AN ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF 
THE BLACK SEA COAST: 


A Report for the United States Navy and 
PCCI Marine and Environmental Engineering 


Compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre 


Edited by Dr Edmund Green 


Prepared by: Lorraine Collins, Harriet Gillett, Edmund Green, Joanna 
Hugues, Igor Lysenko, Balzhan Zhimbiev 


WORLD CONSERVATION 
MONITORING CENTRE 


December 1997 


AlN (408 | A 


The World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), based in Cambridge, UK is a 
joint-venture between the three partners in the World Conservation Strategy and its successor 
Caring For The Earth: YUCN - The World Conservation Union, UNEP - United Nations 
Environment Programme, and WWE - World Wide Fund for Nature. WCMC provides information 
services on conservation and sustainable use the world's living resources, and helps others to 


‘ develop information systems of their own. 


Prepared for the United States Navy and PCCI Marine and Environmental Engineering 
Acknowledgements 


Victoria Freeman and Heather Cross 


WORLD CONSERVATION 
MONITORING CENTRE 


Copyright: World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK 


Copyright release: Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non- 
commercial purposes is authorised without prior permission from 
the copyright holders. 


Reproduction For resale or other commercial purpose is prohibited without the 
prior written permission of the copyright holders. 


Disclaimer: The designations of geographical entities and the presentation of 
material in this report do not imply the expression of any opinion 
whatsoever by WCMC and its collaborators and _ other 
participating organisations, concerning the legal or constitutional 
status of any country, territory, or area or of its authorities; or 
concerning the delineation of its frontiers or boundaries. 


Citation: WCMC, 1997. Environmental Profile of the Black Sea coast: a 
report for the United States Navy. Edited by E.P. Green. 


Available From: World Conservation Monitoring Centre 
219 Huntingdon Road, Cambridge CB3 ODL, UK 
Tel: +44 1223 277314; Fax: +44 1223 277136 
Email: info@wemc.org.uk; URL: http://www.wcmc.org.uk 
FTP: ftp://ftp.wcmc.org.uk 


PPUNIRO DUCTION .ocecisscccesecusscnssccecesvesciesessesecocacsscnce-cereeoMeeeenssuescseeecen gO 


1.1 The structure of this report 


1.2 Project Team 


1.3 Information Gaps and Recommendations for Improving the Focus of this Report 


1.4 Map of the Black Sea Coast. 


1.5 General Information on the Environmental Condition of the Black Sea. 


2. IMPORTANT COASTAL WETLANDS OF THE BLACK SEA......9 


2.1 Bulgaria 


Lakes Durankulak (12) and Shabla (11) 
Baltata (10) 

Kamchia (9) 

Pomorie Lake (8) 

Atanassovsko Lake (7) 

Burgas Lake (6) 

Mandra Lake (5) 

Ropotamo (4) 

Stranga coast (3) 


2.2 Georgia 
Kolkheti Lowland : Tchuria (34), Nabada (35), Pichora-Paliastomi Marshes (36) 


2.3 Romania 


Danube Delta (16) 
Lake Tasaul (15) 
Lake Siutghiol (14) 
Lake Techirghio (13) 


2.4 Russia 


The Don Delta (29) 

Floodplain wetlands in the Lower Don (33) 
The Manych system of reservoirs 
Ust-Manych Reservoir 

Vesselovskoye Reservoir 

Proletarskoye and Gudilo Reservoir 
Limans in the Sea of Azov (Jejskij: 30; Bejsugskij: 31) 
Kuban delta (32) 

Kiziltashski lagoon complex (41) 

Turkey 

Igneada Saka Longozu (2) 

Terkos Célii (1) 

The Sakarya Delta (40) 

Sarikum Golii (39) 

Kizilirmak Delta (38) 


Yesilirmak Delta (37) 


2.5 Ukraine 


Danube Delta (16) 

Dniestr Delta 

Tiliguliski Liman (18) 

Lower Dniepr, Golayal Pristan (20) 

Tendrovski and Yagorlitski Bays (19) 

Karkinitski Bay (22) 

Sivash Lagoon (23) 

Molochni Liman (24) 

Obitochnaya (25), Berdyansk (26), Belosarayskaya (27) and Krivaya Peninsulas (28) 


3 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST. 


3.1 Bulgaria 


Lake Sharkovo Reservoir (Yambol) (6) 
Lake Mandra (Burgas) (4) 

Shabla-Ezeretz complex (Tolbukhin). (12) 
Lake Burgas or Vaya (Burgas) (5) 

Lake Durankulak (Tolbukhin) (13) 
Atanasovko Ezero (Atanassovo Lake) (Burgas) (7) 
Yatata Reservoir (Varna) (10) 

Alepu Ezero (Buragas). (3) 

Cape Kaliakra (Varan). (11) 

Cape Emine (Burgas) (8) 

Kamtchia Biosphere Reserve (Varna) (9) 


3.2 Romania 


Delta Dunarii (Danube Delta) (24) and Razelm-Sinoie complex (Tulcea Constanta) (23). 


Rosca-buhaiova-Hrecisca Nature Reserve. (Tulcea). (27) 
Perisor-Zatoane-Sacalin Nature Reserve (Tulcea) (22) 
Periteasca-Leahova-Gura Portitei Nature Reserve. (Tulcea) (21) 

Lacul Istria , Lacul Nuntasi and southern Lacul Sinoie (Constanta). (20) 
Padurea letea (Letea Forest) (Tulcea). (26) 

Padurea Niculitel-Badadag (Niculitel and Babadag Forest) (Tulcea). (25) 
Lacul Tasaul (Constanta) (17) 

Lacul Siutghiol (Constanta) (16) 

Lacul Techirghiol (Constanta) (15) 

Padurea Hagieni ( Hagieni Forest) (Constanta) (14) 

Canaraua Fetii (Constanta) (19) 

Lacul Dunareni (Constanta) (18) 


3.3 Turkey 


Biiyiik Cekmece G6lii (Istanbul) 

Bosphorus (Istanbul) (1) 

Terkos G6lii (Durusu Gélii or Durugél) (Istanbul) (2) 
Cam Burnu (ordu) (56) 

Kackar Daglari (Artvin, Erzurum, Rize) (55) 
Kizilirnmak Deltasi (Samsun) (58) 

North-East Turkey (Artvin, Rize) (54) 

Yenigaga Gdlii (Bolu) (62) 


NO 


Yesihrmak Deltasi (Samsun) (57) 32 


Sarikum G6lii (Sinop) (59) 32 
3.4 Russia and Ukraine ayy 
Ukrainian Steppe Reserve, Sumy, Donetsk, and Zaporozhe (Ukraina) ( 63 ) 33 
Krivaya Kosa (Krivaya Peninsula), Novoazovsk Donetsk (Ukraine) (46) 33 
Belosarayskaya Kosa (Belosarayskaya Peninsula), Volodarskoye, Donetsk (Ukraina) (45) 33 
Berdyanskaya Kosa (Berdyansk Peninsula), Berdyansk, Zhdanov (Ukraina) (44) 33 
Molochny Liman, Melitopol (Ukraine) (61) 33 
Sivasj Zaliv, Azovskoye More (Sivash Bay, Sea of Azov) Ukraine (37) 33 
Krymski (Crimean) Game Reserve, Krym (Ukraine) (41) 34 
Karkinitsky Zaliv, Chernoye More (Karkinitsky Bay, Black Sea) (Ukraine) (38) 34 
Yalta Mountain Forest, Bolshaya Yalta, Krym (Ukraina) (40) 35 
Mys Martyan, Krym (Ukraine) (39) 35 
Nizovya Dnepra (Lower Dnepr), Golaya Pristanm Kherson (Ukraine) (31) 35 
Askania -Nova. Kherson (Ukraine) (36) 35 
Dunay (Danube) and Yagorlytski and Tendrovski Zalivy (Yagorlystki and Tendra Bays) (Ukraina) Dunay 

(Danube) (29) 36 
Yagorlytski and Tendrovski Zalivy ( yagorlytski and Tendra Bays) (Ukraine) (29, 33) 36 
Tiliguliski Liman (Tiligul Salt -Lake), Berezanka and Kominternovskoye (Ukraine) (32) 36 
Nizovya Dnestra (Lower Dnestr), Belgorod-Dnestrovski and Ovidiopol (Ukraine) (31) 36 
Karadag, Sudag, Krymskaya (Crimean) Oblast (Ukraine) (42) 37 
Salt-Lakes (Limany) in the Primorsko-Akhtarsk/Grivenskaya area (including Akhtarski Liman and Liman 

Sladki) (Krasnodes Kray, RSFSR) (60) 37 
Kavzkav (Caucasus) Biosphere Reserve, Sochi (Krasnodar Kray, RSFSR) (48) 37 
Nizovya Reki Rioni, Ozero Paliastomi (lower Rioni, Lke Paliastomi) (Gruziya) (52) 37 
Pskhuski, Abkhazskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (51) 38 
Guminstin, Sukhumi, Abkhazaskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (50) 38 
Ritsa, Gudauta, Abkhazskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (49) 38 
Kintrishi, kobuleti, Adzharskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (53) 38 


4. COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS OF THE BLACK SEA.............39 


4.1 Introduction 39 
4.2 Information Gaps 39 
Bulgaria 39 
Georgia 40 
Romania 40 
Russia 40 
Turkey 40 
Ukraine 40 
Nationally designated coastal protected areas 41 
Bulgaria 41 
Georgia 42 
Romania 42 
Russia 43 
Turkey 44 
Ukraine 44 
4.4 Internationally designated coastal protected areas 47 
Bulgaria 47 


Georgia 47 


Romania 47 
Russia 48 
Turkey 48 
Ukraine 48 
4.5 Site sheets for some protected areas 49 
Bulgaria - Réserve Kamtchia 49 
Bulgaria - Réserve Ouzounboudjak 50 
Georgia - Kintrishskiy State Reserve 51 
Romania - Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve 53 
Russia - Kavkazskiy Zapovednik 61 
Russia - Teberdinskiy State Reserve 63 
Turkey - Haciosman Reserve 64 
Turkey - Ilgaz Dagi National Park 65 
Turkey - Yedigéller National Park 67 
Ukraine - Askaniya-Nova Zapovednik 68 
Ukraine - Tchernormorsky State Reserve 70 
4.6 National Environmental Policy and Legislation 72 
Bulgaria Country Profile 72 
Georgia Country Profile 77 
Romania Country Profile 77 
Russia Country Profile 82 
Turkey Country Profile 82 
Ukraine Country Profile 89 


5. ENDANGERED ANIMAL SPECIES OF BLACK SEA STATES .92 


5.1 Introduction 92 
5.2 Recommendations for further work on endangered Black Sea fauna 92 
5.3 Guide to the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List Categories and Criteria 92 
5.4 Guide to the interpretation of CMS Appendices 97 
5.5 References 97 
5.6 Summary table of species richness (fauna and vertebrates only) and regional endemism 98 
5.7 List of species of fauna not globally threatened but of special concern in Europe 99 
5.8 List of globally threatened vertebrates restricted to Europe 107 


5.9 Summary table of all IUCN Red List species of fauna occurring in the Black Sea States 111 


6. ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OF BLACK SEA STATES ..124 


6.1 Globally threatened plants endemic to single countries bordering the Black Sea 124 
6.2 Status of globally threatened plants occurring in five countries bordering the Black Sea 124 
4 


6.3 Globally threatened plants occurring in more than one country bordering the Black Sea 124 


7. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS 
COVERING THE BLACK SEA COAGST............ jonkssdencsesesessss sacsseasnds 125 


STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE REHABILITATION AND PROTECTION OF THE 
BLACK SEA 125 


CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA AGAINST POLLUTION (21 
Apr 1992) 136 


CONVENTION CONCERNING FISHING IN THE BLACK SEA (Varna, 7 July 1959) 149 


EN LOG RA PHY foie ee Se en aes 151 


1. INTRODUCTION 


1.1 The structure of this report 


This report was prepared for the US Navy and PCCI Marine and Environmental who commissioned WCMC 
to compile environmental data on the Black Sea coastal zone for use in the planning of naval exercises. As 
such data pertaining to the Black Sea coastal zone (arbitrarily defined in this instance by the US Navy as 50 
miles inland of the high water mark) of Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania, Ukraine, Russia and Georgia has been 
collated in one volume. 


The information presented here comes from a wide range of different sources. This information, and 
considerable amounts of additional related data, are held at WCMC in Cambridge, UK. The quality of these 
data will vary and WCMC is very keen to hear from any national and regional experts and organisations in 
order to correct, update and improve its information holdings. This same information is also freely available 
to interested parties, and it is hoped that in some cases it might provide a useful starting point for bodies 
interested in establishing biodiversity data management systems at the national level. 


The US Navy is interested in collecting data which may used to plan naval exercises in an environmentally 
informed manner. Data on endangered species, protected areas, important habitats, breeding areas and 
marine pollution are particularly useful in this regard. To achieve this purpose the report has been structured 
in six main sections: 


Important coastal wetlands of the Black Sea 

Coastal protected areas of the Black Sea 

Endangered animal species of the Black Sea states 

Endangered plant species of the Black Sea states 

International conventions and agreements covering the Black Sea coast 


1.2 Project Team 


Edmund Green (Marine and Coastal) — project leader 

Joanna Hugues (Marine and Coastal) — wetlands and important bird areas 
Lorraine Collins (Trade and Environment)— endangered fauna 

Harriet Gillett (Biodiversity Assessment) — endangered flora 

Balzhan Zhimbiev (Protected Areas and Landscapes) — protected areas 

Igor Lysenko (Geographic Information Systems technician) — map production 


1.3 Information Gaps and Recommendations for Improving the Focus of this Report 


This report is as extensive and complete as was possible given this time frame but inevitably there are some 
gaps in the information: 


1. it was possible to gather good data on the wetland habitats of the Black Sea and the important bird areas 
but it was not possible to research some other important habitats (e.g. seagrass, sand dunes, beaches). 

2. protected areas are listed by name, size and location, where possible. More detailed information (on 
management status, boundaries, national and international importance etc.) was available in some cases 
but not all. 

3. it was possible to produce general lists of endangered species in the six Black Sea nations but it was not 
possible to separate coastal from non-coastal species. 


Recommendations for improving the focus of this report are presented in the introduction to each section, 
along with the amount of time this would require. WCMC would be happy to undertake this work should it 
be deemed necessary. 


1.4 Map of the Black Sea Coast. 


A large format map of the Black Sea coast accompanies this report. This map includes important wetlands 
(numbered to refer to the text in Section 2), important bird areas (numbered to refer to the text in Section 3), 
protected areas (same, but not all, of the areas described in Section 4), infrastructure, political boundaries 
and bathymetry. 


1.5 General Information on the Environmental Condition of the Black Sea. 


An overview of the environmental condition of the Black sea taken from the Religion, Science and the 
Environment Symposium II: The Black Sea in Crisis 20-28 September 1997: 


“The Black Sea is a unique environment, badly degraded. Similar in size to the North Sea or the Baltic, it is 
virtually landlocked, connected to the rest of the world’s oceans through the Bosphorus Straits, the Sea of 
Marmara and the Dardenelles. The Bosphorus, in places only 700 metres wide and 70 metres deep, carries in 
its deep waters a reverse stream of seawater which gradually replenishes the salty bottom waters of the 
Black Sea with water from the Mediterranean. This replenishment is insufficient to cope with the demands 
of bacteria breaking down organic material falling from the fertile surface of the Black Sea and, below about 
150 metres, the Black Sea is lifeless. The surface waters of the Black Sea are replenished from numerous 
rivers which drain an area covering major parts of seventeen countries spanning over one third of the area of 
Europe. These rivers, including the mighty Danube, Dnieper and Don, bring nitrogen, phosphorus and other 
minerals to the Sea and the influx of river water which keeps its salinity far below that of the neighbouring 
Mediterranean. 


The Black Sea has long been a crossroads of civilisation. Its coasts are the territories of six countries — 
Bulgaria, Georgia, Romania, Russia, Turkey and Ukraine. Its physical beauty has long attracted millions of 
tourists, especially from Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. These coasts have also had to house 
cities, industries and major ports; human presence has often affected the fragile coastal ecosystems through 
unplanned development and competition for space. The recent political changes and the transition to market 
economies have also resulted in grave economic difficulties as people struggle to protect their welfare. 


It is hardly surprising that the coastal environment has suffered badly. Sewage treatment, for example, is 
absent or deficient in most coastal cities and human health has suffered. Cholera outbreaks have occurred in 
some places. These problems have harmed the tourist industry upon which many coastal economies depend. 
Spiritual health has also suffered as people lose confidence or become more selfish in their struggle for 
survival. Despite these challenges, many people have not lost their sense of responsibility. They question 
and challenge each development project, whether a new port, industrial plant or oil terminal, out of concern 
for the impact on their lives and on the lives of future generations. 


The Black Sea itself has been the victim of the changes in the economy and lifestyle of the 160 million 
people living in its basin, some in landlocked countries thousands of kilometres from the sea. 
Industrialisation and intensification of agriculture, coupled with the excessive or inappropriate use of 
agrochemicals, has led to the pollution of many rivers leading to the sea. The over-fertilisation of the sea 
itself fundamentally changed the nature of its ecosystems, particularly those of the shallow North-Western 
shelf where a key bed of red algae, as large in area as The Netherlands, was destroyed by eutrophication. 
This led to the loss of many other species including fish that depended on it for nursery grounds. In the past 
three decades, the healthy Black Sea ecosystem has become extremely sick. 


Fishery resources, already suffering the impact of pollution and other changes, buckled under the stress of 
overfishing. Exacerbating this situation was the arrival of a new alien species of a gelatinous organism, 
Mnemiopsis, (a comb-jelly) inadvertently carried in the ballast water of ships from the Eastern American 
seaboard. With no natural enemies, this organism flourished until it dominated the entire Black Sea. Now, 
the peoples of the Black Sea are faced with a difficult choice, to give the sickened ecosystem a chance to 


7 


recover on its own, or to intervene, for example by harvesting Mnemiopsis directly or by introducing a 
predator. 


There is reason for hope that the Black Sea can recover. The depression of industrial and agricultural 
production during the current economic transition has relieved the environment of the pressure of pollution. 
The ecosystem has started to recover. Some improvement has been registered in fish stocks. There is good 
reason for hope. A little time has been granted to develop and implement new policies and laws and to 
improve environmental awareness and education, vital tools for transition. 


How long will this window of opportunity last? The Black Sea is facing new threats: continued sewage 
pollution, new pressure from developers of beachside residences, and use as a superhighway for oil transport 
from the Caspian oil fields. The vital Bosphorus winds its way through Istanbul, carrying hundreds of ships 
every day and represents a major flash point for environmental security. The last Black Sea monk seal may 
have already perished. Clearly, there is no time to lose. We must act now.’ 


2. IMPORTANT COASTAL WETLANDS OF THE BLACK SEA 


Information for this section was taken largely from Provirof, L. 1994. Conservation of Black Sea wetlands: a 
review and preliminary action plan based on national reports by L. Provirof. {et al} compiled by A.M. 
Wilson and M.E. Moser for International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. Slimbridge: 
International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. IWRB publication; 33 


Wetlands are particularly important habitats along the Black Sea coast, unsurprisingly given that its drainage 
basin comprises an area 17 times as large as the Sea itself, and spread over 17 different nations. They form 
the transitional zone between the terrestrial drainage basin and the marine environment of the Black Sea. 
Wetlands are typically dynamic and highly productive ecosystems which support a unique diversity of flora 
and fauna. 


Black Sea wetlands include habitats such as reed dominated marshes, forested riverine flood plains, inland 
lakes and lagoons, limans (a coastal lagoon with a salinity gradient), deltas, coastal lagoons and bays and 
associated mud and sand flats, as well as artificial wetlands such as fish ponds, rice paddies and salt ponds. 
These wetlands have adapted to various hydrological, nutrient and salinity regimes influenced by the 
extensive catchment basin and semi-enclosed sea. They provide a variety of critical functions which sustain 
both the people and the biodiversity of the region. 


Individual wetland areas are numbered on the Black Sea map. Numbers in brackets after the area names 
refer to this map. 


2.1 Bulgaria 


The total area of natural wetlands (lakes and marshes) in Bulgaria today amounts to nearly 11,000 ha, mostly 
along the Danube and the Black Sea Coast, as opposed 200,000 ha at the beginning of this century. This 
tenfold reduction came about through a short-sighted domestic policy between 1944 and 1989 which 
resulted in the drainage of large wet areas along the Danube and in the interior of the country to support 
agricultural development. The many large and small dams (totalling 2,200km’) built during this time cannot 
replace the biodiversity and biophysical functions of intact natural wetlands such as Straldzha, Belene, 
Karaboaz and Svishtov marshes. The adjacent marine areas are experiencing loss of biodiversity due to 
eutrophication, over fishing and introduced species, such as jellyfish. 


Many years of study have shown that 29 existing wetlands (natural and reservoirs) are of international 
importance according to the Ramsar Convention's criteria (as adopted by the Conference of the Contracting 
Parties in 1990). Their total area amounts to 18,000 ha which comprises about 0.2% of the surface area of 
Bulgaria. The internationally important wetlands are geographically distributed in the Black Sea Coastal 
area (16 sites 10,473 ha, 57.7%), the Danube plain (6 sites 3,205 ha, 17.7%) and the interior of southern 
Bulgaria (7 sites 4,470 ha, 24.6%). A comprehensive overview of Bulgaria's wetlands is found in the 1994 
National Action Plan for the Conservation of the Most Important Wetlands in Bulgaria (Ministry of 
Environment ,1993). 


Lakes Durankulak (12) and Shabla (11) 


The wetland complexes of Shabla and Durankulak are considered to be of international importance. These 
are brackish to freshwater lakes with some reedbeds; the latter is separated from the sea by a sand bar. This 
area also supports extensive sand beaches and high dunes, which are at present minimally influenced by 
tourism. There is a unique hyper-saline marsh south east of Shabla. The area provides critical winter habitats 
for a majority of the world population of the red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis. 


The following areas are protected: Durankulak Lake has been protected as a Natural Monument since 1980 
(360 ha total, 250 ha is open water), and is also a Ramsar site; it is surrounded by a 500-m buffer zone in 
which hunting and pesticides on arable lands are prohibited. Shabla Lake has been a protected site since 
1979 covering 300 ha with 150 ha as open water, and includes a 500-m buffer zone along the coast; fishing, 
hunting and pesticides are prohibited. 


Although these areas are protected by decree of the Ministry of Environment, there is no other legislation or 
mechanism for regulation or administration of their management and protection. They are in urgent need of 
effective conservation measures and management plans. 


The lakes and surrounding lands are municipal property in the process of privatisation. They are valuable for 
fishing, especially carp Cyprinus sp.. There are 3 towns, 10 villages, 4 campsites and 1 Club-Med resort, 
with the whole area receiving few visitors. If large-scale, mass tourism were encouraged, the resulting 
infrastructure for people and recreation could damage the currently intact natural habitats, especially the 
wetlands, dunes and steppe areas. Industry is minimal although international companies are now 
investigating the possibility of oil production from Bulgaria's sea shelf which could have negative impacts 
on the coastal and marine habitats, if not effectively controlled. 


The main agricultural use of the north coast area is grain production and sheep and cattle grazing. There is 
concern that privatisation of the land may cause problems for the internationally important red-breasted 
goose populations that winter in the area. There is also an increasing potential for conflict between geese and 
farmers, concerning crop damage. The waterbirds of Shabla and Durankulak lakes are becoming 
increasingly popular for international hunting concerns. All these factors could negatively affect the 
international importance of these wetlands for red-breasted geese. 


Baltata (10) 


This is a small flooded forest next to the Albena tourism resort, north of Varna. While 200 ha is strictly 
protected and 160 ha is a buffer zone, management of the reserve does not capture potential ecotourism 
opportunities. A road to the north has cut off the natural flooding regime and is changing the forest 
composition. 


Kamchia (9) 


This is a remnant riverine, flooded forest at the mouth of the River Kamchia, which was regularly flooded 3 
5 years ago. Irrigation projects since the 1 980s have negatively affected the area causing improper water 
flow and drainage; saltwater intrusion and lowering the water level has changed the forest composition. The 
area is still known for its liana (‘longos') ecosystem. This and Baltata are the only large flooded forests left in 
Bulgaria. The remaining flooded forest and longos area is the 842 ha Kamchia Biosphere Reserve with a 
surrounding agricultural buffer zone. A management plan and staff are needed. 


Pomorie Lake (8) 


This is an important hypersaline, coastal lagoon (850 ha) with saltpans that is presently unprotected. There is 
salt extraction, an abandoned fish and mariculture factory and nearby health resort marketing the Pomorie 
muds for medicinal purposes. Pollution has impacted the fishing, the muds and the birds which relied on 
food in the mud. Salt production is active, but is changing the character of the area. The area needs to be 
designated as an education/nature reserve and managed accordingly. The area has a very diverse avifauna, 
particularly during the breeding season. 


10 


Atanassovsko Lake (7) 


This is a 1050 ha hypersaline complex of salt ponds and reedbeds with smaller settling pools for extraction 
surrounded by a freshwater canal. This area is threatened by pollution from the canal, erosion and 
deterioration of the dykes. This area is a Ramsar site and nature reserve, with a buffer zone. Over 250 bird 
species are found in this area including 12 globally threatened species. It is especially important as a 
migration staging area. There is an Ecological Station of the Institute of Ecology, Sofia, with a staff of two 
biologists. The area has a management plan, but it needs further implementation. 


Burgas Lake (6) 


This is a 2800 ha shallow brackish to freshwater area with shoreline reed beds near the city. Over 230 bird 
species have been recorded in this area. It is connected to the Black Sea with a sluice, which has allowed 
agricultural pollution to reach the sea. Land-impacts include fishing, hunting, agriculture and grazing. The 
lake is polluted from oil derivatives requiring mitigating actions. Only a small 75 ha reserve on the NW side 
is protected. A management plan is required, including measures to reduce pollution and stimulate 
ecotourism. 


Mandra Lake (5) 


This is a 1000-ha brackish, coastal area surrounded by meadows and marshes which has been turned into a 
reservoir with a remnant coastal lagoon and sea outlet. Over 240 bird species have been observed. The lake 
is used for fishing, hunting and irrigation land is unprotected. An adjacent brackish lagoon, Poda, is 
protected and managed by the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds (BSPB). A proposed steel plant 
could be detrimental to the ecological character of the site. The entire complex protection status, 
management plans and implementation. 


Ropotamo (4) 


This reserve of 1000-ha, is a Ramsar site, managed by the Committee of Forests and has excellent visitor 
facilities with ecotourism potential. It has a surrounding buffer zone of 770 ha. Inland, the area is largely 
flooded forest with extensive lianas (longos) and a small boardwalk for viewing the many species of forest 
trees. There are extensive and high dunes, marshes and rocky shores along the coast. It was one of the first 
strict reserves in Bulgaria, established in 1940 and enlarged in 1956. There are threats from adjacent holiday 
village development and hunting in the forests. A management plan is needed for the site, as well as staff to 
implement it. 


Stranga coast (3) 


This is a relatively undisturbed area near the Turkish border between the Veleka and Rezovska Rivers. The 
estuary between the rivers is the old border, and therefore undisturbed to date. The area has many endemic 
and Bulgarian Red Data Book species of both Mediterranean and Asian origin. The coast has extensive 
lagoons, marshes, dunes and beaches. It presently has low human popuiation, but is being speculated for 
coastal development. This unique area warrants protection status. 


2.2 Georgia 
Kolkheti Lowland : Tchuria (34), Nabada (35), Pichora-Paliastomi Marshes (36) 


The Kolkheti lowlands hold the only significant Black Sea basin wetlands in Georgia. On both sides of the 
river Rioni there are important wetlands, especially the Tchuria, Nabada and Pichora-Paliastomi marshes. 
These total about 42,500 ha. 


The area demonstrates elements both of a subtropical and temperate climate, receiving humid air masses 
from the Black Sea, since the main Caucasian range protects the Kolkheti area from the invasion of cold 
Arctic air masses from the north. The lowest and wettest parts of the Kolkheti lowland border on the Black 
Sea. The surface of the Kolkheti lowland is dominated by alluvial, alluvial-lake-marsh, alluvial- marine and 
marine soils. There is almost no gradient along the axial river Rioni. Therefore, natural drainage is slow and 
the formation of wetlands is active. Some coastal areas even lie 0.3 - 0.8 m below sea level. An important 
factor in the formation of wetlands along the coast of the Kolkheti lowlands has been the drop in land 
elevation relative to sea level, due to subsidence. There are coastal peat deposits between the mouths of the 
Supsa, Rioni, Khobi and Inguri rivers. The peat bogs of Imnati, Schowzchala, Nabada and Tschuria have a 
depth of up to 11 m and play a critical role as natural filters preventing nutrients from agriculture and other 
upstream activities from entering the Black Sea. 


The Kolkheti lowlands have an extensive river network with different types of water supply, basin 
morphology and capacity. The rivers originating from the Caucasus are fed by snow and glacial melt; they 
have a spring-summer flood, and winter low-water levels. Rivers which originate on the south slope of the 
Greater Caucasus spurs and on the north slope of the Meskheti mountain range are supplied by snow, rain 
and underground water; they are characterised by spring floods and high water levels also in the autumn. 
Small rivers originate within the Kolkheti lowlands or in the hilly foothills of the Greater Caucasus spurs 
and Meskheti range and are supplied by rain and underground water. The rivers are extremely important to 
the wetlands of the Kolkheti lowlands, but due to the very low gradients, drainage is poor and the water 
floods the surrounding areas. This is particularly acute after heavy rainfall or when the sea floods the coastal 
areas after storms. 


There are about 40 lakes on the Kolkheti lowland, of which the biggest is Paliastomi. This used to be a 
freshwater lake, but is now saline and less productive due to human interventions. Other wetland habitats 
include lagoons, estuaries, lakes between dunes, and oxbow lakes, which are particularly abundant on the 
south side of the river Rioni. Alluvial swamp, silt-marsh and peat bog soils are widely spread in the marshy 
part of the Kolkheti lowlands, these include wooded areas and grasslands. Large areas of the coastal parts of 
the Kolkheti lowlands have aquatic and marsh vegetation. At present, the greater part of the Kolkheti 
lowlands, except for the lowest areas, is cultivated. The Kolkheti lowlands are an important refuge for local 
fauna, particularly migratory waterbirds and mammals. Large concentrations of ducks and birds of prey 
assemble at Paliastomi Lake and other wetlands. 


Presently only 500 ha (including the Lower Rioni and Lake Paliastomi) of the lowland is protected including 
340 ha of forests and 157 ha of marshes. As such, the protected area is too small to maintain the high 
diversity and ecological functioning of the area. Major causes of degradation include upstrearn deforestation, 
heavy peat extraction, drainage and overfishing. 


2.3 Romania 


The total area of wetlands in Romania exceeds 6.2% of the total land area. The wetlands consist of: flowing 
waters, (over 118,000 km, including the inland river flood plains, Danube and Danube Delta flood plains, 
approx. 5%); natural lakes (over 2300, approx. 0.9%); artificial lakes (over 1500, including the fishponds, 
approx. 0.3 %); and the Black Sea shore (245 km, approx. 0.05%). In recent decades, the surface area 
of wetlands in Romania has decreased because of hydrotechnical and drainage works, especially in the 
inland river floodplains and also in the Danube floodplain and in the Danube Delta. The drainage works 
began between the world wars through the dams on the Bega, Somes, Crisuri and Dunare. This was 


12 


intensified after 1950. The most extensive post-war drainage is along the Danube valleys (lakes and marshes 
in south Oltenia, south Muntenia, Balta Lalomitei, Balra Brailei), in large areas of the Danube Delta 
(Pardina) and also in the western part of the country (Tisa Plain). Between 1976 and 1980, 24,625 km’ of 
wetlands were drained. As a result many of the natural lakes from the Danube Delta have been turned into 
agricultural polders affecting the habitats of a large number of wetland species. Many new artificial lakes 
and reservoirs were created on the Danube River, (Portile de Fier I and 11), and on some internal rivers, 
(Arges, Olt, Bistrita, Lotru, lalomir.l, Sadu, Uarz.Ivl, Raul Marc, Crisuri, Prut, etc.). Many artificial ponds 
have also been created for fish rearing. However, these artificial wetlands do not compensate for the 
functions that have been lost through the conversion of natural wetlands. 


Danube Delta (16) 


The Danube Delta is the second largest relatively intact wetland complex in Europe (after the Volga Delta), 
covering about 565,000 ha, including 442,000 ha in Romania and the rest in Ukraine. It is an extensive 
network of river tributaries, canals, lakes and reed swamps, as well as high ground forests, meadows, sandy 
grasslands and dunes, which interact to form a complex and unique mosaic of terrestrial and aquatic habitats, 
each supporting a rich flora and fauna. These habitats provide a high degree of water regulation and 
cleansing functions that, if lost, could have an irreversibly deleterious effect on the Black Sea. The Delta 
exhibits classic triangular formation with branching distributaries of the Danube River extending out from 
an apex to nearly 100 km in length and width before discharging into the Black Sea. The Danube river 
branches into three main courses from north to south. These are the Chilia, Sulina and Sf. Gheorghe, 
discharging 60%, 21% and 19% respectively of the Danube water at low flow months, and 72%, 11% and 
17% at high flow months. The Delta has a temperate to continental climate, with local influences from 
extensive water surfaces and marsh vegetation, as well as strong north-easterly winds from the Black Sea 
and Ukraine. The Delta acts as a large-scale filter between the Danube River and the Black Sea. 


The lake complex Razim-Sinoie has a peculiar position within the Danube Delta. It consists of several 
extensive lakes (former lagoons) surrounded by marshes and sandy dunes. The lakes are separated from the 
Black Sea by sandy belts and dunes. The closing of the two communications between these basins and the 
sea has produced a decrease of water salinity with effects upon local flora and fauna. 


In spite of intense pressure from grazing, silviculture, hydrological alteration and agriculture, the Danube 
Delta still supports diverse and large populations of fish, birds and rare mammals. There are over 75 species 
of fish, most of which are freshwater, but many Black Sea species rely on the Delta for breeding and 
survival of juveniles. Sturgeon Acipenser sturio formerly spawned in the Delta, but no longer do so. The 
Delta supports important breeding, migrating and wintering bird populations (about 275 species, of which 
175 are breeding species), including several globally threatened species, such as red-breasted goose Branta 
ruficollis, pygmy cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus and five percent of the world population of Dalmatian 
pelican Pelecanus crispus. In addition, half of the Palaearctic breeding population of the white pelican 
Pelecanus onocrotalus occurs in the delta. The Delta is an important refuge for the European mink Mustela 
hatreola, the wild cat Felis sylvestris and the European otter Lutra lutra. The Delta's unique complex of 
terrestrial and aquatic habitats supports a diversity of vegetation that is both biologically and economically 
significant. White willow Salix alba hardwoods line the river tributaries, while the coastal dune systems 
support ash-oak forests (Fraxinus - Quercus). The extensive reedbeds in the Delta's lakes are harvested for 
export throughout Europe. 


The first dikes in the Danube Delta were built in 1950 to reclaim some reedbed polders that have since been 
utilised for fishing and reed harvesting. After the period of fishery development (1965-1975), the 
government started to consider the development of intensive agriculture, forestry and fisheries, planning to 
drain more then 160,000 ha. In 1989, this programme stopped, but 103,000 ha were already transformed into 
agricultural polders (approx. 49.6%), fish ponds (approx. 44.2%), and forestry polders (6.2%). Many short 
canals were created in this period, mainly to facilitate transport, but disturbing the hydrological regime, 
affecting the natural sedimentation process and the quality of water. 


Most of the Danube Delta has been designated as a Biosphere Reserve, World Heritage Site and Ramsar 
Site. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) is funding a comprehensive project to implement obligations 
arising from the above designations in both Romania and Ukraine. The project includes institutional 
strengthening, protection and restoration measures, building of public awareness, and assistance to 
coordination with Ukraine. 


Lake Tasaul (15) 


This is an unprotected, slightly brackish lake (1830 ha) near Constanta that is supplied by the River 
Casimcea. It has barren shores and marshes. Human activities include fishing and an industrial plant in the 
south-eastern section. The lake is an important roosting and feeding site for migratory birds in the spring and 
autumn, but there is little ornithological data. Breeding species include little bittern Ixobrychus minutus and 
ferruginous duck Aythya nyroca. 


Lake Siutghiol (14) 


This was a marine lagoon but is now a freshwater lake (2100 ha) separated from the sea by a narrow 
sandbank, with reedbeds and intermittent sandy shores. It is near Constanta and has no protected status. The 
lake is important for passage migrants and over summering immature birds, but freezes in winter. Nearly 
one-half of the coastal area is dominated by holiday resorts and light industry, which disturb the wildlife in 
the summer months. 


Lake Techirghio (13) 


This was a coastal bay (1170 ha), but is now separated from the sea by a sandbar, although it still functions 
as a saline lake and does not freeze in the winter. It has barren shores with some marsh vegetation near 
freshwater streams. The muds from the lake bottom are used by nearby health resorts. A decrease in salinity 
has occurred due to irrigation in the surrounding areas. It is an important area for migratory and wintering 
birds, particularly black-necked grebe Podiceps nigricollis, but is unprotected. 


2.4 Russia 


Russia has several significant areas for wetland biodiversity in the Black Sea coastal zone, primarily the vast 
wetland complexes of the eastern Sea of Azov, and the Kerch Straits at the opening of the Sea of Azov and 
the Black Sea. Coastal areas of the Sea of Azov have been subject to extensive economic development, in 
particular fishing, aquaculture and agriculture collectively affecting the quality of this unique shallow 
‘inland’ sea. These have lead to many negative changes in the marine and coastal biodiversity, and fisheries 
reproduction. Nonetheless significant wetland areas still remain. These are briefly described below: 


The Don Delta (29) 


This has a total area of 54,800 ha of which 46,200 ha is occupied by wetland habitats, and includes a system 
of channels of varying size and character, and salt lakes. In the last decade a number of commercial fish 
farms have been built in the Delta (with an area of 10,000 ha). The flora of the Delta is varied and includes 
419 species, belonging to 245 genera and 68 families. They are found not only in the wetlands but also in 
other sections of the Delta. The vegetation of the wetlands is more diverse than that of the reservoirs and 
floodplain but the dominant species are the same. The delta is an important breeding site for mallard Anas 
platyrhynchos, coot Fulica arra, cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo, and grey heron Ardea cinerea. 


This is the most polluted section of the Don river with nitrogen, phenols and pesticides all violating norm 
standards, and affecting both wildlife and human health. The character of the delta has also been affected by 
upstream hydrological works. 


Floodplain wetlands in the Lower Don (33) 


The area of wetlands in the Lower Don floodplain during the natural regime of the river flow (up until 1952) 
reached 300,000-330,000 ha, with an average of 170,000 ha as a result of extensive floods (more than 8 
km3) during April/May. Temporary water bodies formed practically everywhere and remained until the 
autumn, while marshy water bodies formed in low lying places. However, as a result of major regulation 
works during the last 50 years, the floodplain was completely flooded only in 1963, 1979, 1981 and 1994, 
and partially flooded another 6 times. The wetlands have become extremely limited in the period between 
flooding. They have the same vegetation as the reservoirs in the Manych system. 


The Manych system of reservoirs 


These wetlands cover 2000 km’, and were formed between 1933 and 1941 when the left tributary of the 
Don, the River Manych, was closed off with a succession of dams. As a result, the small flat-bottomed 
valleys and floodplain were flooded. The resultant reservoirs have a sharply defined structure: open water 
surface (more than 2 m in depth) and a shallow area (less than 2 m in depth) with beds of vegetation. With 
the reservoirs are included a number of saline lakes, the biggest of which is Lake Gudilo. As a result the 
hydrochemical composition of the waters in these reservoirs varies considerably. Territorially the reservoirs 
are distributed within the Rostov Oblast and the Kalmykia Autonomous Republic. Their description is given 
below, from the mouth of the former River Manych to its source: 


Ust-Manych Reservoir 


This is the most westerly of the reservoirs, and has an area of 7300 ha, with 3500 ha of shallows. It is 60.5 
km long, and its width fluctuates from 1 km to 3 km; its maximum depth is 7 m. More than 30% of the area 
of the reservoir is overgrown with aquatic macrophytes. Along the edges of the reservoir is a 10-100 m belt 
of vegetation, while growth in the inlets may reach 100% of the area. Dominant plants are Scirpus, Typha, 
Phragmites, Straliola aloides, Ceratophyllum demersum, Lemna, Pozamogeton, Myriophyllum and Chara. 


Vesselovskoye Reservoir 


This has an area of 30,000 ha (including 8000 ha of shallows), is 92.3 km long, 1.5- 3.5 km wide with a 
maximum depth of 8.4 m. After the reservoir was created (in 1933) there was a large fluctuation in salinity. 
Subsequently, fresh water was drawn into the reservoir at first from the Tsimlyanskoye Reservoir and then 
from the Kuban Delta. 


As a result of the change in salinity of the water there was also a change in the flora, especially the 
composition of the dominant species. At present the composition of the dominant flora is identical to that of 
the Ust-Manych Reservoir, with an extensive littoral belt of reeds. The reservoir is an important breeding 
site for coot Fulica atra, mallard Anas platyrhynchos, red-crested pochard Netta rufina, spoonbill Platalea 
leucorodia, purple heron Ardea purpurea, and grey heron Ardea cinerea. It is an important staging area for 
white-fronted geese Anser albifrons, red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis, and dabbling ducks. 


Proletarskoye and Gudilo Reservoir 


This is situated in Rostov Oblast and Kalmykia. It is 81,000 ha in area and 190 km long. At its widest it is 13 
km, with a maximum depth of 5.5 m. As regards its hydyrological and hydro- chemical characteristics it can 
be divided into 3 sections: freshwater (5000 ha in area), brackish (21,000 ha) and saline (55,000 ha). The 
latter includes Lake Gudilo and the salt lakes. The whole area is a state reserve. 


Proletarskoye Reservoir has the same vegetation as the other reservoirs in the system. However, Phragmites, 
Typha and Scirpus do not exceed 5-7% of the vegetation, whereas the submerged aquatic vegetation, 
especially Pommogeton, develop practically over the whole water body. The vegetation in Lake Gudilo is 
especially poor. The area supports large numbers of breeding greater black-headed gull Larus ichthyaetus, 
herring gull Lanes argentatus, black-headed gull Larus ridibundus, spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, gadwall 
Anas strepera, red-crested pochard Netta rufina, Dalmatian pelican Pelecanils crispus, and white pelican 
Pelecanus onocrotalus. 


Limans in the Sea of Azov (Jejskij: 30; Bejsugskij: 31) 


The two main coastal lagoons (limans) in the Russian part of the Sea of Azov are Jejski; and Bejsugsk1j 
Limans. They are characterised by a changing salinity from fresh water where the rivers (with the same 
name) empty into them, to corresponding marine salinity (Jejski - 5-7%o, Bejsugskij - 13%o) in the channels 
which connect them to the sea. The change in salinity determines the composition of the flora and fauna of 
the limans. The fore delta sections of the lagoons have a typical floristic composition, while in the saline 
sections there is poor marine vegetation. 


There are many wetlands on the floodplains inland of the two lagoons. Most 
frequently they are low lying marshy areas largely overgrown with Phragmites, Typha and Scirpus. They 
differ considerably in size, from several hundred to several thousand hectares in area. 


Kuban delta (32) 


An extensive area of wetlands occurs here, including a system of fore delta, salt lakes, lakes and channels 
which covers the region from Primorsko-Achtarsk to the town of Tamryuka along the coast of the Sea of 
Azov and as far as the place where the Kuban's largest channel, the Protoki, divides from the river. All these 
wetlands are fed by water from the Kuban River. The different salt lake systems have different hydrological 
and hydrochemical characteristics depending on their water source, depth and link v. ith the sea. The area of 
the Delta salt lakes in the 1 930s was up to 300,000 ha; then, under the influence of economic activity, it 
decreased considerably ( 190 000 ha including 87,000 ha of fore delta zone in 1969; 157,600 ha including 
71,900 ha flood plain zone in the mid-1970s). As a result of the development of rice growing and massive 
irrigation schemes in the Kuban Delta a significant number of the salt lakes were opened up to rice 
cultivation, and water from the rice fields began to collect in some groups of salt lakes. The run-offs 
contained large quantities of fertilisers and harmful chemicals used in rice cultivation. This caused 
significant eutrophication and transformation of the salt lakes’ ecological systems. Part of this area is 
protected by state sanctuaries (zapovedniks). The delta is extremely important for nesting waterbirds (e.g. 
herons, dabbling and diving ducks, Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus, spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, 
glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus, gulls etc.). It is also an important staging, moulting and wintering area for 
waterbirds, particularly ducks and white-fronted goose Anser albifrons. Up to 1,000,000 ducks occur during 
the moulting period. 


Kiziltashski lagoon complex (41) 


In the Black Sea basin in Russia, wetlands include the group of Kiziltashski Lagoons which include the 
Bugazski, Tsokur, Kiziltashski and Vityazyevski Lagoons. Their total area is 31,300 ha. These salt lakes are 
characterised by significant vegetation growth and high salinity (22-80 %o). 


16 


Turkey 


Turkey's Black Sea coast is ca 1,800 km long. Only six wetlands are found on this part of the Black Sea 
coast (from west to east): 1) Igneada Saka Longozu, ii) Terkos Golu, iii) Sakarya Delta, iv) Sankum Golu, v) 
Kizilirmak Delta and vi) Yesilirmak Delta. Four of these sites (ii, iv, v, vi) are listed as Turkish Important 
Bird Areas and also occur in the Shadow List of Ramsar sites (ICBP/IWRB 1990). 


Igneada Saka Longozu (2) 


This is a very well preserved natural area near the Bulgarian border. It consists of extensive areas of flooded 
forests, several small lakes, a river delta and large intact dune systems. The site is a Nature Reserve and 
probably meets Turkish Important Bird Areas criteria. Animal husbandry Is the main human activity in the 
region. Long-term threats include tourist developments and the construction of a coastal highway right 
through the site. 


Terkos Colii (1) 


This is an area of about 5850 ha, with a 2500 ha lagoon near Istanbul (12 million inhabitants). The lake was 
originally a Black Sea bay but is now connected only by a small channel; therefore the salinity is very low. 
There are some reedbeds around the shore. Large dunes are found between the lake and sea with some 
woodland scrub comprising an area of 3350 ha. The lake is one of the main water sources for Istanbul. The 
lake is filling up rapidly with sand that blows in from the sea, and urban pollution is probably a problem. 
Efforts to stop the infilling included dune reforestation. Thousands of birds pass over the area twice a year, 
as the site lies on a major migration route, especially for raptors and storks. Yet the ornithological 
importance of the site is known to have declined considerably in recent years (Osprey Pandion haliaetus 
used to breed until 1984), mainly due to increased disturbance. Hunting pressure is immense, due to its 
proximity to Istanbul. The area is unprotected. 


The Sakarya Delta (40) 


This wetland is formed by the second longest river in Turkey, and has apparently lost its importance for 
birds and other wildlife during the last 25 years. Current ornithological importance is unknown, but deemed 
to be little. Two main lakes remain: one lake (ca 1800 ha) is situated near the sea, whilst Akgol (ca 350 ha) 
lies 12 km inland. Akgol is a freshwater lake also formed by the river and holds small numbers of waterbirds 
in winter. 


Sarikum G6lii (39) 


This is a small 1000-ha lagoon with flooded forests and dunes in the surroundings; it is situated at the 
northernmost tip of Turkey, near Sinop. It is a Nature Reserve and faces no major threat. The area is not of 
major ornithological importance (the 100,000 waterbirds mentioned in the IBA inventory is now considered 
to be erroneous). 


Kizilirmak Delta (38) 


This 50,000 ha wetland is the most important and largest wetland on the Turkish Black Sea coast, and one of 
the most significant in Turkey. It comprises 8,000 ha of natural areas, consisting of lakes, lagoons, large 
reedbeds (Phragmites and Scirpus), wet meadows, flooded forests and dunes. Between the lakes and the sea 
is a coastal forest of 1400 ha that is an excellent breeding habitat for raptors. Over 310 bird species have 


17 


been recorded so far. Agriculture is practised throughout the delta, whereas fishery, animal husbandry and 
reed-cutting are important sources of income for the people living near the wetland itself. The delta is 
seriously threatened by large irrigation and drainage projects, tourist development and forest and dune 
destruction. The Turkish Society for the Protection of Nature (DHKD) has run a wetland conservation 
project in the delta since July 1992, and the Turkish Ministry of Environment started a similar project later. 
In April 1993 the Turkish Ministry of Environment and DHKD signed a protocol that formalises the 
cooperation of the two parties with regards to the conservation of the Kizilirmak Delta. About 3000 ha has 
been designated as a hunting reserve by the Ministry of Forestry. 


Yesilirmak Delta (37) 


This used to be the largest delta on the Black Sea coast of Turkey, covering 60,000 ha. It was a large alluvial 
plain of the River Yesilirmak with a series of lakes and coastal lagoons. The area has been largely drained 
and converted into agricultural land during the last two decades, resulting in a decrease in size of the delta as 
a functioning wetland. Only one lake remains today, of which the ornithological importance is unknown but 
assumed to be only a fraction of its former importance. A hunting reserve has been created at Simenlik Golu. 


2.5 Ukraine 


Ukraine stretches more than 1300 km from east to west and approximately 900 km from south to north. It 
occupies a territory of 604,000 km’. The length of its borders is 6500 km including 1050 km of seashore. 
The country is rich in wetlands, including rivers, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, limans, saline lakes, marshes, peat 
bogs, flood plains and swamp forests. Approximately 5.3% of the whole territory is covered by wetlands, of 
which 3.8% is wet meadow. Lakes comprise 2.3 km? of freshwater, the marshes 30 km* and the saline 
lagoons 8.6 km’. 


There are 22,000 rivers with a total length of approximately 170,000 km. The majority of them belong to the 
Black Sea catchment. The Danube is the second largest river in the Mediterranean/Black Sea Basin after the 
Nile. Ukraine has only a small section of this river at the boundary with Romania. Annually, the Danube 
obtains 5.7 km? of water from its 64,000 km? Ukrainian catchment. The Dniestr has a catchment of 72,100 
km? in Ukraine, is 1352 km long and brings 8.7 km? of freshwater every year to the Black Sea. The Dniepr 
has the largest catchment area in Ukraine and a length of 981 km. It is the third largest river in the 
Mediterranean/ Black Sea Basin, and supplies the Black Sea with 52.4 km’ of fresh water from an area of 
504,000 km? annually. Siverski Donets has a 54,900-km? catchment area in the Ukraine and collects 5.1 km? 
of freshwater annually. The South Bug collects 2.9 km? of water over an area of 63,700 km” in SW Ukraine. 
The West Bug is the only river that takes water to the Baltic Sea from a catchment area of 10,000 km? in 
Ukraine. More than 1000 reservoirs were built in order to regulate the flow of Ukrainian rivers. Six of the 
largest are on the Dniepr river: Kiev (922 km’), Kanev (582 km’), Kremenchuk (2252 km’), 
Dniprodzerzhinsk (567 km’), Dniprovske (410 km’) and Kakhov (2155 km’). The total water storage of 
these reservoirs is 55.1 km’. In addition, nearly 28,000 ponds and 7 large canals have been built. 


Along the Ukrainian coast of the Black Sea, there are three major river deltas and 14 bays and lagoons. 
These have undergone major transformations in recent decades due to large scale drainage works, 
improvement of irrigation schemes, diversion of water. Nevertheless, the region is still rich in wetlands with 
large natural areas which support many species. In the adjacent marine areas, the shallow bays have the 
highest biodiversity, especially the Sivash, Tendrovski, Dzharcylgach and Karkinitski Bays. 


The following is a brief description of the main coastal wetlands in Ukraine, going from west to east and 
includes Crimea and the Sea of Azov: 


Danube Delta (16) 


This wetland is shared with Romania, and therefore part of the second largest (565,000 ha) relatively intact 
wetland complex in Europe (after the Volga Delta), including about 150,000 ha in Ukraine. It has alluvial 
islands which have dense reedheds and Salix alba woodland, as well as an extensive coastal zone on the 
Black Sea with shallow open bays that are separated from the sea by low sand-spits. The Ukrainian part of 
the delta contains several large lakes that are not found inthe | Romanian portion, and the delta estuary of 
the Kilia (also called Chilia) river is the main marine deltaic part of the entire Danube Delta, where new 
marsh areas and coastal dunes are being formed. 

During this century, there has been intense pressure from grazing, silviculture, hydrological and navigational 
alteration, agriculture, fishing, hunting and trapping and upstream pollution, which has severely impacted 
the once diverse and large populations of fish and birds as well as rare mammals. Nevertheless, there 
are over 75 species offish belonging to 22 families, most of which are freshwater, but many Black Sea 
species rely on the Delta for breeding and survival of juveniles. Of the total of 410 bird species found in 
Ukraine, 280 live in the Delta at various times of the year. Together with the Romanian section, the Delta is 
visited by the majority of the world population of red breasted goose Branta ruficollis, pygmy cormorant 
Phalacrocorax pygmeus, half of the Palaearctic breeding population of the white pelican Pelecanus 
onocrotalus, 25 % of the Western Palearctic population of spoonbills Platalea leucorodia, and five percent 
of the world population of Dalmatian pelican Pelecanus crispus. From  50-100,000 waterbirds winter 
annually. 


The Delta is an important refuge for the European mink Mustela lutreola, the wild cat Felis sylvestris, and 
the European otter Lutra lutra. 


Only 14,851 ha has so far been given protected status; this area is called the Dounaiski Plavni Reserve. The 
Reserve Authority has very modest funds and staffing, and most activity has been devoted to research rather 
than management. Commercial fishing, the conversion of natural areas to rice fields, and pollution from 
Vilkovo are the main problems. It was a Ramsar site before Ukraine became independent, and may soon be 
designated as a Biosphere Reserve. It is proposed to enlarge the reserve substantially, including core and 
buffer areas. This wetland is now the subject of a US$ 1.5 million grant from the Global Environment 
Facility, which will finance institutional strengthening, protection, management and restoration _ initiatives, 
the building of public awareness, coordination with Romania, and the establishment of an Endowment. 


Dniestr Delta 


This wetland comprises the delta and coastal lakes, including salt-lakes, canals and reservoirs. The Dniestr 
Delta is 220km? and the lakes are 200,000 km’ in area. A small area of 7620 ha is protected as a temporary 
wildlife reserve but the Delta has been proposed for a reserve establishment (co-signed by the Odessa 
authorities and local © community members). Breeding bird species include up to 1500 pairs of glossy ibis 
Plegadis falcinellus, Shelduck Tadorna tadorna, cormorants, herons, mute swan Cygnus olor, greylag goose 
Anser anser and ducks. Although Phragmites and Typha dominate, more than 700 species of wetland plants 
have been recorded. Rare species include Trapa natans, Salvillia natans and Nymphaea alba. Threats 
include wetland drainage for agriculture, dam construction, sand extraction, urbanisation, overfishing and 
hunting, and pollution from the port of Belgorod-Dnestrovski. It is an important for wintering waterbirds, 
and meets the criteria for designation under the Ramsar Convention. 


Tiliguliski Liman (18) 


This is a shallow lagoon (12,000 ha) with reedbeds and sandy islands. Breeding species include avocet 
Recurvirostra azvosetta (200 pairs) and up to 80,000 wintering waterbirds. This area has been included in 
the Ramsar Shadow list, and 520 ha has been made a temporary reserve for breeding birds. Clay, extracted 
from the lagoon is used for mud baths. The main problems are summer house building and organic pollution. 


Lower Dniepr, Golayal Pristan (20) 


This region comprises extensive riverine and coastal channels including reedbeds and marshy islands. 
Breeding birds include hundreds of grebes and thousands of Ciconiiformes. It is a passage site for thousands 
of greylag geese Anser anser and dabbling ducks. It is unprotected, but is proposed for reserve status. 


Tendrovski and Yagorlitski Bays (19) 


These together comprise 113,200 ha and include island areas of the Black Sea Reserve (Chernormorski) and 
the protected islands and water area of Yagorlitski/ Tendrovksi totalling 39,748 ha. These large sea bays are 
separated from the sea by a narrow peninsula, resulting in islands with halophytic vegetation, small lakes 
and temporary water bodies. Phragmites, Typha and Scirpus typify the emergent lake vegetation, while the 
bays are surrounded by salt-meadow/steppe and forest steppe. The islands are important for breeding gulls 
and terns, and about 500,000 waterbirds use both lagoons. The hydrological balance has been changed due 
to the release of fresh water from irrigation and rice-growing, which has decreased the productivity of the 
ecosystem. Commercial fishing disturbs the waterbirds during the breeding season. These bays were 
designated as Ramsar sites before Ukraine became Independent, and have been State Reserves since 1927. 
Dzharylgach Bay 


This Black Sea bay includes numerous small islands and extensive coastal shallows. There is intense 
recreational tourism pressure on the islands and seasonal protection is needed. Breeding birds include 
hundreds of ducks and thousands of gulls. Hundreds of thousands of waterbirds occur during migration and 
include the red breased goose. 


Karkinitski Bay (22) 


This wetland comprises 37,300 ha and is part of the Crimea Reserve described below, with 27,646 ha. of 
land area protected, extending | km into the sea. The head of Karkinitski Bay has many sandy spits, shallow 
bays and salt lakes adjacent to virgin steppe and agricultural land. Vehicles are destroying the steppe 
habitats. There are small salt-marsh islands, some barren and others covered in reeds that are now declining 
in area due to erosion. The saltwater shallows have rich submerged vegetation, dominated by Characeae and 
Zostera, but their productivity has been adversely affected by freshwater inputs and pollution from fish 
farming and rice growing in the area. Bird species are declining due to intense hunting, agriculture, sheep 
grazing, tourism and changes in the macrophyte populations. This site was a Ramsar site before Ukraine 
became independent, but it is regarded as poorly protected with no control on poaching. 


Sivash Lagoon (23) 


The Sivash is the largest united lagoon system in Europe, covering about 2500 km2 of open water, mudflats 
and saltmarshes. The lagoons are non-tidal and not influenced by large river systems. Most are shallow and 
brackish with indented shoreline, spits and islands, including dominant habitats of saltmarsh and steppe with 
halophytic vegetation and extensive reedbeds. There is a gradual change in salinity from east (brackish) to 
west (hypersaline). The area is largely isolated from the Sea of Azov by a low spit, resulting in varying 
water levels and evaporation. Water flow is also altered by a dam and from agriculture development for rice 
and fish ponds, which have all increased the freshwater content. The economic activity is minimal except for 
industrial fishing, salt extraction and overfishing by recreation. The virgin steppe is often ploughed, used for 
hay and grazed by sheep. There are numerous species of breeding birds. In spring, the Bay is important for 
waterbirds, especially ducks red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis and waders (0.5 million including 
important populations of dunlin Calidris alpina and broad-billed sandpiper Limicola falcinellus). Part of the 
area is protected as the Azov-Sivash National Park (45,700 ha) with less than 1% having protection as a 
strict nature or hunting reserve. An important priority must be to extend these protected areas. This site was 
designated as a Ramsar site until Ukraine became independent. 


20 


Molochni Liman (24) 


This is a salt lake protected as a hydrological temporary reserve. It is separated from the Sea of Azov by a 
narrow spit with extensive shallows and islands. The irregular water supply from a canal leads to seasonal 
salinity fluctuations which destroys the vegetation. The upper part of the lake is polluted from the nearby 
town of Melitopol. It is a breeding site for grebes, waders, gulls and terns, and a migration site for many 
waterbirds. This site meets the criteria of the Ramsar Convention. Part of the site (1900 ha) has been 
designated as a temporary reserve. 


Obitochnaya (25), Berdyansk (26), Belosarayskaya (27) and Krivaya Peninsulas (28) 


These are four small peninsulas in the Sea of Azov which each have associated bays, coastal shallows, and 
low bare islands. They are breeding sites for ducks, waders, gulls, terns and passage and wintering 
waterfowl. The Krivaya Peninsula has a 154 ha reserve but is experiencing intense recreational pressure and 
fishpond impacts. It has the largest colony of black-winged stilt Himantopus 

Himantopus in Europe. Belosarayskaya is also considered to be a reserve of 616 ha. All four of these areas 
meet the criteria of the Ramsar Convention. 


21 


3 IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS ALONG THE BLACK SEA COAST. 


Individual bird areas are numbered on the Black Sea map. Numbers in brackets after the area names refer to 
this map. 


3.1 Bulgaria 


The main wetlands lie along the Danube and Black Sea Coast. Many of Bulgaria's marshland and coastal 
lakes have been drained or modified since 19944; mainly for agriculture , but also because of development 
for tourism and industry. The north-eastern part of the Black Sea has some remnant steppe, and is similar to 
the adjacent Dobrogea of Romania. The remaining marshes and lakes along the Danube and the Black Sea 
coastal wetland are particularly important for breeding. 


Lake Sharkovo Reservoir (Yambol) (6) 


42°05' N, 26°S0'E. 380 ha. 


Unprotected, although proposed Natural Monument. A water-storage reservoir, surrounded by low hills with 
arable land (mainly winter wheat). Human activities include hunting and fishing. Wintering species include 
Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Egretta alba, and Anser albifrons. 


Lake Mandra (Burgas) (4) 


42°25'N, 27°28'E. 1000 ha. 


Unprotected, although plans to protect southern and eastern parts. A brackish coastal lake which has been 
turned into a water reservoir (now fed only by inflowing rivers) with a remnant, brackish coastal lagoon 
(Uzun-geren) with an outlet to the sea; surrounded by wet meadows, marshes, and hills. The lake is used for 
fishing, hunting and irrigation. A steel-manufacturing plant, currently under construction, is likely to be 
detrimental to the site. 

Breeding species include Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta 
grazetta, E. alba (occasionally), Ardea purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea leucorodia (10-35 points), 
Himantopus himantopus, Recuvirostra avosetta, Sterna albifrons, and S. hirundo. Pelecanus onocrotalus 
and P. crispus formerly bred. Wintering species include Phalacrocorax pygmeus (av. 180), Pelecanus 
onocrotalus, P. crispus, Egretta alba (av. 16), Anser albifrons (av.1250), and Oxyura leucocephala (av.5) 
(total figures for waterfowl: av.20,300). 


Shabla-Ezeretz complex (Tolbukhin). (12) 


43°30'N, 28°35'E 300ha. 


Unprotected although hunting prohibited (403ha). Two lakes connected by an artificial canal and separated 
for the Black sea by a sandbar, both with indented shorelines covered with Phragmites. There is a hyper- 
saline lake (Shablenska tuzla:19 ha) just south of this complex. Hunting and fishing remain a problem at the 
site. Breeding species include Tadorna ferruginea (10 pairs) and Aythya nyroca. Very important for 
wintering waterfowl, with Cygnus olor (av.110), Anser albifrons (av.30, 600), Branta ruficollis(av. 7600, 
max 17,000+). Other wintering species include Gavia artica, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Egretta alba and 
Mergus albellus. 


22 


Lake Burgas or Vaya (Burgas) (5) 


42°30'N, 27°20'E. 2800ha. 


Unprotected, except for Protected Landscape (70 ha). A brackish to freshwater lake situated close to Burgas, 
connected to the Black Sea by a canal with a sluice. There is a belt of reeds along the northern, western, and 
southern shores. Land-uses include intensive fishing and controlled hunting, with agriculture and stock- 
grazing in the surrounding area. The lake is poliuted by oil derivatives. Breeding species include Gavia 
artica, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta garsetta, Ardea 
purpurea, Plegadis falcinellys (100-200 pairs), Aythya nyroca, ,Himantopus himantopus, Recurvirostra 
avosetta, Glareola pratincola, and Sterna hirundo. Wintering species include Phalacrocorax pygmeus, 
Pelecanus crispus (occasionally), and Egretta alba. 


Lake Durankulak (Tolbukhin) (13) 


43°38'N, 28°30'E 350 ha Ramsar site. 


Protected landscape. A brackish to freshwater coastal lake with some reedbeds. Human activities are few. 
Breeding species include Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Anser anser, Circus areruginous, and 
Glareola pratincola. Important for wintering Branta rufisollis (av. 400; max. 1710). Other wintering 
species include Gavis arctica, Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Cygnus cygnus, Anser albifrons (av. 17,000; max 
890), and Mergus albellus, with and average of 27,000 wintering swans, geese and ducks. 


Atanasovko Ezero (Atanassovo Lake) (Burgas) (7) 


42°30'N, 27°30'E 1690 ha Ramsar Site (1050 ha). 


A complex of saltpans with smaller settling pools for salt extraction, surrounded by a freshwater canal 
(which is wide in places) with reedbeds. There is salt extraction, but fishing and grazing are prohibited. The 
site is threatened by pollution of the canal (by industry to the north of the Reserve and by pig farms), 
erosion, and general deterioration of the dykes (on which many of the birds breed). The breeding colonies 
are also accessible to mammalian predators. 

Breeding species (breeding data mainly from 1977) include Ixobrychus minitus (many pairs), Ardea 
purpurea (2+pairs), Anas acuta, Aythya nyroca (2+ pairs), Circus aeruginosus (3 pairs), Himantopus (22 
pairs), Recurvorostra avosetta (725 pairs), Burhinus oedicnemus, Glareola pratincola (5 pairs), 
Gelochelidon nilotica (35 pairs; the only Bulgarian breeding locality), Sterna sandvicensis, S.Hirundo (90 
pairs), S. albifrons (30+ pairs), and probably Todorna ferugineam, Porzana prozana, P. parva, and 
Chlidonias niger. An extremely important bottleneck site for migratory birds (averages for seasonal counts 
over five autumns unless stated) with Phalacrocorax nigra (2860), C.ciconia (135,800), Platalea leucorodia 
(autumn max 200), Pernis apivorus (3680), Circaetus gallicus (400), Aquila pomarina (5680), Grus grus 
(1790), Recurvirostra avosetta (autumn max, 7570), Larus melanocephalus (autumn max. 410000, L. genei 
(autumn max . 7570), Larus melanocephalus (autumn max. 4100), L. genei (autumn max. 1385), and 
Gelochelidon nilotica (1390). 


Yatata Reservoir (Varna) (10) 


43°11'N, 27°42'E 154 ha 


Natural Monument. A former sedimentation reservoir near to Beloslav now covered with 7ypha latifolia and 
other emergent vegetation, and with areas of open water. Formerly connected with the Varna-Devnya 
Canal, and a reconnection with the canal has been recommended. Breeding species include Himantopus 
himantopus (\0pairs) and Recurvorostra avosetta (20 pairs). Consideration numbers of Pelecanus 
onocrotalus and Cinonia spp. Occur on spring and autumn passage. Other species include Todorna 


23 


ferruginea, Pernis apivorus, Milcus migrans, Circeatus gallicus, Circus aeruginosus, C.cyaneus, 
C.pygargus, Aquila polorina, and Hieraetus pennatus. 


Alepu Ezero (Buragas). (3) 


42°22'N, 27°43'E 14 ha 


A brackish coastal marsh with Phragmites and Typha beds and two areas of open water, alongside a sandy 
beach o the Black Sea coast. There is the need for a buffer zone to separate a nearby tourist complex form 
the lake. Breeding species include Ixobrychus minutus, Ardea purpurea, and Aythya nyroca. During spring 
and autumn Phalacrocorax pygmeus (c.50), Pelecanus onocrotalus (thousands), and P.Crispus (a few) 
occur. 


Cape Kaliakra (Varan). (11) 


43°20'N, 23°60 'E 688 ha. 


Nature Reserve. A coastal headland with vertical limestone cliffs and many caves, with relict steppe 
vegetation inland.Breeding species inlcude Phalcrocorax aristotelis desmarestii and Oenathe pleschanka 
and possibly Neophron percnopterus and Bubo bubo. The cape acts as a bottleneck for birds on autumn 
passage with many Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus onocrotalus, Ciconia nigra, C.cicnonia, Pernis 
apivorus, Milvus migrans, Circus aeruginosus, c. cyaneus, C. pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Butep rufinus, 
Aquila pomarina, and Hieraaetus pennatus pygargus, Accipiter brevipes, Buteo rufinus, Aquila pomarina, 
and Hieraarus pennarus occuring. Wintering species include reficollis (hundreds) and Oris tarda.(30+). 


Cape Emine (Burgas) (8) 


42°20'N, 27°54'E 100 ha 


Unprotected. A coastal headland and the easternmost point of the Star Planina mountains. Rocky coast with 
vertical cliffs abd xerophytic vegetation and sparse stands of secondary Quercus Sp. A very important 
bottleneck site with very large numbers oaf birds occuring during autumn passage, including Pelecanus 
onocrotalus (c.10,000), Ciconia (c.1500), C.ciconia (100,000+), Pernis apivorus (c.2000), Milvus migrans 
(c.2000), Circaetus gallicus (c.3000, C. aeruginosus (1000, Aquila pomarina c.4000), and Grus grus 
(c.50000). 


Kamtchia Biosphere Reserve (Varna) (9) 


42°02'N, 27°50'E 842 ha 
Nature Reserve. An area of remnant riverine forest at the mouth of the River Kamtchia, dominated by 
mature Fraximus oxyphylla and Quercus pedunculiflora, with marshes along the river bank. All economic 


activities are prohibited, but drainage and forestry plans have been proposed in the past. Breeding species 
include Egretta garsetta ( a small colony), Ciconia nigra, and Ficedula semitorquata. 


3.2 Romania 


There are many wetlands along the Danube (Dunarea), which forms the southern border of the country and 
then flows north entering the Black sea via a huge delta (one of the least-developed major deltas in Europe). 


24 


Extensive drainage has been carried our, mainly in the Danube valley, since 1945. For example the 
extensive area of lakes and marshes between Braila and Hirsova, and the string of lakes between Hirsoba 
and Calarasi have been drained and converted to farmland. Furthermore, drainage has significantly reduced 
the size of Lake Suhai (Balta Suhaia) and lake Brates (Lacul Brates) near Galati. Lake Greaca (balta 
Greaca) and Lake Potelu (Balta Potelu) have now disappeared, and Lake Calarasi (Lacul Calarasi)has been 
converted to fish-ponds. In addition, a major programme to develop the Danube Delta is currently being 
implemented which aims to reclaim c.97,000 ha of the Delta, mainly for agriculture. By 1987, some 50,000 
ha of agriculture land had been created. The loss of such wetland habitats has been partly compensated for 
by the construction of water reservoirs and fish-ponds. Theses newly created areas are important for passage 
of migrants and winter visitors, but not as breeding habitats (although, owing to their silting and to the 
development of aquatic vegetation, several have become suitable for breeding birds). 


Only a small portion of the (Danube) Delta is protected and much of it is threatened by a major reclamation 
programme. Of the other wetland sites included only two are protected. A number of lakes along the 
Danube, not listed in the inventory, are known to be ornithologically important including : Bistref, Suhaia, 
boianu, Calarasi, Bugeac (Girlita), Crapina, and Jijila. 


Delta Dunarii (Danube Delta) (24) and Razelm-Sinoie complex (Tulcea Constanta) (23). 


44°25'-45°28'N, 28°45'-29°40'E 442,000 ha 


Biosphere Reserve (Rosca-Letea 18,145). Nature Reserves (Rosca-buhaiova-Hrecisca: 15,600 ha; Perisor- 
Zatoane-Sacalin: 15,400 ha; Periteasca-Gura Portitei:3900ha; Istria: 8000 ha; Popina: 90 ha; Saraturile:100 
ha; Hasmacul Mare: 700 ha). The delta of the Danube (including Rivers Chilia, Sulina and Sfinty 
Gheorghe) and the Razelm-Sinoie complex (inlcuding Lakes Razelm, Sinoie, Zmeica, and Golovita). An 
extensive delta with numerous freshwater lakes interconnected by narrow channel with huge expanses of 
Phragmites, Scirpus and Typha. 


Most of the reedbeds grow on a floating mass of decaying vegetation (‘plaur'). Higher ground support stands 
of Salix, Populus, Alnus, and Quercus. The Razelm-Sinoie complex to the south consists of several large 
brackish lagoons separated from the sea by a sandbar. A major programme to develop the delta is currently 
being implemented. This involves the reclamation of c.97,000 ha of the Delta for irrigated agriculture crop 
of reed production , construction of fish-ponds and extension of forests. By 1987, some 50,000 ha of 
agricultural land had been created (with very poor agricultural production in places) and ecologically most 
important part of the delta (despite being considered totally unsuitable for agriculture by authorities both 
inside and outside Romania). Another project includes the re-routing of the River Sfintu-Gheorghe by 
cutting a straight canal through the numerous meanders, which will speed up the flow of water and radically 
alter the pattern of alluvial deposition. 


Over 160 species of birds breed, the most important being (1986 population estimates): 


Phalacrocoraz carbo sinensis (3000 pairs), P. pygmeus (2500 pairs; one of the most important sites in the 
world), Pelecanus onocrotalus (2500 pairs), P. crispus (estimated until recently at 150 pairs, perhaps now 
only 25-40 pairs), Nycticorax nycticorax (2100 pairs), Cygnus olor (500pairs), Haliaeetus albicilla 
(c.Spairs), Circus aeruginosus (300 + pairs), Pandion halieatus (3 pairs), Falco cherrug (1-2) pairs, F. 
vespertinus (150 pairs), Sterna and vicensis (1700 pairs), S. hirundo (20,000+ pairs), Chlidonias hubridus 
(20,000+ pairs), and C. niger (10,000-20,000 pairs). Oxyura leucocephala possibly still breeds. Numenius 
tenuirostris occurs on autumn passage (28 in 1971). In winter, huge numbers of Anaridae occur, including 
(counts from 191968 unless stated) Anser albifrons (500,000; 64,000-77,500 in1982), A. Erythropus (2 in 
1982; other counts include max. 500), Branta ruficollis (25,000; 12,130 om 1982), Anas crecca (150,000), 
A. platyrynchos 9200,000, A. nyroca 913,000), and Mergus albells (1500 in 1982). Haliaeetus albicilla also 
occurs in winter (30-40 in 1969, but fewer since). Additional ornithological information is given for the 
following subsites. 


7S 


Rosca-buhaiova-Hrecisca Nature Reserve. (Tulcea). (27) 
45 22’N, 29°25°E. 15,600 ha. 


Nature reserve and part of the Rosca-Letea Biosphere Reserve. Extensive reedbeds and marshes, several 
shallow lakes (Poliacova, Argintiu, and Rosca) and narrow channels bordered by Salix. Almost unaltered by 
man owing to shallow water which renders access difficult. Breeding species include Phalacrocorax carbo 
sinensis, P. pygmeus, Pelecanus onocrotalus (2500 pairs), P. cripus (c.25 pairs), Botaurus stellaris, 
Ixobrychus minutus, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta alba, E. garzetta, A. purpurea, Plegadis falcinellus, Platalea 
leucorodia, Aythya nyroca, C. aeruginosus, porzana, P.parva, P.pusilla, Chlidonias hybridus, C. niger, and 
C.leucopterus. 


Perisor-Zatoane-Sacalin Nature Reserve (Tulcea) (22) 


44 °SO’N, 29°25’E 15,400 ha. 


Nature Reserve. Lakes and ponds with wide reedbeds amongst parallel strips of sand dunes (‘grinduri’). 
Sacalin Island is made up of alluvial deposits with sand dunes and small patches of reed and Tamarix. 
Sacalin Island id adversely affected by illegal grazing (with the animals destroying the eggs and chicks) and 
the basin between the island and the mainland is silting up. Breeding species are similar to Rosca-Buhaiova- 
Hrecisca (except Pelecanus onocrotalus) including P.crispus (0-20 pairs). Additional breeding species 
inlcude Aquila pomarina, Grus grus, (2-3 pairs), Recurvirostra avosetta (10-40 pairs), Himantopus 
himantopus, Glareola pratincola, Tringa stagnatilis, Sterna sandviscensis (1200-2500), S. hirundo (1000 
pairs; 15,000 pairs in 1968-1970), and S. albiforms (100 pairs). Sacalin Island is an important site for 
passage migrants. Haliaeetus albicilla (2-6) occurs in winter. 


Periteasca-Leahova-Gura Portitei Nature Reserve. (Tulcea) (21) 


44°45’N; 29°05’ E 3900 ha 


Narrow sandy strips, reedbeds, marshes, ponds and shallow lakes, with an uninterrupted sandy strip along 
the coast . Fishing takes place, and there is a small tourist camp on the eastern edge. Breeding species are 
few, but include Tadorna feruginea (c.6 pairs on Popina Island) and several species of gulls and waders. An 
important feeding area for birds breeding in the delta and for migrants in spring and autumn. Large numbers 
f geese and ducks occur in autumn and winter (with important roosting and feeding areas near Sinoie and 
Sarinasuf villages) notably Anser albifrons.(64,000-77,500), Branta ruficollis (max. 25,000). And Mergus 
albellus (15,000). 


Lacul Istria , Lacul Nuntasi and southern Lacul Sinoie (Constanta). (20) 


44°33°N, 28°44°E. 8000ha 


Unprotected except Istria Sanctuary. Three main lakes ( and other small ponds) with mud and sand shores , 
surrounded by steppe and agricultural land. Istria has emergent freshwater vegetation including Phragmites 
beds, The surrounding land is used for farming and grazing , Istria is used as a fish-pond, and there is a 
small health resort on the western shore of Nuntasi. The intensification of grazing and the inflow of fresh 
water (form irrigation schemes) are adversely affecting the area. 


Breeding species include Botaurus stellaris (6-8 pairs) Jxobrychus minutus (50-60 pairs), Himantpus 
himantopus (60 pairs), Recurvirostra avosetta (100 pairs). Important during spring and autumn passage 
with (seasonnal totals) Pelecanus onocrotalus (500 in spring; 2000 in autumn), P. crispus (320 in spring, 10 
in autumn), Egretta garzetta (2000 in autumn), Ciconia nigra (10-15 in spring), Plegadis falcinellus (1000 
in autumn), Platalea leucorodia (150 in spring; 300 in autumn), and Aythys nyroca (100 in spring). 


26 


Wintering species include Gavia arctica (50-100), Cygnus cygnus (2000), Anser erythropus (max. 500), 
Branta ruficollis (max. 5000), Haliaeetus albicilla (5-6) and Falco peregrinus (2-4 pairs). 


Padurea letea (Letea Forest) (Tulcea). (26) 


ATTN, 29°33? E5700 ha 


Partly included in Rosca_Letea Biosphere Reserve. Partly a Nature Reserve (Hasmacul Mare: 700 ha) A 
forest consisting mainly of Populus and Quercus with many mature trees; belt of trees (2-10 km long and 
300-500 wide) alternate with strips of steppe vegetation and sand dunes. Land-uses include agriculture, 
grazing, and forestry. Problems include the replacement of open areas by plantations. A detailed 
ornithological study is required. 


