaria prunata psittacata pnllaria ptilveraria punctaria 383, punctata punctularia pusai'ia pusillata putataria P^'raliata quadiimaculata quadrif'asciaria Quercinaria remutata repandaria respersaria lectangulata retata Rhamnata rhnmboidavia rivulata Roboraria roseidaria rotundaiia rubiadata rubiginata 404, rufata rufifasciata rnptala rusticata Salicaria SEOMETRA 404 sambucaria 405 sexaiisata 494 simulata 405, ib. singulaiiata 422 sinuata 435 spaitiata 445 spinaciata 384 striaria ib. strictaria 404 strigilata 441 suberaria 404 subfulvata 385 subfuscata 422 sublactata 424 subsericeata 384 subtristata 385, 360 subroseata 424 succenturiata ib. suffnmata 442 sylvata 403 sylvaticata 434 Syringaria 443 tersata 434 testata 404 Thy mi aria 435) Tiiiaria 405 trepidaria 384. trigeminata 383 trigonata 3851 trimaculata 385 ulmata 405 iinangulata 371 undulata 423 unidentaria 404, 434 luiifasciata 441 unilobata 403 V. all a 404 V. nigraria 406 vai'ieta 385 Vauaria 384 venosata 422 vernavia 405 vetulata 403 viretata 406 viridaria 383 virgulata 422 vital bata 434 Volutaria 384 vulgata 363 Geophiiida». (Fam.) 406 GEOPHILUS 406 acuaiinatus 116, 385 carpophagus 116, 37-2 M6, 358 358 116,358 189 362 362 562 189, 362 368 224, 569 3G9 223 GEOPHILUS 424 electricus 434 longicornis 441 maritimus 406 subterianeus 422 Geotrupidae (Fam.) 443 Geotrupini, Latr. 405 GEOTRUPES 383 niger 363 politus 423 puncticollis 403 stercorariu;i 434 syivaticus 385 vernalis 384GERR1S 423 paludum 434 *vagabuiidus 423G1BBIUM 423 Scotias 37 1 sulcatus 384 Gipsy Moth 423 Glasa, Hub. 424 Glasses, method of 384 computing the ib. magnifying power 404 of convex 524 434 GlomeridsE (Fam.) 113 404GLOMERI3 385 *borde 434 marginata 406 Glossata, Fair. 404 GUnc worm 424 Gnaphosa, Latr 406 Gnat 433 Goat Moth 434 Gold Fringe AOoGold Spangle i23Gold spot Moth ISO, 367 367 247,431 252 424. /. and p 113 113, 358 220 55, 163 123 71 246, 397 427 403 250,433 422 422GOMPHOCERIJS 404 rufus 219,458 405 GOMPHUS 383 vulgatissimus 258, 410 4G6GONEPTERYX 371 Rhamni 236,395,429 404GONOPLAX 423, bispinosa 87 384|GONYPES 424! tipulaides 295, 428 405 Goose-egg Moth 254, 385, IIG 435 iGORTYNA, Och. 252 GoSGORYTES 428; quinquecinctus 276 472 INDEX. Gothic Moth 401 , feathered 420 , bordered 4'2() GRAPHIPHORA, Hiib. Grass wave, m. larger 406 , lesser 404 Grayling, b. 417 Grease from insects, method of remov- ing 3120 Green,black-sprigged 435, 441 , bordered 40T , brindled 270, 442 ,Jrosled 231, 370, 401 , marbled 251, 401 ■ , Pea ■ , scahj -, tri-colouied 425 435 441 407 436 441 384 570 Green-shaded Grey, blotch-back-d — , bordered ■ , brindled , early — — — , mottled ^o3, 436 ■ , ■poplar 382 , shori-barred 436 , smoky 408 — — , yellow-st'gmaed 572 GryliiJx (Fam.) 218 GrylliJes, Latr. 217 GRYLLOI'ALPA ■vulgaris , 217,36!:* Gryllus campestris 218 flavipes 5' Cryilotalpa 217 nifiis 219 subulatus 2U' viridissiiiuis 21 8 GRVPHUS, Germ. 204 Gula, thi Throat 31 GYMNOSOMA rotundata 301, 48h Gyrinidte (Fam.) l5'J GYRINUS seneus 36.' elongatus 37; marinus ib miniitus ih •Moderii 159 Natator 49, 159, 361 GYRINUS villosus 159, 373 Gyrodroma, Klug ■ 284 Habitats of Insects 347 liADV.l^ A, Schank 251 H^,MATOL^INUS Suiii 14:' h.*;matopota pluvialis 293, 414, 428 Hair for the raicioscope 333 Hair-streak, black'l\ 1,41 I. 417 brown 241,433 I. 596 -, green l. -, purple I. 241, 381 417 241 417 396 365 157, 373 157, 365 ib. jb. ib. ib. ib. IIALIPLUS as.similis elevattis ferrngineus navicollis impressns lineatocoliis olili(]inis nifi. Hebrew character m. 370 setaceous 402 Hedges, insects how collected from 312 HEDYCHRUM auratiim 272, 412 412 274 25: 251 287 252 152 regmm Hrllus sexpunctatus Heliocentis, Hiib. Ilel'ophila, Hub. Heliophila, KLug HELIOTHIS, Och. Helobiiini, Leach HELODES Phellandrii 213,379 violacea 379 362 ib 186, 362 186, 360 194,390 3G2 Hemerobiada (Fam.) 260 Ikmerobini, Latr. 260 Hemcrobius, Linn. 66 HEMEROBIUS affinis Beckwithii decubsatus irroratiis lutescens nemoralis nervosus obscurus *Perla Pini punctatus variesraius 410 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. 260 410 ib. 260, 410 tiemiptera, Z.iw?ze 61,217, 219 , characters of the order 1 39 , classification of the 220 , method of ar- ranging: 322 .method of pre- serving and set- ting 319 lienops, lllig. 296 Uena, Geaf. 225 HEPIALUS Angulnm 397 fuscus 381 Hectus 245, 397 Hiimuli ib. ib. lupuiiniis 431 I\Iappa 245, 397 ncbulosus 381 obiiquus ib. Ilerald-mi-lh 371, 43" HERIADES campannlarum 42K truncorurn 2"'4i HERMINIA acliatalis A06 albistrigalis 424 angustalis ib. barbalis 385, 424 Bombycalis 425 colonalis 407 crassalis 406 derivialis 407 diniidiatus 4.S5 fiamealis 406 nemoralis 407 obscuralis ib. pingninalis 424 proboicidalis 253, 40G, 435 rostrolis 406 Salicalis 407 socia ib. tarsicrinalis ib. vittalis 385, 406 HESPERIA Comma 242, 430 l.inea 242, 417 Malvse 242, 381 Paniscus 243, 381 Sylvanus242, 38], 417 Tages 242, 381 Hesperids (Fam.) 242 Hesperides, Latr. ib. HEl'EROCERUS marginatus 185, 367 Heteromera (Sect.) 192 iHetoropoda, Latr. 127 Highflyer M. July 424 , May 405 , yelLvJV- striped 423 HIPPARCHIA /Egeria 241, 369, 396, 430 , /. 363,381, 396 blandina 240, 396 Davns 396 Galathea 240, 417 Hyperanthus 240, S96 Janira ib. ib. IMegasra 240, 417, 430 , /. 381,4^0 Pamphilus 240, 596, 43S , /. 3S 1 , 430 Pilosella 240, 396, 417 Polydama 396 Semeie 241,417 474 INDEX, HIPPARCHIA Tvphoii 39C HIPPARCHUS papilionarius 253 prunatus ib. UIPPOBOSCA *aviciilaria 303 equina 72.302,415 •Hiiundinis 303 *ovina ib *vesperti!ionis 304 H'ppoboscida; (Fam.) 302 HIPPOLYTE varians 97 Hispa mutica 53, 193 Ills PER aneus 389 2-inacuIatus ib, *bipusti!latus 184 cailaveiinus 375 caibonarius 3G7 depressus 1 85 12-stiiatus 375 *flavicoinis 184 neglect us 367 nitidulus 184,389 parvus 184, 367 ♦picipes 184 *punctatus ib. purpurascens 184, 367 *4-maculalus 184 4-notatns 367 *semipunctatus 49, 184 sinuatus 184, 367 speculifer 375 stercorarius 367 iinicolor l84, 375 virescens 389 Histerida; (Fam.) 183 Holly Tortrix, large 436 Holmian Tortrix ib. Honey-moth ib. Honey-comb Moth ib. Honk, silver 252, 403 Hooktip M. heautifuL 435 , bordered 385 , oak 425 , febhle 254, 407 , scolloped 254, 385, 441 Hock-tipped, great 407 HOPLIA pulverulenta 191,389 lloplitus, Clair. 157 IJornet Sphvr 24 Hornet Sphinx, I. 381 , bee 245 , lunar 417, 442 Hornet IFasp 69, 280 Howard's obscrvalions on tlie pollen of plants 335 Huber's experiments on the antenna: of i]ueen bees 23 Hummmg-bird H. M. 244, 397,431, 438 , I. 397 HYAS araneus 89 HYDATICU.S Hybncri 159, 388 - stagnalis 3SS transversalis 3G5 Hvdrachna, Fabr. 157 HYDRACHNA geograpliica 133, 364 Hvdrachnada; (Fam.) 133 HYDR.