Breeding species include Pernis apivorus (2-4 pairs), Haliaeetys albicilla (1 pair), Circaetus gallicus (1-2 
pairs), Falco cherrug (1 pairs), Burhinus oedicnemus (4-6 pairs), Bubo Bubo (3-6 pairs), Caprimulgus 
europaeus (50 pairs), Coracias garrulus (20-30 pairs), Lanius collurio (150 pairs) and L. minor (120 pairs). 
Falco peregrinus (2-4) occurs in winter. 


Padurea Niculitel-Badadag (Niculitel and Babadag Forest) (Tulcea). (25) 


45°00'N, 28°25'E c. 10,000 ha 


Unprotected. A hilly area (Niculitel Hills and Badadag Plateau) with deciduous woodland interspersed with 
grassland and steppe; the only forested area in the northern Dobrogea. There area extensive agricultural 
areas in the valleys, Land-uses include forestry, agriculture, grazing, and apiculture and there are some 
villages and roads. Forestry operations (felling and tree-planting) and cultivation of natural grasslands are 
having an adverse effect on the area. 


Of particular importance for breeding raptors with Circaetus gallicus (8-12 pairs), Accipiter brecipes, Buteo 
rufinus, Aquila heliaca (4-6 pairs), although several species area declining and Gyps fulvus and Aegypius 
manchus no longer breed. There are isolated relict populations of Dryocopus martius and Dendrocopos 
leucotos lilfordi, whilst other breeding species include Bubo bubo (8--10 pairs), and Emberiza hortulana 
(c.1000 pairs). Aquila pomarina (200) occurs on autumn passage. 


Lacul Tasaul (Constanta) (17) 


44°21'N, 28°35'E 1830 ha 


A large, slightly brackish lake, supplied by the river Casimcea with barren shores and some marshes in the 
north-western corner. Human activities include fishing. The south-eastern part of the lake if affected by the 
Navodari industrial plant. 


There are little ornithological data and the breeding bird fauna has not been studied (but is likely to be poor). 
Breeding species documented in 1965 for roosting and feeding Jxobrychus minutus and Aythya nyroca. The 
lake is an important place for roosting and feeding passage migrants in spring and autumn. Passage species 
in autumn documented in 1970 included Recurvirostra avosetta (4-25), Philomachus pugnax (100-4000, 
Sterna caspia9220, Chhlidonias niger (35-130) and C. leucopterus (4-120. Wintering species area better 
known and counts have included Branta reficolis (4000), Anser albifrons (30000, and Aythya ferina 
(10,000). 


27 


Lacul Siutghiol (Constanta) (16) 


44° 16'N, 28°36'E 2100 ha 


Unprotected. Formerly a marine lagoon now a freshwater lake separated from the sea by a narrow (200- 
500m) sandbank. The shore is float at the eastern edge abrupt at the western edge. There are narrow belts of 
Phragmites, interrupted by sandy shores. The water freezes in winter. About half of the shore-line is 
covered by villages and holiday resorts (included Marmaia holiday resort) and there is some industry. IN 
summer tourism and aquatic sports cause some disturbance. 


Breeding species include Lxobrychus minutus and Aythya nyroca. The lake is particularly important for 
passage migrants and for oversummering immature birds. Larus melanocephalus (immatures) occur in 
summer, and passage species include Egretta garzetta, Ciconia ciconia, Chlidonias hybridus, C. Noger, and 
C. leucpterus. Wintering species include Podiceps cristatus (300), P. nigricollis (750, and Aythya ferina 
(2000). 


Lacul Techirghiol (Constanta) (15) 


44°O1'N, 28°29'E 1170 ha. 


Unprotected. Formerly a coastal bay, now separated form the sea by a 200m wide sandbar. A saline lake, 
not freezing in winter with abrupt and barren shores except for marsh vegetation in the vicinity of several 
freshwater streams. There are bathing resorts which use the mud from the lake bottom (for therapeutic 
purposes) on the northern and eastern shores, A decrease in salinity has been recorded at the lake in recent 
years because of irrigation in the surrounding areas. 


Not important for breeding species except Tadorna todorna (6-8 pairs). Large numbers of Podiceps 
nigicollis (700-1000; max 5000-6000) and Larus minutus (1000-2000; max 21,000) occurin summer and 
early autumn. IN autumn an winter Oxyura leucocephala has been recorded (max. 218), together with many 
other migratory species. 


Padurea Hagieni ( Hagieni Forest) (Constanta) (14) 


43°48'N,. 28°27'E 600ha. 


Forest Reseve and Notures Reserve (208ha) The most important woodland area remaining in southern 
Dobrogea; mainly Quercus on undulating ground interspersed with numerous small clearings and patches of 
wet grassland. The replacement of open areas by plantation, introduction of feral Phasianus chochicus and 
irrigation of the surrounding land are adversely affecting the area. Particularly important for breeding and 
passage passerines, Breeding species include Ixobrychus minutus (6 pairs), Aythya nyroca (4 Pairs), Pernis 
apicorus (1 pair), Circaetus gallicus (1 pair), Circus aeruginosus, Porzana porzana, P. pusilla, Crex crex (4- 
6 pairs), Bubo bubo, Caprimulgus europaeus (15 pairs), Coracia garrulus, Dendrocopos syriacus (10 pairs), 
D. medius (5 pairs), Sylvia nisoria (8 pairs), Ficedula albicollis (8 pairs), Lanius colurio (50 pairs), L.minor 
(12 pairs), and Emberiza hortulana (30 pairs). 


Canaraua Fetii (Constanta) (19) 


44°0S'N, 27°39'E. 550 ha 


A canyon with abrupt barren slopes and deciduous woodland and luxuriant herbaceous vegetation in the 
valley bottom. Some agriculture and grazing takes place in the canyon; also reafforestation. 


28 


Breeding species include Pernis apivorus (4 pairs), Neophron pernopterus (1 pairs), Circaettus gallicus (3-4 
pairs), Buteo rufinus (2-4pairs) Aquila heliaca (2 pairs), Hieraaerus pennarus (4-6 pairs), Bubo bubo (2 
pairs), Caprimulgus europaeus (40 pairs), Coraciasgarrulus (15 pairs), Dendrofoposmedius (6-8 pairs), 
Sylvia nisoria (5 pairs), Lanius collurio (50 pairs), L. minor, and Emberiza hortulana. 


Lacul Dunareni (Constanta) (18) 


44°] 1'N, 27°46' E 600 ha 


Unprotected. A large shallow lake in the Danube valley with reedbeds and a few Salix trees along the shore. 
There are villages and roads along the eastern and southern shores; vineyards, pastures and some agricultural 
land along the northern and western shores. Human activities include reed-cutting and private fishing. The 
lake holds the most important Platalea leucorodia colony in Romania (60 pairs). Other breeding species 
include [xobrychus minutus, Plegadis falcinellus, Aythya nyroca, and Chlidonias niger. 


3.3 Turkey 


In the Black Sea coastal zone and along the southern coast of the Sea of Marmara, there are forests of 
Quercus, Fagus, and Abies. The region includes the flood plain and delta of the Meric and the lakes of 
Manyas and Apolyont.Many of Turkey's wetlands have been altered by drainage/irrigation programmes, 
Larges parts of the majors deltas (Buyuk Menderes, Seyham, Ceyham, Kizilirmakm and Yesilirmak), have 
been converted to agricultural land, as have parts of many of the important wetlands, such as Sultansazligi. 
Furthermore, some sites have been completely drained, such as Amik Golu (which was once one of the most 
important wetlands in Turkey with breeding Anhinga melanogaster, Pelecanus onocrotalus, and Porphyrio 
porphyrio), Karagol, Avian Golum Sugla Golum and the Alanya wetlands. 


The wetlands of Turkey are of global importance of Phalacrocorax pygmeus, Pelecanus cripus (at least five 
breeding sites; very important numbers occurring in winter), Marmaronetta angustirostris, and Oxyura 
leucocephala (180+ pairs; max. 8990 at Burdu Golu in winter, the largest wintering concentration in the 
world). Turkey has the largest breeding populations of these two Anatidae in Europe. Other wetland 
species, which are threatened in an European context and have significant breeding populations in Turkey, 
include several species of Ardeidae, Plegadis falcinellus, Plataliea leucoradia, Phoenicopterus ruber (max. 
5000 pairs in 1970 at Tuz Golu), Tadorna ferruginea, Pophyria porphyrio (20+pairs), Recurvirostra 
avosetta, Glareola pratincola, Hoplopterus spinosus, Larus genei, Gelochelifon nilotica, Sterna caspia, S. 
albifrons, Halcyon Smyrnensis, and Ceryle rudis- the last two kingfishers occur nowhere else in Europe and 
are at the north-westernmost limits of their ranges. 


Biiyiik Cekmece G6lti (Istanbul) 


41°02'N, 28°323'E 1100ha 


Unprotected. A slightly saline lagoon connected to the Sea of Marmama, with reedbeds along the northern 
and western edge. Much of the lake is surrounded by agricultural fields, industrial areas, and human 
settlements. The lagoon has been deepened and enlarged to provide drinking water for Istanbul. Hunting 
pressure is extremely high. 


The lake holds large numbers of non-breeding waterfowl including Podiceps cristatus (max.880 ion March), 
Anser albifrons (max. 1000 in December), Anax clypeata (max. 980 in March), Aythya ferina (Max 2800 in 
Jan.), A. fuligula (max.2350 in March, and Fulica atra (max.24,000 in Oct). Large numbers of Larus 
melanocephalus (max. 3320) in autumn. 


29 


Bosphorus (Istanbul) (1) 
41°00'N, 29°00'E 


Unprotected. The Bosphorus is a classic bottleneck area for migrants passing form Europe to the Middle 
East. Biiyiik and Kiigiik Camlica (two hills on the Asiatic side of the Bosphorus), Adalar (Prince Islands) in 
the Sea of Mamara, and Sanyer (the latter only during spring) are well-known observation points for 
migration, but principally all of the Bosphorus and its surroundings habe to be treated as past oaf the 
migration corridor. Bosphorus and its surroundings have to be treated aspast of ahte migraiton corridor. 
Studies covering the whole migrations season (or even a major part of it) are rare, so that data on phenology 
and population changes are only badly known. As the Bosphorus area is now more or less covered by the 
city of Istanbul, Hunting is no longer has probably affected the migration routes. The catching of birds of 
prey and passerines such as Carduelis carduelis is common in the surrounding countryside. 


The main migrants are ( the figures are the maximum numbers recorded of a single migration period since 
the beginning of the 1960s): Ciconia nigra (7200), C. ciconia (315,0000, Pernis apivorus (25,700) Milvus 
migrans (2600), Neophron percnopterus (550), Circaetus gallicus (2300), Accipiter brevipes (5300), Aquila 
pomarina (18,800), Hieraatus pennatus (520), and an impressive number of other rare species. Although 
exact figures area lacking, it has become evident that many species have decreased drastically, especially 
between 1870 and 1930. 


Terkos Gélii (Durusu G6lti or Durug6l) (Istanbul) (2) 


41°19'N, 28°32'E 5850 ha 


A lake (2500 ha) of low salinity (originally a bay of the Black Sea, now connected only by a small channel), 
with some reedbeds along the shore. Between the lake and the seam large dunes with some woodland and 
scrub cover about 3350 ha. Prevailing winds blow sand into the lake (filing up 75,000-80,000 m’ of the lake 
each year). The lake provides much of Istanbul's drinking water and efforts to prevent infilling include 
afforestation of the dunes. Hunting is a great problem for the waterfowl. 


Pandion haliaetus, which bred at least in 1984, might still do so. Other species which are presumed to breed 
include Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola ralloidem, Ardea 
purpuream, Circus aeruginosus, Burhinus oedicnemus, and Chlidonias leucopterus. There is no 
information on wintering geese and ducks. Situated north-west of the Bosphorus, Terkos Gdlii lies on a 
major migration route for raptors and storks, and thousands of birds pas over twice a year and some stop 
over to feed. 


Cam Burnu (ordu) (56) 


41°07'N, 37°47'E. Less than 10 ha 


Unprotected. Rocky cliff and small offshore islands along the Black Sea Coast. A breeding site for 
Phlacrocorax (20-25 pairs), P. aristotlis (2-4 pairs), and Larus argentatus (300 pairs in 1973). 


Kackar Daglari (Artvin, Erzurum, Rize) (55) 


40°35'-41°10'E, 40°42'-41°35'E c. 80,000 


Partly a Hunting Reserve. A section of the eastern Black Sea mountain range, which includes the highest 
mountains of the Kackar massif: Demir Dagi(3354m), Ka¢kar Dagi (3932m), and Giil Dagi (3131m); 
geologically and biogeographically linked to the Caucasus in the USSR. There are extensive forests mainly 
of Abies nordmanni, Picea orientalis, and Fagus orientalis, with large areas of Rhododendron pontium on 


30 


the forest zone and R. caucasicum above the treeline. Above the treeline there are also mountain pastures 
(which are used by semi-nomadic people) and rubble fields. The are is only thinly populated. The 
mountains also support populations of Brown Bear Ursus oactos , Wild Goat Capra aegagrus and 
Caucasian Chamois Rupipra rupicapra. 


These mountains are the only known breeding area for Tetrao mlokosiewiczi in Europe outside the USSR. 
Its occurrence is known from at least two sites but it is presumably distributed over the whole mountain 
ridge. Other breeding species include Gypaetus barbatusm Gyps fulvus, Neophron pernopterus, Accipiter 
gentilis, Aquila chrysaetos, Hieraaetus pennatus, Tetraogallus caspius, and Grus grus (breeding at 2100m). 
Aegypius monachus and Falco peregrinus and presumed breeders. Other mountain species breeding include 
Phylloscopus sindianus lorensii, Sitta krueperi, Serinus pussilus, Rhodopechys sanguinea and Pyrrhocorax 
pyrrhocorax. 


Kizilirnmak Deltasi (Samsun) (58) 


41°40'N, 36°00'E 50,000ha (lakes and marshes: c.5000ha) 


Hunting Reserve (Ceneck Gdlii only); only a rather small and unimportant part of the area is protected form 
hunting. The largest wetland along the Turkish Black Sea coast. Most of the land is under agricultural use; 
however, there are several lakes situated along the coast in the eastern delta, the largest of which are Balik 
Golii (2128 ha ), Uzungél (294 ha), Ceneck Gélii 9369 ha, and Liman GOlii (175 ha). Balik Gélii and 
Uzungél have extensive reedbeds, and vast areas of the delta are covered by almost inaccessible Scirpus 
beds. Between the lakes and the sea, a forest of about 1400 ha provides an excellent breeding habitat, 
especially for raptors. 


Breeding species include Pelecanus crispus (25 pairs in 1966, 60-70 pairs in 1970-1973; possibly now 
breeding only irregularly on smaller numbers), Botaurus stellaris (2-3+ pairs), Ixobrychus minutus, Ardeola 
ralloides (10+ pairs), Egretta garzetta (1230-150 pairs), Cicornia nigra (12-20 pairs), C. ciconia (30 pairs), 
Haliaeetus albicilla (2-4 pairs; but probalbly not breeding since 1977), Circus aeruginosus (30+ oaurs), 
Aquila pomarina (1 pairs presumed), Pandion haliaetus, Falco subbutei (12 p[airs), Anas querquedula (20 
pairs), Aythya nyroca, Grus grus (10-15 pairs), Himantpous jimantopus 915 pair), Burhinus oedicnemus (8 
pairs), Glareola pratincola, Denfrocpos medius, Acrocephalus melannopogon, and Sylvia nisoria. During 
autumn large numbers if 7ringa nebularia (max.2000) and Chlidonias leucopterus (max. 200-300) have 
been recorded. In winter large numbers of waterfowl occur including Gavia arctica (max. 1500, but usually 
less than 100), Podiceps nigricollis (max. 6000, Egretta alba (max. 100-200), Anser anser (max.50000, 
Anas strepera  (max.740), A.crecca (max.16,750), A. platyrhynchos (max. 59), and Fulica atra 
(max.15,300). Important also for wintering raptors especially Aquila clanga and Circus aeruginosus (max. 
30-50). 


North-East Turkey (Artvin, Rize) (54) 


41°20N, 41°30'E_ c.100,000 


Unprotected. North-east Turkey, especially the Black sea coastal region extending from Ardesen eastwards 
to the Soviet Border, is an area where huge numbers of raptors concentrate on migration, The main area is 
located on the northern side of the Kuseydogu Karadeniz Daglari (Pontic Mountains). The coastal strip is 
densely populated, with tea, corn, and hazelnuts being the main crops. Further inland the forests (both 
coniferous and deciduous) dominate and are considered to be amongst the most productive forest of Turkey. 
In the higher parts. Areas with alpine vegetation occur (cf. Kagkar Daglan as a separate site). Of special 
importance for migrating raptors is the Coruh Valley. Several other valleys extend from the Black Sea coast 
inland and cause considerable convergence of raptors. After raptors have passed the mountain range the 
migration front widens. 


31 


Yenigaga Gélii (Bolu) (62) 


40°47'N, 32°02'E 1800 ha 


Unprotected. A freshwater lake with reedbeds which are dense in parts by almost absent along the southern 
shore, There are wet meadows to the east, northern and west of the lake which are flooded when the water- 
level is high and Populus plantation and Salix around the lake, The grazing of cattle in the marshes and 
pollution for the town of Yenigaga (which discharges its sewage into the lake) are serious problems. 


Breeding species include Ixobrychus minutus (1-5 pairs), Ardea purpurea (1-5 pairs), Tadorna ferruginea 
(5-10 pairs), Circus aeryginosus (1-2 pairs), and Grus grus (8 pairs). Haliaeetus albicilla and Pandion 
haliaetus presumably breed. During migration , the area is especially important for raptors which use the 
area for resting and feeding (as it lies on the migration route to and from the Bosphorus); 25 species of 
raptors have been recorded so far. 


Yesihrmak Deltasi (Samsun) (57) 


41°17'N, 36°50'E 60,000 ha 


Hunting Reserve (Simenlik Gdélii); a small area is a breeding station for Phasianus colchicus. A large 
alluvial plain of the River Yesihrmak with a series of small lakes and lagoons along the coast. Recently, 
large parts of the delta have been drained and the lakes have been reduced in size. Simenlik Golii is the 
largest of the lakes (about 150 ha), has reedbeds, and its bordered by forest. Populus plantations and fields 
bordered by Salix characterise the delta. 


A native population of Phasianus colchichs has survived in the delta and has been enlarged by releases form 
a breeding station which is situated in the delta. Botaurus stellaris, Nycticorax nycticorax, Ardeola 
ralloides, Egretta grazetta, Circus aeruginosus, Grus grus, Himantopus himantopusm, and Locustella 
luscinioides are presumed to breed. Winter counts (1967-1970) have included Anas penelope (max. 2200), 
A.crecca (max.2500), A.platyrhynchos (max.12,000), A.acura (max. 900), and Aythya fuligula (max.2000). 


Sarikum G6lii (Sinop) (59) 


42°01'N, 34°S1'E 100 ha 


Nature Reserve. A coastal lake, connected to the sea by a small river. On the south side of the lake there is a 
forest of Fraximus excelsior There is afforestation around the lake. The site is poorly known 
ornothologically. In Oct. 1987, c.100,000 birds were present at the iake including Podiceps cristatus, 
Tachybaptus ruficollis, Phalacrocorax carbo, Ardea cinerea, Egretta garzetta, E.alba, Anser albifrons, 
A.anser, Anasplatyrhynchos, Netta rufina, Aythya ferina, A.nyroca, A.fuligula, Fulica atra, and Vanellus 
vanellus. 


3.4 Russia and Ukraine 


The major wetlands along the Caspian and Blakc Sea coast support veryu important breeding populations of 
waterfowl with very large breeding colonies of Ardeidae, and Laridae including Larus ichthyaetus, 
L.melanocephalus (a majority of the world's population) and L. genei. Other breeding species include 
Pelecanus crispus and Phalacrocorax pygneus. These wetlands also hold some of the largest concentrations 
of passage and wintering waterfowl in Europe. 


Ukrainian Steppe Reserve, Sumy, Donetsk, and Zaporozhe (Ukraina) ( 63 ) 


C.47°30'N, 36°30'E 1634 ha 

Zapovednik. Khomutoco steppe, 23 km north of the Sea of Azov (Azovskoye More); Kammenye mogili; 
Mikhaulovskaya tselina (virgin steppe). Species occurring include Botaurus stellaris, Ixobrychus minutus, 
Ardea purpurea, Milvus migrans, Falco vespertinus, Anthropoides virgo, Capromulgus europaeus, and 


Melanocorypha calandra. 


Krivaya Kosa (Krivaya Peninsula), Novoazovsk Donetsk (Ukraine) (46) 


47°10'N, 38°10'E 154 ha 

Zapovednik. Peninsula in the Sea of Azov (Azovskoye More). Heavy recreational pressure and the planned 
building of fish-ponds may substantially affect the site. Breeding species include Egretta alba (max.10 
pairs), Ardea purpurea (max. 10 palrs), Himantopus himantopus (50-80 pairs; the largest colony in the 


Ukraine), Recurvorostra avosetta (30-120 pairs), S.hirundo (1700-3000 pairs). Passage speices include 
Ciconia nigra, Branta ruficollis, Haliaeetus albicilla, Aquila chrysaetos, and Pandion haliaeetus. 


Belosarayskaya Kosa (Belosarayskaya Peninsula), Volodarskoye, Donetsk (Ukraina) (45) 


47°00'N, 37°18'E 616 ha 
Zapvednik. Peninsula in the Sea of Azov (Azovskoye More) Breeding species include Egretta alba (8-20 


pairs), Recurvirostra avosetta (12-35 pairs), Sterna hirundo (1600 pairs), and S. albfrons (500 pairs). 


Berdyanskaya Kosa (Berdyansk Peninsula), Berdyansk, Zhdanov (Ukraina) (44) 
46°S0'N, 36°45'E 
Unprotected. Peninsula in the Sea of Azov (Azovskoye More) including the coastal shallows, low shores, 


and small islands of Obitochny Bay. A site for Egretta alba (50 pairs) , breeding ducks, waders, gulls, terns, 
and passage and wintering waterfowl. 


Molochny Liman, Melitopol (Ukraine) (61) 


46°20'N, 35°20'E 22,450 ha 


Zapovednick. A salt-lake (with fluctuating salinity) separated from the Sea of Azov (Azovskoye More) by a 
narrow spit, with extensive shallows and a group of islands. Irregular water supply via a canal leads to 
seasonal fluctuations in salinity (resulting in destruction of the water vegetation) and the upper part of the 
lake is greatly polluted with sewage from Melitopol. A breeding site of Grebes, waders, gulls, and terns. 
Brabta ruficollis and Numenius tenuisrostris occur on passage, as well as large numbers of commoner 
waterfowl (max.30,000). 


Sivasj Zaliv, Azovskoye More (Sivash Bay, Sea of Azov) Ukraine (37) 


46°09-46°12'N, 34°21'-34°50' E 45,000 ha 


Ramsar Site. Part of Azovskoye-Sivash Zapovednik Hunting Reserve (22,389 ha), although important sites 
for birds remain unprotected, and some parts are not included in the Ramsar site. A shallow, saltwater bay 


33 


with an indented shoreline, numerous spits and islands, largely isolated form the Sea of Azov by a low-lying 
spit (Arabatskaya Strelka). The water-level fluctuates according to the meteorological conditions (with 
strong winds exposing or inundating large areas) and the extend of evaporation in hot weather. A dam at 
Chongar Peninsula 9Chongarski Poluostrov) also regulates the water allowed in from the Sea of Azov. The 
habitat is mainly saltmarshes, steppe and halophytic vegetation with extensive Phragmites beds. 
Agricultural development in the surrounding area, especially the creation of fish-ponds and rice-fields, has 
increased the area of freshwater . There is little economic exploitation except for industrial fishing and slat 
extraction in the eastern part, however excessive disturbance results from amateur fishing (up to 900-1200 
boats per day) and recreation, and there is egg collecting. In addition, the ploughing of virgin steppe, and 
haymaking and sheep grazing on Kuyuk-Tuk Ostrov) are considered to be unfavourable factors. 


Breeding birds include Ardeidae and Threskiornithidae (at least 10,000-11,000 pairs of MNycticoraz 
nycticorax, Ardeola ralloides, Egretta garzetta, E. alba, Ardea purpurea, and Kuyuk-Tuk and Churyuk 
islands, and additional pairs on the mainland), Otis tarda (2-3pairs), Recurvirostra avosetta (700 pairs), 
Larus ichthyaetus (96-168 pairs), S. sandvicensis (483-5463), S. hirumdo (97-1030) and S. albifrons (70-900 
pairs). There are additional colonies of Larus melanocephalus , L. genei, Gelochelidon nilotica, Sterna 
sandvicensis with up to 20,000 pairs. In spring, up to 1000 Otis tarda (2-3pairs) occur on Kuyuk-Tuk. The 
bay serves as an important staging post for waterfowl, especially spring with up to 60,000-80,000 ducks 
(predominantly Aythya fulifula, A. ferina, Tadorna tadorna, and Anas platurhynchos) and Fulica atra, and 
hundreds of thousands of waders (predominantly Philomachus pugnax, Cakidirs ferruginea, C.alpina, and 
Tringa totanus) with the steppe parts of Churyuk and Kuyuk-Tuk islands used by Charadrius morinellus. 


Krymski (Crimean) Game Reserve, Krym (Ukraine) (41) 


44°50'N, 34°30'E 42,957 ha 


Zapovednik (14,998 ha) The northern and southern slopes of the main Crimean range, including Quercus- 
Pinus-Fagus forest (27,957 ha), rivers (total area of open water approaches 10,000 ha), meadows (over2400 
ha), and a coastal zone including the Lebyazhi Islands. 


One hundred and eighty-five species occur (72 breeding), including Gavia arctica, Egratta alba (rare), 
Ciconia nigra (rare), Aythya nyroca, other Anatidae, Haliaeetus albacilla, Neophron percnopterus, Gyps 
fulvus, Aegypius monachus, Circaetus gallicus, and Bubo bubo. 


Karkinitsky Zaliv, Chernoye More (Karkinitsky Bay, Black Sea) (Ukraine) (38) 


45°30'N, 34°30'E 42, 957 ha 


Zapovednik (14,998 ha) Part of Crimean Zapovednik.Hunting Reserve ; Karkinitsk Zakaznik (27,646 ha); 
the sea around the islands is protected to a distance oaf 1km offshore. 


The head of Karkinitski Bay with numerous spits, shallow bays and salt lakes adjoining areas of virgin 
steppe and agricultural land. There are some small; permanent islands (Lebyaszhim Ostrova) which are 
either vegetationless or covered by Phragmites beds and saltmarsh, although the total area of the islands has 
been reduced by erosion. The shallows are rich in submerged vegetaion primarily Characeae and Zostera. 
The development of fish-farming and rice-growing has resulted in the uncontrolled release of fresh water 
adversely affecting the productivity of the Characeae and Zostera. In addition, the shooting and scaring of 
fish-eating birds, rice growing , sheep-grazing, tourism (resulting in severe disturbance) are adversely 
affecting the wetland and its birds, and the movement of vehicles is destroying the remnant steppe. The site 
is regarded has inadequately protected with no control on poaching. As a results of these problems many 
species are declining. 

Breeding species include Phalacrocorax carbo (500-600 pairs), Ardeola ralloides (max. 200 pairs), Larus 
ichthyaetus (120-130 pairs), L. argentatus (6800-10,000 pairs), Gelochelifon nilotica (800-900 pairs). Large 
numbers of Cygnus olor (4000-5000) moult. Anatidae occur during spring and autumn migration (max. 


34 


75,0000abd several hundred thousand Philomachus pugnax occur. In winter more than 20,000 duck may be 
present. 


Yalta Mountain Forest, Bolshaya Yalta, Krym (Ukraina) (40) 


44°30'N, 34°10'E 14,591ha 


Zapovednik. A band of forest (1-8 km wide), with stands of Pinus, Quercus, Fagus, and Carpinus on the 
southern slopes of the Crimean range. Species occurring include Gyps fulvus. 


Mys Martyan, Krym (Ukraine) (39) 


44°30'N, 34°09'E 240 ha 


Zapovednik. An area of Quercus and Juniperus forest on the southern slopes of the Crimean Mountain , on 
the Black Sea coast. One hundred and thirty five species occur, including Phalacrocorax aristotelis. 
Chumaki Ostrova, Dzarylgachski Zaliv (Chumaki Islands, Dzharylgach Bay), Skadovsk and Kakanchak, 
Kherson (Ukraina) (35) 


46°00'N, 32°55'E 


Unprotected. Small islands and coastal shallows in a bay of the Black Sea (Chernoye More). The islands are 
experiencing excessive recreational pressure and it is necessary to establish a seasonal Zajaznik. Breeding 
birds include ducks (hundreds) and gulls (thousands). Hundreds of thousands of wildfowl occur during 
migration including Branta ruficollis (20,0000) 


Nizovya Dnepra (Lower Dnepr), Golaya Pristanm Kherson (Ukraine) (31) 
46°30'N, 32°20'E 


Unprotected , proposed Zakaznik. Water channels, Phragmites beds, and marshy islands. Breeding birds 
include grebes (hundreds) and Ciconiiformes (thousands). A passage site for Anser anser (thousands) and 
dabbling ducks (thousands). 


Askania -Nova. Kherson (Ukraine) (36) 


46°27'N, '33°53'E 33,307 ha 


Biosphere Reserve Zapovednik (only 1500ha under total protection) An area of arid (except for a few lakes) 
Festuca-Stipa steppe. The totally protected area has never been ploughed, whilst the remainder is used for 
grazing and Haymaking. Sixteen species breed in the virgin steppe area, including Circus macrourus, Aquila 
rapax, nipalensis,. Anthropoides virgo, Tetrax tetrax, Oti tarda, Burhinus oedicnemus, Calandrella 
brachydactyla, nad Anthus campestris. The lakes and pond are hold c.70 breeding species, including 
Tadorna ferruginea, Circus macrourus, and Lanius minor. 


35 


Dunay (Danube) and Yagorlytski and Tendrovski Zalivy (Yagorlystki and Tendra Bays) (Ukraina) 
Dunay (Danube) (29) 


45°25'-45°30'N, 29°32'-29°40'E 14,851 ha 


The Soviet part of the Danube Delta with alluvial islands, numerous channels and a coastal zone (with 
shallow, open bays divided from the sea by low sand-spits or underwater bars). The islands are covered 
with dense Phragmites beds or with Salix alba woodland. At present there are no protected zones where 
human activities area completely prohibited, and the main problem is human disturbance since commercial 
fishing is permitted throughout the year and the best fishing areas are the same as the main breeding , 
feeding and resting sites for birds. 


Breeding species include Nycticorax nycticorax (350 pairs), Ardeola ralloides (50 pairs), Egretta garzetta 
(150 pairs), &. alba (40 pairs), Ardea purpurea (400 pairs), Plegadis falcinellus (100 pairs), Platalea 
leucorodia (60 pairs), Recurvirostra avosetta (100 pairs), Sterna sandvicensis (2000 pairs) , S. hirundo 
(10,000-11,000 pairs), and S.albifrons (50 pairs). Pelecanus onocrotalus and P. cripus feed at the site 
breeding in the Romanian part of the delta. Non breeding Philomachus pugnax and Limosa limosa 
oversummer occurs on passage, the following being common; Palacrocorax pygmeus, Branta ruficollis, and 
Sterna caspia. Up to 50,000 waterfowl occur in winter including Cygnus cygnus (max. 1000). Anser 
albifrons (10,000) and A. anser (3000). 


Yagorlytski and Tendrovski Zalivy ( yagorlytski and Tendra Bays) (Ukraine) (29, 33) 


46°07'-46°30'N, 31°49'-32°22"E 113,200 ha 


Part of a Ramsar Site (with Dunay); Biosphere Reserve (87,348 ha) Includes land areas of Chernomorski 
(Black Sea) Xapovednik and Yaforlytski/Tendrovki Xalivi islands Zapovednik (total area: 10,448 ha); 
Yagorlytski (30,300 ha) Large sea bays (separated from the Black Sea by a narrow peninsula) with islands, 
adjoined by numerous small lakes and temporary waterbodies. Emergent vegetation is represented by beds 
of Phragmites, Typha, and Scirpus, with the bays surrounded by salt-meadow /steppe and forest-steppe. On 
the islands, halophytic vegetation is dominant. Since 1975, the hydrological balance has been upset 
affecting the productivity of the ecosystem) by the release of fresh water from irrigation and rice growing 
scheme, and saline water form a drainage system near Poliyevka. In addition , there is disturbance during 
the breeding seas on from commercial fishing. 


Breeding species include Podiceps grisegena, Botaurus stellaris (common), Jxobrychus minutus, 
Egrettaalba (common). 


Tiliguliski Liman (Tiligul Salt -Lake), Berezanka and Kominternovskoye (Ukraine) (32) 
46°S0'N, 31°00'E 


Unprotected. Shallow salt-lake with Phragmites beds and sandy islands. Breeding species include 
Recurvirostra avosetta (200 pairs). Up to 80,000 wintering waterfowl occur. 


Nizovya Dnestra (Lower Dnestr), Belgorod-Dnestrovski and Ovidiopol (Ukraine) (31) 
46°15'N, 30°20'E 


Unprotected; proposed Zapovednik. Salt-lakes and Phragmites beds. Breeding birds include 
Phalcrocoracidea (220 pairs) , Ciconiiformes (3500 pairs), Cygnus olor (170 pairs), Anser anser 91600 
pairs), and ducks (max. 10,000 pairs). 


36 


Coastal lakes between the Rivers Dnestr and Dunay (Danube), Kiliya, Tatartbunary, and Belgorog- 
Dnestrovski (Ukraine) (30) 45°40'N, 30°00'E 200,000 ha 


Unprotected. Salt-lakes , canals, and reservoirs. It is necessary to determine the most important areas. 
Breeding species include Tadorna tadorna (500 pairs). Very important for winter waterfowl (500,000), 
including swans (10,000). Other wintering species include Haliaeetus albicilla (50). 


Karadag, Sudag, Krymskaya (Crimean) Oblast (Ukraine) (42) 


45°00'N,. 35°15 'E 1370 ha 


Zapovendnik. Includes 188 ha of forest 300 ha of meadows, and 600 ha of adjacent sea. One hundred and 
ten species occur, including Pernis apivorus, Aquila heliaca, Falco cherrug, F.peregrinus, and Alectoris 
chukar. 


Salt-Lakes (Limany) in the Primorsko-Akhtarsk/Grivenskaya area (including Akhtarski Liman and 
Liman Sladki) (Krasnodes Kray, RSFSR) (60) 


46°00'N, 38°00'E 118,340 ha 


Partly a Zakaznik. Shallow salt-lakes connected by a dense network of channels alongside the Sea of Azov 
(Azovskoye More), with extensive beds of emergent and submerged vegetation. The development of 
irrigated agriculture is reducing the area of the wetland and the lakes are becoming shallower and more 
saline,, whilst chemical run-off from farmland is causing eutrophication of the water bodies. If the 
degradation of the area is halted, It will be proposed for designation as a Ramsar site. A breeding site for 
pelicans, herons, and other waterfowl, with Cygnus olor 932000, Anser anser (5000), ducks (648,000), and 
Fulica atra (460,000) present after breeding. Important for moulting ducks (600,000-1,000,000) and 
wintering waterfowl (hundreds of thousands). 


Kavzkav (Caucasus) Biosphere Reserve, Sochi (Krasnodar Kray, RSFSR) (48) 


43°40'N, 40°30'E 266,000 ha Biosphere Reserve 


Zapovednik. The western part of the Main Caucasian Ridge and Peredovoy Ridge, with forested (162,319 
ha) mountainous terrain including many glacier-fed rivers and streams. Also includes the southeast slope of 
Boshoi Akhun Mountain. One hundred and ninety-two species occur (132 breeding), including Gypaetus 
barbatus, Gyps fulvus, Aegyptius monachus, Aquila chrysaetos, Tetrao mlokosiewiczi, and Tetraogallus 
caucasicus. 


Nizovya Reki Rioni, Ozero Paliastomi (lower Rioni, Lke Paliastomi) (Gruziya) (52) 


42°10'N, 41°40'E 500 ha 
Zapovednik. Coastal marshes, channels, and lakes on the Black Sea (Chernoye More) coast. A site for 


passage and wintering Ciconiiformes, ducks, and waders. There is also a bottleneck site for raptors in this 
region. 


37 


Pskhuski, Abkhazskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (51) 


43°25'N, 40°50'E 27,643 ha 

Zapovednik. An area of the Bzybski range, between the Black Sea and the caucasus, with forest (12,600 ha). 
meadows 980 ha), sands (7 ha), steep slopes, screes, cliffs, and open water. The principal tree species are 
Fagus, Castanea, Carpinus, Quercus, Abies, and Rhododendron. Species occurring include Gypaetus 


barbatus, Gyps fulvus, Aegypius monachus, Aquila chrysatos, Tetrao mlokosiewiczi, and Tetrogallus 
caucasicus. 


Guminstin, Sukhumi, Abkhazaskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (50) 


43°20'N, 40°40'E 27, 643 ha 
Zapovednik. An area of the Bzybki range, between the Black Sea and the Caucasus, with forest (12,600 ha), 
Meadow (80 ha), sands (7 ha), steep slopes, screes, cliffs, and open water. The principle tree species are 


Fagus, Castanea, Carpinus, Quercus, Abies, and Rhododendron. Species occurring include Tefrao 
mlokosiewiczi. 


Ritsa, Gudauta, Abkhazskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (49) 


43°28'N, 40°34'E 16,289 ha 
Zapovenik. An area of Abies forest surrounding Lake Ritsa on the southern spurs of the main Caucasus 
range. Forest covers 14,922 ha. There are also small areas of meadows, and deep river gorges. Species 


occurring include Gypaetus barbatus, Gyps fulvus, Aegypius monachus, Aquila chrysaetos, Tetrao 
mlokisiewiczi and Tetraogallus caucasicus. 


Kintrishi, kobuleti, Adzharskaya ASSR (Gruziya) (53) 


41°45'N, 41°SO'E 7166 ha 


Zapovdnik. An are of the west and north-west slopes of the Meskletsk range, with over 6500 ha of forest, 
subalpine lakes, and the gorge of the River Kintrishi. Species include Tetraogallus causasicus. 


Key reference for this section: 


International Council for Bird Preservation, 1989. Important Bird Areas of Europe. Compiled by R.F.A. 
Grimmett and T.A. Jones, 886pp. 


38 


4. COASTAL PROTECTED AREAS OF THE BLACK SEA 


4.1 Introduction 


Information on protected areas of the Black Sea was gathered from the six coastal countries: Bulgaria, 
Georgia, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey and Ukraine. The main sources of information were the 
WCMC Protected Areas & Landscape Database (PAL), the WCMC Biodiversity Map Library (BML) and 
regional publications on protected areas held at WCMC. 


This information has been arranged in four sections: 


1. A list of nationally designated protected areas, by country, for those sites located within 50 miles of the 
coastline. Comments on idividual protected areas are provided. 

2. A list of internationally designated sites (Ramsar Convention, World Heritage Convention, 
MAB/UNESCO Programme and others). Where there is overlap between nationally and internationally 
designated sites this is indicated. 

3. Detailed descriptive information (‘site sheets’) on some protected areas, where this is available. The 
extent of the information available varies but may include [UCN management category, biogeographical 
province, geographical location, date and history of establishment, area, land tenure, altitude, physical 
features, climate, vegetation, management constraints, staff, budget, local addresses and references. 

4. Information on existing national environmental legislation, designations of protected areas, system 
reviews and international cooperation presented in country profiles. 


Some information on protected areas is stored electronically but was derived from published regional reports 
and maps held at WCMC For example, the information on protected areas in Ukraine and Russian zakaznik 
was gathered from a map of protected areas published in the Ukraine in 1977. The internet is another 
valuable source of information especially in the case of Georgia. It provides a very detailed information on 
all designations of protected areas in this country and internationally designated and proposed sites. 
Information about Russian zakazniks (nature sanctuaries') was only available from a source published in 
1985. 


4.2 Information Gaps 


Bulgaria 
WCMC has information on the boundaries for less than half of. the protected areas in Bulgaria — the 
remainder are indicated only as dots. It may be possible to rectify this somewhat by referring to information 
on existing digital data in Bulgaria published in 1994 in the National Biological Diversity Conservation 
Strategy’. 


Site sheets should be compiled for the twelve national and five international reserves for which they are 
lacking: this would require approximately 2-3 person days per site or 50 days in total 


' This designation has two levels of importancy: national and local. Last one may have a permanent status or may be protected for a limited 
period of 10, 25 years these terms are subjects to be prolonged if necessary. In fact this designation includes several types of protected areas 
deducated to protect landscapes, habitats of plants and animals, geological formations, hydrological objects, some times they have a status of 
hunting reserves. 


? National Biological Diversity Conservation Strategy. Biodiversity Support Program, Washington, DC. 1994. P.39. 
39 


Georgia 

All identified protected areas are in PAL and BML databases and on BML, but not as a polygonal data (ie 
they are entered as dots not polygons). Polygonal data exists on Georgian Web site and consists of very 
valuable and detailed information. It also includes data on important wetlands in this country’. It is unknown 
how many days will be needed to enter digital data for Georgia. Compiling site sheets for Georgian nature 
reserves would require 8-12 days for 4 protected areas. 


It is unknown how many other designations occurred within the coastal line (e.g. National Parks, nature 
sanctuaries or former zakazniks) because of lack of information. A search for this information will probably 
require some 3 days of work with further compiling of site sheets. 


Romania 


Nature reserve is most important designation in terms of nature protection in Romania but site sheets are not 
completed for all of them. It will take up to 48-72 days to compile sheets for 24 nature reserves. 


Russia 

Identified protected areas located on territories of Krasnodar Kray (Territory), Kabardino-Balkar Republic, 
these are National Parks and Zapovedniks. Several zakazniks in these two administrative territories were 
identified through published sources. Zakazniks should be identified for Rostov Oblast’ (Region) an 
administrative territory on shores of the Sea of Azov. 


Turkey 


It may take approximately 10-15 days to compile site sheets for 5 protected areas in Turkey although the 
lack of information on protected areas in Turkey may mean more time would be required. 


Ukraine 

Before data from the Ukraine can be included in maps it must be incorporated into the digital databases 
(BML): this would take about 5 days. Site sheets should be written for Nature Reserves (Zapovedniks), a 
major designation in this country. It will take approximately 12-18 days of work for 6 sites. WCMC do not 
have complete country profiles for Georgia and Russian Federation : it would take about 3 days for each 
country to compile these. 


3 See Web: http://www.grida.no/prog/cee/enrin/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/wetlands/wetlands. htm 


40 


Nationally designated coastal protected areas 


Country, designation and IUCN Area Year of 
a site name Category Long/Lat (ha) establishment 
Bulgaria 
National Park 
Strandja** Vv 42°03'N/27°38'E 116,260 1995 
Zlatni pyassatsi** IV 43°20'N/28°02'E 1,320 1943 


Comment: Internationally important resort area. 


Protected Site 
Silistar** IV 2/9 773 ® 


Comment: Wetland of national importance at the mouth of the river Silistar. The number of species from the Red Data Book of 


Bulgaria reached 46. 
Ustie of Veleka*” IV 2/? 1,511 2 


Comment: Wetland of national importance at the mouth of the river Veleka. The number of species from the Red Data Book of 


Bulgaria reached 46. 
Veleka*® IV 2/2 1,546 2 


Comment: Wetland of national importance at the mouth of the river Veleka. The number of species from the Red Data Book of 


Bulgaria reached 46. 


Reserve 
Arkoutino*’ la 2/2 102 1975 


Comment: Wetland of international importance, an important bird area in Europe (see below Bulgarian Ramsar sites: Arkoutino 


(Ropotamo). 
Amzovo* la 2/2 1 1968 
Atanasovsko ozero** IV 42°33'N/27°32'E 1,650 1980 


Comment: Wetland of international importance, an important bird area in Europe (see below Bulgarian Ramsar sites: Burgas Lakes). 


4 Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.8. 


> Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.8,54. 


§ Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.8,54. 


7 Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.8. 


4] 


Baltata* la 2/2? 198 1962 
Kaliakra* la 2/9 53 1941 
Kamtchia**® IV 43°02'N/27°5 1'E 1,445 1951 


Comment: The reserve includes the remains of forests which once covered a large area of 5,000ha. This flood forest dominated by 
Fraxinus oxyphylla and Querces pedunculiflora, etc. There are marshes and rushes along the river banks. There is a variety of 
terrestrial and aquatic animals. Mammals include deer Capreolus capreolus, wild boar Sus scrofa, pine marten Martes martes and 
fox Vulpes vulpes. Over 20 species of fish live in the river. This reserve is a part of UNESCO/Man and Biosphere Program area 


which cover also adjacent populated areas (see below the list of sites under UNESCO/MAB program in Bulgaria). 


Morski Peline* la 2/2? 14 1962 
Ouzounboudjak**? la 41°59'N/27°54'E DEST 1956 


Comment: The reserve was set up to preserve the oak Quercus polycarpa and Q. frainetto and beech Fagus orientalis forests which 
are over 200 years old. This reserve is a part of UNESCO/Man and Biosphere Program area which cover also adjacent populated 
areas (see below the list of sites under UNESCO/MAB program in Bulgaria). 


Piassatchnata Lilia* la ?/? 1 1962 
Ropotamo** la 42°19'N/27°46'E 1,001 1992 


Comment: Wetland of international importance, an important bird area in Europe (see below Bulgarian Ramsar sites: Arkoutino 


(Ropotamo). 
Silikossa* la 2/2 390 1931 
Tissovitsa** IV 42°06'N/27°46'E 749 1990 
Vitanovo** la 42°02'N/27°36'E 1,112 1982 
Vodnite Lilii (Velkov Vir)* la 2/9 14 1962 
Zmiyskia Ostrov* la ?/? 1 1962 
Georgia 


Nature Reserve 


Bichvinta-Miusera** la 43°11'N/40°25'E 3,645 1965 

Kintrishi** la 41°41'N/41°59'E 13,893 1959 

Kolkheti** la 42°10'N/41°48'E 500 1946 

Pskhu-Gumista** la 43°13'N/41°05'E 40,819 1976 

Ritsa** la 43°27'N/40°34'E 16,288 1957 
Romania 


Biosphere Reserve (National) 
Danube Delta** I 44°56'N/28°56'E 580,000 199] 


5 MAB Information System. Compilation 4, October 1986. IUCN. Pp.71-73. 
° MAB Information System. Compilation 4, October 1986. IUCN. Pp.76-77. 


42 


Forest Reserve 


Letea** 


Nature Reserve 


Capul Dolosman** 
Carorman** 
Erenciuc** 
Grindul Chituc** 
Grindul Lupilor** 
Istria-Sinoe** 
Letea** 


Luncavita Forest (Valea Fagilor)* 
Manusoaia-Chiciu Plopii** 


Murighiol** 
Nebunu** 


Padurea-Letea** 


Perisor-Zatoane-Sacalin** 
Periteasca-Bisericuta-Portita** 
Periteasca-Gura Portita** 


Popina Is.** 
Raducu** 


Rosca-Buhaiova-Hrecisca** 


Rosca-Letea** 
Rotundu** 
Sahalin-Zatoane** 


Saraturi-Murighiol** 
Sfintu Gheorghe-Perisor-Palade** 


Vatafu-Lungulet** 


Russia 


National Park 
Sochinskiy ** 


Zakaznik 


: 10 
Golovinsky *** 


Comment: Protection of common deer, European roe deer, 


Priazovskiy ***"' 


IV 


IV 


45°20'N/29°28'E 


44°45'N/28°SS'E 
45°04'N/29°24'E 
44°58'N/29°25'E 
44°33'N/28°S4'E 
44°40'N/28°S5'E 
44°3 1'N/28°46'E 
45°19'N/29°3 1'E 
45°30'N/28°06'E 
45°00'N/28°10'E 
45°16'N/29°36'E 
45°16'N/28°S8'E 
45°20'N/29°32'E 
44°5 1'N/29°24'E 
44°43'N/29°01'E 
44°44'N/29°02'E 
44°58'N/28°58'E 
45°15'N/29°16'E 
45°22'N/29°25'E 
45°20'N/29°30'E 
45°13'N/28°3 1'E 
44°49'N/29°25'E 
45°01'N/29°09'E 
44°50'N/29°20'E 
45°07'N/29°34'E 


43°35'N/40°10'E 


Ue 


wild pig, chamois, brown bear, 


2/? 


Comment: Wild pig, American mink, badger, lynx, swans, great bustard. 


Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) 


Kavkazskiy** 
Teberdinskiy** 


43°3 1'N/39°52'E 
43°21'N/41°42'E 


'0 Shalybkov, A., Storchevoy, K. Prirodnie zakazniki.Moscow. 1985.P.95. 
"! Shalybkov, A., Storchevoy, K. Prirodnie zakazniki.Moscow. 1985.P.95. 


43 


701 


600 
115 
55212 
16,400 
4,125 
3,900 
98 
2,500 
14,600 
16,400 
230 
24,250 
87 
15,000 
1,625 


189,600 


50,000 


e' 


= 


Cc. 


45,000 


280,335 
84,996 


1938 


1983 


1968 


1958 


1924 
1936 


Turkey 


National Park 


Ilgaz Dagi** 
Macka Altindere Vadisi** 


Yedigoller** 


Natural Monument 
Duzce-Samandere** 


Nature Park 
Uzungol** 


Nature Reserve 
Haciosman** 
Sarikum Golu** 


Protected Landscape 
Kackar Mountains** 


Ukraine 


Hunting Reserve 
Azovo-Sivashskoye** 
Krymskoye** 
Zalesskoye 


National Biosphere Reserve 


Askaniya Nova** 
Chernomorskiy** 


National Nature Park 
Azovo-Sivashskiy* 


Natural Monument 

Agarmushskiy Les** 

Balka Gor’kaya***"* 

Belbekskiy Kanyon***"* 

Dzhautepe Hill***'° 

Gora Mangypkale***'° 
Granitnie Skaly***!” 
Kamennie Mogily***'® 


9 
Karadag***! 


«12 


'2 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'3 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'S Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'S Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'© Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'7 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 
'8 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 


'9 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, 


Kiev, 
Kiev, 
Kiev, 
Kiev, 
Kiev, 
Kiev, 
Kiev, 


Kiev, 


ll 


Il 


1977. 
1977. 
1977. 
1977. 
1977. 
1977. 
1977. 
1977. 


41°02'N/33°32'E 
40°50'N/39°43'E 
41°15'N/31°40'E 


40°51'N/31°09'E 


40°56'N/38°00'E 


41°20'N/36°20'E 
42°01'N/34°51'E 


41°00'N/41°30'E 


46°13'N/35°12'E 
44°45'N/34°18'E 
50°45'N/30°45'E 


45°32'N/33°57'E 
45°43'N/31°54'E 


46°13'N/35°12'E 


2/2 
?/? 
2/2 
2/? 
2/2 
2/2 
2/2 
2/2 


44 


4,142 


57,430 
42,957 
35,089 


33,307 
87,343 


52,154 


1976 
1987 
1965 


1988 


1989 


1957 
1957 
1957 


1921 
1927 


1993 


1963 
1972 
1963 
1964 
1963 
1968 
1968 


1964 


Comment: Territory of volcanic eruptions of Jurassic period. There are a number of rare and endemic species of flora 


and fauna in the site. 


Karauloba***”° Ill 2/9 100 1964 
Krasnie Peshery***”! I 2/2 10 1947 
Novokaterinovskoe Denudation***~ Ill 2/9 10 
Odesske katakombi***7> Ill 2/9 1 1963 


Comment: The underground system of karst caves. 
Soldatskaya Peshera***” Il 2/2 10 1963 


Comment: Carst Cave 


Styl’skoe Denudation***”° ll 2/9 25 1972 

Zakaznik 

Altagirskiy*** IV 2/2 1,100 1968 

Astaninskie Plavni***”° IV 2/? 50 1964 

Arabatskiy***”” IV 2/9 600 1964 

Ayudag***”* IV 2/9 527 1964 
Bakaiskiy***”” IV 2/2 420 1964 
Bolshoy Kanyon of Crimea****” IV 2/2 300 1947 


Comment: Biggest canyon of the Crimea Peninsula with several waterfall and a relic plants listed in the Red 
Data Book of the former USSR. 


Berdyanskiy***"! IV 2/2 413 1963 
Berezovie Kolki***” IV 2/2 1,312 1967 
Chernaya Rechka***** IV 2/? 150 1947 
Dalnitskiy***™* IV 2/2 1,204 1970 
Dzharylgachskiy**** IV 2/? 300 1964 


Comment: Area of a habitat of a rare crop plant zolotoborodnik tsikadoviy. 


Kachinskiy Kanyon****° IV 2/? 100 1964 


20 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
2! Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
22 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
23 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
24 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
25 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
26 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
27 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
28 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
2° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
3° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
3! Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
32 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
33 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
34 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
35 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 


45 


Karabi-Yailinskaya Kotlovina***” IV 2/2 32 
Karasubashi***** IV 2/9 24 1963 
Khapkhalskiy****? IV 2/2 250 1964 


Comment: Khapkhalskiy Gorge with one of the biggest waterfalls in Crimea called Dzhurdzhur and old 
growth oak forest. 


Kosaya Strelka****° IV 2/9 144 1971 
Molochniy Liman***"! IV Wr 19,000 1968 
Noviy Svet***” IV 9 470 1964 


Comment: Coastal area with a relic species of Stankevich pine listed in the Red Data Book of the USSR. 


Petrovskiy***" IV 2/? 340 1960 
Radivonovskiy***"4 IV 2/9 400 1968 
Razdol’nenskiy****° IV 2/2 100 1972 
Staroberdyanskiy*** IV 2/2 1,000 1968 
Velikoanadol’ skiy****° IV 2/9 2,543 1960 


Comment: Forest massif artificially planted in 1843. 
Yagorlitskiy***”” IV 2/? 30,300 1972 
Comment: Protection of wintering places of waterfowls, including swans in the Yagorlik Gulf. 


Nature Reserve (Zapovednik) 


Dunaiskie Plavni* la 49°40'N/31°20'E 14,851 1981 
Karadagskiy** la 45°00'N/35°00'E 2,874 1979 
Krimskiy** la 44°28'N/34°10'E 44,175 1991 
Mys Martiyan**** la 43°30'N/34°16'E 240 1973 


Comment: Marine-terrestrial area of the Black Sea with a relic forests of juniper trees of Mediterranean flora. 


Ukrainskiy Stepnoy** la 47°16'N/37° 10'E 2,756 1961 


Yaltinskiy Gorno-Lesnoy**” la 44°20'N/34°10'E 14,521 1973 
Comment: Territory of biological complexes of the Main Crimean Mountain ridge and many natural 
monuments. 


36 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
37 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
*8 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
*° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
4° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
4! Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
* Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
* Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977 
“4 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
45 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977 
4° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977 
47 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
48 Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 
*° Map of Protected Areas of Ukraine, Kiev, 1977. 


46 


4.4 Internationally designated coastal protected areas 


Country, designation and site name Long/Lat 


Bulgaria 


Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention 
Arkoutino (Rapotamo)**” 42°18'N/27°45'E 


Comment: Wetland of international importance, an important bird area in Europe. It is a territory of Rapotamo Nature reserve (see 


above) and one marsh from this complex is a reserve Arkoutino (see above). 
Burgas Lakes*”! 42°30'N/27°29'E 


Comment: Wetland of international importance, an important bird area in Europe. One lake from this complex is a reserve 


Atanasovsko ozero (see above). 


Durankulak and Shabla Lakes**™ 43°42'N/28°30'E 


Comment: Wetland of international importance and an important bird area in Europe. Globally threatened 
species: i. Breeding species: Lutra lutra, Crex crex, Astacus astacus, Hirudo medicinalis; ii. Migrating and 
wintering species: Pelicanus crispus, Halietor pygmeus, Oxyura leucocephala, Anser erhythropus, Branta 
ruficollis; European threatened species: Aythya nyroca, Aythya ferina, Locustella lusciniodes. 


UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves 
Réserve Kamtchia* 43°02'N/27°S50'E 


Comment: See above details for Reserve Kamtchia. 


Réserve Ouzounboudjak* 42°00'N/27°45'E 


Comment: See above details for Réserve Ouzounboudjak. 


Georgia 
Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention 


Wetlands of Central Kolkheti (Kolkheti Lowland)***** 42°12'N/41°42'E 


Romania 


° Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.46-47. 

5! Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
P.52-53. 

* Ministry of Environment of Bulgaria. National action plan for the conservation of the most important wetlands in Bulgaria. Sofia. 1995. 
Pp.24,52. 

53 See Web: http://www.grida.no/prog/cee/enrin/htmls/georgia/soegeor/english/wetlands/wetlands.htm 


47 


Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention 
Danube Delta* 


UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves 


Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve* 


World Heritage Convention 


Danube Delta* 


Russia 


European Diploma Type 'A' 
Teberda** 


Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention 
Akhtar-Griva system of limans (eastern sea of Azov)* 
Limans between the River Kuban and the River Protoka* 


UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves 
Kavkazskiy Reserve* 


Turkey 


There are no internationally designated coastal sites. 


Ukraine 


Ramsar (Wetlands) Convention 
Dunai Plavni* 
Karkinitski Bay* 
Sivash Bay* 
Yagorlits & Tendrov Bays* 


UNESCO-MAB Biosphere Reserves 
Askaniya-Nova Reserve* 
Chernomorskiy Reserve* 


48 


45°10'N/29°15'E 


44°50'N/29°00'E 


45°00'N/28°S0'E 


41°45'N/43°30'E 


44°50'N/38°30'E 
45°30'N/37°48'E 


40°15'N/43°47'E 


42°28'N/29°36'E 
45°51'N/33°33'E 
46°09'N/34°21'E 
46°20'N/31°50'E 


46°27'N/33°53'E 
46°12'N/32°00'E 


4.5 Site sheets for some protected areas 


Bulgaria - Réserve Kamtchia 


IUCN Management Category | and 1X (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.33.12 (Balkan Highlands) 


Geographical Location At the mouth of the Kamtchia river on the Black Sea, south of the city of Varna, 
43°02'N, 27°50°E. 


Date and History of Establishment The reserve was established in 1951. The Union for Nature Protection set 
up in 1928 was responsible for setting up many reserves. These are now protected under the 1967 Law on 
Nature Protection. It was accepted in January 1977 as a Biosphere Reserve. 


Area The original reserve covered 525ha but the Biosphere Reserve includes 842ha. 
Land Tenure Government 
Altitude 0-4m 


Physical Features The reserve is on the floodplain of the River Kamtchia, at its mouth. Soils are formed 
predominantly of alluvium, and are flooded twice a year by the river's spring and autumn flood. 


Climate No information 


Vegetation The reserve includes the remains of forests which once covered over 5,000ha. This flood forest is 
dominated by Fraxinus oxyphylla and Quercus pedunculiflora with Crataegus monogyna among the 
understorey plants. Many of the trees are over 35m in height and are about 120 years old. Climbing plants are 
common, including Similax excelsa, Periploca graeca, Vitis silvestris, Hedera helix and Clematis vitalba. Along 
the river banks there are marshes and rushes. 


Fauna There is a variety of terrestrial and aquatic animals. Mammals include roe deer Capreolus capreolus, 
wild boar Sus scrofa, pine marten Martes martes and fox Vulpes vulpes. There are many reptiles and 
amphibians, including European mud turtle Emys orbicularis, tessellated water snake Natrix tessellata and 
alligator lizard Ophisaurus apodus. Birds include a small colony of little egrets Egretta garzetta and the rare 
half-collared flycatcher Ficedula albicollis semitorquata. Many waterbirds nest along the river banks. Over 20 
species of fish live in the river. 


Cultural Heritage The area has been subject to cutting and drainage attempts. 


Local Human Population There is a small village at the mouth of the river but the floodplains are fairly 
populated. 


Visitors and Visitor Facilities Boats may be hired from fishermen at the mouth of the river, but access is 
limited. 


Scientific Research and Facilities Comprehensive ecological studies and permanent research into the effects 
of human activity are indispensable. This is the only flood forest area in Bulgaria where such research can 
conveniently be carried out, and probably one of the few in Europe. There is no scientific research station. 


Conservation Value No information 


Conservation Management Total 


49 


The reserve is strictly protected and all economic activities prohibited. Access by visitors has been controlled by 
fencing the most vulnerable side. 


There is a buffer zone. From north to west stretch forests and tillable lands, while to the east a ribbon of coastal 
sand and biocenoses of Paliurus aculeatus have not been developed as tourist resorts. 


Management Constraints Before the reserve was created there was selective cutting and also all the trees of 
Ulmus campestris, which had been struck by Graphium ulmi (1930-35), were cut down. An embankment was 
partially built on the right bank of the Kamtchia River which narrowed the front of the flood-rise as it entered 
the reserve, and it is thought that this caused some disturbance to the forest's hydrological regime. The fact that 
the area is now a strict reserve is helping the flood forest to recover its original character. 

Staff One full-time forest guard 

Budget No information 

Local Addresses 

Economie forestiére, Staro Oryakhovo, Département de Varna. 


References 


Stoilov, D., Noshtev, V., Gerasimov, S. and Velev, V. (1981). Protected Natural Sites in the People's Republic 
of Bulgaria. Balkan State Printing House: Sofia. 


Date Revised August 1986 


Bulgaria - Réserve Ouzounboudjak 


IUCN Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.33.12 (Balkan Highlands) 


Geographical Location On the Turkish border in the Strandzha Planina, on the Rezvaya River, south of the 
village of Kosti, 42°00'N, 27°45'E. 


Date and History of Establishment The reserve was established in 1956. The Union for Nature Protection set 
up in 1928 was responsible for setting up many reserves. These are now protected under the 1967 Law on 
Nature Protection. It was accepted in January 1977 as a Biosphere Reserve. 

Area The original reserve had an area of 2,529ha but the Biosphere Reserve encloses 2,575ha. 

Land Tenure Government 


Altitude 150-200m 


Physical Features The reserve is on the left bank of the River Resvaja, which forms the boundary on two sides. 
The terrain is hilly and the climate has marked maritime influences, being only about 20km from the sea. 


Climate No information 
Vegetation The reserve was set up to preserve the oak Quercus polycarpa and Q. frainetto and beech Fagus 


orientalis forests which are over 200 years old. The understorey includes Rhododendron ponticum, Daphne 
ponticum, Vaccinium arctostaphylos and Mespilus germanica, some of which only grow naturally in Europe in 


50 


the Strandzha. It is in the Bulgarian Floristic Region of Strandzha and part of the Balkan sclerophyll biotic 
province. 


Fauna This is rich and varied and includes wild boar Sus scrofa, roe deer Capreolus capreolus, wild cat Felis 
silvestris, badger Meles meles, red fox Vulpes vulpes and pine marten Martes martes while wolf Canis lupus 


occasionally come from Turkey. 


Cultural Heritage The reserve is on the Turkish border, and is remote. Part of the area was selectively logged, 
but man has affected it very little. 


Local Human Population This border zone is very sparsely populated; there is a village at the mouth of the 
Resvaja River. 


Visitors and Visitor Facilities Access for tourism is prohibited. The area is remote, in a border region and 
there are no facilities. 


Scientific Research and Facilities There has been little scientific research and there are no special facilities. 
Conservation Value No information 

Conservation Management Total 

The reserve is strictly protected and all economic and tourist activities prohibited. 

A buffer zone is projected 


Management Constraints Before the reserve was created there was successive selective cutting over a third of 
the area. Strandzha has seen the disappearance of Ursus arctos, Lynx lynx, Gypaetus barbatus and other fauna. 


Staff One permanent member of staff 

Budget No information 

Local Addresses 

Economie forestiére, Kosti, Département de Bourgas. 
References 

No information 


Date Revised August 1986 


Georgia - Kintrishskiy State Reserve 
IUCN Management Category | 
Biogeographical Province 2.34.12 


Geographical Location South of the Rioni valley, on the slopes of the Meskhet range, about 20-30km from 
Batumi, Black Sea region. 


42°N LONGITUDE 42°E 


51 


Date and History of Establishment 1959 

Area Previously 6,943ha; now 7,166ha 

Land Tenure State lands by law 

Altitude No information 

Physical Features The reserve lies on the western slopes of the Meskhet range, a southern spur of the main 
Caucasus range, to the south of the Kolkhida or Colchis lowlands around the Riono valley. It is an area of 
mountainous relief with deeply entrenched gorges. Soils are zheltozems, krasnozems (red earths) mountain 
forest brown earths and sub-alpine meadow type. Mean temperatures range from 20°in July to 3-4° with a total 
annual rainfall of 1,000-2,000mm. Altitude ranges from 450-2,600m. 

Climate No information 

Vegetation This is zoned with altitude and includes broadleaf deciduous forests (1.2.5.1.) including Kolkhida 
oakwoods Quercus pontica, Medviediev's birch Beitula medwedewii, sweet chestnut Castanea sativa and beech 
Fagus spp. Sub-alpine evergreen shrubs include Rhododendron ponticus. The bay Laurus nobilis is also 


present, as are a number of relict species of botanical interest. 


Fauna Larger mammals are fairly scarce but include a representative Caucasian forest fauna. Species reported 
from the area include wild pig Sus scrofa, red deer Cervus elaphus and pheasants. 


Cultural Heritage No information 
Local Human Population No information 
Visitors and Visitor Facilities No information 


Scientific Research and Facilities Studies into the biology of woody plants are undertaken in the area. There 
room for laboratory. 


Conservation Value No information 

Conservation Management Tot al 

Nature Reserve 

Management Constraints None reported. 

Staff No information 

Budget No information 

Local Addresses 

Georgian SSR, Kobuleti post office, Leselidze Street 4. 
References 

Anon. (1966) Caucasus, publ. Nauka, Moscow 
Bannikov, A. G. (1969) Reserves of the USSR. Publishing House Kolos, Moscow. 552 pp. 


Date No information 


52 


Romania - Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve 


IUCN Management Category IV (Nature Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.29.11. (Pontian Steppe) 


Geographical Location Lies on the coast of the Black Sea in the eastern part of the country in Tulcea County, 
and encompasses the area between the branch rivers Chilia, Sulina and Sfintu Gheorghe, the former creating the 
boundary between Romania and the Ukrainian SSR. The site also includes the Razelm-Sinoie complex of lakes 
Razelm, Sinoie, Zmeica and Golovita to the immediate south of the delta. 44°25'-45°28'N, 29°42'-28°45'E 


Date and History of Establishment In 1938 the Council of Ministers passed Decision No 645 declaring 'Letea 
Forest’ as a nature reserve. In 1961 it passed Decision No 891 declaring Rosca-Buhaiova (14,600ha), St 
George-Perisor -Zatoane (16,400ha), Periteasca-Gura Portitei (3,900ha) and Popina Island (98ha) as nature 
reserves. In 1971 the Management of Forestry declared the Caraorman Forest (840ha) and Erenciuc Forest 
(41ha). In 1975 the Council of Ministers passed the Decision No. 524 extending the Danube Delta protected 
areas to cover 41,500ha. In 1979 an area of 18,145ha combining Rosca-Buhaiova Reserve and Letea Forest was 
designated as Rosca-Letea Biosphere Reserve. 


An area of 500,000ha including all previous designations was declared a biosphere reserve under National 
Decree No. 983 with supporting Articles 5, and 6 on 27 August 1990. Further legislation is under preparation. 
This area was further enlarged in early 1991 to cover 547,000ha. International recognition is imminent with 
submissions in May 1991 to Unesco for biosphere reserve nomination and to the Ramsar Bureau for nomination 
as a Ramsar site. 


The latest legislation gives patrimony of the biosphere reserve to the Delta Authority. Decree 264/91 passed on 
12 April 1991 places all institute, agency and inspectorate staff under the administration of the biosphere 
reserve. The environment agency for Tulcea Judet is also subordinate. All public domain and aquatic and 
natural resources generated are the ownership of the biosphere reserve authority. Further legislation will 
significantly strengthen the administration of the site. 


Area 679,222ha, including 103,000ha marine. The entire delta region comprises 799,000ha of which 
679,000ha are in Romania and 120,000ha in the Ukrainian SSR. The Razelm-Sinoie lagoon complex adds a 
further 88,000ha. The exact boundary of the site put forward for nomination has been altered to exclude less 
natural areas such as the Pardina polder and the fish ponds in the south-west (Vadineanu, pers. comm., 1991). 


Land Tenure The State owns over 90% with the rest in private hands. The latter was only recently granted. 
Altitude 0-15m 


Physical Features The origin of the Delta can be traced to the Ice Age 'Wurm 3'. The present 
geomorphological form has evolved in historical times. The northern part of the Delta is slowly sinking, 
resulting in measurable water flow increase in the Chilia arm of the Danube. Only 9% of the area is 
permanently above water (EEN, 1990). The Delta is extensive in European terms (some 12 times the size of 
Cota Donana Reserve on the Guadalquivir Delta, Spain) with numerous freshwater lakes interconnected by 
narrow channels with huge expanses of aquatic vegetation. The Razelm-Sinoie complex to the south consists of 
several large brackish lagoons separated from the sea by a sandbar (Grimmett and Jones, 1989). Every year 
thousands of tons of alluvial deposits are carried into the Delta by the Danube resulting in a constant reshaping 
of the river banks and sandbars. 


The overall basic hydrological and ecological systems of the Delta, although strongly degraded, are considered 
intact (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). Rosca-Buhaiova-Hrecisca Nature Reserve (part of Rosca-Letea 
Biosphere Reserve) is considered almost unaltered by man due to the shallow water level making access almost 
impossible. Perisor-Zatoane-Sacalin Nature Reserve is a mosaic of lakes and ponds and reedbeds with parallel 
strips of sand dunes (‘grinduri’). Sacalin Island is made up of alluvial deposits with sand dunes and Tamarix. 


53 


The Delta has been classified into 12 habitat types as follows: aquatic habitats - lakes (0.80m - 2.50m depth) 
covered with flooded reedbeds; 'plaur' - flooded islets; flooded reeds and willows; riverine forest of willows and 
poplars; cane-fields; sandy and muddy beaches; wet meadows; dry meadows (arid); human settlements; sandy 
and rocky areas; steep banks; and forests on high ground (Ciochia, n.d.). 


Climate The prevailing continental climate, with only 450mm of annual rainfall, is temporarily influenced by 
proximity to the sea and the humidity rising from countless inland lakes and small waterways (Anon., 1990). 


Vegetation This is the largest continuous marshland in Europe which includes the greatest stretch of reedbeds 
probably in the world. The marsh vegetation is dominated by reeds Phragmites australis which form floating or 
fixed islands of decaying vegetation (‘plaur') with some Typha angustifolia and Scirpus sp. Reeds cover some 
1,700 sq. km and 'plaur’ 1,000 sq. km, whilst the total area not included is only 148 sq. km (Ciochia, n.d.). 
There are also water lilies Nymphaea alba and Nuphar luteus and Stratiodes alloides. The higher ground 
supports stands of Salix, Populus, Alnus and Quercus. Sandy areas are covered with feather grass Stipa sp. and 
other steppe species. Forest elements are best observed in Letea Forest, occurring in a series of bands along 
dunes up to 250m long and 10m wide, where trees reach 35m in height. The species present are Quercus robur, 
Q. pedunculiflora, Populus alba, P.nigra, Fraxinus ornus, F. angustifolia, F.palisae, Pyrus pyraster, Tilia 
tomentosa, Ulmus sp., and the occasional Alnus glutinosa. Among the shrubs are Crataegus monogyna, 
Euonimus europea, Cornus mas, C. sanguinea, Rhamnus frangula, R. catharctica, Viburnum opulus, Berberis 
vulgaris, Hippophae rhamnoides, Tamarix spp. and occasional Corylus avellana. The distinctive feature of the 
forest is the abundance of climbing plants including Periploca graeca, Clematis vitalba, Vitis sylvestris and 
Humulus lupus. In spring, the ground is carpeted with Convallaria majalis. Particularly rare and threatened 
plants include Convolvulus persica, Ephedra distachya, Merendera sobolifera, Plantago coronopus and Petunia 
parviflora (IUCN, 1986). 


Fauna Over 300 species of bird have been recorded, of which over 176 species breed (Radu, 1979), the most 
important being: cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis (3,000 pairs), pygmy cormorant P. pygmeus (K) 
(2,500 pairs comprising 61% of the world's population), white pelican Pelecanus onocrotalus (2,500 pairs 
comprising 50% of the Palaearctic breeding population), Dalmatian pelican P. crispus (E) (estimated at 150 
pairs, perhaps now only 25-40 pairs, on the floating islands on lake Hrecisca, which represents 5% of the world 
population), night heron Nycticorax nycticorax (2,100 pairs), squacco heron Ardeola ralloides (2,150 pairs), 
great white heron Egretta alba (700 pairs), little egret E. garzetta (1,400 pairs), purple heron Ardea purpurea 
(1,250 pairs), glossy ibis Plegadis falcinellus (1,500 pairs), white stork Ciconia ciconia (many), mute swan 
Cygnus olor (500 pairs), white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla (V) (8 pairs), marsh harrier Circus aeruginous 
(300+ pairs), osprey Pandion haliaetus (3 pairs), Saker falcon Falco cherrug (1-2 pairs), red-footed falcon 
F. vespertinus (150 pairs), Sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis (1,700 pairs), common tern S. hirundo (20,000+ 
pairs), whiskered tern Chlidonias hybridus (20,000+), and black tern C. niger (10,000-20,000 pairs). 
White-headed duck Oxyura leucocephala possibly still breeds. Slender-billed curlew Numenius tenuirostris (K) 
has occurred on passage (28 in 1971 and one or two in 1989). The Delta holds huge numbers of Anatidae in the 
winter with counts of 500,000 white-fronted goose Anser albifrons (but only 64,000-77,500 in 1982), up to 500 
lesser white-fronted goose A. erythropus, 45,000 red-breasted goose Branta ruficollis (a globally threatened 
species with almost 95% of the world wintering population present here), 150,000 teal Anas crecca, 200,000 
mallard A. platyrhynchos, 14,000 pintail A. acuta, 40,000 shovelor A. clypeata, 32,400 red-crested pochard 
Netta rufina, 970,000 pochard A. ferina, 13,000 ferruginous duck A. nyroca, and 1,500 red-breasted merganser 
Mergus albellus. In winter there is a concentration of some 30-40 Haliaeetus albicilla (R) (Grimmett and Jones, 
1989; Green, 1990 ). 


The Delta is very important for fish with 45 fresh water species present including threatened representatives of 
the Acipensenidae (Anon., 1990). 


Otter Lutra lutra (V), Mustela erminea, and European mink Mustela lutreola (V), as well as wild cat Felis 
sylvestris are to be found on the floating islands (Anon., 1990). It appears that little work has been done on 
mammals since 1970 largely as a result of lack of funding, but the mink population, although its size is 
unknown, is apparently significant in European terms. 


The forest areas contain several rare reptiles, including Vipera ursini, Elaphe longissiuma, and Eremias arguta 
deserti (IUCN, 1986). 


54 


Cultural Heritage The very long history of trading along the Danube is evident from remains of Greek and 
Roman settlements (including a lighthouse). Villages surrounding the Delta show a Turkish influence. 


Local Human Population Estimated at between 12,000 and 16,000 (most of Ukrainian orthodox Lipki 
descent), depending on the definition of the area covered and residence status (EEN, 1990; IUCN-EEP, 1991). 
The lower figure is considered to be 50% less than 50 years ago (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). The 
population is distributed along the three main waterways, Chilia, Sulina and Sfintu Gheorghe, the main source 
of drinking water. Cases of cholera have been reported (EEN, 1990), the latest in August 1990 when 66 cases 
were diagnosed in the Tulcea region (Anon., 1990a). Most of the younger generation has left the Delta and old 
fishing villages of reed huts have been replaced by concrete structures, although individual fishing huts are 
retained. Some villages (e.g. Gorgova) have no electricity. Social problems are exacerbated by low incomes 
due to set prices for fish (500 lei per 1,000 kg of fish; 1989 figures). Conditions for the workers on state farms 
(on the newly-created polders) are reported to be extremely bad (attempts to introduce eco-farming in the near 
future )(IUCN-EEP, 1991); they lack basic infrastructures and the work is unpopular. It is reported that the state 
farms were used as prison camps (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). Some constructions are inappropriate to 
the region such as the blocks of flats and large commercial complex at Sfintu Gheorghe which remain empty 
(Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). 


The local population has been involved in small-scale, low-intensity use of natural resources supplemented by 
outside interests, such as fishing (10,000 boats are registered, cattle grazing and beekeeping, thought on the 
whole to be integrated to preservation of natural heritage. 


The centre of commercial activitiy in the Delta is the freeport of Sulina. In the late 1980s the town underwent 
rapid expansion with 500 new dwellings being built, an hotel and a shipping centre to handle 3,500 ships 
annually (Anon., 1987). Other urban developments have taken place at Chilia Veche, Sfintu Gheorghe, 1 Mai, 
Unirea and Independenta (Anon., 1987). 


Visitors and Visitor Facilities Under the previous regime parts of the Delta were heavily used for tourism 
(EEN, 1990), with up to 100,000 visitors annually, mostly concentrated at two hotels along the Sulina channel, 
although many camp along major channels in the summer (IUCN-EEP, 1991). Permission is needed to visit the 
nature reserves which are closed during the bird breeding season (IUCN, 1986). Away from the three main 
channels the areas are rarely frequented with very few visitors (IUCN-EEP, 1991). Nature tourism, however, 
has been greatly neglected, with, for example, a detailed plan prepared in 1982 by the Institute for Research on 
Ecology for Tourism of the Ministry of Tourism (together with the National Council for Scientific and 
Technical Research and the Academy of Sciences in Agriculture and Forestry) being ignored. General tourism 
development was encouraged, however, on the coast (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). More recently the 
beginnings of indiscriminate tourism organised by numerous tourist agencies is evident (Roman, 1990), with 40 
private agencies springing up in Tulcea (IUCN-EEP, 1991). 


Scientific Research and Facilities Ecological studies on the river and the Delta conducted by Grigore Antipa 
began at the beginning of the century (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). In the past two decades research on 
the delta was carried out in a number of phases (Vadineanu, 1990): between 1974 and 1978 an intensive 
programme of investigations on Rosu-Puiu complex of lakes (SE area of delta) covered morphometric 
measurements, physico-chemical measurements, structure and dynamics of communities, biomass, production 
measurements (primary and secondary), field and laboratory experiments for oxygen consumption, filtration 
rates, energy expenditure on anaerobic pathways and the relationship between phytoplankton and submerged 
macrophytes, and on energy flows; between 1979 and 1981 investigations were carried out on Matita-Merhei 
lakes (north-east area of delta). Measurements as above were carried out; between 1980 and 1982 an extensive 
programme of investigations throughout the whole delta identified eight distinct aquatic ecosystems. From each 
of these groups one lake was selected as being characteristic; and since 1982 investigations have concentrated 
on eight characteristic ecosystems and since 1987 two lakes from the Razelm-Sinoie complex have been added. 


Overall scientific data on the delta is being collected by a national group formed from members of the disbanded 
parliamentary Committee for Ecology. The Ministry of Environment has provided funds to a number of bodies 
to prepare research reports on past uses of the Delta and future developments (IUCN-EEP, 1990). A research 
programme for the Delta, the Black Sea and the Danube has been started in co-operation with the USSR. This 


55 


envisages investigations on the cycling of nitrogen, phosphorous, heavy metals and pesticides, the effects of the 
above on the biodiversity and biological productivity, as well as the role of ecotones in controlling the density of 
flow of chemical compounds (IUCN-EEP, 1990). 


In 1991, seven research groups have been established within a three-year programme. 


Faunal and floral surveys have been carried out (IUCN, 1986) but these have been limited and an overall species 
survey and long-term studies, especially for migratory waders on the eastern European/East African flyway 
(Harengerd et al., 1990) are lacking. It has been suggested that, due to the vast area of the Delta, aerial surveys 
are the only effective way of conducting surveys (Green, 1990). The national biodiversity survey of Romania 
includes the Delta where a biodiversity research group is preparing a detailed inventory. Over 70 scientists and 
11 institutes are involved. 


Conservation Value The Delta is the meeting point of Palaearctic and Mediterranean biogeographic zones and 
represents an unique dynamic wetland ecosystem in Europe (the second largest delta) containing a rich 
biodiversity of wetland habitats. The site is internationally significant for birds, both breeding and migratory, 
including a number of globally-threatened species. It is also a vitally important buffer system between the 
hydrographical basin of the River Danube and the Black Sea. 


Conservation Management The area was previously managed by a Central Deltei, a central office set up in 
1970 and abolished in August 1990 upon the creation of the biosphere reserve. The 1983 Decree for the 
Economic Development of the Delta gave responsibility for this work to the Central Deltei and until recently it 
had 2,000 employees with a budget of 5M lei (IUCN-EEP, 1991). It was reported that the Ministries of 
Agriculture and Industry were asked to compensate for the loss of employment in the delta as a result of the 
reclamation ban and the creation of the biosphere reserve (Schneider, 1990). A number of hydrological 
engineers are already unemployed as a result of the passage of Decree 103 (IUCN-EEP, 1990). Many of the 
staff have formed economic societies; six fishing and five agricultural (IUCN-EEP, 1991). 


Within the 'Delta’ biosphere reserve (covering some 679,222ha) 18,145ha are included in a separate biosphere 
designation (the core zone covers two-thirds of the area, the peripheral areas forming the buffer zone) and 
43,790ha in seven nature reserves (two of which overlap with the biosphere reserve). The 18,145ha 
Rosca-Letea was declared a biosphere reserve in 1979 (the Rosca area has been protected since 1961 and Letea 
Forest since 1978); the nature reserves are:- Rosca-Buhaiova-Hrecisca (15,600ha but including part of the 
biosphere reserve), Perisor-Zatoane-Sacalin (15,400ha), Istria (8,000ha), Periteasca-Leahova-Gura Portitei 
(3,900ha), Popina (90ha), Saraturile (100ha) and Hasmacul Mare (700ha). These existing nature reserves are 
considered to be undisturbed zones which are totally protected. The biosphere reserve enabling legislation 
prohibits damaging and potentially damaging activities (Decree 983, 27.9.90) and controls intensive land use 
incompatible with the maintenance of the wetland ecosystem. At present there are 52,980ha of core zone, at 16 
separate sites, 25,500ha of restoration zone, 230,200ha of buffer zone and 267,542ha of transition zone. 


A priority action programme is being prepared as part of the Danube Delta Strategy and Management Plan. The 
most fully developed is the research programme, consisting of seven task forces with a detailed three-year plan 
(IUCN-EEP, 1991). The enabling agency is the Department of Environment; the responsible agency the 
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority. The plan will be a "statutory plan" legally binding for all national 
agencies, answerable to the Ministry of Environment. The Province of Tulcea will have local representation on 
the Danube Delta Authority. In this context a major input is being made by the international mission led by 
IUCN's East European Programme and including representatives from Unesco, WWF-International, ICBP, 
IWRB and Ramsar Secretariat. The mission visited the Delta in September 1990 and a strategy for international 
conservation assistance is due to be formalised in May 1991. This is likely to take the form of an integrated 
management plan for the biosphere reserve together with immediate urgent practical conservation action by the 
individual agencies co-ordinated by the Romanian authorities. In the historical context, this is not new. A 
report 'The conservation situation in the Danube Delta, Rumania during the period 1963-1969', recommending a 
long-term conservation plan, resuited from a second visit (the first was in 1963) to the Delta in June/July 1969 
by a consultant on behalf of IUCN, WWF, ICBP and IWRB (Curry-Lindahl, 1969). A parliamentary 
commission of enquiry visited the Delta in late 1990. 


56 


Decree No. 103 entitled 'Decree concerning the abolition of the reclamation works in the Danube Delta’, 
appearing in the Official Publication of Romania No. 22 on 7 February 1990, halted the major development 
projects in the delta. However, the Decree allowed 'strictly necessary works' to be completed or continued. 
These are listed as: maintenance of flood defences; completion of the regulation of the Sf Gheorghe branch; 
completion of the works to protect the coastline in the zone of Sinoe; completion of the works to protect the 
coastline in the zone of Portita-Sf Georghe-Sulina; navigation and bank protection of the Sulina branch; and 
maintenance of existing reclamations at Pardina, Sireasa, Fortuna, Rusco, Grindul Island, Chilia and Sulina. 
The completion of reclamation work at Pardina and Sireasca were allowed under Decree 103 on the 
understanding that no chemicals were to be applied (Carauscu, 1990). Previous work along the Sf Gheorghe (a 
relatively untouched river landscape) led to the bypassing of river meanders and the reduction in use of lateral 
channels, as well as the increase in pollution load deposition (Anon., 1990; Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). 
The maintenance of agricultural activities in the polder areas is likely to result in soil degradation. It has been 
reported that many of these 'necessary works! have also subsequently been halted (Hopkins, 1990a). 


The embankment and canalisation have increased the rate of desiccation of the lakes in the delta (Busila, 1990) 
as well as resulting in the drying up of the depressions between the dunes in Letea Forest, where the water table 
has dropped by 50 to 60cm below summer levels. Saplings have died and older trees stunted, soil erosion has 
increased and trees have been attacked by parasites (Kiss, 1990). Water quality in the Delta is very much 
determined by the water flowing down the Danube. This was previously filtered by a network of wet grasslands 
along the lower Danube. Some 435,000ha, or four-fifths of the total, have now been lost (Schneider, 1990). 


The Decree required the Minister of Water, Forestry and Environment together with the Minister of Agriculture 
and Food Industry to prepare a study detailing the future economic uses of the Delta by 31 December 1990 
(Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). A report for Decree 103 was produced in May 1991 and provided guidelines 
by sector (e.g. forestry, agriculture, fisheries, tourism etc.) for the future use of the Delta Authority (UCN-EEP, 
1991). This has been accepted by the Minister of Environment. Exceptions to the activities mentioned in the 
decree are thought to have come about as a result of pressure from the Centrala Deltei Dunarii, the Institute of 
Study and Design for Land Reclamation (ISPIF) and the Soil Research Institute (ICPA), fearing the loss of 
employment by staff if all previous activities were to cease immediately. They have argued that abandoning all 
activities would result in squandering the investment of over 16 Billion lei (the equivalent of US$ 1 
billion)(Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). To counter this, it is estimated that direct annual losses due to 
agricultural operations in the Delta amount to 18 million lei (Roman, 1990), in addition to which the engineering 
institutes had invested 5B lei in infrastructures (IUCN-EEP, 1991). Overall economic losses were estimated at 
300 million lei per annum (IUCN-EEP, 1990). 


In 1990 the authorities invited the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) to 
assist them in the restructuring of 3.5 million ha of agricultural land in the delta and the lower Danube. It is 
likely that the first stage of the programme will be an environmental assessment plan for the area to be carried 
out in 1991. This programme may provide the opportunity to restore previous wetland areas in the delta and the 
lower Danube. Some measures are already being taken to restore seriously degraded sites in the empoldered 
areas including flooding to restore a water regime with a low intensity fishing regime. 


A number of authorities are having an input to the preparation of the management programme. These include: 
Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Tourism and Commerce, Ministry of Education 
and Science, Romanian Academy (NGO), Ecological Society of Romania (NGO), Brailia Institute (Romanian 
Academy of Sciences), Iasi University, Institute of Tourism Research. 


Management Constraints Degradation was reaching serious proportions through engineering works and 
inappropriate land uses. These have now been stopped. A very detailed summary of the history of the 
reclamation and water engineering works in the Delta is given by Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu (1990). 


The previous regime had decided to use the area to economic advantage and in 1983 it was decided that 
agriculture should become the "principal economic activity" with plans to triple productivity by 1990. In total, 
97,000ha were earmarked for agriculture (with some 50,000ha converted to irrigated croplands by 1987 by the 
construction of polders)(Grimmett and Jones, 1989). Of an area of 42,000ha cultivated with maize, only 
17,000ha were considered productive with yields of between 500-800kg/ha. By the end of 1987, cereals 
covered 24,120ha, other crops 650ha, and vegetables 200ha, with 300ha planned as orchards and 280ha as 


Si 


vineyards. Further plans envisaged ground nut production (Anon., 1987). A particularly damaging construction 
was the Sireasa polder covering 7,500ha, which destroyed the eastern levees and riverine forest areas (Pons and 
Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). A further 32,469ha were to be devoted to fish farming (although some reports gave the 
final area of the fish-farms to be 244,000ha, of which 63,000ha had been created (Anon., 1990)). A total of 
12,838 ha was given over to forestry (replacement of native species with hybrid poplars and cypresses), but here 
again production was less than expected due to the salination of groundwater (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). 
Increased reed production (for the paper industry which has exploited the area since 1956) has been tried, as 
well as rice cultivation in former salt-marshes (Anon., 1990). Reed production fell catastrophically from 
200-300,000 tons per annum in 1960 to less than 50,000 tons per annum in the late 1980s (Pons and 
Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). The reeds were harvested by heavy mechanised caterpillar equipment and processed at 
a cellulose factory specially constructed at Tulcea (Schneider, 1990). In 1990 only 8% of the total reed surface 
was harvested (IUCN-EEP, 1991). The burning of reed beds is also practised (Green, 1990). The additional 
47,000ha was still to be reclaimed, much of it from the central, most ecologically and most important parts of 
the delta. This was to have been the 23,000ha Uzlina-Gorgova polder (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). In 
total, almost one third of the Delta was to be transformed. By December 1989 one third of the targets had been 
achieved. A further 66,185 ha in the northern parts bordering onto the USSR had become damaged by 
inefficient clearing of reeds (apparently by hard labour prisoners in the 1950s). Past drainage has caused the 
loss of much wetland and, although some of the damage has been compensated by the creation of fish ponds, 
these are not suitable for breeding species (Langeveld and Grimmett, 1990). Reed exploitation, water regulation 
and drainage have been linked to the population decreases in 20 bird species over the past decades (Schneider, 
1990). The deliberate destruction of colonially-nesting birds which has occurred in the past is now thought to be 
uncommon (Garnett, n.d.). Certain species (pelican and birds of prey) are at risk from collision with the many 
kilometres of electricity power lines present in the delta. The wintering Branta ruficollis is dependent on the 
agricultural lands to the immediate south of the delta and changing practices may be important for their future 
(Green, 1990). 


Other projects included the re-routing of the River Sfintu-Gheorghe by cutting a straight canal through the 
numerous meanders, which would speed up the flow of water and radically alter the pattern of alluvial 
deposition (Grimmett and Jones, 1989), and the exploitation of quartziferous sand from the sand dunes in 
particular on the Grindul-Caraorman barrier and exploitation of zircon and titan at Grindul Saraturile (Pons and 
Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). The latter never came to fruition and lies abandoned. The site is due to reconstruction 
according to the biosphere reserve management plan (IUCN-EEP, 1991). Several new roads were to be built, 
seven industrial plants, a new harbour and a marked development of the tourism industry (4,000 beds, 
hydro-buses and pleasure boats)(Anon., 1990). There is some evidence that illegal hunting expeditions were 
organised by an Italian company (EEN, 1990). Others have noted the increase in intensive hunting tourism 
(Roman, 1990). A pig farm (for 25,000 animals) with slaughter facilities was apparently constructed and plans 
were put forward for airport construction (Schneider, 1990). 


The local fishing industry has also suffered with catches halved since 1980. Extensive fish farming using 
Chinese carp has resulted in the virtual extinction of wild carp. In 1984 the number of indigenous fish caught 
fell by two-thirds, the farmed fish catches doubled. The increase in fish farming activities has caused some 
conflict with bird colonies, especially of pelicans and cormorants (e.g. at Maliuc on the Sulina waterway). 
Reports suggest that fish production in the fish ponds is very low (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). There is a 
thriving poaching industry based on the Delta villages, which tends to make some official fish catch figures 
inaccurate (IUCN-EEP, 1991). 


Pollution carried downstream in the Danube is a greater threat with high levels of toxic pesticides (including 
DDT), herbicides and fertilisers. The resulting algal blooms threaten fish life (EEN, 1990). The polluted waters 
have apparently drastically reduced the numbers of migratory fish (sturgeons, hausen, ship sturgeon, and 
Russian sturgeon). The salt content has increased from 150mg/I to 350 mg/I and locally to 800mg/I. Nitrogen, 
potassium and chlorine contents are increasing strongly. Downstream of Tulcea, the water contains high 
concentrations of Hg and heavy metals (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). The connecting of Lake Razelm with 
the Danube has resulted in the pollution of the lake waters with a centimetre thick algal layer on the surface in 
the summer (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). Channels cut from Lake Fortunato to the main Sulina waterway 
caused the water level in the lake to fall from 2.5m to 1m. This apparently caused the pelican colony to be 
abandoned (EEN, 1990). Other sources of pollution include a bauxite smelter and ferrous metals plant at Tulcea 
(Rank, 1990), and a sulphur factory in the Soviet border town of Izmail (Rank, 1990a). In 1988 a political 


58 


scandal broke with the reporting of the dumping of 4,000 tons of toxic waste (including dioxine) at Sulina 
(Anon., 1988). 


Heavy erosion of the littoral and the river banks of the Danube, caused by the construction of the Iron Gates 
hydroelectric facility on the Romanian-Yugoslavian border, has resulted in "the coastline regressing between 20 
and 30m a year, and in some cases even 70m a year" (Pons and Pons-Ghitulescu, 1990). Of a total Romanian 
coastline of 288km, some 100km are showing active erosion. Of these, 70km are situated in the Delta. The 
worst affected sections lie between Sulina and Sf Gheorghe and Sf Gheorghe and Partita and also along the 
Sinoe Lake area (Anon., 1990d). The coastline has been strengthened and protected in part, and further 
construction aimed at reducing erosion includes the building of a 32km canal (35m wide and 6-7m deep, with a 
dam at its eastern end to stop sea surges) connecting Sulina and Sf Gheorghe which will transport delta water 
into the sea at Cherhana Rosulet (Arhire, 1990). Some degradation can be attributed to water regulation through 
canal, dyke and channel realignment and agricultural intensification within empoldered areas. Nearly 80% of 
the lower Danube flood plain has been drained and converted to agricultural land resulting in the virtual 
elimination of floods within the delta itself (Anon., 1990). 


Threats to the nature reserves include illegal grazing (vegetation has been eliminated on Popina Island due to 
uncontrolled animal grazing) (Green, 1990), small-scale tourism, hunting and inflow of fresh water from 
irrigation schemes and the replacement of native woodland by plantations (Grimmett and Jones, 1989). 
Intensive grazing takes place at the biosphere reserve at Letea and at Histria and Murighiol (Anon., 1990c; Kiss, 
1990). It is estimated that 5,500 head of cattle, some wild, are present in the Delta (IUCN-EEP, 1991). 


Some 20% of the Danube Delta lies within the Ukrainian SSR and to be fully protected this component needs to 
be included. There is a 14,85lha zapovednik Dunajskii Plavina, situated between the Chilia River (national 
border) and the Black Sea. 


The Danube Drainage Basin has an important influence on the Delta with a high percentage of pollution 
originating outside the country. 


Staff Total staff of biosphere reserve authority is 470; 100 in enforcement services. Administration is likely to 
number 50. 


Budget Total c. 100M lei, comprising biosphere reserve authority 65M lei; enforcement services 8.5M lei; 
administration 14M lei; monitoring agency 10M lei. In addition, the hydrological programme has received 
300M lei over three years. It is suggested that the costs to the government of the management of the Delta will 
probably triple in the short-term, but in the long-term these costs may be recouped through income from tourism 
(IUCN-EEP, 1990). 


Local Addresses 


The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority (Governor), The Department of Environment, The Ministry of 
Environment, R-Bucharest, Artera Nova N-5, Tronson 5-6, Sector 5 


Previously the biosphere reserve was administered by the Academia Republicii Socialiste Romania, MAB 
National Committee of Romania, 71102 Calea Victoriei nr. 125, Bucaresti 


References 

Anon. (1987). Agrepress. 24 June. 

Anon. (1988). The Times. 

Anon. (1990a). Cholera breaks out in Romania. The European. 17-19 August. P. 2 


Anon. (1990). Okologische Bausteine fur unser gemeinsames Haus Europa= Ecological Bricks for a Common 
Europe. Miinchen, Verlag fiir Politische Okologie. 


59 


Anon. (1990c). Eco 15. 

Anon. (1990d). Tulcea Libera 156. 7 August. 
Arhire, -. (1990). Tulcea Libera 156. 7 August. 
Busila, S.A. (1990). Tulcea Eco 9. 15 April. 
Carauscu, A. (1990). Eco 17. 8 June. 


Ciochia, V. (n.d.). Overview on structure and dynamics of the avifauna of the Danube Delta and neighbouring 
area. Unpublished notes. 


Curry-Lindahl, K. (1969). Conservation in the Danube Delta in Rumania. WWF Year Book 1969. P. 20 & 
Pp. 272-276. 


EEN (1990). Romania - The Delta. Eastern Europe Newsletter 4(22). 


Garnett, M.C. (n.d.). Preliminary Solutions for the Coexistence of fisheries and pelicans in the Danube Delta. 
Preliminary Report IUCN/WWE Project No. 3139. 


Green, R. (1990). The ornithological importance of the Danube Delta and Lake Razelm-Sinoie. Draft prepared 
for international mission 1990. 


Grimmett, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. (1989). Important Bird Areas in Europe. International Council for Bird 
Preservation, Cambridge, UK. 


Harengerd, M., Melter, J., and Reinke, E. (1990). Ornithological observations in Romania. Biologische Station 
Munster. 


IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre (1986). MAB Information System Biosphere Reserves Compilation 4, 
October 1986. Prepared for Unesco. 


IUCN-EEP (1990). Report of Second Meeting and Follow-up Meeting Conservation Activities on Romanian 
Sections of the Danube. 29 June 1990 Montreux, Switzerland. 2 July 1990, Moscow. International Union for 


Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. 


IUCN-EEP (1991). Unpublished notes of mission to Delta 25 May-4 June 1991. International Union for 
Conservation of Nature-East European Programme. 


Kiss, J.B. (1990). Romania Pitoreasca 7 (223). 

Langeveld, M.J. and Grimmett, R.F.A. (Eds). (1990). Important Bird Areas in Europe Wetlands for the 
Shadow List of Ramsar Sites. International Council for Bird Preservation, International Waterfowl and 
Wetlands Research Bureau, Cambridge, UK. 


Pons, L. J. and Pons-Ghitulescu, M.N. (1990). The recent developments around the Danube. 


Pons, L.J. (1987). Recent information about the present ecological state of the Danube Delta and future threats 
by agricultural developments. Report. 


Pons, L.J. (1988). Report about a visit to the Danube Delta (19th -22nd October 1988). 
Radu, D. (1979). Pasarile din Delta Dunari. Academiei Republicti Socialiste Romania. 
Rank, M. (1990). Little Bitterness after Romanian Revolution in Danube Delta. Reuters, 4 February. 


60 


Rank, M. (1990). Wild Danube saved by Ceasescu Overthrow. Reuters, 19 February. 
Roman, R.A. (1990). "S.O.S. Danube Delta! An Open letter to Prime Minister Petre Roman". 22 June, 1990. 
Roman, R.A. (1990). Romania Libera. | August. 


Schneider, E. (1990). The Wet Grasslands in the Catchment Area of the Lower Danube. International 
Wet-Pasture Symposium, Rastatt, 1988. 


Wirth, H. (1979). Nature Reserves in Europe. Edition Leipzig. 
Vadineanu, A. (1990). Data available on the Danube Delta. Unpublished note 14 February. 


Date March 1991 


Russia - Kavkazskiy Zapovednik 


IUCN Management Category I and IX (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.34.12 (Caucaso-Iranian Highlands) 


Geographical Location In the western part of the Caucasian range, split between Adygeyskaya Autonomous 
Oblast’, in Krasnodarskiy Kray and the Karachaevo-Cherkesrkaya Autonomous Oblast’ of the Stabropol'skiy 
Kray of the RSFSR, the majority lying in the former. The reserve has 21km forest of Sochi. Separate from the 
main territory of the reserve is the Khost yew-box forest (Khost region, near Sochi) and the Sochi zoo-forest 
park. 43°46'N, 40°21E. 


Date and History of Establishment Reserve established in 1924 and approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 
1978. 


Area The reserve covers an area of 263,477ha 
Land Tenure State property, under the administration of the Ministry of Agriculture of the USSR. 
Altitude 0-3,360m 


Physical Features The territory of the reserve represents a typical mountainous landscape, with steep mountain 
forests, river valleys and alpine tundra along two very large elevations: the main Caucasian range and the 
forward range situated to the north of the main range. Glaciers and firns feed numerous watercourses; two large 
rivers, the Bol'shaya Laba and the Belaya, and their tributaries (Malaya Laba and Kisha) dissect the northern 
slope of the main range into spurs. The rivers of the southern slope - Mzymta, Sochi, Golovinska (Shakhe) - 
flow into the Black Sea. Between the main and the forward range lies the southern depression, parallel to which 
tun the valleys of the rivers Zakan, Umpyrki, Achipsty, Alous and Aspidnoi. The climate varies, with the 
Caucasian Range acting as a barrier separating the wet and hot Black Sea region from the drier and colder 
districts of Transkuban and Near Caspian. The heaviest rainfall occurs on the southern slopes of the main range, 
with an annual precipitation sometimes exceeding 3000mm at 1800-2500m. To the east, the rainfall decreases, 
and in the basins of the Malaya Laba and Bol'shaya Laba is only 700-900mm a year. 


Climate No information 


Vegetation The reserve consists of 162,319ha of forest cover and 1,994ha of water areas. The vegetation of the 
reserve reflects the complex history of the existing surface of the West Caucasus initially selected to represent 
the Black Sea-Ghirkan province of broad leaved mountainous forests, the heavy ruggedness of its relief and the 
variety of climate. Over 1,500 species of higher plants are present, increasing to 3,000 if we include the 
diversity of mosses, fungi, lichens and algae, 20% of which are endemic. Of interest are the large number of 


61 


tree-shrub species, 165 in all. In the reserve, Tertiary relict plants have been preserved - representatives of the 
ancient pre-glacial flora of the Caucasus: Caucasian fir Abies nordmanniana, oriental beech Fagus orientalis, 
chestnut Castanea sativa, oriental spruce Picea orientalis, Iberian oak Quercus iberica, sycamore maple Acer 
pseudoplatanus, Caucasian lime Tilia caucasia etc. A large part of the reserve is covered by forests. In the 
mountain belt, broadleaved forests grow to 1,200-1,300m, with oak forests on the light southern slopes at 
800-900m. Beech forests are widespread, often covering the whole southern slope of the main range from 500m 
to the upper forest boundary, but firs predominate, accounting for about two-thirds of all the forest area. From 
2,300-2,500m, vegetation of the subalpine meadows gives way to vegetation of the alpine belt extending up to 
2,800-2,900m. 


Fauna The number of mammalian species recorded is 59. There are 192 species of birds, over 132 of which 
breed including lammergeier Gypaetus barbatus, griffon vulture Gyps fulvus, black vulture Aegypius monachus 
and golden eagle Aquila chrysactos. The West Caucasian fauna is most widely represented with large numbers 
of wild goat Capra caucasica, champi Rupicapra rupicapra and wild boar Sus scrofa; roe deer Capreolus 
capreolus are seen in the strip of broadleaved forests. In 1940 bison Bison bonasus were reintroduced into the 
Caucasus, and now number 900 in the Caucasus Reserve and the adjoining territories. 


Cultural Heritage No information 

Local Human Population No settlements within the reserve 

Visitors and Visitor Facilities No information 

Scientific Research and Facilities Since the reserve was established, an inventory has been taken of the flora 
and fauna, and the biology and ecology of individual (particularly rare) species are being studied. In 1976, a 
comprehensive programme was initiated to study the structure and dynamics of the main ecosystems of the 
north-west Caucasus. The effects of fire and logging on the ecosystem are also being monitored. The territory 
is accessible for research, both of an expeditionary and stationary character. 

Conservation Value No information 

Conservation Management Total. The Reserve was set up by Decree of the Council of People's Commissars 
of the RSFSR in 1924. In accordance with the Basic Principles of Land Legislation of the USSR and the Union 
Republics, any activity disturbing the natural complexes of reserves or threatening the conservation of natural 
objects of special scientific or cultural value is forbidden both in the territory of a reserve and in the protected 
zones set up around reserves. 


The Decree setting up the Caucasian State Reserve specifies the entire area as a single territory. 


The reserve is in two sections. The main mountainous sector and the Khostin yew-box forest covering 30lha 
and a buffer zone is being set up around the reserve. 


Management Constraints The natural complex of the Caucasus Reserve has been very little modified by 
human activity; most of it has never been subjected to tree-felling and a large part of the alpine meadows has 
never been grazed by domestic cattle. 

Staff 180 permanent staff 

Budget No information 


Local Addresses 


Caucasian Reserve, Sukhumskoe Shosse, 7a, Sochi X-67 Krasnodar Territory, RSFSR, 354067, USSR. 


62 


References 

Bannikov, A.G., Golgofskaya, J. Yu., Kotov, V.A. (1967). The Caucasian Reserve. "Znaniye" Publishing 
House. 

Borodin, A.M. and Syroechkovski, E.E. (1983). Zapovedniki SSSR Moskva, 'Lesnaya Promyshlennost'. 
Research Publication of the Caucasus Reserve. Vol. I-II. Publication of the Caucasus Reserve. 

Sokolov, V. (1985). The System of Biosphere Reserves in the USSR. PARKS, 10(3): 8-9. 


Date Revised September 1986 


Russia - Teberdinskiy State Reserve 


IUCN Management Category | 
Biogeographical Province .2.34.12 


Geographical Location On the upper reaches of the Teberda River, with a minor part of the reserve in the 
valley of the Kizgigh River, on north slopes of the Bolshoi Caucasus. 


43°N LONGITUDE 42°E 

Date and History of Establishment 1936 
Area Previously 83,122ha; now 84,996 
Land Tenure State land by law 

Altitude No information 


Physical Features The reserve lies on the north-western slopes of the eastern Caucasus. The mountainous 
landscape is formed from rocks of Precambrian age, including granites, gneisses, amphibolites and schists. A 
major portion lies within a granitic mass. Features of the landscape include 100 glaciers, 100 mountain lakes of 
glacial origin and many waterfalls. The reserve is divided into two subsections in the Teberda and Kizgich 
valleys. The climate is temperate with 150 days above 0°C, a mean July temperature of 16°C and a mean 
January temperature of -8°C with 800mm annual rainfall. Soils are of brown mountain/forest type. 


Climate No information 


Vegetation Three major vegetation zones are represented. Forests are present from the valley floor to 2,400m 
with Pinus hamata, Abies nordmaniana, Picea orientalis, Taxus baccata, and deciduous trees including Acer, 
Carinus, Fagus, Malus, Pyrus, Prunus and others (1.2.5.1; 1.2.4.1; 1.9.2; 1.1.9.3.). Between 2,500m and 2,600m 
lie alpine meadows (5.3.2.) and above this lie alpine communities. The herbaceous flora of such zones is very 
rich in species. 


Fauna Mammals present include the European hare Lepus europaeus, wolf Canis lupus (V), red fox Vulpes 
vulpes, brown bear Ursus arctos, stoat Mustela erminea, weasel M. nivalis, stone marten Martes foina, otter 
Lutra lutra, leopard cat Felis bengalensis, lynx F. lynx, wild pig Sus scrofa, maral Cervus elaphus maral, 
chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and Caucasion tur Capra sibirica caucasica. Frequent birds include bearded 
vulture Gypaetus barbatus, golden eagle Aquila chrysaetos, Caucasian blackcock Lyrurus mlokosiewiezi, 
Caucasian snowcock Tetraogallus caucasicus and partridge Alectoris kakelik. 


Cultural Heritage No information 
63 


Local Human Population No information 

Visitors and Visitor Facilities No information 

Scientific Research and Facilities Studies of rational use of mountain ecosystems for watershed and soil 
protection, as a health resort etc., together with research on valuable game animals. There are rooms, 
laboratories, scientific equipment, a natural history museum, a breeding area for wild animals, plantations of 
ginseng Panax shinseng. 

Conservation Value No information 

Conservation Management Total 


There is no zoning; this is a Strict Nature Reserve. 


Management Constraints Forest fires, felling of trees, excessive pasturage by cattle before establishment of 
the reserve. 


Staff No information 

Budget No information 

Local Addresses 

Teberda town, Stavropol territory, Russia SFSR. 

References 

Bannikov, A. G. (1969) Reserves of the USSR. Publishing House Kolos, Moscow. 552 pp. 
Bronner, (1934) Teberda, a guidebook published by House of Scientists Moscow 

Knuzer, V. (1951) The Teberda State Rezserve Tecknick da Stroma publ. Tbilisi 

Knuzer, V. (1951) Reserves of the USSR Vol.1, Geographio, Moscow. 

Knuzer, V. (1957/67) Works of the Teberda State Reserve, Stavropol 


Knuzer, V. (1958) Teberda: essays on the Teberda Reserve, Stavropol 


Date No information 


Turkey - Haciosman Reserve 
Management Category I (Strict Nature Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.11.05 (Middle European Forest) 


Geographical Location Situated near Haciosman by Samsun on the Black Sea coast. Represents part of the 
Yesilirmak delta. 41°20'N, 36°20'E. 


Date And History Of Establishment Designated under national legislation as a strict nature reserve in June 
1987 along with four other new sites. 


64 


Area 86ha 


Land Tenure State ownership (State forest) 


Altitude Approximately sea-level 

Physical Features Alluvial deposits of the Yesilirmak delta (Karakurum, pers. comm. 1987). 

Climate Mild continental Black Sea climate 

Vegetation Coastal alluvial forest composed of temperate European types species such as black poplar Populus 
nigra, ash Fraxinus spp., oak Quercus spp., willow Salix spp., alder Alnus glutinosa and elm Ulmus spp. 
(Karakurum, pers. comm. 1987). 

Fauna No information 

Cultural Heritage No information 

Local Human Population No inhabitants within the reserve. 

Visitors And Visitor Facilities Access restricted. 

Scientific Research And Facilities Limited botanical and faunal surveys undertaken by the National Park 
Team of the Orman Genel Mudiirliigii, Ankara and the Istanbul forestry institutes (Karakurum, pers. comm. 


1988). 


Conservation Management The area was established in order to protect one of the few remaining primaeval 
alluvial forests on the Black Sea coast (Karakurum, pers. comm. 1988). 


Normal forestry management policies are being followed and conservation master plans are being considered 

for future preparation. Management is currently restricted to prohibiting domestic livestock grazing and 

commercial timber extraction (Karakurum, pers. comm. 1988). 

Management Problems No information 

Staff Wardens 

Budget No information 

Local Administration Sinop Orman Mudiirliigii, Sinop. 

References 

Carp, E. (1980). A Directory of Western Palearctic Wetlands. [UCN/UNEP, Gland, Switzerland. 

Grimmett, R. (1986). Preliminary inventory of important bird areas in Turkey. International Council for Bird 
Preservation, Cambridge, England. 

Date January 1988 

1543V 


Turkey - Ilgaz Dagi National Park 


Management Category II (National Park) 


Biogeographical Province 2.11.05 (Middle European Forest) 


65 


Geographical Location The park is located in the Black Sea region, midway between Kastamonu (45km) and 
Cankiri (60km), 200km north of Ankara. The park is located 5-6km north of the town of Ilgaz on the slopes of 
Avlagin Tepe, Kastamonu province. 40°55'N, 33°37'E 


Date And History Of Establishment Established in 1976 as a national park. 

Area 1,088ha 

Land Tenure State ownership 

Altitude ranges from 1,300-1,600m 

Physical Features Situated in the Ilgaz Daglari massif in a transition zone between central and northern 
Anatolia. The longest and more active fault line, the northern Anatolian Fault, passes through the northern 
slopes of the Ilgaz mountains. The bedrock consists of volcanic rocks, serpentine and schists. The topography is 


represented by steep mountain slopes culminating in crests at 1,600m. 


Climate Located in the climatic transitional zone between Black Sea and Central Anatolia regions. There is a 
Black Sea climate with characteristic high humidity and cool temperatures. 


Vegetation Altitudinal zonation results in gradually changing vegetation ranging from pine woods in the 
foothills to alpine steppe (General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife, 1980). Pine forests are dominated 
by Scots pine Pinus sylvestris, black pine Pinus nigra and juniper Juniperus communis (General Directorate of 
National Parks and Wildlife, 1980). Highest elevations are dominated by alpine scrub and herbaceous 
vegetation. 


Fauna The rich woodland fauna includes roe deer Capreolus capreolus, boar Sus scrofra, brown bear Ursus 
arctos, wolf Canis lupus and fox Vulpes vulpes (General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife, 1980). 


Cultural Heritage No information 

Local Human Population No information 

Visitors And Visitor Facilities Currently there are few facilities for visitors. A trout hatchery and fishing lake 
are available for sports fishing. Future projects include promotion of the park for recreation. Near the Catmali 
Pinar post a 1250 bed capacity accommodation is being planned as are camping and day-use facilities. After 
completion of these facilities a winter sports centre is to be developed (General Directorate of National Parks 
and Wildlife, 1980; Karakurum, pers comm, 1987). 

Scientific Research And Facilities A multi-purpose building is under construction (Kettaneh, 1980). 


Conservation Management The park was established with the aim of preserving the natural and recreational 
value of the region. 


Master plans have yet to be completed but it is proposed to include a protection zone and development and 
skiing zone (General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife, 1980). 


Management Problems Future plans include the development of a number of zones for winter sport and 
tourist recreation, the result of which is likely to seriously affect the delicate montane ecosystem (Drucker, pers. 
comm. 1987). 

Staff One manager, one ranger, two wardens and one guard (Kettaneh, 1980). 


Budget 6,500,000TL (Kettaneh, 1980) 


Local Administration [lgazdagi Milli Park Mudiirliigii, Kastamonu. 


66 


References 

General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife. (1980). National Parks of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry, 
General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife, Ankara. 

Kettaneh, M.S. (1980). Protected area information sheet. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland. 


Date January 1988 


Turkey - Yedig6ller National Park 


Management Category II (National park) 
Biogeographical Province 2.11.05 (Middle European Forest) 


Geographical Location Situated in the Black Sea region, 40km to the north of the town of Bolu and near to the 
town of Dirgine. 40°45'N, 31°40'E. 


Date And History Of Establishment Established as a national park on 24 April 1965. 
Area 2,019ha 

Land Tenure State ownership 

Altitude ranges from 700-1,600m 


Physical Features The park consists of part of the northern slopes of the Bolu massif (1954m), with steep 
slopes often susceptible to landslides. The bedrock tends to be derived from serpentine schists, limestones and 
volcanic materials. There are seven lakes (turkish: 'Yedi' seven and 'goller' lakes) which were formed as natural 
dams, after soil landslides blocked the mountain valleys. The lakes tend to be acidic and vary in altitude between 
870m and 740m and in some cases are interconnected below ground. 


Climate Temperate climate equivalent to Balkan montane areas. 


Vegetation Mixed forest vegetation of western Black Sea region type, typified at lowest altitudes by species 
such as beech Fagus orientalis, oak Quercus cerris, black pine Pinus nigra and Scots pine P. sylvestris, fir Abies 
cilicica, elm Ulmus spp., hornbeam Carpinus spp. and sycamore Acer spp. The willow Salix spp., sycamore 
Acer spp. and alder Alnus glutinosa are most frequently found along the streams, and lime Tilia spp. on the hill 
slopes. In the upper regions the composition of the forest changes and poplar Populus spp, yew Taxus baccata, 
Scots pine P. sylvestris and fir Abies cilicica replace the beech dominant woodland (Drucker, pers comm, 1987). 
The ground and shrub vegetation includes rhododendron Rhododendron spp., hazel Corylus spp., bramble 
Rubus spp., bracken Pteridium aquilinum, Cyclamen spp. Sambucus spp., Crataegus laciniata, Crocus spp., 
Daphne gnidium, Urtica spp. and Geranium spp. (Drucker, pers. obs. 1987). 


Fauna Larger mammals in the reserve tend to be rare yet there are records of roe deer Capreolus capreolus, 
wild boar Sus scrofa, fox Vulpes vulpes, bear Ursus arctos, wolf Canis lupus, jackal C. aureus, wild cat Felis 
sylvestris, otter Lutra lutra and badger Meles meles. Birds include dipper Cinclus cinclus, long-eared owl Asio 
otus and eagle owl Bubo bubo. Introduced trout are also recorded from the lakes (Aktar, 1984). Red deer Cervus 
elaphus have been introduced into enclosures in the centre of the park (Drucker, pers. obs. 1987). 


Cultural Heritage Traditional forms of transport including the use of oxen are still to be found in the area 
(Drucker, pers comm, 1987). 


Local Human Population No inhabitants within the park. There are small village communities in the area. 


Visitors And Visitor Facilities Even though the site is relatively remote there are high visitor attendance 
figures (coach excursions from Istanbul and Ankara are common), and national park wardens are available to 


67 


assist in supplying information. Facilities and activities include sports fishing, camping, picnic sites, nature 
walks, cafes and simple bungalow accommodation. 


Scientific Research And Facilities Behavioural studies are being undertaken on the red deer Cervus elaphus, 
in a 26ha enclosure near the centre of the park. A local university college of science has been carrying out 
research on the zoology, botany and geomorphology of the park (Aktar, 1984). Studies are proceeding towards a 
request for the award of the European Diploma of the Council of Europe. 


Conservation Management The site has been designated to ensure the protection of the Yedigoller watershed, 
restore the balance of nature and act as a recreational area. Regulations exist which prohibit hunting, restrict 
fishing (1 May to 30 September) and prevent commercial timber extraction. A system of zonation results in 
areas being specifically set aside for tourism and recreation, for wildlife protection and for re-introduction of 
deer. The boundary of the park is fenced and there is a further enclosure for captive bred deer. There is a tariff 
for entry into the park and fees for hunting and fishing permits (Drucker, pers. comm. 1987). 


Management Problems Tourist pressure is high around the lakes, leading to widespread destruction of the 
natural ground vegetation and disturbance to any lake fauna (Drucker, pers. comm. 1987). Excessive hunting in 
the past has caused great damage to the wildlife populations in the area. Disturbance to the lake ecosystem has 
been caused by the repeated re-introduction of trout from an associated fish hatchery. 

Staff One manager, one ranger one zoologist, one warden and 10 guards (1980) 

Budget 6,000,000TL (1980) 

Local Administration Yedig6ller Milli Park miidiirliigii, Bolu. 

References 

Aktar, O. (1984). Yedigéller Milli Park. Ilgi 39: 2-6. 

Darkot, D. (1975). Géllerimiz. Redhouse Yayonevi, Istanbul. 

General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife (1980). National Parks of Turkey. Ministry of Forestry, 


General Directorate of National Parks and Wildlife, Ankara. 
Giirpiner T. (1981). The Seven Lakes. Naturopa No.38 


Date December 1987 


Ukraine - Askaniya-Nova Zapovednik 


IUCN Management Category I and 1X (Strict Nature Reserve and Biosphere Reserve) 

Biogeographical Province 2.29.11 (Pontian Steppe) 

Geographical Location It is located in the southern Ukraine in the south-eastern part of the Prichernomorsky 
lowlands in the Chaplinski rayon of the Khersonski Oblast’, 25km north of the Sivash lagoon and 50km 
south-east of Novaya Kakhovka. 46°28'N, 33°55'E. 

Date and History of Establishment The first 'partially' protected reserve in Russia created in 1878 (for the 
acclimatisation of domesticated stock) and declared a reserve in 1921 with its present boundaries established in 
1956. It was approved as a Biosphere Reserve in 1984. 

Area The biosphere reserve covers 33,307ha of which 11,054ha is declared a zapovednik. 


Land Tenure State owned 


Altitude Almost perfectly flat, with maximum drop (over 2,000ha) of 8m the rest being 30m above sea level. 


68 


Physical Features The plain in which the Reserve is situated slopes gently to the south and southwest, 
maximum difference of altitude being no more than a few metres. Of the numerous depressions known as 'pods' 
(2-8m in diameter and 10-20cm deep), the largest named Bol'shoy Chaplinskiy of 2,000ha, is periodically 
flooded in spring. Most of these pods are enclosed by hardly noticeable shallow channels whilst the larger ones 
have radial water collecting ditches 1-2m deep and 8-10m in width. Soils are a mixture of solonetz, southern 
chernozems and dark chestnut with scattered solonchak types. Rivers are absent and the water table is at 
19-20m, although clay loess linings to the pods tend to retain accumulated water, sometimes into summer. The 
climate is dry with hot summers and short, cloudy and sometimes cold winters. The temperature range from 
-3.6°C in January to 23.4°C in July with annual mean of 9.4°C and an annual rainfall of only 380mm. Dry 
winds and dust storms occur in spring with wind speeds of 25 miles per second with frosts in October, snow 
cover is present from mid-December to March, with a thickness of 10cm. 


Climate No information 


Vegetation The feather grass steppe, the protection of which was a principal objective of this reserve, is 
dominated by the feather grasses Stipa lessingiana, S. ucrainica and S. capillata, together with fescue Festuca 
sulcata and crested hair grass Koeleria cristata. Herbaceous plants include abundant Pyrethrum millefoliatiatum, 
Galatella villosa, and Artemisia austriaca. Other typical species are Tulipa schrenkii and T. biebersteiniana, 
purple mullein Verbascum phoeniceum, Iris pumila, the plumbago Goniolimon tataricum and summer cypress 
Kochia prostrata. The swampy 'pods' have fox-tail Alopecurus pratensis, couch-grass Agropyrum 
pseudacaesum, sedge Carex praecox and in flooded places flowering rush Butomus umbettalus and Scirpus 
supinus. Over 4,117 steppe plant species have been recorded, dominated by the grasses, with 40 species 
endemic to the southern Ukraine, 56 species classified are rare in the 'Red Book SSSR' and a further ten as 
threatened. The total number of all plant species and subspecies is estimated as 3,378. 


Fauna The mammals of the steppe include European suslik Citellus citellus, hamster Cricetus cricetus, social 
vole Microtus socialis and a distinct subspecies of mouse Mus tataricus as well as polecat Putorius putorius. In 
total 18 mammals, six reptiles (Vipera ursini) and one amphibia have been recorded. Of the birds recorded, 16 
are breeding and include the only site in the Ukraine for steppe eagle Aquila rapax as well as common species 
such as grey partridge Perdix perdix, stone curlew Burhinus oedicnemus, and short-toed lark Calandrella 
cinerea. During migration periods rarer species such as black stork Ciconia nigra, crane Grus grus, great bustard 
Otis tarda, demoiselle crane Anthropoides virgo, white-tailed eagle Haliaeetus albicilla and peregrine falcon 
Falco peregrinus are present and waterfowl such as whooper swan Cygnus cygnus and white-fronted goose 
Anser albifrons. 


Cultural Heritage The reserve has some archaeological and historical interest. 
Local Human Population No information 
Visitors and Visitor Facilities Tourism is restricted but recognised as one of the aims of the reserve. 


Scientific Research and Facilities The objective is to undertake long-term studies on the dynamics of the 
grazed steppe ecosystem and monitoring any changes due to human activities. Study of vegetation dynamics, 
and population dynamics and ecology of wild species of grazers and browsers, with special reference to 
developing methods of protecting the rarer species in the wild and improved acclimatisation to new localities, 
hybridisation and breeding of animals in semi-natural environments. Special attention will be given to 
geosystem monitoring similar to that being carried out at the Central Chernozem State Reserve. There are fully 
equipped laboratories, a museum, botanic and zoological gardens, breeding paddocks and a scientific library. 


Conservation Value No information 

Conservation Management Total protection afforded to zapovednik area. 

The strict nature reserve status is modified over certain areas by the introduction and acclimatisation of 
ungulates (such as Przewalski's horse, hartebeest, and gnu) and birds of the ostrich family under a paddock 
system and in conjunction with domestic stock. This area, the experimental stock-breeding zone, is managed by 


the Askania Nova Institute for steppe stock-breeding. At present, only 1,560ha is totally protected, the 


69 


remainder being set aside for pasture, hay, an arboretum of nearly 400 species and a zoo in which introduced 
species such as zebra Equus grevyi, E. zebra Przewalski's horse E. przewalskii, eland Taurotragus oryx, 
hartebeest Alcelaphus buselaphus, gnu Connachaetes gnou and saiga Saiga tatarica are reared with considerable 
success. In addition to ostrich, the Ratite birds in the collection include the lesser rhea Pterocnemia pennata and 
emu Dromais novaehollandiae. 

Total biosphere reserve covers 33,307ha which zoned into a strict protection area (the zapovednik) of 11,054ha, 
contains the only remaining unploughed pristine feather-grass steppe in Europe covering 1,500ha. There is also 
an experimental stock-breeding area of 17,453ha and an outer buffer zone 1km wide covering another 4,800ha. 
Management Constraints The reserve suffered damage during the war. 

Staff Fifty-eight of which 19 are researchers 

Budget 240,000 roubles 

Local Addresses 

326332, Khersonskaya oblast’, Chaplinskiy rayon, ngt. Askaniya-Nova, Ukrainkaya SSR. 

References 

Babich, A. D. (1960). Ascania Nova steppe oasis. Kharkov. 

Bannikov, A. G. (1969) Reserves of the USSR. Publishing House Kolos, Moscow. 552 pp. 

Bannilov, A. G. (1974) Around the reserves of the USSR. 2nd Ed. Publishing House, Mysyl, Moscow. 

Borodin, A.M. and Syroechkovski, E.E. (1983). Zapovedniki SSSR Moskva, 'Lesnaya Promyshlennost". 


Date August 1986 


Ukraine - Tchernormorsky State Reserve 


IUCN Management Category | (Strict Nature Reserve) 
Biogeographical Province 2.29.11 (Pontian Steppe) 


Geographical Location On the Black Sea coast, due east of Odessa, from the Dniepr-Bug estuary to 
Karkinitsky bay. 


46°20'-47°N = LONGITUDE 32°30'-33°E 

Date and History of Establishment 1927 

Area Previously 36,600ha (of which 9,500ha comprised the terrestrial area); now 71,889ha. 

Land Tenure State lands by law 

Altitude No information 

Physical Features The reserve includes several separate areas along the Black Sea coast, together with some 
islands in the Black Sea. The area is mainly flat-lying, formed from alluvial sediments and includes areas of 
standing water, both fresh and salt, sandspits and other coastal features. Mean temperatures range from -3.6°C 


(January) to 30°C (July) with 60 days below 0°C. Total rainfall is estimated at 350mm. Soils are sandy and 
saline. 


70 


Climate No information 

Vegetation This is of Ukrainian-Kazakh steppe type with sandy areas having associations of Festuca beckeri, 
Calamagrostis epigeios, wormwood Artemisia arenaria and Thymus sp. (5.2.2). More saline areas have steppe 
of Artemisia maritima, Suada maritima, Kochia prostrata and Festuca sulcata. Standing water and coastal zones 
have reeds Phragmites communis (5.6.2). Woody species include alder Alnus glutinosa and Quercus robur 
together with birch Betula and aspen Populus tremula forming "kolkis" association (1.2.5.1 and 1.2.5.2). The 
ground cover here includes lily of the valley Convalaria majalis and Solomon's seal Polygonatum officinale. 
Fauna Mammals include brown hare Lepus europaeus (capens), common vole Microtus arvalis, the 
thick-tailed 3-toed jerboa Styloiputelum and the red fox Vulpes vulpes. The reserve has outstanding numbers of 
migrating and over wintering birds. 260 species have been recorded. These include the great egret Egretta alba, 
whooper swan Cygnus cygnus, mute swan C. olor, shelduck Tadorna tadorna, gadwall Anas _strepera, 
red-breasted merganser Meirgus serrator, the only breeding place in the USSR of the Mediterranean gull Larus 
melanocephalus, slender billed gull L. genei, great bustard Otis tarda, little bustard, O. tetrax, long-eared owl, 
Asio otis and golden oriole Oriolus oriolus. 40 fish species are also present including mullets Mugil sp., and 
others. 

Cultural Heritage No information 

Local Human Population No information 


Visitors and Visitor Facilities No reports of tourism although earlier references cite availability of guided 
visits to the reserve. 


Scientific Research and Facilities Ecological studies of coastal ecosystems, steppe areas and bird ecology 
have been made. There are laboratories and facilities for sea transport. 


Conservation Value No information 
Conservation Management Total 
There is no zoning; this is a Strict Nature Reserve. 


Management Constraints Introduced species include the racoon dog Nyctereutes procyanoides and the 
Japanese sika deer Cervus nippon. 


Staff No information 

Budget No information 

Local Addresses Ukrainian SSR, Kherson regin, Golaya Prustan, Dneprovskaja Street No.1. 
References Works on the reserve are published periodically. 

Bannikov, A. G. (1969) Reserves of the USSR. Publishing House Kolos, Moscow. 552 pp. 


Bannilov, A. G. (1974) Around the reserves of the USSR. 2nd Ed. Publishing House, Mysyl, Moscow. 


71 


4.6 National Environmental Policy and Legislation 


Bulgaria Country Profile 


Area 110,911 sq. km 


Population 9,000,000 (mid-1989 estimate) 
Natural increase: 0.1% per annum 


Economic Indicators 
GDP: No information 
GNP: US$ 7,129 per capita (Anon., 1990) 


Policy and Legislation On 5 October 1908 Bulgaria declared its independence from Turkey and in September 
1946 a People's Republic was proclaimed. The Constitution refers to nature conservation under Article No. 31 
(1971). In Articles 22 and 23, proposals for designation of protected natural sites can be submitted by 
enterprises, institutions, organizations and by individuals. The new Constitution, enacted in 1991, treats the 
matter of the environment in a single text — Article 15 (Spiridonov ef al., 1991). 


Countryside protection dates from 1928 (Carter, 1977), when a "union for nature protection", the Council for the 
Protection of the Countryside, was formed. The first Conservation of Nature Act was issued in 1936 (Decree on 
protection of native nature) (Cerovsky, 1986; Spiridonov et a/., 1991). It established four categories of protected 
area and introduced species protection measures (Spiridonov ef al., 1991). Little more was achieved during the 
war of 1939-45 nor in the ten years that followed. A nature protection decree was formulated on 27 August 1960 
and brought into force by rules published on 5 June 1961, with the legislation applying equally to reserves and 
national parks (Article 7 of the Rules) (IUCN, 1971). 


The 1967 Law on Nature Protection covers the preservation, restoration, rational use of nature and natural 
resources, monuments, historical sites, development of science and scientific research. This Law, and the 1969 
Regulations for the Administration of the Law of Nature Protection, effectively repealed the Ordinance related 
to the protection of nature, and the Decree of 1960 (Spiridonov, 1991). According to the 1967 Law, there are 
five categories of protected area: nature reserve, national park, nature sanctuary, protected site and historical site. 
Buffer zones are managed according to Directive No. 4 (1980) of the Committee on Environmental Protection 
on the Council of Ministry (now the Ministry of Environment). Suggestions for establishment of protected areas 
can be made both by private bodies and by state organisations. The law determines the temporary protective 
status, defines the bodies responsible, research programmes and public support (Spiridonov et al., 1991). 


The duties of all organisations and agencies in the field of flora, fauna and habitat protection are further defined 
in a number of acts, including the Law on Protection of Air, Water and Soil against Pollution (1963), Nature 
Protection Law (1967), Water Law (1969), Law on protection of Cultivated Lands and Pastures (1973) 
Territorial and Settlement Organisation Law (1973), Hunting Enterprise Law (1982) and Fishing Enterprise Law 
(1982) (Spiridonov ef a/., 1991). Some other acts may also include relevant sections (ECE, 1986). 


The Komitet za opazvane na prirodnata sreda (KOPS) (Committee for Environmental Protection) of the 
Council of Ministers was established under state legislation in 1976. KOPS declares a locality or an object under 
protection, by order of the Committee's President, after consultation with the Academy of Science's Institute of 
Ecology and interested departments on whose territory the objects are located. These orders are published in the 
State Gazette. 


In 1977, a new document entitled "Guidelines for the Protection and Reproduction of the Environment in the 
People's Republic of Bulgaria" was approved by State Council (Cerovsky, 1986). This document covers 
environmental preservation, restoration and management policies and now plays a central role in formulating 
state environmental policy (Stoilov ef a/., 1981). Another major policy document written in the early 1980s was 
the General Plan of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. This treats the environment as a complex integrated 


72 


system. In particular, the sections dealing with "Recreation" and "Standard Regional Planning Measures" refer 
to the important role played by legally protected areas (Mladenova and Paychev, 1985). Resources needed for 
protection measures are provided for in five-year and annual plans adopted by the government and People's 
Assembly (parliament) (ECE, 1986). 


All land is state-owned and reserve boundaries are marked with symbols and occasionally fenced. Existing 
legislation in the field of nature protection is felt to be inadequate and inefficient. A draft Protected Area Act 
1991 has been prepared and submitted by the Green Party (G. Spiridonov and L. Mileva, in Jitt., 1991). Other 
legislation at the discussion stage includes the Ecological Policy Law, Control of Pollution Law and two bills on 
Forestry Law (Spiridonov et a/., 1991). A Natural Heritage Charter has also been prepared and submitted by the 
Green Party (G. Spiridonov and L. Mileva, in Jitt., 1991). 


International Activities The Convention concerning the World Natural and Cultural Heritage (World Heritage 
Convention) was signed on 7 March 1974 and two natural sites inscribed in 1983. The Convention on Wetlands 
of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) was signed on 24 September 
1975 and the Paris Protocol instrument was signed on 27 February 1986; four Ramsar sites have been 
designated. Seventeen sites, covering 25,20lha, were accepted in 1977 as biosphere reserves under the 
UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme. The Berne Convention was ratified in 1991 principally as an 
instrument to conserve populations in protected areas (Spiridonov et al., 1991). The Institute of Ecology is 
active in international environmental conservation activities organised by Unesco, UNEP, FAO and CMEA. 


Progress is reported to have been made on the preparation of a Treaty for Environmental Protection of the 
Balkans (IUCN, 1991) and the first international meeting on the biodiversity of the Balkans Massif is to be held 
in 1992 (IUCN-EEP, in /itt., 1991). 


Administration and Management In 1971 the Ministry of Forests and Environmental Protection was 
established; it largely concentrated its attention on natural sites, establishing new reserves and improving those 
already in existence (Stoilov ef al., 1981). In 1972 the Research and Coordination Centre for Preservation and 
Restoration of Environment of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences was established (Cerovsky, 1986)(see 
Annex). 


KOPS is the main governmental, inter-departmental coordinating and controlling body, the President is of 
ministerial rank and the Committee has 16 regional inspectorates and one scientific centre (Cerovsky, 1986). It 
had a staff of 400 and operated on one-year and five-year plans with a budget of 4,120 billion leva (1971-1981) 
with 500 million leva in 1989 destined specifically for nature protection (IUCN, 1991a). It had the task of 
controlling, coordinating and implementing the policy and decisions of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian 
Communist Party, the National Assembly, the State Council and the Council of Ministers on questions of 
environmental protection and restoration and water resource utilisation. The committee elaborates state plans on 
nature protection, as well as plans for research and development (ECE, 1986). The committee was also directed 
to establish a system to provide scientific data for matters relating to environmental protection. The Unified 
National System for Observation and Information on the State of the Environment was set up, which includes a 
subsystem of "Protected Natural Sites and Objects". A card index on protected natural sites has been prepared 
by the committee, as well as sets of methods for a comprehensive study of protected natural sites and objects 
(Stoilov et al., 1981). 


In December 1986 a ministerial council was set up at the Council of Agriculture, but abolished in 1987 when the 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forests was created (Ashley, 1988). At the party congress of April 1986, the 
Bulgarian Communist Party committed itself to a new "National Programme for Environmental Protection to 
the Year 2000 and Afterwards", a long-term ecological programme which largely concentrated on the control 
and reduction of pollution control. In May 1988 a Politburo decision recommended that KOPS be merged with 
the Ministry of Agriculture and Forests to create the new Ministry of the Land, Forests and Environmental 
Protection (Ashley, 1988). 


At the beginning of 1990, the Committee of Environmental Protection was replaced by the new Ministry of 
Environment (IUCN, 1991). Local elections and the general election of October 1991 will allow radical 
restructuring of administration, with the subsequent preparation of framework laws on environmental policy and 
protected areas (introducing IUCN categories into national legislation) (IUCN, 1991). The Institute of Ecology, 


73 


formerly known as the "Research and Coordination Centre for the Conservation and Renewal of the 
Environment" (NKCOVOS), at the Academy of Sciences, has worked alongside KOPS in designating protected 
areas. It is a research institute with a staff of 60 which coordinates ecological research within the Academy of 
Sciences and with other scientific research establishments and universities (Cerovsky, 1986). It is also active in 
international environmental conservation activities. It maintains lists and data describing protected areas (Fisher, 
1990), and has prepared a programme on the scientific base and development of the protected areas system 
which proposed two-thirds of the existing reserves and two new national parks (Spiridonov et al., 1991). An 
Environmental Commission within parliament also deals with protected areas (Spiridonov ef al., 1991). 


Direct administration of protected areas falls to a number of bodies with varying levels of responsibility. 
Foremost is the Ministry of the Environment which carries out research, elaborates proposals and declares new 
protected areas, including document preparation, category assignment, boundary definition, financing basic and 
restoration research. The management body on "Conservation of Forestry and protected natural sites" is a 
department within the Ministry (Spiridonov ef a/., 1991). An Environmental Monitoring Centre is responsible 
for the control of regulations and coordination of management plans, through 16 regional inspectorates for 
environmental protection (Spiridonov, 1991). Others include Ministry of Forests and Forest Industry, Ministry 
of Architecture and Works, Balkan Tourist, Academy of Sciences, Nature Protection Commission, Ministry of 
Education, Committee of Arts and Culture, Academy of Agricultural Sciences and the Union of Hunters and 
Fishermen. The Committee of Forestry, municipal councils, agricultural and other authorities also are engaged 
in the direct management and protection of protected areas working closely with the land owners (Spiridonov, 
1991). On-the-ground supervision of reserves is the responsibility of the Committee for Forestry and is carried 
out on a part-time basis by forest rangers. The local state forestry administration maintains individual protected 
areas, while large national parks have directorates. Over 90% of protected areas are managed by the Forestry 
Committee. These areas in the agricultural fund are entrusted to local municipalities and research institutes 
(Spiridonov et al., 1991). 


The control of reserves has been improved. Over 1,200 checks were carried out in 1977 and 160 violations were 
notified, falling in 1978 to 1,121 checks and 144 violations (Stoilov et al., 1981). Vertebrate fauna, threatened 
and rare species have been studied in 12% of nature reserves and in almost all national parks. Special attention 
has been given to research on wetland bird fauna and of higher plants on the Balkan Range reserves, under a 
joint ten-year programme by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences and the Polish Academy of Sciences (IUCN, 
1991a). Research stations have been established at Srebarna and Atanasovsko reserves (IUCN, 199 1a). 


Until 1990, voluntary environmental conservation groups were organised in the framework of the Patriotic 
Front, through a system of Committees for Nature Conservation at the Patriotic Front Councils on all levels. 
These were centralised in the All-National Committee for Nature Conservation at the National Council of the 
Patriotic Front, Obshchenarodniya Komitet za zashchita na prirodata, which promoted environmental 
awareness. 


The Union of Hunters and Fisherman was active in the field of conservation, while the Hiker's Union publicises 
natural sites within the country and promotes their care (Stoilov ef al/., 1981). "Ecoglasnost", a non- 
governmental organisation set up in early 1989 with a particular interest in ecological problems, has most 
recently transformed itself into a political forum, the Green Party (IUCN, 1991). It was a very influential 
movement involving a number of anti-pollution campaigns. In its "Charter '89", Ecoglasnost devotes 
considerable space to its policies on protected areas, which it suggests should be greatly expanded, with 
numerous new areas being designated in all biogeographical regions. Ecoglasnost is made up of local groups, 
about 50 in Sofia and 30 in the rest of the country. There is a possibility that it will become more involved in 
party politics in the future (Fisher, 1990). Recently, the Wilderness Fund, another non-governmental 
organisation, was set up. It aims to further the conservation of natural areas and to facilitate the self-recovery of 
areas that have suffered human alteration (Ivanov, 1989). Groups concerned with specific areas, such as the 
Rhodope Mountains, have also been created (IUCN-EEP, in /itt., 1991). Other prominent non-governmental 
organisations included the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds, the Union for Nature Protection, the 
Association of Bulgarian Ecologists, Association Ecoforum, the Green Society Foundation, the National 
Ecological Club, the Ecos Foundation, the Ecoforum for Peace and the Scout Organisation of Bulgaria. 


Systems Reviews The country straddles the boundary between Continental and Mediterranean climates. It can 
be divided approximately into five regions: the fertile Danube plain in the north running along the border with 


74 


Romania; the Stara Planina Mountains, a large 600km mountain chain running east-west, dividing the country; 
the central plain and valleys of the River Maritsa immediately south of the Stara Planina; the mountains of the 
Rila Planina, Pirin Planina and Rodopi Planina in the south-west; and the relatively flat areas along the Black 
Sea coast (Grimmett and Jones, 1989). These approximate to the five recognised phyto-geographic regions of 
the country, namely the European broad-leaved forest region (Balkan province, Euxinian province, and 
Macedonian province), the Euro-Asian steppe and forest steppe provinces and the Mediterranean sclerophyll 
region (IUCN, 1991a). Lowlands (0-200m) cover 31% of the total surface area of the country; hills (200-600m) 
cover 41%; highlands (600-1,600m) cover 25% and mountains (over 1,600m) cover 3%. The climax vegetation 
is Quercus up to 1,000m, Fagus between 1,000m and 1,500m and coniferous woodland up to 2,200m, with 
some especially well-developed stands of Pinus peuce in the Rila, Pirin and Rodopi mountains. 


Under the initiative of the 1928 Council for the Protection of the Countryside, a number of bills and decrees 
were published and the first reserve was established in 1933, followed by the first national park, Mount Vitosha, 
in 1934. After this date few new areas were established until the 1960s. The total number of protected sites has 
risen from 50 in 1940 to about 130 in 1973 and to 3,922 in 1989. Most reserves (covering 33,000ha in total) 
were created between 1978 and 1985 on the recommendation of the Ecological and Environmental Centre of the 
Academy of Sciences, whilst three-quarters of the national parks were established in the period 1974 to 1988 
(IUCN, 1991a). Three quarters of the reserves are over 1,000ha, with buffer zones. Some 82% of reserves and 
89% of national parks are in mountainous areas (IUCN, 1991a). In 1989 these areas covered 195,155ha, or 
nearly 2% of the country (Anon., 1989), of which 30% are strict nature reserves (65,000ha) (IUCN, 1991). It 
was planned to increase this figure to 3% by the year 2000 (ECE, 1986), although current thinking is for an 
increase closer to 8% (IUCN, 1991). On 30 July 1991, there were 10 national parks (105,000ha), 96 reserves 
(66,500ha), 2,135 natural monuments (23,250ha), 79 protected areas (17,150ha), 973 historical places covering 
12,200ha, giving a total of 224,000ha (Spiridonov et al., 1991). Zoogeographically, 77% of reserves belong to 
the Balkan and the Rila-Rhodopi Range. An inventory has been carried out of representative ecosystems 
covering areas over 1,000ha in separate reserves — over 20 forest formations have been catalogued. In 1982 
forests covered 38,590 sq. km (35% of the land surface). More than 25% of forests are under special protection 
(ECE, 1986). More recent figures show that 34% of the country is under forests (35% conifers) in two 
categories, 71% commercial and 29% protection forests (IUCN, 1991a). 


The main wetlands lie along the Danube and the Black Sea coast. Many of the marshes and coastal lakes have 
been drained, largely for agriculture, and the remainder are particularly important for migratory bird species. 
The north-eastern part of the Black Sea coast has some remnant steppe areas. The lowlands have largely been 
converted to agricultural land, and in the uplands large areas have been devastated by grazing, mostly by sheep. 
Tourism and especially skiing are a potential threat to the remaining, less disturbed upland areas (Grimmett and 
Jones, 1989). In certain regions (sea coasts and mountains) the number of visitors to protected areas has grown 
as a result of urbanisation, road construction and the increase in motor traffic and access to sites. Nature trails 
are popular and are being constructed first of all in protected areas. Threats arise partly from the lack of 
sufficiently severe penalties, and from the non-application of governmental decrees. Cattle grazing is still 
allowed in some nature reserves, and poaching (hunting/fishing) continues to be prevalent in others. The major 
problems include: outdated legislation (new draft of protected areas law has been prepared, sponsored by the 
Green Party), inadequate administration, lack of qualified staff, insufficient funds for management and research: 
lack of a database, lack of training, and public education programmes. The future development of a protected 
areas system depends on the adoption of a law on protected areas, creation of an Agency for Management of 
Protected Areas, associated with the Ministry, the establishment of a Nature Conservation Fund and the creation 
of training and education programmes (Spiridonov, 1991). 


Addresses 

Ministry of the Environment, "William Gladstone" str. No. 67, SOFIA 1000 (Tel: 876151; FAX: 521634; Tlx: 
22145 KOPS) 

Institute of Ecology, Academy of Science, Department of Protected Areas and Genetic Pool, ul. Gagarin 2, 1113 
SOFIA (Tel: 720459; FAX: 705498) 

Committee of Forestry, Ar. No 17, Sofia Wilderness Fund, c/o Institute of Ecology, Academy of Science, 
Department of Protected Areas and Genetic Pool, ul Gagarin 2, 1113 SOFIA (Tel: 720459; FAX: 
705498) 

Society for the Conservation of the Rhodopi Mountains, 2 Gagarin St, SOFIA 1113 


iS 


References 

Anon. (1989). Protected natural sites: invaluable national heritage. Committee for the Protection of the 
Environment with the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. ECO facts and figures. 
Sofia Press, Bulgaria. 

Anon. (1990). PC Globe Inc.. Tempe, Arizona, USA. 

Ashley, S. (1988). Politburo Announces "New" Ecological Policy. Radio Free Europe 13(21): 9-13. 

Carter, F.W. (1978). Nature reserves and national parks in Bulgaria. L'Espace Géographique 1: 69-72. 

Cerovsky, J. (1986). Nature Conservation in the Socialist Countries of East Europe. East-Europe Committee, 
IUCN Commission on Education. Administration of the Krkonose (Giant Mountains) National Park, 
Vrchlabi. 

Cerovsky, J. (1988). Nature conservation in the Socialist countries of East Europe. East-Europe Committee, 
IUCN Commission on Education. Ministry of Culture of the Czech Socialist Republic, Prague. 

ECE (1986). Meeting Finland 25-29 August. ENV/SEM. 16/R.1. 

Fisher, D. (1990). Environmental Politics in Bulgaria. Report on a visit to Bulgaria 24-28 February 1990. 
Ecological Studies Institute, London. 

IUCN (1971). United Nations list of national parks and equivalent reserves 2nd Ed. Hayez, Brussels. 

IUCN (1991). The environment in Eastern Europe: 1990. Environmental Research Series 3. IUCN East 
European Programme, Cambridge, UK. 

IUCN (1991a). Environmental Status Report: 1990. Volume Two. Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia. 
IUCN East European Programme, Cambridge, UK. 

Ivanov, L. (1989). Memorandum of Association of the Wilderness Fund. Sofia, Bulgaria. Unpublished. 

Johnson, H. and J.M. (1977). Environmental policies in developing countries. Erich Schmidt Verlag. 

Mladenova, M. and Peychev, V. (1985). Concept of the General Plan of the Peoples Republic of Bulgaria on 
Legally Protected Areas. In: Nedialkov, S. (Ed.), International Symposium "Conservation of Natural 
Areas and of the Genetic Material They Contain". Project 8, MAB-Unesco 23-28 September. 
Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. Collection of reports. Three volumes. Jurautor, Sofia. 

Profirov, L. (1989). Internationally recognised nature reserves. In: Gerassimov, P. and Staleva, M. (Eds), 
Bulgaria, Special Issue. Sofia Press, Bulgaria. 

Spiridonov, J. (1977). Oazisi na divata priroda. Zemizdat, Sofia. (In Bulgarian) 

Spiridonov, J. and Juras, A. (1991). Nature Conservation in Bulgaria. In: Nature conservation in Europe. 
European Parliament Directorate-General for Research, Environment, Public Health and Consumer 
Protection Series 17. EN-9-1991. 

Stoilov, D., Noshtev, V., Gerasimov, S., Velev, V. (1981). Protected natural sites in the People's Republic of 
Bulgaria. Jurautor, Sofia. 


Definitions of protected area designations, as legislated, together with authorities responsible for their 
administration 


Title: The Law of Nature Protection; The regulations for the Administration of the Law of Nature 
Protection 


Date: 1967, 1969 (regulations) 
Brief description: Provides the legal regulation of protected areas and defines them 


Administrative authority: Komitet za opazvane na prirodnata sreda (KOPS) (Committee for 
Environmental Protection) (Ministry of the Environment) 


Designations: 


Rezervat (Strict nature reserve) Strictly protected areas containing rare plant and animal communities, 
threatened by depletion or extinction and used for scientific research. 


Economic exploitation, including any agricultural and industrial activities, is prohibited. Admittance to, 
and movement in reserves are restricted to defined roads and paths. 


76 


A special directive was adopted designating the creation of buffer zones around reserves. In exceptional 
circumstances clear felling is allowed for forest protection reasons. 


Naroden park (National park) Includes natural parks, which are comparatively large areas suitable for 
short-term recreation and tourism and for research. Other categories of protected areas may be included 
within the boundaries of national parks. 


Tourism development is encouraged especially by state enterprises such as Balkan Tourist. Entry is free 
and unrestricted. Tourism may be well developed in the form of road networks, tourist chalets, 
resthouses, restaurants, cable cars and camping sites. These areas have general protection throughout, 
with no settlement or exploitation allowed; hunting, fishing and flower-picking is forbidden. 


Some are zoned into a scientific zone (no exploration, visitors restricted to certain paths), a tourist zone 
(accommodation, tree-felling and afforestation) and a commercial forest zone. 


Natural monument Specific natural formation protected for its aesthetic and scientific significance, 
preserved for public interest due to national, geographic or scientific values as well as phenomena of 
aesthetic, natural or historical value, which includes single items, such as trees and rocks. 


Protected site Specific location with picturesque landscapes or characteristic habitats suitable for 
recreation. 


Historic site Site of major historical event, or historical monument or grave, as well as protected 
specific natural feature of the landscape, and their surrounding area. Certain sites are protected jointly 
by KOPS and the Committee for Culture and the Institute for the Monuments of Culture. 


Sources: IUCN, 1971; Stoilov et al., 1981 


Georgia Country Profile 


Country profile is not completed for Georgia 


Romania Country Profile 


Area 237,500 sq. km 


Population 23,200,000 (1989) Natural increase: 0.5% per annum 


Economic Indicators 
GDP: No information 
GNP: US$ 6,453 per capita (Anon., 1990) 


Policy and Legislation Proposals for the protection of the landscape and natural monuments date back to 1907. 
The first Nature Protection Act came into force on 7 July 1930. A new Act passed in October 1950 (No. 237) on 
the Protection of Natural Monuments was complemented by Order of Council No. 518 of 1954. In the same 
year an Environment Protection Law was introduced, to be replaced by the Environmental Law passed in 1973 
(No. 9/1973). Section VI, Article 29 of this Law specifies the official concept governing a national park, the 
legislative framework and the procedure for creating such protected areas (Oarcea, 1984). 


Protected areas are classified into: science reserve or nature reserve (rezervat natural), parcul natural (nature 
park), parcul national (national park) (see Annex). 


Forests are protected by the 1954 Forest Code and the subsequent 1962 Forest Code. In 1976, a national 
programme to protect and develop forest resources was initiated. Full protection is afforded to about 14% of 


77 


forest cover (Pop et al., 1965), with a further 36% of forests classified as "protective forest", where restrictions 
on forest operations, in some cases, result in complete protection. The scientific research category was one 
established (until 1990) by either the Commission for the Protection of Natural Monuments of the Academy of 
Sciences or by the Ministry of Forest Economy, whilst areas under the soil conservation category (on slopes 
over 35°) were subject to total protection, operated jointly by the Commission and the Ministry. 


In April 1991, Decree No. 264 established a new ministerial structure consisting of six departments (IUCN, 
1991b). The government has also passed a number of decrees (Decree No. 983, 27 August 1990) which created 
the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (of 674,000ha) (IUCN unpublished reports, 1991). 


Law No. 9/1980, although not yet mandatory, deals with the preparation of feasibility studies for all projects 
likely to have an effect on "the preservation of the genetic stock". Approval is given by the Commission for 
Monuments of Nature of the Romanian Academy. 


A new law for environmental protection is drafted. Articles 38, 41, 48 and 49 define the preservation of specific 
biological diversity through the declaration of nature reserves; the creation of a national network of protected 
natural areas and monuments of nature; defines biosphere reserves, national parks, nature reserves and natural 
monuments; the preparation and updating of a catalogue of protected areas and a Red Data Book of plants and 
animal species; and describes the creation of additional types of protected areas for species protection and use of 
gene banks (Negoita et al., 1991). 


International Activities Romania has been involved in the Unesco Man and the Biosphere (MAB) programme 
(three areas were declared as biosphere reserves in 1979, with a fourth site added in 1990), and accepted the 
Convention concerning the World Natural and Cultural Heritage (World Heritage Convention) on 16 May 1990, 
proposing one site for listing. Romania acceded to the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance 
especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention) in 1991 with one site listed on accession. 


Administration and Management In 1930, as a consequence of the Nature Protection Act, a Commission for 
Natural Monuments was established within the Ministry of Agriculture and Landed Estates. In 1950, a new 
Commission, the Commission for Natural Monuments of the Romanian Academy of Sciences (Comisia pentru 
Ocrotirea Monumentelor Naturii Academii Republici Socialiste Romania) was created, consisting of a 
Chairman and eight members. The Commission acted as the main coordinator of research and nature 
conservation activities, with field projects and monitoring carried out by university biology and geography 
departments and by other academic institutes. A scientific research base was established at Timisoara. 


Up until 1989, the supreme authority for environmental matters was the National Council for Environment 
Protection (Consiliul National pentru Conservarea Mediului) at the Council of Ministers which came under the 
National Council for Science and Technology (Consiliul National pentru Stiinta si Tehnologie). It was, however, 
ineffectual, because it had no budget and relied upon volunteers (IUCN, 1991a). Another influential body was 
the Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences (Academia de Stiinte Agricole si Silvice) (Cerovsky, 1986). 


The nature conservation administration was organised on a regional basis with the three constituent territories of 
Transylvania, Moldavia and Walachia divided into 40 regions, Bucharest making 41. The Commission parallels 
this structure with sub-commissions for the Protection of Natural Monuments in Cluj-Napoca (set up in 1933), 
in Craiova (set up in 1936) and in Iasi (set up in 1938). At the lower administrative level, each region had a local 
committee (responsible to the People's Council), in charge of wildlife conservation with representatives from 
forestry, hunting, fishing, agriculture, and education (Cerovsky, 1986; Kirby and Heap, 1984). These were often 
quite efficient with regard to maintenance and conservation of sites (IUCN, 1991a). 


The Commission has a staff of specialists (biologists, forest engineers) and administrative personnel. Its main 
responsibility is to designate new science reserves (for which proposals are prepared) and to administer reserve 
areas (including national parks), although it carries out only limited management work. It has the right to 
intervene in all questions concerning road construction, siting of industrial developments and tourist camps, and 
any activity which is liable to deteriorate the reserves or degrade the landscape. The regional offices have staffs 
of approximately 200. Due to the fact that the statutes regulating the organisation and functioning of the park do 
not provide management guidelines to appropriate authorities, the national park lacks proper administration 
(IUCN, 1991a). 


78 


Each science reserve has at least one warden (guardian), who regulates access and controls grazing rights as well 
as preventing illegal entry, fishing, and hunting. The reserve guardian may be an employee of the national forest 
service and as such is often responsible for economic forest land in addition to his duties on the reserve (Kirby 
and Heap, 1984). Reserves located outside forest lands are administered by the former town and county halls 
(county popular councils). Often they are poorly protected and have been converted to agriculture on industrial 
uses (IUCN, 1991a). 


Since mid 1990, a new Ministry of Water Management, Forests and the Environment has been set up, which 
operates through the existing 41 regional offices, namely, survey and environmental protection agencies 
(Negoita et al., 1991). The national park comes under the administration of the Commission, a function soon to 
be given to The Ministry's Department of the Environment (Vadineau, pers. comm., 1990). Within the Ministry 
of Environment, there are departments for water and forests. In April 1991, Decree No. 264 established a new 
ministerial structure consisting of six departments: departments of Biodiversity and Nature Conservation; 
Integrated Monitoring; Systems of Research and Impact Assessment; Forestry and Water; Enforcement and 
Public Relations, and Risk Assessment in Nuclear Plants (IUCN, 1991b). A Commission for the Environment 
and Ecological Balance was established at the level of the legislative and is attached to the House of Deputies. 
Its members are all deputies, and it has the support of a team of technical experts in environment. Its primary 
role is in environmental legislation. Similarly, Commissions for the Protection of the Environment have been 
formed in the regional town and county halls, consisting of one or two permanent councillors and staffed, at 
present, by volunteers. These local commissions await confirmation in national laws. There is also a board of 
inspectors for the environment for each county and a County Agency for the Protection of the Environment 
(IUCN, 1991a). 