«NA Kuu:ellani 186,375 HYDRO 13 lUS atricapillus 368 b'pustiilatus ib. calconotus ib. fulvns ib. fuscipes 187, 367, griseus 368 marginellus melanocephalus ib. 187, 368 368 ib. ib ib. mmutus orbicularis seminulus torijuatus HYDROCHUS brevis 375 cicindeloides 186 crenatus 375 elongatus 367 Hydrocorisia?, Latr. 225 HydroniPtidae (Fam.) 224 HYDROMETRA *paludum 224 *rivulorum ib. stagnorum 224, 380 Hydrophilida; (Fam.) 186 hVdrophilus caraboides 58, 187,360 *cicindeloides 186 *impressiis ib HYDKOPHILUS *longipaJpus 186 *niti'^dns 187 *piceus 58 *sordiilus 186 *stagnalis ib. HY^DROPORUS coiiflucns l58, 361 depressus ib. dorsalis 388 12-pustulatus 158, 361 flavipes 388 flexuosns 373 fluviatilis 365 grauularis 361 luuneralis 366 linnellus 861 lituratus 365 meianoceplialus 388 planus SG5 trifulus 361 unistriattis 365 HYDROUS piceus 187, 359 Hygrubia, Latr. 157 HYL.^US annulatus 427 dilatatus ib. florisomnus 284 quadri-cinctus 282 signatus 427 HYLESINUS crenatus 206, 391 ♦Scolytus 206 varius 373 HYLOTOMA *Angelicse Berberidis cxruiea cserulescens enodis femoral is furcata Klugii pagana pilicornis Rosa? segmentaria Stephensii u.slulata violacea HYLTIRGUS ater 264, 264, 411 4U ib. ib. ib. ib. 264 411 411 411 411 ib. ib. ib. ib. 591 INDEX. 475 HYLURGUS niger obscurus Piniperda 20; Hymetiopteia, Lhinc Hycuenoptera, Rossi 2S8 , character of [NO t Incomplete moth [iiflata, Latr. 296 Inflating caterpillars, method of 31 B Ingraited moih, Li'ge 56") , small the Order 193 , classification of the 2o'2 . , method of ar- ranging S'll , method of pre- serving 3'2 HYPERA^Germar 205 Statices . 245, 397 nsecta Ainetabolia 1"S, 444 IPS 4-pustiilatus *Scolytiis * I'ypographe * I'yiJograpluis Irim, clouded ISSUS coleoptratns Iiilidaj (Fam.) 424 ITO, 43S 206 2<):) ib. 425 230, 38(1 114 140.lliLUS HYPHYDRUS ovatus 157, Hypogymna, Hub JiERA" albifrons JANIRA maculosa Jansen, the first in- venter of the mi- croscope 323 January, Calandarfor 35S -, employment for 3 14 358 346 110 ib. 105 Japan moths Jaspidia, Hub, J ASS A pulchella lASSUS interruptus Lanio 231, viridis ICHNEUMON, Lin7ie 67,! 27 ij *Jaculator 268' Manifestator 68 Ichneumon manifes- tator, Mr. Mar- sham's observa- tions on 25 Ichneumonida?(Fam.)26S Ichneumonides, Latr, 26S I DOTE A *aqnatica *hectica pelagica Idoteadtp (Fam.) INACHUS Dorsettensis *Maja ♦Scorpio InsectaMotabolia 138,142 Insects, the most ex- tensive of ihe ani- mal kingdom 17 ■, instructed by na- ture in disposing their uggs 3S -, economy of lb. -, mould on, bow removed 311 -, method of col- lecting 312 -, how found in moss 314 -, method of pre serving 31 S -, method of relax- ing • 321 -, exotic speci- . mens, why reject- ed 522 — , method of arrang 3S(' ing in a Cabinet ib. 3S(;1 , nature's favour- 380| ite productions 329 - for the micro- scope . ib -, Kirby, observa- tions on the beau- ty of ib -, Swammerdam's method of dissect- 249 250 *complanatus 115 Londinensis 558 niger ib. *.>ni?coides li3 *polydesmoides 114 pulchellus 358 punctatus ib. ]>usillus ib. sabulosus 1 14, 35s lerrestris 35^. July, Calendar for 4l5 , employment for 315 IXODES Ricinus 132, 372 Ixodiada^ (Fam.) 1^2 Kent.sh GLry. vi. 247,570 , /. 39S Kidney moth, double 251, 370 — , I. 40ii Kirby's remarks on the antennaj of the long-horned bees 24 observations on fiirniing a Sy^tem 45 — observations on the beauty of in- sects 329 Kitten n.oth 248, 418 ing -, parts of for the microscope Journal, use of a nO'Ips, Oliv. U)7|IPS 1061 *cellaris ferruginea *humerali8 *obiongus * Piniperda 4-maculatus ib. 89 90 ib.l 331 332 32:- 2oe 16? 374 20 h 20.- 371 , /. Knol-g'ass vioth , commtjii , b^ht , scarce 439 383 250 400 ib. Knut-hirn, dilted 407 ,double-slriped rfd^21 , mealy 41 0 216, 379 LAI' I A minur LABI DURA giganlea 217,395 Labrum 28 iLACCOI'HILTTS I hyalinus 158, 361 476 iNDrx. LACCOPHILUS minutus 158, 3G1 Lackey, barred tree 43 1 1. , ground Lady Bird or Lady Cow LAGREA hirta LAMIA a'dilis hispida minnta r.el)ulosa nubila oculata pilosa populnea praeusta scalaris Sutor Tex tor 398 431 52, '215 215 196, 375 209, 391 392 369 209, 392 592 209, 392 392 592 ill. ill. 4l6 209, 392 LASIOCAMPA )ieiistria Quercus 247, 59£ 38': 28^ 27r Lamp for microscope, the best 32G LAMPRIAS fhlorocephala 155,375 cyanucepliala 155, 387 LAMPYRIS noctiliica, 5&, 163,388 *pusilla 163 bplendidiila 5b Lanes, insects how col- 26 369, 42^; 21)7 429 207, 36'- 369, 42S^ 369 369, 429 Jectcd ill LaothiJe, Fabr. LAPHRIA Lappet moth , I. , Pine 312 243 294 247,418 382 418 LARLA i'ascelina , /. pndibunda LARRA ichneumouiformis 247, 418 382 247, 59S 'Si I, 413 276 276 106 Larrada^ (Fam.) Larrata^, Latr. LA RUN DA, Cell Larva, or Caterpillar 40, 549 LASIOCAMPA castrensa 451 Cratffigi I. 382, 438 Rubi Trirolii Lasis jjilipes Lasius, Fabr. Latreillc's opinion on the use of tiie an- teninu LATRIDIUS impres-.us •minutus nigricoJiis porcatus rulicollis riigicollis transversus LAIHROBIUM dentatum 36( elonpatum 172, 36C quadratum 36t Leach's Genera found- ed on a considera- tion of every cha- racter 45 Liad Tvrtrix, clouded 360 [.Kill A *atricapilla 156 Crux-ininor 155,- 387, 429 *4-macii];ita 155 Lechean TuTlrix 407 lkd:;a aurata 231,394 Leuwenhoek's obser- vations on the eyes of the Libel- lula Legs, Pedes Lehmann's expcii- ments on tlie an tennre of insects LEIOIDF.S Lema mcrdigera 211 398, 431 Lemur, Hiib. 251 247,41!^ Leopaidmoth,u-o:d 246, /. 39P 418 Lepidoptera, Linn. 64 Lepidoptera, charac- ter of the order 139 , classification of the order 234 , method of mottling fur 315 , metiiod of pre- serving and set- ting 319 , method of ar- ranging S22 LEI'ISMA polypoda ] 40 saccharina 140, 364 Lepismadae, (Fam.) 140 Leptis, Fabr. 293 Leptuccrida:, (Fam.) 25 G LEPTOCERUS interruptus 256, 386 Leptogaster, Meig. 295 Lejjtosoma, Leach 202 LEPTURA 21 33 23 aflinis apicalis attenuata aurulenta collaris elongata femorata * Inquisitor, Linn, -, Latr, iuimeralis pi CO a polita ruficollis LEISTUS bruiineus S89 194,389 389 390 364 392 416 392 ib. ib. 210, 392 S92 211 210 392 ib. ib. ib. 211 392 55 caruleus 147, 573, 438 Raulinsii 373,438 rufescens lavis livida melanura mcridiana *micans nigra Nymph aeae quadrifasciata 55,210, 411 revestita 392 rnfiventris ib. sanguinolenta ib. sexguttata ib. 6-macuiata ib. ♦simplex 211 Leptiiradae, (Fam.^ 210 204 36^ I LEPYKUS, Germ. lESTES autumnalis 259, 437 spon?a 41 1- LESTIVA caiaboiJes 367 obsciira ST. I piincta'.p.ta 175 Letter I molh 439 Letter, red 372 LEUCANIA, Or/i. 251 Leucosindae, (Fam.) 91 LEUCOTHOE articiilosa lOS LIBELLULA *ijoltonii 2jS conspiircata 3S6 cancel lata 410 depressa 2j7, 3S(- Donovani 427 *forcipata 23S *grandis ib 4-ir)aculata 65, 386 scotica 410 vulgata ib •viilgatissima 258 Libellula, number of ej-es iii the 21 Libelluiida?, (Fam.) 257 LibelliiliniB, Lai'-. ib. Light for the micro- scope r " HGIA IXPEX. LTMNORIA terebrans 109 Limonia, Me!