The Society for Tourism and Nature Protection was created in 1920, followed in 1922 by another voluntary 
body, the Mountain Brotherhood (Cerovsky, 1988). Groups formed more recently include the Ecological 
Movement of Romania (Miscarea Ecologista Din Romana) (MER), which at one time consisted of 112 local 
groups, had 100,000 members and 29 specialist working parties. It seems to have largely disappeared following 
the general elections in May 1990 (IUCN, 1991b), the Romanian Ornithological Society (Societatea 
Ornithologica Romana) and the Ecological-Cultural Party. Each has a general interest in protected areas (Fisher, 
1990). In the last year or so, several new several new non-governmental organisations concerned with nature 
conservation have emerged, such as the Danube Delta Society, which is a nationwide grouping created to 
support environmental protection throughout the country. It has a staff of 5 to 10 with offices in Bucharest. The 
other new non-governmental conservation body is "Unesco" Ecological Club, based at the University of 
Bucharest, with a sub-office in Iasi and is expected to operate as clubs within universities for promotion of 
environmental education (Vadineanu, pers. comm., 1991). 


Systems Reviews The country is divisible into lowlands less than 200m (33%), hills and highlands between 
200m and 300m (36%) and mountains averaging 800m (31%). Forests cover between 20% and 27% (Kirby and 
Heap, 1984; Cerovsky, 1986). There are three main vegetation zones; steppe in the south-east (largely under 
agriculture), forest-steppe in the centre of the country and montane forests in the Carpathians (Davis et al., 
1986). The lowlands are intensively cultivated, as is most of the Danube valley, with nearly all natural and 
semi-natural vegetation restricted to the mountains where most of the forests are also to be found (IUCN, 
1991a). Many of the natural forest stands have been destroyed over the last 300 years with oak woodlands 
reduced from the original 10 million ha to 1.2 million ha. Some 27.6% of the country is forested with 10% in the 
lowlands (below 150m), 70% on hill districts (150m-170m) and 60% is the mountain (700m and above). The 
dominant species is beech (30% of total deciduous cover which amounts to 69%). Of the conifers, 22% of the 
total is spruce (IUCN, 1991). 


Proposals for the protection of the landscape and natural monuments date back to 1907. In the 1980s, the 
Commission for Protection of Natural Monuments, in collaboration with the General State Forest Management 
Inspectorate, constructed a concept for the elaboration of a national park system, consisting of at least 12 parks. 
The study dealt with establishment criteria, organisation and management and preparatory studies covering four 
new national parks. In the early 1980s there were between 300 and 310 nature reserves covering 0.5% of the 
country (Alexandrowicz, 1982; Ionescu ef al., 1985). By 1986 this had risen to 420 nature reserves and one 
national park (Cerovsky, 1986) covering 222,545ha (Boscaiu, 1985). 


79 


Up to the end of 1989, there was only one designated national park with a further 11 in preparation (Cerovsky, 
1988). In 1990, these 11 national parks were declared by forest authorities, but awaits formal recognition, and 
one further national park, Dracea, has been proposed. Together, those areas cover 664,057ha (2.79% of the 
country), which includes buffer and pre-park zones and also the proposed extensions to Retezat National Park. 
By 1991, one national park (21,000ha) and almost 400 science reserves (107,900ha) as well as a further 31 sites 
(364ha) classified as "monuments of nature" had been designated (IUCN, 1991a). This, however, covers only 
0.42% of the country's area. Most recently, the government passed a number of decrees (Decree No. 983, 27 
August 1990) which created the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve (of 674,000ha) (IUCN unpublished reports, 
1991). Once declared, all the national parks will cover 154,057ha, and all protected areas 664,057ha which will 
be 2.74% of the country. The aim is to designate 5% of the country's surface on protected areas (Hopkins, in Jitt., 
1991). 


The natural environment is presently threatened by a combination of factors such as industrial pollution, 
intensification of agriculture (with 30% of arable land affected by soil erosion (IUCN 1991b) and tourism. For 
example, Rosca-Letea Biosphere Reserve has until recently been threatened by agricultural development plans, 
which have now been halted. However, the affects from upstream pollution sources are still a threat. Due to 
excessive felling and inadequate afforestation, young woodlands predominate. Acid rain has changed 5.5% of 
the forests (TUCN, 1991a). 


Addresses 

Department of the Environment, Ministry of Water Management, Forests and the Environment, 
R-Bucharest-Artera Noiia N-S, Tronson 5-6, Sector 5, BUCHAREST (Tel: 316044; Tlx: 10455/10435; 
FAX: 316199) 


References 

Alexandrowicz, Z. (1982). Wielkoprzestrzenne obszary rezerwatowe Rumunii. Chronmy Przyrode Ojczysta 
38(6): 134-137. 

Boscaiu, N. (1985). Le dévéloppement d'un systéme de réserves pour la protection de la flore de Roumanie. In: 
Nedialkov, S. et al. (Eds.) International Symposium "Conservation of Natural Areas and the Genetic 
Material they Contain". Project 8 on the Programme "Man and the Biosphere" (MAB) of Unesco, 
23-28.09.1985, Blagoevgrad, Bulgaria. Vol II, BAN, Sofia. Pp. 171-178. 

Cerovsky, J. (1986) (Ed.). Nature conservation in the Socialist countries of East-Europe. East-Europe 
Committee, [UCN Commission on Education, Administration of Krkonose National Park, Vrchlubi. 

Cerovsky, J. (1988) (Ed.). Nature conservation in the Socialist countries of East-Europe. East-Europe 
Committee, IUCN Commission on Education, Ministry of Culture of the Czech Socialist Republic, 
Prague. 

Davis, S.D., Droop, S.J.M., Gregerson, P., Henson, L., Leon, C.J., Lamlein Villa-Lobos, J., Synge, H., and 
Zantovska, J. (1986). Plants in danger: what do we know? Threatened Plants Unit. IUCN, Gland, 
Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. 461 pp. 

Fisher, D. (1990). Developments within the environment movement. Romania. 10-12 March 1990, 28 March-8 
April 1990. Unpublished report. 

Horeau, C. and Cogran, I. (1981). Rezervatii naturale si monumenti ale naturii din judentul Vaslui (nature 
reserves and natural monuments). (Unseen) 

Ionescu, M. and Condurateanu-Fesci, S. (1985). Parcuri si Rezervatii Naturale Pe Glob. Colectia Cristal, 
Bucuresti. 

IUCN (1971). United National List of National Parks and Equivalent Reserves 2nd Edition. Hayez, Brussels. 

IUCN (1991a). Environmental Status Reports: 1990 Volume Two. Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia. 
IUCN East European Programme. 

IUCN (1991b). The Environment in Eastern Europe: 1990. Environmental Research Series 3. YUCN East 
European Programme. 

Kirby, K.J. and Heap, J.R. (1984). Forestry and Nature Conservation in Romania. Quarterly Journal of Forestry 
78(3): 145-155. 

Negoita, R.T. and Juras, A. (1991). Nature Conservation in Romania. In: Nature Conservation in Austria, 
Finland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, 
Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union. European Parliament Directorate-General for Research. Environment, 
Public Health and Consumer Protection, Series 17. EN-9-91. (90% of material straight copy of IUCN, 
1991a). 


80 


Oarcea, Z. (1984). The evolution of the conception and the principles governing the creation and the setting up 
of the Retezat National Park. In: Pascu, S. et al. (Eds.), Recherches écologiques dans le Parc National 
de Rétézat. Travaux du Symposium du 13 avril 1984. Cluj-Napoca. Pp. 27-31. 

Pop, E. and Salageanu, N. (1965). Nature reserves in Romania. Meridiane Publishing House, Bucharest. 

Resmerita, I. (1983). Conservarea dinamica a naturii. Edit Stiinfica si encicilopedica Bucuresti. (Unseen) 

Seghedin, T.G. (1983). Rezervatiile naturale din Bucovina. Nature reserves in Bukovina. Edit Sport-turism, 
Bucuresti. (Unseen) 


Definitions of protected area designations, as legislated, together with authorities responsible for their 
administration 


Title: Environmental Law (No. 9/1973) 
Date: 1973 


Brief description: Section VI, Article 29 provides the official concept governing national parks and 
the legislative framework and procedure for creation of protected areas 


Administrative authority: Department of the Environment in the Ministry of Water Management, 
Forests and the Environment 


Designations: 

Protected areas are classified into national park, nature park and nature reserve categories: 

Science or nature reserve (Rezervat natural) Divided into seven categories classified as mixed forest, 
botanical, zoological, geological, morphological, palaeontological and speleological. Ecosystems within 
nature reserves are under complete protection, and access is subject to special authorization, with 
tourists allowed to enter by special permit only. Several have strictly defined protected areas or 


scientific research zones, where, house construction and quarrying is not allowed without authorisation. 


Nature park (Parcul natural) Would protect large areas of the landscape. These are still at a planning 
stage and lacking legal guidelines. 

National park (Parcul national) Category has three basic functions: scientific, socio-educational and 
economic, and is divided into two sectors; a strictly protected zone and a protected zone. The strictly 
protected zone has complete protection with no permanent residence allowed, no pasturing but some 
biological control of insect pests is permitted. In the protected zone, hunting is forbidden, but fishing is 
allowed in some lakes, subject to fish stocks. Grazing of domestic stock is also permitted in July and 
August, and tourism is encouraged (Retezat National Park). 


Sources: Alexandrowicz, 1982; Cerovsky, 1988; IUCN, 1971; Oarcea, 1984 


Title: Forest Code 
Date: 1962 (revision of 1954) 
Brief description: Defines types of protection and lays down restrictions on forest operations 
Administrative authority: Ministry of Water Management, Forests and the Environment 
Designations: 


Five categories are defined: 


81 


Soil conservation and the reduction of avalanches; the protection of water supplies; the use of forests for 
recreation; for landscape protection specifically surrounding urban, industrial, tourist and health zones; 
and as scientific research areas protecting rare fauna, geological and speleological formations. 


Source: Kirby and Heap, 1984 


Russia Country Profile 


Russia Country Profile is not yet completed. 


Turkey Country Profile 


Area 778,000 sq. km 


Population 55,868,000 (1990) 
Natural increase: 1.95% per annum 


Economic Indicators 
GDP: US$ 1,295 per capita (1987) 
GNP: US$ 1,200 per capita (1987) 


Policy and Legislation In 2 October 1923 the National Assembly declared Turkey a republic, effectively 
dissolving the former Ottoman Empire. The present Constitution dates from 7 November 1982. 


Asia Minor was the cradle for one of the great ancient civilisations of the Mediterranean and has over the 
millennia been settled by ancient Egyptians, Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Byzantines and more recently 
by the Selcuk and other eastern dynasties. A detailed understanding of the environment was well known 5,000 
years ago and the ancient Egyptians and subsequent civilisations carefully protected mountain forest resources 
as valuable timber reserves, imperative for constructing their vast navies. Between 370 and 285BC 
Theophrastus of Erosos was the first great botanical writer of classical antiquity and his works on botany, plant 
ecology and the environment were known throughout Asia Minor. Pedanios Dioscorides of the first century AD, 
a native of Cilicia near present day Adana, was renowned for his work on botany. The Byzantine emperors 
inherited and developed the agricultural and environmental practices developed throughout the Roman Empire, 
almost certainly maintaining forest administration structures and wardening systems right up till the Mediaeval 
period (Drucker, in /itt., 1985; Mallatt, in /itt., 1991). Traditional forms of protection continue to include a 
limited number of "sacred groves" and trees which are still protected in Turkey, including at Harbiya near 
Antakya, and traditional forms of rangeland protection which were prevalent amongst the nomadic steppe and 
mountain tribes (cf the Mahmeya of Syria and the Hema protection of the Arabian Peninsula) (Drucker, in itt., 
1991; Khatib in Jitt., 1991). 


Under Ottoman law, forests came under the jurisdiction of a forest administration. Forest legislation was 
primarily concerned with controlling tree felling by the issue of permits, and the transportation of wood for local 
industry and export to neighbouring countries. Environmental legislation was covered under the Ottoman civil 
code (Mejellah), within the body of Islamic law. Under Article 1243 it was defined that land and the associated 
trees growing wild in mountains could not be possessed and should remain ownerless. Under Article 1244 
cutting wood on private forests was not permitted without authorisation, infringement resulting in payment for 
damage caused. The Land Law was enacted in 1856, and the Forest Regulations in 1869. These laws have been 
incorporated into Forest Law No. 3116 and Hunting Law No. 3167,which came into force in 1937 (General 
Directorate of Forestry, 1987; Drucker, in /itt., 1985). 


The modern concept of the protected nature conservation area was introduced in 1949, with legal establishment 
of national parks coming into being on 5 September 1956, under Forest Law No. 6831. The law categorised 
forest ownership into state forest, forests of public institutes and private forests; being further sub-divided into 
protection forests, national parks and production forests. Articles 3, 23 and 25 gave the Ministry of Forestry the 


82 


authority to designate areas as national parks and national forests, as well as to provide for the inclusion of 
privately-owned lands (the Forest Law was amended in 1983 Act No. 2896 with sole emphasis on forests). 


Protected area designations include national park (milli park), nature park (tabiat parklari), natural monument 
(tabiat aniti), natural reserve area (tabiati korum alani) and special protected area, in addition to game breeding 
and protection area, game breeding station, game reintroduction area, biogenetic or nature conservation area 
(Forestry Defence Property) and recreation area (see Annex). 


In 1983 the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs (Tarim Orman ve Koyisleri Bakanligi) enacted 
the current National Park Law No. 2873 in order to establish the principles governing the selection and 
designation of national parks, natural monuments and nature reserve areas; a law concerned with the protection, 
development and management of such protected areas without spoiling their natural characteristics. In the same 
year the Environment Law No. 2872/1983, with prime objectives of general protection of the environment and 
the prevention of pollution, enacted by the Ministry of Environment. Under this Law zones of special protection 
of the environment, special protected areas, can be declared. An enabling act of 19 October 1989 provided for 
protected zonation within these areas (see Annex). 


The purposes of the present National Park Law are: a) to establish the principles governing the selection and 
designation of protected areas of national and international value; and b) ensure protection, development and 
management of such places without spoiling their natural characteristics. There are 25 articles cited in the Law: 
Article 2 defines the four main protected area categories; Article 5 specifies that land can be nationalised in 
accordance with the Law on Expropriation No. 6830; Article 7 states that permissions for all activities are 
granted through the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, except for historic and archaeological sites (which 
come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism); Article 8 concerns land-lease permits 
which expire after 49 years, after which time all facilities should be transferred to the Treasury. It is possible to 
extend the lease of land to 99 years; however, Article 10 states that no land-use permission may be granted in 
areas of national monuments and nature reserve areas; Article 16 refers to protection services and prosecution by 
forest guards in accordance with Forest Law No. 6831. Articles 17, 18 and 19 deal with the national park fund 
(see below). Penalties are dealt with in Articles 20-23 (see Annex). 


National forests (state forests) are established to preserve nature and some urban and/or agricultural land from 
erosion. Many types of management are prohibited according to Item 23 of the Forest Law. Forest recreation 
areas are established for touristic, cultural and public recreational purposes (General Directorate of Forestry, 
1987). 


In addition to the protected areas governed by the National Park Law, a series of game forest sites is established 
on state forest and notified under Hunting Law No. 3167, 1937: game breeding and protection areas, game 
breeding stations, game reintroduction areas and biogenetic or nature conservation areas (General Directorate of 
Forestry, 1987) (see Annex). 


Additional laws relating to protected areas include Law No. 1380, 1971 for the protection of water resources, 
management and improvement; Culture and Natural Resources Protection Law No. 2863, 1983 for the 
protection of natural and cultural sites and resources (administered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism). In 
18 November 1988 the Law of the Bosphorus was enacted in order to protect the cultural, historic and scenic 
beauty of the Bosphorus region. In 1990 a coastal law was adopted which would delimit the coastal zone and 
prohibit building within this area. 


International Activities At the international level, Turkey has entered a number of cooperative agreements and 
legal obligations. Turkey is party to the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural 
Heritage (World Heritage Convention), which was ratified on 16 March 1983. One natural site and one mixed 
cultural and natural site have been inscribed on the World Heritage list. In 1989 Turkey has gave its intention 
that it will sign the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 
(Ramsar Convention). The Convention for the Protection of the Mediterranean Sea against Pollution, usually 
known as the Barcelona Convention, has been formally adopted by Turkey. The contracting parties to the 
Convention adopted the Protocol concerning Mediterranean Specially Protected Areas on 2 April 1982, which 
entered into force on 23 March 1986. By 1989 three sites had been listed as representative of the Mediterranean 
network. 


83 


Although Turkey is not a member state of the European Community and not party to the 1979 EC Wild Birds 
Directive, 79 important bird areas (cf EC special protection areas) have been identified (Grimmett and Jones, 
1989). Turkey is a member of the Council of Europe: two sites have been designated as biogenetic reserves and 
one site has been awarded the Council of Europe European Diploma. In 1976 Bird Paradise (Kuscenetti) 
National Park was awarded the European Diploma Site award; the diploma was renewed in 1981, 1986 and 
1991. Turkey ratified the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern 
Convention) in 1984. 


Under the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Programme (CY90-92 METAP) of the World 
Bank, European Investment Bank, United Nations Development Programme and Commission of the European 
Communities, representatives from Turkey attended the first meeting of the Mediterranean Protected Areas 
Network (MEDPAN) meeting on 5-6 October 1990 in Monaco (Anon., 1990). Assistance has come through the 
Global Environment Facility (GEF) fund, METAP financing for project preparation and GEF financing for 
investment of the Menderes Wetland programme (Anon., 1990). 


There is one transboundary park: Gala Golu Proposed Reserve and Evros Delta Reserve in Greece, but there is 
little or no interaction or cooperation between the countries in either of these areas. An initiative where Turkey is 
taking the lead is towards the development of an UNEP-sponsored regional seas programme for the Black Sea, 
for which Turkey has already sponsored a technical meeting with the other circum-Black Sea countries, the 
USSR, Romania and Bulgaria (Jeudy de Grissac, in /itt., 1991). 


Administration and Management Responsibility for the main protected areas lies with the Ministry of 
Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs (Tarim Orman ve Koyisleri Bakanligi), General Directorate of Forestry 
(Orman Genel Miidiirliigii). It is headed by a Director General and four assistant general directors. Of the eight 
main service units, those that deal directly with protected areas are the Department of National Parks (Milli 
Parklar Dairesi Baskanligi), the departments of Forest Protection and Fire Control and the Department of Forest 
Management and Planning. The duties of the Department of National Parks include: a) to select, protect, plan, 
develop, administer and operate the various categories of protected area indicated in the National Parks Law, as 
well as to undertake work relating to the National Park Fund; b) to conserve and develop wildlife and game 
resources, to manage hunting, and to undertake work relating to undertaking inventories, project preparation, 
planning and application (General Directorate of Forestry, 1991). 


The General Forest Directorate is divided into a provincial organisational network, with regional national park 
directorate offices either based within the provincial forest establishments, such as at Antalya Bolge, or as 
separate entities such as at Dilek Milli Park. These can be further subdivided into chief offices for each national 
park (General Directorate of Forestry, 1987). 


Research activities are undertaken primarily by the Forestry Research Institute at Ankara and the Forestry 
School at Istanbul, which are involved in projects throughout Turkey. An investigation and survey team has 
been set up by the National Park Office at Ankara to investigate new proposed protected areas. Subsequent work 
is to prepare management plans for each nature reserve once established. All proposed reserves are on state 
forest property (Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987). 


The National Parks Fund has been established under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, to 
meet the expenditures incurred in the protection, repair, maintenance, publicity and operation of the facilities 
located in areas covered by the National Park Law, 1983. In 1985 approximately TL 300 million was expended 
on park management (General Directorate of Forestry, 1987). The National Park Fund consists of: allocations 
made from the budget of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; proceeds obtained from the use and operation 
of areas covered by the Law; as well as entrance fees and revenues obtained from the sale of all kinds of 
publications. The Fund has been granted an annual budget (see National Park Law No. 2873, Articles 17-19). In 
National Park Law No. 2873 the views of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the Defence Ministry must 
be taken into account (Article 4). The ministries of Education, Tourism and Information and State Planning 
Organisation are also given some responsibilities, both directly and indirectly, for management of national 
parks. 


84 


Master management plans for two major national parks were drawn up with the assistance of the US National 
Park Service in the 1960s and early 1970s. These plans are still used and tend to concentrate on recreation 
management with a limited amount of information about fauna and flora or habitat conservation and 
management (General Directorate of Forestry, 1987). 


From early 1988 the Authority for the Protection of Special Areas (Ozel Cevre Koruma Kurumu Baskanligi) of 
the Ministry of Environment (Cevre Bakanligi) has had jurisdiction over the newly-created designation of 
special protected area, based on the orders within the Environment Law (Vurdu, in Jitt., 1991). 


There are approximately one million registered hunters, providing up to TL 200 million in revenue each year 
(Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987). 


The principal active non-governmental conservation organisations include the Society for the Protection of 
Wildlife (Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi) (DHKD) and the Environmental Problems Foundation of Turkey 
(Tiirkiye Gevre Sorunlari Vakfi). The former, funded partly by the International Council for Bird Preservation 
(ICBP), is largely involved with conservational education, and the latter with environmental issues and 
legislation. Other smaller organisations include the Environment and Woodlands Protection Society (Cevre 
Koruma ve Yesillendirme Dernegi) and the Turkish Association for Conservation of Nature and Natural 
Resources (Tiirkiye Tobiatini Koruma Dernegi). 


The greatest management constraints have included the lack of adequate nature conservation skills and technical 
support within the General Directorate of Forestry. Although the major national parks have master management 
plans, they tend to be inadequate as they were drawn up in the 1960s, with an emphasis on tourism rather than 
nature protection. Lack of coordination between government agencies and of cooperation of government bodies 
with NGO groups tends to be a major problem. 


Systems Reviews Consisting of Turkey in Europe (western Thrace and Istanbul) and Turkey in Asia 
(comprising the whole of Asia minor or Anatolia), the country extends from Greece and Bulgaria in the west, 
across the Aegean Sea to the western frontiers of Iran, Soviet Armenia and Georgia and from the Black Sea to 
the Mediterranean and the northern boundaries of Syria and Iraq. 


Turkey is renowned as an important centre of floristic diversity. There are up to 2,400 endemic plant species in a 
country which is the meeting point of three phytogeographical regions: Euro-Siberian, Mediterranean and 
Irano-Turanian elements. There are also Balkan and Alpine elements in the flora. Endemism is lowest in Turkey 
in Europe where endemic species are almost absent. Endemism is highest in the Irano-Turanian region, 
especially near Erzincan, Erzurum, the mountains south of Lake Van and on gypsacaceous chalk near Cankiri 
and Sivas; also the Lycian and Cilician Taurus in the Mediterranean region. Boreal and Tertiary relicts are 
abundant east of the Melet River in the north-east. The three regions consist of a) the Irano-Turanian, which 
comprises two sub- phytogeographical areas; degraded sub-Mediterranean scrub and forest and a treeless steppe 
in central Anatolia and an Artemisia steppe which gives way to black pine forest and cistus scrub; 
b) Euro-Siberian or Euxine, a northern belt of broad-leaved deciduous forest of oriental beech and oak extending 
at greater altitudes into fir and scots pine forest, ranging from the Black sea to above 1,500m; and c) 
Mediterranean, consisting of maquis, degraded maquis (phrygana), through cedar forest to spiny cushion 
communities above 1,000m in the Taurus mountains and Aegean coast (Davis et al., 1986; Green and Drucker, 
1990). 


Wetlands are an important feature. Approximately 60% are freshwater (1,343 million ha). The most important 
sites include Meric tributary, Gala Lake, Manyas Lake, Apolyont Lake, Sultansazligi marshland, Eber Lake, 
Aksehir Lake, Karamuk Lake, Beysehir Lake, Egridir Lake, Menderes, Tuz golu, Seyfe Lake, Akyatan Lagoon, 
Yumurtalik Lagoon, Goksu, Bafra and Homtamis Lake (Grimmett, 1986; Karakurum, pers. comm., 1988). 


Land-use is divided into forests with a total of 20.2 million ha (25.9%), meadows and pasture 25 million ha 
(32.2%) and wetlands 1.3 million (1.7%). Agricultural areas represent 27,699,000ha (35%) of the country 
(General Directorate of Forestry, 1986). The total area of forest is divided into 8.9 million ha (44%) of 
productive forest and 11.3 million ha (56%) of low grade or no yield status (General Directorate of Forestry, 
1987). 


85 


An investigation and survey team has been set up by the National Park Office at Ankara to investigate new 
proposed protected areas (Karakurum, pers. comm., 1988). Emphasis is on establishing nature reserve areas, on 
state forest land, from an original short list of approximately 90 proposed sites (Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987). 
A total of 81 proposed nature reserves was identified by 1987, with the intention of designating sites over 
forthcoming years at a rate of approximately seven sites per year (Orman Genel Baskanligi, 1987; Official 
Gazette No. 18132; Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987). 


Studies on the selection and establishment of nature protection areas began in 1956, and by 1987 eleven natural, 
one historic, two landscape, one reserve and one natural monument were set aside as national parks covering a 
total of over 250,000ha. This rose to a total of 21 national parks in 1990 with a total area of 263,575ha. By 
autumn 1987 five natural reserve area sites had been designated and a further two were in the process of being 
approved by the Ministry. This had risen to 18 sites totalling 25,492 ha in 1991. In 1988 the first two special 
protected areas were declared, rising to 11 by 1991. In 1981 at least 295,759ha were protected in 36 national 
forests (Orman Genel Baskanligi, 1987; Official Gazette No. 18132; Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987). 


In 1990, in addition to the protected areas governed by the National Park Law, there were 83 game breeding and 
protection areas totalling 1.1 million ha; 27 game breeding stations; 20 game reintroduction areas; seven 
biogenetic or nature conservation areas set up on Forestry Defence Property (General Directorate of Forestry, 
1987). Approximately 180 recreation areas were established between 1956-68 and 1968-1979. By the late 1980s 
there was a total of 260 recreation areas (General Directorate of Forestry, 1987). 


Environmental problems include a lack of legal regulations relating to effective conservation in national parks. 
There has been no monitoring of the protection status of game reserves or breeding stations (General Directorate 
of Forestry, 1986). The prime management and environmental problems in Turkey are believed to be: a) 
"improved" agriculture and the resultant loss of wetland ecosystems and former grazing land; b) pollution from 
pesticides and fertilisers; c) building development, especially due to the manifold increase in tourism since the 
early 1980s along the entire Mediterranean coastline; and d) hunting of threatened species such as ibex, brown 
bear, wolf and some of the large cats, even though hunting is regulated and their status is largely unknown 
(Grimmett and Jones, 1989). 


Other Relevant Information In the 1960s the numbers of visitors to national parks approached 500,000. In 
1985 about 10 million visitors made use of the national parks. Forest recreation areas are established for 
touristic, cultural and public recreational purposes and by 1987 there had been 30 million visitors to these areas 
(General Directorate of Forestry, 1987, 1991). 


Addresses 

Milli Parklar Dairesi (National Parks Department), Orman Genel Miidiirliigii, (General Directorate of Forestry), 
Tarim Orman ve Koyisleri Bakanligi (Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Rural Affairs), 11 No. lu 
Bina, Gazi, ANKARA (Tel: 4 212 6300; FAX: 4 222 5140) 

Kultur ve tabiat varliklanni Koruma Genel Miidiirliigii (General Directorate for Preservation of Natural and 
Cultural Heritage), Kultur Bakanligi (Ministry of Culture), II TBMM Ulus, ANKARA (Tel: 4 310 
6338/324 3049; FAX: 4 3109112) 

Ozel Cevre Koruma Kurumu Baskanligi (The Authority for the Protection of Special Areas), Cevre Bakanligi 
(Ministry of Environment), Koza Sokak 32, GOP 06700, ANKARA (Tel: 4 140 6919/140 855152; 
FAX: 4 140 8553/6914) 

Dogal Hayati Koruma Dernegi (DHKD) (Society for the protection of wildlife), PK 18, Bebek 80812, 
ISTANBUL (Tel: 1 163 6324; FAX: 1 163 6324; Tlx: 26534 rada tr) 

The Environmental Problems Foundation of Turkey (EPFT), Kennedy Cad 33/3, Kavaklidere, 06660 ANKARA 
(Tel: 4 1 255508; FAX: 4 118 5118) 

Turkiye Tabiatini Koruma Dernegi (TTKD) (Turkish Society for the Protection of Nature and its Resources), 
Menekse Sokak No 29/4, Kizilay, ANKARA 


References 

Anon. (1970-71). National park concept in Turkey and its development. Miméo. 17 pp. 

Anon. (1991). Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program, activity report Spring, 1991. World 
Bank, European Investment Bank, United Nations Development Programme and Commission of the 
European Communities. 24 pp. 


86 


Bayer, Z. (1970). Nature Conservation and National Parks in Turkey. Natur- und Nationalparke 8(29): 33-35. 

Bayer, Z. (n.d.). Turkey. Unpublished report. 7 pp. 

Canakeioglu, H. (1987). Effects of pesticides on bird populations. Uluslararasi Simpozyum — Turkiye ve Balkan 
Ulkelerinde Yaban Hayati 16-20 September. 

Environmental Problems Foundation of Turkey (1987). Environmental law and its application in Turkey. EPFT, 
Ankara. 

General Directorate of Forestry (1980). Forest recreation areas of Turkey. General Directorate of National 
Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Forestry, Ankara. 

General Directorate of Forestry (1986). Hunting and wildlife in Turkey (Turkiye'de av ve yaban hayati). Tarim 
Orman ve Koyisleri Bakanligi (Forest and Village Affairs), Orman Genel Miidiirliigii, Ankara. 

General Directorate of Forestry (1987). Forestry in Turkey. General Directorate of Forestry, Ministry of 
Agriculture, Forest and Rural Affairs, Ankara. 

General Directorate of Forestry (1980). The protected areas situation in Turkey. General Directorate of National 
Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Forestry, Ankara. Paper prepared by M. Savas for presentation to the 
Third Man and Biosphere Meeting on Mediterranean Biosphere Reserves and the First IUCN-CNPPA 
meeting for the Middle East and North Africa, 14-19 October 1991, Tunis. 3 pp. 

Green, M.J.B. and Drucker, G.R.F. (1990). Current status of protected areas and threatened mammal species in 
the Sahara-Gobian Region. World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK. 50 pp. 

Grimmett, R. (1986). Preliminary inventory of important bird areas in Turkey. International Council for Bird 
Preservation, Cambridge, UK. 888 pp. 

Grimmett, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. (1989). Important bird areas of Europe. International Council for Bird 
Preservation, Cambridge, UK. 

Hunter, B. (Ed.) (1991). The Statesman's Year Book 1991-92. The Macmillan Press Ltd, London and 
Basingstoke, UK. 1692 pp. 

Istanbullu, T. (1976). Some aspects of national parks as a result of Nature Conservation in Turkey. Natur-und 
Nationalparke 15(52): 31-32. 

Kettaneh, M. and Ozbaykal, N. (1980). National parks and protected areas of Turkey. Report prepared for the 
17th meeting of IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas. Garoua, Cameroon, 17-23 
November 1980. 

Mursaloglu, B. (1987). The effects of pesticides and fertilizers on wildlife in Turkey. Uluslararasi Simpozyum — 
Turkiye ve Balkan Ulkelerinde Yaban Hayati. 16-20 September. 

Official Gazette (1983). Milli Parklar Kanunu. Official Gazette, 11 August 1983, No. 18132. 

Orman Genel Miidiirliigii (1987). Milli Parklar Kanunu. Tarim Orman ve Koyisleri Bakanligi, Milli Parklar 
Dairesi Baskanligi, Orman Genel Miidiirliigii, Ankara, Turkey. 

Orman Genel Miidiirliigii (1987). Av Mevsimi Merkez Av-Komisyonu Karari, 1987-1988. Tarim Orman ve 
Koyisleri Bakanligi, Orman Genel Miidiirliigii, Ankara, Turkey. 

Packard, F.M. (1958). Report on a survey of potential national parks and recreational areas in Turkey. [UCN, 
Morges, Switzerland. 

Turan, S. (1987). The works of animal protection propagation and management of hunting. Ulus/ararasi 
Simpozyum — Turkiye ve Balkan Ulkelerinde Yaban Hayati. 16-20 September 1987. 

Zengingonul, I. (1987). Tourism and hunting in Turkey. Uluslararasi Simpozyum — Turkiye ve Balkan 
Ulkelerinde Yaban Hayati. 16-20 September 1987. 


Definitions of protected area designations, as legislated, together with authorities responsible for their 
administration 


Title: National Park Law No. 2873 
Date: 11 August 1983; 5 September 1956 (Forest Law No. 6831) 


Brief description: Also concerned with the protection, development and management of such 
protected areas without spoiling their natural characteristics. 


Administrative authority: General Directorate of Forestry (Orman Genel Miidiirliigii) 


Designations: 


87 


National park (Milli park) By definition, a national park is principally state-owned land of at least 
500ha that carries high natural, historical, archaeological, recreational, scientific and aesthetic values 
and in which wood gathering, timber cutting, mining, and hunting is prohibited. Zonation within the 
parks include: 1) protection zone, where at least one third of the total land is protected against all usage 
except for scientific research; 2) buffer zone, areas adjacent to the protection zone which can be used for 
touristic and/or recreational purposes (up to one third of total land); and 3) settlement zone, areas where 
settlement may take place if the existence of such constructions improves the park's characteristics or, at 
least, does not destroy them. 


Article 13 states that the following activities shall not be permitted: a) the spoiling of the natural and 
ecological equilibrium; b) the destruction of wildlife; c) interference of any kind which would cause 
change of natural character or appearance of the park (or pollute soil, water or air or cause other similar 
environmental problems); d) extraction of forest products, hunting, grazing which will spoil the natural 
equilibrium may not be carried out; e) except for facilities specified in approved plans or for the 
requirements of the Turkish General Defence Staff, no facilities may be built. 


Article 4 concerns the preparation of a development plan for each site and its implementation by the 
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry; 


Article 5 specifies that land can be nationalised in accordance with the Law on Expropriation No. 6830 
and Article 6 concerns expropriation of governmental land or acquisition of Ministry of National 
Defence land; 


Article 7 states that permissions for all activities are granted through the Ministry of Agriculture and 
Forestry, except for historic and archaeological sites (which come under the jurisdiction of the Ministry 
of Culture and Tourism); Article 8 concerns permission required to build touristic complexes in national 
parks and nature parks. Article 11 is concerned with exploration for oil and minerals; Article 13 
concerns management to ensure continuation of multi-purpose usage: production, hunting and domestic 
livestock grazing may be permitted in certain areas; Article 14 identifies prohibited activities (see 
Annex). Article 15 concerns the occupation and utilisation of property belonging to public 
administration and public institutions. Article 16 refers to protection services and prosecution by forest 
guards in accordance with Forest Law No. 6831. Articles 17, 18 and 19 deal with the national park fund 
(see below). Penalties are dealt with in Articles 20-23. 


Nature Park (Tabiat parklari) Natural area containing characteristic vegetation and wildlife features, 
and is also suitable for recreational activities. Two sites have been designated, those of Corum 
city-Catak and Oliideniz-Kidrak. In both cases special tourist facilities but no other buildings are 
permitted. 


Natural monument (Tabiat aniti) Natural area of scientific value, which was created by nature or 
natural phenomena and now protected within the framework of the principles on national parks. Article 
10 states that no land-use permission may be granted in areas of monuments and nature reserve areas 
(see provisions of Law No. 2863 for the protection of cultural and natural assets); there have not yet 
been any specific studies on this class of protected area. 


Natural reserve area (Tabiati korum alani) Natural area designated for use only for scientific and 
educational purposes, containing rare, threatened or endangered ecosystems and/or species and 
outstanding natural landscape or geological features. Article 10 states that no land-use permission may 
be granted in areas of monuments and nature reserve areas (see provisions of Law No. 2863 for the 
protection of cultural and natural assets); 


Sources: Original legislation; Karakurum, pers. comm., 1987 


Title: Environment Law No. 2872/1983 
Date: 9 August 1983; enabling decree of 19 October 1989 


88 


Brief description: Also concerned with the protection, development and management of such 
protected areas without spoiling their natural characteristics. 


Administrative authority: Ozel Cevre Koruma Kurumu Baskanligi (The Authority for the Protection 
of Special Areas), Cevre Bakanligi (Ministry of Environment) 


Designations: 

Specially protected area Declared with the objective of protecting the environment, with its rich 
diversity of natural and historic variety as well as for the protection of flora and fauna of national 
importance. Regulations ensure that development projects including tourist activities, are stopped 
pending re-evaluation by environmental impact assessments. These sites are selected to include only 
those which are of international importance. The 1989 decree ensures the designation of zonation within 


these areas. 


Source: Ozel Cevre Koruma Kurumu Baskanligi, in /itt., 1991 


Title: Hunting Law No. 3167 
Date: 1937 


Brief description: Also concerned with hunting and the protection, development and management of 
areas for hunting and breeding of game on state forest-land 


Administrative authority: Orman Genel Miidiirliigii 

Designations: 

Game breeding and protection areas Areas for the protection of game and endangered species 
Game breeding stations Areas for the purpose of breeding game and wild animals 


Game reintroduction areas Areas where game has been reintroduced into habitats where the species 
has disappeared or has a very small population 


Biogenetic or nature conservation areas Areas established for protection of endemic, endangered or 
internationally important fauna and flora on Forestry Defence Property 


Source: General Directorate of Forestry, 1987 


Ukraine Country Profile 


Area 603,700 sq. km (Hunter, 1991) 


Population 51,704,000 (Hunter, 1991) 
Natural increase: no information 


Economic Indicators 
GDP: No information 
GNP: No information 


Policy and Legislation The Ukraine was one of the founding sovereign nations signing the United Nations 
Charter on 26 June 1945. In July 1990 parliament made a declaration of sovereignty, and on 5 December 1991 


89 


the Ukraine officially declared itself no longer part of the Soviet Union, following the referendum vote for 
independence on the 1 December. 


In the 1978 Constitution of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic general provisions for nature protection were 
included in Article 65 "citizens ... are obliged to protect nature and to conserve its riches". The unified 
Environmental Code is specified in the Ukrainian Law on the Protection of Nature of 1960 . 


Specific provisions on the protection of flora, fauna and their habitats were made in the Ukrainian Law on the 
Protection and use of Wildlife of 1981 and the Ukrainian Forest Code of 1979 (Anon., 1986a). The Status of 
State Nature Reserves enacted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR on 27 November 1951, together with 
the relevant regulations of the Republics, has been revised in the 1981 Act. The Supreme Soviet Law (also of 
1981) includes regulations on protected natural areas and measures to ensure wildlife protection (Articles 
21-26). The legislative status of state nature reserves (zapovedniki) is based on Article 21 (Section 6 on creating 
preserves and reserves) and Article 25 (on protection of animals in preserves, reserves and other protected areas) 
(see the annex in USSR text). 


Some of the first protected areas were set up as Imperial hunting reserves, such as the Crimean State Forest and 
Hunting preserve in 1913, the same site becoming the first zapovednik of the Soviet State in 1923. Zapovedniki 
are defined as tracts of land containing natural resources, withdrawn from their original landowner, administered 
as permanent nature preserves by a state or republic level ministry, for the purpose of preserving floral and 
faunal resources in their natural habitats (Newcombe, 1985; see legislation text for the USSR). 


International Activities A network of wetlands of international importance has been established under the 
Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar Convention), 
which was ratified by the USSR on 11 October 1976. 


The former Ukrainian SSR was actively involved in developing a network of biosphere reserves under the 
Unesco MAB programme, two sites having been established in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The USSR signed 
the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage 
Convention) on 12 October 1990 but no sites are situated in the Ukraine. 


Administration and Management In 1985, as with the whole of the USSR at the time, state protected areas 
were under the jurisdiction of all-union ministries (see text for the USSR). The Ukrainian SSR Ministry of 
Forestry governed the main protected areas (Newcombe, 1985). In 1986 a state committee of the Ukrainian SSR 
on nature protection was formed in the Republic to manage environmental policy and to coordinate activities of 
other bodies, inter alia, for the protection of flora, fauna and their habitats (Anon., 1986). 


Systems Reviews The Ukraine, formerly in south-west European USSR, borders Poland, Romania, 
Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Byelorussia and the Russian Republic. The region largely consists of open plains 
with low hills, the Carpathian mountains lie in the south-west of the country and the River Dnieper passes 
through the territory. Steppes and primary forests still occur in many parts of the country, such as in the 
Carpathians mountains. The Crimea has developed an unique flora and fauna, with over 2,400 plant species, 
which include numerous endemic species dating back to the Tertiary period. There are important wetlands on 
the Black Sea coast (Newcombe, 1985; Davis ef al., 1986; Cerovsky, in litt., 1991). 


Up to 480,000 sq. km of the country is under cultivation. 


In 1976 a book of rare and endangered animals and plant species, A Red Data Book of the Ukraine, was 
published; listed organisms include 18 species of insect, four species of amphibian, six species of reptile, 28 
species of bird, 29 species of mammal and 151 species of vascular plant (Anon., 1986a). Protected areas in the 
1980s included 5,000 sites under special protection totalling 8% of the Ukraine; this included two national parks 
totaling 170,694ha, 13 state zapovedniki totaling 159,000ha and 202 hunting reserves (four alone covering over 
173,000ha). There are two biosphere reserves representing 121,000ha. Wetlands and important bird sites are 
protected by 200,000ha of Ramsar wetlands of international importance and 24 important bird areas recognized 
to be of European regional importance by IWRB and ICBP (Grimmett and Jones, 1989). Among the state nature 
reserves being set up are new landscape, forest and general zoological subcategories, including the Zhukov 
Ostrov Forest Area, Turye-Polyansky and Rechansky in the trans-Carpathian region. A proposed national park 


90 


is located at Dnepro-Desnyanskiy and Verchnednepproskiy; a national park in the Chernobyl fallout zone was 
being considered in 1988 (Anon., 1986a, 1986b; Gensiruk, 1985: Milne, 1988). 


Environmental constraints are varied, ranging from extremely high levels of atmospheric pollution, from coal, 
chemical, and ore industrial centres, to loss of wetlands (figures indicate a total wetland loss of up to 2.2 million 
ha); to large scale excavation operations (Hunter, 1991). Dneprovsko-Teterevskoe State Hunting Reserve lies 
partly within Zone A (total evacuation area) of the Chernobyl reactor accident site and extensive nuclear 
contaminants have inevitably been recorded here and elsewhere within the region (Anon., 1986b). 


Other Relevant Information The southern Black Sea coast of the Crimean Peninsula prior to independence 
was one of the busiest resort areas in the Soviet Union. 


Addresses 
Former State Committee of the Ukrainian SSR on Nature Protection, KIEV 


References 

Anon. (1986a). Organisation of the preserved territories network in Ukrainian SSR. International Symposium 
"Protection of Natural Areas and the Genetic Fund they Contain" Project No. 8 on the Programme Man 
and Biosphere (MAB) of Unesco, 23-28 September 1985, Blavoevgrad, Bulgaria. Pp. 11-17 

Anon. (1986b). What reserves were affected by the Chernobyl accident? Commission on National Parks and 
Protected Areas Newsletter 36: 1. 

Bannikov, A.G. (1969). (Ed.). Zapovedniki Sovetskogo Soyuza. Kolos, Moscow. 552 pp. 

Braden, K. (1986). Wildlife reserves in the USSR. Oryx 20: 165-169. 

Davis, S. D., Droop, S. J. M., Gregerson, P., Henson, L., Leon,C. J., Lamlein Villa-Lobos, J., Synge, H., and 
Zantovska, J. (1986). Plants in danger: what do we know? Threatened Plants Unit. IUCN, Gland, 
Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. 461 pp. 

Hunter, B. (Ed.) (1991). The Statesman's Year Book 1991-92. The Macmillan Press Ltd, London and 
Basingstoke, UK. 1692 pp. 

Knystautas, A. (1987). The natural history of the USSR. Century, London. 224 pp. 

Milne, R. (1988). Chernobyl disaster zone to become national park. New Scientist. 15 September 1988. P. 34 

Newcombe, L.F. (1985). Protected natural territories in the Crimea, USSR. Environmental Conservation 12(2): 
147-155. 

Sokolov, V.Y. and Syroechkovskogo, Y.Y. (Eds). (1985). Zapovedniki SSSR. 11 volumes. Mysl, Moscow. 

Weisenburger, U. (1991). Nature conservation in the Soviet Union. In: European Parliament Director-General 
for Research Nature Conservation. Environment, Public Health and Consumer Protection Series 17. 
IN-9-1991. Pp. 140-149. 


a This information is correct at the time of going to press, but is likely to be overtaken by events which 
could alter the legislative, administrative and management structure of protected areas throughout the 
region. As of September 1991 the constituent republics of the former Soviet Union included: Armenia, 
Azerbaijan, Belorussia (Bielorussia or Belarus), Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kirgizia, Moldavia (Moldova), 
the Russian Republic (RSFSR) and its Baltic enclave of Kalingrad, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, 
Ukraine and Uzbekistan. 


91 


5. ENDANGERED ANIMAL SPECIES OF BLACK SEA STATES 


5.1 Introduction 


This species review contains the following information: 


Guide to the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List Categories and Criteria 

Guide to the interpretation of CITES Appendices 

Guide to the interpretation of CMS Appendices 

Summary table of species richness (fauna and vertebrates only) and regional endemism 

List of species of fauna not globally threatened but of special concern in Europe 

List of globally threatened vertebrates restricted to Europe 

Summary table of all IUCN Red List species of fauna occuring in the Black Sea range States 
Globally threatened plants endemic to one country bordering the Black Sea 

Globally threatened plants occurring in more than one country bordering the Black Sea 


This report is a preliminary review of species of conservation concern occuring in and around the Black Sea. 
This information is presented in two ways: 1) Species of global conservation concern, and 2) species, which 
are not globally threatened but are of conservation concern in Europe. 


5.2 Recommendations for further work on endangered Black Sea fauna 


In order to assess the priority species for conservation occurring in and around the Black Sea it would be 
necessary to analyse: 


1. Those national endemic species with a predominantly Black Sea coastal distribution 

2. The national conservation status of coastal species occurring in the Black Sea Range States 

3. The globally and nationally threatened species with a Black Sea Coastal distribution 

4. The important breeding areas for national endemics, globally and nationally threatened species with a 
Black Sea Coastal distribution (c. 4 days) 

5. Discussion, priorities and recommendations (c.2-3 days) 


Activities 1-3 would cost between 5-10 days. The cost of activity 4 would be dependent on the map scale 
and number of species determined in activities 1-3, but at a first estimate this would take approximately four 
days. Activity 5 would cost between 2-3 days. Total: 8-16 days. 


5.3 Guide to the IUCN (World Conservation Union) Red List Categories and Criteria 


The international threat (Red List) category given to the fauna was derived from the application of the new 
IUCN (1994) criteria. Since not all plants have been re-evaluated using the new criteria, the old IUCN Red 
List Categories are still operative for flora. The category of threat provides an assessment of the likelihood 
of extinction under current circumstances. IUCN is in the process of developing guidelines for the use of 
national red list categories. 


IUCN (the World Conservation Union) established a system to categorise species and subspecies according 
to estimated risk of extinction. The system and categories used (Endangered, Vulnerable, Rare etc.) became 
widely used. The new IUCN Red List category (November 1994) was designed to be more objective and 
repeatable. There are eight IUCN categories: 


Extinct (EX) 

Extinct in the Wild (EW) 

Critically Endangered (CR) (threatened)* 
Endangered (EN) ee 


92 


Vulnerable (VU) sae, 


Lower Risk (LR) 
Data Deficient (DD) 
Not Evaluated (NE) 


Note: *All taxa listed as Critically Endangered qualify for Vulnerable and Endangered, and all listed as 
Endangered qualify for Vulnerable. Together these categories are described as 'threatened’. 


Listing in the categories of Not Evaluated and Data Deficient indicates that no assessment of extinction risk 
has been made, though for different reasons. Until an assessment is made, species listed in these categories 
should not be treated as if they were non-threatened, and it may be appropriate (especially for Data Deficient 
forms) to give them the same degree of protection as threatened taxa, at least until their status can be 
evaluated (IUCN, 1996). 


The Criteria for the Categories of Threat 


The three categories of threat described above are determined by quantitative criteria. There are five criteria 
in all (A-E), which are based on variables associated with extinction risk. The criteria A-D also have 
subcriteria that are used to justify the listing of the species under a given category and which provide further 
information to support the listing under a certain category. 


Declining Population 

Small Distribution and Decline or Fluctuation 

Small Population Size 

Very Small Population Size and Decline 

Quantitative Analysis (e.g., Population Viability Analysis) 


NOadAWS> 


The Criteria for Critically Endangered, Endangered and Vulnerable 

Prepared by the IUCN Species Survival Commission 

As approved by the 40th meeting of the IUCN Council, Gland, Switzerland 

30 November 1994 

Critically Endangered (CR) 

A taxon is Critically Endangered when it is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild in the 
immediate future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): 


A Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 


1.An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 80% over the last 10 years or 
three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of the following: 


a direct observation 

b an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon 

c a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat 

d actual or potential levels of exploitation 

e the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or 
parasites. 


2.A reduction of at least 80%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three 
generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above. 


93 


B Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 100 km2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less 
than 10 km2, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 


1.Severely fragmented or known to exist at only a single location. 


2.Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following: 
extent of occurrence 

area of occupancy 

area, extent and/or quality of habitat 

number of locations or subpopulations 

number of mature individuals 


onaao on 


3.Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 
a extent of occurrence 
b area of occupancy 
c number of locations or subpopulations 
d number of mature individuals 


C Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals and either: 


1.An estimated continuing decline of at least 25% within 3 years or one generation, whichever is 
longer or 


2.A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and 
population structure in the form of either: 


a severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 50 
mature individuals) 
b all individuals are in a single subpopulation. 

D Population estimated to number less than 50 mature individuals. 

E Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 50% within 10 


years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer. 

Endangered (EN) 

A taxon is Endangered when it is not Critically Endangered but is facing a very high risk of extinction in the 
wild in the near future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): 

A Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 


1.An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 50% over the last 10 years or 
three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of the following: 


a direct observation 

b an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon 

c a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat 

d actual or potential levels of exploitation 

e the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or 
parasites 


2.A reduction of at least 50%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three 
generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d), or (e) above. 


94 


B Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 5000 km2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less 
than 500 km2, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 


1.Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than five locations. 


2.Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: 
extent of occurrence 

area of occupancy 

area, extent and/or quality of habitat 

number of locations or subpopulations 

number of mature individuals 


oa0Qo0oo pnp 


3.Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 
a extent of occurrence 
b area of occupancy 
c number of locations or subpopulations 
d number of mature individuals 


Cc Population estimated to number less than 2500 mature individuals and either: 
1.An estimated continuing decline of at least 20% within 5 years or 2 generations, whichever is longer, or 


2.A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and 
population structure in the form of either: 


a severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 250 
mature individuals) 
b all individuals are in a single subpopulation 

D Population estimated to number less than 250 mature individuals. 

E Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 20% within 20 


years or 5 generations, whichever is the longer. 
Vulnerable (VU) 
A taxon is Vulnerable when it is not Critically Endangered or Endangered but is facing a high risk of 
extinction in the wild in the medium-term future, as defined by any of the following criteria (A to E): 
A Population reduction in the form of either of the following: 
1.An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected reduction of at least 20% over the last 10 years or 


three generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of the following: 
a direct observation 


b an index of abundance appropriate for the taxon 

c a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat 

d actual or potential levels of exploitation 

e the effects of introduced taxa, hybridisation, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or 
parasites 


2.A reduction of at least 20%, projected or suspected to be met within the next ten years or three 
generations, whichever is the longer, based on (and specifying) any of (b), (c), (d) or (e) above. 


B Extent of occurrence estimated to be less than 20,000 km2 or area of occupancy estimated to be less 
than 2000 km2, and estimates indicating any two of the following: 


95 


E 
years. 


1.Severely fragmented or known to exist at no more than ten locations. 


2.Continuing decline, inferred, observed or projected, in any of the following: 
extent of occurrence 

area of occupancy 

area, extent and/or quality of habitat 

number of locations or subpopulations 

number of mature individuals 


oadapn 


3.Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: 
a extent of occurrence 
b area of occupancy 
c number of locations or subpopulations 
d number of mature individuals 


Population estimated to number less than 10,000 mature individuals and either: 


1.An estimated continuing decline of at least 10% within 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is 
longer, or 


2.A continuing decline, observed, projected, or inferred, in numbers of mature individuals and 
population structure in the form of either: 


a severely fragmented (i.e. no subpopulation estimated to contain more than 1000 
mature individuals) 
b all individuals are in a single subpopulation. 


Population very small or restricted in the form of either of the following: 
1. Population estimated to number less than 1000 mature individuals. 


2. Population is characterised by an acute restriction in its area of occupancy (typically less than 100 
km2) or in the number of locations (typically less than 5). Such a taxon would thus be prone to the 
effects of human activities (or stochastic events whose impact is increased by human activities) 
within a very short period of time in an unforeseeable future, and is thus capable of becoming 
Critically Endangered or even Extinct in a very short period. 


Quantitative analysis showing the probability of extinction in the wild is at least 10% within100 


Guide to the interpretation of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of 
Wild Fauna and Flora) Appendices 


Table 2, which describes all Red List Species occurring in the Black Sea Range Sates, contains two 
columns, one with the heading CITES species listing and the other with CMS. The roman numerals 
represent the Appendices in which the relevant species are listed. 


CITES has established a world-wide system of controls on international trade in threatened wildlife and 
wildlife and wildlife products by stipulating that government permits are required for such trade. Protection 
is provided for species in two main categories: 


The most endangered species 


. Appendix I: Includes all species threatened with extinction, which are or may be affected by 
trade. 


96 


Other species at serious risk 


Appendix II: a) Includes all species which although not necessarily currently threatened 
with extinction may become so unless trade is subject to strict regulation; and b) Other 
species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in certain specimens of 
species referred to in sub- paragraph (a) above may be brought under effective control, i.e, 
species similar in appearance. Regulation of trade in Appendix II species. 


Appendix III: All species which any Party identifies as being subject to regulation within its 
jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation. The co-operation of 
other Parties, is therefore, needed. Regulation of trade in Appendix III species. 


5.4 Guide to the interpretation of CMS Appendices 


The Convention in the conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS or the Bonn Convention) 
aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory species throughout their range. The CMS 
Appendices are as follows: 


Appendix I: Migratory species which are endangered 


Appendix II: Migratory species which have an unfavourable conservation status and which 
require international agreements for their conservation and management, as well as those 
which have a conservation status which would significantly benefit from the international 
co-operation that could be achieved by an international agreement 


5.5 References 


WCMC, 1997 (in Prep). Red Data Book of European Vertebrates. A contribution to Action Theme No. 11 
(European Action Programme for Threatened Species) of the Pan-European Biological and Landscape 
Diversity Strategy. (Bird data provided by Birdlife International). WCMC, Cambridge, United Kingdom. 


The WCMC Animals Database 


97 


(iti oetily’s, ie 


i) ayo) ay | 
> yee Bia 


Pig: | Pare c nee Cia 


=A QR iat! ry 


Dp TAT Cel 


CONN (igi? 
Tey a) 


pee! feeb) orn HF 
| footy yal Ph ole ( 
{ahinpiya singh “abehike 
i f AMAA sata) 
Ve ; : 
ype tah 
. u te 
1u y 
be ie i 
f sh) ers 


86 


papnjoxe saroads ysiy suLseUN “SuNsaU aJoYM Papnjoul Sa]}iN} SULIeUL “Papnjoxs suBddeI99 ‘UOITOI DY} JO JSBA IRF OY} UI S91UNOD JOJ [BUOISIAOId sayeUITYSO YsIJ 
(apnqiSuo] sdassap (¢ 0} Sed) AIQUNOD a4} Jo Wed 0} ATUO sJazoI DJBUIISO Jey} Sd}BOIPUI , 9ION 
L661 “daid Ul SINDA\ :291N0g 


88 tp Ic Lal! be 9 £97 v L6 eta (%LI) $8 tor oule Dy) 
gor | 19 | 07 I | £0 le COE € Lad! 81 (%L1) ZI LOL Aayan |, 
911 bl 07 8 LY 8 C9E 9 LIZ €cl (%E1) 06 899 #PISSNY 
L8 Ip 07 cl €C 9 Lv € 06 61 (%L1)_18 LOp | eluewioYy 
09 6l LA ud Os 81 é é 68 07 (%67) 19 £17 BId109H 
6L 8€ Li Ol ce 8 LA 4 98 LA (%91) TL psp | eueding 
Ayuno9 
saisadg saisadg satsadg so1sadg | ul Surinos0 saisads 
sarsadg ysiy sorsads ueiqiyduy satoads andoy pig saisadg jemueyy | Jo Jaquinu jej}0} jo 
satoads ueadoing ueiqiydwy uevadoing ajuday | ueadoing soisadg | ueadoing ewe] ueadoinq asejuaoiad/adoing | sarsads jo 
ysy [eo] o1wapugq [PIO] o1wopugq [R10 owapug | psig [P01 o1Wopuq [R10 d1wapugq | 0} d1wWapua saisadg | ‘ou [ej0] Ayunod 


"S9JEJS [BISLOD Bag YouTg oy} Ul Ind90 yorym ‘adong 0} d1Wapus satdads 9}e1G9119A JO JAquINN, | 91GB], 


WISIWapUa [BUOIsa1 pue (A[UO S9j¥.1q9}.19A pUL BUNLJ) SsaUYydIA satdeds Jo a[qu} ATVUIUING 9°¢ 


asiese naga ate x eo0. 
iil tt ae) 

Te eat “eas a hee 
eR | meth + teampalt = 

| oe 


eae aap wt 


- 


idkest pe bebe: Sabi 2 25 Tur St Tt 
ih 


a 


oe 


5.7 List of species of fauna not globally threatened but of special concern in Europe 


The species outlined below are not currently regarded as globally threatened, but are of special concern at the 
European level. This information has been derived from the Red Data Book of European Vertebrates 
(WCMC, iin prep. 1997) The countries of occurrence listed include only the European part of the range 
where the species occurred in one or more of the Black Sea Range States. For birds, only breeding ranges 
are given. 


For mammals, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, “special concern” is estimated by the extent to which the 
species have been categorised as threatened in relevant national Red Data Books. 


MAMMALS 

Order INSECTIVORA 

Family ERINACEIDAE 

Hemiechinus auritus Georgia Russia Ukraine 


Order CHIROPTERA 
Family PTEROPODIDAE 


Rousettus aegyptiacus Turkey 
Family RHINOLOPHIDAE 
Rhinolophus blasii Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Rhinolophus ferrumequinum Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Family VESPERTILIONIDAE 


Barbastella leucomelas Russia 

Eptesicus bottae Turkey 

Miniopterus schreibersi Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Otonycteris hemprichi Turkey 

Pipistrellus kuhli Turkey Ukraine 

Order CARNIVORA 

Family CANIDAE 

Alopex lagopus Russia 

Canis aureus Bulgaria Georgia Romania Turkey 

Canis lupus Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Family FELIDAE 


Caracal caracal Turkey 

Lynx lynx Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Felis silvestris Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Panthera pardus Georgia Russia Turkey 


Family HERPESTIDAE 


99 


Herpestes ichneumon 
Family HYAENIDAE 


Hyaena hyaena 

Family MUSTELIDAE 
Lutra lutra 

Mustela eversmanni 
Vormela peregusna 
Family PHOCIDAE 
Phoca hispida 

Family URSIDAE 
Ursus arctos 

Order CETACEA 
Family BALAENIDAE 


Order ARTIODACTYLA 
Family BOVIDAE 


Gazella dorcas 
Gazella subgutturosa 


Order RODENTIA 
Family SCIURIDAE 


Sciurus anomalus 
Pteromys volans 
Family MYOXIDAE 


Myoxus glis 
Family DIPODIDAE 


Sicista subtilis 
Family HYSTRICIDAE 


Hystrix indica 
BIRDS 


Order GA VIIFORMES 
Family GAVIIDAE 


Gavia stellata 


Gavia arctica 
Order PROCELLARIFORMES 


Order PELECANIFORMES 
Family PELECANIDAE 


Turkey 


Georgia Turkey 


Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Ukraine 
Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Russia 


Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


Georgia Turkey 


Georgia Turkey 


Russia 


Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Russia Ukraine 


Georgia Turkey 


Russia 


Russia 


100 


Pelecanus onocrotalus 
Family PHALACROCORACIDAE 


Phalacrocorax pygmeus 
Order CICONITFORMES 
Family ARDEIDAE 


Botaurus stellaris 
Txobrychus minutus 
Nycticorax nycticorax 
Ardeola ralloides 
Ardea purpurea 
Family CICONIIDAE 


Ciconia nigra 
Ciconia ciconia 
Family THRESKIORNITHIDAE 


Plegadis falcinellus 
Platalea leucorodia 
Family PHOENICOPTERIDAE 


Phoenicopterus ruber 
Order ANSERIFORMES 
Family ANATIDAE 


Branta bernicla 

Tadorna ferruginea 

Anas strepera 

Anas acuta 

Anas querquedula 

Netta rufina 

Mergus albellus 

Order FALCONIFORMES 
Family ACCIPITRIDAE 


Milvus migrans 
Haliaeetus albicilla 
Gypaetus barbatus 
Neophron percnopterus 
Gyps fulvus 

Aegypius monachus 
Circaetus gallicus 
Circus cyaneus 

Circus macrourus 
Accipiter brevipes 
Buteo rufinus 

Aquila pomarina 
Aquila nipalensis 
Aquila chrysaetos 
Hieraaetus pennatus 
Hieraaetus fasciatus 
Family PANDIONIDAE 


Pandion haliaetus 
Family FALCONIDAE 


Romania Russia Turkey 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


Russia 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Ukraine 

Romania Russia Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Turkey 


Bulgaria Russia Turkey Ukraine 


101 


Falco tinnunculus 
Falco vespertinus 

Falco eleonorae 

Falco biarmicus 

Falco cherrug 

Falco rusticolus 

Falco peregrinus 

Order GALLIFORMES 
Family PHASIANIDAE 


Tetrao tetrix 

Tetrao mlokosiewiczi 
Tetraogallus caspius 
Alectoris chukar 
Alectoris graeca 
Francolinus francolinus 
Perdix perdix 

Coturnix coturnix 
Family TURNICIDAE 


Family GRUIDAE 


Grus grus 
Family RALLIDAE 


Porzana pusilla 
Porphyrio porphyrio 
Family OTIDAE 


Tetrax tetrax 
Order CHARADRIIFORMES 
Family BURHINIDAE 


Burhinus oedicnemus 
Family GLAREOLIDAE 


Cursorius cursor 
Glareola pratincola 
Glareola nordmanni 
Family CHARADRIIDAE 


Charadrius alexandrinus 
Charadrius asiaticus 
Hoplopterus spinosus 
Family SCOLOPACIDAE 


Limicola falcinellus 
Gallinago media 
Limosa limosa 
Tringa totanus 
Tringa glareola 
Family LARIDAE 


Larus minutus 
Larus audouinii 
Larus canus 
Pagophila eburnea 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Ukraine 
Turkey 

Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Romania Russia Ukraine 

Russia Turkey 

Turkey 

Bulgaria Russia Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania 

Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Turkey 


Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Romania Russia Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia 
Turkey 


Russia 

Russia Ukraine 

Romania Russia Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Ukraine 


Romania Russia Ukraine 
Turkey 
Russia 
Russia 


102 


Gelochelidon nilotica 
Sterna caspia 

Sterna sandvicensis 
Sterna albifrons 
Chlidonias hybridus 
Chlidonias niger 
Family ALCIDAE 


Cepphus grylle 
Fratercula arctica 
Family PTEROCLIDIDAE 


Pterocles orientalis 
Pterocles alchata 
Family COLUMBIDAE 


Streptopelia turtur 
Order STRIGIFORMES 
Family TYTONIDAE 


Tyto alba 
Family STRIGIDAE 


Otus scops 

Bubo bubo 
Nyctea scandiaca 
Athene noctua 
Asio flammeus 


Order CAPRIMULGIFORMES 


Family CAPRIMULGIDAE 


Caprimulgus europaeus 
Order CORACIIFORMES 
Family ALCEDINIDAE 


Alcedo atthis 
Family MEROPIDAE 


Merops apiaster 


Family CORACIIDAE 


Coracias garrulus 
Order PICIFORMES 
Family PICIDAE 


Jynx torquilla 

Picus canus 

Picus viridis 

Picoides tridactylus 

Order PASSERIFORMES 
Family ALAUDIDAE 


Melanocorypha calandra 
Melanocorypha yeltoniensis 
Calandrella brachydactyla 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Russia 
Russia 


Russia Turkey 
Turkey 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Russia 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


103 


Calandrella rufescens 
Galerida cristata 

Lullula arborea 

Alauda arvensis 

Family HIRUNDINIDAE 


Riparia riparia 
Hirundo rustica 
Family MOTACILLIDAE 


Anthus campestris 
Family LANIIDAE 


Lanius collurio 

Lanius minor 

Lanius excubitor 
Lanius senator 

Lanius nubicus 

Family PRUNELLIDAE 


Prunella ocularis 
Prunella atrogularis 
Family MUSCICAPIDAE 


Phoenicurus phoenicurus 
Saxicola torquata 
Oenanthe hispanica 
Monticola saxatilis 
Monticola solitarius 
Hippolais pallida 
Hippolais olivetorum 
Sylvia hortensis 
Muscicapa striata 
Ficedula semitorquata 
Family EMBERIZIDAE 


Emberiza cia 

Emberiza cineracea 
Emberiza hortulana 
Emberiza melanocephala 
Family FRINGILLIDAE 


Bucanetes githagineus 
Family CORVIDAE 


Perisoreus infaustus 
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 


REPTILES 


Order SAURIA 


Family CHAMAELEONIDAE 


Chamaeleo chamaeleon 
Family LACERTIDAE 


Lacerta laevis 


Russia Turkey Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Romania Russia Ukraine 

Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Turkey 


Turkey 
Russia 


Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Turkey 

Bulgaria Turkey 

Bulgaria Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Russia Turkey 


Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 
Turkey 

Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


Russia 
Turkey 


Turkey 


Turkey 


104 


Order SERPENTES 
Family COLUBRIDAE 


Coluber algirus 

Coluber rubriceps 
Elaphe longissima 
Rhynchocalamus satunini 


Order TESTUDINES 
Family TRIONYCHIDAE 


Trionyx triunguis 


AMPHIBIANS 


Order ANURA 
Family PELOBATIDAE 


Pelobates syriacus 
Order CAUDATA 
Family SALAMANDRIDAE 


Neurergus crocatus 


FISHES 


Order PETROMYZONTIFORMES 


Family PETROMYZONTIDAE 
Caspiomyzon wagneri 


Order PERCIFORMES 
Family BLENNIIDAE 


Blennius fluviatilis 
Family CICHLIDAE 


Tristamalla simonis 


Order CYPRINIFORMES 
Family CYPRINIDAE 


Alburnus coeruleus 
Alburnus kotschyi 
Carassius carassius 
Cyprinus carpio 


Hemigrammocapoeta sauvagei 


Bulgaria Turkey 
Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


Turkey 


Bulgaria Georgia Romania Turkey 


Turkey 


Russia 


Turkey 


Turkey 


Turkey 
Turkey 
Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


105 


Kosswigobarbus kosswigi Turkey 


Pararhodeus kervillei Turkey 
Pararhodeus meandrii Turkey 
Tylognathus caudomaculatus Turkey 


Order CYPRINODONTIFORMES 
Order SALMONIFORMES 
Family SALMONIDAE 


Coregonus autumnalis Russia 

Salmo salar Russia 

Salmo trutta Bulgaria Georgia Romania Russia Turkey Ukraine 
Order SILURIFORMES 


Family SILURIDAE 

Silurus triostegus Turkey 
Family SISSORIDAE 

Glyptothorax steindachneri Turkey 


Order SYNBRANCHIFORMES 
Family MASTACEMBELIDAE 


Mastacembelus simack Turkey 


106 


5.8 List of globally threatened vertebrates restricted to Europe 


The list covers terrestrial and freshwater species. Only species which occur in one of the Black Sea Range 


States are included. 


Names and taxonomic details appear in the left-hand column; the 1996 IUCN global status category is 
shown in the next column; followed by the criteria cited, and the countries in which the species occurs. In 
the case of birds, this last column shows the breeding range only. 


MAMMALS 


Order CARNIVORA 
Family FELIDAE 


Mustela lutreola 
European Mink 

Order ARTIODACTYLA 
Family BOVIDAE 

Bison bonasus 

European Bison 

Capra caucasica 

West Caucasian Tur 


Capra cylindricornis 
East Caucasian Tur 


Order RODENTIA 
Family SCIURIDAE 


Spermophilus citellus 
European Squirrel 
Spermophilus suslicus 
Spotted Souslik 


Family DIPODIDAE 


Sicista armenica 
Family MURIDAE 


Acomys cilicicus 
Mesocricetus newtoni 
Romania n Hamster 


Nannospalax leucodon 
Spalax arenarius 
Spalax graecus 
Greater Mole Rat 


Spalax microphthalmus 
Family MYOXIDAE 


Eliomys quercinus 
Garden Dormouse 
Myomimus roachi 
Mouse-tailed Dormouse 


IUCN 
Category 


EN 


EN 


EN 


VU 


VU 


VU 


CR 


CR 
VU 


VU 
VU 
VU 


VU 


VU 


VU 


IUCN 
Criteria 


Alace 


A2ce, C2a 


Ald+2cde 


Ald+2de, Cl 


Alc 


Alc 


D2 
Alc, B1+2c 
D2 


D2 


Alc 


D2 


Distribution 


Georgia Romania Russia 


Russia Ukraine 


Georgia Russia 


Georgia Russia 


Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 


Romania Russia Ukraine 


Georgia 


Turkey 
Bulgaria Romania 


Bulgaria Romania Turkey Ukraine 
Ukraine 
Romania Ukraine 


Russia Ukraine 


Romania Ukraine 


Turkey 


107 


MAMMALS 


BIRDS 


Order ANSERIFORMES 
Family ANATIDAE 


Branta ruficollis 
Red-breasted Goose 


Order COLUMBIFORMES 
Family COLUMBIDAE 


Order PASSERIFORMES 
Family MUSCICAPIDAE 


Acrocephalus paludicola 
Aquatic Warbler 


REPTILES 


Order SAURIA 


Family LACERTIDAE 


Lacerta clarkorum 
Order SERPENTES 
Family COLUBRIDAE 


Natrix megalocephala 
Large-headed Water Snake 


Family VIPERIDAE 
Vipera albizona 


Vipera bulgardaghica 
Vipera darevskii 


Vipera dinniki 


Vipera kaznakovi 
Caucasian Viper 


Vipera pontica 
Vipera ursinii 


AMPHIBIANS 


Family RANIDAE 


Rana holtzi 
Family 


SALAMANDRIDAE 


Mertensella luschani 
Lycian Salamander 


FISHES 


Order CLUPEIFORMES 


IUCN 
Category 


VU 


VU 


EN 


VU 


EN 
CR 
CR 
VU 
EN 


CR 
EN 


EN 


VU 


IUCN 
Criteria 


A2cd, B1+2cd 


A2c 


C2a 


Ald, Cl 


Bl+2e, C2a 
Bl+2e, C2a 
C2b 

Cl+2a 
Alcd+2cd 


C2ab, D1 
Alc+2c 


B1+2bc+3, E 


Bl+2cde 


Distribution 


Russia 


Russia Ukraine 


Georgia Turkey 


Georgia Russia Turkey 


Turkey 

Turkey 

Georgia 

Georgia Russia 
Georgia Russia Turkey 


Georgia Turkey 
Romania Turkey Ukraine 


Turkey 


Turkey 


108 


MAMMALS 


Alosa macedonia 
Liparia 


Order CYPRINIFORMES 
Family CYPRINIDAE 


Alburnus akili 
Gokce Baligi 


Alburnus albidus 
Italian Bleak 


Barbus guiraonis 
Barbus haasi 
Barbo de Cola Roja 


Barbus microcephalus 
Chondrostoma holmwoodii 
Gobio hettitorum 

Dere Kayasi 


Ladigesocypris ghigii 
Ghizani 


Paraphoxinus alepidotus 
Paraphoxinus croaticus 
Paraphoxinus ghetaldi 
Paraphoxinus metohiensis 
Phoxinellus anatolicus 


Phoxinellus egridiri 


Phoxinellus handlirschi 
Cigek 


Family BALITORIDAE 


Nemacheilus 
tschaiyssuensis 

Order SALMINIFORMES 
Family UMBRIDAE 


Umbra krameri 
European Mud-minnow 
Family SALMONIDAE 


Hucho hucho 
Huchen 

Salmo carpio 
Carpione del Garda 


Salmo platycephalus 
Ala Balik 


Order 
CYPRINODONTIFORMES 


IUCN 
Category 


VU 


VU 


VU 


VU 
VU 


VU 
VU 
VU 


VU 


VU 


VU 


EN 


VU 


CR 


IUCN 
Criteria 


D2 


Alace 


D2 


Alace 


A2bcde, 
B1+2bce 
Alacde 


B1+2abc 


Distribution 


Turkey 


Turkey 


Turkey 
Turkey 


Turkey 


Turkey 
Turkey 


Turkey 


Turkey 


Bulgaria Romania Ukraine 


Romania Ukraine 


Turkey 


109 


MAMMALS 


Family 
CYPRINODONTIDAE 


Aphanius anatoliae 
Dislisazancik Baligi 


Aphanius burduricus 
Aphanius splendens 


Aphanius sureyanus 
Aphanius transgrediens 
Order 
GASTEROSTEIFORMES 
Family 
GASTEROSTEIDAE 


Order PERCIFORMES 
Family PERCIDAE 


Gymnocephalus schraetzer 
Striped Ruffe 

Percarina demidoff 

Zingel streber 

Streber 

Zingel zingel 

Zingel 


IUCN 
Category 


EN 
EN 
CR 


CR 
CR 


VU 


VU 
VU 


VU 


IUCN 
Criteria 


A2ce, 
B1+2abed 


A2e 
Alac, 
B1+2abce 
B1+2bc 
B1+2bcd 


Alace 


D2 
Alce+2ce 


Alce+2ce 


Distribution 


Turkey 
Turkey 
Turkey 


Turkey 
Turkey 


Bulgaria Romania Ukraine 


Russia Ukraine 
Bulgaria Ukraine 


Bulgaria Romania Ukraine 


110 


ITI 


KR A A IK A || | | wa SINIOON 1assa7] Last] SnjDIOAN 
A A A A x | inal WUT [NOON WweID sndajdoisD] SnjDIaAN 
aN A A | A A Il oT | Jeg SJa1ayeN | 14a40}]DU SOAP 
A Al A Il aa eq paoysiuM snuiopjsdiu syodpy 
eg 
A x A Il W/YT | pores-asnopy =: OB eT sod syodpy 
A wa snjAjopposspu sijody 
Xx waT dajoif SyOodN 
= A A A A A IV NA yegq S,Aosjyoas Snjpuissvua syody 
A A Il qeg Suojuaqneg | 1uojuaqnop sioKy 
A A | | BY A jeg puog | auauadsnp Sod 
A A A | on jeg pasasuy-su07 | nuizavdpa syoApy 
A A A A | Il | jeg Sjpurig ipupag sod 
A | WAT SNUIQUIOG SOAP 
eg 
A A A aN II O/T | pores-asnopy —-Jossa‘] nYyla]g SOM 
A A A A A A II A | eq S,Wlajsysog quyaysyzaq syodjy 
xX aa 1aqv sod 
A IV Na sisualinssn pulinyy 
nN A A A Isdag1aayos snaajdouipy 
A A A A auljolag snuosas snoisajdq 
A A A A A A II ITV NA | eesseqseg W419}S9 AA Sn]JaIsDg4vg vjjaysvqivg 
wg 
A A A A A | I | ITV. DA | 2oysass0H s,4]2497A] Mjayau snydojouryy 
Jeg 
A A A A 7 A A | Il | IZV DA | 20Ysas10F] 49ssa'] sosapisoddiy snydojouny 
wg 
Al A Xx A A A | Il POUT | P0ysasIoH —_—-JNJBAIH) wnuinbaunssaf snydojouyy 
JB gq VOYsasiOFY 
A A A A A Il ITV NA UBIULIII}IPITA] ajpdina snydojouiyy 
SESE : 
A A sea A Il q/Y'T | FoysasIOY] Snise|q 11sp]q Snydojoulyy 
A A iL I7+14 NA uvUIsdg UvISSNy DIDYISOM DUDUSAg 
ae A +I AA} Maays JysnuelEg dajspsoona] xa10g 
sjeMmUey 
(payejouue JI 
poysays)uoisay sunst] RHOIDQ | ArosayeoD 
sulesyy) | Aoyiny | eissmy | erurwoy | eisioaH | euesing Rag yortg | sa1isads = Sq IO} SWO Noni NONI awieu UOWLUOD aweU d1JUaIDS 


EILAB 


PIOg UT parysiYysry usaq eavy esau} 
dARY JOUNXS PUP P]IM dU} UI JOUT}Xe ‘paJosuepud AT]BOIWII ‘ pousyeory) se passasse satoadg ‘saryua sfdyjnur ore osoy} snyy ‘uoNeyndod JenprArput 
Aq passacoe usaq SARY UOISINIg oy} ‘9'1 ‘sardads owOg “A JOquIAS ay} Aq poyeoIpuI Ud9q sey Sq} AIJUNOD B UI SINd90 satdads jsT] poy & SIdU AA 


$9}¥IS BIC YOR _ 24) UI SULIAINIIO vUNe Jo Sotdeds sr] pay NOMI I" JO 914") Areuruns 67S 


i 


| A | I | Party Na jenbsoy s,preqqis snjnosmu viajdouavjpg 
A party Na ITBYAA YSITBOD s1jpai0g viajdouavjypg 
A wat RUM Pd ANT pjosjsoaojnov paajdouanjog 
A wuld ‘TO. Na FEY AA USI Sypiapjs Duavjoqny 
sTeUM 
A Poa | shy pueusain snjaoijsdu puavjog 
deag 
A PIV NA | WRI uvdepeulyy snuvjaqiy) snss) 
A PIT Ieag IejOd SNUIJLADUL SNS) 
A ONT [eag uOWWOD DUIJNJ1A DIOYT 
A wea [eas [eyleg DILAIGIS DIOYUY 
A OAT [eag posury ppidsiy po0yg 
Xx OVI [Rag puejusain DIIPUD]UBOLS DIOYY 
A IZ+14 NA [kag uvidsey vaidsv2 vaI0ud 
[kag yuo 
6x9 A A A xo A | eee 7a@) ULIULIIIIPITA, snyspuow snysnuopy 
A Il [eas Aap, sndds snsaoyouvyy 
A qIlv UOTRIS §,13]]233S snjoqgnt{ svidojauny 
A qiv NA [BIS ANY UAIYIAON SNUISIN SNUIY LODZ 
A Il By ips ial sndye AA SNADUSOd SNUAGOPE 
A A A A dELV Na yur, uvadoing Djoasny ara | 
A ZV ANA JULIIAJOAA ojns ony 
A 1 I 87D Na 20unO pigun viduy 
Xx Il AT e_ predoaT SISUa]D8Uag SNAN]IDUOLd 
6X9 A I PITV Na AIB1], S131] DAOYIUD 
A A A I OAT piedooy] snpapd paayjungd 
XxX Il inal = Sselled [nuput 8NgGOj0I019 
A A A A xa Il oT xuA‘] ueiseing xud] XUAT 
A A A nN A A I AIT 19 PIM SLUJSAAIIS S12] 
A A II ial WD pry SNDYD SI] a4 
A I OT [eovsed uvisy [DIDADI [DIDADD 
A daa XO 9BSIOD ops409 sadjn{ 
A A I L7a0) NA 80d PIAA UeIpUT snurdjv uon> 
A A A A A A I oT JIOM aqui], sndnj stun) 
A A A A Ill OT jeyorp uapjoyH SNAAND S1UDD 
weg 
A A A A OUT | paiei-aeiq ueadomng SNO1UA] DpPLADpDd | 
A A A OWT Weg ponojosiueg snutunu oyisadsa, 
A A A A OVUT | IE poses-suoT AH SNIDLAJSND SNJOIA] J 
rg 
A A A A A OAT | porea-3uo07] uMOIg SNLAND SNJOIA| 
A A A ial a[jansidig S1Aeg maps snpjaasidi 
A A Rial ayjausidig UOWWOD snyjaasidid snyjaasidt 
A A A A OUT} ayenstdig snisnyyen usnyyou snyjaajsidi q 
A A oT aP-SIAtd SUNY yyny snyjaasidi 
A A A IX dIATT PIMION. DINJIOU SNIDIIAN 
(poayejouur JI 
poyoayo)uolsay sunsi| PHO | Aosaqea 
auieryy) | Aayiny | vissmy | eruewoy | erdi0ayH | euesing Bag yorig | saisads_ = SA LIO| SIO Noni Noni aueu UOLULUOD, OWIEU STJTUIINS 


ell 


auresyy | Aoyiny | eissny 


RIURUOY | BISIOAH | BUesing 


bag youl |saloeds  SALIO 


NONI oweu UOWIIOD 


A at[azeH ueljosuopy] psoanyjns pidvo01q 
A 2PITV NA ulBl “UOUNOTA,, Si]DJUa}sO SAO 
A PIT daays mous DjOIIAIU SIAC 
A A II 2PITV NA doayg PIAA URISY uOUnUD SIAD 
x I P27V NA [B4105) asaulyD Snjopnvd snpaysowuavyy 
9]]922D 
XK xa WAIT | pues ‘a]]9zeDH panioyH DSOANJINSQNS D]]azDH) 
A A wT ‘2P7+PT Vu NA | ANL UeIsSBINED sey suusonuipuysa nado 
A x 3P9Z7+PIV N@ | Iny uviseoney jso poispanv2 vidvD 
A A A Ipy7V NA 3805) PITA snisvdav vido 
A A u&Z) 9ZVu Na JUOSTAA snspuog uosig 
A I portly NA | 429d YSN URLIIGIS sniafiyasou snyasop 
x Xa MOD BIS S,123]19}S spais symunpoipaH 
A ll dd} 21e4UM peyxeag-asooyH siaso.uiapa sniydiz 
oTeUM 
A ll dq | pexeeq — Sladaufais ldagaulajs uopojdosay 
IE A I ll PIT peoyanog snjojjndiup uopoosadayy 
aTeUM 
A Poa | pesou-ajjog = yurIDH Upaing snipavsag 
asiodiog 
A POAT poyuey-SuU AA HIBS eHIOUeooOU ch 
A —— aaa | Sea ear ae asiodi0d 4noqieH puaoz0yd DUa0IONd 
A asiodiog 1n0qieH puaozoyd puao204d 
A nQTH1O TV. NA asiodiog 1noqieyy puaozoyd puaoz0yd 
A PIV NA asiodiog 1noqiey puaoz0yd puaoz0yd 
A ndZ+10 ITV asiodiog 1noqieyy puaoz0yd puao20yg 
| $Y r asiodiog 1noqieyy puaoz0yd nuaor0yg 
x da|_-ajeym woot | SO49IOUOU UOPOUOPY 
A svana] snsajdvurydjaq 
A A A XK A A ulydjoq pasou-a0g snyoound) sdoisan J 
K urydjoq auAsosydng pqjpoajn1aood pyjauals 
= | A aTeUM JOIIPY asyey suapISSDAI DIAOpNAsS 
A RIO DIAO SNUIIACQ) 
urydjoq 
A TEU YS WOYLON syjpasog siydjapossiT 
urydjoq 
A Popls-ayy A low suapinbyjgo snyoudysouasvT 
urydjoq 
A A payeaq-at4UM S14JSO419]D SNYDUAYLOUABDT 
uydjoq 
| A O17 | Papis-yM —oUeN Vy snynop snyoudydouasvT 
A x I dada urydjog Aap snasid4s snduipdy) 
urydjoq 
ieee < oe (ew A A A [meee 1 esi p249eq-21PPeS siydjap snuydjeaq 
A PIT yors dry SNJSNGOA SNYYIMYIST 
A =z] pely DA | ABU AA PaydequouNnyy apysuvapaou piajdvsayy 
A PqelV Na IBY AA PIyxIeQG-uly snjosdyd nsajdouanjug 
(payejouur j1 
poysoys)uoisay Sul}sl] RaW | A1osajeD 


AWeU SIJUAIOS 


vit 


w7+TE TVs NA SniDuasD xojvds 
A wa NA uopoanay xvjpdsouunyy 
wea snupisda xpjpdsodpy 
wT dojooysiyos sndodpy 
A wT asnoyy addajg snsapiaids sn 
wy aJOA BNR], SNILD] SNJOLIY 
SISUAUIJDYIDS SNJOAIIPY 
| IJOA JOOY SNWMOUOIAO SNJOAIIPY 
wT IAOADSDU SNJOAIIY 
GZ) 9T+1 8 tf) sisuaupimu snjos1yy 
A wey 14ayjuans SnjoLIIPy 
a7) 97+T 8, SISUAUOLOAA SNJOLIIY 
x A asnoy ISOAIEH sninui SXuOsDIPY 
A ca NA | 499sWeH U BIUBWOY 1uOJMaU SNJaII0SAay 
i (40 eer Sa 6: fe) Mopvsisould XAUOJSOLIIG 
A A II Ja\SWUIe PY UOUWIWIOD | SNJAIIAI SNJAIAD 
(REI wT Jaysuiepy A215) SNLOJDASIU SNINJAI1AD, 
ao wy sisuaupjoyts sAumouolyjay) 
A wT | u4aqgoa sAuouoly) 
A aa wT a]0A MOUS sypaiu sduwouo1y) 
A wat pns sduouory) 
aad snoiup24dy snuapodpy 
qz wo sngiid sAMOIP 

asnoyy 
A WAT | YON uayINOS SUTIQNS DISIOIS 
ad papdpuopnasd pjsiais 
etal DILAOYIN]Y DISII1G 
7 aes ad | DaIBaqzdy DISIIIS 
IT+1A Na DJDpNvd VISIIIS 

asnoy] 
xX wT | ug WOON puljnjag DISIIIS 
A WO OTWa tf@) DIIUAULAD DISIJIS 
[ wea 14aujday snjosuidjps 
Rial dolpu DsDvIID]] V 
wy poypaydna Dsvjov]] F 
A WAT Joavag ueiseing dagyf 40jSD) 
IV NA YLISNOg payjods snaysns snjiydousads: 
wat dolou snjiydousads 
A IV NA Yl[snog uvadoing snyjaqia snjiydowsads: 
A wy Jauinbs pay SLIDS]NA SNANIIG 
A wat Jauinbs ueisiag snjououn snaniag 

Jauinbs 
yyy | surdyy uvissny SUDJOA SAUOLA] [ 
ova jouueyy auidyy DIJOWADU DIOWADY 
PIT yngog DIOWADy 
Il BlVv NA adojajuy estes DI110]D] DES 

(payejouue JI 
poyoays)uolsay Sunsi| BLOW | AlosaeD 

ouresyf) | Aoyiny | eissmy | eruewoy | e1ss09yH | euesing vag yorlq | saisads = SqLIO} SIWO Noni Noni dWeU UOLULOD, SWRU IIJUIIOS 


A A A L A A A I II L740) NA ajseq jeluadwy povyjay vjynby 
is A A A A A I ll L74) Na ajseq payods péunja pjinby 
A A A A ll Il al wea anyINA yorlgq snyopuou snid@ap 
- A xX Id Ne) yonpjays paysag, DIDIS14I DULOPD J 
x xX IV NA Japiq pajavjaadg 1ayasyf viuawiuos 
A xX II vIV NA JOPIA S,491193S apjars piousdjod 
A A A A A II I 9TV NA | APN P2IPwIy-IIyAA pjoydazoanay vindxo | 
x x B7+10 NA | d9suBs1ayQ asauryD snjouonbs snésayy 
- A A x i= Il IZV NA yong paqiey SLSOLNSNSUD DYAUOIDULID JY 
A A A A A II IL|_.P97+Ta “PIZV., NA |_ 98005) prjsea.ig-pay syjooyfns pjupsg 
A A A A A A il I pIelV NA | Psvysod pada-aj14 AA poosdu ann 
A x ID BTV. NA psvyrod S 198g qiang vAyiay 
[e 38005) payuoay 
A A A A A I PIelV A | -93TU AA A9Sso'T sndosyjdsa sasuy 
| x sail P9Z7+PITV NA 98005) UBMS saplousda sasup 
A i xX II ud ‘APETV, NA [89,1 [e4!Bg psousof soup 
A > wea yonq ulsepueryy pIojNI1AajD3 X1p 
= siqi 
L =e Se) x = ul ‘QZ. WO | psa, asoueder uoddiu viuoddiyy 
xa (yaa) wo SIq] IWA3aFT Dynuasa snayuosay 
YA0}S 
A xX i) N@ | ty AA asoueder punizdog 110915 
a ile =I X wT WHI S$, YOUDTYOS snuyjayana Snyodiqoxy 
u01d{ 
A x B7+HID DA | -U3IN asouvder 18pS108 sniyovsi0H 
A ll xX I fe) Na joisq asouryD sajoydojna vyassq 
| A inte A A xl WAT quesoUUoD AWwshg SNIUBAA XDIOIOAIDIDY 
A xX XA | juRIOWI0D s,sEled snjoppiaidsiad xpsoz019 004g 
A 
A 
A 


A A A A I I +d) NA UvIIP UBNEW LEG sndsiso snuvzajag 
te x I I 19 Na] sso.yeqry $,121199S snsjoqyv vapowoig 
Spllgq 
le uPZ) ‘PTV. NA eyld addayg pyjisnd nuojoyrO 
ouidnol0g 
i Ill W/YT | PalssiD uRdLy YON DIDISIAD X1dJSAP] 


> [> 


asnouuog 184 


sy3 snxodpy 


msl 


asnow.iog 
pajiej-asnoy,] 


19v04 smunuodpy 


SNIADUD]] AAD SNUIpADISNy 


snuisanb shuoy zy 


asnowwog [aze 
asnouliog uspies 


snanupjau SMuony 


pinpajiu sAwmoduq. 


td NA 
wraT 
ITV NA 
wad 

wy T 9SNOULIOG 4S910,] 


Pe bel bell poll all ad 
Teal 
> 
> 
a 
> 


WAT dasiun] sduokiq 
Le A za NA smujoyjydosonu xvjodg 
A A ca NA IVY I/O 4SsaT uopoona] xnjods 
as A za DA[ yey aon 1938015 Snoanss xvjods 
A w7+TE OTV. NA snajuvsis xvjvds 
=i (payejouue JI a 
poayoays)uolsay Suljsi| BLOW | A1osae9 
auresy | Aayiny | eissmy | eruewoy |} e1d1095 | euesing Bag sot saiads Sq IO. | SWO Noni Noni aweU UOWLOD QWeU O1FWUIIOS 


oI 


(= aI 
Suyung | 

x R741 payaeq-snoyny nysmoyunl v21aquq 
A | wey sunung snoaiaulg DaIDAIUID DZLaQuy 
x 87+ NA | Jeyaysng s,uosspoyy SIUSISUI DIOIIXDS 
xX (== a a []iqoued pao lapnay SiudoxopDAD 
A I WV NA 4ajque AA Wenby pjooipnyod snjvydaz019p 
WAT SUIMXE AA asoueder poiuodpl pyiodquog 
II L745 (0) Na | IMO-USIA S,UO}sIyeg quojs1ypjq vdnjay 
I ite) NA J9fIAIN A pasa) auinsnznune snydupsoquyuds 
wey JOJOUN] parqueyy snjosousipnu snydunadyooag 
xa yNy }BIIH siuuadul vay 

oye MIT 
A x Rly NA possa|-pay SIMJSOLIABLG DSS1Y 
(7 A x I I wT IND 19119y SNJI1J Ad SNADT 
A A I PIT 11ND s,urnopny MUINOpND SNAoT 
A 1 x I Id Na} ¥uevysusa15 payjodg safins vsuisy 

MapIND 
A A A I I 14) t: (8) PoTl!q-419pua|sS S1IISOSINUD] SNIUAUTINT 
Xx wat MaYND wayseq ey SISUALADISDSDPDU SNIUIUNA 
A wT JayoUMOG oNeISy sniouyjpdiuas snuo1pouunT 
A A A A II wet adiug yap pipau ospuryj0H 
A x q7+10 NA | 4adidpues [j1quoodg snausdd snysudysouding 
A Il| .®Z+10 9¥Lv., Na AIAO[d 3[GBII0g Snlivdais snjjauv 4 
A xX wT JOAO|d Pal [tq-3u0T] snpionjd sniappaoy 

gjoouneld ioe 

A A A I pasuim-yoer|q IUUDUIPAOU DJOAAD] OY 
A A xo A xa Il preisng ani] xD4Ja] XDA} 
A A A xo Il I ITV pavjsng jeai5 Dps0}] SUQ 
A I I piejsng ereqnoy, ppjnpun syopAun]y > 
. A Xx WAT OYPID patjaq-pueg ujjnydod puvz10g 
A A A A A A le II WIV NA IyBID U1OD Xadd XALD 
A 87+ 1A [ey MOPPIA UBISY snyisinbxa sdoniusnjoD 
A I =| if) NA | auesD padeu-aiy Ay odia snip 
A I PIT auelD papooyH DYIDUOU SNAD) 
A I I PIT7V Na aueig MOUS snuviasoona] snip 
SIE A I I B7+ID AA| auetd uBLNyouEA sisuauodnl sni 

| asnoiy 
A A Ke wT | Yori ueiseones IZIIMAISOYO]U ODAJA]. 
A X wT 9SNOIH uRLaqIS siuuadizjn{ sndpsp.puaq. 
A A A A A II I a98TV NA [9-489M 198s] juupuinou OojDy 
4 A A Xx A I Il IAT oy Pea SNAPIUCSTALUN, 
A Il I q7+19 NA I[BVA-VIC §,19]19}S snaispjad snjaan0 Hy 

ajseq 
A x II II qt+I9 NA | “UST pople}-purg snyddsoona] snjaavyo 
A A A A A A X I I WAT ayseq vag Aap) p1]191q/0 snjaavyDH 
Ie A A A XK AK II II wyT Jo1UeH 3d SNANOAIDU SNIALD 

[= on (payejouue JI 
poyxsayo)uoIsay surst] PLOW | Alosayea 

aulesy | Aoyiny | eissny | eluewoy | e1s0aH | euesing vas yoerig | saisads = SqIO| SWO NONI Noni aWeU UOWILOD, aueU OIZWUIINS 


Lil 


SNIIBOAGOP SNAN}LAT 


MaN AeA 


SNDISIAD SNANIIAT 


apoz+ia 


AQpuBUE[ES UBIDAT 


1yonvajs snB.1aanany 
SNIDIOAI SNBABANAN, 
MDYISH] Djjaisuayayy 


Japuewueyes 
ueiseone) 


wrt 


ud “PE+HO7+T A 


non 


pDo2IspInvI pjja1. SUa]AI 
POY DUDY 


jooyapeds uowwo0) 
SOL] 991], 
YT | uowWwoy ueadomq 


peol 
Pon | paitaq-asty_ueadoing 


snosn{f sajpqo]ad 


padogap DIA] 


pDUIquiog DuIqUog 


suviqiydury 


[imal ieal 
> 
> 


A 
ata ee Biesing 


(payejouue JI 
payooys)uolsay 
Rag yoRIA 


apany 
L740) WO | IPYSIOS UBILyy 
pany 
ITHIVLV Nd | 1PYsyos sayvsydng 
I P7V AA ISIOUO], PI0}-IN0] 
I weaT|  asioyo] suuRWa}H 
Ul PITV NA 9S10}.10 J, YSIAOOJAL 
WAIT | Wun] puog ueadoing 
I Paeiv Na apany uwaa15 
1 Pariv Na peaysass0'_7 
ulO 97+18 

Il ‘PT+PIV.. Na AIdIA S,19UBB AA 
I ITZHITV Na dadiA MOpeay] 
ova Jodi, ueuouy 

ul 487). fe) 
P27+PITV Na dadiA ueiseone) 

L74a £0) NA 

qw) te) 
u®Z) 87+T Es WO | sodi, svsing juno 
u®ZO 97+1 8 Na Jada uleyUNO|A| 
ayeug 
ul ‘PIV. DA | 493BAA Papway-asieT 
dad ayeus predoaT 

L740) Na 

es ea 
ld Surpieas 


Sunst| 


saisads SALI 


paysayo-jnuysoyo, 


IIEQssorD Ysm09g 


sinsuniy] xAuols 


snayvaydna snjafoy 
upjayssoy opnjsay 
1MUUDULAaY OPNISa] 
D2av48 Opnisa [ 
SLUDINIIGAO SAULT 
sppdu piuojayD) 
Dyjasv2 Dav 


Mauspm vsadi4 
uuisin p4iadi4 

lappb4 Daadi{ 
payuod viadi, 
1oypu2vy vsadl 4 
iyjuup viadiA 
nysaasop vsadi, 
pa1ysppsvejng vsadi,4 
puoziq]p vsadi A 


pjoydazojvsau X140N] 
pinyis aydojyq 
UINLOYIDII DILAIVT 
DUIG]D Dj4dIDT 


satndoy 


sisuaddijiyd snuanjs 
DINOS DIXOT 


sunung 
WATT paduins-o14y9Q 


RAW | AlosaeD 


OueU UOUWILUOD) 


sisuaossad Dzaquy 


DUIBU OIZIJUIIOS 


8I1 


| WT Jaqueg snging snqing 
aa dsy snidsp snidsy 
tact yay2oy snuangiy 
arty] nA | yeayg uelyery Snpiqo snuang] 
apcv| na | 1B1jeq 20405 Ippo snuang]y 
aq SnLupupaul snjijn4oyjuvo py 
aa | SLUJUAALAYINI Djjauoadny) 
atar npiqo pjjauoadnyD 
fatal poyuod psojpy 
aa | po1joapu DSO] y 
ad peys Weary xnj[0f Dsojy 
dad Peus SHIV DSO|D DSOIV 
Il PZ7V Na u0aBINj}S jURID osny osny] 
P7+IPIVTV fe) esnpg osny osnyy 
II PTV Na U0IB1N}S JUBI osny osny] 
PZ+9pIVTV Na esney snaiinvp OsnH 
PTV Ne) u0as.injs In/eg o1snjs sasuadioy 
PTV Na U0IB.1N}JS 18} snjojjajs sasuadioy 
PZ+9PIVTV NA U0IBIN}S 3}E[[IS Snjvjjajs sasuadiay 
PTV Na U0IB1N}JS 18}S Snjojjajs sasuadiap 
PZ+PIVITV Na uoas.injg nWy 1yauasyas Jasuadiap 
PZHITV NA 32]4193 snuayjns sasuadioy 
PITV NA 32]4123 snuayins sasuadioy 
PZHITV NA 39]193 snuayjns sasuadioy 
wIV Na U093.1N}S UBISIIG snaissad sasuadiap 
PTV Na U09B.1N}S UBISIIG snaissad sasuadipy 
WIV Na U0Id.1N}S ULISIIgG snaissad sasuadiopy 
PZ+9pIVLV Na uoas.injs diys siguaaipnu sasuadiop 
PZ+9PIVTV Na uoas.injs diys Siuadipnu sasuadiop 
PZ+9PIV TV Na uoas.injsg diys Siuadipnu sasuadiop | 
ie) Na u0ad.injg UlpeyxeS loppynu sasuadiay 
(930u 32s) p7V Na u0dd1NjJS UBISSNYy x pavjsuapns sasuadiopy 
aprely Na u0d3.1N}g UBISSNy Ypavjsuapjans sasuadiapy 
PTV Na u093.1NjS UBISSNYy Ypavjsuapjans sasuadiapy 
aporrtTy Na u093.1Njg uBISsNy Ypavjsuapjans sasuadiapy 
PTV NA U0IBANJS URLIIGIS isang sasuadioy 
wat Aaiduie] yoolg taaunjd pajadunT 
wey Aoiduie’T JOAry syupiany, pajadunT 
HDAWALAONILOV -UStd 
A A wy} Aoidue’y s,aoyApeyA 1aoyApoja uozAWMojUuOpNy 
Aoidure] 
A A A A A A dq | yoou1g ueluesly() aplipu UuozAUMojUuOpny 
Aaiduie] 
XA A A wT | Yoo ueiujedies Ipaofupp uozdumojuopngy 
IHdYONOCIdSVTVHddO 
-4sl 
(payejouur I 
payxoays)uoisay sunst| Bugg | A1osaqeD 
auresyy) | Aayiny | eissmy | eruewoy | eisi0ay | eueding Bag yorlq | saiseds = SALIO} SWO Noni Noni awieu UOWUWOD DWI SIZUIIDS 


6lIl 


A a2 (etal = 1BIMSSOY SN}LaYIDUAUIIANT 
A : =] cd NA SisuanssAimyas} snpiayovuany 
A =r dad Ipua] snjlayopuan 
A aE (aa! aDdOsUuD SNJlayODUAN’ 
A ad zisind pinjoquvg 
XA [es == aa 1428aanqg al 
XA A aa Upupdg vjnjoqang 
A A A 7 A fatal YyoroyT apispjoH DJDAND viMalunqny 
A A A A wy ysysayea yy SYISSOf SILANSSIP 
Xx A nse aa yoroT u eiuewioy DOIUDUOA aa 
[= A A ad pjidspsau sij1go) 
A Al A daa yoro7T ueyeg DIDsUo]a $1]190) 
. A =I dda 1aljeg Zeg HID]Y snyJDUsOIAT 
A ra(al IDZ}IAOIDA SNIUIPADIS 
A A A all aa yoroy oqnueq sn3id snjyny 
Al At A A = A A ad yoroy Bag yorlg | ust snjuny 
A A A A inal Fitirestits| snaaldas snapoyy 
A qa snapidl snuixoydopnasq 


snanugdad snuixoyd 


18adaz SN] aUlxoy 


1YISANpUDY Sn]jauIxoyd 


aad Mou] dems 
MIplisa snjjauixoyd 


IV. 
ad 
IV Na Ideq BUX SNIyOJoUD snjjauixoyd 


aa 28217 | SNyo.yjNI sndajaq 


Ex 


ada | sapiojoydas snosionaT 


ata qny9 b9g yorIg snoiuayjsdiog snosionaT 


a1V b fe) BES! To) 
a wo Isyvq BEA 
SNSSDAD SN]JQUIXOY J 


snapldi snidsponaT 


A 

A 

n xe | ae n A 
in 

Xx 

A 


as: 
sear _ Al K A al: 
=e: 
a 


ZV NA lugziysy ué1ys syddoosasipv7 
| = ial youay DjaodpIomUpAs Way] 
A A A — aa uoaspny aqnueq sndoosounan 01905) 
A “NE. A A aval UOdSPND S,1a|ssoy 1lajssay 01905) 
A td NA Isvdey 219q wunsonnay 01905 | 
Fs uoaspny 
A all Jl pouuly-ay1y snypuuldiqip 01905) 


A died uoww0d PIM oidupo snutadt) 
| J 7V divd uowwod prAA o1diva snuisdd 
A Ee ZV Mpoomujoy DUojsospuoyD 

A Isle 1eyoylouy 141d] Snuangjpoj0Y49, 


yeaiq aqnueq saplozjpyo snuing]ooj0Y4D 
die 5 ueronig SNISSDIDI SNISSDADD 


Isljegq ZelIS injsad pjaodp) 


sisuadjpjup pjaodp) 


A 

A 

ae 

A 

as Joqueg uelyey] snfaqajd snquvg 
A 


jaqieg uBoueayIpay| S1DUOIPldau snqdDg 
(payejouue JI 


A 
A 
A 
A 
A A sidajojaao snqung | 
poxoay9)uoIsayy SuNsI| BLOW | Alosayea 
auresyy) | Adyiny | eissny | BlueWOY |} e1dI095 | eesing Rag Yoel | saioads = SALIO.| SIO Noni aweu UOWLOD sueU OIJUAINS 


0cl 


A syypianyf sniqoz0an 

x snpydaz0yanajng sniqososayy 

7x raunn.g sapiopiydoyjuag 

A 997+99 TV [P3uIZ jasurz jasuiz 

A 997+99TV 4992.5 dagaas Jaduiz 

A dad JopuezZ esjoA, SISUAB]OA UOIpa|sOZ|y 

A ad UINULADUL UOIpaIsOZS 
9 PIQET+TA 

A 997+99BTV,, ie) aaidsy DjOIUDS]DA SAYJYIIUDUOY 

A A td NA Sfopnuap ouysvrdag 

SSSsa A A aoVlV NA 49ZJIV1AYIS da2javayas snjoydazouudy 

A x dd ayny suojeg 1uojpqg snjpydazouudy) 

A A ad pul4aop snppydazouuAy 

A aT uidjnog woyinoy siudoaaponb snppydasoxoApy 

A A A A A ——A] ada Snypauljo4siu SNYJDUBUAG 

A 4ajspgp snyjpUsUuds 

A YSIJIT[ES SS2T2TB9S snjouonbsp skyjyoi3imssoy 

A poqz7+1a Sualpasssuvs] sniunydy 

A aqzt+ia| ow | snupdains sniupydy 
9997+ 

A WIV, wo suapuajds sniuvydy 

dieoyoo], 

A dq | ueadoing yynos snypiospf sniupydp 

A [AT Steg yrouezestjsiq raajupyo sniupydy 

A Na snoinping sniupydy 
uP9QUT+TA 

‘7Viu Na | seg youezesiysiq apyojouv sniuvydy 

aad 14akOg DULLaYI 

aT suljAein snypoudy) snjpoudy | 


sdysyiona] snpouals 


NA 


Mopidojaas smudyjaajvs 


qe7+18 NW) qed FIV snpoydaadind mes 
| 947+ 

A ‘aprqzV., Na uowyes aqnueg oyony oyony 
| | aa ysyary a wonog uolyospid snuosa10>) 
| | qa Ysijayiy A WoyON pajad snuosa410.) 
| | fatal sunnoy snyoul4dxo SNUOZAIO 

Ysyouy A 
wo0g ase] SNSDU SNUOZ2d0 
JOIBART SNJAADAD] Snuo3za40,.) 
A yunog snuosas0) 
ue][Od sijpuunjnvd snuosa410) 
| Ysty yA pjnqjp snuosas0) 
| | }JOWIS snuvjtada sn4ausc 

MOUUIW 
A A -pny uvadoing MauDsy DIGQU) 

(payejouur JI 
poayoays)uolsay sunsl| Rua | Aiosaqe9 

auresyy) | Aon | eissmy | eiuewoy | eidsi0aH | eiesing rag yori | saisads = SALIO | SIO. NONI Noni aluieu UOWIOD AU SIJUDIOS 


Icl 


Smuiidasiu snsiadjog 
sigad $1da]018sv]q 


naspipios 
Snuaxosausdy 


SNIMIGIS SNUAXOINULO] 
SISUAJDAN DIIULAO +] 


Juy poo Pry pfna vo1u4o 4 | 
Uy supaasiu/sisuajpad 
poom poy ueodoing DOMMAO +] 
wy 
Poon pray ueadoing Duajodjod DI1ULd0 J 


SLUQNSN] DINO +f 


pluojinbp pono 


ITV 


apap) musAuidy 
qunysppios pusduidy 
sno1inv} snuaxodajpy 


aaog JWI 


qz+14 


dVT+ 1A 


u®7+18 OTV un 


qc+Ta 


ITV 


Dinuasa DUuLJapouseE 
snomuaf snjunyy 


u10913U0'T BI]ESOY 


u10913U0'T XAquIe.139< 
ayjaag punoly ong 


ITV 
o1V NA 
ITH TV NA 
wT 
ITV. NA 
9PIT+1 A NA 
poqe+99d7H NA 
cd 
td 
= 
ca 
9P9d7+1 A 
9P9d7T+1 A 
9IZ7+9IVTV NA 


<a 


AIBIf1I.1jSPlOH 


ysiyAe1 21G0N 


snjvauipig snsapoydvsny 
smuissyv] snosydq 
sypaddj2 snqvépy 


snuiaqouur sn{nan> 
puidjp vypsoy 
Snasaun{ smurop 
opsaa XAquivsaD 
SNJDI1]UI snqpdvd-) 
suapuajds sysasdng 
smujpyjydouv 
S11090]804 

SNODISD SNIDISY 
sisuajpying vanyosidy 
lamaojdauuny 
snuojdpipiuayy 
snoyoyosnupy 
smuojdoipoja.1p 
snoiinping 
smuojdoipoja1p 
SNITYIDIDA SNdsDYdINE 
laqn4y snsivydiny 
sniinjunjd sapauojoq 
$9}¥.1Q9}19AU] 
snjpydazoido 
AOSSAS1AI]SOZ 

upulsds snigosoan 


snwuojsounjau sniqgosoan’ 
1dajssay Snigoz0aN 
snjeyooajouuds 
sniqos0an 


CCl 


PT+14 NA punjuow pusipodojuopo 

eee RRR D2 TT er NA Duadl DjJAWUDLIY 

a aac NA snonajoson snddisoy) 

Seren | ER eran [eee eT A S1JDPNDD DIUYA4OONAT 

1 A SUOAfIGID DIUIYALOINAT 

pyoyjodoasnf 

9T+14 NA A snuayjdyooig 

eee ee oa | Anal XK qo)Sunfjiay aun pyjioao snyduoso1ydo 

fea uoposo0u 

IT+1 Na A snyduosoyaduoQ 

SIJTUAISSD 

IT+14 NA A snydwosoyoducQ 

IT+10 NA A appudzu sajsvdajnpsoy 

ZV NA A Ayjaswmeq usayynos | — ayvianosau uorssvua0D 

_= a7V Nd [Af __ ponysds x4a}d0}0) 

wT 7 eee ee | siplata DUYysay 

cto ator | reatasod smaciasoag 

eared ad sapydoddiy saj¢y 

aN jo/3ury uajapng poijapns piqadq 

aN jo[sury Asseig uRWwONO DUDUO}JO DIGaLT 

A Xx wea jo|sury asjey snddipao nyduduouao,) 
A A A A Il IPITV NA Ayaaying ojjody ojjodp snisspusvg 
A A WAT stupuiyjodp uoyo4p 

A qa Are ][ 4] 99189 | puanjou spcipodapy 

A A wat ang ase] 2019 | sniaja] DaUIjNoDy 
A A A waT anjg asuey Aysnq | snoyjIsnpu DauljnoDy 
A wea an|q asie'T 19}8a1H) Sapluolip paUuljnovpy 

A A A A wT an|gq odie] UOLID DAUI]NIDY 
XA A A A wat an[q ase] uosTy uog]D Dauljnonyy 
A A A A wT jaddog adie] dpdsip puavoaT 
A A a1V NA Wo yaddeT jews pyofioyy musapoy aud 
x aad XDIDI AdJSVBO1UT 

XA A A A aN Jaddryg parey[assa |, win] assa] SNJYIAAS 
A A aN Jaddiyg asourds UNpJadgtAd SNYYIAAS 
| A 7a NA ai 1ys2nd SnyjousojAsuois 
Mapuiquas 

ral NA snyjouso/Asuoys 

Ja]}1stoy 

A za snyjousojAsuoys 
iafompsvy 

A wa NA snyjwusojAsuoys 
1ydojsisyao 

A 7d NA snyjousojAsuoys 

dafyayo 

A cd NA | snyjousojAsuoys 

i upjouip 
=| A cd DA | snyjwusojAsuoys 
univonusofoid 

A 7a NA | xaudnuossoy 


€Cl 


‘PTV PLAID oy} YM (NA) palosuepug si satoads sty} 
0} pousisse Vary} JO AJOSO}wO [[LIOAO dy], “AO¥IN] pure LIILS|Ng JO} UdyRLOPUN JOM SJUDLUISSasse YOO}s [ENPIAIPUI OU (14panjsuapjans iasuadiop) UOISINAS URISSNY OY) JO] 4x 


SsoX =A ‘ON =X :3]0N 


A A A| A | | PIT [leug s,uljnoyy soq DUDISUI]NOU O81424 
[reus 
A PIT Bea HOuM payynow-punoy usauas 0381}124 
[reus 
im A ESky OYA patynow-MoueN AONSNBUD 081140 
ie a een dq | == eae os eel sysuatuua PIUO]/OA 
Jee A |. eS ee suanu ndooi}420.) 
[war] KL *d_so20 sanding 
Af ia 2 ee eee advo D103 
aa DUOJSOYJ4O DIJO] f 
A A ad [leus snounn|5 psoulny]s spxdjy 
A SI/DSAaASUDA] SNXOPOAY [ 


pyounjduoo 
pjuopouppnasq 


pdafijlaDsADu 
Jassnyy] [Weaq JayeMYSOLJ DsafiplADSADY 
yoaoT [BUlolpayy SIDUIDIpau OPNALET 


9T+99 LV Na 


BS 
a ea 


ie 
2Z 
— 
1 el 


I 


yD 
As0jUprid opad vsvg 


PqT+Ta f 


— 


[a+ za | MA aa | Jajjiasas snjouozUug 

Ea ES Eee) ipayBowop vsardounoy 

LSet 20 ae ale Sa puny vdydosy 

snomupayAssuvs} 

(eat SS eae OAS ae a DoyDUDG DIYSAOGnZ 

| peta Asis sina saposspoqouars 

A aN sisdousipog 


6. ENDANGERED PLANT SPECIES OF BLACK SEA STATES 


It has not been possible, within the resources assigned to this project, to sort the plant data by region. 
Therefore the lists in Annex | and 2 are endangered plants from the six Black Sea nations but their habitat 
ranges do not necessarily occur along the Black Sea Coast. This will be most serious for Russia — some of 
the more obvious species (e.g. those in Siberia) have been removed but it was not possible to devote 
additional time to sorting the data more thoroughiy. This would have to be carefully co-ordinated with 
regional taxonomic experts and would take between 10 and 15 days. 


6.1 Globally threatened plants endemic to single countries bordering the Black Sea 


A list of globally threatened plants endemic to single countries bordering the Black Sea is given in Annex | 
at the back of this report. 


6.2 Status of globally threatened plants occurring in five countries bordering the Black Sea 
Table 3 


Country Ex Ex/E E Vv R I Total 
Bulgaria 0 1 1 14 44 3 63 
Georgia 0 0 0 0 0 12 12 
Russia 6 ] 17 26 157 51 258 
Turkey 10 l 47 168 1667 54 1947 
Ukraine 0 l 7 1] 2 13 24 
Total (1) 16 4 72 209 1870 133 2304 


Data are given for the original IUCN threat categories: 


Ex = Extinct 

Ex/E = Extinct/endangered (suspected to be extinct) 

E = Endangered 

V = Vulnerable 

R= Rare 

I = Indeterminate (belonging to one of the classes above, but insufficient detail to determine which one) 


Notes on the data 
Data for Russia are limited. Some records have been resolved to areas local to the Black Sea, i.e. North 
Caucasus, but many records relate to former USSR or "former European USSR". Records clearly relating to 


areas of Russia away from the Black Sea have been omitted. High numbers of threatened plants for Turkey 
reflect the enormous importance of this country as a Centre of Plant Diversity. 


6.3 Globally threatened plants occurring in more than one country bordering the Black Sea 


A list of globally threatened plants endemic occurring in more than one country bordering the Black Sea is 
given in Annex 2 at the back of this report. 


124 


7. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND AGREEMENTS 
COVERING THE BLACK SEA COAST 


STRATEGIC ACTION PLAN FOR THE REHABILITATION AND PROTECTION OF 
THE BLACK SEA 


Desiring to rehabilitate and protect the Black Sea the Governments of: 


Bulgaria 

Georgia 

Romania 

the Russian Federation 
Turkey and 

Ukraine 


Reaffirming their commitment to the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea ecosystem and the 
sustainable development of its resources as expressed, in particular, in the Bucharest Convention and the 
Odesa Declaration; Continuing in the spirit of the United Nations Declaration on Environment and 
Development (Rio Declaration) and Agenda 21; Appreciating the progress that has been made towards 
attaining sustainable development in the Black Sea region through, amongst other things, the actions taken 
within the Black Sea Environmental Programme (BSEP) in support of the implementation of the Bucharest 
Convention and the Odesa Declaration; Welcoming the international initiatives undertaken to rehabilitate 
and protect the waters of the rivers flowing into the Black Sea, in particular, the Danube, Dnipro (Dnieper) 
and Don; Welcoming also, the national initiatives taken to ratify or accede to international conventions 
relevant to attaining the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea ; Noting the work undertaken towards 
the adoption of the Convention for Fisheries and Conservation of Living Resources of the Black Sea; 
Conscious of the importance of the initiatives taken by non-governmental organisations towards attaining 
the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea; Nevertheless remain concerned about the state of the 
Black Sea ecosystem and the limited recovery of its resources; Convinced of the pressing need to take 
further concrete actions, individually and collectively, at national and regional levels in order to ensure the 
rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea ecosystem and the sustainable use of its resources; Recalling 
that the preparation of a strategic action plan was called for in Resolution 3, adopted at the Diplomatic 
Conference on the Protection of the Black Sea, Bucharest, April 21-22, 1992 and in the Final Act of the 
Ministerial Meeting on the Declaration on the Protection of the Black Sea, Odesa, April 6-7,1993; Decide to 
agree on the following principles, policies and actions: 


I. The Challenge: The State of the Black Sea Environment 


The state of the Black Sea environment continues to be a matter of concern due to the ongoing degradation 
of its ecosystem and the unsustainable use of its natural resources. The Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis 
(TDA), which is a technical annex to this Strategic Action Plan, leads to the following conclusions. 


Me The Black Sea ecosystem continues to be threatened by inputs of certain pollutants, notably 
nutrients. Nutrients enter the Black Sea from land based sources, and in particular through rivers. 
The Danube river accounts for well over half of the nutrient input to the Black Sea. Eutrophication 
is a phenomenon which occurs over wide areas of the Black Sea and should be of concern to the 
countries of the Black Sea basin. 


Il. Inputs of insufficiently treated sewage result in the presence of microbiological contaminants, which 


constitute a threat to public health and in some cases pose a barrier to the development of 
sustainable tourism and aquaculture. 


125 


Ill. 


IV. 


VI. 


VI. 


In addition, inputs of other harmful substances, and especially oil, continue to threaten the Black 
Sea ecosystem. Oil enters the environment as a result of accidental and operational discharges from 
vessels, as well as through land based sources. Almost half of the inputs of oil from land based 
activities are brought to the Black Sea via the Danube river. 


Moreover, the past introduction of exotic species, through the deballasting of vessels, has seriously 
damaged the Black Sea ecosystem and constitutes a threat to the adjacent Mediterranean and 
Caspian Seas. 


Inadequate resources management and, in particular, inadequate policies with respect to fisheries 
and coastal zone management continue to impede the sustainable development of the Black Sea 
region. Most fish stocks in the Black Sea, already stressed as a consequence of pollution, have been 
over exploited or are threatened by over exploitation; many coastal areas have deteriorated as a 
result of erosion and uncontrolled urban and industrial development, including the resultant 
construction activities. Consequently, there is a serious risk of losing valuable habitats and 
landscape and ultimately, the biological diversity and productivity of the Black Sea ecosystem. 


The above considerations led to suggestions that the process of degradation of the Black Sea is 
irreversible. However, environmental monitoring, conducted over the past 4-5 years, reflects 
perceptible and continued improvements in the state of, some localised components of the Black Sea 
ecosystem. These improvements appear to be the indirect result of reduced economic activity in the 
region, and to a certain degree of protective measures taken by governments. The challenge which 
the region now faces is to secure a healthy Black Sea environment at a time when economic 
recovery and further development are also being pursued. 


This Strategic Action Plan is a step in the process towards attaining sustainable development in the 
Black Sea region. Its overall aims are to enable the population of the Black Sea region to enjoy a 
healthy living environment in both urban and rural areas, and to attain a biologically diverse Black 
Sea ecosystem with viable natural populations of higher organisms, including marine mammals and 
sturgeons, and which will support livelihoods based on sustainable activities such as fishing, 
aquaculture and tourism in all Black Sea countries. 


The Basis for Co-operative Action Principles 


I. 


Il. 


Ill. 


IV. 


The concept of sustainable development shall be applied, by virtue of which the carrying capacity of 
the Black Sea ecosystem is not exceeded nor the interests of future generations prejudiced. 


The precautionary principle shall be applied, by virtue of which preventative measures are to be 
taken when there are reasonable grounds for concern that an activity may increase the risk of 
presenting hazards to human health, harm living resources and marine ecosystems, damage 
amenities or interfere with other legitimate uses of the sea, even when there is no conclusive 
evidence of a causal relationship between the activity and the effects and by virtue of which greater 
caution is required when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate. 


Anticipatory actions, such as contingency planning, environmental impact assessment and strategic 
environmental assessment (involving the assessment of the environmental consequences of 
governmental policies, programmes and plans), shall be taken. 


The use of clean technologies shall be stimulated, which require the replacement or phasing-out of 
high waste and waste generating technologies that remain in use. 


The use of economic instruments that foster sustainable development shall be promoted through, 
amongst other things, the implementation of economic incentives for introducing environmentally 
friendly technologies and activities; the phasing-out of subsidies which encourage the continuation 
of non-environmentally friendly technologies and activities; the introduction of user fees and the 
polluter pays principle; as well as the application of natural resources and environmental accounting. 


126 


VI. 


VI. 


VU. 


IX. 


XI. 


XI. 


XII. 


XIV. 


XV. 


XVI. 


XVII. 


Environmental and health considerations shall be included into all relevant policies and sectoral 
plans, such as those concerning tourism, urban planning, agriculture, industrial development, 
fisheries and aquaculture. 


Pending the resolution of ocean boundary matters in the region, close co-operation among Black Sea 
coastal states, in adopting interim arrangements which facilitate the rehabilitation of and protection 
of the Black Sea ecosystem and the sustainable management of its resources shall be pursued. 


Co-operation among all Black Sea basin states, and, in particular, between the Black Sea coastal 
states and the states of the Danube river basin, shall be promoted. 


The involvement of stakeholders in the implementation of this Strategic Action Plan, through, 
amongst other things, the determination of user and property rights shall be promoted. 


Transparency and public participation, shall be fostered through the wide dissemination of 
information on the work undertaken to rehabilitate and protect the Black Sea and through the 
recognition and the exercise of the right of participation of the public, including stakeholders, in the 
decision making and implementation of this Strategic Action Plan. The Istanbul Commission 


In order to implement the actions and policies agreed on, it is imperative that the regional 
mechanisms for co-operation among Black Sea states be strengthened. 


The Istanbul Commission and its subsidiary bodies, including its Secretariat, should be fully 
functioning, in accordance with the Bucharest Convention, by January 1997. In order to achieve 
this, Black Sea states agree to make available the necessary financial and other resources. 


The Istanbul Commission having agreed to implement this Strategic Action Plan at its second 
session, held in Istanbul on September 16-17, 1996, is invited to establish, by November 1997, a 
body to provide support for specific projects and processes related to the implementation of this 
Strategic Action Plan. 


It is recommended that, by January 1997, the Istanbul Commission establish, on the basis of the 
current structure of BSEP Working Parties, subsidiary bodies which can assist it in the 
implementation of the Strategic Action Plan. 


It is recommended that the Istanbul Commission initially establish the following Advisory Groups 
as its subsidiary bodies, the description and general terms of reference of which are given in Annex 
I: A. an Advisory Group on the Environmental and Safety Aspects of Shipping, co-ordinated by the 
Activity Centre in Varna, Bulgaria; B. an Advisory Group on Pollution Monitoring and Assessment, 
co-ordinated by the Activity Centre in Odesa, Ukraine; C. an Advisory Group on Control of 
Pollution from Land Based Sources, co-ordinated by the Activity Centre in Istanbul, Turkey; D. an 
Advisory Group on the Development of Common Methodologies for Integrated Coastal Zone 
Management, co-ordinated by the Activity Centre in Krasnodar, Russia; E. an Advisory Group on 
the Conservation of Biological Diversity, co-ordinated by the Activity Centre in Batumi, Georgia; 
F. an Advisory Group on Fisheries and other Marine Living Resources, co-ordinated by the Activity 
Centre in Constanta, Romania; and G. an Advisory Group on Information and Data Exchange, co- 
ordinated by the Commission Secretariat. 


It is recommended that the Istanbul Commission regularly review the status and functions of the 
Advisory Groups and consider the establishment of ad hoc groups for the purposes of implementing 
this Strategic Action Plan. 


It is recommended that the Istanbul Commission assume the responsibilities from the Black BSEP- 
PCU for the operation and maintenance of the electronic communication system which has been 
established for purposes of facilitating communication between the components of the Black Sea 
institutional network. 


127 


XVIII. In order to strengthen and co-ordinate the work of national and regional research institutions, it is 
recommended that the Istanbul Commission assume the responsibilities from the BSEP-PCU for the 
clearing house mechanism for the exchange of information on bibliography, data sources and 
research programmes. In addition, it is recommended that the Istanbul Commission organise BI- 
annual research conferences on topics related to the goals of this Strategic Action Plan. The first of 
such conferences will be held in June 1998. 


Wider Co-operation 


Black Sea countries shall individually and jointly encourage the following: a) Enhanced co-ordination 
between the regional bodies which contribute towards the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea 
ecosystem and the sustainable development of Black Sea resources, such bodies include the Istanbul 
Commission and its subsidiary bodies, the Black Sea Economic Co-operation (BSEC), the Parliamentary 
Assembly for the Black Sea Economic Co-operation (PABSEC), the future Black Sea Fisheries 
Commission, and the NGO Forum; b) Close co-operation between the regional governmental bodies and the 
NGO Forum through transparency of the negotiating process, widespread availability of information and 
documents, and, where appropriate, open access to meetings; c) Close co-ordination of the activities of 
donors, including multilateral financial institutions, the European Union, bilateral aid agencies and private 
foundations, in their aim to secure funding for projects and policies identified in this Strategic Action Plan 
and to be further developed in the National Black Sea Strategic Action Plans. d) Close co-operation with 
relevant international organisations, including UN Agencies and _ international non-governmental 
organisations in implementing this Strategic Action Plan. 


International agreements relevant to the aims and objectives of this Strategic Action Plan should be 
implemented by each Black Sea state and, where this is appropriate and has not yet been done, it is 
recommended that Black Sea states consider ratifying or acceding to such agreements. Consideration should 
also be given to implementing other relevant international instruments. 


Policy Actions 

A. Reduction of Pollution 

Land based sources of pollution 
Rivers 


I. A Black Sea Basin Wide Strategy, negotiated with all states located in the Black Sea Basin, should 
be developed to address the eutrophication problem in the Black Sea. The objective of the Strategy 
should be to negotiate a progressive series of stepwise reductions of nutrient loads, until agreed 
Black Sea water quality objectives are met. Such a Basin Wide Strategy may also be required to 
ensure the reduction of inputs of other pollutants into the Black Sea, in particular oil. 


Il. Given that the Danube is the largest single source of nutrient inputs into the Black Sea, it is 
imperative that strategies for the reduction of nutrients be adopted for this river. The provisions in 
the Danube Strategic Action Plan (maintenance of 1995 levels) clearly are insufficient for 
addressing the eutrophication problem in the Black Sea. Airborne pollution 


lf. More attention should be focussed on the issue of airborne pollutants, particularly those that involve 
transboundary movements, as well as appropriate measures for controlling them at source. In initial 
assessment of the magnitude of this problem should be undertaken by 1999. High priority point- 
sources 


IV. A list of high priority sites (hot-spots) for reducing discharges of pollutants has been developed. It 
will provide the basis for the elaboration of national strategies and timetables for realising 
substantial reductions of inputs of pollutants from hot-spots, in accordance with agreed water quality 
objectives. The following procedure has been agreed for the purpose of attaining these reduced 
inputs by 2006. Each Black Sea coastal state, in its National Black Sea Strategic Action Plan, will 


128 


VI. 


VIL. 


specify the strategies and timetables for attaining reduced inputs from the hot-spots located in its 
territory. In those cases where investments (as opposed to policy changes or economic restructuring) 
are required, in order to address specific hot-spots, pre-investment and investment studies will be 
pursued, with donor support where possible. 


National reports on the progress made in addressing the identified hot-spots will be presented to the 
Istanbul Commission and widely disseminated, in 2000 and 2005. It is recommended that the 
Istanbul Commission prepare a consolidated report on this topic in time for the Ministerial meetings 
in 2001 and 2006. This report should include an assessment of the progress made on the strategy for 
each site. If the progress made is found to be insufficient to meet the agreed water quality objectives, 
further steps to reduce inputs will be decided upon at the Ministerial meetings. Regulation of point 
sources 


In addition to the high priority point-sources, comprehensive national studies on the discharges of 
insufficiently treated sewage will be prepared by each Black Sea state by January 2000. It is 
recommended that this activity be co-ordinated by the Istanbul Commission, through its Advisory 
Group on the Control of Pollution from Land-Based sources. These studies should analyse the 
national and regional benefits to public health, the environment and recreation as well as the 
economic costs of installing sewage treatment plants. The studies shall serve as a basis for taking 
decisions and implementing significant reductions of the inputs of insufficiently treated sewage 
from large urban areas by 2006. 


In order to implement the Protocol on Land Based Sources to the Bucharest Convention and with a 
view to the gradual reduction of inputs of pollutants in general and the elimination of discharges of 
persistent pollutants of global significance (POPs) the following actions shall be taken. A. Water 
quality objectives shall be harmonised on the basis of the uses of water (drinking water, bathing 
water, aquaculture, ports etc.). It is advised that the Istanbul Commission, upon the 
recommendations of its Advisory Group on Pollution Monitoring and Assessment, adopt such 
harmonised water quality objectives and where necessary standards by mid-1998. Furthermore, 
these objectives should be subjected to a comprehensive review every five years. B. Procedures 
used for monitoring the actual discharge of effluent at point sources shall be harmonised. It is 
advised that the Istanbul Commission, upon the recommendations of its Advisory Group on the 
Control of Pollution from Land Based Sources, adopt such procedures by mid-1998. C. Each Black 
Sea state shall endeavour to adopt and implement, in accordance with its own legal system, by 
1999, the laws and mechanisms required for regulating discharges from point sources. The basis 
for regulating discharges will be a licensing system, through which the harmonised water quality 
objectives can be applied, and through which effluent charges, based on the polluter pays principle, 
can be levied. D. Each Black Sea state will also endeavour to adopt and implement, in accordance 
with its own legal system, efficient enforcement mechanisms by 1999. E. In order to secure the 
implementation of the actions agreed to in this paragraph, each Black Sea state shall ensure that the 
national agencies responsible for licensing, monitoring and enforcement are adequately staffed and 
that the necessary resources are available to them. Where necessary, training courses at local 
agencies, will be organised. F. Each Black Sea state will consider the introduction of policies in 
which polluters are made to pay for compliance. The application of environmentally friendly 
production processes or other innovative process which reduce inputs of pollutants may also be 
encouraged through economic incentives. 


Vessel source pollution 


II. 


MARPOL 1973/78 shall be more effectively implemented by Black Sea states, especially with a 
view to giving effect to its provisions on Special Areas, by 2002. 


Due to the rapid increase in traffic to Black Sea ports, the capacity of harbour reception facilities 
needs to be enlarged in order to comply with MARPOL Special Area requirements. Harbour 
reception facilities will be installed: for garbage by December 1999; for oil by December 2000; and 
for chemicals by December 2002. The use of these facilities shall be made compulsory. In installing 


129 


lif. 


IV. 


VI. 


harbour reception facilities close co-operation with the private sector will be pursued, the advice of 
the IMO will be requested, and the results of the study conducted by the BSEP and the European 
Union will be taken into account. 


A harmonised system of port state control will be established in the Black Sea region through the 
adoption of a Memorandum of Understanding on Port State Control. It is advised that the Istanbul 
Commission adopt such a Memorandum, upon the recommendations of the Advisory Group on 
Environmental and Safety Aspects of Shipping, by December 1998. 


Black Sea states shall take the necessary steps to enable them to fully exercise their prescriptive and 
enforcement powers, in accordance with international law, in order to pursue the reduction of illegal 
discharges by vessels into the Black Sea. 


A harmonised system of enforcement, including fines, will be developed for the Black Sea region. It 
s advised that the Istanbul Commission, upon the recommendations of the Advisory Group on the 
Environmental and Safety Aspects of Shipping, adopt such a system by December 1998. The 
primary aim of this system will be to serve as a deterrent for illegal discharges and, where necessary, 
to exercise enforcement action against illegal dischargers. 


Black Sea states will present a joint proposal to the IMO, in 1997, for conducting an in-depth study 
on measures to avoid any further introductions of exotic species into the Black Sea through the 
deballasting of vessels. Given the danger of such species migrating to other seas in the region, the 
coastal states of the Caspian and Mediterranean Seas will be consulted. 


Pollution from dumping 


I. 


I. 


lif. 


IV. 


A total ban on the disposal of municipal garbage in marine, shoreline and estuarine areas shall be 
imposed by December 1996. Each Black Sea state shall develop a plan setting out the manner in 
which comprehensive enforcement of the ban will be attained by December 1999. 


Illegal dumping operations in the Black Sea are a matter of concern. Black Sea states, individually 
and jointly, shall take measures to control any dumping activities that may take place. 


Black Sea states, through the Istanbul Commission and in accordance with article 3 of the Protocol 
on Dumping to the Bucharest Convention, shall define concentration levels for trace contaminants in 
dredged spoils, by February 1998. 


Black Sea states shall consider amending the Protocol on Dumping to the Bucharest Convention, in 
accordance with the London Convention 1972, including its subsequent amendments. 


Waste management 


IE 


The Black Sea coastal states will co-operate in developing and implementing environmentally sound 
waste management policies, giving due consideration to waste minimisation, recycling and reuse. 


Transboundary movement of hazardous wastes 


I. 


Without further delay, Black Sea states, through the Istanbul Commission, and in accordance with 
Resolution 1, adopted at the Diplomatic Conference on the Protection of the Black Sea Against 
Pollution, shall complete and adopt the text of a Protocol to the Bucharest Convention concerning 
the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes and co-operation in combating illegal traffic 
thereof. 


130 


Contingency planning and emergency response 


I. 


Hl. 


IV. 


A Black Sea Strategy for contingency planning and emergency response shall be developed. It is 
recommended that the Istanbul Commission, upon the recommendation of its Advisory Group on 
the Environmental and Safety Aspects of Shipping, adopt such a Strategy, by December 1997. This 
Strategy should provide a basis for ensuring that the contingency plans developed within Black Sea 
states are sufficiently co-ordinated. It will also serve as a basis for the development of the regional 
contingency plan. 


National and local contingency plans, covering both vessels and offshore installations, shall be 
improved and, where appropriate, adopted, by December 1998. The responsibilities and obligations 
of governmental agencies in the event of marine emergencies shall be clearly defined. National 
contingency plans shall be developed in accordance with IMO guidelines, as well as other relevant 
international instruments, including the Black Sea Strategy for contingency planning and emergency 
response. 


A Black Sea Contingency Plan shall be adopted. It is recommended that the Istanbul Commission, 
upon the recommendations of its Advisory Group on the Environmental and Safety Aspect of 
Shipping, adopt such a plan by December 2000. The Black Sea Contingency Plan should address 
the compatibility of: emergency equipment, reporting forms and oil spill data; classification of the 
scale of spillage’s; methods for evaluating the sensitivity of the coast to hazards; and spill decision 
support systems, including models for forecasting oil movements. In addition, regionally co- 
ordinated national classification and risk assessment systems shall be developed. 


In order to ensure rapid and effective action by national emergency response agencies, each Black 
Sea state, in co-operation with the private sector and, where appropriate, with international and 
bilateral agencies, shall ensure that their own national agencies are adequately staffed and that the 
necessary resources are available to them. 


Close co-operation shall be sought with the shipping, oil and gas sectors in order to ensure that, to 
the extent possible, the cost of developing and implementing contingency plans are born by these 
sectors. 


Assessment and monitoring of pollutants 


If, 


Il. 


II. 


IV. 


A “State of Pollution of the Black Sea” report will be prepared and published every five years, 
beginning in 1996. It will be based on the data collected through the co-ordinated pollution 
monitoring and assessment programmes. 


A Black Sea Monitoring System, based upon biological effects measurements and measurements of 
key contaminants, will be established in compliance with the Bucharest Convention. It will consist 
of the integration of obligatory national monitoring programmes, to be included in the National 
Strategic Action Plans, and an independent quality assurance system. It is advised that the Istanbul 
Commission develop such a quatity assurance system through its Advisory Group on Pollution 
Monitoring and Assessment, by 1998. 


A uniform measurement technique for bathing water quality with a common quality assurance 
support mechanism shall be developed. It is advised that the Istanbul Commission, upon the 
recommendations of its Advisory Group on Pollution Monitoring and Assessment, develop this 
uniform measurement technique by December 1997. Transparency shall be encouraged through the 
publication and free exchange of data from bathing water quality measurements on at least an annual 
basis. 


Data regarding actual and assessed contaminant discharge measurements for point sources, rivers, 
and, where possible, diffuse sources, shall be compiled and freely exchanged every five years, 
beginning in 1996. It is advised that the Advisory Group Control of Pollution from Land Based 
Sources make these compilations in future. 


131 


Living resources management 
Commercially exploited resources 


I. Fish are an integral part of the marine ecosystem, fish stocks thrive in a non-polluted and protected 
ecosystem and the marine ecosystem profits from properly managed fishing activities. The measures 
to reduce pollution and to protect biological diversity, habitat and landscape, as agreed upon in this 
Strategic Action Plan, are therefore pre-conditions for the restoration of commercial fisheries in the 
Black Sea. In addition, spawning and nursery grounds require special protection. 


Il. In order to rehabilitate ecosystems, which are of particular importance to Black Sea fisheries as a 
whole, Phyllophora fields and other critical nursery areas will receive special protection, spawning 
areas of anadromous species will be restored, and coastal lagoons will be rehabilitated. By 2000, 
each Black Sea state will develop at least one pilot project which will contribute to the restoration of 
areas vital to the recovery of Black Sea fish stocks. 


Il. In order to rehabilitate the Black Sea ecosystem and achieve sustainable fisheries in the Black Sea, 
fisheries management policies need to be enhanced and fishing effort needs to be adjusted to the 
status of the stocks. In this regard, the Black Sea coastal states are expected to expedite the adoption 
of the Fisheries Convention as soon as possible so as to develop a fisheries management system 
which consists of the following components: regular regionally co-ordinated stock assessments; 
national fishing authorisations for all Black Sea fishing vessels; a regional licensing system; and a 
quota system. In addition, enforcement of fisheries regulations urgently needs to be improved. These 
measures and others, which are required to attain more sustainable fisheries in the Black Sea, should 
be taken in close co-operation with the fishing sector. 


Biological diversity protection 


I. The text of a Protocol on Biological Diversity and Landscape Protection to the Bucharest 
Convention shall be developed and adopted. It is advised that the Istanbul Commission adopt this 
Protocol by 2000, upon the recommendations of the Advisory Group on the Conservation of 
Biological Diversity. The aim is to present the Protocol to the 2001 Ministerial Meeting for 
signature, after which governments can initiate the national ratification process. 


Il. A regional Black Sea Red Data Book, identifying and describing endangered species, will be 
prepared and published by December 1998. It is advised that the work on the Red Data Book be co- 
ordinated by the Istanbul Commission, through its Advisory Group on the Conservation of 
Biological Diversity. 


iil. With the aim of restoring populations of marine mammals the following measures shall be taken: A. 
A ban on the hunting of marine mammals will be enforced by all Black Sea states with immediate 
effect. B. Regular population assessments of marine mammals shall be conducted and the first 
assessment will be completed in 1998. It is advised that these assessments be co-ordinated by the 
Istanbul Commission, through its Advisory Group on the Conservation of Biological Diversity. C. 
The Centre for the Conservation of Biological Diversity in Batumi, Georgia, shall be provided with 
the necessary equipment in order to function as a regional rehabilitation centre for captive marine 
mammals. D. National centres and sanctuaries for the rehabilitation of marine mammals shall be 
strengthened. E. Consideration shall be given to modify fishing practices in order to avoid catching 
marine mammals, as by-catch, during normal operations. It is recommended that the Istanbul 
Commission, through its Advisory Group on the Conservation of Biological Diversity and its 
Advisory Group on Fisheries and other Marine Living Resources, develop a strategy for the 
reduction of by-catches of marine mammals. 


132 


Protection of Habitat and Landscape 


I. 


I. 


IV. 


In addition to the actions referred to in paragraphs 57, 58, and 59 of this Strategic Action Plan, the 
following measures will also be taken to protect habitats and landscape in the Black Sea region. 


In marine and coastal areas, and in particular in wetlands, new conservation areas shall be 
designated and the protection of existing conservation areas enhanced. In drafting their National 
Biological Diversity Strategies, Black Sea states shall take into consideration the integrity of the 
Black Sea system, by, for example, designating conservation areas which are of regional 
significance. 


With a view to enhancing the protection of habitats and landscape in the Black Sea region, both 
national and regional regulatory instruments shall be improved through the following actions. A. A 
Regional Strategy for Conservation Areas shall be adopted, and it shall be reviewed every five 
years. It is advised that the Istanbul Commission adopt the plan by mid-1998, and conduct the 
reviews, upon the recommendations of its Advisory Group on the Conservation of Biological 
Diversity. The plan, amongst other things, should address the following: priority locations which 
should be designated as conservation areas; priority locations where current measures for protection 
should be enhanced; objectives, standards and measures for the protection of conservation areas; 
and fund raising aspects. B. Each Black Sea state, by 2000, shall endeavour to revise, and where 
applicable adopt, in accordance with its own legal system, national laws, regulations and planning 
instruments for the protection of conservation areas. These laws, regulations and _ planning 
instruments shall conform with relevant international instruments, including the Regional Strategy 
for Conservation Areas. The national instruments, amongst other things, should identify the 
responsible management authority and the responsible government agency; include procedures for 
the identification of conservation areas; require that management plans be developed for each 
conservation area; set standards for managing conservation areas; and, where appropriate, establish 
procedures for public participation and partnerships between governmental agencies and NGO’s 
for the management of conservation areas. C. Each Black Sea state, where appropriate with the 
support of bilateral or multilateral agencies, shall ensure that the authorities which manage 
conservation areas are adequately staffed and that the necessary resources are available to them. 


Public awareness campaigns, including programs for schools, local communities, and natural 
resource users in the conservation areas shall be developed. Such campaigns, where appropriate, 
will be co-ordinated at the regional level. 


Sustainable Human Development 


Environmental Impact Assessment 1. By 1998, all Black Sea coastal states will adopt criteria for 
environmental impact assessments and environmental audits that will be compulsory for all public and 
private projects. The coastal states will co-operate to harmonise these criteria by 1999 and where possible, to 
introduce strategic environmental assessments. Integrated coastal zone management 


I. 


In order to ensure proper management of the coastal zone, co-ordinated integrated coastal zone 

management strategies shall be developed for the Black Sea region. In order to attain this the 
following actions will be taken. A. A Regional Black Sea Strategy for integrated coastal zone 
management shall be developed. It is advised that the Istanbul Commission develop such a strategy 
by December 1998, upon the recommendations of its Advisory Group on the Development of 
Common Methodologies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The regional strategy should 
elaborate basic principles and methodologies for land- and water-use planning as well as for 
designing zoning systems. The methodologies and principles recommended in the regional strategy 
shall be taken into account when developing or reviewing national strategies and planning 
instruments for integrated coastal zone management. B. Each Black Sea coastal state shall 
endeavour to adopt and implement, in accordance with its own legal system, by 1999, the legal and 
other instruments required to facilitate integrated coastal zone management. C. Inter-sectoral 
committees for integrated coastal zone management shall be established at the national, regional 


133 


Il. 


and local levels of public administration, where appropriate, by the end of 1997. These committees 
shall design and implement national plans for integrated coastal zone management through 
participatory approaches. 


Erosion and land degradation have important environmental and social impacts. Coastal erosion, due 
to the changed hydraulic conditions in many of the regions rivers, is a problem which has 
transboundary implications. Deforestation is another major factor contributing to land degradation. 
A survey of coastal erosion problems in the region will be conducted by 1998. It is recommended 
that the Istanbul Commission, through its Advisory Group on the Development of Common 
Methodologies for Integrated Coastal Zone Management co-ordinate the work on this survey. The 
survey should address the magnitude of the problem, including its economic implications; propose 
remedial actions, and include suggestions for pilot studies and demonstration projects. 


Development of sustainable aquaculture and tourism 


I. 


Il. 


Ii. 


Aquaculture and tourism are two areas considered to have scope for economic growth in the Black 
Sea and to benefit the region in general. In order to avoid environmental damage resulting from 
these activities, and particularly damage with transboundary implications, their development shall be 
managed along common environmental norms to be established by 1999. It is advised that that the 
Istanbul Commission, with the support of its Advisory Groups, adopt these common norms and 
liaise, where appropriate, with the Fisheries Commission, once this body has been established, to 
adopt an industry code of practice. 


Sustainable aquaculture should be stimulated, amongst other things, through the conduct of 
feasibility studies. In parallel, legislation enabling the regulation of aquaculture should be 
developed. Such legislation should ensure that aquaculture itself does not present a threat to the 
environment and should address issues, such as, the location and density of cages, releases of 
commercial strains, imports and releases of exotic species, quarantining and matters of hygiene. 
Moreover, aquaculture projects shall be subjected to environmental impact assessments in which the 
potential effect of the activity upon biological diversity are given careful consideration. 


Eco-tourism should be stimulated in the region, amongst other things, through the implementation of 
concrete pilot projects in Black Sea coastal states. In close co-operation with the tourist industry and 
the national tourism authorities, environmental codes of conduct and training courses in sustainable 
tourism will be developed. The tourism industry, both for the benefit of the industry and for the 
benefit of the environment, needs to be more adequately planned with a view to incorporating 
concerns such as those related to water supply, sewage treatment bathing water quality, the use of 
natural resources and resort development into newly developed projects from the beginning. 
Moreover, it shall be required that tourist development projects be subjected to environmental 
impact assessments. 


Involving the public in environmental decision making 


I. 


Il. 


Hf. 


Participation of all sectors of society is an essential requirement for the development of sustainable 
policies in the region. It requires the development of education projects, transparent and 
participatory decision making procedures and open rules on access to administrative and judicial 
procedures. 


Municipalities will be closely involved in the implementation of this Strategic Action Plan. Both 
existing mechanisms, as the International Black Sea Club of Cities, as well as new mechanisms will 
be used for this purpose. Black Sea municipalities will also be stimulated to co-operate at the 
national level and with municipalities in other countries and regions. The Union of Governors of the 
BSEC will also be requested to co-operate towards the implementation of this Strategic Action Plan. 


NGOs will continue to be closely involved in the development and implementation of both national 
and regional policies aimed at rehabilitating and protecting the Black Sea ecosystem and the 


sustainable use of its natural resources. 


134 


IV. The Black Sea NGO Forum is encouraged to continue giving its support to the actions taken to 
rehabilitate and protect the Black Sea and, in particular, to support the implementation of this 
Strategic Action Plan. It is recommend that the Istanbul Commission adopt procedures which 
facilitate the participation of the NGO Forum, as an observer, in its meetings. 


V. Stakeholders will have to be clearly identified for each of the policy areas included in this Strategic 
Action Plan. Their involvement in the decision making process will be secured and their 
responsibilities in implementing this Strategic Action Plan defined, through mechanisms such as 
those provided by new Regional Environmental Centres. 


VI. 


— 


Each Black Sea state, in accordance with its own national legal system, will endeavour to adopt and 
implement, by 2000, rules which guarantee the right of access to environmental information, which 
provide for the right of the public and NGOs to participate in decision making, and which provide 
for the right of individuals and groups to appeal to administrative and judicial organs. It is 
recommended that the Istanbul Commission prepare a draft position paper on this topic. 


VI. Information about the actions taken to rehabilitate and protect the Black Sea ecosystem and achieve 
the sustainable use of its resources will be widely disseminated. Each Black Sea state will publish a 
popularised version of this Strategic Action Plan, in its own language. In addition, the following 
actions will taken through the BSEP, in close co-operation with the NGO Forum:. A. An educational 
information package for use in schools will be developed and each Black Sea state will translate it 
into its own language; B. A mobile exhibition will be prepared and translated into the languages of 
the Black Sea states for display at public functions and educational establishments; C. A user- 
friendly Black Sea CD ROM multimedia information package, based upon the existing GIS system, 
will be developed. 


VIII. Based on harmonised criteria, information on the state of bathing water suitable for advising the 
public on the potential risks to their health shall be made widely available to the public during the 
active tourist season, starting in 1998. Frequency of sampling and analytical methodology should be 
sufficient to inform bathers of conditions which may pose health risks. Additionally, a colour coding 
system for bathing water quality maps shall be developed and such maps shall be published annually 
starting January in 1999. 


National Black Sea Strategic Action Plans 


I. Each Black Sea coastal state shall prepare, by October 1997, a National Black Sea Strategic 
Action Plan or other corresponding document, which shall present detailed plans for the national 
implementation of this Strategic Action Plan. These shall include details of specific projects where 
possible. 

Financing the Strategic Action Plan 


I. Funding for the actions agreed upon in this Strategic Action Plan may be secured from domestic, 
regional or international sources, through general public funding or through the application of 
specific economic instruments, as well as through grants and loans. Specific projects for 
international funding should be prepared for bilateral or multilateral funding. Donor Conferences, 
for assisting in this process, shall be held on a five yearly basis, starting in 1997. 


Il. Specific funding arrangements for the national policies and measures agreed on in this Strategic 
Action Plan shall be presented in the National Black Sea Strategic Action Plans to be adopted by 
each of the Black Sea State. 


IIT. The feasibility of a Black Sea Environmental Fund shall be fully evaluated with a view to its 
establishment by the year 2000. The main source of finance for the Fund shall be a set of economic 
instruments adopted at the national level. Additional funding could be sought from the international 
community, including multilateral and bilateral donor organisations, international financial 
institutions and private sector sources. The Fund may be used to finance the work of the Istanbul 


135 


Commission; the development of project proposals for submission to potential funding sources; and 
specific projects which support the priorities set in this Strategic Action Plan or as decided on by the 
Istanbul Commission. 


Arrangements for Future Co-operation 


I. Given the assessment of implementation of the Odesa Declaration, which recommends that 
Ministerial meetings be held every five, instead of every three years, the following arrangements 
have been agreed. 


Il. It is advised that the Secretariat of the Istanbul Commission annually report to the Commission on 
the progress made in implementing this Strategic Action Plan. The report should also contain 
recommendations for enhancing implementation and adjustment of this Strategic Action Plan, taking 
into account the Bucharest Convention and the Odesa Declaration. The Istanbul Commission should 
consider the report and decide on any enhancements and/or adjustments which may be necessary to 
secure implementation of this Strategic Action Plan. 


Il. It is advised that a comprehensive report, assessing the implementation of this Strategic Action Plan, 
be prepared by the Istanbul Commission, upon the recommendations of its subsidiary bodies, and 
presented to the Governments of the Black Sea states and to the general public every five years. The 
report should also contain recommendations for enhancing implementation of the Strategic Action 
Plan as well as recommendations for its amendment, with a view to adopting any further actions 
which may be required to secure the rehabilitation and protection of the Black Sea. 


IV. Ministers responsible for the rehabilitation and protection the Black Sea states will meet every five 
years with the objective of evaluating the progress made in implementing this Strategic Action Plan 
and adopting any additional actions that may be required to attain its overall aims. 


CONVENTION ON THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA AGAINST POLLUTION 
(21 Apr 1992) 


The Contracting Parties, 


Determined to act with a view to achieve progress in the protection of the marine environment of the Black 
Sea and in the conservation of its living resources, Conscious of the importance of the economic, social and 
health values of the marine environment of the Black Sea, Convinced that the natural resources and 
amenities of the Black Sea can be preserved primarily through joint efforts of the Black Sea countries, 
Taking into account the generally accepted rules and regulations of international law, Having in mind the 
principles, customs and rules of general international law regulating the protection and preservation of the 
marine environment and the conservation of the living resources thereof, Taking into account the relevant 
provisions of the Convention on Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter of 
1972 as amended; the International Convention on Prevention of Pollution from Ships of 1973 as modified 
by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto as amended; the Convention on Control of Transboundary 
Movement of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal of 1989 and the International Convention on Oil 
Pollution Preparedness, Response and Co-operation of 1990, Recognising the significance of the principles 
adopted by the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, Taking into account their interest in the 
conservation, exploitation and development of the bio-productive potential of the Black Sea, Bearing in 
mind that the Black Sea coast is a major international resort area where Black Sea Countries have made 
large investments in public health and tourism, Taking into account the special hydrological and ecological 
characteristics of the Black Sea and the hypersensitivity of its flora and fauna to changes in the temperature 
and composition of the sea water, Noting that pollution of the marine environment of Black Sea also 
emanates from land-based sources in other countries of Europe, mainly through rivers, Reaffirming their 
readiness to co-operate in the preservation of the marine environment of the Black Sea and the protection of 
its living resources against pollution, Noting the necessity of scientific, technical and technological co- 


136 


operation for the attainment of the purposes of the Convention, Noting that existing international 
agreements do not cover all aspects of pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea emanating from 
third countries, Realising the need for close co-operation with competent international organisations based 
on a concerted regional approach for the protection and enhancement of the marine environment of the 
Black Sea, 


Have agreed as follows: 
Article I Area of application 


Ih This Convention shall apply to the Black Sea proper with the southern limit constituted for the 
purposes of this Convention by the line joining Capes Kelagra and Dalyan. 


N 


For the purposes of this Convention the reference to the Black Sea shall include the territorial sea 
and exclusive economic zone of each Contracting Party in the Black Sea. However, any Protocol to 
this Convention may provide otherwise for the purposes of that Protocol. 


Article II Definitions 
For the purposes of this Convention: 


Ihe "Pollution of the marine environment" means the introduction by man, directly or indirectly, of 
substances or energy into the marine environment, including estuaries, which results or is likely to 
result in such deleterious effects as harm to living resources and marine life, hazard to human health, 
hindrance to marine activities, including fishing and other legitimate uses of the sea, impairment of 
quality for use of sea water and reduction of amenities. 


2.a) "Vessel" means seaborne craft of any type. This expression includes hydrofoil boats, air-cushion 
vehicles, submersibles, floating craft whether self-propelled or not and platforms and other man- 
made structures at sea. b) "Aircraft" means airborne craft of any type. 


3.a) "Dumping" means: i) any deliberate disposal of wastes or other matter from vessels or aircraft; ii) 
any deliberate disposal of vessels or aircraft; 
b) "Dumping" does not include: i) the disposal of wastes or other matter incidental to or derived from 


the normal operations of vessels or aircraft and their equipment, other than wastes or other matter 
transported by or to vessels or aircraft operating for purpose of disposal of such matter or derived 
from the treatment of such wastes or other matter on such vessels or aircraft; ii) placement of matter 
for a purpose other than the mere disposal thereof, provided that such placement is not contrary to 
the aims of this Convention. 


Article II] General provisions 

The Contracting Parties take part in this Convention on the basis of full equality in rights and duties, respect 
for national sovereignty and independence, non-interference in their internal affairs, mutual benefit and other 
relevant principles and norms of international law. 

Article [V Sovereign immunity 

This Convention does not apply to any warship, naval auxiliary or other vessels or aircraft owned or 
operated by a State and used, for the time being, only on government non-commercial service. However, 
each Contracting Party shall ensure, by the adoption of appropriate measures not impairing operations of 
such vessels or aircraft owned or operated by it, that such vessels or aircraft act in a manner consistent, so 
far as is practicable, with this Convention. 


Article V General undertakings 


1. Each Contracting Party shall ensure the application of the Convention in those areas of the Black Sea 
where it exercises its sovereignty as well as its sovereign rights and jurisdiction without prejudice to the 


137 


rights and obligations of the Contracting Parties arising from the rules of international law. Each Contracting 
Party, in order to achieve the purposes of this Convention, shall bear in mind the adverse effect of pollution 
within its internal waters on the marine environment of the Black Sea. 2. The Contracting Parties shall take 
individually or jointly, as appropriate, all necessary measures consistent with international law and in 
accordance with the provisions of this Convention to prevent, reduce and control pollution thereof in order 
to protect and preserve the marine environment of the Black Sea. 3. The Contracting Parties will co-operate 
in the elaboration of additional Protocols and Annexes other than those attached to this Convention, as 
necessary for its implementation. 4. The Contracting Parties, when entering bilateral or multilateral 
agreements for the protection and preservation of the marine environment of the Black Sea, shall endeavour 
to ensure that such agreements are consistent with this Convention Copies of such agreements shall be 
transmitted to the other Contracting Parties through the Commission as defined in Article XVII of this 
Convention. 5. The Contracting Parties will co-operate in promoting, within international organisations 
found to be competent by them, the elaboration of measures contributing to the protection and preservation 
of the marine environment of the Black Sea. 