^'. 291 Line moth, r!oiL\e 25 1 r.mp^ua, (lie Tongue 29,3±9 Linnean System of animals 23 System of Eiito mology not origi nal System, observa tions on the 477 Linne's Order of In- sects LiiineanGenera,svnop - tical view of the 73 Lip, upper 28 LIPARIS dispar 240, 431 Monacha240, 597, 431 I. oceanica 11! "Scopufornm ib LigiadiE, (Fam.) ib Lignla 28 LIMENITIS Camilla 240, 396,417 LLMNEBIUS mollis 368 nigrinus ib. nitidus 187, 368 LIMNEPHILUS echinatus 336 griseus ib nervosus ib. radiatus ib rhombicus 257, 386 Striola 386 LLMNIUS Volkmari ) 85, 375 LIMNOCHARES holosericea 133,327 LIPARTS JEc'idn Anglicanus asper Coryli elevatus Germnnus Ligustici marilimns maurus niger obesus ovatus piceus pilosulus punctalns raucus scabriculus scabrosus setosus sexslriatiis squamiger subglobosus subrotundus sulcatus Vastator Vau Liris, Fabr. LITHOBIUS forficatus 397 391 377 S69 377 ib 203, 39 ! 377 391 ib 377 ib. ib. S91( ib.i 377 ib. 391 377 39 1 369 ib. 377 391 377 369 377 276 LITIIODES *arctica 90 Maja 0(j LITHOSIA aurantia 399 complana 249, 431 eborina 41S flava 431 grammjcus 442 griseola 431 irrorea 418 luterella 431 pulchella 439 quadra 249,399 rubricollis 418 LIVIA Jiincorum 232, 394 LIXUS paraplecticiis 202,416 productus 429 Lizards, scales of, for the microscope 333 Lobster, common 95 Lobster moth 247, 393 , I. 431 LOCUSTA flavipes 429 migratoria 213 *viridissima ib. LocHSteriae, Lair. 2 1 8 Locustidae, (Fam.) 218 Lnejiingian Turlrix 374 L'^g-an Tortrix 407 115, 358 variegatus 358 vidgaris ib LithodiadsB; (Fam.) 90iZ,oiifr'j Knot LO.V1ECHUSA dentata 177, 375 emareinata ib. ib. L'j)7g- Cloak Tortrix, , birch 436 , common 408 , lesser 407 , marbled 385 Lung-h^j-nied 436 Locper, drab 385 LOPHYRUS Pini 267, 412 rufus 413 LORICERA tenea Loj.se, b'tdy ; crab ■, head -, iDficd 150, 365 143 ib. IT' IH ib. 421 47S I.M)£S. LOXOCERA Ichncunionia 'J99, 41Ji LiiCrtnidaa (Fam ) li;'2 Liii-anides, Lair. ib. LUCANUS Cervus 19-', S8« *cyliii'lricns 191 paialltlipippdiis 4s Lundian Tortrix 4l)'7 LUPEPa;s *cisteloicles Ifis tlavipes 212,37^ rufipes 378 Li lestnng moth, lesser ^0^2 , Poplar ib LYC/ENA Adonis 241,581,430 Alsus 242, 381,417 Argiolus 242, 3S1, 43(i Argus 242, 417 -, I. 370 . Avion 417 Artaxerxes 242,417 Chryseis 241,43') • Corj^doti 241,417 Cymoii 242,381,417 dispar 241, 417 Doryliis 242,381, 417, 430 , I. 37( Idas 242,381,41- J /. 370, 396 Phlaeas 241, 370, 39ii 430 Virgaurefe 241, 430 Li/ch7iis moth 401 LYCOPEKDIXA LYG.ELS riyoscyami microptenis nucax LYR()PS tricolor Lytta fuse a vesicatoia 277, 413 197 59, 198 MALTllINUS 594| humeralis 374 ib.l immunis 374 ib. MAMESTRIA, O./i. 231 iMantWhu]^, Mandibles 28 Machilis polypoda 140 Macrocephalus lutiros tris scabrosus Macrocbira, Meig. Macrogloi>a, 0(h. MACROGLOSSUM Stellatarum 244, 370, 438 I 363, 397, 451 Maniola, S^hrflnk 240 Manlle moth, rvyal 422 Map'.f Tnrtrix 407 Marble Turlrix, barred 425 , hoi.ked 407 , retiise 425 240 244 MACROPI.EA. Uoff.'lW MACROPODIA Plialanginin 91 *longirostris Ul Macropodiadae,(Fam.) 90 .Macropns ib, longirostris 91 Scoipie 90 Macnnua, (Order) 91 M^RA grossimana 103 MAGDALIS, Germ. 204 Magpie molh,common1b3, 424 , scarce 199 2iiO|M<2r;.;fd B. 3'JO Marbled Tortrix, large \1b March mo!h 363 March, Calandar for 360 , employment for 3 1 4 Marsham's observa- tions on the Ich- neumon Manifes- tator 'Jo Marshes near London 515 Marvel du Jcur m. 370, 442 .scarce 385 small Materials of insects, an object of traflic 19 Maxillae 28, 350 May, Calendar for 572 , employment for 315 Meadows, insects found in 313 427 59 284 Meal moth 253, 404lMeal worms Bo vista: 216,369 *immaculata 216 LYCOSA saccata 1'29, 415 LYCTUS ■*canaliculatus 208 *histeroides 206 *JuglaDdis 207 oblongus 208, 569 LYCUS minutus 163,388 LYDA Betulae 267, 412 erythrocepha a 267,412 nemornm 412 LYG.EUS apterus 222,416 Mahogany, the 251, 570 Maiden sBiush 7n.383,455 MAJA *Scorpio 90 Sqiiinado 89 *letiaodon 88 •vulgaris 90 Maiadz, (Fam.) 88 MALACHIIS asnens 165, 574 biguttatus 374 fasciatus 388 rnficollis ib. sanguinolentus ib. Malacostraca, charac- ter of the 78, 82 Mallou'-rnoth 442 , small 404, 433 426'Megachile, Lair. MEGACHILE centuncularis 285, 437 386 442 423 428 100 '261 MALTHINUS fiavus 164, 374 circumcmcta ligniseca maritima Willughbiella MEG A LOP A Megaloptera, Lair. MEG ATOM A *nigra 182 *picea 195 *undulata 182 undatHtTi 182, 362 Megiila, Fair, 283 pilipes 287 rolundata ib. Melalopha, Hiib. 247 MELAxN'DRYA caraboides 195,362,375 *serrata 195 INDEX. 479 IMELASIS flabpllicornis MF.LRCTA punctata MELITA palmata MELIT/EA Artemis 1G0,415 286, 364 103 I. MEMBRACIS Genistte M RSSA hortulana Metamorphosis of In- 438 264, 41 Cinxia I. 369 Dictynna 257, 380 Euphrosyne 237, 396 Lucina 237, 380 Silene 237,416 Melilta * a. Kirhj 280 ** a. Kir by " 282 ** b. Kirby ib. ** C. Kirly 281 Melitta nigro aenca ib. tricincta 282 succiiicta 280 SwammerJamella 281 Mellinus, Fahr. 276 MELLINUS mvstaceus 278,413 MELOE autumnalis 438 brevicollis 369 cieatrosus 376 glabratus 438 *monoceros 196 proscarabajus 60, 369 tc-ctus 590 variegatus 376 *vesicatorius 198 violaceus 369 MELOLONTHA brunneiis 375 ♦Frischii 191 FuUo ssg solstitialis ib. vulgaris 191, 375 Melolonthida3,(Fam.) 1S9 MELOPHAGUS ovinus 303,387 Melopbila,M(:. 303 Melj'andryada;, (Fam.) 195 Melyridse, (Fam.) 164 Melyris ater 164 MEM BRAG IS spcts 550 Method of collecting 80 Insects 312 369 Metopius, Panz. 269 237, 396iviEZlUM, Z,?flr;i 180 Microdon, Meig. 297 MICROPEPLUS Mitte de la gule 133 vegetative ib. Mitlerbachian Turlrix 407 Mocha molh , birch , dingy , false 383, 435 383,435 404 383, 435 porcatus 171, 574 staphylinoides 374 Microscope, aquatic Insects for the, how obtained 313 — , history of the 323 — , directions for the ib — , method of 299, 387 392 210, 392 MOCILLUS cellarius MOLO FICHUS dimidiatus major *Umbellatarum 210 MolUisca, anatomical character of the Monoculus conchacei'.s Pulex quadriconiis rostratus MONOTOMA Jiiglandis 7j 80 ib. ib. 81 100 using 326^^Q^^^jgLLA — — s, Swammer- dam's 331 , parts of Insects for the 332 MILESIA annulata *Conopsea pipiens Millipede Miller moth 583, 439 Minerals defined 20 for the micro- ,^,mORMO, Och. 207,359 298,415 297 387 scope Minor, molh cloaked , flounced ——, least , via-: bled , middle-barred , plain red rosy , taicny-marlled Minute Insects, how secured MIR IS vagans 222, 394 abdominalis 576 aculeata 197, 376 bicolor ' 576 *Bo!eti • 195 fasciata GO, 197, 590 ferrugiaea 576 ♦frontalis 197 *parado.\a ib. *picea 168 Mordeliadffi, (Fam.) 197 Mordellanae, Latr, ib. 251 '•''^' Morpion, Geoff. 