Article VI Pollution by hazardous substances and matter 


Each Contracting Party shall prevent pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from any source 
by substances or matter specified in the Annex to this Convention. 


Article VII Pollution from land-based sources 


The Contracting Parties shall prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black 
Sea from land-based sources, in accordance with the Protocol on the Protection of the Black Sea Marine 
Environment Against Pollution from Land-Based Sources which shall form in integral part of this 
Convention. 


Article VIII Pollution from vessels 


The Contracting Parties shall take individually or, when necessary, jointly, all appropriate measures to 
prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from vessels in accordance 
with generally accepted international rules and standards. 


Article IX Co-operation in combating pollution in emergency situations 


The Contracting Parties shall co-operate in order to prevent, reduce and combat pollution of the marine 
environment of the Black Sea resulting from emergency situations in accordance with the Protocol on Co- 
operation in Combating Pollution of the Black Sea by Oil and Other Harmful Substances in Emergency 
Situations which shall form an integral part of this Convention. 


Article X Pollution by dumping 


1. The Contracting Parties shall take all appropriate measures and co-operate in preventing, reducing and 
controlling pollution caused by dumping in accordance with the Protocol on the Protection of the Black Sea 
Marine Environment Against Pollution by Dumping which shall form an integral part of this Convention. 2. 
The Contracting Parties shall not permit, within areas under their respective jurisdiction, dumping by natural 
or juridical persons of non-Black Sea States. 


Article XI Pollution from activities on the continental shelf 


1. Each Contracting Party shall, as soon as possible, adopt laws and regulations and take measures to 
prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea caused by or connected 
with activities on its continental shelf, including the exploration and exploitation of the natural resources of 
the continental shelf. The Contracting Parties shall inform each other through the Commission of the laws, 
regulations and measures adopted by them in this respect. 2. The Contracting Parties shali co-operate in this 
field, as appropriate, and endeavour to harmonise the measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article. 


138 


Article XII Pollution from or through the atmosphere 


The Contracting Parties shall adopt laws and regulations and take individual or agreed measures to prevent, 
reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from or through the atmosphere, 
applicable to the airspace above their territories and to vessels flying their flag or vessels and aircraft 
registered in their territory. 


Article XIII Protection of the marine living resources 


The Contracting Parties, when taking measures in accordance with this Convention for the prevention, 
reduction and control of the pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea, shall pay particular 
attention to avoiding harm to marine life and living resources, in particular by changing their habitats and 
creating hindrance to fishing and other legitimate uses of the Black Sea, and in this respect shall give due 
regard to the recommendations of competent international organisations. 


Article XIV Pollution by hazardous wastes in transboundary movement 


The Contracting Parties shall take all measures consistent with international law and co-operate in 
preventing pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea due to hazardous wastes in transboundary 
movement, as well as in combating illegal traffic thereof, in accordance with the Protocol to be adopted by 
them. 


Article XV Scientific and technical co-operation and monitoring 


1. The Contracting Parties shall co-operate in conducting scientific research aimed at protecting and 
preserving the marine environment of the Black Sea and shall undertake, where appropriate, joint 
programmes of scientific research, and exchange relevant scientific data and information. 2. The Contracting 
Parties shall co-operate in conducting studies aimed at developing ways and means for the assessment of the 
nature and extent of pollution and of its effect on the ecological system in the water column and sediments, 
detecting polluted areas, examining and assessing risks and finding remedies, and in particular, they shall 
develop alternative methods of treatment, disposal, elimination or utilisation of harmful substances. 3. The 
Contracting Parties shall co-operate through the Commission in establishing appropriate scientific criteria 
for the formulation and elaboration of rules, standards, and recommended practices and procedures for the 
prevention, reduction and control of pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea. 4. The 
Contracting Parties shall, inter alia, establish through the Commission and, where appropriate, in co- 
operation with international organisations they consider to be competent, complementary or joint monitoring 
programmes covering all sources of pollution and shall establish a pollution monitoring system for the Black 
Sea including, as appropriate, programmes at bilateral or multilateral level for observing, measuring, 
evaluating and analysing the risks or effects of pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea. 5. 
When the Contracting Parties have reasonable grounds for believing that activities under their jurisdiction or 
control may cause substantial pollution or significant and harmful changes to the marine environment of the 
Black Sea, they shall, before commencing such activities, assess their potential effects on the basis of all 
relevant information and monitoring data and shall communicate the results of such assessments to the 
Commission. 6. The Contracting Parties shall co-operate as appropriate, in the development, acquisition and 
introduction of clean and low-waste technology, inter alia, by adopting measures to facilitate the exchange 
of such technology. 7. Each Contracting Party shall designate the competent national authority responsible 
for scientific activities and monitoring. 


Article XVI Responsibility and liability 


1. The Contracting Parties are responsible for the fulfilment of their international obligations concerning the 
protection and the preservation of the marine environment of the Black Sea. 2. Each Contracting Party shall 
adopt rules and regulations on the liability for damage caused by natural or juridical persons to the marine 
environment of the Black Sea in areas where it exercises, in accordance with international law, its 
sovereignty, sovereign rights or jurisdiction. 3. The Contracting Parties shall ensure that recourse is available 
in accordance with their legal systems for prompt and adequate compensation or other relief for damage 


139 


caused by pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea by natural or juridical persons under their 
jurisdiction. 4. The Contracting Parties shall co-operate in developing and harmonising their laws, 
regulations and procedures relating to liability, assessment of and compensation for damage caused by 
pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea, in order to ensure the highest degree of deterrence and 
protection for the Black Sea as a whole. 


Article XVII The Commission 


1. In order to achieve the purposes of this Convention, the Contracting Parties shall establish a Commission 
on the Protection of the Black Sea Against Pollution, hereinafter referred to as "the Commission". 2. Each 
Contracting Party shall be represented in the Commission by one Representative who may be accompanied 
by Alternate Representatives, Advisers and Experts. 3. The Chairmanship of the Commission shall be 
assumed by each Contracting Party, in turn, in the alphabetical order of the English language. The first 
Chairman of the Commission shall be the Representative of the Republic of Bulgaria. The Chairman shall 
serve for one year, and during his term he cannot act in the capacity of Representative of his country. Should 
the Chairmanship fall vacant, the Contracting Party chairing the Commission shall appoint a successor to 
remain in office until the term of its Chairmanship expires. 4. The Commission shall meet at least once a 
year. The Chairman shall convene extraordinary meetings upon the request of any Contracting Party. 5. 
Decisions and recommendations of the Commission shall be adopted unanimously by the Black Sea States. 
6. The Commission shall be assisted in its activities by a permanent Secretariat. The Commission shall 
nominate the Executive Director and other officials of the Secretariat. The Executive Director shall appoint 
the technical staff in accordance with the rules to be established by the Commission. The Secretariat shall be 
composed of nationals of all Black Sea States. The Commission and the Secretariat shall have their 
headquarters in Istanbul. The location of the headquarters may be changed by the Contracting Parties by 
consensus. 7. The Commission shall adopt its Rules of Procedure for carrying out its functions, decide upon 
the organisation of its activities and establish subsidiary bodies in accordance with the provisions of this 
Convention. 8. Representatives, Alternate Representatives, Advisers and Experts of the Contracting Parties 
shall enjoy in the territory of the respective Contracting Party diplomatic privileges and immunities in 
accordance with international law. 9. The privileges and immunities of the officials of the Secretariat shall 
be determined by agreement among the Contracting Parties. 10. The Commission shall have such legal 
capacity as may be necessary for the exercise of its functions. 11. The Commission shall conclude a 
Headquarters Agreement with the host Contracting Party. 


Article XVIII Functions of the Commission 


The Commission shall: 1. Promote the implementation of this Convention and inform the Contracting 
Parties of its work. 2. Make recommendations on measures necessary for achieving the aims of this 
Convention. 3. Consider questions relating to the implementation of this Convention and recommend such 
amendments to the Convention and to the Protocols as may be required, including amendments to Annexes 
of this Convention and the Protocols. 4. Elaborate criteria pertaining to the prevention, reduction and 
control of pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea and to the elimination of the effects of 
pollution, as well as recommendations on measures to this effect. 5. Promote the adoption by the Contracting 
Parties of additional measures needed to protect the marine environment of the Black Sea, and to that end 
receive, process and disseminate to the Contracting Parties relevant scientific,technical and statistical 
information and promote scientific and technical research. 6. Co-operate with competent international 
organisations, especially with a view to developing appropriate programmes or obtaining assistance in order 
to achieve the purposes of this Convention. 7. Consider any questions raised by the Contracting Parties. 8. 
Perform other functions as foreseen in other provisions of this Convention or assigned unanimously to the 
Commission by the Contracting Parties. 


Article XIX Meetings of the Contracting Parties 
1. The Contracting Parties shall meet in conference upon recommendation by the Commission. They shall 
also meet in Conference within ten days at the request of one Contracting Party under extraordinary 


circumstances. 2. The primary function of the meetings of the Contracting Parties shall be the review of the 
implementation of this Convention and of the Protocols upon the report of the Commission. 3. A non-Black 


140 


Sea State which accedes to this Convention may attend the meetings of the Contracting Parties in an 
advisory capacity. 


Article XX Adoption of amendments to the Convention and/or to the Protocols 


1. Any Contracting Party may propose amendments to the Articles of this Convention. 2. Any Contracting 
Party to this Convention may propose amendments to any Protocol. 3. Any such proposed amendment shall 
be transmitted to the depositary and communicated by it through diplomatic channels to all the Contracting 
Parties and to the Commission. 4. Amendments to this Convention and to any Protocol shall be adopted by 
consensus at a Diplomatic Conference of the Contracting Parties to be convened within 90 days after the 
circulation of the proposed amendment by the depository. 5. The amendments shall enter into force 30 days 
after the depository has received notifications of acceptance of these amendments from all Contracting 
Parties. 


Article XXI Annexes and amendments to Annexes 


1. Annexes to this Convention or to any Protocol shall form an integral part of the Convention or such 
Protocol, as the case may be. 2. Any Contracting Party may propose amendments to the Annexes to this 
Convention or to the Annexes of any Protocol through its Representative in the Commission. Such 
amendments shall be adopted by the Commission on the basis of consensus. The depository, duly informed 
by the Chairman of the Commission of its decision, shall without delay communicate the amendments so 
adopted to all the Contracting Parties. Such amendments shall enter into force 30 days after the depository 
has received notifications of acceptance from all Contracting Parties. 3. The provisions of paragraph 2 of 
this 

Article shall apply to the adoption and entry into force of a new Annex to this Convention or to any 
Protocol. 


Article XXII Notification of entry into force of amendments 


The depository shall inform, through diplomatic channels, the Contracting Parties of the date on which 
amendments adopted under 
Articles XX and XXI enter into force. 


Article XXIII 
Financial rules The Contracting Parties shall decide upon all financial matters on the basis of unanimity, 
taking into account the recommendations of the Commission. 


Article XXIV 

Relation to other international instruments Nothing in this Convention shall affect in any way the 
sovereignty of States over their territorial sea, established in accordance with international law, and the 
sovereign rights and the jurisdiction which States have in their exclusive economic zones and their 
continental shelf in accordance with international law, and the exercise by ships and aircraft of navigational 
rights and freedoms as provided for in international law and as reflected in relevant international 
instruments. 


Article XXV 

Settlement of disputes In case of a dispute between Contracting Parties concerning the interpretation and 
implementation of this Convention, they shall seek a settlement of the dispute through negotiations or any 
other peaceful means of their own choice. 


Article XXVI 

Adoption of additional Protocols 1. At the request of a Contracting Party or upon a recommendation by 
the Commission, a Diplomatic Conference of the Contracting Parties may be convened with the consent of 
all Contracting Parties in order to adopt additional Protocols. 2. Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval, 
accession to, entry into force, and denounciation of additional Protocols shall be done in accordance with 
procedures contained, respectively, in Articles XXVIII, XXIX, and XXX of this Convention. 


141 


Article XXVII 
Reservations No reservations may be made to this Convention. 


Article XXVIII Signature, ratification, acceptance, approval and accession 1. This Convention shall be open 
for signature by the Black Sea States. 2. This Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or 
approval by the States which have signed it. 3. This Convention shall be open for accession by any non- 
Black Sea State interested in achieving the aims of this Convention and contributing substantially to the 
protection and preservation of the marine environment of the Black Sea provided the said State has been 
invited by all Contracting Parties. Procedures with regard to the invitation for accession will be dealt with by 
the depositary. 4. The instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with 
the depositary. The depositary of this Convention shall be the Government of Romania. 


Article XXIX 

Entry into force This Convention shall enter into force 60 days after the date of deposit with the depositary 
of the fourth instrument of ratification, acceptance or approval. For a State acceding to this Convention in 
accordance with 

Article XXVIII, the Convention shall enter into force 60 days after the deposit of its instrument of accession. 


Article XXX 

Denounciation After the expiry of five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention, any 
Contracting Party may, by written notification addressed to the depositary, denounce this Convention. The 
denounciation shall take effect o the thirty-first day of December of the year which follows the year in which 
the depositary was notified of the denounciation. Done in English, on the twenty first day of the month of 
April of one thousand nine hundred and ninety two, in Bucharest. 


Annex 1. Organotin compounds. 2. Organohalogen compounds e.g. DDT, DDE, DDD, PCB's. 3. 
Persistent organophosphorus compounds. 4. Mercury and mercury compounds. 5. Cadmium and cadmium 
compounds. 

6. Persistent substances with proven toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic properties. 7. Used 
lubricating oils. 8. Persistent synthetic materials which may float, sink or remain in suspension. 9. 
Radioactive substances and wastes, including used radioactive fuel. 10. Lead and lead compounds. 


PROTOCOL ON PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT AGAINST 
POLLUTION FROM LAND BASED SOURCES 


Article 1 In accordance with Article VII of the Convention, the Contracting Parties shall take all necessary 
measures to prevent, reduce and control pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea caused by 
discharges from land-based sources on their territories such as rivers, canals, coastal establishments, other 
artificial structures, outfalls or run-off, or emanating from any other land-based source, including through 
the atmosphere. 


Article 2 For the purposes of this Protocol, the fresh water limit means the landward part of the line drawn 
between the endpoints on the right and the left banks of a water course where it reaches the Black Sea. 


Article 3 This protocol shall apply to the Black Sea as defined in 
Article I of the Convention and to the waters landward of the baselines from which the breadth of the 
territorial sea is measured and in the case of fresh-water courses, up to the fresh-water limit. 


Article 4 The Contracting Parties undertake to prevent and eliminate pollution of the marine environment of 
the Black Sea from land-based sources by substances and matter listed in Annex I to this Protocol. The 
Contracting Parties undertake to reduce and, whenever possible, to eliminate pollution of the marine 
environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources by substances and matter listed in Annex II to this 
Protocol. As to water courses that are tributaries to the Black Sea, the Contracting Parties will endeavour to 
co-operate, as appropriate, with other States in order to achieve the purposes set forth in this Article. 


142 


Article 5 Pursuant to the provisions of 

Article XV of the Convention, each Contracting Party shall carry out, at the earliest possible date, 
monitoring activities in order to assess the levels of pollution, its sources and ecological effects along its 
coast, in particular with regard to the substances and matter listed in Annexes I and II to this Protocol. 
Additional research will be conducted upstream of river sections in order to investigate fresh/salt water 
interactions. 


Article 6 In conformity with Article XV of the Convention, the Contracting Parties shall co-operate in 
elaborating common guidelines, standards or criteria dealing with special characteristics of marine outfalls 
and in undertaking research on specific requirements for effluents necessitating separate treatment and 
concerning the quantities of discharged substances and matter listed in Annexes I and II, their concentration 
in effluents, and methods of discharging them. The common emission standards and timetable for the 
implementation of the programme and measures aimed at preventing, reducing or eliminating, as 
appropriate, pollution from land-based sources shall be fixed by the Contracting Parties and periodically 
reviewed for substances and matter listed in Annexes I and II to this Protocol. The Commission shall define 
pollution prevention criteria as well as recommend appropriate measures to reduce, control and eliminate 
pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea from land-based sources. The Contracting Parties shall 
take into consideration the following: a) The discharge of water from municipal sewage systems should be 
made in such a way as to reduce the pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea. b) The 
pollution load of industrial wastes should be reduced in order to comply with the accepted concentrations of 
substances and matter listed in Annexes | and II to this Protocol. c) The discharge of cooling water from 
nuclear power plants or other industrial enterprises using large amounts of water should be made in such a 
way as to prevent pollution of the marine environment of the Black Sea. d) The pollution load from 
agricultural and forest areas affecting the water quality of the marine environment of the Black Sea should 
be reduced in order to comply with the accepted concentrations of substances and matter listed in Annexes 
I and II to this Protocol. 


Article 7 The Contracting Parties shall inform one another through the Commission of measures taken, 
results achieved or difficulties encountered in the application of this Protocol. Procedures for the collection 
and transmission of such information shall be determined by the Commission. 

Annex I 

Hazardous Substances and Matter The following substances or groups of substances or matter are not 
listed in order of priority. They have been selected mainly on the basis of their toxicity, persistence and 
bioaccumulation characteristics. This Annex does not apply to discharges which contain substances and 
matter listed below that are below the concentration limits defined jointly by the Contracting Parties, not 
exceeding environmental background concentrations. 1. Organotin compounds. 2. Organohalogen 
compounds e.g. DDT, DDE, DDD, PCB's. 3. Persistent organophosphorus compounds. 4. Mercury and 
mercury compounds. 5. Cadmium and cadmium compounds. 6. Persistent substances with proven toxic 
carcinogenic, teratogenic or mutagenic properties. 7. Used lubricating oils. 8. Persistent synthetic materials 
which may float, sink or remain in suspension. 9. Radioactive substances and wastes, including used 
radioactive fuel. 10. Lead and lead compounds. 


Annex II 

Noxious Substances and Matter The following substances and matter have been selected mainly on the 
basis of criteria used in Annex I, while taking into account the fact that they are less harmful or more readily 
rendered harmless by natural processes. The control and strict limitation of the discharges of substances and 
matter referred to in this Annex shall be implemented in accordance with Annex III to this Protocol. 1. 
Biocides and their derivatives not covered in Annex I. 2. Cyanides, flourides, and elemental phosphorus. 3. 
Pathogenic micro-organisms. 4. Nonbiodegradable detergents and their surface-active substances. 5. 
Alkaline or acid compounds. 6. Thermal discharges. 7. Substances which, although of a non-toxic nature, 
may become harmful to the marine biota owing to the quantities in which they are discharged e.g. inorganic 
phosphorous, nitrogen, organic matter and other nutrient compounds. Also substances which have an 
adverse effect on the oxygen content in the marine environment. 8. The following elements and their 
compounds: Zinc Selenium Tin Vanadium Copper Arsenic Barium Cobalt Nickel Antimony 


143 


Beryllium Thallium Chromium Molybdenum Boron Tellurium Titanium Uranium Silver 9. Crude oil 
and hydrocarbons of any origin. 


Annex III The discharges of substances and matter listed in Annex II to this Protocol shall be subject to 
restrictions based on the following: 1. Maximum permissible concentrations of the substances and matter 
immediate before the outlet; 2. Maximum permissible quantity (load, inflow) of the substances and matter 
per annual cycle or shorter time limit; 3. In case of differences between 1 and 2 above, the stricter 
restriction should apply. When issuing a permit for the discharge of wastes containing substances and 
matter referred to in Annexes | and II to this Protocol, the national authorities will take particular account, as 
the case may be, of the following factors: A. CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION OF THE 
WASTE 1. Type and size of waste source (e.g. industrial process). 2. Type of waste (origin, average 
composition). 3. Form of waste (solid, liquid, sludge, slurry). 4. Total amount (volume discharged. e.g. per 
year). 5. Discharge pattern (continuous, intermittent, seasonally variable, etc.). 6. Concentrations with 
respect to major constituents, substances listed in Annex I, substances listed in Annex II, and other harmful 
substances as appropriate. 7. Physical, chemical and biological properties of the waste. B. 
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTE CONSTITUENTS WITH RESPECT TO THEIR HARMFULNESS 1. 
Persistence (physical, chemical, biological) in the marine environment. 2. Toxicity and other harmful 
effects. 3. Accumulation in biological materials and sediments. 4. Biochemical transformation producing 
harmful compounds. 5. Adverse effects on the oxygen contents and balance. 6. Susceptibility to physical, 
chemical and biochemical changes and interaction in the marine environment with other seawater 
constituents which may produce harmful biological or other effects on any of the uses listed in section E 
below. C. CHARACTERISTICS OF DISCHARGE SITE AND RECEIVING MARINE ENVIRONMENT 
1. Hydrographic, meteorological, geological and topographic characteristics of the coastal area. 2. Location 
and type of discharge (outfall, canal, outlet, etc.) and its relation to other areas (such as amenity areas, 
spawning, nursery and fishing areas, shellfish grounds) and other discharges. 3. initial dilution achieved at 
the point of discharge into the receiving marine environment. 4. Dispersal characteristics such as the effect 
of currents, tides and winds on horizontal transport and vertical mixing. 5. Receiving water characteristics 
with respect to physical, chemical, biological and ecological conditions in the discharge area. 6. Capacity 
of the receiving marine environment to receive waste discharges without undesirable effects. D. 
AVAILABILITY OF WASTE TECHNOLOGIES The methods of waste reduction and discharge for 
industrial effluents as well as household sewage should be selected taking into account the availability and 
feasibility of: a) Alternative treatment processes; b) Recycling, re-use, or elimination methods; c) On-land 
disposal alternatives; and d) Appropriate clean and low-waste technologies. E. POTENTIAL 
IMPAIRMENT OF MARINE ECOSYSTEMS AND SEA-WATER USES 1. Effects on human life through 
pollution impact on: a) Edible marine organisms; b) Bathing waters; c) Aesthetics. Discharges of wastes 
containing substances and matter listed in Annexes I and II shall be subject to a system of self-monitoring 
and control by the competent national authorities. 2. Effects on marine ecosystems, in particular living 
resources, endangered species, and critical habitats. 3. Effects on other legitimate uses of the sea. 
PROTOCOL ON COOPERATION IN COMBATING POLLUTION OF THE BLACK SEA MARINE 
ENVIRONMENT BY OIL AND OTHER HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN EMERGENCY SITUATIONS 


Article | In accordance with 

Article IX of the Convention, the Contracting Parties shall take necessary measures and co-operate in cases 
of grave and imminent danger to the marine environment of the Black Sea or to the coast of one or more of 
the Parties due to the presence of massive quantities of oil or other harmful substances resulting from 
accidental causes or from accumulation of small discharges which are polluting or constituting a threat of 
pollution. 


Article 2. The Contracting Parties shall endeavour to maintain and promote, either individually or through 
bilateral or multilateral co-operation, contingency plans for combating pollution of the sea by oil and other 
harmful substances. These shall include, in particular, equipment, vessels, aircraft and manpower prepared 
for operations in emergency situations. 


Article 3. Each Contracting Party shall take necessary measures for detecting violations and, within areas 
under its jurisdiction for enforcing the provisions of this Protocol. Furthermore, the Contracting Parties shall 
ensure compliance with the provisions of this Protocol by vessels flying their flag. The Contracting Parties 


144 


shall promote exchange of information on subjects related to the implementation of this Protocol, including 
transmission of reports and urgent information which relate to 
Article 1 thereof. 


Article 4 Any Contracting Party which becomes aware of cases where the marine environment of the Black 
Sea is in imminent danger of being damaged or has been significantly damaged by pollution, it shall 
immediately notify the other Contracting Parties it deems likely to be affected by such damage as well as the 
Commission. 


Article 5 Each Contracting Party shall indicate to the other Contracting Parties and the Commission, the 
competent national authorities responsible for controlling and combatting of pollution by oil and other 
harmful substances. Each Contracting Party shall also designate a focal point to transmit and receive reports 
of incidents which have resulted or may result in a discharge of oil or other harmful substances, in 
accordance with the provisions of relevant international instruments. 


Article 6 1. Each Contracting Party shall issue instructions to the masters of vessels flying its flag and to the 
pilots of aircraft registered in its territory requiring them to report in accordance with the Annex to this 
Protocol and by the most rapid and reliable channels, to the Party or Parties that might potentially be 
affected and to the Commission: a) The presence, characteristics and extent of spillages of oil or other 
harmful substances observed at sea which are likely to present a threat to the marine environment of the 
Black Sea or to the coast of one or more Contracting Parties; b) All emergency situations causing or likely 
to cause pollution by oil or other harmful substances. 2. The information collected in accordance with 
paragraph | shall be communicated to the other Parties which are likely to be affected by pollution: a) by 
the Contracting Party which has received the information; b) by the Commission. 

ANNEX Contents of the report to be made pursuant to 
Article 6 1. Each report shall contain in general: a) The identification of the source of pollution; b) The 
geographic position, time and date of occurrence of the incident or of the observation; c) Land and sea 
conditions prevailing in the area; d) Relevant details with respect to the condition of the vessel polluting the 
sea. 2. Each report shall contain, whenever possible, in particular: a) A clear indication or description of the 
harmful substances involved, including the correct technical names of such substances; 
b) A statement of estimate of the quantities, concentrations and likely conditions of harmful substances 
discharged or likely to be discharged into the sea; c) A description of packaging and identifying marks; d) 
Name of the consignor, consignee, or manufacturer. 3. Each report shall clearly indicate, whenever possible, 
whether the harmful substances discharged or likely to be discharged are oil or noxious liquid, solid, or 
gaseous substances and whether such substances were or are carried in bulk or contained in packaged form, 
freight containers, portable tanks or road and rail tank wagons. 4. Each report shall be supplemented, as 
necessary, by any relevant information requested by a recipient of the report or deemed appropriate by the 
person sending the report. 5. Any of the persons referred to in 
Article 6 paragraph | of this Protocol shall: a) Supplement the initial report, as far as possible and necessary, 
with information concerning further developments; b) Comply as fully as possible with requests from 
affected Contracting Parties for additional information. 


PROTOCOL ON THE PROTECTION OF THE BLACK SEA MARINE ENVIRONMENT AGAINST 
POLLUTION BY DUMPING 


Article 1 In accordance with 
Article X of the Convention, the Contracting Parties shall take individually or jointly all appropriate 
measures for the implementation of this Protocol. 


Article 2 Dumping in the Black Sea of wastes or other matter containing substances listed in Annex | to this 
Protocol is prohibited. The preceding provision does not apply to dredged spoils provided that they contain 
trace contaminants listed in Annex | below the limits of concentration to be defined by the Commission 
within a 3 year period from the entry into force of the Convention. 


145 


Article 3 Dumping in the Black Sea of wastes or other matter containing noxious substances listed in Annex 
II to this Protocol requires, in each case, a prior special permit from the competent national authorities. 


Article 4 Dumping in the Black Sea of all other wastes or matter requires a prior general permit from the 
competent national authorities. 


Article 5 The permits referred to in 

Articles 3 and 4 above shall be issued after a careful consideration of all the factors set forth in Annex III to 
this protocol by the competent national authorities of the relevant coastal State. The Commission shall 
receive records of such permits. 


Article 6 The provisions of 

Articles 2, 3 and 4 shall not apply when the safety of human life or of vessel or aircraft at sea is threatened 
by complete destruction or total loss or in any other case when there is a danger to human life and when 
dumping appears to be the only way of averting such danger, and if there is every probability that the 
damage resulting from such dumping will be less than would otherwise occur. Such dumping shall be 
carried out so as to minimise the likelihood of damage to human or marine life. The Commission shall 
promptly be informed. 


Article 7 1. Each Contracting Party shall designate one or more competent authorities to: a) issue the 
permits provided for in 

Articles 3 and 4; b) keep records of the nature and quantities of the wastes or other matter permitted to be 
dumped and of the location, date and method of dumping. 2. The competent authorities of each Contracting 
Party shall issue the permits provided for in 

Article 3 and 4 in respect of the wastes or other matter intended for dumping: a) loaded within its territory; 
b) loaded by a vessel flying its flag or an aircraft registered in its territory when the loading occurs within 
the territory of another State. 


Article 8 1. Each Contracting Party shall take the measures required to implement this Protocol in respect of: 
a) vessels flying its flag or aircraft registered in its territory; b) vessels and aircraft loading in its territory 
wastes or other matter which are to be dumped; c) platforms and other man-made structures at sea situated 
within its territorial sea and exclusive economic zone; d) dumping within its territorial sea and exclusive 
economic zone. 


Article 9 The Contracting Parties shall co-operate in exchanging information relevant to 
Articles 5, 6, 7 and 8. Each Contracting Party shall inform the other Contracting Parties which may 
potentially be affected, in case of suspicions that dumping in contravention of the provisions of this Protocol 
has occurred or is about to occur. 

Annex I 


Hazardous Substances and Matter 1. Organohalogen compounds e.g. DDT, DDE, DDD, PCB's. 2. Mercury 
and mercury compounds. 3. Cadmium and cadmium compounds. 4. Organotin compounds. 

5. Persistent synthetic matter which may float, sink or remain in suspension. 6. Used lubricating oils. 7. 
Lead and lead compounds. 8. Radioactive substances and wastes, including used radioactive fuel. 9. Crude 
oil and hydrocarbons of any origin. 

Annex II 
Noxious Substances The following substances, compounds or matter have been selected mainly on the basis 
of criteria used in Annex I, while taking into account the fact that they are less harmful or more readily 
rendered harmless by natural processes. The control and strict limitation of the dumping of the substances 
referred to in this Annex shall be implemented in accordance with Annex III of this Protocol. 1. Biocides 
and their derivatives not covered in Annex I. 2. Cyanides, fluorides, and elemental phosphorus. 3. 
Pathogenic micro-organisms. 4. Nonbiodegradable detergents and their surface-active substances. 5. 
Alkaline or acid compounds. 6. Substances which, though of a non-toxic nature, may become harmful to 
the marine biota owing to the quantities in which they are discharged e.g. inorganic phosphorus, nitrogen, 
organic matter and other nutrient compounds. Also substances which have an adverse effect on the oxygen 
content of the marine environment. 7. The following elements and their compounds: Zinc Selenium Tin 


146 


Vanadium Copper Arsenic Barium Cobalt Nickel Antimony Beryllium Thallium Chromium 
Molybdenum Boron Tellurium 
Titanium Uranium Silver 8. Sewage Sludge 


Annex III In issuing permits for dumping at sea, the following factors shall be considered: A. 
CHARACTERISTICS AND COMPOSITION OF THE MATTER 1. Amount of matter to be dumped (e.g. 
per year). 2. Average composition of the matter to be dumped. 3. Properties: physical (e.g. solubility, 
density), chemical and biochemical(e.g. oxygen demand, nutrients), biological (e.g. presence of bacteria, 
etc.). The data should include sufficient information on the annual mean levels and seasonal variations of the 
mentioned properties. 4. Long-term toxicity. 5. Persistence: physical, chemical, biological. 6. Accumulation 
and transformation in the marine environment. 7. Susceptibility to physical, chemical and biochemical 
changes and interaction with other dissolved matter. 8. Probability of inducing effects which would reduce 
the marketability of resources (e.g. fish, shellfish). B. CHARACTERISTICS OF DUMPING SITE AND 
DISPOSAL METHOD. 1. Location (e.g. co-ordinates of the dumping area, depth and distance from the 
coast) and its relation to areas of special interest (e.g. amenity areas, spawning, nursery and fishing grounds). 
2. Methods and technologies of packaging and disposal of matter. 3. Dispersal characteristics. 4. 
Hydrological characteristics and seasonal variations in these characteristics (e.g. temperature, pH, salinity, 
stratification, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, nutrients, 
productivity). 5. Bottom characteristics (e.g. topography, geochemical, geological and_ biological 
productivity). 6. Cases and effects of other dumping. C. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1. Possible 
effects on amenities (e.g. floating or stranded matter, water turbidity, objectionable odour, discoloration, and 
foaming). 2. Possible effects on marine life, fish stocks, mari-cultures areas, traditional fishing grounds, 
seaweed harvesting and cultivation sites. 3. Possible effects on other uses of the sea (e.g. impairment of 
water quality for industrial use, underwater corrosion of structures, interference with vessel operations or 
fishing due to floating matter or through deposit of wastes or objects on the sea bed, and difficulties in 
protecting areas of special interest for scientific research or protection of nature). 4. Practical availability of 
alternative land disposal methods. CONVENTION CONCERNING FISHING IN THE BLACK SEA 
(Varna, 7 July 1959) The Governments of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Romanian People's 
Republic and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Having a common interest in the rational utilisation of 
the fishery resources of the Black Sea and in the development of marine fishing, Have decided to conclude 
this Convention and have for this purpose appointed as their plenipotentiaries: who, having exchanged their 
full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows: 

Article 1 The Contracting Parties agree to co-operate and to assist one another, in accordance with the 
provisions of this Convention, in carrying on rational fishing in the Black Sea, in improving fishing 
technique, and in carrying out research in the field of ichthyology and hydrobiology for the purpose of 
maintaining and augmenting the stocks of fish in the Black Sea with a view to increasing the yield. The 
provisions of this Convention shall not affect the status of the territorial and inland waters of the Contracting 
Parties. 

Article 2 Fishing vessels of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Romanian People's Republic and the 
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics engaged in fishing in the open sea may enter the following ports of 
refuge in order to shelter from bad weather or in case of damage: In the People's Republic of Bulgaria: 
Balchik, Varna, Nesebur, Burgas, Sozopol and Michurin; In the Romanian People's Republic: Constanta and 
Sulina; In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Odessa, Evpatoria, Yalta, Novorossysk, Sochi, Sukhum, 
Poti and Batum. The list of ports of refuge may be amended by agreement among the Parties to the 
Convention. 

Article 3 In the cases referred to in 

Article 2 of this Convention, the fishing vessels of the Contracting Parties shall where necessary be given an 
opportunity to repair the damage and to replenish their supplies of foodstuffs, drinking water, fuel, lubricants 
and other ship's stores so that the vessel may continue on its route or return to its nearest home port, and an 
opportunity to dispose of their catch fresh at the ports of refuge if it cannot be preserved on board the vessel. 
Article 4 The procedure governing the disposal of fish and payment for services rendered to fishing vessels 
entering ports of refuge and for fish disposed of in the cases referred to in 

Article 3 of this Convention shall be agreed between the competent authorities of the Parties to the 
Convention. 

Article 5 The following shall be the minimum sizes at which fish may be taken: Beluga (Huso huso). 
LANES, SN 140 cm Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstaedti) . ............... ........80 cm Sevryuga (Acipenser 
stellatus) .......... 75 cm Turbot (Rhombus maeoticus) ............. 35 cm Shad (Alosa kessleri pontica) ........... 16 


cm The size of a fish shall be determined by measuring its length from the tip of the snout to the base of the 
tail fin. Any fish taken which is under the prescribed size must be put back in the sea. The taking of fish 
under the prescribed minimum size shall be permissible in a proportion not exceeding the following 
percentage by number of the total catch of each protected species: 8 per cent in the case of shad (Alosa 
kessleri pontica); 5 per cent in the case of turbot (Rhombus macoticus); and 5 per cent in the case of 
Acipenseridae (Huso huso, Acipenser guldenstaedti, Acipenser stellatus). The taking of Acipenser 
nudiventris shall be prohibited for five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention. 

Article 6 For the purpose of preparing forecasts for fishing in the Black Sea, the Contracting Parties agree to 
exchange by any suitable means operational information concerning the migration of industrial fish, 
indicating the time and place at which they congregate, the direction of movement, the density of the 
schools, and the hydrometeorological conditions in which such congregations and migrations are observed. 
Article 7 With a view to the rational utilisation of the stocks of fish in the Black Sea, the Contracting Parties 
agree to exchange information annually on the results of scientific research in the fields of marine 
ichthyology, hydrobiology and fishing technique. The Contracting Parties shall exchange statistical data on 
catches of fish. 

Article 8 With a view to working out and co-ordinating measures for the application of this Convention, a 
Mixed Commission shall be established. Within one month after the entry into force of the Convention, each 
Contracting Party shall appoint one representative to the said Commission and shall communicate the name 
of its representative to the other Contracting Parties. The Mixed Commission shall meet at least once a year 
in the territory of each of the Contracting Parties in turn. The Mixed Commission shall function under a 
statute drafted by it at its first meeting and approved by the Contracting Parties. 

Article 9 The Mixed Commission shall have the following functions: 1. It shall work out agreed measures to 
regulate fishing, with a view to the conservation and augmentation of the stocks of fish in the Black Sea, and 
to develop industrial fishing technique; 2. It shall introduce amendments to 

Article 5 of the Convention concerning the species and dimensions of fish caught in the Black Sea. 
Proposals for such amendments must be communicated to the representatives of the Contracting Parties on 
the Mixed Commission not later than three months before the opening of the Commission's regular session; 
3. It shall co-ordinate the planning of scientific research projects on matters relating to fishing in the Black 
Sea, to be conducted by the competent authorities of the Contracting Parties; 4. It shall determine the nature 
and extent of the statistical and other data which each Contracting Party shall furnish to the Mixed 
Commission for the purpose of implementing this Convention; 5. It shall exchange information concerning 
the application of this Convention; 6. It shall examine such other matters as the Contracting Parties may 
refer to it. 

Article 10 The Mixed Commission shall make recommendations to the Contracting Parties on the matters 
referred to in 

Article 9 with the exception of paragraph 2 of that 

Article, on which the Commission may take decisions. Recommendations and decisions shall be deemed to 
be adopted by the Mixed Commission if they receive the favourable votes of the representatives of all the 
Contracting Parties. The recommendations of the Mixed Commission shall be submitted to the Contracting 
Parties for approval and may be given effect if none of the Parties raises objections within four months. 
Article 11 This Convention shall not impede the conclusion of bilateral agreements on matters relating to 
fishing in the Black Sea between any two Contracting Parties or between a Contracting Party and any other 
Black Sea State, so long as such agreements do not conflict with the terms of this Convention. 

Article 12 This Convention shall be ratified and shall enter into force on the date of deposit of the last 
instrument of ratification with the Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, in whose archives the 
original of the Convention shall be kept. The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria shall notify 
the Governments of all Contracting Parties of the date of deposit of the last instrument of ratification. 
Certified true copies of this Convention shall be transmitted by the Government of the People's Republic of 
Bulgaria to the other Contracting Parties. 

Article 13 This Convention is concluded for a term of five years. It shall remain in force for successive 
terms of five years for those Contracting Parties which do not inform the Government of the People's 
Republic of Bulgaria, six months before the expiry of the current five-year term, that they wish to terminate 
the Convention. 

Article 14 Other Black Sea States may accede to this Convention. 

Article 15 The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria shall take the necessary action to register 
this Convention with the Secretariat of the United Nations. Done at Varna, on 7 July 1959, in one copy in 
the Bulgarian, Romanian and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic. 


148 


CONVENTION CONCERNING FISHING IN THE BLACK SEA (Varna, 7 July 1959) 


The Governments of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Romanian People's Republic and the Union of 
Soviet Socialist Republics, Having a common interest in the rational utilisation of the fishery resources of 
the Black Sea and in the development of marine fishing, Have decided to conclude this Convention and have 
for this purpose appointed as their plenipotentiaries: 


who, having exchanged their full powers, found in good and due form, have agreed as follows: 
Article | 


The Contracting Parties agree to co-operate and to assist one another, in accordance with the provisions of 
this Convention, in carrying on rational fishing in the Black Sea, in improving fishing technique, and in 
carrying out research in the field of ichthyology and hydrobiology for the purpose of maintaining and 
augmenting the stocks of fish in the Black Sea with a view to increasing the yield. 


The provisions of this Convention shall not affect the status of the territorial and inland waters of the 
Contracting Parties. 


Article 2. Fishing vessels of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Romanian People's Republic and the 
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics engaged in fishing in the open sea may enter the following ports of 
refuge in order to shelter from bad weather or in case of damage: In the People's Republic of Bulgaria: 
Balchik, Varna, Nesebur, Burgas, Sozopol and Michurin; In the Romanian People's Republic: Constanta 
and Sulina; In the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics: Odessa, Evpatoria, Yalta, Novorossysk, Sochi, 
Sukhum, Poti and Batum. The list of ports of refuge may be amended by agreement among the Parties to 
the Convention. 


Article 3. In the cases referred to in article 2 of this Convention, the fishing vessels of the Contracting 
Parties shall where necessary be given an opportunity to repair the damage and to replenish their supplies of 
foodstuffs, drinking water, fuel, lubricants and other ship's stores so that the vessel may continue on its route 
or return to its nearest home port, and an opportunity to dispose of their catch fresh at the ports of refuge if it 
cannot be preserved on board the vessel. 


Article 4 The procedure governing the disposal of fish and payment for services rendered to fishing vessels 
entering ports of refuge and for fish disposed of in the cases referred to in article 3 of this Convention shall 


be agreed between the competent authorities of the Parties to the Convention. 


Article 5 The following shall be the minimum sizes at which fish may be taken: Beluga (Huso huso). 


eae ee 140 cm_ Russian sturgeon (Acipenser guldenstaedti) . ............. .......80 cm Sevryuga 
(Acipenser stellatus) .......... 75 cm Turbot (Rhombus maeoticus) ............. 35 cm_ Shad (Alosa kessleri 
pontica) ........... 16 cm The size of a fish shall be determined by measuring its length from the tip of the 


snout to the base of the tail fin. Any fish taken which is under the prescribed size must be put back in the 
sea. The taking of fish under the prescribed minimum size shall be permissible in a proportion not 
exceeding the following percentage by number of the total catch of each protected species: 8 per cent in the 
case of shad (Alosa kessleri pontica); 5 per cent in the case of turbot (Rhombus macoticus); and 5 per cent 
in the case of Acipenseridae (Huso huso, Acipenser guldenstaedti, Acipenser stellatus). The taking of 
Acipenser nudiventris shall be prohibited for five years from the date of entry into force of this Convention. 


Article 6 For the purpose of preparing forecasts for fishing in the Black Sea, the Contracting Parties agree to 
exchange by any suitable means operational information concerning the migration of industrial fish, 
indicating the time and place at which they congregate, the direction of movement, the density of the 
schools, and the hydrometeorological conditions in which such congregations and migrations are observed. 


Article 7 With a view to the rational utilisation of the stocks of fish in the Black Sea, the Contracting Parties 
agree to exchange information annually on the results of scientific research in the fields of marine 
ichthyology, hydrobiology and fishing technique. The Contracting Parties shall exchange statistical data on 
catches of fish. 


149 


Article 8 With a view to working out and co-ordinating measures for the application of this Convention, a 
Mixed Commission shall be established. Within one month after the entry into force of the Convention, 
each Contracting Party shall appoint one representative to the said Commission and shall communicate the 
name of its representative to the other Contracting Parties. The Mixed Commission shall meet at least once 
a year in the territory of each of the Contracting Parties in turn. The Mixed Commission shall function 
under a statute drafted by it at its first meeting and approved by the Contracting Parties. 


Article 9 The Mixed Commission shall have the following functions: 1. It shall work out agreed measures 
to regulate fishing, with a view to the conservation and augmentation of the stocks of fish in the Black Sea, 
and to develop industrial fishing technique; 2. It shall introduce amendments to article 5 of the Convention 
concerning the species and dimensions of fish caught in the Black Sea. Proposals for such amendments must 
be communicated to the representatives of the Contracting Parties on the Mixed Commission not later than 
three months before the opening of the Commission's regular session; 3. It shall co-ordinate the planning of 
scientific research projects on matters relating to fishing in the Black Sea, to be conducted by the competent 
authorities of the Contracting Parties; 4. It shall determine the nature and extent of the statistical and other 
data which each Contracting Party shall furnish to the Mixed Commission for the purpose of implementing 
this Convention; 5. It shall exchange information concerning the application of this Convention; 6. It shall 
examine such other matters as the Contracting Parties may refer to it. 


Article 10 The Mixed Commission shall make recommendations to the Contracting Parties on the matters 
referred to in article 9 with the exception of paragraph 2 of that article, on which the Commission may take 
decisions. Recommendations and decisions shall be deemed to be adopted by the Mixed Commission if they 
receive the favourable votes of the representatives of all the Contracting Parties. The recommendations of 
the Mixed Commission shall be submitted to the Contracting Parties for approval and may be given effect if 
none of the Parties raises objections within four months. 


Article 11 This Convention shall not impede the conclusion of bilateral agreements on matters relating to 
fishing in the Black Sea between any two Contracting Parties or between a Contracting Party and any other 
Black Sea State, so long as such agreements do not conflict with the terms of this Convention. 


Article 12 This Convention shall be ratified and shall enter into force on the date of deposit of the last 
instrument of ratification with the Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, in whose archives the 
original of the-Convention shall be kept. The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria shall notify 
the Governments of all Contracting Parties of the date of deposit of the last instrument of ratification. 
Certified true copies of this Convention shall be transmitted by the Government of the People's Republic of 
Bulgaria to the other Contracting Parties. 


Article 13 This Convention is concluded for a term of five years. It shall remain in force for successive 
terms of five years for those Contracting Parties which do not inform the Government of the People's 
Republic of Bulgaria, six months before the expiry of the current five-year term, that they wish to terminate 
the Convention. 


Article 14 Other Black Sea States may accede to this Convention. 
Article 15 The Government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria shall take the necessary action to register 


this Convention with the Secretariat of the United Nations. Done at Varna, on 7 July 1959, in one copy in 
the Bulgarian, Romanian and Russian languages, all texts being equally authentic. 


150 


BIBLIOGRAPHY 


WCMC has access to a Black Sea bibliography of about 5000 references. This bibliography has been 
searched and reduced to the following list which may be of some use. Unfortunately there was not time nor 
the resources to obtain all of these titles, some which are not easily available in the UK. 


Leslie, D.M.JR and Tissuescu A.. Beyond the Danube Delta: Forest Conservation and Research 
Opportunities in Romania. Conservation Biology, Volume 6, NO.2, June 1992. pp.165-167 


Pringle. C.M. Us- Romanian Environmental Reconnaissance in the Danube Delta. Conservation Biology, 
Volume 5, No. 4. December 1991. pp 442-445. 


FAO.1993. Trends in catches and landings. Mediterranean and Black Sea Fisheries: 1972-1991. FAO 
Fisheries Circular No.855.4. 


FAO. 1994. Second Technical Consultation on stock Assessment in the Black Sea. Ankara Turkey, 15-19 
February 1993. No.495. 


Berkes and Fikret. 1977. Turkish dolphin fisheries. Oryx, Journal of Fauna Preservation Society. Vol 14. Pp 
163-167. 


UNEP. 1997. Georgian Biodiversity Country Study Report 1996 program "Assistance for the Preparation of 
Biodiversity Country Study in the Republic of Georgia". United Nation Environmental Programme. 
Ministry of Environment of Georgia. Noah's Ark Centre for Recovery of Endangered Species. 


Grimmet, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. Important Bird Areas in Europe. 1990. International Council for Bird 
Preservation Technical Publication No.9 International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. 
(held at WCMC) 


Ivanov, L.M. 1982. The fisheries resources of the Black Sea. Part Il. The sea and the ocean fishing of 
Bulgaria. Etudes et Revue. Vol 60, p2-135. (ref no.1547) 

Nikolaev, S.D Changes in the Romanian marine fishery in connection with the alteration of the 
environmental conditions and the status of the fish resources in the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research 
(Black Sea Special Issue). 


Popov, V.F. 1986. State and development of fishing technologies in the Black Sea along the Bulgarian coast. 
FAO Fish Report. No. 26-27. Pp1 13-128. Rome 1963/1980. 


Prodanov, K. 1991. Management of the biological resources and their rational exploitation. Science and 
management in the Black Sea. Results of an International Workshop held in Varna, Bulgaria. 


September/October 1991 pub: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 


Aubrey, D.G. and Unluata, V. Science and Management in the Black Sea. 1991. Results of an International 
Workshop held in Varna Bulgaria. September/October. 1991. 


Aubrey, D.G.1993. Intergovernmental oceanographic Commission Workshop Report # 86. September 30 - 
October 4. 1991. Scientific Working Group Report for the Black Sea. Vol.86. p1-36. 


Balkas, T. 1990. State of the marine environment in the Black Sea region. UNEP. Region Sea Report and 
Studies. No. 126. 


Bologa, A.S. 1992. Review of the state of the environment and biological changes in the Romanian Black 
Sea sector. Problems of the Black Sea. Public Akad. Nauk. Uk. MAI. pp 91-96 


151 


Della Croce, N. 1992. Marine environmental studies in coastal waters. Problems of the Black sea. Publi 
Akad. Nauk. Uk. pp168-172.. 


Nikolaev, S.D. Changes in the Romanian marine fishery in connection with the alteration of the 
environmental conditions and the status of the fish resources in the Black Sea. Deep Sea Research . 
Black Sea Special Issue. Inter-library loan. 


Rybalka, A.T. 1993. South coast of the Crimea: environmental specificity and coast protection problems. 
Coastline of the Black Sea. Proceeding of 8" Symposium on coastal and Ocean Management. Coastal 
Zone 93. New Orleans. L/A July 19-23 Publi Series Coastline of the world. American Society of 
Civil engineers (ASCE). 


Aubray D.G. 1992. Focus on the coast: Threatened by Nature and civilization. Oceanus. Vol. 35, issue]. 
Pp.82-84. 


Aybulatov, N.A. 1993. Geoecology of the Black Sea coastal zone. Proceeding of 8"" Symposium on coastal 
zone 93. New Orleans. LA. July 19-23. Publi: Series coastline of the World. Pp 103-124. 


Konsulov, Ts. 1988. Ecological issues related to living resources ( Zooplankton and zoobenthos) along the 
Bulgarian coast. Hydrobiology. Vol 2 


Coastline of the Black Sea. 1993. Proceedings of the 8" Symposium on coastal and ocean management. 
Coastal zone 93. New Orleans #. LA July 19-23. 


Muller, G.I. 1985 On the opportunity of a marine reserve to be established at the Romanian coast of the 
Black Sea. Pp97-106. Not found in UI. 


Petrova karakjova, J.Y. 1982. Distribution and stocks of marine seagrasses Zostera marina and Zostera nana 
L. of the Bulgarian Black Sea. Institute of fisheries.vol 19. 


Rybalka, A.I. 1993. Southcoast of the Crimea: environmental specificity and coast protection problems. 
Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. Coastal Zone 93. New 
Orleans. LA. July 19-23 1993. Publi: Series coastlines of the world. Coastlines of the Black Sea . 
American Society of Civil Engineurs. (ASCE). 1993. 


Salukvadza, N.I. 1993. New structure used for protection of the Black Sea Coast. Proceedings of the 8th 
Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Management. Coastal Zone 93. New Orleans. LA. July 19-23 
1993. Publi: Series coastlines of the world. Coastlines of the Black Sea. American Society of Civil 
Engineers. (ASCE). 1993. 


Monolili, P 1974. Some ecological considerations on the flora and fauna of the Southern part of the Musura 
Bay (the delta of the Danube onto the Black Sea).Trav. Mus. Hist. Nat. "Gr. Antipe". 


Esin, N.V. and Ko-Yan R. D.1993. Ecology of Gelondzlorik Bay. Proceedings of the 8th Symposium on 
Coastal and Ocean Management. Coastal Zone 93. New Orleans. LA. July 19-23 1993. Publi: Series 
coastlines of the world. Coastlines of the Black Sea. American Society of Civil Engineers. (ASCE). 
1993. 


Bologa, A.S. Review of the state of the environment and biological changes on the Romanian Black Sea 
sector. 1992. Problems of the Black Sea Akad-Nauk Ukr., MHI. Sevastopol. Pp 91-96. 


Nokolaev, S.R. Changes in the Romania marine fisheries in connections with the alteration of the 
environmental conditions of the status of the fish resources in the Black Sea. Deep sea Research 


(Black sea Species Issue) Volume 2 


Della Croce, N. 1992. Marine environmental studies in coastal waters. Problems of the Black sea Publi. 
Akad, Nauk. Ukr..MHI.. pp 168-172. Not held in Ul nor SPL. 


152 


Nikolaev, S.D. Changes in the Romanian marine fisheries in connection with the alteration of the 
environmental conditions and the status of the fish resources in the Black sea, Deep Sea Research. 
Volume 2 


Ozturk, I, 1992. Marine outfall applications on the Turkish coasts of the Black Sea. Water Science and 
Technology. Vol 25, issue 9, pp 203-210. 


Provirof, L. 1994. Conservation of Black Sea wetlands: a review and preliminary action plan based on 
national reports by L. Provirof. {et al} compiled by A.M. Wilson and M.E. Moser for International 
Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau. Slimbridge: International Waterfowl and Wetlands 
Research Bureau. [WRB publication; 33 


Khutsishvili, G. (Georgii). 1980. The Black Sea coast on the Caucasus: a guide/By G. Khutsinkvili. 
Moscow, progress. 


Darke, Diane. 1987. Guide to eastern Turkey and the Black Sea coast. 


Ovchininikov, I.M. 1991. Investigations of the Black Sea Ecosystems in winter ( the 21th cruise of the R/N 
Vityas) , 9 Feb-8 April Oceanology 1991. Vol 31, issue 6, p 1081-1085. 


153 


Annex 1 


Globally threatened plants endemic to one country 
bordering the Black Sea 


Sorted alphabetically by genus 


WCMC Plants Programme 


WORLD CONSERVATION 
MONITORING CENTRE 


Explanation of Conservation Status Listing 


The attached listing was generated from the threatened plants database at WCMC. The list may 
deal with either a taxonomic group (e.g., all ferns, a family, or a genus) or a geographic area 
(e.g., a country or a Basic Recording Unit (BRU) (see next page). The list is sorted either by 
genus or family. 


Source of data 


Following the actual listing is a list of data sources used to create the list. To facilitate finding 
references by their DS number, these data sources are arranged by their number, not 
alphabetically by author. 


Note: Our databases are dynamic and change daily. The information on the list 
represents only what had been computerised as of the date shown. 


First line(s) 


1. Original IUCN Red Data Book category at the world level (in bold). This is assigned 
by WCMC on the basis of national threat information available (see 5 below), and applies to 
the degree of threat to this taxon at the world level. Definitions are given on page 3 of this 
report. (NB These data do not cover the new 1994 IUCN categories). 


2. Inclusion on CITES Appendix. A Roman numeral I, II, or III indicates the CITES 
(Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) 
Appendix on which the plant appears. 


I, II, III (normal font): inclusion is at the species, subspecies, or variety level; 


I, II, II (italicised): inclusion is at the genus level; 
I, I, II (underlined): inclusion is at the family level. 


3. Scientific mame including author (Family name) Data source of name. 


4. Subsequent line(s) 


5. IUCN Red Data Book category for this BRU. This applies to the degree of threat to this 
taxon in this area only, and is assigned according to information in a data source (see 6 
below). 


6. Data source number for conservation status in this BRU. 
7. Distribution of taxon (geographical qualifier) Data source number for distribution. 
Note: A "?" directly before the area name indicates there is doubt as to the accuracy of the 


distribution information. If the distribution is known or assumed to be incomplete, an 
explanation to that effect is displayed after the last distribution. 


Geographic Coding Scheme 


WCWMNC has adopted the geographic coding system of Basic Recording Units (BRU) (Hollis and 
Brummitt, 1992)’. This system is used for recording plant, animal and protected area 
distribution information. Under this scheme the world is divided into 622 BRUS, with a 
hierarchy comprising four levels of subdivision. Level | divides the world into "continents" as 
follows: 


Europe Asia-Tropical Northern America 
Africa Australasia Southern America 
Asia-Temperate Pacific Antarctic 


Each continent is then subdivided into regions (level 2), these then being further subdivided into 
level 3 (mostly country level divisions) and level 4 (mostly state level divisions) which totals 
622 separate units. 


Examples of countries broken down to level 4: 


Brazil (29 areas) India (32 areas) Mexico (30 areas) 

China (27 areas) New Zealand (8 areas) USA (60 areas) 

In addition to the countries listed above, oceanic islands and island groups are treated as level 4 
areas regardless of their "parent" country. 


‘Hollis, S. & R.K. Brummitt (1992) World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant 
Distributions. Published for the International Working Group on Taxonomic Databases for 
Plant Sciences (TADWG). 102pp. 


The original IUCN Red Data Book Categories 


The original Red Data Book categories used by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) 
and the Species Survival Commission (SSC) of IUCN - the World Conservation Union to indicate the 
degree of threat to individual taxa in their wild habitats. Below are the formal definitions of the 
categories. Note: There is a degree of subjectivity to the application of these categories, a 
subjectivity that will be diminished by a thorough understanding of and a strict adherence to 
these definitions. 


Extinct (Ex) 
Taxa that are no longer known to exist in the wild after repeated searches of the type localities 
and other known or likely places. 


Endangered (E) 
Taxa in danger of extinction and whose survival is unlikely if the causal factors continue 
operating. Included are taxa whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level or whose 
habitats have been so drastically reduced that they are deemed to be in immediate danger of 
extinction. 


Vulnerable (V) 
Taxa believed likely to move into the Endangered category in the near future if the causal 
factors continue operating. Included are taxa of which most or all the populations are 
decreasing because of over-exploitation, extensive destruction of habitat or other environmental 
disturbance; taxa with populations that have been seriously depleted and whose ultimate 
security is not yet assured; and taxa with populations that are still abundant but are under threat 
from serious adverse factors throughout their range. 


Rare (R) 
Taxa with small world populations that are not at present Endangered or Vulnerable but are at 
risk. These taxa are usually localised within restricted geographic areas or habitats or are thinly 
scattered over a more extensive range. 


Indeterminate (I) 
Taxa known to be Extinct, Endangered, Vulnerable, or Rare but where there is not enough 
information to say which of the four categories 1s appropriate. 


Insufficiently Known (K) 
Taxa that are suspected but not definitely known to belong to any of the above categories 
because of the lack of information. 


Out of Danger (O) 
Taxa formerly included in one of the above categories, but are now considered relatively secure 
because effective conservation measures have been taken, or because the previous threat to their 
survival has been removed. 


Not threatened (nt) 
Taxa that are not in any of the above categories. 


No information (?) 
Taxa for which there is no information. 


In addition to the categories listed above, occasionally "hybrid" categories such as Ex/E are used. 


ai 


way’ 


‘Te: Peotons 


tenes met 
VW aatlg: og 


ne 


i‘? Weugs 
i lipo s 


Tet 


i 


my 


‘ws 


mit fe 


ay it 


lijnalaray et & on “ 


CME stil 
HROTAD pabety a art 


genes Si WI Heke le SA te cob beverly. dy end DD NeGHPET AF oc oegaal 


ge , OREN oo he 
Ala Vitae eae oat P Ce) nd 
sida ee | ee ee dagdoniny Whe Zcfinacsimerice-aw eh 
Wat A ee hey vee) ali deve 9 abi 7 ai a 7 


wien etgeaioniconet et saint ele stint a 2 tinal, 8 


ees wy, 


Tira a a Pee 
ee 


r 


Lf ident Aa Seva a4 


Bes ro . or d 
teeta r ithe: att aE Seu eRe diy ‘cat ae ihe at ina si hutagh 2 


Ca ea | ie! ea 
es suai! (eee eS dibs aha 


1 ae aot ol bash : advicaeamliee itd Wit Nite oe 4 


ML hati aghe et eerie: peter; ey etl 
Like yey oe oe } Me hear ayer esta 2m, tes Ad Bi dee te hh 


MAO arAth bak CN yaaa ont i 
aa sani 


ae othe! BEAP Yee i ceagny Rena ee eee he conga: 


wet TE why meth at. oh cepa ct | ea eee 

vet ark ea | rinmaidede eh aeRO iN wt Hew pall othe. 4 

=] ; nodiate’ pai - 

y nad 

AM <a ae Ti R24 iw bay 4 

‘ { 
ant % 
S 


. she" 


\ 


Cp act ith cHee 


eine 4 is es ue Oat velar peri ser Gkiehie: 
ferret am 


oie v shideitesi Porgy nal 
Aes We noe yelnantaata 
* 


ved fecerepeadniate 


engi gy’ hs "y sik On, 


faves ‘na pea aan, HY 2 


siti th 


See itr oe Add SA barter yer oF 
a J 


“hele fom 


Set? gy oer he un very els amis ie tall cin. ig Piping rear a sol Stim, 
Sail Riven 


ep iim 9 My 


naire Racer. aide hs 


gt iion 


ae pa tonics Parra, of bia Sos 


ceo hh eel Deen ip 
hoe Sia oak’ vapiek) 


fora 


: 
: 
. 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 


Acantholimon acerosum Wild. var. parvifolium 
Bokhari [Plumbaginateae] /2840 

R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acantholimon caryophyllaceum Boiss. ssp. parviflorum 
Bokhari [Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acantholimon confertiflorum Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acantholimon damassanum Mobayen var. lancibracteatum 


Bokhari [Plumbaginaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acantholimon halophilum Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acantholimon knorringianum Lincz. [Plumbaginaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Acantholimon langaricum O. & B. Fedtsch. 
[Plumbaginaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Acantholimon puberulum Boiss. & Bal. var. 
longiscapum Bokhari [Plumbaginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acantholimon reflexifolium Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acantholimon ruprechtii Bunge [Plumbaginaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 


Acantholimon saxifragiforme (Hausskn. & Sint.) ex Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acantholimon spirizianum Mobayen 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 
R= 2840 Turkey 12840 


Acantholimon strigillosum Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acantholimon ulicinum (Will. ex Schultes) Boiss. var. 
purpurascens (Bokhari) Bokhari ex Edmondson 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. brevicaulis (Freyn) 
A. Hossain [Acanthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. laciniatus Freyn 
[Acanthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Acanthus dioscoridis L. var. perringii (Siehe) A. 
Hossain [Acanthaceae] 1/2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Acer cappadocicum Gleditsch var. stenocaryum 
Yalt. [Aceraceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Acer hyrcanum Fischer & Meyer ssp. sphaerocaryum 
Yaltirik [Aceraceae]' 20618 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Acer monspessulanum L. ssp. oksalinum Yalt. 
[Aceraceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Acer undulatum Pojark. [Aceraceae] 12840 


as 


I 20618 Turkey 20618 


Achillea armenorum Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea brachyphylla Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea fraasii Shultes Bip. var. troiana 
Aschers. & Heimerl [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea goniocephala Boiss. & Bal. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea gypsicola Huber-Mor. [Compositae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea kotschyi Boiss. ssp. canescens 
Bassler [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea magnifica Huber-Mor. [Compositae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea multifida (DC.) Boiss. [Compositae] 12840, 
20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea nobilis L. ssp. denissima (O. Schwarz ex 
Bassler) [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea nobilis L. ssp. kurdica Huber-Mor. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea pseudoaleppica Hub.- Mor. 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea sieheana Stapf [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea sintenisii Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea sipikorensis Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea sipinulifolia Fenzl ex Boiss. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Achillea thracica Velen. [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 

Acinos troodii (Post) Leblebici ssp. grandiflora 
Hartvig & Strid [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 ; 


Acinos troodii (Post) Leblebici ssp. vardaranus E. 
Leblebici [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Aconitum talassicum Popov [Ranunculaceae] 

Vv former USSR 6930 

Adenophora taurica (Sukaczev) Juz. 
[Campanulaceae] 8000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Aethionema cordatum (Desf.) ssp. pichleri Boiss.) 
Hardvig & Strid [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aethionema demirizii Davis & Hedge 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Cruciferae: Aethionema 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Aethionema froedinii Rech. fil. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Aethionema huber-morathli Davis & Hedge 


[Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Aethionema lepidioides Hub.-Mor. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Aethionema lycium 1.A. Anderson ex al. 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Aethionema marashicum Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Aethionema munzurense Davis & Yildirimli 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Aethionema papillosum Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Aethionema speciosum Boiss. & Huet ssp. compactum 


Hardvig & Strid [Cruciferae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Aethionema subulatum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Boiss. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Vv Aethionema thesiifolium Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Agropyron cimmericum Nevski [Gramineae] 20171 
I former European USSR 
Agropyron dasyanthum Ledeb. [Gramineae] 20171 
R former European USSR 
Agropyron deweyi A. Love [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Agropyron tanaiticum Nevski [Gramineae] 2017/ 
R former European USSR 
Ajuga chamaepitys (L.) Schreber ssp. euphratica 
Davis [Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ajuga postii Brig. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ajuga vestita Boiss. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ajuga xylorrhiza Kit Tan [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R 
R 
R 
R Alcea freyniana jin [Malvaceae] 
R 
R 


— 


x wR FP FR 


R former USSR 6930 

Alchemilla achtarovii Pawi. [Rosaceae] 5204 

R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 

Alchemilla amoena (Czeczott.) Rothm. 
[Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Alchemilla asteroantha Rothm. [Rosaceae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 
Vv Alchemilla bandericensis Pawl. [Rosaceae] 5204, 
20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
R Alchemilla bornmuelleri Rothm. [Rosaceae] 12840 


x FF FF RF FH FR BR ] yx FF FF RF BR 


L 


= 


< FF BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla bursensis B. Pawl [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla buseriana Rothm. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla ciminensis B. Pawl. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla erzincanensis B. Pawl. [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alchemilla hirsutiflora (Buser) Rothm. 
[Rosaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla jumrukczalica Pawi. [Rosaceae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 

Alchemilla orduensis B. Pawl. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla orturcica B. Pawl. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla pirinica Paw). [Rosaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 

Alchemilla procerrima Frohner [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla sciadiophylla Bothm. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla sintenisti Rothm. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alchemilla tiryalensis B. Paw\. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna amana Rech. f. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna areolata Boiss. var. areolata 
[Boraginaceae] 1/2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna areolata Boiss. var. sublaevis 
Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] /2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna attilae Davis [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna aucherana A. DC [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna cappadocica Boiss. & Bal. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna froedinii Rech. f. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna haussknechtii Bornm. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna hispida Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna incana Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna macrophylla Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna macrosiphon Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


jingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Boraginaceae: Alkanna 


Alkanna oreodoxa Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss var. leucantha 
(Bornm.) Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna pamphylica Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna:phrygia Bornm. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna pinardii Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alkanna punctulata Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alkanna saxicola Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Alkanna shattuckia (Post) Post [Boraginaceae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alkanna sieheana Rech. f. [Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Alkanna verecunda Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Alkanna viscidula Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 
Allium alpinarii Ozhatay & Kollmann 
[Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Allium balansae Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Allium baytopiorum Kollmann & Ozhatay 
[Alliaceae] 12840 
V =: 19873 Turkey 12840 
Allium brevicaule Boiss. & Bal. [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Allium czelghauricum Bordz. [Alliaceae] 12840 
I 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium decidum Ozhatay & Kollmann [Alliaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium djimilense Boiss. & Regel [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium eldivanense Ozhatay [Alliaceae] 12840 

R = _:12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium flavum L. var. pilosum Kollmann & 
Koyuncu [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium gayi Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium glumaceum Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium gorumsense Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 

I 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium grande Lipsky [Alliaceae] 5942 


Vv 11552 Russia - North Caucasus (near coast) 
5942 


Allium ilgazense Ozhatay [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium incisum Fomin [Alliaceae] 12840 

I 19873 Turkey 12840 


3s 


x we FF < 


Allium isauricum Huber-Mor. & Wendelbo 
[Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium jubatum MacBride [Alliaceae] 19426 
Vv 19426 Bulgaria 19426 


Allium junceum Sm. ssp. tridentatum Kollmann, 
Ozhatay & Koyuncu [Alliaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium karamanglui Koyuncu & Kollmann 
[Alliaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium kastambulense Kollmann [Alliaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium koenigianum Grossh. [Alliaceae] 12840 
I 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium kurtzianum (Acherson & Sint.) ex Kollmann 
[Alliaceae] 12840 

I 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium macrochaetum Boiss. & Hausskn. ssp. 
tuncelianum Kollmanmn [Alliaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium mariae Bordz. [Alliaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Allium microspathum Ekberg0 [Alliaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium nemrutaghense Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Alliaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium oltense Grossh. [Alliaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium peroninianum Aznav. [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium pervestitum Klokov [Alliaceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Allium phanerantherum Boiss. & Hausskn. ssp. 
deciduum Kollmann & Koyuncu [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium phrygium Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium proponticum Stearn & Ozhatay 
[Alliaceae] 1/2840, 20171 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium rhetoreanum Nab. [Alliaceae] 12840 

I 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium robertianum Kollmann [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium sandrasicum Kolimann, Ozhatay & Bothmer 
[Alliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Allium scabriflorum Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium shatakiense Rech. f. [Alliaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium sieheanum (Hausskn. ex) Kollmann 
[Alliaceae] 12840 

I 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium sintenisii Freyn [Alliaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Allium sivasicum Ozhatay & Kollmann 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Alliaceae: Allium 


[Alliaceae] 12840 
R =: 19873 Turkey 12840 


Vv Allium sosnowskyanum Miscz. [Alliaceae] 12840 
Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 
R Allium stearnianum Koyuncu, Ozhatay & Kollmann 


[Alliaceae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 


I Allium stenopetalum Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Alliaceae] 12840 
I 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium stipitatum Regel [Alliaceae] 
Vv former USSR 6930 


Allium stojanovii Kov. [Alliaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 


Allium stylosum O. Schwarz [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium tauricola Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 


Allium tchihatschewiti Boiss. [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium transvestiens Vved. [Alliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Allium vuralii Kit Tan [Alliaceae] 12840 
v 12840 Turkey 12840 


Allium wiedemannianum Regel [Alliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertner ssp. betuloides 
[Betulaceae] 20618 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Alopecurus laguroides Bal. [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vv Alopecurus thracicus Peney & Kozuharov 
[Gramineae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 


R Alyssum anatolicum Hausskn. ex Nyar 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Alyssum argyrophyllum Schott & Kotschy 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


< 


> RF < FF RF RF FR BR 


v~] 


R Alyssum artvinense Busch [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Alyssum aurantiacum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Alyssum bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Degen 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Alyssum caespitosum Baumg. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Alyssum calycocarpum Rupr. [Cruciferae] 20171 
R former European USSR 

Vv Alyssum caricum Dudley & Hub.-Mor. 


[Cruciferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Alyssum cilicicum Boiss. & Bal. [Cruciferae] 123840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

I Alyssum crenulatum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Alyssum davisianum Dudley [Cruciferae] 12840 


x FF FR BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum discolor Dudley & Hub.-Mor. 
[Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum dubertretii Gomb [Cruciferae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum eriophyllum Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum fulvescens Sibth. & Sm. var. stellatocarpum 
Hub.-Mor. [Cruciferae] 1/2840 i 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum giosnanum Nyar [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum haussknechtii Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum huber-morathii Dudley [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum lepidoto-stellatum (Hausskn. & Bornm.) Dudley 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum lycaonicum (Schulz) Dudley 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum macropodum Boiss. & Bal. var. heterotrichu n 
Hub.-Mor. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum niveum Dudley [Cruciferae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum pinifolium (Nyar) Dudley [Cruciferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum praecox Boiss. & Bal. var. albiflorum 
Dudley [Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum pterocarpum Dudley [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum tetrastemon Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum thymops (Hub.-Mor. & Reese) Dudley 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Alyssum trapeziforme Bornm. ex Nyar 
[Cruciferae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Alyssum trichocarpum Dudley & Hub.-Mor. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Amelanchier parviflora Boiss. var. dentata 
Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Amphoricarpos elegans Albov [Compositae] 5942 

v 11552 Russia - North Caucasus 1/552 

Amphoricarpos exsul O. Schwarz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Amphoricarpos praedictus Ayasligil & Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Amygdalus balansae [Rosaceae] 20618 
E 20618 Turkey 20618 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Rosaceae: Amygdalus 


Amygdalus carduchorum ssp. serrata 
[Rosaceae] 206/8 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Amygdalus korshinskyi (Hand.-Mazz.) Bornm. 
[Rosaceae] 206/8 
Vv 20618 Turkey 20618 


Amygdalus nairica Feodoroy & Takht. [Rosaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Amygdalus trichamygdalus var. elongata 
[Rosaceae] 20618 
R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Anacyclus latealatus Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anchonium elichrysifolium (DC.) Boiss. ssp. 
canescens (Hausskn. & Bornm.) Coode & Cullen 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anchonium elichrysifolium (DC.) Boiss. ssp. 
glandulosum Coode & Cullen [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anchonium elichrysifolium (DC.) Boiss. ssp. villosum 
Cullen & Coode [Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Andrachne colchica (Fischer & C.A. Meyer) Pojark 
[Euphorbiaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Andrachne pusilla Pojark [Euphorbiaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Androsace koso-poljanskii Ovcz. [Primulaceae] 5942, 
| 20171 
| I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Anthemis adonidifolia Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anthemis amophila Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anthemis anthemiformis (Freyn & Sint.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis antitaurica Grierson [Compositae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis arenicola Boiss. var. arenicola 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis argyrophylla (Halacsy & T.Georgiev) Velen. 
[Compositae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

Anthemis calcarea Sosn. [Compositae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis cretica L. ssp. argaea (Boiss. & Bal.) 
Grierson [Compositae] 1/2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis cuneata Hub.-Mor. & Reese 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis davisii Yavin [Compositae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis dipsacea Bornm. [Compositae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


ace 


Anthemis fimbriata Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis gaudium-solis Velen. [Compositae] 5204, 
20171 

I Bulgaria 

Anthemis halophila Boiss. & Bal. [Compositae] 12840 

Vs 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anthemis lithuanica (DC.) Besser ex Trautv. 
[Compositae] 8000, 20171 
R former European USSR 8000 


Anthemis melanoloma Trautv. ssp. trapezuntica 
Grierson [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anthemis orbelica Pancic [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south and west) 5204 

Anthemis oxylepis (Boiss.) Boiss. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis pauciloba Boiss. var. sieheana (Fig) 
Grierson [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Anthemis pestalozzae Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R = 2840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis pungens Yavin [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis regis-borisii Stoj. & Acht. 
[Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 


Anthemis rumelica (Velen.) Stoj. & Acht. 
[Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south & east) 5204 

Anthemis saguramica Sosn. [Compositae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Anthemis sancti-johannis Turrill [Compositae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria 5204 


Anthemis sterilis Steven [Compositae] 8000, 20171 

Vv former European USSR 8000 

Anthemis stribrnyi Velen. [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

Anthemis tinctoria L. var. virescens Bornm. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis tricornis Big [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthemis virescens Velen. [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south & east) 5204 

Anthemis wallii Hub.-Mor. & Reese 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Anthyllis vulneraria L. ssp. variegata (Boiss.) 
Cullen [Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Apera bayiopiana M. Dogan [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Apera triaristata M. Dogan [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Aquilegia colchica Kemul.-Nath. 
[Ranunculaceae] 6930 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Ranunculaceae: Aquilegia 


x FF FF RF FR BR 


R former Asiatic USSR (Caucasus) 6930 


Arabis abietina Bornm. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 1/2840 


Arabis androsacea Fenzl. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arabis aubrietioides Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arabis carduchorum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arabis drabiformis Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arabis ferdinandi-coburgi Kellerer & Siind. 
[Cruciferae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria 5204 


Arabis graellsiformis Hedge [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria angustifolia Mc.Neill 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria angustijolioides Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria angustisepala McNeill 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria cariensis A. Carlstrom 
[Caryophyllaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria davisti McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria deflexa Dec. ssp. microcephala 
McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria eliasiana Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria isauricaa Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria ledebouriana Fenzl var. armeniaca 
McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria ledebouriana Fenzl var. grandiflora 
Hartvig & Strid [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria luschanii McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria mons-cragus Kit Tan ex Sorger 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria pamphylica sensu Hayek 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840, 20171 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria pseudoacantholimon Bornm. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria rhodia Boiss. ssp. macropetala 
McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Arenaria sabulinea Gris. ex Fenzl 


-6- 


Ex/E 


[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria saponarioides Boiss. & Balansa ssp. 
Saponarioides [Caryophyllaceae] 12840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria scariosa Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria sivasica Kit Tan ex Sorger 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria speluncarum McNeill 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Arenaria uninervia McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia brevilabris Bornm. 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia cilicica Davis & Khan 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia krausei Davis [Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia lycica Davis & Khan 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia poluninii Davis & Khan 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia rechingeriana Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia samsunensis Davis 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Aristolochia stenosiphon Davis & Khan 
[Aristolochiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Armeria pocutica Pawl. [Plumbaginaceae] 2017! 
Ex/E 20655 Ukraine (Carpathian Mts) 20655 
Armeria trojana Bokhari & Quezel 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Arnebia purpurea Erik & Sumbul [Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Artemisia hololeuca M.Bieb. ex Besser 
[Compositae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (west) 1/552 
Artemisia salsoloides Willd. [Compositae] 8000, 
20171 
R 11552 Russian Federation (west Caucasus, west 
Siberia) //552 
Arum balansanum R. Mill [Araceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Arum conophalloides Kotschy ex Schott var. caudatum 
Engler [Araceae] 12840 a 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 a 
Arum dioscoridis Sm. var. luschanii R. Mill. | 
[Araceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
‘Araceae: Arum 


Arum euxinum R. Mill [Araceae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Asparagus coodei Davis [Asparagaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asparagus litoralis Steven [Asparagaceae] 20171 
R former European USSR 


Asparagus lycaonicus Davis [Asparagaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula antalyensis Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula capitellata Houuskn. ex Bornm. & Bornm. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula cilicica Hausskn. & Ehrend. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula lilaciflora Boiss. ssp. lilaciflora 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula lilaciflora Boiss. ssp. mutensis 
Schonb.-Tem. [Rubiaceae] /2840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula littoralis Sibth. & Sm. [Rubiaceae] 12840, 
20171 

V =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula lycia Stapf [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula nitida Sm. ssp. hirtella (Boiss.) 
Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] /2840 

R = _12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula nitida Sm. ssp. subcapitellata 
Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Asperula pseudochlorantha Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Asperula sintenisii Acherson ex Bornm. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asperula stricta Boiss. ssp. elmaliensis 
Schonb.-Tem. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula stricta Boiss. ssp. grandiflora 
Schonb.-Tem. [Rubiaceae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula tephrocarpa Czern. ex Popoy & Chrshan. 
[Rubiaceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Asperula virgata Hub.-Mor. ex Ehre.& Scho.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asperula woronowii Krecz. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asphodeline anatolica E. Tuzlaci 
[Asphodelaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asphodeline cilicica E. Tuzlaci 
[Asphodelaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 ; 

Asphodeline damascena (Boiss.) Baker ssp. ovoidea 


7s 


x FF FR BR 


x RF KF BR 


E. Tuzlaci [Asphodelaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asphodeline damascena (Boiss.) Baker ssp. rugosa 
E. Tuzlaci [Asphodelaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asphodeline peshmeniana E. Tuzlaci 
[Asphodelaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asphodeline prismatocarpa J. Gay ex Baker 
[Asphodelaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asphodeline tenuior (Bieb.) Ledeb. 
[Asphodelaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Asphodeline tenuior (Fischer) Ledeb. var. 
puberulenta E. Tuzlaci [Asphodelaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asplenium reuteri Milde [Aspleniaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Aster tarbagatensis (K.Koch) Merxm. 
[Compositae] 8000, 20171 

R Russia (E.Europe) - South (South-East) 

8000 

Astragalus acmophyllus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus adustus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus aintabicus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus akscheherensis Freyn & Bornm. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus albicalycinus Huber-Mor. & Mathews 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus albifolius Freyn & Sint. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus alindanus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus altanii Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus angustiflorus C. Koch ssp. amanus 
(Boiss.) Chamb. [Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus antiochianus Post [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus argaeus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus armeniacus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus atrocarpus Chamb. & Mathews 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus aydosensis Pesmen & Erik 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus badachschianus A. Boriss. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Leguminosae: Astragalus 


E 


xy FF FR 


v=] 


v=] 


7x Fe RF BR 


Astragalus badamensis Popov [Leguminosae] 

E former USSR 6930 

Astragalus balkisensis Sirj. & Rech. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus barba-jovis DC [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus barbarae Bornm. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus barbeyanus Post {Leguminosae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus bashkalensis Chamb. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus baytopianus Chamb. & Mathews 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus bombycalyx Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus canescens DC. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cariensis Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus caudiculosus Boiss. & Huet 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus celakowskyanus Freyn & Bornm. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cephalotes Banks & Bornm. var. brevicalyx 
Eig [Leguminosae] /2340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cephalotes Banks & Bornm. var. 
sintenianus (Sirj) Chamb. & Mathews 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus chaldiranicus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus chamaephaca Freyn [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus chrysochlorus Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus chthonocephalus Boiss. & Bal. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cicerellus Boiss. & Bal. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

V_—s:12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus coadunatus Huber-Mor. & Chamb. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus columnaris Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus commagenicus (Hand.-Mazz.) Sirj. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus comosoides Cham. & Mathews 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 


-8- 


7 x FF FR BR 


v=] 


x 7 FR FR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus consimilis Bornm. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus crinitus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cuspistipulatus Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cymbibracteatus Huber-Mor. & Chamb. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus cymbostegius Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus czorochensis Charadze 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus darwasicus Basilevsk. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Astragalus dasycarpus Chamb. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus decurrens Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus delanensis Sirj. & Rech.f. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus delbesii Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 p 

Astragalus depressus L. var. tasheliensis Erik & 
Sumbul [Leguminosae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus diphtherites Fenzl var. karatashensis 
(Sirj.) Chamb. [Leguminosae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus dirmilensis Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus discessiflorus Gontsch. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Astragalus distinctissimus Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus edinburghensis Ponert 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus edmodii (Kuntze) Sheldon 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus elatus Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus elazigensis Ekim [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus elbistanicus Huber-Mor. & Chamb. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus eliasianus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus eriocephalus Willd. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus ermineus Matt. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Leguminosae: Astragalus 


i Astragalus fissuralis Alexej. [Leguminosae] 11552 

R 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus) 1/552 

Astragalus fodinarum Boiss. & Noe 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus gaeobotrys Boiss. & Bal. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus gevaschensis Chamb. & Matt. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus gilvus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus goeznensis Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus gymnalopecias Rech.f. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus hakkiaricus Chamb. & Matt. 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus hareftae (Nab.) Sirj [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus hartvigii Kit Tan [Leguminosae] 12840 

R_=_:12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus helmii Fischer var. permiensis C. Meyer 
ex Rupr. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 

Astragalus henningii (Steven) Boriss. 
[Leguminosae] 20/7/ 

R former European USSR 

Astragalus hilaris Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus huber-morathii Agerer-Kirchhoff 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus ideae Sirj. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus insignis Gontsch. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Astragalus isauricus Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus isparticus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus kangalicus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus karelinianus Popov (Leguminosae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Astragalus kirshehiricus Chamb. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus kitianus Sorger [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus lagopodioides Vah\ (Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus latistipulatus Chamb. & Matt. 


[Leguminosae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


-9- 


R Astragalus leptocaulis Ledeb. [Leguminosae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Astragalus listoniae Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus longifolius Lam. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus macrouroides Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus maximus Willd. var. dasysemius Chamb. & 
Matt. [Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus melitensis Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus microrchis Barbey [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus mitchellianus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus mokeevae Popov [Leguminosae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Astragalus mordiensis Nab. [Leguminosae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus mukisiensis Rech.f. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus nervulosus Eig & Reese emend Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus nuratensis Popov [Leguminosae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Astragalus ocakverdii Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus ovalis Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus ovatus DC. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R —:12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus ovinus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 2840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus oxypterus A. Boriss. [Leguminosae] 
R former Asiatic USSR 6930 
R Astragalus paecilanthus Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
I Astragalus pallescens M.Bieb. [Leguminosae] 20171 
I former European USSR 
R Astragalus panduratus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
E Astragalus papasianus O. Schwarz 


[Leguminosae] /2840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus patnosicus Chamb. & Matth. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Astragalus phrygius Sirj. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ex/E Astragalus physocalyx Fisch. [Leguminosae] 3000, 
20171 


Ex/E 5204 Bulgaria (Souther - two unconfirmed sites) 
5204 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Leguminosae: Astragalus 


R 


SE PO vA Ad 


v=] 


Y=] 


x Fe FR 


Ae a on 


Astragalus plumosus Willd. var. nitens (Freyn & 
Birnm.) Chamb. & Matt [Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus polemoniacus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus pseudocaspicus Fischer 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus pseudocylindraceus Bornm. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus pycnocephalus Fischer var. seytunensis 
(Bunge) Chamb. [Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus ramicaudex Chamb. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus rarissimus Popov [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Astragalus rechingeri Sirj. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus reduncus Pall. [Leguminosae] 20171 

I former European USSR 8000 

Astragalus renzii Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus robertianus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus roseocalycinus Matt. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus sachanevii Sirj. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus scabrifolius Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus setosulus Gontsch. [Leguminosae] 20171 

E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 20653 

Astragalus seydishehiricus Kit Tan & Ocakverdi 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus sorgerae Huber-Mor. & Chamb. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus sparsipilis Huber-Mor. & Chamb. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Astragalus stenosemioides Bornm. ex Chamb. & Matt. 


[Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Astragalus stridii Kit Tan [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Astragalus subternatus Pavlov [Leguminosae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Astragalus syringus Chamb [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Astragalus talasseus Boiss. & Bal. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Astragalus tanaiticus K.Koch [Leguminosae] 11552, 
20171 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (western) 11552 


Astragalus taochius Woron. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus tatlii H. Pesmen [Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus tekutjevii Gontsch. [Leguminosae] 

I former USSR 6930 

Astragalus thiebaetii Eig [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus tmoleus Boiss. var. tmoleus 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus tokatensis Fischer [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Astragalus trachytricus Bunge [Leguminosae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus trifoliastrum Huber-Mor. & Matt. 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus uhlwormianus Freyn & Bornm. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus ulashensis Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus vanulosus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus velenowskyi Nab. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus victoriae Podlech-Ayerer-Kirchhoff 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus viridiflorus A. Boriss. [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Astragalus voronovianus (Boriss.) Boriss. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus wartoensis Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus wilmottianus Stoj., [Leguminosae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (West) 5204 


Astragalus yueksekovae Matthews [Leguminosae] 12840, 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus zahlbruckneri Hand.-Mazz. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Astragalus zingeri Korsh. [Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 

Asyneuma babadaghensis Yildiz & Kit Tan 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asyneuma compactum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asyneuma davisianum Yildiz & Kit Tan 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asyneuma ekimianum Kit Tan & Yikdiz 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 


: 
: 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Campanulaceae: Asyneuma 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asyneuma ilgazensis Yildiz & Kit Tan 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma isauricum Contandr. & al. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma linifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bornm. ssp. 
eximium (Rech.f.) Damboldt [Campanulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma linifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bornm. ssp. 
glabrum Kit Tan & Yildiz [Campanulaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma linifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bornm. ssp. 
nallihanicum Kit Tan & Yildiz [Campanulaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma lycium (Boiss.) Bornm. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma pulvinatum Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Asyneuma rigidum (Willd.) Grossh. ssp. graminifolium 
Huber-Mor. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Asyneuma trichostegium (Boiss.) Bornm. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Atriplex tatarica L. var. constantinopolitana 
Aellen [Chenopodiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Atriplex tatarica L. var. pseudo-ornata Aellen 
[Chenopodiaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Aubrieta anamasica H. Pesmen & A. Guner 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Aubrieta olympica Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ballota cristata Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ballota inaequidens Hub.-Mor. & Patzak 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ballota latibracteolata Davis & Droszenko 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 2840 Turkey 12840 

Ballota macrodonta Boiss. & Bal. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. 
[Labiatae] 12840, 20171 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ballota rotundifolia C. Koch [Labiatae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex J. &C.Presl. ssp. 
brachyodonta (Boiss.) Davis & Droszenko 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Barbarea auriculata Hausskn. ex Bornm. s.1. 
[Cruciferae] 1/2840 


-11- 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Barbarea lutea Cullen & Coode [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Barbarea minor C. Koch var. anfiactroza Hartvig & 
Strid [Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Barbarea platycarpa Hausskn. ex Bornm. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bellardiochloa argaea (Boiss. & Bal.) R. Mill 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bellardiochloa carica R. Mill [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bellevalia forniculata (Fomin) Deloney 
[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bellevalia lipskyi (Miscz.) E.Wulff 
[Hyacinthaceae] 20/7] 

R former European USSR 


Bellevalia modesta Wendelbo [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bellevalia rixii Wendelbo [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Beta adanensis Pamukc. ex Aellen 
[Chenopodiaceae] 12840, 20171 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Beta trojana (Pamuk.) Aellen [Chenopodiaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Betula browicziana Guner [Betulaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Betula megrelica Sosn. [Betulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Biarum eximium (Schott & Kotschy) Engler 
[Araceae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus cherlerioides (Bornm.) Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus frankenioides (Boiss.) Bark. var. 
fasciculatus (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus frankenioides (Boiss.) Bark. var. 
frankenioides [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus spergulifolius (Saub. & Spach) Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus stenopetalum Hartvig & Strid 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bolanthus thymoides Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Boreava aptera Boiss. & Heldr. [Cruciferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bornmuellera cappadocica (DC.) Cullen & Dudley 
[Cruciferae] 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Cruciferae: Bornmuellera 


R 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bornmuellera glabrescens (Boiss. & Bal.) Cullen & Dudley 
[Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Botschantzevia karatavica (Lipsch. & Pavlov) Nabiev 
[Cruciferae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Brachypodium kotschy Boiss. [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Brachypodium sanctum (Sanka) Janka 
[Gramineae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (Southern Bulgaria - three areas.) 
5204 
Brassica nivalis Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. jordanoffii 
O. E. Schulz [Cruciferae] 8000, 20171 
R = 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 8000 


Brassica sylvestris (L.) Mill. ssp. taurica 
Tzveley [Cruciferae] 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 


Bromus armenus Boiss. [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bromus macrocladus Boiss. [Gramineae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bromus moesiacus Velen. [Gramineae] 8000, 20171 
R 19709 Bulgaria 8000 


Bromus psammophilus P.M. Smith [Gramineae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bunium microcarpum (Boiss.) Freyn ssp. longiradiatum 
Hedge & Lamond [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bupleurum anatolicum Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bupleurum davisii Snogerup [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Bupleurum eginense (Wolff) Snogerup 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum eruberescens Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum koechelii Fenzl (Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum pauciradiatum Fenzl (Umbelliferae] 12840, 
20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum pendikum Snogerup [Umbelliferae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum polyactis Post ex Snogerup 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum pulchellum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840. 

Bupleurum subuniflorum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Bupleurum zoharii Snogerup (Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Calamintha caroli-henricana Kit Tan & Sorger 


-12- 


| 


x ww RB 


[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Calamintha pamphylica Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Calamintha tauricola Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Calophaca sericea B. Fedtsch. ex A. Boriss. 
[Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Camelina anomala Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Camelina stiefelhagenii Bornm. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula aghrica Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula antalyensis Ayasligil & Kit Tan 
[Campanulaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula ardonensis Rupr. [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula argentea Lam. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula autraniana Albov [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula bipinnatifida Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840. 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 c 

Campanula bornmuelleri Nab. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 | 

Campanula choruhensis Kit Tan & Sorger | 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula coriacea Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula damboldtiana Davis & Sorger 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

E 14197 Turkey 12840 

Campanula davisii Turrill [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula dolomitica E. Busch [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula ekimiana Guner [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula fruticulosa (Schwarz & Davis) Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula hakkarica Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula hedgei Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula isaurica Contandr. et al. 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula komarovii Maleev [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula kryophila Rupr. [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 


gt 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Campanulaceae: Campanula 


Campanula lanata Friv. [Campanulaceae] 19709, 20171 

R = 19709 Bulgaria 19709 

Campanula latiloba A. DC. ssp. rizeensis Guner 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R = 2840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula ledebouriana Trauty. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula leucosiphon Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula lycica Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula macrostyla Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula makaschvilii E. Busch 
[Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Campanula mirabilis Atbov [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 


Campanula munzurensis Davis [Campanulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Campanula myrtifolia Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 
R =—-2840 Turkey 12840 
Campanula oligosperma Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 
Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula ossetica M. Bieb. [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula paradoxa Kolak. [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Campanula peshmenii Guner [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula pinnatifida Huber-Mor. 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula psilostachya Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula ptarmicifolia Lam. var. capitellata 
Damboldt [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula pterocaula Hausskn. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula pubicalyx (Davis) Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula pulvinaris Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula quercetorum Huber-Mor. & Simon 
[Campanulaceae] 1/2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula raveyi Boiss. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

V =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula rimarum Boiss. [Campanulaceae] 12840 


-13- 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula scoparia (Boiss. & Hausskn.) Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula seraglio Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Campanulaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula sorgerae Phitos [Campanulaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula stricta L. var. alidagensis Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula strigillosa Boiss. [Campanulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula telephioides Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula telmessii Huber-Mor. & Phitos 
[Campanulaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula teucrioides Boiss. [Campanulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula tomentosa Lam. [Campanulaceae] 12840, 
20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Campanula trachyphylla Schott & Kotschy 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula troegerae Damboldt [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Campanula yildirimlii Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. ssp. thracica 
(Velen.) Stoj. & Stefanov [Cruciferae] /9266, 20171 

Vv 5204 Bulgaria (south) 19266 

Caragana leiocalycina (Huber-Mor.) Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cardamine trifida (Lam. ex Poir.) B.M.G.Jones 
[Cruciferae] 20/71] 

R former European USSR 


Carduus acanthoides L. ssp. sintenisii Kazmi 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Carduus adpressus C.A.Mey. [Compositae] 8000, 20171 

R 5204 + Bulgaria (Southern - two sites only) 

5204 

Carduus nutans L. ssp. falcato-incurvus Davis 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Carduus nutans L. ssp. trojanus Davis 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Carduus onopordioides Fisch. ex Bieb. ssp. turcicus 
(Kazmi) Davis [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Carduus rechingeranus Kazmi [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Compositae: Carduus 


R 


x FF FF FF FF FH RF FR BR 


v=] 


Carduus thracicus (Velen.) Hayek [Compositae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (Southern and eastern - five sites) 
5204 
Carex cilicica Boiss. ssp. muglaica O. Nilson 
[Cyperaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Carex cilicica Boiss. ssp. muratica O. Nilson 
[Cyperaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Carex eriocarpa Hausskn. Kuk. [Cyperaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Carlina cirsioides Kiokov [Compositae] 20/71 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Carlina oligocephala Boiss. & Kotschy ssp. 
pallescens (Wettst.) Muesel & Kastner 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Carum rupicola Hardvig & Strid [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Castilleja schrenkii Rebrist. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 20/71 

R former European USSR 

Centaurea amaena Boiss. & Bal. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea amanicola Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea androssovii Njin [Compositae] 8001 

R former USSR 6930 

Centaurea anthemifolia Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea antiochia Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea antitauria Hayek [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea aphrodisea Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea arifolia Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea arpensis (Czerep.) Wagentiz 
[Compositae] 800] 

R former USSR 6930 

Centaurea aucherana DC. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea austro-anatolica Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea barbeyi (Albov) Sosn. [Compositae] 5942 

I 5942 Transcaucasus 5942 

Centaurea bourgaei Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea bovina Velen. [Compositae] 20171 

I Bulgaria 

Centaurea brevifimbriata Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea calcitrapa L. ssp. cilicica (Boiss. & 
Bal.) Wagenitz [Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


-14- 


SS AO ee on AN Sg 


< FPF FR < RF BR 


Centaurea cariensiformis Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea cariensis Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Compositae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea chaldaeorum Nab. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea cheirolepidoides Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea chrysantha Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea davisii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea deflexa Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea demirizii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea derderiifolia Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea dichroa Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea drabifolioides Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea dubjanskii jin [Compositae] 

R former European USSR 

Centaurea ensiformis Davis [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea germanicopolitana Bornn. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea gracillima Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea hakkariensis Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea halophila Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 


~ Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea haradjianii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea hedgei Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea hermannii F.Herm. [Compositae] 17781, 
20171 

Vv 17781 Turkey 17781 


Centaurea hierapolitana Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea holtzii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea huber-morathii Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea karduchorum Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea kernerana Janka [Compositae] 5204, 20171 


jingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Compositae: Centaurea 


R 5204 Bulgaria (central & west) 5204 


Centaurea kilaea Boiss. [Compositae] 12840, 20171 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea koniensis Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea kotschyi (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hayek var. 
decumbens Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea longifimbriata Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea luschaniana Heimer! [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea lycica Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea lycopifolia Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea lydia Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea mannagettae Podp. ssp. pirinica (D. 
Jord.) Koz. [Compositae] 19709 
R 19709 Bulgaria 19709 


Centaurea margaritacea Ten. [Compositae] 20/7] 
Vv former European USSR 


Centaurea mathiolifolia Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea mykalea Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea nydeggeri Hub.-Mor [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea odyssei Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea olympica C. Koch. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea pamphylica Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea paphlagonica (Bornm.) Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea pecho Albow [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea pestalozzae Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea pinetorum Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea poluninii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea psephelloides Freyn & Sint. 
[Compositae] 12840 
Ex 19873 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea pseudokotschyi Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Centaurea pseudoleucolepis Kieopow 
[Compositae] 5942, 20171] 
E 20655 Ukraine (south-east) 5942 
Centaurea pseudoreflexa Hayek [Compositae] 12840 


-15- 


w 


b=] 


xa Fe F BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea ptosimopappa Hayek [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea ptosimopappoides Wagenitz 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea pulcherrima Willd. var. freynii (int.) 
Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea reuterana Boiss. var. reuterana 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea rhizocalathium (C. Koch.) Tchihat. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea schischkinii Tzvelev. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea scopulorum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea sericea Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea sipylea Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea sivasica Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea solstitialis L. ssp. carneola (Boiss.) 
Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea solstitialis L. ssp. pyracantha (Boiss.) 
Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea stapfiana (Hand.-Mazz.) Pai 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea straminicephala Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea tardiflora Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea tchihatcheffii Fisch. & Mey. 
[Compositae] /2840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea tossiensis Freyn & Sint. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea vermiculigera Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Centaurea wagenittzii Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea wiedemanniana Fisch. & Mey. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea woronowii Bornm. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea zeybekii Wagenitz [Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centaurea zlatarskyana Urum. & J.Wagner 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Compositae: Centaurea 


[Compositae] 20171 

I Bulgaria 

Centaurium serpenticola A. Carltrom 
[Gentianaceae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Centranthus kellererii (Stoj. Stef. et Georg. ) Stoj. et 
Stef. [Valerianaceae] /9709 

R_ 19709 Bulgaria 19709 


il Cephalanthera kotschyana Renz & Taub. 


[Orchidaceae] /2840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 


Cephalaria amana Rech. fil. [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria calcarea Alboy [Dipsacaceae] 

I former USSR 6930 

Cephalaria dirmilensis Hub.-Mor. 
[Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria elmaliensis Hub.-Mor. 
[Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria hakkiarica Matthews [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria isaurica Matthews [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria litvinovii Bobrov [Dipsacaceae] 5942, 
20171 

I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 

Cephalaria lycica Matthews [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria paphlagonica Bobrov [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria salicifolia Post (Dipsacaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria scoparia Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Dipsacaceae] 1/2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria sparsipilosa Matthews 
[Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cephalaria taurica Szabo [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium araraticum Rupr. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium dominici Kit Tan & R. Mill 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium haussknechtii Boiss. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium krylovii Schischk. & Gortschak. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 

R former European USSR 

Cerastium macranthum Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae} 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium pisidicum Ayasligil & Kit Tan 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cerastium saccardoanum Dirat 


-16- 


Rol ate 6 ree urs) 


[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cerasus erzincanica Yildirimli [Rosaceae] 20618 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Cerasus hippophaeoides [Rosaceae] 20618 
R 20618 Turkey 2061/8 


Ceratophyllum tanaiticum Sapjegin 
[Ceratophyllaceae] 8000, 20171 
I 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 


Chaerophyllum hakkiaricum Hedge & Lamond 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Chaerophyllum karsianum Kit Tan ex Ocakverdi 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Chamaecytisus anatolicus [Leguminosae] 20618 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Chamaecytisus blockianus (Pawl.) Klask. 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Chamaecytisus cassius (Boiss.) Rothm. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Chamaecytisus kovacevii (Velen.) Rothm. 
[Leguminosae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (north) 5204 

Chamaecytisus nejceffii (Urum.) Rothm. 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

E Bulgaria 19847 

Chamaecytisus paczoskii (V.1.Krecz.) Klask. 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Chamaecytisus podolicus (Blocki) Klask. 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 ‘ 

R former European USSR 8000 f 

Chamaecytisus skrobiszewskii (Pacz.) Klask. 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Chesneya elegans Fomin [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Chionodoxa forbesii Baker [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 | 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 ‘ 

Chionodoxa luciliae Boiss. [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Chionodoxa sardensis Whittall ex Barr & Sugden 
[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Chondrilla spinosa Lamond et Matthews 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Chronanthus orientalis (ois) Heywood et Frodin 
[Leguminosae] 19873 

R = 20618 Turkey 20618 

Chrysochamela draboides Woronow [Cruciferae] 20171 

Vv former European USSR : 

Chrysochamela noeana (Boiss.) Boiss. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Chrysophthalmum dichotomum Boiss. & Heldr. 


jingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Compositae: Chrysophthalmum 


[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cicer echinospermum Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cicer floribundum Fenzl [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cicer isauricum Davis [Leguminosae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cicer reticulatum Ladizinsky [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cicerbita brevirostris (Schu.-Bip.exVis.&Panc) C. Jeffr 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium aduncum Fisch. & Mey. ex DC. ssp. 
bashkalense Davis & Parris [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium alatum (Gmelin) Bobrov ssp. pseudocreticum 
Davis & Parris [Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium baytopae P.H.Davis & Parris 
[Compositae] 12840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium boluense Davis & Parris [Compositae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium cassium Davis & Parris [Compositae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium davisianum Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium eliasianum Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium ellenbergii Bornm. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium hakkiaricum Davis & Parris 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium poluninii Davis & Parris [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium polycephalum DC. [Compositae] 12840, 20171 
V = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cirsium pubigerum (Desf.) DC. var. paphlabonicum 
Petrak [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium simplex C.A. Meyer ssp. Satdaghense Davis 
& Parris [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cirsium sipyleum O. Schwarz [Compositae] 12340 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Clypeola ciliata Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Clypeola raddeana Albow [Cruciferae] 12840 

ir 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cochlearia amana Contandr. & Quezel 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Colchicum baytopiorum C.D. Brickel 
[Colchicaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Az 


Colchicum borisii Stef. [Colchicaceae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (South Bulgaria - one site only.) 
5204 

Colchicum bornmuelleri Freyn [Colchicaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Colchicum davidovii Stef. [Colchicaceae] 8000, 
20171 

Vv 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 

Colchicum diampolis Delip. et Ceschm. 
[Colchicaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 

Colchicum micranthum Boiss. [Colchicaceae] 12840, 
20171 

Vv 19873 Turkey (Istanbul) 12840 

Colchicum rhodopaeum Kov. [Colchicaceae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (Southern Bulgaria - one site only 

.) 5204 

Colutea melanocalyx Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. 
melanocalyx [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Conioselinum boreale Schischk. [Umbelliferae] 20171 


R former USSR 6930 
Conioselinum victoris Schischkin [Umbelliferae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Conringia grandiflora Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida armeniaca (Stapf ex Huth) Schrod. 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida cornuta (Davis & Hossain) Davis 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida cruciata (Davis & Hossain) Davis 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida lineolata Huber-Mor. & Simon 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida olopetala (Boiss.) Hayek 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840, 20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida staminosa Davis & Sorger 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Consolida stapfiana Davis & sorger 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Convolvulus holosericeus Bieb. ssp. macrocalycinus 
Hausskn. & Bornm. ex Bornm. [Convolvulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Convolvulus phrygius Bornm. [Convolvulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Convolvulus pulvinatus Sa'ad [Convolvulaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Corispermum algidum Ijin [Chenopodiaceae] 8000, 
20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Corydalis rutifolia (Sibth. & Sm.) DC. ssp. kurdica 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Papaveraceae: Corydalis 


x FF FF RF BR 


a = ww wR So Sea AeA A 


x FF KF RF BR 


Cullen & Davis [Papaveraceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Corydalis sewerzowii Regel [Papaveraceae] 
Vv former USSR 6930 


Corydalis solida (L.) Swartz ssp. tauricola Cullen 
& Davis [Papaveraceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cotoneaster tauricus Pojark. [Rosaceae] 2017] 
R former European USSR 


Cousinia agelocephala Tscherneva [Compositae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Cousinia androssovii Juz. [Compositae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Cousinia aucheri DC. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cousinia cataonica Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Cousinia cirsioides Boiss. & Bal. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia davisiana Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia decolorans Freyn & Sint. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia eleonorae Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia ermenekensis Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia euphratica Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia hakkarica Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia halysensis Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
Vi 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia intertexta Freyn & Sint. 
[Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia margiana Juz. [Compositae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Cousinia nabelekii Bornm. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia platystegia Tscherneva [Compositae] 
E former USSR 6930 
Cousinia pseudolanata Popov & Tscherneva 
[Compositae] 
E former USSR 6930 
Cousinia satdagensis Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia sintenisii Freyn [(Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia sivasica Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia vanensis Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cousinia woronowii Bornm. [Compositae] 12340 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


— 


x 7 FR 


x eB RF FR 


Crambe tataria Sebeok var. parviflora (H.-Mor. 
Reese) Hedge & H.-Mor. Reese [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. var. dentata 
Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
v 20618 Turkey 20618 


Crataegus aronia (L.) Bosc. var. minuta 
Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Crataegus davisii Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Crataegus dikmensis Pojark [Rosaceae] 12840 
I 20618 Turkey 20618 


Crataegus karadaghensis Pojark. [Rosaceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Crataegus pojarkovae Kossych [Rosaceae] 5942, 20171 

I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Crataegus ucrainica Pojark. [Rosaceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Crepis amanica Bobcock [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crepis aurea (L.) Cass. ssp. olympica (C. Koch) 
Lamond [Compositae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crepis bithynica Boiss. [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (Southem - two sites) 5204 

Crepis hakkarica Lamond [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus abatensis T. Baytop & Mathew 
[Iridaceae] 12840 

Vv 14155 Turkey (L. Abant in Bolu) 12840 

Crocus adanensis T. Baytop & Mathew 
[Iridaceae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus aerius Herbert [Iridaceae] 12840 

R = 2840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus asumaniae Mathew [lridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus baytopiorum Mathew [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus biflorus Miller ssp. artvinensis (J. 
Phill.) Mathew [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crocus cancellatus Herbert ssp. cancellatus 
[Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus cancellatus Herbert ssp. lycius Mathew 
[Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus cancellatus Herbert ssp. pamphylicus 
Mathew [lIridaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus flavus Meston ssp. dissectus T. Baytop & 
Mathew [lIridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus gargaricus Herbert [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus karduchorum Kotschy ex Maw [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


jingle country endemic globally threatened plants 


t 


cad 


I 


I 


I 


I 


I 


Tridaceae: Crocus 


Crocus kotschyanus C. Koch. ssp. cappadocicus 
Mathew [Iridaceae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crocus kotschyanus C. Koch. ssp. hakkariensis 
Mathew [lIridaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crocus leichtlinii (D. Dewar) Bowles 
[Iridaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crocus olivieri Gay ssp. istanbulensis Mathew 
[Iridaceae] /2840 
V = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crocus pestalozzae Boiss. [Iridaceae] 12840, 20171 
Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 


Crocus reticulatus Steven ex Adams ssp. hittiticus 
(T. Baytop & Mathew) Mathew [Iridaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus sieheanus Barr ex Burtt [Iridaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus speciosus Bieb. ssp. ilgazensis Mathew 
[Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Crocus speciosus Bieb. ssp. xantholaimos 
Mathew [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Crucianella sorgerae Ebrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cruciata mixta Ehrend. ex Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cuscuta obtusata (Engilmann) Trabut 
[Convolvulaceae] 12840 

Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cyathobasis fruticulosa (Bunge) Aellen 
[Chenopodiaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cyclamen cilicicum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Primulaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey (S. Anatolia) 12840 

Cyclamen intaminatum (Meikle) Grey-Wilson 
[Primulaceae] 15934 

V =: 19873 Turkey (WC & WS) 15934 

Cyclamen kuznetzovii Kotov & Czernova 
[Primulaceae] 2/389 

E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Cyclamen mirabile Hildebr. [Primulaceae] 15934 

Vv 14071 Turkey (south-west Anatolia) 8619 


Cyclamen pseudibericum Hildebr. [Primulaceae] 12840 
I 15934 Turkey (South, Amanus and Anti-Taumus) 
12840 
Cyclamen trochopteranthum Schwarz 
[Primulaceae] 12840 
Vv Turkey (SW Anatolia) 15934 


Cyclotrichium glabrescens (Bois.& Kot. & Rech. f.) Leb. 


[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cymbocarpum amanum Rech. f. [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Cyperus melanorrhyncha Nelmes [Cyperaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


-19- 


Cyperus noeanus Boiss. [Cyperaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Cytisus acutangulus Jaub & Spach 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Dactylorhiza chuhensis Renz & Taub. 
[Orchidaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 


i Dactylorhiza nieschalkiorum H. Bauumann & Kunk. 


[Orchidaceae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 


u Dactylorhiza osmanica (K\.) Soo var. anatolica 


(Nelson) Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Daphne baksanica Pobed. [Thymelaeaceae] 5942 
E 11552 Russia - North Caucasus 1/1552 


Daphne sophia Kalen. [Thymelaeaceae] 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Delphinium anatolicum Misirdaii et al. 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium bithynicum Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium cilicicum Davis & Kit Tan 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium cinereum Boiss. [Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium cyphoplectrum Boiss. var. vanense 
(Rech.) Davis [Ranunculaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium dolichostachyum Chowdhuri & Davis 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium ilgazense Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium munzianum Davis & Kit Tan 
[Ranunculaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium nydeggeri Huber-Mor. 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Delphinium puniceum Pall. [Ranunculaceae] 20171 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus, west) 

11552 
Delphinium queneri Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Dendranthema sinuatum (Ledeb.) Tsveley 
[Compositae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Altai 5942 

I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Tuva 5942 

Deschampsia turczaninowii Lity. [Gramineae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Irkutsk (L. Baikal) 

5942 

Dianthus andronakii Woron. ex Schischk. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Dianthus brevicaulis Fenzl var. setaceus Reeve 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Caryophyllaceae: Dianthus 


R Dianthus cibrarius Clem. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Dianthus eldivenus Czecz. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Dianthus elegans Urv. var. actinopetalus (Fenzl) 


Reeve [Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus engleri Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus eretmopetalus Stapf 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Dianthus erinaceus Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus goerkii Hartvig & Strid 


[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


I Dianthus hypanicus Andrz. [Caryophyllaceae] 5942, 
20171 
I 5942 Ukraine (west) 5942 
R Dianthus lanceolatus Steven ex Rchb. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 8000, 20171 
R former European USSR 8000 
R Dianthus muschianus Kotschy & Boiss. 


[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus recognitus Schischk. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus robustus Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dianthus sessiliflorus Boiss. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Dianthus zederbaueri Vierh. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Dionysia teucroides Davis & Wendelbo 


[Primulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


I Dioscorea caucasica Lipsky [Dioscoreaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
Vv Dipsacus cephalarioides Matthews & Kupicha 


[Dipsacaceae] 1/2840 
v 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Doronicum balansae Cavill. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Doronicum bithynicum Edmondson [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Doronicum cacaliifolium Boiss. & Heldr. 


[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Doronicum haussknechtii Cavill. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Doronicum macrolepis Freyn & Sint. 


[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Doronicum reticulatum Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 


-20- 


Y=] 


v=] 


yx FF FF FR RF FR BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Doronicum tobeyi J.R. Edmondson [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Dorycnium amani Zohary [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Dorycnium axilliflorum Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Dorycnium sanguineum Vural [Leguminosae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Dorystaechas hastata Boiss. et Heldr ex Bentham 
[Labiatae] 20618 

R 20618 Turkey 19873 

Draba acaulis Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Draba bruniifolia Stey. ssp. armeniaca Coode & 
Cullen [Cruciferae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Draba cuspidata M.Bieb. [Cruciferae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Draba elegans Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Draba thylacocarpa (Nab.) Hedge [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus barbigera Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus boissieri Barber [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus bourgaei Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus cappadocica Hausskn. & Siehe ex Bornm. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus depressa Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus haussknechtii Bornm. ex Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus laguroides Boiss. var. cilicica (Boiss.) 
Bornm. [Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus longipes Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus pisidica Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus plumosus Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ebenus reesei Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Echinophora carvifolia Boiss. & Bal. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Echinophora chrysantha Freyn & Sint. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Echinophora tirchophylla J.£. Smith 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


single country endemic globally threatened plants 
/Umbelliferae: Echinophora 
R Echinops emiliae O. Schwarz ex Davis 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
t Echinops melitenensis Hedge & Hub.-Mor. 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


t Echinops onopordum Davis [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
t Echinops pungens Trautv. var. adenoclados 


Hedge [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
t Echinops vaginatus Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Edraianthus owerinianus Rupr. [Campanulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Elymus clivorum Melderis [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus erosiglumis Melderis [Gramineae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus lazicus (Boiss.) Melderis ssp. lazicus 
[Gramineae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus longearistatus (Boiss.) Tzvelev ssp. 
Sintenisii Melderis [Gramineae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus nodosus (Nevski) Melderis ssp. gypsecolus 
Melderis [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus nodosus (Nevski) Melderis ssp. platyphyllus 
Melderis [Gramineae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Elymus sosnowskyi (Hackel) Melderis 
[Gramineae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Epilobium tundrarum Sam. [Onagraceae] 20171 

R former European USSR (Arctic) 

Eragrostis diarrhena (Schult. & Schult.f.) Steud. 
[Gramineae] 20/71 

R former European USSR 

Eremogone cephalotes (M. Bieb.) Fenzl 
[Caryophyllaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Eremopoa attalica H. Scholz [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eremopoa mardinensis R. Mill [Gramineae] 12840 

V = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eremosparton aphyllum (Pall.) Fisch. & C.A.Mey. 


[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus, west) 


11552 
Eremostachys pulchra Popov {Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Erica bocquetii (H. Pesmen) P.F. Stevens 
[Ericaceae] 1/2840 

R= 20618 Turkey 20618 

Eriosynaphe longifolia (Fisch. ex Spreng.) DC. 
[Umbelliferae] 11552, 20171 

Vv 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 


-21- 


= Fer a Pa Sk oti 


Se i ie pe A SR Aon 


x wm 


Erodium beketowii Schmalh. [Geraniaceae] 20171 

E 20655 Ukraine (south-east) 20649 

Erodium cedrorum Schott & Kotschy s.1. 
[Geraniaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erodium hakkiaricum Davis [Geraniaceae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erodium leucanthum Boiss. [Geraniaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Erodium micropetalutum Boiss. & Hausskn. ex Boiss. 
[Geraniaceae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Erodium pelargoniiflorum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Geraniaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erodium sibthorpianum Boiss. ssp. sibthorpianum 
[Geraniaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erodium somanum Pesmen [Geraniaceae] 12840 

Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erodium stevenii M. Bieb. [Geraniaceae] 5942 

R 11552 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Eryngium bornmuelleri Nab. (Umbelliferae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eryngium ilex Davis [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eryngium isauricum Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eryngium pseudothoriifolium Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vs 12840 Turkey 12840 

Eryngium thorifolium Boiss. (Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum amasianum Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum caricum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum deflexum Cullen [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum degenianum Aznav. [Cruciferae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum echinellum Hand.-Mazz. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum leptocarpum Gay [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum leptostylum DC. [Cruciferae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Erysimum pallidum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum torulosum Hub.-Mor. [Cruciferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Erysimum ucranicum J.Gay [Cruciferae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Euonymus latifolius (L.) Miller ssp. cauconis 
Coode & Cullen [Celastraceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Euphorbia anacampseros Boiss. var. tmolea M.S. 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Euphorbiaceae: Euphorbia 


Ae en 


ee ie 


Khan [Euphorbiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Euphorbia aristata Schmalh. [Euphorbiaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Euphorbia austroanatolica Hub.-Mor. & M.S. Khan 
[Euphorbiaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia davisii M.S. Khan [Euphorbiaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia isaurica M.S. Khan [Euphorbiaceae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia pestalozzae Boiss. [Euphorbiaceae] 12840 

R 17672 Turkey 12840 


Euphorbia petrophila C.A. Meyer var. armena 
Boiss. [Euphorbiaceae] /2840 

R 17672 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia pisidica Hub.-Mor. & M.S. Khan 
[Euphorbiaceae] /2840 

R 17672 Turkey 12840 


Euphorbia rhytidosperma Boiss. & Bal. 
[Euphorbiaceae] /2840 

R 17672 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia sanasunitensis Hand.-Mazz. 
[Euphorbiaceae] 12840 

R 17672 Turkey 12840 

Euphorbia sclerocyathium Korovin & Popoy 
[Euphorbiaceae] 17672 

R 17672 former USSR 6930 

Euphorbia yaroslavii Poljakov [Euphorbiaceae] 17672 

R 17672 former USSR 6930 

Euphorbia zhiguliensis Prokh. 
[Euphorbiaceae] 17672, 20171] 

R 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 

Ferula amanicola Huber-Mor. & Pesmen 
[Umbelliferae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula drudeana Korovin [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula glaberrima Korovin [Umbelliferae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Ferula halophila 1. Pesmen (Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula huber-morathii H. Pesmen 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula longipedunculata . Pesmen 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula lycia Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferula moschata (Reinsch) Koso-Polj. [Umbelliferae] 

I former Asiatic USSR (Tien Shan) 6930 

Ferula tenuissima Huber-Mor. & Pesmen 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferulago antiochia Saya & Miski 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferulago balancheana Post (Umbelliferae] 12840 


v=] 


x7 FR 


R 19873 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago bracteata Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago isaurica H. Pesman [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago kurdica Post [Umbelliferae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago latiloba Schischkin [Umbelliferae] 12340 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago longistylis Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago muglae H. Pesmen [(Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago pachyloba (Fenzl) Boiss. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ferulago sandrasica H. Pesmen & Quezel 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ferulago silaifolia Boiss.) Boiss. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Festuca anatolica Markgr.-Dannenb. ssp. borealis 
Markgr.-Dannenb. [Gramineae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Festuca cappadocica (Hackel) Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Festuca cataonica (Hackel ex Boiss.) Markgr.-Dan. 
[Gramineae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Festuca cratericola Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Festuca cyllenica Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. uluana 
Markgr.-Dannenb. [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca decolorata Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca ilgazensis Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca lazistanica Alexeey [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 - 

Festuca paphlagonica (St.-Yves) Markgr.-Dannenb. ssp. 
paphlagonica [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca pirinica Horvat ex Markgr.-Dann. 
[Gramineae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

Festuca pontica (E. Alekseev) Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca puctoria Sm. [Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Festuca rubra L. ssp. pseudorivularis 
Markgr.-Dannenb. [Gramineae] 12840 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Gramineae: Festuca 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
a Festuca woronowii Hackel ssp. argaea 
Markgr.-Dannenb. [Gramineae] /2840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
tq Festuca xenophontis Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 
R = -12840 Turkey 12840 
at Festuca ziganensis Markgr.-Dannenb. 
[Gramineae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Flueggea anatolica Gemici [Euphorbiaceae] 20698 
E 20698 Turkey 20698 
t Fritillaria acmopetala Boiss. ssp. wendelboi 
Rix [Liliaceae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria alburyana Rix [Liliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria alfredae Post ssp. glaucoviridis 
(Turrill) Rix [Liliaceae] 1/2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria assyriaca Baker ssp. melananthera 
Rix [Liliaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria aurea Schott [Liliaceae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria carica Rix ssp. serpenticola Rix 
[Liliaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria fleischeriana Steud. & Hoch. ex Sch.& Sch.f. 
[Liliaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria forbesti Baker [Liliaceae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria michailovskyi Fomin [Liliaceae] 12840 
V =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria minima Rix [Liliaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria pontica Wahlenb. [Liliaceae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria 5204 
Fritillaria sibthorpiana auct. balcan., non (Sibth. & Sm.) 
Baker [Liliaceae] 12840, 20171 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria viridiflora Post {Liliaceae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fritillaria whittallii Baker [Liliaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Froriepia gracillima Leute [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Fumana trisperma Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Cistaceae] 12840 
R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 
Gagea tenuissima Miscz. [Liliaceae] 12840 
V =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
mu Galanthus elwesii Hook.f. [Amaryllidaceae] 20171 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
Galanthus nivalis L. ssp. cilicicus (Baker) 
Gottl.-Tann. [Amaryllidaceae] 2/389, 17665 
I 17664 Turkey (South west) 17665 


-23- 


u Galanthus plicatus M. Bieb. ssp. byzantinus 
(Baker) D.A. Webb [Amaryllidaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galatella saxatilis Novopokr. [Compositae] 8001 
R former USSR (Tien Shan) 6930 


Galium angustissimum (Hausskn. & Bornm.) Ehrend. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium antitaurica Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium aretioides Boiss. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium basalticum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium baytopianum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium bornmuelleri Hausskn. ex Bornm. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium campanelliferum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium canum Reg. ex DC. ssp. antalyense 
Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium ceratocarpon Boiss. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium cornigerum Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Rubiaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium diechii Bornm. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium exsurgens Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium galiopsis (Hand.-Mazz.) Ehrend 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium globuliferum Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium huber-morathii Ebrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium hypoxylon Ebrend. & Schonb.-Tem 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium isauricum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium lasiocarpum Boiss. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium membranaceum Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Galium olympicum auct. ital., non Boiss. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840, 20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Rubiaceae: Galium 


R Galium pamphylicum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium papilliferum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium parvulum Hub.-Mor. ex Ehre. & Scho.-Tem 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Galium pseudocapitatum Hub.-Mor. ex Ehrend. & Schonb. 


[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Galium pterocarpum Ehbrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium runcinatum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 


[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Galium scopulorum Schonb.-Tem. [Rubiaceae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium setuliferum Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Galium siehanum Ehbrand. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium sorgerae Ehrend. & Schonb.-Tem 


[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vv Galium stojanovii Degen [Rubiaceae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 

R Galium tmoleum Boiss. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Galium tolosianum Boiss. & Kotschy 


[Rubiaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Galium tortumense Ehbrend. & Schonb.-Tem. 
[Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Galium tubiflorumg Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Galium zabense Ehrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Genista burdurensis P. Gibb [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Ex/E_  Genista libanotica Boiss. [Leguminosae] 20618 
Ex/E 20689 Turkey 20618 


R 
R Galium xylorrhizum Boiss. & Huet [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 
R 


R Genista lipskyii Novopokr. & Schischkin 
[Leguminosae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Genista lydia Boiss. var. antiochia 


[Leguminosae] 20618 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 
R Genista sandrasica Hartvig & Strid 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 
I Genista tanaitica P.A.Smirn. [Leguminosae] 8001, 
20171 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


-24- 


Genista tetragona Besser [Leguminosae] 5942, 20171 
E 20655 Ukraine (southern) 20653 


Gentiana boissierii Scott & Kotschy ex Boiss. 
[Gentianaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gentiana dschungarica Regel [Gentianaceae] 10260 
R former USSR (Turkestan) 6930 


Geranium cinereum Cav var. elatius Davis 
[Geraniaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium cinereum Cav var. palmatipartitum 
Hausskn. ex Knuth [Geraniaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium cinereum Cav var. pisidicum Pesmen & 
Guner [Geraniaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium cinereum Cay var. ponticum Davis & 
Roberts [Geraniaceae] /2840 : 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium davisianum Pesmen & Guner 
[Geraniaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium eginense Hausskn. & Sint ex Knuth 
[Geraniaceae] 1/2840 " 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium glaberrimum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Geraniaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Geranium platipetalum Fisch. & Mey. var. albipetalum 
Erik & Demirkus [Geraniaceae] 12840 i 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 fi 

Gladiolus humilis Stapf [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gladiolus micranthus Stapf [Iridaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Glaucium acutidentatum Hausskn. & Bornm. Hi 
[Papaveraceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Glaucium cappadocicum Boiss. [Papaveraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 i 

Glaucium grandiflorum Boiss. & Huet var. turquatum 
Cullen [Papaveraceae] 1/2840 } 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Globularia davisiana O. Schwarz 
[Globulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Globularia dumulosa O. Schwarz 
[Globulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Glycyrrhiza iconica Hub.-Mor [Leguminosae] 1778] 

E 17781 Turkey 17781 

Glycyrrhiza korshinskyi Grig. [Leguminosae] 3000, 
20171 

R 11552 Russian Federation (western, western Siberia) 

11552 

Gnaphalium leucopilinum Schott & Kotschy ex Boiss. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Goniolimon graminifolium (Aiton) Boiss. 
[Plumbaginaceae] 20171 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Plumbaginaceae: Goniolimon 


Vv former European USSR 

Gonocytisus dirmilensis Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Graellsia davisiana Poilter [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Grammosciadium confertum Huber-Mor. & Lamond 
(Umbelliferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gymnospermium odessanum (DC.) Takht. 
[Berberidaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Gymnospermium smirnowii (Trautv.) Takht. 
[Berberidaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Gypsophila adenophylla Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila aucheri Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila baytopiorum Kit Tan 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila bitlisensis Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila brachypetala Trautv. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila briquetiana Schischk. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila confertifolia Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila curvifolia Fenzl [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila davisii Bark. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila festucifolia Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila germanicapolitana Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila glomerata auct., non Pall. ex Adams 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840, 20171 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila graminifolia Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila hakkiarica Kit Tan 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila heteropoda Freyn & Sint. ssp. minutiflora 
Bark. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila lepidioides Boiss. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 


-25- 


I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila leucochlaena Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila nodiflora (Boiss.) Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Gypsophila oblanceolata Bark. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila paniculata L. var. araratica 
Huber-Mor. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila parva Bark. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila perfiolata L. var. araratica Kit 
Tan [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila peshmenii A. Guner 
[Caryophyllaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila pilulifera Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Gypsophila pinifolia Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Gypsophila simonii Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Gypsophila simulatrix Bornm. & Woron. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Gypsophila sphaerocephala Fenzl ex Tchihat. var. 
Syriaca (Sch.) Huber-Mor. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Gypsophila tuberculosa Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Gypsophila uralensis Less. ssp. pinegensis (Perf.) 
R. Kam. [Caryophyllaceae] 800/ 
R 11552 Russian Federation (north western) 
11552 
Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. [Gesneriaceae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (central & south) 5204 
Halosciastrum melanotilingia Boiss.) Pim.& Tikhom. 
[Umbelliferae] 
I 5942 Russia (Far East) - Primorye 5942 
Haplophyllum cappadocicum Spach [Rutaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Haplophyllum megalanthum Bornm. [Rutaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Haplophyllum pumiliforme Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Rutaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Haplophylium suaveolens (DC.) G. Don var. cilicicum 
(Boiss.) C.C. Townsend [Rutaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Haplophyllum vulcanicum Boiss. & Heldr. 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Rutaceae: Haplophyllum 


Locate tt eet ee Mere 


b) 


Hiei col at he st aN Nees) 


[Rutaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hedysarum antitauricum Wuber-Mor. & Yurdakulol 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hedysarum aucheri Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hedysarum candidissimum Freyn [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hedysarum cretaceum Fisch. [Leguminosae] 8000, 
20171 

R 11552 Russian Federation (south western) 11552 

Hedysarum laxum Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hedysarum pycnostachyum Hedge & Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hedysarum rotundifolium Boiss. & Noe 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hedysarum ucrainicum Kaschm. [Leguminosae] 8000, 
20171 

R 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 

Hedysarum vanense Hedge & Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hedysarum zundukii Pesch. [Leguminosae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Irkutsk 5942 

Heldreichia atalayi Kit Tan [Cruciferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Heldreichia bourgaei Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helianthemum antitauricum Davis et Coode 
[Cistaceae] 19873 

R = _.20618 Turkey 20618 

Helichrysum artvinense Davis & Kupicha 
[Compositae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helichrysum chasmolycicum Davis [Compositae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helichrysum compactum Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helichrysum heywoodianum Davis [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helichrysum peshmenianum Erik [Compositae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helictotrichon pubescens (Hudson) Besser ex Schult. & 
Sch.f ssp. longifolia (Boiss.) M. Dogan 
[Gramineae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Heliotropium ferrugineogriseum Nab. 
[Boraginaceae] 1/2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Heliotropium haussknechtii Bunge 
[Boraginaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Helleborus vesicarius Auch. [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Heptaptera cilicica (Boiss. & Bal.) Tutin 


-26- 


a ee 


A FF F F FF FF FF KF BR tc] 


a 7A RF FR 


ih} 


[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Heracleum argaeum Boiss. & Bal. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 
Heracleum ligusticifolium M.Bieb. 
[Umbelliferae] 20/71 
R former European USSR 
Heracleum paphlagonicum Czecz. (Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Heracleum pastinaca Fenzl (Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Heracleum pesmenianum Ekim [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Heracleum pubescens (Hoffm.) M.Bieb. 
[Umbelliferae] 20171 

I former European USSR 


Heracleum sphondylium L. ssp. artvinense (Manden.) 
Davis [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Herniaria olympica J.Gay [Ilecebraceae] 12840, 
20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Herniaria pisidica Brumm. [lllecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Herniaria saxatilis Brumm. [IMlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis aintabica Post [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis bottae Fourn. [Cruciferae] 12840 ¥ 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis breviscapa Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis campicarpa Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis hedgei Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis kitiana Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis matronalis L. ssp. cilicica (Siehe ex “6 
Bornm.) Cullen [Cruciferae] 12840 M, 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 i 

* 

Hesperis pisidica Hub.-Mor. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis schischkinii Tzvelev [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hesperis stellata Dvorak [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hulthemosa guzarica Suzepczuk [Rosaceae] 

E former USSR 6930 


Hyacinthella acutiloba XK. Pearson & Wendolbo f 
[Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hyacinthella campanulata K. Persson & Wendolbo 
[Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 & 

Hyacinthella glabrescens Boiss.) K. Persson & Wendolbo 
[Hyacinthaceae] 12840 : 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


- 
4 
4 


bingle country endemic globally threatened plants 


t 


ad 


aod 


Ll edl 


rv 


| il 


Land 


Hyacinthaceae: Hyacinthella 


Hyacinthella hispida (J. Gay) Chouard 
[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hyacinthella micrantha (Boiss.) Chouard 
[Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hyacinthella pallasiana (Steven) Losinsk. 
[Hyacinthaceae] 8000, 20171 
I former European USSR 8000 


Hyacinthella siirtensis Matthew 
[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 
R —:12840 Turkey 12840 


Hyacinthus orientalis L. ssp. chionophilus 
Wendelbo [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. & Spach ssp. 
byzantinum (Azn.) Robson [Guttiferae] 12840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. & Spach ssp. 
byzantium (Azn.) Robson [Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum aviculariifolium Jaub. & Spach ssp. 
uniflorum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Robson [Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum capitatum Choisy var. capitatum 
[Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum crenulatum Boiss. [Guttiferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum fissurale Woron [Guttiferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum huber-morathii Robson [Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum imbricatum Poulter [Guttiferae] 12840 
V =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum kotschyanum Boiss. [Guttiferae] 12840 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum lanuginosum Lam. var. pestalozzae 
(Boiss.) Robson [Guttiferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum malatyanum Pesmen [Guttiferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum marginatum Woron [Guttiferae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum minutum Davis & Poulter 
[Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum monodenum Robson apud Poulter 
[Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum neurocalycinum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Guttiferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum olympicum L. ssp. auriculatum Robson & 
Huber-Mor. [Guttiferae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum pamphylicum Robson & Davis 
[Guttiferae] 12840 , 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


-27- 


x Fe FR FR 


=) x PF ®R 


SN ee Se ee 


Hypericum polyphyllum Boiss. & Bal. ssp. lycium 
Robson & Hub.-Mor. [Guttiferae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum polyphyllum Boiss. & Bal. ssp. 
polyphyllum [Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum pumilio Bornm. [Guttiferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum salsolifolius Hand.-Mazz. 
[Guttiferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum salsugineum Robson & Hub.-Mor 
[Guttiferae] /2840 
V_—s:14197 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum saxifragum Robson & Hub.-Mor 
[Guttiferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Hypericum scabroides Robson & Poulter 
[Guttiferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum sorgerae Robson [Guttiferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum strictum Maleev [Guttiferae] 

R former European USSR (Caucasus) 6930 

Hypericum ternatum Poulter [Guttiferae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Hypericum thymbrifolium Boiss. & Noe 
[Guttiferae] 12840 

R = 2840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum thymopsis Boiss. [Guttiferae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum uniglandulosum Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Guttiferae] 1/2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Hypericum vacciniifolium Hayek & Siehe 
[Guttiferae] 12840 

R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 

Hyssopus cretaceus Dubj. [Labiatae] 5942, 20171 

E 20655 Ukraine 5942 

Iberis carica Bornm. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Inula fragilis Boiss. & Hausskn. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Inula helenium L. ssp. vanensis Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Inula macrocephala Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Inula sarana Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Inula sechmenii Hardvig & Strid [Compositae] 12340 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Tris histrioides (Wilson) Arnott [Iridaceae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Iris junonia Schott & Kotschy ex Schott 
[Iridaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Iris kolpakowskiana Regel [Iridaceae] 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Iridaceae: Iris 


R former USSR 6930 
R Iris nectarifera A. Guner [Iridaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Tris pamphylica Hedge [Iridaceae] 12840 
R 19174 Turkey 12840 
V Tris paradoxa Steven [Iridaceae] 
V former USSR (Caucasus) 6930 
R Tris purpureobractea B. Mathew & T. Baytop 


[Iridaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


I Tris schelkownikwii (Fomin) Fomin [Iridaceae] 
I former USSR 6930 

Vv Iris sprengeri Siehe [Iridaceae] 3619 
Vv 19873 Turkey 8619 

Vv Tris stenophylla Hausskn. & Siehe ex Baker ssp. 


allisonii B. Mathew [Iridaceae] 12840 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 
E Tris susiana L. [lIridaceae] 8934 
E Turkey 8934 
Iris taochia Woronow ex Grossh. [Iridaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Tris timofejewii Woronow [Iridaceae] 11552 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus) 1/552 
Tris xanthospuria B. Mathew & T. Baytop 

[Iridaceae] 1/2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


< < BB 


E Isatis arenaria Az. [Cruciferae] 12840, 20171 
E 19174 Turkey 12840 
Ex Isatis arnoldiana N. Busch. [Cruciferae] 6930 


Ex 6930 former USSR 6930 


Isatis aucheri Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis bitlisica Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis callifera Boiss. & Bal. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis candolleana Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis cappadocica Desv. ssp. alyssifolia (Boiss.) 
Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Isatis cappadocica Desv. ssp. nurihakensis 
Davis [Cruciferae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


xa FF FR FR BR 


R Isatis constricta Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
E Isatis davisiana Misirdali [Cruciferae] 12840 


E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis demiriziana Misirdali [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis erzurumica Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis frigida Boiss. & Kotschy [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis huber-morathii Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis lockmanniana Kotschy & Boiss. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 


x FF RF KF BR 


-28- 


x FF RF FR 


— 


zx 7 


— 


R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis mardinensis Davis & Misirdali 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis pinnatiloba Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

E 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis sivasica Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Isatis spatella Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19174 Turkey 12840 

Isatis spectabilis Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Isatis undulata Aucher ex Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Isoetes beringensis Komaroy [Isoetaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia (Far East) - Kamchatka (Komandorskije) 

5942 

Jasione bulgarica Stoj. & Stef. 
[Campanulaceae] 19709, 20171 

R 19709 Bulgaria 19709 

Jasione heldreichii Boiss. & Orph var. papillosa , 
J. Parnel [Campanulaceae] /2840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Jasione idaea Stoy. [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Jasione supina Sieber ssp. akmanii Damboldt 
[Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Jasione supina Sieber ssp. supina 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Jasione supina Sieber ssp. tmolea (Stoj.) 
Damboldt [Campanulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Johrenia polyscias Bornm. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Johrenia silenoides Boiss. & Bal. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Juncus arianus Krecz. [Juncaceae] 

I former USSR 6930 

Jurinea brevicaulis Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Jurinea elegantissima Dijin [Compositae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Jurinea karatavica Njin [Compositae] 

I former USSR 6930 

Jurinea lydiae Njin [Compositae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Kalidiopsis wagenitzii Aellen 
[Chenopodiaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Kitaibelia balansae Boiss. [Malvaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Knautia tatarica (L.) Szabé (Dipsacaceae] 20171 
E former European USSR 
Kundmannia anatolica Huber-Mor. 


[Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Umbelliferae: Kundmannia 


h Kundmannia syriaca Boiss. (Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lactuca mira Pavlov [Compositae] 8001 

R former Asiatic USSR (Tien Shan) 6930 


; Lagoseris purpurea Willd.) Boiss. 
[Compositae] 5942, 20171 
E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 
f Lagotis uralensis Schischk. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 20/7/ 
R former European USSR 


Lamium armenum Boiss. ssp. sintenisii R. Mill. 
[Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium cymbalariifolium Boiss. (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium eriocephalum Bentham [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Mill [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium garganicum L. ssp. pulchrum R. Mill. 
[Labiatae] /2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium glandulosidens Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R = _12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium lycium Boiss. [{Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium microphyllum Boiss. (Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium pisidicum R. Mill [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium purpureum L. var. aznavourii Gand. ex 
Aznay. [Labiatae] 1/2840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium sandrasicum Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium sulphureum Hausskn. & Sint. ex R. Mill 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium tenuiflorum Fisch. & Mey. (Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamium veronicifolium Bentham [Labiatae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lamyropsis lycia Kupicha [Compositae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lappula echinophora (Pall.) Kuntze 
[Boraginaceae] 20171 


R former European USSR 
Lappula glabrata Popov (Boraginaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Laserpitium carduchorum Hedge & Lamond 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus bitlisicus Pesmen [Leguminosae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus cilicicus Hayek & Siehe 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus cyaneus (Stev.) Koch var. pinnatus 


Lamium garganicum L. ssp. nepetifolium (Boiss.) R. 


-29- 


Ex 


x we FR 


— 


Cae ee 


Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus dominianus Litv. [Leguminosae] 6930 

Ex 6930 former USSR 6930 

Lathyrus kersianus Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus layardii J. Ball ex Boiss. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus lycius Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus phaselitanus Huber-Mor. & Davis 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus satdaghensis Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus stenolobus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus tauricola Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus trachycarpus (oiss.) Boiss. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lathyrus undulatus Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840, 
20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ledebouriella seseloides (Hoffmann) H. Wolff 
[Umbelliferae] 

I former USSR 6930 

Lepidium caespitosum Desv. [Cruciferae] 12340 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lepidium turczaninowii Lipsky [Cruciferae] 20654 

R 20650 Ukraine - Crimea 8001 

Leptopus colchicus (Fischer & C. Meyer) Pojark. 
[Euphorbiaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 


Lilium carniolicum Bernh. ex W. Koch var. artvinense 


(Miscz.) Davis & Henderson [Liliaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lilium caucasicum (Miscz. ex Grossh.) Grossh. 
[Liliaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Lilium ciliatum Davis (Liliaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limoniopsis davisii BKokhari [Plumbaginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limonium anatolicum Hedge [Plumbaginaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limonium asterotrichum (C.E.Salmon) C.E.Salmon 
[Plumbaginaceae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 

Limonium effusum Boiss.) O. Kuntz 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limonium iconicum (Boiss. & Heldr.) O. Kuntze 
[Plumbaginaceae] 12840 

Vs 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limonium lilacinum (Boiss. & Bal.) Wagenitz 
[Plumbaginaceae] 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Plumbaginaceae: Limonium 


Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Limonium pycnanthum (C. Koch) O. Kuntze 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Limonium tamaricoides Bokhari 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Limonium vanense Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Plumbaginaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linaria biebersteinii Besser 
[Scrophulariaceae] 20171 
I former European USSR 


Linaria chalapensis (L.) Miller var. brevicalyx 
Davis [Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linaria cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 20/7] 

Vv former European USSR 

Linaria genistifolia (L.) Miller ssp. polyclada 
(Fenzl) Davis [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linaria kurdica Boiss. & Hohen ssp. eriocalyx 
(Boiss.) Davis [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Lindelofia angustifolia (Schrenk) A. Brand. 
[Boraginaceae] 6930 

Ex 6930 former USSR 6930 

Linum anisocalyx Davis [Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum aretioides Boiss [Linaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum boissieri Asch. & Sint. ex Boiss. 
[Linaceae] 12840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum ciliatum Hayek [Linaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum elegans Spruner ex Boiss. [Linaceae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west three sites) 5204 

Linum empetrifolium (Boiss.) Davis [Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Linum hirsutum L. ssp. oreocaricum Davis 
[Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum hirsutum L. var. platyphyllum Davis 
[Linaceae] 1/2840 
V —s:12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum mucronatum Bertol var. gypsiocola 
[Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Linum mucronatum Bertol var. papilliferum 
(Huber-Mor. & Reese) Davis [Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Linum pamphylicum (Boiss.) Podp. [Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Linum pycnophullum Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. kurdicum 
Davis [Linaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum tauricum Willd. ssp. bosphori Davis 
[Linaceae] /2840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Linum triflorum Davis [Linaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Liquidambar orientalis Miller var. integriloba 
Fiori [Hamamelidaceae] /2840 
E 20618 Turkey 20618 


Lonicera nummulariifolia Jaub. & Spach ssp. 
glandulifera (Huber-Mor.) Chamb. 
[Caprifoliaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Lotus armeniacus Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Luzula deflexa Kozuharoy [Juncaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 ~Bulgaria (central & west) 5204 


Malope anatolica Huber-Mor. [Malvaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Malus sylvestris Mill. var. microphylla 
Browicz [Rosaceae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Marrubium bourgaei Boiss. [Labiatae] 12340 - 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 ‘ 


Marrubium globosum Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham ss 
micranthum (Boiss. & Heldr.) Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Marrubium vanense Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 , 


Marrubium vulcanicum Hub.-Mor. {Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 a 


Matthiola anchoniifolia Hub.-Mor. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Medicago cancellata M.Bieb. [Leguminosae] 8000, 
20171 
Vv 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus & west) 
20628 
Medicago rhodopea Velen. [Leguminosae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 += Bulgaria (mainly southern and eastern - eight 
sites) 5204 
Medicago shepardii Post ex Boiss. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Megacarpaea schugnanica B. Fedtsch. [Cruciferae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Melampyrum arvense L. var. elatius Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Melandrium astrachanicum Pacz. 
[Caryophyllaceae} 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South (Astrakhan) 
5942 
Merendera rhodopaea Velen. [Colchicaceae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (Souther Bulgaria - two sites.) 
5204 
Michauxia thyrsoidea Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


; 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Campanulaceae: Michauxia 


anatolicum Wagenitz [Chenopodiaceae] 1778] 
E 17781 Turkey 17781 


Micromeria carica Davis (Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cilicica Hausskn. ex Davis 
[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cremnophila Boiss. & Heldr. ssp. amana 
(Rech.fil.) Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. ssp. carminea 
Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. ssp. orientalis 
Davis [Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. ssp. phrygia 
Davis [Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cristata (Hampe) Griseb. ssp. xylorrhiza 
(Boiss. & Heldr.) Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria cymuligera Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria dolichodonta Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria elliptica C. Koch. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce ssp. giresunica 
Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
V = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Micromeria serpyllifolia (M.Bieb.) Boiss. 
[Labiatae] 20171 

R former European USSR (Crimea) 800/ 

Minuartia anatolica (Boiss.) Woron. var. lanuginosa 
McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia anatolica Boiss.) Woron. var. phrygia 
(Bornm.) McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia anatolica Boiss.) Woron var. 
scleranthoides (Boiss. & Noe) McNeill 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia anatolica (Boiss.) Woron var. tetrastiche 
McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia bilykiana Kiokov [Caryophyllaceae] 8000, 
20171 

I former European USSR 8000 


Minuartia corymbulosa (Boiss. & Bal.) McNeill var. 
breviflora Boiss.) McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia corymbulosa (Boiss. & Bal.) McNeill var. 
gypsophiloides McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia dianthifolia (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. ssp. 
cataonica McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 


Microcnemum coralloides (Loscos et Parda) Font-Quer ssp. 


-31- 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia dianthifolia (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. ssp. 
dianthifolia [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia gracilis McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Minuartia issaurica McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Minuartia krascheninnikovii Schischk. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 8000, 20171 
R 11552 Russian Federation (Ural Mts) 1/552 


Minuartia mesogitana (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. ssp. lydia 
(Boiss.) McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia mesogitana (Boiss.) Hand.-Mazz. ssp. 
macrocarpa McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia nifensis McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia pestalozzae (Boiss.) Bornm. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia recurva (AU.) Schinz. & Thell. ssp. 
carica McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia rimarum (Boiss. & Bal.) Mattf. var. 
multiflora McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia taurica (Steven) Graebn. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 8000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Minuartia umbellulifera (Boiss.) McNeill ssp. 
Sfimbriata McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia umbellulifera (oiss.) McNeill var. 
kurdica McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia umbellulifera Boiss.) McNeill ssp. 
pontica (Bornm.) McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia umbellulifera Boiss.) McNeill ssp. 
salbacica McNeill [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia valedictionis McNeill 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Minuartia verna (L.) Hiern ssp. brevipetala 
Hartvig & Strid [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Moehringia hypanica Grynj & Klokoy 
[Caryophyllaceae] 5942, 20171 

I 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Morina persica L. ssp. decussatifolia Erik & 
Demirkus [Morinaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Morina subinervis Boiss. [Morinaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Muretia aurea Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Umbelliferae: Muretia 
Vv Muscari discolor Boiss. & Hausskn. 


[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Muscari latifolium Kirk [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Muscari microstomum Davis & Stuart 


[Hyacinthaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vv Muscari muscarimi Medik. [Hyacinthaceae] 12840, 
20171 
Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Muscari sandrasicum Karlen [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Myopordon thiebautii (Gently) Wagenitz 


[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
I Myosotis czekanowskii (Trauty.) Kamelin & V. Tikhom. 
[Boraginaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Yakutiya (north) 5942 
R Myosotis platyphylla Boiss. (Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Necranthus orobanchioides Gilli 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Nectaroscordum meliophillum (Juz.) Stank. 
[Alliaceae] 
R former European USSR 
E Neogontscharovia mira (Lincz.) Lincz. 
[Plumbaginaceae] 
E former Asiatic USSR 6930 
R Neogontscharovia miranda (Lincz.) Lincz. 
[Plumbaginaceae] 
R former Asiatic USSR 6930 
Ex/En Neottia ussuriensis (Komarov & Nevski) Soo 
[Orchidaceae] 5942 
Ex/E 5942 Russia (Far East) - Primorye (south) 
5942 
R Nepeta aristata Boiss. & Kotschy ex Boiss. 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Nepeta baytopii Hedge & Lamond [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Vv Nepeta conferta Hedge & Lamond [Labiatae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Nepeta crinita Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 


[Labiatae}] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Nepeta gontscharovii Kudrj. [Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Nepeta ladanolens Lipsky (Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Nepeta maussarifi Lipsky [Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Nepeta nadinae Lipsky [Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Vv Nepeta nuda L. ssp. glandulifera Hub.-Mor. & 
Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
Vs 12840 ‘Turkey 12840 
R Nepeta nuda L. ssp. lydiae Davis 


-32- 


< 7 BF BR 


Aa FF RF RF BR 


[Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nepeta obtusicrena Boiss. & Kotschy ex Hedge 
{Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nepeta phyllochlamys Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nepeta plinux Davis (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nepeta sorgerae Hedge & Lamond [Labiatae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nepeta sulfuriflora Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nigella arvensis L. var. oblanceolata Davis 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nigella lancifolia Huber-Mor. [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nonea anomala Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nonea karsensis M. Popov [Boraginaceae] 12340 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Nonea pulmonarioides Boiss. & Bal. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Olymposciadium caespitosum (Sm.) Wolff 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Omphalodes davisana Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Omphalodes ripleyana Davis [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis albiflora Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis araxina Schis. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis argaea Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis argyrea Boiss. ssp. isaurica Hedge & 
Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis beata Sirj [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis bornmuelleri Freyn [Leguminosae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis cilicica Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis densijuga Hedge ex Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis elata Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis germanicopolitana Huber-Mor. & Simon 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis halyensis Sirj [Leguminosae] 12840 


single country endemic globally threatened plants 
Leguminosae: Onobrychis 


a 


I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis huetiana Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis mutensis Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis nitida Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis occulta Hedge & Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis ornata Willd.) Desv. 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis pallasii (Willd.) M.Bieb. 
[Leguminosae] 20/7] 

R former European USSR 

Onobrychis paucijuga Bornm. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis pisidica Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis podperae Sirj [Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis quadrijuga Hedge & Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis radiata (Desf.) Bieb. 
[Leguminosae] 20/7] 

R former USSR 

Onobrychis sivasica Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Leguminosae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis stenostachya Freyn ssp. krausei (Sirj.) 
Hedge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onobrychis stenostachya Freyn ssp. sosnowskyi 
(Grossh.) Hedge [Leguminosae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ononis adenotricha Boiss. var. nuda Huber-Mor. 
[Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ononis basiadnata Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ononis macrosperma Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ononis sessilifolia Bornm. [Leguminosae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onopordum bracteatum L. var. arachnoideum Erik & 
Sumbul [Compositae] 12840 

V_=s:12840 Turkey 12840 

Onopordum caricum Hub.-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma affine Hausskn. ex H. Rield 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma angustissimum Hausskn. & Bornm. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma arcuatum H. Rield [Boraginaceae] 12840 


-33- 


x Fe FR BR 


Ex 


le) x Fy RF BR BR ae 


m7 Rw 


ico] 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma argentatum Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma bozakmanii H. Ried) [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma briquetii Czecz. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma cappadocicum Siehe ex H. Riedl 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma davisii H. Reidl [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma discedens Hausskn. ex Bornm. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma halophilum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma helleri Greuter & Burdet 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma intertextum Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma linearilobum Hausskn. ex H. Riedl 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma liparioides DC. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma lycaonicum Huber-Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma neglectum H. Reidl [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma nigricaula H. Riedl [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma obtusifolium Hausskn. & Sint. ex Bornm. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma papillosum H. Riedl. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma polyanthum DC. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma proballantherum Rech.f. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma proponticum Aznay. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma pulchrum Hi. Ried! [Boraginaceae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma rutilum Huber- Mor. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma,sieheanum Hayek [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma sorgeri Teppner var. sorgeri 
[Boraginaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma Strigosissimum Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Boraginaceae: Onosma 


R 


rei uae: Ae 


x 7 KF BR 


Onosma subulifolium Ried| [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma tschichatscheyvii Popov [Boraginaceae] 12840 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Onosma velutinum Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


i Ophrys bornmuelleri M. Schulze ex Bornm. ssp. 


carduchorum Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ophrys holoserica (Burnm. f.) Greuter ssp. 
heterochila Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ophrys isaura Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


ul Ophrys lycia Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 


E 12840 Turkey 12840 


i! Ophrys phrygia Meishm. & Bornm. 