142 Moss, Insects how fouud in 314 Mothing, method of 515 Molher-of-pearl 426 Mould on Insects, how removed 3 1 1 Mountain moth, black 404 Mourner, rustic 433 Mouse molh 251, 459 Mouth of Insects 27 420 ib. 455 420 ib. 459 4.20 ib. 09 Corn ut US 231 394 MISELIA, Hill: Miscus, J \rxne M'snmena, Latr. Mittc, aquatiqne, tinee a rebord 251 275 127 133 132 Mulio, Schell. 299 Mullein moth 562, 419 IMUSCA *arcuata 29-7 Cssar 387 domestica 372 *hemiptera 300 *inanis 71 480 MUSCA Miridiana 3S7 vomitoiia 300, 37'2 Muscidae, (Fam.) 299 Muscides, Lair. ill, , 1. Latr. 301 Muslin m. 24S, 3S2, 43'2 , brown 399 , round-ivinged 4 1 8 Ulusqueloe 7 1 MUl'ILT.A Europxa 70,273,412 Mutilladx 273 Mutillariae, Lair. 273 Mvcetophagids, (Fam.) 207 MYCETOPHAGUS atomarius multipunctalus quadripustiilatiis rufus f5imilis nndulatus varius MydasidsE, (Fam.) Mydasii, Lair. Mylabris, Schaff. ., Geof. 429 416 207, 391 429 ib 442 362 294 ib. 198 200 3,394,438 MYODOCHA tipuloides 22^, MYOPA dorsalis 298, SS7 picta 4 1 5 Myriapoda, (Class) 112 ■ , method of preserving 317 MYKM9SA melanocephala 273,412 MYCTERUS curculionides 199, 390 *a;riseus 199 MYL.^CHUS brunneus 1(9, 366 MYTHIMNA, Oc/i. 251 NYSIS *bipes 100 integra ib. Fpiiiulosa 99 bideutata 108 NAUCORIS oiinicoidfS 225, 362 NEBALI.A,lIerb?tii 100 Nebaliads, (Fam.) 100 NF.BRIA brevicollis 147,361 complanata 146, 373 Gyllenbali 147,364 livida 147 NECROBIA ruficollis 166, 374 rniipes 443 violacea 374 NECRODES littoralis 166,374 NECROPHAGUS Anglicanus 374 Germanicus ib. humator ib. mortuorum 56 1 spinipes 166, 374 Vespillo ib. ib. vcstigator Z(^3 N'ecydalis coeruleaj5,l 98 major 2 1 0 Neides tipulariiis 222 Nemophora, Hnff. 249 Nemapo2on, Schran. ib. NEMATUS lucid us 266,412 luteiis ib. ib. niger ib. ib. *Septentrionalis 266 NKMOl'ELUS uligiiiosus 292, 387 NEPA cinerea 61,225,359 ■♦linearis 225 Nepada',, (Fam.) ib. NEPHROPS Norvegicus 9() Net 307 Net, boop 308 Nellklap Tortrix, Au- tumn 442 ., early 364 , Millers 441 Nellie Tortrix, larred SS5 Neuroptera, Linne 65 , character of the Order 139 , classification of the 257 , method of pre- serving 321 , method of ar- ranging 322 Nirmid£r,(Fam.) 142 Nirinnmyia, NUz. 302 NIRMU.S Cornicis 143 NITIDULA a;nea 374 bipustiilata 170, 374 Buleti 389 10-guttata ib. depressa ib. discoidea 31, 170 erytbropa 374 fidva 389 giisea 389, 443 marginata 389 nigrina 374 obsciira 389 obsolcta ib.. nifipes 374 Urticx ib. NOCTUA Absinthii 252,419 Aceris 40O Achates ib. Ad vena 400,419 rcnea 433 aethiops 401 affinis 252, 422 albilinea 403, 421 aibirena 399 A!ni 400 angulago ., 421 angusta 370 approximans 441 Aprilina 370, 442 Arbuti 383 arcuosa 4u3 argentina 419 Artemisiaj 252 Arnndinis 25 1 Asclepiades 252,422 Asteris 4l9 atomina 400, 4l9 Atriplicis 251,401,439 Augur 251, 421 aurago 433 auricoma 40O auricula 433 baja ib. basilinea 251,401 Batis 250,251,402,422 bilinea 402 biloba 420 bimaculata 376 INDEX. 481 NOCTUA NOCTUA NOCTUA blanJa 420 Exclamationis 402 Ligustri 250, 400 l>ractca 403 exoleta252,38 2,419,442 lineola 440 Brassicx 400 ,419,432 fasciuncula 420 lineolata 421 brunnea 433 ferrea 440 literosa 420 C. nigrum 402 ferruginago 383 lithoxylea 419 camelina 250 festiva 421 litura 440 capsincola 401 festucae 250, 422, 433 Lota ib. cataenata 402 fimbria 250, 399, 432 Luc-if'jga 419 catsena 439 fissina 370 lucipara 401 centrago 402 flavago 252, 440i luctnosa 403 Cerasi 571 flavicornis 402 higcns 4r.3 chamomlllse 419 flavilinea 444 lunato-strigata 432 Chenopodii 251,401 flavocincta 251, 439 , lunina 420 Chi 251,432 Huctuosa 402 lunosa 440 chrysites 250, 403 Fraxini 422 lusoria 433 circumflexa 403 fulvago 440 Liiteago 252 citrago 453 fuliginosa 419 niacilenta 446 citrina 421 fumosa 421 margaritosa 439 clavigera 402 furca 432 majusc'.ila 440 combusta 399 fusca 420, 403 maigaritaria 422 couiina 251, 399 fuscata 370 mirginago 421 compta 251, 400 Gamma 383 marginosa 420 conigera 421 geminata 370 in a lira 251,403 conjuga 422 geminipunctata 439 inegacepbala 382 connexa 402 gilvago 440 Menyanthidis 400 conspic'i Maris 332 giauca 401 meticulosa 250, 383, contigiia 401 glyphica 403 402, 440 coronula 401 > gothica 370 Mi 252, 403 crassa 433 gracilis 422 minima 433 crassicornis 399 graminis 421 miiiiofa 363 croceago 252, 360, 370, grandis 400 monilea 420 40 : grisea 421 Morpheus 251 cubicularis 401 hclvola 440 Wyrtilli 252, 3P9, 418 cucubali 251,420 hepatica 252, 419 nana 371 cypriaca 451 humeralis 420 nebuiosa 370 cytherea 3S2, 432 I. niger 432 nervosa 432 Delphinii 402,422 janthia 250 nigra 401 Dens-canis 419 janthina 432 nigricans 421 deiiticulata 401 ilhistris 403 nigiicornnta 402 dentina ib. infuscata 400 not ha 252, 363 derasa 251,433 interjecta 39P nr.pta 250, 433 diffinis 252, 433 interrogationis 403 obeliscata 421 diiuta 402 Iota ib. obsoletissima 420 dipsacea 252, 422 juncta 371 occulata 419 dives 400 ] LactucsB 419 ochracea 401 duplaris 403 Lambda 442 ochraceago 40?, 440 duplex 400 latruncula 420 oculea 433 egens 420 Iffivis ib. oleracea 383 epomidion 419 ienticovnis 363 operosa 570 Ericae 421 Icporina 383, 439 orbona 250, 432 erythroceplia la ib. leucostigma 401 orichalcea 403 erythrostigma 440 libatrix 571, 433 oxyacanthse 40'f, 439 Euphorbia 40O llchenis 2h 251,401 pallens 419 'iOZ INDEX • NOCTUA NOCTUA NoctuadjB, (Fam.) Noctiiaeiitps, Lair. 250 pallida 371 scrophularia 252, 370 ib. palpina 250 1 399 Noctiio-Bombycites, Papilionaria 422 secaliiia 401 Lair. 248 Parthenias 252, 363 Segetum 251 Nocturna, (Sect.) NOIA 245 pectinata 402 sejadonia 370, 442 perla 251,432 semi-brunnea 419 Persicaiiae 400 seniifuscans 441 paliiolatis 254 phaja 420 Serena 400 NOMA DA picea 421 Sepii 420 alternata 386 Pinastii 252, 399 Sigma 433 Caprea? ib. Pisi 230, 251, 401 similis 400 connexa 413 I. 383 sordida 420, 421' cornipera ib. pistacina 4/^0 spadicea 440 Fabrioiella ib. plebeia 401 S(>arsa 370 ferniginata ib plecta 402, 440 spliajrulatina 440 flava 428 polita 4 40 spinifera 401 flavo-ffutta 413 polj'odon 400 spinula 402 flavt)picta 442 populaiis 420 sponsa 250, 422 ^•oodeniana 386 pracox 25 1 , 383, 432 straminea 422 Hillai)a 428 prsdunciila 420 strigiiis 420 •lacob.xae 437 promissa 422 siibatrata 402 Latlibiniana 428 pronuba 250, 399 siibfusca ib. leucophthalma 386 Psi 250, 400 siibnigra 440 lincola 437 Pteridis 251 siibplumboa 371 Marshamella 386 punctina 4i9 siibrufa 421 picta 442 puiiicea 421 snbsequa 432 quadrinotata 428 pupillata ib. subsetacea 370 rudcornis 286, 428 pusilla SG3 subtusa 251,422 rufiventris 428 putiis 252, 399 suffusa 401 rufo-cincta 413 pygmina 432 sulphurea 403 rufo-picta 428 Pyralina 433 Tanaceti 250,419 Scbaefferella 413 pyraniidea 432 terminaiis 420 schrostoma 428 radia 433 tetra 251, 370, 399 sex-ciijota 413 Eaiiunciilina 419 tetragona 432 Sheppardana ib. rava 432 Tiagopogonus 251,453 Soiidaginis 442 rectilinea 400 Irapetzina 433 varia ib. redacta 420 tri 119 13|,4'28 "tcypoda angulata S7 Ocyi)odaida', (Fam.) 86 Ocvptera, L.atr. 30 1 OCYPTKIIYX Brassicaria 415 larvarum ib. lateralis 301 Mortiiorum 428 puparum 415 OD.^CANTIFA mehinura 156, 387 ODF.NKSIS potaturia 247,418 /. 393 Odonata, Fair. 257 ODONTEUS mobilicornis 189,389 s' ^^ '[Oblique striped Nyctenbidw, (Fam.) 303iQ[jjpr^.ati^,^s o,, the Nymphala, Schrank. 255| Nvmphalis, Latr. 239; Nymphon, Fahr. 3l'6j Nymphonidaj,(Fam.) 306jQpg[|, NYMPHUM iOCHTHEBIUS o-racile 3'U)i marinus Oak moth, scolloped 434: pygma;us '.; II 2 Linnean System 43 — on the Systems r)f Entomology ib. 350 ODONTOCERUS griseas 257, 386 ODDNTOMYIA furcala 292,414 hydroleon 414 microleon 387 tigrina ib. vulpina 4l4 ODYNERlS parieliniii 279, 413 fEDF,MER.\ cffirulea 198, 390 lurida 390 iiigripcs ib. Pod agrarian ib. ruficoUis ib. yiridissima ib. ^Edemirada^ fFam.) 193 (Edemerites, Lair. ib. (Economy of insects 38 (Estridae," (Fam ) 30 1 CESTRUS 375 il). I'ovis * F,(pii t)vis 302, 437 302 70,301, 4!5 484 INDEX, OG CODES gibbosiis 296, 414 OICEOPl'OMA simiata 167, thoracica ib. rugosa Oletere difFoime OligotrDphus, Lair 374 ib. 374 12<2 291 lONIHOPHILUS striatiis 184,367,389 sulcatus 38S OODES helopoides IjO, 36j OP AT RUM ♦asaricola 194 sabulosurn 51, 193, 375 Olive moth '251,422 tibiale 362 OMALIUM OphioiT, Fahr. i>(>9 depressuin 175, 567 OPILIO grossum 375| Histiix 1'20 nielanocej)haliim 175,jOPlLUS 375| mollis 1 66,365,388,443 plamiin 3&0\O range muth 403 rivulare \''i\, '36 \,Ofange-s})ot, double 408 striatum 175, 375 Orang^-^/) B. 236,380 Omaloptera, cbarac- \Ofavge Underwivg m, 252 ters of tbe order 139| 36.; , classification j , Hi^hL lb. ib. of tbe order ^'H Orange Upperwiiig 252, Omoptera, cbaracters | 360,370,402 of tbe order 139 ORCHESIA ■ — , classification micans 268, 427 263 27, 350 428 ib. 285, 364 437 428 437 428 260, of the order Oniscidas, (Fam. ) ONISCUS *albifrons *aquaticus * Armadillo 229 0RCHESTES 111 110 ib. 112 195, 390 203, asellus 111,112,358 ♦bidentatiis, 108 *ceti 106 *Globator 108 ♦gracilis 107 ♦hirsutus ib. ^linearis ib. •Locusta 102 *maculasiis 110; ♦marginatus 113 *murarius 111 *muscorum ib. *ocean«s ib. *sylve>tris ib. *truncatus 108 ONTHOPHAGUS Cccnobita 375 Dillwynii 368 nuchicornis ib. nutans ib. ovatus ib. Vacca 188,368 verticornis 368 Xlpbias ib. Alni 203, 378 atricapillus 378 Avellanae ib. depressus ib ferruginens ib. nigricollis ib. pilosus ib. rbododactylus ib. rufiis ib. salicis ib. ORCHESTIA littorea 102 Orsiva, Och. 246 lORlLilTA geniculata 131, 364 *humeralis 132 Orneodes, Lair. 256 ORNITIIOMYIA avicularia 503, 457 viridis 428 Orthocerus hirticurnisiyS muticus 53 Orthoptera, Larn.arckfi\6 , Latr. 216, 219 , characters of the order 139 , classification of the order 217 Orthoptera, method of preserving and setting 219 Orthoptera, method of arranging 322 ORYSSUS coronatus Vespertilio Os, the mouth OSMI.A bicolor cseruloscens cornuta Leaiana k'ucomelana spinulosa 'I'unensis OSMYLL'S maculatu.> Ostoma, Laich. OURAPTERYX Sainbucaria Oxybelus, Fair. ()XYBKH:S uniglumis OXYCERA llydroleun trilineata OXYPORUS *chrysomelinus *rufipes rufiis ; OXYPTERUM Kirbyanum OXYTELUS angustatns aniiatus carinatus opacus riigosiis scaber Paecilla, Schrank PiEDERUS aiigustatus *elong3tiis immunis mclanocephalus orbiculatus riparius PiELOBlUS Hermanni 157.438 PACHYGASTER, Germ.. 204 Pachygaster, Meig. 292 Paguridje, (Fam.) 91 410 169 253 276 277,413 292, 387 387 176 ib. •74,375 303 367 174,567 174, 361 867 174 ib. 250 367 172 366 ib. 173, 366 ib. ib. INDEX. 485 I' AC; URLS ♦araneiformis 9'2 streblouyx ib. Painted lady B. 258, 4U> L ib. PAL.^iMON serratns PS, 99 *squilla 98 Palsinonida:, (Fam.) 9ti Paliimiida?, (Fam.) PALINURUS vulgaris Pal[)atores, Lair, Palpi '29, 3 j] Panipbiliis, Lair. '267 P.ANAGiElJS Crux-niajoi Peacock, sharp-angled 334 Peatl-horJered 426 — , cinereous 408 — , dingy — , ieaer — , lo' g-winged — , nairoiv ivinged — , sca'ce 4'26 lb. ib. ib. ib Pliala:iin, Geoff. 233 PHAL^NA *Cossus, Linne 246 margaritaria 252 '*Quercus 05 Plialaenidas, (Fam.) 25'2 Phaljenites, Lr.tr. ib. Phalaiigidc-e, (Fam.) 119 Pearhj Un.deriving\39,H0ocidse, (Fam.) PSOCUS bipunctatus Psoquiliae, Latr. PSYCHODA phalaenoides 291, 387, 437 PSYLLA Alni 231, Psyllidae, (Fam.) Pterigostia, or wing bones Pterocera, Meig. Pteronus, Jurine Pterophoiites, Lair. PFEEIOPHORUS bipunctidactylus calodactylus didactylus fuscodactylus galactcdactylus heterodactylus leucadactylus 175 105 208 190 190, 375 178 375 178 575 180 367 179 375 177 PTEROPHORUS lunsedactylus 409 megadactylus ib. mecrodactyliis ib monudactylus ib. paliidactylus ib. 413 261 261 26) 580 231 35 296 267 255 409 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. peutadactylus 255,409 pterodactylus 443 piinctidactylus 409 rhododactylus ib. tesseradactylus ib. tetiadaclyius ib. tiidactyliis ib. triiionodactylus ib. PTl LINUS pectiiiicornis 181,367 Ptilodvntis, Hub. 247 Ptinida; (Fam ) 180 Ptiniores, Litr. 180 PTINL'S *Boleti 206 cereviciae 367 Fur 180,359 germanus 362 imperialis 49, 389 Lichenum 375 Mussornm ib ovatus 367 *pecticornis 181 rufipes 375 *serraticornis 181 *salcatus 180 *tessel]atus 181 *iestaceus 180 PTOMOPHAGUS faniatus 366 *rufescens 168 truncatus 366 villosus 169, 566 Pug moth, beautiful 406 , brown-gray 385 , common 405 , green 406 , g^ay ib. , sniall gray 385 Pug moth, pinion spot- led -, plain -, red-barred -, ivurmwood 423 405 363 423 405 PULEX Canis 359 Hirundious 395 irritans 234, 359 Sciiirus 395 Talpaj ib. Pupa, extent of the vvord 4 1 , of the Lepidop- tera described ib. Pupae of Lepidoptera, liow obtained 308 Pupae in breeding cages, should be kept in an out- house 319 Pupae, method of col- lecting at the ruol of trees 315 Pupa3, method of pre- serving 318 , discrimination of 352 Purple, lesser m. 'J>~2 , bar 405, 454 , barred 433 Purple and Gold 427 , scarce 426 Purple Shades 403 Puss moth 248, 282 , I. 431 Pvcnogonidae, (Fam.) 305 PYCNOGONUM Baicenarum 305 Ceti 106 PYG.ERA Bucephaia 247, 398 I. , Juniper , iead-coloured , Lime speck 4051 , bordered lime I speck 423! , Long-winged 385 1 , mottled 406 j , narrow-winged 435 Pyralidse, (Fam.) 4:35|Pvraiis, Hitb. 385PYRAL1S 439 254 249 capreolatus costalis farinahs glaucinalis pinguinalis unca 427 ib. ib. ib. 255, 427 252 -, netted 405,Pyrau!,ta, Schrank 255 4SS IKDEX. PYKOCHROA coccinea 56, 19(;, 390 rubens 5(), 196, 375 Pyrochroidse, (Fam.) 196 Pyrochroides, Latr. 196 Pyi-opa, llbg. 299 Pyrophihi, Iliib. '251 Quaker math, common 371 , dwarf 363 , pale 371 , p'Avdered 370 , red Lviie 440 , 'imall 371 , yeUdw-line 44-i Queen f5ees, their in- stinct impaired by tlie loss of their antennic ' Quills, their use for minute insects 309 Radiata, anatomical character of the 75 RANATRA Hhinosimus Roboris 199 Riciniis Cornicis RHIPIPHORUS [Ringlet B. paradoxus 197, 429 , small Rhipiptera, charac- | , marsh ters of the order 139jRisophilus, Leach ., classification of nionostigma linearis Ranunculus large — — , small RAI'HiDlA a (fin is Londinensis macnlicollis inegacephala opliinpsis 225, 362 mvlh, 251, 439 41 y 411 ib. ib. ib. 261, 410 Raphidiad;TC, (Fam.) 261 Rbaphidina;, Lair. 261 the order RHYNCH.ENLS Abietis srator Alismatis 391 *Alni 203 atrirostris 391 austriacns 577 brevis 391 crassns ib. ebeneus 390 F.qniseti .377 *F?;rysimi 203 *fusco-maculatus ib. intcrrnptiis 390 Lathbnrii 416 maciilatiis 359 Nereis 391 nigrirostris 369 *Niiciim 203 palustris 390 Pini 202, 390 Piantaginis 590 vesinosus 377 Ruinicis ib *Scrni)hularix 2(13 stramineus 577 subnebtdosus 390 Svsimbrii 391 288«!Jw/ft , drah 3'~0 , middle 377 , sxi^gle barred — , small Red bar, forked Red Undtrwing 433 Rl.DUVIUS personatus 223, 380 Relaxing insects, me- 425lRYNCHn'i:S thod of RiiAtno scolupaceus Rlias:ionidai RIIAGIUM bifasciatum * Indagator 'Inquisitor 321 293, 414 2 931 392] 2111 2io! aneo-vM-ens ffiquatns Alliaria; angustatus Bacchus *I?etulEe BetuhB cupreus cylindricus nanus Populi pubescens 376 ib. ib. 390 201, 376 201 376 ib. 390 376 390 376 143 240 396 ib. 156 405 434 405 434 405 Roots of grass, me- thod of collecting Insects from the 3 1 4 Rose Torlrix 408 Rostrum or Beak 29, .353 Ror gh-7ring 408 RUG HAS, Leach 173 liusset molh Rustic molh, Hack , brown , common , dark , doited — — , lesser dotted , feathered vulgare 2 1 0, 359, 392 Rhynchoph-n-us, Hert.204 RHINGIA JRhynguta, Fabr. 22u rostrata 296, 387 Rhyzophagus Iiiste- RHINOMACER j roides 206 *curculiOni(les 'l99\Ribband-icave 441 atteiaboides 'MO, o9i) ——, false ib. 432 401 420 433 421 420 ib. ib. 401 420 432 ib. 420 ib. ib. ib. 421 433 420 432 427 ib. Salda, Fabr. 225 SalLzi; angle striped 421 , bajred 433 , centre barred 402 , pink barred 440 , bordered 421 , common 440 , dusky 421 , lemon 440 , orange 433 Salpingids', (Fam.) 199 SALPINGUS 4-pustulatu.s 415 -, light -, barred -, flounced -, lesser flounced -, garden -, gray -, mottled -) powdered -, rosy -, 6-slriped ■ , sordid , squa c spot Sable, silver barred , wavy barred Roboris 199,359 INLEK. 489 SALPINGUS rufirostris 359 Salt, its crystallization 337 SALTICUS scenicus 129, 3"'3 *formicarius 13l> sand h ippcr 1 0'2 Sand pits near London 31 3 — — produces many insects ib. SAPERDA *Cardui 209 lineato-coUis 209, 41( *oculata 2u9 SAPYGA sexpunctata 274,413 Sapygidse, (Fam.) 274 Sarcopte de laGale 133 SARCOPTES Scabiei SAPvGUS cupreus SAROPODA rotundata SARROTRIUM muticum Satellite moth Satin moth ■ , I. Schalle -ian T< Sclater Scoliadas, (Fain.) Scolieta;, Latr, Scollop moth^ brown — , small 436lSemblis, Fair. 112SEPED0N 261 273 ib. 406 405 434 406 Scollop she. I Scolopendra electrica 1 1 7 forticata 113 hortensis ib. Lagura ib. subterranea 116 Scolopendradas,(FaiTi.) 115 SCOLYTUS *crenatus *cylindricu3 Destructur 206, niiiltistriatus * Fypographus Scopula, Schra7i/c 222, 414Scorpionida2, (Fam.) 119 Scorched-wing 253, 403 2S7, 428 SCRAPTIA I fusca 196,390 193lScutelIaria, Latr. 2':0 palustris 299,415 September, Calendar for 43S — — , employment for 815 Setting boards, how made 309 Setting needles 303 Setting and preserving 133 Acari 317 Arachnoida ib. Crustacea 316 Insects 31 S 206 Seraphim moth 40f> ib.j , small 434 362,SERICOiMYIA 391 j Lapi)Oiuim 296,414 205 Serrocerus, A''/^ei 180 255 SERROPALPUS 195,415 *caraboides 195 *micans ib. SESl'A bombyciformis 244,397 fusiformis 244, 397 252, 440Sculellum 31 , 353!Setuura, BroiuK 140 248, 418 Scydma?nida;, (Fani.) 179|5/ia'^ moths, chavw- 398SCYDM.ENUS SATURNIA Hellwigii Pavonia minor 381,246 SCYMNUS 381, 431 , /. 381 2*0 Satrynus, Latr. SCAPHISOMA agaricinuni 168,442 SCAPIDIUM 4-maculatuin 168,374,443 Scarabaeides, Z,a«r. 189 Scarabaeus 90,91,188,189 190, 19] cylindricus emarginatus fasciatus lunaris ISS melolontha 191 niobilicornis 189 tvphaeus 47, 189 SCATOPHAGA merdaria 500, 364, 442 SCENOPINUS niger 300, 415 .SCIRTES hemisph.xrica 163, 415 irnle 419 180 , large dark ih. , Lettuce ib. , large pale 252, 418 ana lis 393 bipu^tnlatns ib. bis-bipustulatus ib. discoideus ib. fulvifrons ib. litura ib. nigrinus ib. parvulus ib. 4-pMstulatus Sea-shore, time for 1911 collecting on the 314| tained 333 ]Ss\Sealed, hoary 4-08'\Shipton moth 252,403 19 I Seasons for collecting 3\VShouider, flame 402,440 Seeds of plants for tlie ] , pale 407 Tansy , twin-tailed Sheers, glaucous, , pale , taiuny Shell moth, yellow , dingy 419 370 401 ib. ib. 405 ib. ib. Shells for the micro- I scope, how ob- microscope 33jShoulder'knr,t,gray 442 SEGESFRIA , minor 401 senoculata 122 , rustic 251,401 SELANDRIA Shoulder stripe 371 cineripes 264 Short cloak 425,441 fiiliginosa 41 1 , cream 407 luteiventris ib. , marbled 441 ovata 264 Showers of blood ex- serva 264,41! plained 42 490 INDEX- Shrimp, common 96 Sialida?, (Fam.) 261 SIALIS nigcr 261,410 SIGALPHUS Irrorator 270, 412 SIGARA *coleoptrata 228 minutissima 227,362 *striata 229 SILPHA IsEvigata 167, 374 *litt()ialis 166 nitidiuscula 388 obscura 1 67, 365 opaca 360, 374 quadrimaculata51,l 67, 374 reticulata 388 *iussica 214 *sabulosa 195 *sinuata 167 *lhoracica ib. tristis 365 *vespillo 51 Silphiada?, (Fam.) 166 Sijphoides, Herbst. 207 SILVANUS frumentarius 208, 362, 429 Silver, crj'stals of for the microscope 337 Silver barred, cinereous 31 1 Sliver ground 404 Silver li/ies, brown 384 , small, green 385,425 Silver striped, dark 386 ,/aint 37! , light 386 SIRO rubens 118,358 Sironida?, (Fam.) 1 18 SITONA, Germ. 204 Skin, pores of the, for the microscope 333 Skipper, dingy, 242, 381 — , mallow ib. — , pearl 242, 430 — , scarce 243, 381 —, small 242,417 — , woorf, 242,381, 417 Slender budied 423 Smealhmanniana 425 SMERINTHUS ocellatus Populi TiliK I. I. 243, .381 450 243, 396 430, 438 243,381 359 430 SMYNTHURUS fuscus 141,360 Snout moth 253, 406, 435 , beautiful 406 , buttoned ib. , cream erfged 385,406 , dingy 407 , long tailed 425 , pinion ; small , white line SPH^ROMA serrata sphaeropyx SPH^ROSOMA Qiiercus Sphecidas, (Fam.) SPHECODES divisa Geoflrella gibbus monilicornis picea sphecoides Sphex, De Geer SPHEX *abietina flavipennis *sabu!osa Sphex, Linni Sphingids, (Fam.) Sphingides, Latr. SPHINX Atropos 244, 442 , I. 438 Celerio 430 Convolvuli 244,458 Elpenor, 64, 243, 396 Solandrian Spanish fly Speck, taivny Speckled yellow m. , u-oud B. 241, , I. 363, 406 424 ib 43( 60 454 384 569 381 SIMAETHIS \SpectacIe moth, dark 422 dentata 254 , Ight ib. Single dot, angle bar- [Spectrum, Scr.poli 243 red 364 Spence's observations -, marbled 364 on tlie necessity -, square barred ib, ofnewsenera 46 SPERCHEUS sordidus 186, 362 the loss of their jSphairidiads, (Fam.) 187 antennae 23 SPHjEK'IDIUM SINODENDRON | marginatum 362 cylindriciim 190, 389, *ruficolle 215 Sirex, Linne 67, 267i scarabseoides 187, 362 Sirex Gigas 67, 268 SPH^ROMA Singular conduct of queen bees on 108 270 394 275 413 386 282,386 413 ib. ib. 273 268 275,413 68, 275 271 243 ib. Euphorbias GaJii Ligustri /, 430 243, 597 243, 397 244, 397 431 242, 396 244, 397 243, 381 lineata Pinastri Porcellus SPHODRUS coliaris planus terricola ^y^irfer, observations on a, by Sir.l. Banks 120 Spider, Hunting 150 Spiders, how preserved 3 1 7 Spinach moth 405 , dark 423 360, 442 152, 558 361 manscus 268 *cinerea 108 Spirits of wine, experi- ments on the pol- len of plants with 335 Spotted pinion, lesser 252, 422 , lunar 433 , white 252, 433 439 I. 382 Sprawler INDEX , 491 Spurge moth 400 Stfuare-spol 433 , dovble ib. , small 421 Squilla lobata ]06 pedata ]05 ventricosa ib, Sqnille, asele ] 10 Baleine, de la 106 Stag beetle 4S Staphylinidae, (Fam.)l7l Staphylinus, Lmnc 60 STAPHYLINUS aneocephalus SG6 atteniiatus ib. bipustulatus ib. brunnipes 361 ^oaHalicuIatiis 176 *castanopterus .366 *chrysomelinus 176 concinnus ^6C> *concolor 17 2 *cyaneus ib. decorus 366 *dilatatiis 172 *elongatus ib. *erythropterus ib. erythropterus 171, 361 fimetariiis 366 fucicolor ib. *fulgidiis 172 ♦gultatus 173 basmorrhous 366 *hirtiis 172 hybridiis 366 laminatus il). lateralis ib. lituratus ib. maculicornis ib. marginatus ib. maiginellus ib. *maxillosus 172 maxillosus 366 Morio 360 murinus 366 nitipennis ib. obscuripennis ib. olens 366, 4-12 picipennis 366 pilipes ib. politus ib. *porcatus 171 pubescens 361 punctulatus ib.j STAPHYLINUS *ripariiis *rivularis *rufipes *rnfus sanguinolentus semiobscuriis similis splendens stercorarius taistis varians Starwort STAUROPUS Fagi 247, , /. STELIS phaeoptera punctulatissima Stenepteryx, Leach STENOSOMA hecticum lineare STENUS aceris angustatus biguttatus 173, brunnipes eajnilescens 173, ficindeloides flavicornis Jimcorun nigricornis oculatus pubescens piisillus rufitarsis rngiilosus Sternum STIGMUS ater 278, Sting of Insects 33, STOMIS puinicatus 153, Stomoxoides, Schaef. STOMOXYS calcitrans 298, irritans Store boxes, how I made Straight barred Stratiomydse, (Fam,) 173 l'-5 176 174 561 ib ib, ib ib, ib ib 419 398 431 437 284, 442 303 107 ib. 367 ib. 359 367 375 359 367 367 ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. ib. 31 413 338 361 298 442 442 312, 407 291, STRATIOMYS Chameleon Slrciv, b'j-dered , chequered , clouded , crossed , hook-marktd , oblique ba's , pale , short barred , barred , divgy 292,414 422 426 425 435 ib. 436 426 436 427 ib. Straw Undnwbig 382,432 Streak 443 Streamer 405 Strepsiptera, Kirby 288 Striped eJge, light 364- Stroniryliis, Herhst. 170 STYLOPS melitta 289, 372 tenuicornis 428 Subiilicornes, (Sect.) 57 Suctoria, Lair, 220 Sugar candy, its cry- stallization Sulphur mnih , spotted Swammerdam's me- thod of preserv- ing the eggs of insects method of dis- secting insects Swallow tail B. 64, 285, 380, 429 /. 416,438 Swallow tail moth253,i2i Siviftmolh, beautiful 397 , brcivn 381 ,glwst 245, 397 , golden ib. , map-winged , orange , silver , spotted silver , tawny Sword-grass Moth, large 252, 382, 442 , I. 419 , small 401 Sycamore Moth 400 337 426 403 318 331 245 43! 381 381 397 SYCTODES thoracica Synistata, Fabr. 126,372 257 492 IKD£X. SYNUCFIUS vivalis 151, S63 SyrphuE, Lair. 296 Syrphidx (Fam ) ib. SYRPHUS Pyrastri 297, 415 Systems of Entomo- logy by Linne 44 of Entomo- logy by Fabricins ib. — — — , Kirby's ob- servationson form- iug a 4j of Entomology by Dr.Lpach, why adopted ib — — , the Modern, promotes the science of Ento- mology 4G — t—— of Natural Hi- story, how form- ed " 7^ Tabanidoe (Fam.) 293 Tabanii, Lair. ib TAB AN US autiimnaiis bovinus •caeciitiens Paganus *pluvialis tropicus Tabby Moth, — — , small , tea TACHINA fera TACHINUS analis lunulatus marginellus rufipes subterraneus 437 293, 414 293 414 293 71,42S thu laree, 253, 427 427 435 301, 372 176, 3C,] 375 361 176, 367 1T6, 361, 429 429 Tachytes tricolor 277 Tail, Cauda S3 TALITRUS •littoralis 102 Locusta ib. faniptera, Latr. 291 TANYPUS cinctus 290, 3S7, 457 TARPA *cepha!otes 266 Fabricii ib. Klugii 266, 41£ Panzerii 412 *plagiocephala 266 Tarsus, the foot 34 Tarus, Clairv. 154 {'egeneria, Walck. 124 felephoridir (Fam.) 162 FELEPHORUS fulvicollis 374 fuscus 164, 374 lateralis 374 lividus ib. melanurus ib. *minimus 164 obscurus 374 pallidas ib. rulicoilis ib. rufus ib. testaceus ib. Tenebrio, De Geei 196, 208 Teiithredineta; 262 Tenthredo (Fam. I.), Klv^ 264 Tenthredo (Fam. II.) 265 trimaculatus TACHYFORUS analis 361 ohrysomelinusl7'^, 389, 443 Gratium 176 marginatus G61 nitidulus ib. pnbescens 443 PENEBRIO *BovJstac 216 *cadaverinus 194- *coccineus 215 *femoialis 192 *Fossor 153 ♦gemellatus 192 *lanipcs 195 *Mauritanicus 20S Molitor 59, 193, 369 ob>cura 3S9 *sabulosus 193 renebrionida' (Fam.) 192 Teneidx (Fam.) 248 rencites, Latr. ib. Tenthredines Allanti Klyg 265 Doleri, Klu^ ib Emphyti,A7;yg ib TENTHREDO *cephalotes *dlmidiata *fasciata *femorata *fnrcata *hortulana *la?ta *marginata *melanocephala nassata *nitens *pumila Rapae *Rubi IdiEi *Scrophularia •sericea TEPHRITIS Cardui grossificationis onopordinis pulchella vi brans Terebrantia (Sect.) Termes, Lirin. Terrestria (Sect.) TETHEA, Oih. TETRAGNATHA Tenth red in id a.' (Fam.) 266 265 263 262 264 ib. 263 ib. 264 265, 412 263 265 265, 412 264 67 263 299 415 ib. ib. ib. 262 261 220 25 extensa 127, 364 Tetramcra 199 TETRAIOMA Fungorum 194,389 Tetrix subula^a 219 TETTIGONIA spumaiia 380 viridis 231, 380 TETYRA inuncta 394 Maura 220, 394 THANASIML'S formicarius 165, 383 THANATOPHILUS, Leaih 147 THECLA BetuliB Pruni 262 24 24 1,430 396 ,417 417 INDEX. 493 Rubi Thereva, Fair, THEREVA plebeia THERIDIUM si?iplium Tlii?h, Femur THOMJSIS citreus lynceus oblongiis THECLA TILLUS Quercus 241, 41T elongatus I. 396 Quadra 374 241, 381 unifasciatus 165, 5S8 I. 417 riMARCHA, Hr-fpe 213 300 Tinea, Linne 233 Tinea, Fahr. 249 294, 414 Tineae, collected in pill 126 34 128,381 ib. ib. 128, 41.T Thorax, definition of the 30 , discrimination of the 354 Thurn Moth, clouded Augxist 434 , freckle Aus,u$t ib. , flam August ib , cana'y-shuuldcred'ih. , early 57 1 jfeathered 44;' , flounced 441 , July 424 , liltle 404 , lunar 253, 404 , purple 383, 385, 406 , Seplemhcr Thrips, Lin7i. THRIPS fasciata boxes riNEA Alstroemeri applana bistriga contiibernia curvipunctosa Fagi gelatella Nemorum Novembris nubilea Phryganea purparea Pyralea Salicis signosa spissicornis tortricea TINGIS Cardui TIPHIA femorata Morio 44i'TIPULA 63 232. 595 ib, ib. 380 oleracea minutissima Phvsapus THROSCUS dermestoldes THYATIRA, O.h. THYLACITES, Germ.205 THYMALUS ferrugineus 71, 291,387, 437 rivosa ' 291 Tipulariee, Latr. 290 Tipulidae (Fani.) ib. Tique rouge satinee aquatique 133 83, 5S9 Tissue Moth 384, 435 05^' , scarce 371 TOMICUS Typographus 205, 391 I fuscus 391 1 70, 2S9\Tongue of Insects 2D TORTRIX 165,388^ Absinthiania Acerana afFractana Afzeliana angustana Asperana atromargana aurana A vellana Jj.Tuniaiiniana Bergmanniana Betuletana bifidana borana cana Carpiniana caudana cerusana chloraua Christiernana ciliana cinereana coniitana composana contaminana corticana costana Dcgenerana dentana Desfontianii diverana egestana emargana exarniana excavana Fagana 254, fasciana limbriana Forskaliana Forsterana fraternana gnomana hamana harpana 309 372 437, 443 427 410 364 ib. 443 255 443 360 443 372 ib. 360 372 4U9 360 223, 394 274,413 413 Thysanura, characters \Tooth- striped Moth, of the order 138, eirly 37 , classification {Tortoise-shell B. of the order ]40| T\W:a, the sha7ik 34 Tick, dog 132 Tillus, Marsh. 164 Tillidx (Fam.) 1G5 la-'ge 238, 363, 416 / 30(;i -, small 238,365,396 43SJ -, I. 396, 43('l Holmiana hyemalis Hi cana incarnana latifasciana Lecheana literana Loeflingina Logiana ib. 435 364 425 4S6 408 ib. 423 385 436 ib. 441 425 408 425 435 425 407 ib. 441 436 407 386 441 585 436 425 254 435 ib. 386 435 443 435 385, 425 407 364 436 407 37] 364, 441 435 407 436 444 436 441 ib. 407 435, 441 371 407 494 TORTRIX Luudiaiia 407 lutosa 364 maculana 44 1 Mitterbachina 407 Mylleri 441 nana 423 nebulana ib. nigricaiia 43C nitida 386 nubiferana 40S nubilana ib. oporana 407 Oxyacanthena 385, 442 palliolatis 4'25 pauperana 386 perlepidaiia 371 piceana 441 Pomona 423 populana 441 plumbeolaua 425 pruniana 407 Quercaiia 436 rhombana 441 Ribeana 407 RosaDa 408 Rubiaiia 456 rufana ib.j ruficiliana 335 rugosana 408 rusticana 436 Salicana ib Schalleriana ib semifasciana ib. sequana 3S5 Smeathmanniana 425 Solandi'iana 436 spadiceana 359 squamana 43<3 straniinea 436 sticlicana ib. strobilana 386 subocellana 425 subsequana 37] tetraquetrana 564 trapezana 436 tricolorana 44 J tripmictana 408, 44] Udmanniana 407 nmbiana 435 unipiinctata 364 iiiticaiia 383 viridaiia 423 Wueberiaiia 408 INDEX TORTi?IX Xylosteana 425 Zoegaiia 435 TRACHEA, Och , 251 Fracheiiis, Juriwe 267 Trachnsa, Jarint 280 285 TRACHYS miiuita 160, 388 viridis 388 Trthk-lar Moth, slender 405, 441 Treble lines M. eijun I 402, 440, 441 dark Treble spot M. rusly , while TRECHUS aquaticiis discus fulvus humeral is meridian us 402 441 425 373 ib. 365 415 149, 365 Trees, decayed, me- thod of collecting insects from 314 , roots of, method of collecting pupae at the " 315 Triangle, red 436 Tribonophora, Hub. 252 TRICHIOSOMA laterale 372 Scalesii 427 sylvaticuni 263, 427 unidentatum 42' TRICHIUS Trltoma, Geof. 207 FRITOMA bipustulatr.m 51, 214, 362 *riissica 21-^ Trochiluin, Scopvli 245 TROGOSITA *caraboides 208 mauritanica 208, 369 *maiiritanicii3 208 I'rombidiadae (Fam.) 130 TROMBIDIUM *aquaticum 133 holosericeum 131, 364 TROX arenarius 369 sabulosus 190,369' Truncus 30 Trypeta, Meig. 299 TRYPOXYLON Figulus 277,413 Tussock Moth, dark 247, 418 — , I. — , mit-iree fasciatus nobilis variabilis Trichoptera, 191,415 375 389 charac- ters of the order 139 — , classification of the 256 method of preserving 321 — , method of ar- 329 ranging Trimera (Sect.) TRIPLAX bicolor rulipes russica Triple line M. 215 39r 42£ 214,429 clay 404 — , I- — , pale Twin-spot M. — , large — , red — , dark-red — , striped — , treble PYCHUS niger Tyger Moth, spot , l. , garden , riiby , scarlet , I , tvood TYPHOUS vulgaris r. Moth V. black V. sooty VANESSA Antiopa 382 250, 370, 418, 439 382 247, 398 423 ib, 383 404 383 385 178 cream- 248, 398 382 418 393 399 248, 398 382 248, 398 382 189, 369 404 431 424 238, 430 416 INOEX. 495 VANESSA Atalaiita 233, 363, 430 , /. 416 C. album 238, 396, 417, 438 , I. 430 Cardui 238,416 , I. 4l6 lo 238, 363, 41 ( . l. 4:6 Polychloros 238, 363, 896, 4l6 Urlic» 238,363, 396,438 I. 430 439 431 418, 43': Vapourer Moth , L , scarce VAPPO ater 292, 428 Udmannian Tortrix 40" Vegetables, definition of 20 VELIA rivulorum 224, 369 VELLEILS, Leach 172 Veneer, aquatic , barred • , (liequered VESPA Britannica 280, 336 Ci-abro 280, 386 *parietina 279 *unigUimis 277 vulgaris 280, 383 V'espadae (Fam.) 279 Vesparis, Lair. ib. Vipio, Latr. 270 llonaia, Fabr. 2:7,219 Umber M-lh, barred 404 — — — , cnnnectivg 442 , da^k 384 , mottled 442 , scarce ib. , large waved 403 , small waved 584 Unguis, claiu So JVave Mnlh, small dusty wave 423 , small fan-fuot 434 , rnullein -, plain -, ribband -, rosij -, sandy -, saii)-y 408 ib. 437 408 (Jnderwing Moth, lesser lunar VO LUCE I, LA bombylans inanis Diystaceus pellucens Uroceridee (Fam.) UROCERUS Gigas psyllius 432 440 414 ib. ib 296, 414 267 , common , buff-edged rosy 386, 437luROPODA -, large brown-edged \ vegetans 268,412 412 -, elbowed striped ib -, garden ib -, gigantic ib. -, hokttp 409 -, pate hooklip ib. -, xnlaid 4j)7 -, dark inlaid 408 -, 7ie<.klace 364 -, pearl 405 -, yellniu satin ib, -, straw-coloured ib. -, small straiv-co- loured 457 408 Uihtr, dark-barred 133, 364 dirk-bordered 433 360 , spring ib. IVaiyiscot Moth, com- vion 419 ■, dotted-bordered ib. ■, large 599 ., poivdered 400, 419 ., rtd 419 ■, shoulder- stripe 25 399 ., small 432 ■, smoky 4 •, tawny -veined 432 -, twin-spot 439 , subaiigled — , ruund-winged — , common ichile — , small luhite — , small ytllow ib. 423 ib. ib. 383 423 ib. 333 ib. 384 ib. lFhi'.eBu.tt€rfy,Balh 236, 416 , llack-vein(d 236, 395 I. 380 , bordered 404, 430 I. 416 , green-vtined 236, 380, 430 , la'ge 236, 380, 430 , marbled -Ail , small 236, 380 ■, wood 236, 380,430 PFhite a But. L 430 fFhite Moth, broad- barred 400 •, bordered 253 -> ro'y 408 -,rush i'2:->,436jpallBiitlerJly 430,417 -^narroiu- winged 409J , L 381,430 Vertebrosa, anatomical character of the 75 TVasp Hnrnet 68, 280 69, 280 Vertex 80 //^ue Moth, common SSr- Vespa, Z,J7i7i.69, 271, 276| , small-dotted 405 l'Fhit£ line Moth, mar- bled 403 White spot, brindled 424 — , marbled 403 IFhile Tortrix, cloudy 408 IVhiie-backed Tor. 436 JFhite-f ringed Tor. 441 IFhite-shoiddered 7'(ir.436 While spotted 426 fFhite Thorn Tortrix 335 White thorn hedges, time for collect- ing Insects from 315 TFillow, pale mottled 401 JFidow, mourning 363 tFi^ig- bones, Plerigostia35 Wings, their form and structure ib. afford charac- ters for genera and species 37 Wing Ca