[Orchidaceae] 1/2840 
E 19873 Turkey 12840 


Ophrys reinholdii Spruner ex Fleischm. ssp. 
leucotaenia Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ophrys transhyrcana Czernjak. ssp. amanensis 
(Nelson) Renz & Taub. [Orchidaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum amanum Post [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum bilgeri Davis (Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum haussknechtii Boiss. (Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum hypericifolium O. Schwarz & Davis 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum leptocladum Boiss. [Labiatae] 12840, 20171 
R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum micranthum Vogel (Labiatae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Origanum minutiflorum O. Schwarz & Davis 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Origanum munzurense Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Origanum saccatum Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Origanum solymicum Davis (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ornithogalum nivale Boiss. [Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ornithogalum sorgerae H. Wittmann 
[Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Orobanche armena Tzvelev [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Orobanche hadroantha Beck [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Orobanche sideana Gilli [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 


-34- 


| 


x FF FF FF RF RF BR 


xa FF RF RF BR 


Orobanche solenanthi Novopokr. & Pissjauka 
[Scrophulariaceae] 

E former USSR 6930 

Oxytropis argyroleuca Bornm. [Leguminosae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Oxytropis astragaloides A. Boriss [Leguminosae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Oxytropis hippolyti Boriss [Leguminosae] 

R former European USSR 

Oxytropis kamtschatica Hulten [Leguminosae] 

R former Asiatic USSR (Far east) 6930 

Oxytropis kateninii Jurtz. [Leguminosae] 21309 

R 27309 Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 21309 

Oxytropis uniflora Jurtz. [Leguminosae] 21309 

R 21309 Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 2/309 

Oxytropis uralensis (L.) DC. [Leguminosae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Oxytropis uschakovii Jurtz. [Leguminosae] 21309 

R 21309 Russia (E.Europe) - North 21309 

R 21309 Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 2/309 

Paeonia kavachensis Aznay. [Paeoniaceae] 6930 

R 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus) 1/552 

Paeonia macrophylla (Albov) N. Lom. 
[Paeoniaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 


Paeonia mlokosewitschii N. Lom. [Paeoniaceae] 5942 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Papaver argemone L. ssp. davisii Kaderit 
[Papaveraceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Papaver atrovirens Petrovsky [Papaveraceae] 21309 

R 21309 Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 21309 

Papaver bracteatum Lindl. [Papaveraceae] 5942, 
20171 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Papaver guerlekense Stapf [Papaveraceae] 12840, 
20171 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Papaver maeoticum Klokov [Papaveraceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 

Papaver pilosum Sibth. & Sm. [Papaveraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Papaver strictum Boiss. & Bal. [Papaveraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Papaver tenellum Tolmatchew [Papaveraceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Paracaryum amani (Rchb.f) R. Mill 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum artvinense R. Mill [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum corymbiforme (DC. & A. DC.) Boiss. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum erysimifolium Boiss. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum kurdistanicum (Brand) R. Mill 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 


5 


* 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
Boraginaceae: Paracaryum 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum leptophyllum (A. DC.) Boiss. 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum lithospermifolium (Lam.) Grande var. 
erectum R. Mill. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum paphlagonicum (Bornm.) R. Mill 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum polycarpum (Rech.f.) R. Mill 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum reuteri Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum shepardii Post & Beauv. 
[Boraginaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paracaryum stenolophum Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia adalia Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia anatolica Czecz. [Mecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia angorensis Chaudh. [Ilecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia arabica (L.) DC. ssp. euphratica 
Choudh. [Ilecebraceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia argyroloba Stapf [Wlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia beauverdii Czecz. [Mecebraceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia cataonica Chaudh. [Ilecebraceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia condensata Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia davisii Chaudh. [Ilecebraceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia dudleyi Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia galatica Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia kayseriana Chaudh. {llecebraceae] 12840 

R _ 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia kurdica Boiss. var. fragilis 
Chaudhri [Illecebraceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Paronychia kurdica Boiss. ssp. haussknechtii 
Chaudh. [Illecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia kurdica Boiss. ssp. montis-munzur 
Chaurhri [Illecebraceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia lycica Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia paphlagonica Chaudh. 
[lecebraceae] 12840 


-35- 


Cob he cies Seen ~ Set eameny~ ema] 


b=] 


x FPF FR BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia saxatilis Chaudh. [Mlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Paronychia turcica Chaudh. [IMlecebraceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Pastinaca armena Fisch. & Mey. ssp. dentata (Freyn 
& Sint) Chamb. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey. 12840 

Pedicularis olympica Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Peltariopsis grossheimii N. Busch. [Cruciferae] 

R former USSR 6930 


Petrocoma hoefftiana (Fischer) Rupr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Petrorhagia hispidula (Boiss. & Heldr.) Ball & Heyw. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 1/2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Petrorhagia lycica (Davis) Ball & Heyw. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R —:12840 Turkey 12840 

Petrorhagia pamphylica (Boiss. & Ball.) Ball. & Heyw. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Petrorhagia peroninii (Boiss. Ball. & Heyw. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Petrosimonia nigdeensis Aelien 
[Chenopodiaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Peucedanum arenarium Waldst. & Kit ssp. urbanii 
(Freyn & Sint. ex Wolff) Chamb [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Peucedanum mogoltavicum Korovin [Umbelliferae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Phlomis angustissima Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Phlomis brunneogaleata Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Phlomis carica Rech.fil. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Phlomis chimerae Boissieu [Labiatae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Phlomis integrifolia Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Phlomis leucophracta Davis & Hub.-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Phlomis longifolia Boiss. & Bal. var. bailanica 
(Vierh.) Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R = 20618 Turkey 20618 

Phlomis monocephala Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Phlomis physocalyx Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Phlomis sintenisii Rech.fil. [Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Phryna ortegioides (Fisch. & Mey.) Pax & Hoffm. 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Caryophyllaceae: Phryna 


< 7F RF RF BR 


[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Physocardamum davisti Hedge [Cruciferae] 12840 

R =: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Physoptychis haussknechtii Bornm. 
[Cruciferae] 1/2840 

R=: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Picris campylocarpa Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Pimpinella anisetum Boiss. & Bal. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 


Pimpinella flabellifolia (Boiss.) Bent & Hook ex Drude 


(Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Pimpinella isaurica Matthews [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Pinus sylvestris L. var. cretacea (Kalen.) 
Komarov [Pinaceae] 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Plantago anatolica B. Tutel & R. Mill 
[Plantaginaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Plantago euphratica Decne ex Barneoud 
[Plantaginaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Poa aitosensis Koz. et Stoeva [Gramineae] 5204 
R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 


Poa davisii Bor [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Poa pseudobulbosa Bor [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Poa speluncarum Edmondson [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Polygala inespectata Pesman & Erik 
[Polygalaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Polygala pruinosa Boiss. ssp. megaptera Cullen 
[Polygalaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Polygonum afyonicum E. Leblebici & Y. Gemici 
[Polygonaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Polygonum aschersonianum H.Gross 
[Polygonaceae] 20/71 

R former European USSR 

Polygonum paralongum Coode & Cullen 
[Polygonaceae] 12840 

Vs 12840 Turkey 12840 

Polygonum salebrosum Coode & Cullen 
[Polygonaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Polylophium panjutinii Manden. & Schischkin 
[Umbelliferae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Potentilla aladagensis E. Leblebici 
[Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


-36- 


x FF FR FR 


x FF RF F RF 


— 


Potentilla anadyrensis Juzepczuk [Rosaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Potentilla armeniaca Siegfr. ex Th.Wolf 
[Rosaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Potentilla buccoana Clem. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Potentilla buchneri Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Rosaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Potentilla cappadocica Boiss. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Potentilla discipulorum Davis. [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Potentilla doddsii Davis [Rosaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Potentilla isaurica (Davis) B. Paw). 
[Rosaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Potentilla pulvinaris Fenzl [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Potentilla subpalmata Ledeb. [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Potentilla tauricola H. Pesmen [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Potentilla tollii Trautv. [Rosaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Potentilla volgarica Juz. [Rosaceae] 11552 

Ex 11552 Russian Federation (western) 1/552 

Prangos denticulata Fisch. & Mey. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Prangos scrabifolia Post ex Beauv. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Prenanthes glareosa (Scho.&Kotsc. ex Bois.) C. Jeff. 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Primula darialica Rupr. [Primulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Primula davisti W.W. Sm. [Primulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Primula deorum Velen. [Primulaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (Rila Mt.) 5204 

Primula frondosa Janka [Primulaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 

Primula komarovii Losinsk. [Primulaceae] 20171 

R former European USSR 6930 

Primula longipes Freyn & Sint. [Primulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Primula megaseifolia Boiss. & Bal. ex Boiss. 
[Primulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Primula minkwitziae W.W. Smith [Primulaceae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Prunus cocomilia Ten var. puberula (Schneider) 
Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 

R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Prunus kurdica Fenzl [Rosaceae] 12840 


#3 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
Rosaceae: Prunus 


: 


R 20618 Turkey 206/8 


Pseudophleum gibbum (Boiss.) M. Dogan 
[Gramineae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Puccinellia anisoclada (V. Kreez.) V. Kreez. ssp. 
melderisiana Kit Tan [Gramineae] 12840 
Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 


Pulicaria armena Boiss.) Kotschy 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Pulsatilla kostyczewii (Korsch.) Juzepczuk 
[Ranunculaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Pyrus anatolica Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 206/8 


Pyrus hakkiarica Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Pyrus salicifolia Pallas var. serrulata 
Browicz [Rosaceae] /2840 
R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Pyrus serikensis [Rosaceae] 20618 
Vv 20618 Turkey 20618 


Pyrus syriaca Boiss. var. microphylla Zoh. ex 
Browicz [Rosaceae] 206/8 
R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Pyrus yaltirikii Browicz [Rosaceae] 12840 
R = 20618 Turkey 20618 


Quercus robur ssp. imeretina (Steven ex Woronow) 
Menitsky [Fagaceae] 20283 
I 20283 Russian Federation (in Georgia, Caucasus) 
20627 
Ranunculus bingoeldaghensis A. Engin 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 ‘ 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ranunculus crateris Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ranunculus dissectus Bieb. ssp. ermenekensis Kit 
Tan & M. Vural [Ranunculaceae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ranunculus dissectus Bieb. ssp. rigidulus (Boiss.) 
Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ranunculus guenerii Y. Ayasligil & Davis 
[Ranunculaceae] /2840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ranunculus isthmicus Boiss. ssp. tenuifolous 
(Stev.) Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ranunculus munzurensis S. Erik & S. Yildirimli 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R =‘: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ranunculus poluninii Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ranunculus sintenisii Freyn [Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 19873 Turkey 12840 

Ranunculus tempskyanus Freyn & Sint. 
[Ranunculaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ranunculus vanensis Davis [Ranunculaceae] 12840 


-37- 


x Fe FF KR BR 


— 


Ex 


x RF FR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Reaumuria badhysi Korovin [Tamaricaceae] 


R former USSR 6930 
Reaumuria zakirovii Gorschk. [Tamaricaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Reseda armena Boiss. [Resedaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Reseda balansae Muller [Resedaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Reseda coodei Huber-Mor. [Resedaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Reseda germanicopolitana Huber-Mor. 
[Resedaceae] /2840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Reseda tomentosa Boiss. var. tomentosa 
[Resedaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Rhabdosciadium microcalycinum Hand.-mazz. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Rhamnus hirtellus Boiss. [Rhamnaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Rhamnus kayactkii Davis & F. Yaltirik 
[Rhamnaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Rhamnus nitidus Davis [Rhamnaceae] 12840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Rhamnus pichleri Schneider & Bornm. ex Bornm. 
[Rhamnaceae] 1/2840 

R 20618 Turkey 20618 

Rhamphicarpa medwedewii Albov 
[Scrophulariaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 


_Rhodothamnus sessilifolius Davis [Ericaceae] 12840 


R =. 20618 Turkey 12840 

Rhynchocorys odontophylla Burbridge & Richard 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ribes kolymense (Trauty.) Komarov ex Pojark 
[Grossulariaceae] 6930 

Ex 6930 former USSR 6930 


Ricotia davisiana Burtt [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Ricotia tenuifolia Sibth. & Sm. [Cruciferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ricotia varians Burtt [Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Roemeria carica A. Baytop [Papaveraceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rorippa aurea (Boiss. & Heldr.) Hub.-Mor. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Rosa dumalis Bechat. var. anatalyensis (Menden) O. 
Nilson [Rosaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Rosa dumalis ssp. boissieri var. antalyensis 
[Rosaceae] 20618 

R =. 20618 Turkey 20618 


Rosularia davisti Muirhead [Crassulaceae] 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Crassulaceae: Rosularia 


R 


x FPF RF FR BR 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rosularia haussknechtii Boiss. & Reuter 
[Crassulaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rosularia serpentinica (Werdermann) Muirhead 
[Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rubia davisiana Ehbrend. [Rubiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rumex amanus Rech. [Polygonaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rumex bithynicus Rech. f. [Polygonaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rumex gracilescens Rech. [Polygonaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rumex olympicus Boiss. [Polygonaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Rumex tmoleus Boiss. [Polygonaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salix rizeensis [Salicaceae] 20618 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Salix trabzonica A. Skv. [Salicaceae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Salsola anatolica Aellen [Chenopodiaceae] 12840 
v 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salsola chiwensis Popov [Chenopodiaceae] 6930 
E former Asiatic USSR 6930 


Salsola prostrata Pall. ssp. anatolica Aellen 
[Chenopodiaceae] 12840 
v 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salsola stenoptera Wagenitz [Chenopodiaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salvia adenocaulon Davis [(Labiatae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salvia adenophylla Hedge & Hub.-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salvia albimaculata Hedge & Hub.-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia aucheri Bentham [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia cedronella Boiss. (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia chionantha Boiss. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia cilicica Boiss. & Kotschy [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia divaricata Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia eriophora Boiss. & Kotschy [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia euphratica Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia garedji Troitsky [Labiatae] 

R former USSR 6930 


-38- 


Salvia halophila Hedge [Labiatae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 1/2840 

Salvia huberi Hedge (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia kronenburgei Rech.fil. [Labiatae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Salvia nydeggeri Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salvia odontochlamys Hedge (Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia quezelii Hedge & Ajzal-Rafri 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Salvia reeseana Hedge & Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia sericeo-tomentosa Rech.fil. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia smyrnea Boiss. (Labiatae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia tigrina Hedge & Hub.-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia tobeyi Hedge [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Salvia vermifolia Hedge & Hub.-Mor. 
[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sambucus tigranii Troitsky [Caprifoliaceae] 
E former USSR 
Saponaria dalmasiia Boissieu 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Saponaria halophila Hedge & Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey ‘12840 
Saponaria pamphylica Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Saponaria picta Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Saponaria pinetorum Hedge [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Saponaria syriaca Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12340 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 
Satureja bzybica Woronow [Labiatae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
Satureja cilicica Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Satureja parnassica Heldr. & Sart. ex Boiss. ssp. 
sipylea Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Satureja rumelica Velen. (Labiatae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (central) 5204 
Saussurea sovietica Komarov [Compositae] 5942 
R 5942 Russia (Far East) - Primorye 5942 
Saxifraga artvinensis Matthews 
[Saxifragaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Saxifraga columnaris Schmalh. [Saxifragaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 


: 


[ 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 


; Saxifragaceae: Saxifraga 


Saxifraga dinnikii Schmalh. [Saxifragaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Saxifraga lactea Turcz. [Saxifragaceae] 11552 

R 11552 Russian Federation (extreme south east) 

11552 

Scabiosa columbaria L. ssp. paphlagonica (Bornm.) 
Matthews [Dipsacaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scabiosa hololeuca Bornm. [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scabiosa kurdica Post [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scabiosa olgae Albov [Dipsacaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

Scabiosa paucidentata Hub.-Mor. [Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scabiosa pseudograminifolia Hub.-Mor. 
[Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scabiosa rhodopensis Stoj. & Stef. 
[Dipsacaceae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (Southern - two areas) 5204 

Scabiosa sulphurea Boiss. & Huet 
[Dipsacaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scaligeria capillifolia Post (Umbelliferae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scandix balansae Reuter ex Boiss. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Schivereckia berteroides Fisch. ex M.1.Alex. 
[Cruciferae] 8000, 20171 


R former European USSR (Ural Mountains) 
Scilla atropatana Grossh. [Hyacinthaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Scilla leepii Speta [(Hyacinthaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera argyria Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera aucheriana DC. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera boissieri Lipschitz [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera davisii Lipschitz [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera hieracifolia Hayek [Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera inaequiscapa Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 : 
Scorzonera lacera Boiss. & Bal. [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera lasiocarpa Chamb. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera mirabilis Lipschitz [Compositae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera pisidica Huber-Mor. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scorzonera pygmaea Sibth. & Sm. [Compositae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


-39- 


Scorzonera sandrasica Hartvig & Strid 
[Compositae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scorzonera suberosa C. Koch. ssp. cariensis 
(oiss.) Chamb. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scorzonera violacea Chamb. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia amana Wall [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia bitlisica Lai 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia candelabrum Heywood 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia capillaris Boiss. & Bal. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia carduchorum R. Mill. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia gypsicola Huber-Mor. & lall 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia lepidota Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia libanotica Boiss. var. antalyensis Y. 
Ayasligil & R. Mill. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scrophularia libanotica Boiss. var. nevshehirensis 
R. Mill. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia libanotica Boiss. var. oligantha 
Heywood [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia mersinensis Lall 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia pumilio Lali [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia scoplii Hoppe ex Pers. var. parryi R. 
Mill. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe ex Pers. var. 
burdurensis (H. Pesmen) R. Mill. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia scopolii Hoppe ex Pers. var. 
longirostrata Heywood [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scrophularia serratifolia Huber-Mor ex Lall 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scrophularia subsequiloba Lali 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scrophularia versicolor Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 


: Scrophulariaceae: Scrophularia 


R 


Ex 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scutellaria glophyrostachys Rech.fil. 
[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scutellaria heterotricha Suzepczuk & Vved. 
[Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Scutellaria juzepczukii Gontsch. [Labiatae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Scutellaria orientalis L. ssp. carica 
Edmondson [Labiatae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scutellaria orientalis L. ssp. porphyrostegia 
Edmondson [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scutellaria orientalis L. ssp. sintenisii 
(Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Edmondson [Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Scutellaria orientalis L. ssp. tortumensis Kit Tan 
& Sorger [Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Scutellaria rubicunda Hornem ssp. pannosula 
(Rech.f.) Edmondson [Labiatae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Secale cereale L. var. ancestrale (Zhuk.) Kit 
Tan [Gramineae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Secale rhodopaecum Delip. [Gramineae] 5204 

R 5204 Bulgaria (South Bulgaria - one site only.) 


5204 
Sedum borissovae Balk. [Crassulaceae] 2017] 
v former European USSR 


Sedum caroli-henrici Kit Tan [Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sedum cilicicum Kit Tan & Vural 
[Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sedum hewittii Chamb. [Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sedum hispanicum L. var. planifolium Chamb. 
[Crassulaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sedum kostovii Stef. [Crassulaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 
Sedum polystriatum R.T. Clausen 
[Crassulaceae] 12840 
Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sedum sorgerae Kit Tan & Chamberlain 
[Crassulaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sempervivum armenum Boiss. & Huet var. insigne 
Muirhead [Crassulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sempervivum brevipetalum Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Crassulaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sempervivum furseorum Muirhead [Crassulaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum gillianii Muirhead [Crassulaceae] 12840 


-40- 


x 7 FR FR 


= 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sempervivum glabrifolium Boiss. 
[Crassulaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum globiferum L. ssp. aghricum Kit Tan & 
Sorger [Crassulaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum ispartae Muirhead [Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum minus Turrill s.1. [Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum pisidicum H. Pesmen & A. Guner 
[Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sempervivum staintonii Muirhead 
[Crassulaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio cariensis Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio davisii Matthews [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio farfarifolius Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Compositae] 12840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio hypochionaeus Boiss. var. hypochionaeus 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio jurineifolius Boiss. & Bal. 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio karelinoides Winkler [Compositae] 8001 
R former Asiatic USSR (Pamir-Alai) 6930 


Senecio lazicus Boiss. & Bal. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio olympicus Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio ovatifolius Boiss. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Senecio platyphyllus DC. var. glandulosus 
Mathews [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Senecio sandrasicus Davis [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Senecio tauricolus Matthews [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Serratula hakkiarica Davis [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Serratula lasiocephala Bornm. [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Serratula tanaitica P.A.Smirn. [Compositae] 5942, 
20171 

I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 

Seseli degenii Urum. [Umbelliferae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (north) 5204 

Seseli lehmannii Degen [Umbelliferae] 2017] 

R former European USSR 

Seseli ramosissimum (Port.) Ces. 
[Umbelliferae] 12840, 20171 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
Umbelliferae: Seseli 


Seseli resinosum Freyn & Sint. [Umbelliferae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Seseli saxicolum (Albov) Pim. [Umbelliferae] 5042 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Sesleria araratica Kit Tan [Gramineae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sesleria klasterskii Dey [Gramineae] 

R Bulgaria 

Sideritis albiflora Huber-Mor. (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis amasica Bornm. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis argyrea Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis armeniaca Bornm. [Labiatae] 12340 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis bilgerana Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis brevibracteata Davis (Labiatae] 12340 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis brevidens Davis (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis cassia Huber-Mor. {Labiatae] 12340 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis cilicica Boiss. & Bal. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis condensata (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis congesta Davis & Huber-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis erythrantha (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis galatica Bornm. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis hispida Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis hololeuca (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sideritis huber-morathii Greuter ex Burdet 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sideritis leptoclada O. Schwarz & Davis 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sideritis libanotica Labill. ssp. violescens 
(Davis) Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis lycia (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis niveotomentosa Huber-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis phlomoides Boiss. & bal. [Labiatae] 12340 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


xy Fe FF BR 


Sideritis phrygia Bornm. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis pisidica (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis rubiflora Huber-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis serratifolia Huber-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis stricta (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis tmolea Davis [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis trojana Bornm. (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Sideritis vulcanica Huber-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene akmaniana Ekim & Celik 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene anatolica Melzheimer & Baytop 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene araratica Schischk. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene argaea Fisch. & Mey. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene armena Boiss. var. serrulata (Boiss.) Coode 
& Cullen [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene azirensis Coode & Cullen 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene birandiana Ekim [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene bolanthoides Quezel,Coutaud & A. Pamukc. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene brevicalyx Hartwig & Strid 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene capillipes Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene caramanica Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene cariensis Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene cartilaginea Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene caryophlloides (Poiret.) Otth ssp. echinus 


(Bois. & Held.) Coode & Cullen [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene caryphylloides (Poiret) Otth ssp. stentoria 
(Fenzl) Coode & Cullen [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Caryophyllaceae: Silene 


I 


Ex 


Silene cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 


Silene delicatula Boiss. ssp. pisidica Coode & 
Cullen [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene ermenekensis M. Vural & Kit Tan 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene haradjianii Chowdh. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene hellmannii Claus [Caryophyllaceae] 8000, 
20171 

I 11552 Russian Federation (western, Ural Mts) 

11552 

Silene inclinata Huber & Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene isaurica Contandr. & Quezel 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene ispartensis Ghazanfar 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene lucida Chowdh. ssp. glandulosa T. Ekim 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene lycaonica Chowdh. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene oligotricha Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene oreades Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene paphlagonica Bornm. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 _ 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene pompeiopolitana J.Gay ex Boiss. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840, 20171 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene salsuginea Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] /2840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene sangaria Coode & Cullen 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840, 20171 

Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 

Silene scythicina Coode & Cullen 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene sipylea O. Schwarz [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene sordida Huber-Mor. & Reese 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Silene splendens Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene squamigera Boiss. ssp. vesiculifera (Gay ex 
Boiss.) Coode & Cullen [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene surculosa Huber-Mor. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 


-42- 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Silene tunicoides Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Smyrnium gelaticum Czecz. [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sobolewskia sibirica (Willd.) P.W.Ball 
[Cruciferae] 20/71 
R former European USSR 


Solenanthus formosus R. Mill [Boraginaceae] 12840 
R 2840 Turkey 12840 


Sonchus erzincanicus Matthews [Compositae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Spergularia lyciaularia Mounnier & Quezel 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Sphaerophysa kotschyana Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
E 14155 Turkey 12840 
Stachys aleurites (Boiss. & Heldr.) Bentham 
(Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys amanica Davis (Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys annua (L.) L. ssp. cilicica (Boiss.) 
Bhattacharjee [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys antalyensis Ayasligil & Davis 
(Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys bayburtensis Bhattacharjee & Huber-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys bombycina Boiss. [Labiatae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys burgsdorffiioides (Bentham) Boiss. ssp. 
ladanoides Hand.-Mazz. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys buttlerii R. Mill. (Labiatae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys cataonica Bhattacharjee & Huber-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys chasmosericea Ayasligil & Davis 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys choruhensis Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys cretica L. ssp. trapezuntica Rech.f. 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys distans Bentham var. cilicica 
Bhattacharjee & Huber-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys euadenia Davis (Labiatae] 12840 

R=: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Stachys huber-morathii Bhattacharjee 
[Labiatae] 1/2840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys inanis Hausskn. & Bornm. [Labiatae] 12840 


: 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
' Labiatae: Stachys 


II 


I 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys megalodonta Hausskn. & Bornm. ex Davis ssp. 
mardinensis Bhattacharjee [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys munzurdaghensis Bhattacharjee 
[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys pinardii Boiss. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys pseudopinardii Bhattacharjee & Huber-Mor. 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R_ © 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys pumila Banks & Sol. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys ramosissima Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys rizeensis Bhattacharjee [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys sericantha Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys subnuda Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 
[Labiatae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stachys tundjeliensis Kit Tan & Sorger 
[Labiatae] 7/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Staphylea colchica Steven [Staphyleaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
Stefanoffia insoluta Kijuykov [Umbelliferae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Stelleropsis caucasica Pobed. [Thymelaeaceae] 5942 
E 11552 Transcaucasus (Georgia) 11552 


Sterigmostemum sulphureum (Banks & Sol.) Bornm. ssp. 
glandulosum Hub.-Mor. & Reese [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Sternbergia candida B. Mathew & T. Baytop 
* [Amaryllidaceae] 17663 
E 17662 Turkey (Nr Fethiye in Mugla Province) 
12840 
Sternbergia schubertii Schenk 
[Amaryllidaceae] 17663 
I 12840 Turkey 12840 


Stipa aktauensis Roshev. [Gramineae] 


R former USSR 6930 
Stipa cretacea P.A.Smirn. [Gramineae] 8000, 20171 
R former European USSR 8000 


Stipa lithophila P.A.Smirn. [Gramineae] 5942, 20171 

R 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Stipa longiplumosa Roshev. [Gramineae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Stipa magnifica Junge [Gramineae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Stipa trichoides P. Smirnow [Gramineae] 

R former USSR 6930 

Stroganowia sagittata Karelin & Kir. 
[Cruciferae] 6930 

Ex 6930 former Asiatic USSR 6930 

Suaeda cucullata Aelien [Chenopodiaceae] 12840 


-43- 


< w® FR 


— 


E 14155 Turkey 12840 


Swida darvasica (Pojark.) Sojak [Cornaceae] 
E former USSR 6930 


Symphyandra lazica Boiss. & Bal. 
[Campanulaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 ~ 

Symphyandra zangezura Lipsky [Campanulaceae] 

E former USSR 6930 

Symphytum longipetiolatum Wickens 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Symphytum longisetum Huber-Mor. & Wickens 
[Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Symphytum pseudobulbosum Asnav [Boraginaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Symphytum savvalense Kurtto [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Symphytum sylvaticum Boiss. [Boraginaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Syrenia talijevii Klokov [Cruciferae] 20171 

Vv former European USSR 

Tanacetum akinfievii (Alexeenko) Tzvel. 
[Compositae] 5942, 20627 

I 5942 Transcaucasus 5942 

Tanacetum albipannosum Huber-Mor. & Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum alyssifolium (Bornm.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd. ssp. canum (C. 
Koch) Grierson [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Tanacetum argenteum (Lam.) Willd. ssp. 
flabellifolium (Boiss. & Heldr.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum cappadocicum (DC.) Schultz Bip. 
[Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum densum (Lab.) Schultz Bip. ssp. laxum 
Grierson [Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum densum (Lab.) Schultz Bip. ssp. sivasicum 
Hub.-Mor. & Grierson [Compositae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum eginense (Hausskn. ex Bornm.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Tanacetum germanicopolitanum (Bornm. & Heimer!) Grierso 


[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum haradjanii (Rech.fil.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Tanacetum haussknechtii (Bornm.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Compositae: Tanacetum 


R Tanacetum heterotomum (Bornm.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Tanacetum oltense (Sosn.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Tanacetum oxtstegium (Sosn.) Grierson 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Tanacetum paczoskii (Zefir.) Tzvelev 
[Compositae] 20/71 
R former European USSR 
R Tanacetum praeteritum (Horwood) Heywood 


[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Taraxacum turiense N.1.Orlova [Compositae] 20171 
R former European USSR 
R Tephroseris integrifolia (L.) Holub. ssp. karsianus 


Mathews [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Teucrium alyssifolium Stapf. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Teucrium antitauricum T. Ekim [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Teucrium cavernarum Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ex Teucrium leucophyllum Montbret & Aucher ex Bentham 


[Labiatae] 1/2840 
Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 
Vv Teucrium montbretii Bentham ssp. pamphlicum 


Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Teucrium odontites Davis & Bal. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Teucrium paederotoides Boiss. & Halkin 


[Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Teucrium pestalozzae Boiss. [Labiatae} 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Teucrium sandrasicum O. Schwarz [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thalictrum uncinatum Rehmann [Ranunculaceae] 20171 
R former European USSR 

E Thermopsis turcica Kit Tan, Vural & Kucukoduk 

[Leguminosae] 1/2840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thesium aureum Jaub. & Spach [Santalaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thesium bertramii Aznavy. [Santalaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thesium cilicicum Bornm. [Santalaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thesium minkwitzianum B. Fedtsch. [Santalaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 

R Thesium oreogetum hendrych [Santalaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Vv Thesium scabriflorum Davis [Santalaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

R Thesium stelleroides Jaub. & Spach 


-44- 


v ~] 


x FF FF 


[Santalaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi aghricum Davis & Tan [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi bornmuelleri (Rech.) Hedge 
[Cruciferae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi cariense A. Carlstrom [Cruciferae] 12840 
E 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi cilicicum (Boiss.) Hayek [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi crassum Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi densiflorum Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Cruciferae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi dolichocarpum (Zobary) Greuter & Burdet 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi eigii (Zohary) Greuter & Burdet 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi elegans Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi papillosum Boiss. [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi sintenisii Hausskn. ex Bornm. 
[Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thlaspi watsonii Davis [Cruciferae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thurya capitata Boiss. & Bal. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thymbra sintenisii Bornm. & Azn. ssp. isaurica 
Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Thymbra spicata L. var. intricata Davis 
[Labiatae] 12840 
R 20618 Turkey 20618 


Thymelaea cilcicica Meissner [Thymelaeaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thymus argaeus Boiss. & bal. [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Thymus aznavourii Velen. (Labiatae] 12840, 20171 
E 14155 Turkey (Safrakéy, near Istanbul) 12840 


Thymus binervulatus Klokov & Roussine 
[Labiatae] 3000, 20171 

R former European USSR 8000 

Thymus bornmuelleri Velen (Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Thymus borysthenicus Klokoy & Roussine 
[Labiatae]} 800/, 20171 

R former European USSR (Black Sea) 8001 

Thymus canoviridis Jalas [Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Thymus cappadocicus Boiss. var. cappadocicus 
[Labiatae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Labiatae: Thymus 


Thymus cappadocicus Boiss. var. globifer Jalas R Trichanthemis aurea Kraschen. [Compositae] 3001 
a pp & 
[Labiatae] 12840 R former Asiatic USSR 6930 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 R Trifolium apertum Bobrov var. kilaeum Zoh. & 
Thymus cariensis Huber-Mor. [Labiatae] 12840 lenr. [Leguminosae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus convolutus Klokov [Labiatae] 12840 Vv Trifolium batmanicum Katznelson [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 \Y 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus haussknechtii Velen. [Labiatae] 12840 R Trifolium davisii Hossain [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus leucostomous Hausskn. & Velen. var. V Trifolium euxinum Zoh. [Leguminosae] 12840 
argyllaceus Salas [Labiatae] 12840 V —s:12840 Turkey 12840 
V_ 12840 Turkey 12840 R Trifolium longidentatum Nab. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Thymus leucostomus Hausskn. & Velen var. gypsaceus R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Jalas [Labiatae] 12840 E Trifolium pachycalyx Zoh. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 E 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus pectinatus Fisch. & Mey. var. pectinatus R Trifolium roussaenanum Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
[Labiatae] 12840 R = 12840 Turkey 12840 
Se natkeyy 12540 ‘ E Trigonella arenicola Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Thymus pubescens Boiss. & Kotschy var. cratericola E 12840 Turkey 12840 
Jalas [Labiatae] 12840 R Trigonella cephalotes Boiss. & Bal. 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 é 
3 [Leguminosae] /2840 
Thymus pulvinatus Celak [Labiatae] 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
RR TEI R Trigonella cilicica Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Thymus revolutus Celak [Labiatae] 12340 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
ee utkry 12600 ie Vv Trigonella halophila Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Thymus sipyleus Boiss. var. davisianus V 12840 Turkey 12840 
easel) 12340 R Trigonella lycica Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus spathulifolius Hausskn. & Velen R _Trigonella pamphylica Huber-Mor. & Siri. 
[Labiatae] 12840 Fi 
[Leguminosae] /2840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Thymus talievii Kok. & Schost. [Labiatae] 3000 Vv Trigonella polycarpa Boiss. & Heldr. 
Vv former European USSR 8000 : 
: [Leguminosae] 12840 
Tomanthea daralghezica (Fomin) Takht. [Compositae] V 12840 Turkey 12840 
R : fommen SSH 16730 R Trigonella pseudocapitata Contandr. ex Quezel 
Tordylium elegans Alava & Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
ee uekey 72840 R Trigonella rhytidocarpa Boiss. & Bal. 
Tordylium lanatum Boiss.) Boiss. [Leguminosae] 12840 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ro! aid Gurkeye12330 R Trigonella rigida Boiss. & Bal. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Tordylium macropetalum Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R slg WEES Ha R Trigonella sirjaevii Huber-Mor. [Leguminosae] 12840 
Tordylium pustulosum Boiss. [Umbelliferae] 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Bago 0) turkey: 12849 R Trigonosciadium intermedium Freyn & Sint. 
Torilis triradiata Boiss. & Heldr. [Umbelliferae] 12840 
[Umbelliferae] 12840 R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
a oe, tee 1280 R Trinia crithmifolia (Wild.) H.Wolff 
Tragopogon albinervis Freyn & Sint [Umbelliferae] 2017/ 
[Compositae] 12840 R former European USSR 
2 RD TEES R Trinia kitaibelii auct., non M.Bieb. 
Tragopogon cretaceus S.A.Nikitin [Compositae] 20171 [Umbelliferae] 20171 
Vv former European USSR R former European USSR 
Tragopogon fibrosus Freyn & Sint. ex Freyn Vv Tripleurospermum baytopianum E. Hossain 
[Compositae] 12840 [Compositae] 12840 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 
Tragopogon oligolepis Hartvig & Strid R Tripleurospermum corymbosum E. Hossain 
[Compositae] 12840 [Compositae] 12840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Compositae: Tripleurospermum 


R Tripleurospermum fissurale (Sosn.) E. Hossain 
[Compositae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Tripleurospermum hygrophilum (Bornm.) Bornm. 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Tripleurospermum kotschyi (Boiss.) E. Hossain 
[Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Tripleurospermum rosellum (Boiss. & Orph.) Hayek var. 


album E. Hossain [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Trisetum thospiticum Chrtek [Gramineae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
I Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. [Gramineae] 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
R Tulipa carinata Vved. [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
EK Tulipa fosteriana Irving [Liliaceae] 
E former USSR 6930 
R Tulipa heteropetala Ledeb. [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
E Tulipa hoogiana B. Fedtsch. [Liliaceae] 
E former USSR 6930 
Vv Tulipa korolkowii Regel [Liliaceae] 
Vv former USSR 6930 
E Tulipa kuschkensis B. Fedtsch. [Liliaceae] 
E former USSR 6930 
R Tulipa linifolia Regel [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Tulipa maximowiczii Regel [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Vv Tulipa praestans Hoog [Liliaceae] 
Vv former USSR 6930 
Vv Tulipa rhodopaea Vel. [Liliaceae] 5204 
VY ——s-5204_—- Bulgaria (Southern Bulgaria - one site only.) 
5204 
R Tulipa rosea Vved. [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
R Tulipa schmidtii Fomin [Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Ex Tulipa sprengeri Baker [Liliaceae] 12840 
Ex 12840 Turkey 12840 
E Tulipa subpraestans Vved. [Liliaceae] 
E former USSR 6930 
Tulipa tarda Stapf Liliaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 
Tulipa urumoffii Hayek [Liliaceae] 5204, 20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (Rodopi) 8000 
Tulipa wilsoniana Hoog [Liliaceae] 
Vv former USSR 6930 
Tulipa zenaidae Vved. {Liliaceae} 
R former USSR 6930 
Uechtritzia armena Freyn & Sint. [Compositae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Valeriana bolkarica Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Valerianaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


<4. 6h 


x we FR 


-46- 


Valeriana oliganthe Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Valerianaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Valeriana speluncaria Boiss. ssp. glabriuscula 
Contandr. ex Quezel [Valerianaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Velezia hispida Boiss. [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Velezia pseudorigida Huber-Mor. 
[Caryophyllaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 


Velezia tunicoides Davis [Caryophyllaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Ventenata eigiana (H. Scholz & Raus) M. Dogan 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum adenocarpum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum adenophorum Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum afyonense Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum agastachyum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum amanum Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum anastasii Nab. [Scrophulariaceae] 12340 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum ancyritanum Bornm. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum anisophyllum Murb. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 5204 Bulgaria (west) 8000 

Verbascum antitauricum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum apiculatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum ballsianum Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum basivelatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

v 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum bellum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum biledschikianum Bornm. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum biscutellifolium Bentham 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum bombyciferum Boiss. 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
| Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum 


[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum bourgeauanum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum brandianum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum calycosum Hausskn. & Murb. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
Ex 1/2840 Turkey 1/2840 


Verbascum campestre Boiss. & Heldre. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cariense Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cerinum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum charputense Murb. var. adenophorum 
Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum chazaliei Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. var. heldrechii 
Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cheiranthifolium Boiss. var. obtusiusculum 
Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum chionophyllum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cholorostegium Bornm. et Murb. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum chrysorrhacos Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cilicicum Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cilicium (Boiss. et Heldr.) O. Kuntze 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum coronopifolium (Boiss. et Bal.) O. Kuntz 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum cucullatibracteatum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum cymigerum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum dalamanicum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

Vs 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum davidoffii Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 8000, 
20171 

V =: 5204 +=Bulgaria (south) 5204 


-47- 


Verbascum davisianum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum decursivum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum degenii Halacsy [Scrophulariaceae] 12840, 
20171 
Vv 19873 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum demirizianum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum detersile Boiss. et Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R_ 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum discolor Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum diversifolium Hochst. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum drymophilum Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum dudleyanum (Huber et Mor.) Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum dumulosum Davis et Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum eleonarae Huber et Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum eriocarpum (Freyn & Sint.) Bornm. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum euphraticum Bentham 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum exuberans Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

I 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum flabellifolium (Huber-Mor.) Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum flavipannosum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum freynii (Sint.) Murb. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum germaniciae Hausskn. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum globiferum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum gracilescens Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum hadschinense Freyn 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum 


[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R = 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum hajastanicum Bordz. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 800/ 
R former USSR 6930 
Vv Verbascum helianthomoides Huber-Mor. 


[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum heterobarbatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum heterodontum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum iconicum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum inaequale Freyn & Sint. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum infidelium Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum inulifolium Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum isauricum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vv Verbascum jankaeanum Pancic 
[Scrophulariaceae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 5204 Bulgaria (west) 5204 
R Verbascum lachnopus Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum latisepalum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum leiocarpum Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum leiranthoides Murb. 


[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Verbascum leptocladum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum leuconeurum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum linearilobum (Boiss.) Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum linguifolium Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R= 12840 Turkey 12840 
Vv Verbascum lobatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
Vs: 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Verbascum longipedicellatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum luciliae (Boiss.) O. Kuntz 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum luridifolium Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R_ —12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum lyratifolium Kochel 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum maendri Bornm. [Scrophulariaceae] 12480 
Vv Turkey 12480 


Verbascum meincheanum Murb. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2480 
R Turkey 12480 


Verbascum melitense Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12480 
R Turkey 12480 


Verbascum microsepalum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum murbeckianum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12480 
R Turkey 12480 


Verbascum myrianthum Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12480 
R Turkey 12480 


Verbascum napifolium Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12480 

R Turkey 12480 

Verbascum nudatum Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12430 

R Turkey 12480 

Verbascum nudiusculum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2480 

R Turkey 12480 

Verbascum obtusifolium Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum olympicum Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum orbicularifolium Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pallidiflorum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum pellitum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R=: 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum pestalozzae Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum petiolare Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 Mi 


Verbascum phrygium Bornm. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum pinardii Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


ingle country endemic globally threatened plants 
: Scrophulariaceae: Verbascum 


Verbascum pinetorum (Boiss.) O. Kuntze 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum prusianum auct., non Boiss. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840, 20171 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pseudoholotrichum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pseudovarians Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pterocalycinum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pterocladum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pumiliforme Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pumilum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
V = 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum pyroliforme (Boiss. & Heldr.) O. Kuntze 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum reeseanum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum renzii Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum rubricaule Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum serpenticola Huber-Mor. 
{Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum simavicum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum smyrnaeum Boiss. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum songaricum Schrenk ex Fisch. & Mey. ssp. 
subdecurrens Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum sorgerae (Huber-Mor.) Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum spectabile Bieb. var. isandrum 
Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R= 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum sphenandroides C. Koch. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum spodiotrichum (Huber-Mor.) Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum stachydifolium Boiss. & Heldr. 


-49- 


[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum stenocarpum Boiss. & Heldr. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum stenostachyum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum stepporum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
Vv 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum subnivale Boiss. & Hausskn. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum subserratum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum tauri Boiss. & Kotschy 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum tenue Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum transolympicum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum trapifolium (Stapf.) Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum trichostylum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum urceolatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum urobracteatum Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum vanense Huber-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum varians Freyn & Sint. var. stepporum 
Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum varians Freyn & Sint. yar. trapezunticum 
Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Verbascum vulcanicum Boiss. & Heldr. var. viridans 
Huber-Mor. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 

Veronica allahuekberensis Ozturk 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

E 12840 Turkey 12840 

Veronica antalyensis Fischer, Erik & Sumbul 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R = 12840 Turkey 12840 4 

Veronica bombycina Boiss. et Kotschy ssp. 
bolkardaghensis Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 

R 12840 Turkey 12840 

Veronica bombycina Boiss. & Kotschy ssp. froediniana 
Rech.f. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 


Single country endemic globally threatened plants 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica cetikii Ozturk [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica cuneifolia D. Don ssp. massicytica 


Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica donii Rommpp [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 

I Veronica filifolia Lipsky [Scrophulariaceae} 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

R Veronica fredericae Fischer 


[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica fuhsii Freyn & Sint. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica gentianoides Vahl. ssp. kopgecidiensis A. 


Ozturk [Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica hispidula Boiss. & Huet ssp. ixodes 
(Boiss. & Bal.) Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica kotschyana Bentham 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica lycica E. Lehm. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica macrostachya Vahl ssp. sorgerae 


Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica montbretti Fischer 
[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica oltensis Woronow [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica orientalis Miller ssp. carduchorum 
Davis [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica polium Davis [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica pusilla Kotschy var. erciyasdagi 


(Fischer) Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica quezelii Fischer [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Veronica surculosa Bioss. & Bal. 


[Scrophulariaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica tauricola Bornm. [Scrophulariaceae] 12840 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Veronica thymoides Davis ssp. thymoides 
[Scrophulariaceae] /2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Vicia canescens Lab. ssp. leucomalla (Bornm.) 
Davis [Leguminosae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


R Vicia glareosa Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
R Vicia hololasia Woronow [Leguminosae] 11552 


R 11552 Russian Federation (Caucasus) 1/1552 
Vicia quadrijuga Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vicia splendens Davis [Leguminosae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Vincetoxicum rossicum (Kleopow) Barbar. 
[Asclepiadaceae] 2017/ 
R former European USSR 8000 


Viola cilicica Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Violaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Viola crassifolia Fenzl [Violaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Viola dichroa Boiss. & Huet [Violaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Viola incisa Turcz. [Violaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Altai (south) 5942 
I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Irkutsk (L. Baikal) 
5942 
I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Krasnoyarsk 5942 
Viola isaurica Contandr. ex Quezel 
[Violaceae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Viola oreades M.Bieb. [Violaceae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 8000 
Viola sandrasea Melchior [Violaceae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Zingeria verticillata (Boiss. & Bal.) Chrtek 
[Gramineae] 1/2840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Ziziphora serpyllacea M. Bieb. [Labiatae] 8001 
R former Asiatic USSR (Caucasus) 800] 
Ziziphora taurica M. Bieb. ssp. cleonioides 
(Boiss.) Davis [Labiatae] 12840 
R 12840 Turkey 12840 
Zygophyllum darvasicum A. Boriss. [Zygophyllaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 | 
Zygophyllum kaschgaricum A. Boriss. [Zygophyllaceae] 
R former USSR 6930 


Data sources for Single country endemic globally threatened plants 


042 


4071 


Rackham, O. et al. (1983). Trees in the 21st 
century. Berkhamsted, A B Academic Publishers. 133p. 
Illus., maps. 


Velchev, V., Kozuharov, S., Bondev, I., Kuzmanov, 
B., & Markova, M. (1984). Chervena kniga na NR 
Bulgariya: izcheznali, zastrasheni ot izchezvane i redki 
rasteniya i zhivotni: tom 1. Rasteniya. [Red Data Book 
of the People's Republic of Bulgaria: v. 1. Plants]. 
Sofiya: Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite. 
447 pp. Bul (En, Rus). Illus., col. illus., maps. 


Borodin, A.M. et al. (1985). Krasnaya kniga 

SSSR: redkie i nakhodyashchiesya pod ugrozoi 
ischeznoveniya vidy zhivotnykh i rastenii. - izdanie 
vtoroe [2]: tom pervyi - vtoroi [1-2]. (2nd edition). 
[Plant Red Data Book for the USSR]. Moscow: Lesnaya 
Promyshlennost. Illus., col., maps. Vol. 1 - Animals; 
Vol. 2 - Plants. 


Takhtajan, A.L. (1981). Rare and vanishing 
plants of the USSR to be protected. Leningrad: Nauka. 
202 pp. 


Tutin, T.G. et al. (eds.) (1964). Flora 
Europaea. (lst ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University 
Press. 5 vols, 1964-1980. 2nd ed. vol 1 1993. 


Komaroy, V.L. & Shishkin, B.K. (1933). Flora 

URSS. Jerusalem, Israel: Academy of Sciences of the 

USSR, Moscow and Leningrad. 30 vols (1933-1964). Program 
for Scientific Translations. Vols 1-21 and 24 translated 

into English, 1963-1979, by N. Landau. 


Davis, P.H. (1965-1985). Flora of Turkey and 
the East Aegean Islands. 9 vols. Edinburgh: Edinburgh 
University Press. Illus., maps. 


Avishai, M. (1980). A list of oncocyclus 

Iris from the Middle East proposed for 

inclusion in the threatened plants survey. Includes 
notes on distribution. 


HMSO. (1895-1992). Index Kewensis plantarum 
phanerogamarum. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens. Vols 1-2 
published in 1895; 19 supplements up to 1993. CD-ROM 
version 1993 (Oxford University Press). 


Golovanov, V.D. et al. (eds.) (1988). Red Data 

Book of RSFSR, plants. Komarov, Moscow: Academy of 
Sciences of USSR, Botanical Institut of V.L. 
Rosagropromizdat. 591 pp. Col. illus., maps. 


Webster, G. & Huft, M.J. (1988). Revised 
synopsis of Panamanian Euphorbiaceae. Ann. Missouri 
Bot. Gard. 75(3):1087-1144. 


Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Erik, S., & Ilarslan, R 
(eds.). et al. (1989). Tiirkiye'nin tehlike 

altindaki nadir ve endemik bitki turleri. (Serie no: 

18). [List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in 
Turkey prepared according to IUCN Red Data Book 
categories]. Ankara: Tiirkiye Tabiatini Koruma Dernegi 
[Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature and 
Natural Resources]. 227 pp. Tu (En). 


Ekim, T. (1990). Letters to Chris Leon 
concerning Bern Convention - revision of Appendix I. 


14155 


14197 


15934 


17662 


17663 


17664 


17665 


17672 


17781 


19174 


19266 


19426 


19709 


19847 


With data sheets. 


Anon. (no date). Annotated printout of Bern 
Convention - revision of Appendix I. 175 pp. 


Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Guner, A., & Vural, M. 
(1990). Conservation summary. Turkish species. 


Grey-Wilson, C. (1988). The genus 
Cyclamen. Portland, Oregon, USA: Timber Press. 
147 pp. 


Mathew, B. (1992). Annotations to: 
Conservation status listing: Sternbergia. 


Mathew, B. (1983). A review of the genus 
Sternbergia. The Plantsman 
5(1):1-16. 


Mathew, B. (1992). Annotations to: 
Conservation status listing: Galanthus. 3 pp. 
TPU printout. 


Walters, S.M. et al. (1986). The European 
Garden Flora. (1). 318 pp. 


Carter, S. (1992). Annotations to: 
Conservation status listing: Euphorbia. TPU 
printout. 


Morgan, V. & Leon, C. (1990). Bern Convention. 
Revision of Appendix I (Flora). 


Iriondo, J.M., De Hond, L.J., & Gémez-Campo, C. 
(1993). Current research on the biology of 

threatened plant species of the Mediterranean Basin aa 
Macaronesia: a database. (Preliminary Draft). Madrid, 
Spain: Commission for the Conservation of Plant 
Resources. Organization for the phyto-Taxonomic 
Investigation of the Mediterranean Area. 
(unpublished)209 pp. Includes database printout of 201 
threatened species with details of the organisation 
undertaking research. 


Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, 
J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., 
Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (eds.). (1993). Flora 
Europaea Volume 1. (Second edition). Psilotaceae to 
Platanaceae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 
581 pp. 


Anon. (1994). Correspondance with WCMC 
including list of plant species to be added to the 
CORINE Biotopes Project. Bulgarian Ministry of 
Environment. 


Peev, D. (1993). Convention on the 

conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. 
Threatened plant species in Bulgaria including candidate 
species for Appendix I of the Bern Convention. 
Strasbourg: Council of Europe. Standing Committee, 13th 
meeting. 


Jordanov, D. (1976). Flora Reipublicae 

Populares Bulgarica (Flora of the People’s Republic of 
Bulgaria). Volume VI. Bulgaria: Jn Aedibus 
Academiae Scientiarum Bulgaricae. 


Data sources for Single country endemic globally threatened plants 


19873 Atay, S. (1994). Annotations to WCMC printout 
entitled "Turkey - conservation status listing of 
plants” dated 21 June 1994. Includes list of corrections 
by Prof.Dr. Neriman Ozhatay. 


20171 Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., 
Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (eds.). 
(1995). Flora Europaea Vol 1-5. Electronic dataset 
supplied by R.J Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden 
Edinburgh, May 1995. 


20283 Govaerts, R. (1994). Checklist of 
Quercus species world wide. 


20618 Guener, A. (1995). Conservation status of 
Turkish woody plants. 12 pp. 


20627 Degteva, S. (1995). Annotations to WCMC list 
of plants of the Russian Federation. 


20628 Czerepanov, S.K. (ed.). (1995). Plantae 
vasculares rossicae et civitatum collimitanearum. St 
Petersburg: World and Family-95 Ltd. 990 pp. Russian 
Edition. 


20649 Anon. (1936-1965). Flora of UkrSSR. Kiev: 
Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of Ukrssr. vol. 
1-12. 


20650 Andrienko, T.L. (1995). Annotations to WCMC 
list of plants of Ukraine, including new list of 
datasources for Ukraine. 


20653 Anon. (1987). Determinant of higher plants of 
Ukraine. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. 546 pp. 


20654 Anon. (1972). Determinant of higher plants of 
Crimea. Leningrad: Nauka. 560 pp. 


20655 Anon. (1994). Red Book of the Ukraine. Kiev: 
Ukrainska Encyclopedia. part 1, animals part 2, plants 
in print. 


20689 Nooteboom, H.P. (1985). Notes on Magnoliaceae 
with a revision of Pachylarnax and 
Elmerrillia and the Malesian species of 
Manglietia and Michelia. 
Blumea 31:65-121. 


20698 Giiner, A. & Zielinski, J. (comps.). (1995). 
The conservation status of the Turkish woody flora. 17 
pp. 


21309 Talbot, S.S. (ed.). (1997). Rare Arctic 
Endemic Vascular Plants. (Draft 18/2/97 CAFF Plants). 84 


pp. 


21389 Davis, A.P. et al. (1997). CITES Bulb 
Checklist (Draft). For the genera: Cyclamen, 
Galanthus and Sternbergia. The Royal 
Botanic Gardens, Kew. 1-87 pp. 


2: 


Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


R 


Abies koreana Wilson [Pinaceae] 15957 

R 20761 Russia 15957 

R 2076] Korea, South 15957 

Acer heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss. ssp. visianii H. 
Maly [Aceraceae] 6062, 20/7] 

R 21091 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2/09] 

I 6062 Bulgaria (west) 8000 

I 6062 (former) Yugoslavia 8000 

Achillea oxyloba (DC.) Sch.Bip. ssp. schurti 
(Sch.Bip.) Heimerl [Compositae] 20/7] 

R 19947 Romania 17823 

I 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Alkanna primulifolia Griseb. [Boraginaceae] 

R Bulgana 

R Greece 

Alkanna stribrnyi Velen. [Boraginaceae] 5204, 20171 

Vv 19426 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

R (former) Yugoslavia 

Allium regelianum A.K.Becker [Alliaceae] 5942, 
20171 

E 11552 Russia (E.Europe) - South 11552 

R 20655 Ukraine (south) 20649 

Anthemis macrantha Heuff. [Compositae] 5204, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (west) 5204 

R 19947 Romania 2063] 

Anthemis trotzkiana Claus ex Bunge 
[Compositae] 5942, 2017] 

I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 

R 5942 Kazakhstan 5942 

Arenaria rigida M.Bieb. [Caryophyllaceae] 8001, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (north-east) 5204 

E 19949 Romania 2063] 

R former European USSR 800] 

Asperula suberosa Sibth. & Sm. [Rubiaceae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 

R Greece 8000 

Astragalus arnacantha M.Bieb. [Leguminosae] 8000, 
20171 

R Bulgaria 8000 

R 11552 Ukraine - Crimea 8000 

Astragalus dasyanthus Pall. [Leguminosae] 3000, 
20171 

R Bulgaria 8000 

V 20686 ‘Hungary 17786 

R 20631 Romania 20631 

R (former) Yugoslavia 

I Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 8000 

Betula raddeana Trautv. [Betulaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Biarum davisii Turrill [Araceae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 1912] Greece (Simi) 19/21 

Vv 1912] Turkey (south-west Anatolia) /9/2/ 

Buglossoides glandulosa (Velen.) R.Fern. 
[Boraginaceae] 5204, 20171 

Vv 19426 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

I 19417 Romania 19417 

Buxus colchica Pojark. [Buxaceae] 5942 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Azerbaijan 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 


Campanula engurensis Charadze [Campanulaceae] 5942 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Campanula transsilvanica Schur ex Andrae 
(Campanulaceae] 5204, 20/71 

R 5204 Bulgaria (Southern and Western - three sites) 

5204 

Vv 19949 Romania 2063/ 

Carlina onopordifolia Besser ex Szafer, Kulcz. & Paw. 
[Compositae] 5942, 20/71 

Vv 18216 Poland (south) 20800 

I 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Centaurea bagadensis Woronow [Compositae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Transcaucasus 5942 

Centaurea carpatica (Porcius) Porcius 
[Compositae] 20/7/ 

R 19947 Romania 800] 

R 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Centaurea taliewii Kieopow [Compositae] 1/552, 
20171 

I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 

I 5942 Kazakhstan 5942 

I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Cladochaeta candidissima (M. Bieb.) DC. 
[Compositae] 800] 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Azerbaijan 5942 

Colchicum fominii Bordz. [Colchicaceae] 8000, 20171 

Vv 19949 Romania 8000 

I 5942 Moldova 5942 

I 5942 Ukraine 5942 

Crambe steveniana Rupr. [Cruciferae] 5942, 20171 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Transcaucasus 5942 

I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Crataegus taurica Pojark. [Rosaceae] 2017! 

R Ukraine - Crimea 8000 

R former European USSR (Crimea) 8000 

Crocus angustifolius Weston [Iridaceae] 5942, 2017! 


I 5942 Moldova 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


i! Dactylorhiza kalopissii Erich Nelson [Orchidaceae] 


I 19425 Bulgaria 19425 

R Greece 

Delphinium fissum Waldst. & Kit. 
[Ranunculaceae] 5942, 20/71 

v 21091 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2/09] 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

I 5942 Moldova 5942 

I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 

Dianthus freynii Vandas [Caryophyllaceae] 6951, 
20171 

Vv 21091 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2/09] 

I Bulgaria 695] 

R (former) Yugoslavia 695/ 

Dianthus nardiformis Janka [Caryophyllaceae] 19266, 
20171 

R = 5204 Bulgaria (north & east) 5204 

Vv 19608 Romania 8000 

Dianthus pallidiflorus Ser. [Caryophyllaceae] 2017/ 

R Bulgaria 

I former European USSR 

Draba subcapitata Simm. [Cruciferae] 20850, 20171 

I 20850 Canada - Franklin 20850 


Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


: Cruciferae: Draba 


I Elytrigia stipifolia (Czern. ex Nevski) 
[Gramineae] 5942. 2017] 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
I Epimedium colchicum (Boiss.) Trautv. 
[Berberidaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia (Black Sea coast) 5942 
Rut Epipactis pontica Taub. [Orchidaceae] 12840 
I 19321 Slovakia 19321 
R 19873 Turkey 12840 
Vu Epipactis troodi Lindb.f. [Orchidaceae] 14230 
Vv 19164 Cyprus 14230 
Vv 19873 Turkey (Amanus mts.) 14230 
I Erythronium caucasicum Woronow [Liliaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
R Frankenia pulverulenta L. [Frankeniaceae] 17617, 
20171 


5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 

19949 Romania 20631 

17617 China - Gansu (Mingqing) 11139 

17617 China - Nei Monggol Zizhiqu (Ejinaqi) 
11139 

17617 China - Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu (Xingyun) 
11139 


R Fritillaria drenovskii Degen & Stoj. 
[Liliaceae] 8000, 20171 
Vv 19426 Bulgaria (south west) 8000 


7 RR<< 


R Greece (north east) 8000 
R Fritillaria gussichiae (Degen & Dorfl.) Rix 
[Liliaceae] 8000, 20171 
R Bulgaria 8000 
R Greece 8000 
R (former) Yugoslavia 8000 


I u Galanthus alpinus Sosn. [Amaryllidaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Armenia 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 


Ru Galanthus lagodechianus Kem.-Nat. 
[Amaryllidaceae] 5942 


R 11552 Russia - North Caucasus /1552 
R 11552 Transcaucasus /]552 


R Galium moldavicum (Dobrescu) Franco 
[Rubiaceae] 1/7762, 20/71 
Vv 19949 Romania 20631 
R former European USSR 800] 


I Gentiana paradoxa Albov [Gentianaceae] 5942 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 


I Gladiolus palustris Gaudin [Iridaceae] 8000, 20171 


Albania 8000 
19710 Austria 8000 
Bulgana 8000 
2050 Czech Republic (Bohemia) /97/0 
20528 France (east) 20528 
19710 Germany 8000 
19710 Hungary 8000 
Italy 8000 
14229 Liechtenstein 14229 
18216 Poland 8000 
Romania 8000 
19710 Slovakia 19321 
18154 Switzerland 8000 
(former) Yugoslavia 8000 
5942 Byelarus 5942 
18216 Lithuania 17779 


[2 Mem ilall col c2 Maal col c2 Maal cco iol 2 Mandl ciel 


* 


zoe 


I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Gymnospermium altaicum (Pallas) Spach ssp. odes; 
(DC.) E. Mayer & Pulevic [Berberidaceae] /0270 

R 19121 Albania 19/2] 

E 14155 Greece (Peloponnisos) 20731] 

E 19949 Romania 8000 

Haplophyllum balcanicum Vandas [Rutaceae] 5204, 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 

R Greece 

Heracleum carpaticum Porcius [Umbelliferae] 17823 
20171 

Vv 19949 Romania 2063/ 

R ‘former European USSR 

Tris acutiloba C. Meyer [lIridaceae] 5942 

E 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

E 5942 Azerbaijan (Caucasus) 5942 

Jurinea taygetea Halacsy [Compositae] 20/7! 

Vv 19426 Bulgaria 19426 

R Greece 

Koeleria sclerophylla P.A.Smirn. [Gramineae] 5942, 
20171 

I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 

I 5942 Kazakhstan 5942 

Lamium glaberrimum (K.Koch) Taliev [Labiatae] 2 

E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 20654 

R former European USSR 

Larix decidua Mill. ssp. polonica (Racib.) 
Domin [Pinaceae] 20/7] 

Vv 18270 Poland (Carpathian Mts.) 18270 

R 19947 Romania (Carpathian Mts.) 20650 

E 20655 Ukraine (Carpathian Mts.) 20650 

Laserpitium affine Ledeb. [Umbelliferae] 5942 

R Turkey (Pontus range) 800] 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 

Lathraea rhodopea Dingler [Scrophulariaceae] 5204, | 
20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria 5204 

R Greece 

Lathyrus pancicti (Surisic) Adamovic 
[Leguminosae] 8000, 20171 

Ex 5204 Bulgaria (west) 5204 

R (former) Yugoslavia 8000 


Leiospora exscapa (C. Meyer) Dvorak | 


[Cruciferae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia (Siberia) - Altai 5942 
I 5942 Kazakhstan 5942 
Lepidium meyeri Claus [Cruciferae] 5942, 20171 


I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 
R 5942 Kazakhstan (north western) 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 


Lilium rhodopaeum Delip. [Liliaceae] 5204, 20171 | 
| 


Vv 19426 Bulgaria (south - one area and one site.) 
5204 

R 14000 Greece 14000 

Liquidambar orientalis Miller var. orientalis 
(Hamamelidaceae] 206/8 

R 20731 Greece - East Aegean Is (Rhodes) 2073/ 

E 20618 Turkey 20618 

Malus florentina (Zuccagni) C.K.Schneid. 
[Rosaceae] 20/78, 2017] 


R 20178 Albania 20/78 
Greece 
Italy 


Aw 


Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 
: Rosaceae: Malus 


— 


R (former) Yugoslavia 
R 20678 Turkey (Anatolia) 206/8 


Microcnemum coralloides (Loscos & J.Pardo) Buen 
[Chenopodiaceae] 8000, 20171 


Vv Spain 8000 
E Turkey 800] 
E former USSR 6930 


Minuartia stojanovii (Kit.) Kozuharov & Kuzmanov 
[Caryophyllaceae] 5204 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
R Greece 
Moehringia jankae Griseb. ex Janka 
[Caryophyllaceae] 1/9266, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria 19266 
Vi 19949 Romania (Dolurogea) 19266 
Najas tenuissima (A.Braun) Magnus 
[Hydrocharitaceae] 20673, 20171 
20673 Finland 20673 
5942 Russia (E.Europe) - Central 5942 
5942 Russia (E.Europe) - Northwest 5942 
5942 Estonia 5942 
Nectaroscordum dioscoridis (Sibth. & Sm.) Zahar. 
[Alliaceae] 5942, 2017] 
I 5942 Azerbaijan 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
Nectaroscordum tripedale (Trautv.) Grossh. 
[Alliaceae] 1/552 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
Vv 11552 Armenia 1/552 
Vv 11552 Azerbaijan 1/552 
Onosma polyphylla Ledeb. [Boraginaceae] 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus (north) 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 
Onosma rhodopea Velen. [Boraginaceae] 
I Bulgaria 
R Greece 
Ophrys argolica Feischm. ssp. elegans (Renz) 
Erich Nelson [Orchidaceae] /4230 


\A 19164 Cyprus 14230 
E 19873 Turkey 14230 


te 


it Ophrys caucasica Woronow ex Grossh. 


[Orchidaceae] 5942, 20627 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Armenia 5942 
I 5942 Azerbaijan 5942 


Ophrys oestrifera M.Bieb. [Orchidaceae] 5942, 20171 


5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
5942 Armenia 5942 

5942 Azerbaijan 5942 

5942 Georgia 5942 

5942 Ukraine - Crimea (south) 5942 


Ornithogalum amphibolum Zahar. 
[Hyacinthaceae] 5942, 2017] 

R Bulgaria 8000 

Vv 19949 Romania 8000 

I 5942 Moldova 5942 

Ornithogalum oreoides Zahar. [Hyacinthaceae] 8000, 
20171 

R Bulgaria 8000 

I 19417 Romania 8000 

I 5942 Moldova 5942 

Paeonia steveniana Kem.-Nat. [Paeoniaceae] 5942 

I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 

I 5942 Georgia 5942 


Papaver spicatum Boiss. & Bal. [Papaveraceae] 12840 


— et bet 


Vv 17832 Norway 17832 
R 12840 Turkey 1/2840 
Phoenix theophrasti Greuter [Palmae] 3000. 20/7! 
Vv 14155 Greece - Crete 8000 
Vv 20731 Turkey 20618 
Picea koraiensis Nakai var. koraiensis 
[Pinaceae] /8270 
R 18270 Russia (Ussuri River) 16386 
R 18270 China - Jilin 16386 
R 18270 Korea, North 16386 
Pinus brutia Ten. var. pityusa (Stev.) Silba 
[Pinaceae] /8270 
18270 Syria 18270 
71552 Russia (Caucasus) //552 
18270 Georgia (Black Sea coast) 18270 
18270 Ukraine - Crimea 20654 
Pinus densiflora Sieb. & Zucc. var. funebris 
(Komaroy) Liou & Wang [Pinaceae] /8270 
Vv 18270 Russia (maritime province) 20497 
R 18270 Korea, North 20497 
Pinus peuce Griseb. [Pinaceae] /8270, 2017] 
E 20178 Albania 10370 
R 18270 Bulgamra (west) 10370 
R 18270 Greece (extreme north) 1/0370 
R 18270 (former) Yugoslavia (south) /0370 
Plantago schwarzenbergiana Schur 
[Plantaginaceae] 17786, 20/71 
R 20686 Hungary 20686 
R 19949 Romania 2063] 
I former European USSR 
Poa pirinica Stoj. & Acht. [Gramineae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 
R Greece 
Poa rehmannii (Asch. & Graebn.) Wol 
[Gramineae] 8000, 20171 
R 19949 Romania 8000 
I former European USSR 8000 
Potentilla emilii-popii Nyar. [Rosaceae] 5204, 
20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (North-eastern - two sites and one 
area) 5204 
Vv 19949 Romania 2063] 
Pseudovesicaria digitata (C. Meyer) Rupr. 
[Cruciferae] 5942 
5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
5942 Armenia 5942 
5942 Azerbaijan (Caucasus Mts.) 5942 
5942 Georgia (Caucasus Mts.) 5942 
Pulmonaria filarszkyana Sav. [Boraginaceae] 17762, 
20171 
R 20631 Romania 20631 
Vv former European USSR 
Quercus imeretina Stev. ex Woronow [Fagaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
Ramonda serbica Pancic [Gesneriaceae] 8000, 20171 
R 20178 Albania 20/78 
R 5204 Bulgaria (north-west) 5204 
Vv Greece 
R (former) Yugoslavia 
Rheum rhaponticum L. [Polygonaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria 5204 


<<<dic 


— ed 


R Norway 
Ruscus colchicus Yeo [Ruscaceae] 5942 
R Turkey 


Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


I 5942 Georgia 5942 


R Salvia scabiosifolia Lam. [Labiatae] 8000, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (north) 8000 
I former European USSR (Crimea) 800] 

R Saussurea involucrata Karelin & Kir. ex Maxim. 


[Compositae] /76/7 
v 17617 China - Xinjiang Uygur Zizhiqu 1/139 
R former USSR 6930 
I Scrophularia cretacea Fisch. ex Spreng. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 5942, 2017] 
I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
I Secale kuprijanovii Grossh. [Gramineae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
R Serratula bulgarica Acht. & Stoj. 
[Compositae] 8000, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (north-east) 5204 
Vv 19608 Romania (eastern) 8000 
I Silene akinfievii Schmalh. [Caryophyllaceae] 5942 
I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Georgia 5942 
R Silene jailensis N.1.Rubtzoy 
[Caryophyllaceae] 20/7] 
E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 20653 
R former European USSR 
R Silene zawadzkii Herbich [Caryophyllaceae] 17823, 
20171 
R 19947 Romania’ 19949 
I 5942 Ukraine (Carpathian Mts.) 5942 
I Stipa anomala P.A.Smirn. [Gramineae] 5942, 20171 
I 5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
R Stipa dasyphylla (Lindem.) Trauty. 
[Gramineae] 8000, 2017] 


2050 Czech Republic 2050 

20640 Germany 20640 

20686 Hungary 1/7786 

19947 Romania 19840 

19321 Slovakia 19321 

11552 Russia (west, Ural Mts., south-west Siberia) 
11552 


I Stipa syreistschikowii P. Smirn. [Gramineae] 20654 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
E 20655 Ukraine - Crimea 20655 


<<< 


R Stipa zalesskii Wilensky [Gramineae] 3000 
R Czech Republic 
R Slovakia 


Vv 11552 Russia (Caucasus, west, south-west & east 
Siberia) 1/552 
R Syringa josikaea J.Jacq. ex Rchb. [Oleaceae] 5942, 
20171 
R 19949 Romania 17823 
I 5942 Ukraine 5942 
R Trachelium jacquinii (Sieber) Boiss. 
[Campanulaceae] 5204, 20171] 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south) 5204 


R Greece 
R 9873 Turkey 19873 
I Vavilova formosa (Steven) Fed. [Leguminosae] 5942 


I 5942 Russia - North Caucasus 5942 
I 5942 Armenia 5942 
I 5942 Azerbaijan 5942 
R Verbascum oocarpum Murb. [Scrophulariaceae] 1/2840 
I 2050 Czech Republic 2050 


-4- 


R 12840 Turkey 12840 


Verbascum purpureum (Janka) Hub.-Mor. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 8000, 20171 

R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 

E 19949 Romania (south Dobrogea) 19840 

R Turkey 8000 

Veronica turrilliana Stoj. & Stef. 
[Scrophulariaceae] 5204, 2017] 

R 5204 Bulgaria (east) 5204 

R Turkey (European) 2203 

Vicia montenegrina Rohlena [Leguminosae] 20/7/ 


v 21091 Bosnia & Herzegovina 2/091 
I Bulgana 
R (former) Yugoslavia 


’ Viola delphinantha Boiss. [Violaceae] 5204, 2017! 


R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
v Greece (northern) 8000 
Viola jooi Janka [Violaceae] 17823, 20171 
R 19949 Romania 19840 
E 20655 Ukraine (Carpathian Mts.) 20649 
Viola perinensis W. Becker [Violaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
R Greece 
Viola speciosa Pant. [Violaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 20178 Albania 20178 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
R (former) Yugoslavia 
Viola stojanowii W.Becker [Violaceae] 5204, 20171 
R 5204 Bulgaria (south-west) 5204 
R Greece 
Zingeria biebersteiniana (Claus) P. Smirn. 
[Gramineae] //552, 2017] 
5942 Russia (E.Europe) - South 5942 
5942 Georgia 5942 
5942 Kazakhstan 5942 
5942 Ukraine - Crimea 5942 


— te 


Data sources for Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


2050 


10270 
| 


Holub, J., Prochazka, F., & Cerovsky, J. 

(1979). Seznam vykynulych, endemickych a ohrozenych 

taxonu vyssich rostlin kveteny CSR (1. verze). [List of 

the extinct, endemic and threatened taxa of vascular 

plants of the flora of the Czech Socialist Republic | 

(first draft)]. Preslia 51(3):213-237. Cz | 

(En). 
| 


Kuzmanoy, B. (1978). About the "Red Book of 
Rare Bulgarian Plants". Phytology 9:17-33. 
English summary. 


Velchev, V., Kozuharov, S., Bondev, I., Kuzmanov, | 
B., & Markova, M. (1984). Chervena kniga na NR 
Bulgariya: izcheznali, zastrasheni ot izchezvane i redki 
rasteniya 1 zhivotni: tom 1. Rasteniya. [Red Data Book 

of the People’s Republic of Bulgaria: v. 1. Plants]. 
Sofiya: Izdatelstvo na Bulgarskata Akademiya na Naukite. 
447 pp. Bul (En, Rus). Illus., col. illus., maps. 


Borodin, A.M. et al. (1985). Krasnaya kniga 

SSSR: redkie i nakhodyashchiesya pod ugrozoi 
ischeznoveniya vidy zhivotnykh 1 rastenii. - izdanie 
vtoroe [2]: tom pervyi - vtoroi [1-2]. (2nd edition). 
[Plant Red Data Book for the USSR]. Moscow: Lesnaya 
Promyshlennost. Illus., col., maps. Vol. 1 - Animals; 
Vol. 2 - Plants. 


Fukarek, P. (1959). Arbres et arbustes rares | 
et menacées de la flore de Yougoslavie. [Rare and 
threatened trees and shrubs of Yugoslavia]. pp. 159-165 

In UCN. Animaux et vegetaux rares de la 

Région Mediterranéenne. Proceedings of the IUCN 7th 
Technical Meeting, 11-19 September 1958, Athens, vol. 5. 
Brussels: IUCN. 


Takhtajan, A.L. (1981). Rare and vanishing 
plants of the USSR to be protected. Leningrad: Nauka. | 
202 pp. | 


Hendrych, R. (1981). Bemerkungen zum 
Endemismus in der Flora der Tschechoslowakei. 
[Observations on endemism in the flora of 
Czechoslovakia]. Preslia 53:97-120. Translated 
from German. 


Tutin, T.G. et al. (eds.) (1964). Flora 
Europaea. (1st ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University 
Press. 5 vols, 1964-1980. 2nd ed. vol 1 1993. 


Komaroy, V.L. & Shishkin, B.K. (1933). Flora 

URSS. Jerusalem, Israel: Academy of Sciences of the 

USSR, Moscow and Leningrad. 30 vols (1933-1964). Program 
for Scientific Translations. Vols 1-21 and 24 translated 

into English, 1963-1979, by N. Landau. | 


Greuter, W., Burdet, H.M., & Long, G. (eds.). 

(1984). Med-Checklist. Vols. 1, 3 & 4. A critical 

inventory of vascular plants of the circum-mediterranean 
countries. Secretariat Med-Checklist, Botanischer Garten 

& Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem. Vol. 1: Pteridophyta 
(ed 2.), Gymnospermae, Dicotyledones (Acanthaceae - 
Cneoraceae; Vol. 2 Convolvulaceae - Labiatae; Vol. 3 
Lauraceae - Rhamnaceae; Vol. 4. 


FAO Forestry Department. (1986). Databook on 
endangered tree and shrub species and their provenances. 
Forestry Paper No. 77. Rome: FAO. 524 pp. Datasheets on 


=i 


81 species. 


11139 National Environment Protection Bureau. 
(1987). The list of rare and endangered plants 
protected in China. Botanical Institute of Chinese 


Academy of Sciences, Beijing: Academy Press. 96 pp. 


11552 Golovanov, V.D. et al. (eds.) (1988). Red Data 
Book of RSFSR, plants. Komarov, Moscow: Academy of 
Sciences of USSR, Botanical Institut of V.L. 


Rosagropromizdat. 591 pp. Col. illus., maps. 


12840 Ekim, T., Koyuncu, M., Erik, S., & Ilarslan, R. 
(eds.). et al. (1989). Tiirkiye'nin tehlike 

altindaki nadir ve endemik bitki turleri. (Serie no: 

18). [List of rare, threatened and endemic plants in 
Turkey prepared according to IUCN Red Data Book 
categories]. Ankara: Tiirkiye Tabiatini Koruma Dernegi 
[Turkish Association for the Conservation of Nature and 
Natural Resources]. 227 pp. Tu (En). 


14000 ECE. (1989). Draft European Red List of 
threatened animals and plants. Addendum 3: Non-endemic 
vascular plants. 12 pp. With annotations of changes to 


the draft red list. 


14155 Anon. (no date). Annotated printout of Bern 


Convention - revision of Appendix I. 175 pp. 


14229 Broggi, M.F. & Waldburger, E. (1984). Rote 

Liste der gefahrdeten und seltenen Gefasspflanzenarten 

des Furstentums Liechtenstein. [Red List of rare and 
threatened vascular plants of the Principality of 
Liechtenstein]. Vaduz: Buch- und Verlagsdruckerei AG. 40 


pp. Col. illus. 


14230 Meikle, R.D. (1977-1985). Flora of Cyprus. 
Kew, UK: Bentham-Moxon Trust, Royal Botanic Gardens, 


Kew. 1969 pp. 2 vols. 


15957 Lee, T.B. (1983). Endemic plants and their 
distribution in Korea. Bull. Kwanak 


Arboretum:71-113. 


16386 Farjon, A. (1990). Pinaceae. Drawings and 
descriptions of the genera Abies, Cedrus, 
Pseudolarix, Keteleeria, Nothotsuga, Tsuga, Cathaya, 
Pseudotsuga, Larix and Picea. K6nigstein, 


Germany: Koeltz Scientific Books. 330 pp. 


17617 Fu, L. & Jin, J. (eds.). (1992). China Plant 

Red Data Book. Rare and endangered plants. Vol. 1. 
Beijing: Science Press. xviii, 741 pp. Col. illus.; 
maps. 338 taxa, of which 121 are Endangered, 110 are 


Rare, and 157 are Vulnerable. 


17762 Dihoru, G. (no date). Proposals for adding to 
the check list of threatened plants. 15 pp. (Romania) 


List of species. 


17779 Lapelé, M. & Vaiciuaité, R. (1992). Red Data 
List of Lithuania. Lists plants, including lower plants, 


and animals. 


17786 Anon. (1992). A Hungarian proposal concerning 
amendments to the CORINE biotopes project's endangered 


plant species list. 7 pp. 


17823 Dihoru, G. (1992). Proposals for adding to the 


Data sources for Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


17832 


18154 


18216 


18270 


19121 


19164 


19266 


19321 


19417 


19425 


19426 


check list of threatened plants. Endemics. 2 pp. 
Produced in 1992 for the CORINE biotopes project for 
Romania. 


Storkersen, O.R. (1992). Truete arter i Norge. 
[Norwegian Red List]. DN-rapport 1992 - 6. Tungasletta 

2, N-7005 Trondheim: Directorate for Nature Management. 
22-28 pp. List of Vascular plants, fungi, lichens, 
bryophytes, mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians, 

fish, butterflies and moths, beetles, dragonflies and 

other invertebrates. 


Landolt, E. (1991). Rote Liste - Gefahrdung 

der Farn- und Bliitenpflanzen in der Schweiz. [Red List - 
Threatened ferns and flowering plants in Switzerland]. 
Bern, Switzerland: Bundesamt fiir Umwelt, Wald und 
Landschaft. 185 pp. 


Ingelég, T., Anderson, R., & Tjernberg, M. (eds.). 
(1993). Red Data Book of the Baltic Region. Part 1. 
Lists of threatened vascular plants and vertebrates. 
Uppsala: Swedish Threatened Species Unit. 95 pp. 


Farjon, A., Page, C.N., & Schellevis, N. 

(1993). A preliminary world list of threatened 

conifer taxa. Biodiversity and Conservation 
2:304-326. 416 Threatened, 1 Extinct. IUCN's V&R 
categories subdivided. 


Akeroyd, J.R. (1992). Annotations to WCMC 
Conservation Status Listing - Plants of Greece. With 
particular attention to endemics of Crete. 


Akeroyd, J.R. (1992). Letter to Hugh Synge 
concerning conservation status of plants of various 
Mediteranean Islands including: Cyprus, Sicily, Malta, 
Corsica, Sardinia and the Balearic Islands. Includes 
annotations to 1991 TPU printouts for the these 
countries. 


Tutin, T.G., Burges, N.A., Chater, A.O., Edmondson, 
J.R., Heywood, V.H., Moore, D.M., Valentine, D.H., 
Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (eds.). (1993). Flora 
Europaea Volume 1. (Second edition). Psilotaceae to 
Platanaceae. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 
581 pp. 


Maglocky, S. & Ferdkova, V. (1993). Red List 
of ferns and flowering plants (Preridophyta and 
Spermatophyta) of the flora of Slovakia (the second 
draft). Biologia (48) 4:361-385. 


Oltean, M., Negrean, G., Popescu, A., Roman, N., 
Sanda, V., Milhailescu, S., & Dihoru, G. (1994). 
Lista rosie a speciilor de plante endemice si amenintate 
din Romania. [Red list of endemic and threatened plant 
species in Romania]. (Produced for CORINE Biotopes 
Project for Romania). Includes letter of explanation 
from Dr. Mircea Oltean to Johanna Sidey. 


Anon. (1994). List of plant species which are 

distributed in Bulgaria and are included in CORINE 
programme. 2 pp. Correspondance to Graham Drucker from 
Ministry of Environment. 


Anon. (1994). Correspondance with WCMC 
including list of plant species to be added to the 
CORINE Biotopes Project. Bulgarian Ministry of 
Environment. 


-2- 


19608 


19710 


19840 


19873 


19947 


19949 


20171 


20178 


20497 


20528 


20618 


20627 


20631 


20640 


Dihoru, G. (1994). Letter to Johanna Sidey 
concerning the candidate check-list of threatened plants 
for the PHARE countries of Europe dated 25 March 19! 
Includes list of 34 species suggested for inclusion in 
the check-list. 


Santa, A. (1993). Convention on the 

conservation of European wildlife and natural habitats. 
Report on the biogeographical regions of Hungary and i 
main plant conservation problems and data sheets of 
species selected. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. 36 pp. 


Beldie, A.L. (1977-1979). Flora Romaniei. 
Determinator ilustrat ‘al plantelor vasculare. Bucuresti: 
Editura Acadamiei Repulicii Socialiste Romania. two 
volumes. 


Atay, S. (1994). Annotations to WCMC printout 
entitled "Turkey - conservation status listing of 

plants" dated 21 June 1994. Includes list of corrections 
by Prof.Dr. Neriman Ozhatay. 


Oltean, M. & Negrean, G. et al. (1994). Lista 
rosie a plantelor superioare din Romania. Studii, 
sinteze, documentatii de Ecologie 1. Bucuresti. 
52(2):52. 


Dihoru, G. & Dihoru, A. (1994). Plante rare, 
periclitate si endemice in flora Romaniei. Lista rosie 
Acta Botanica horti Bucurestiensis. 1993-1194 173-197. 


Tutin, T.G., Heywood, V.H., Burges, N.A., 
Valentine, D.H., Walters, S.M., & Webb, D.A. (eds.) 
(1995). Flora Europaea Vol 1-5. Electronic dataset 
supplied by R.J Pankhurst, Royal Botanic Garden 
Edinburgh, May 1995. 


Vangjeli, J., Ruci, B., & Mullaj, A. (1995). 

Libri i kuq. Bimét e kércénuara e té rralla té 
Shqipérisé. [Red Book of threatened and rare plant 
species of Albania]. Tirana: Akademia e Shkencave e 
Republikés Sé Shqipérisé & Instituti I Kérkimeve 
Biologjike Komiteti I Mbrojtjes Sé Mjedisit. 169 pp. 
Lists 320 rare and threatened plants, including 4 
extinct and 12 probably extinct species. 


Kolbeck, J. & Kucera, M. (1989). A Brief 

Survey of Selected Woody Species of North Korea. 
Pruhonice, Czechoslovakia: Botanical Institute, Czech 
Academy of Sciences. 


Olivier, L., Galland, J., & Maurin, H. (eds.). 
(1995). Livre rouge de la flore menacée de France. 
Tome 1: Espéces prioritaires. [Red book of threatened 
plants of France. Volume 1: Priority species]. Paris: 
Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. 486 pp. 


Guener, A. (1995).’Conservation status of 
Turkish woody plants. 12 pp. 


Degteva, S. (1995). Annotations to WCMC list 
of plants of the Russian Federation. 


Savulescu, T. (ed.). (1952-1970). Flora ] 
Republicii Populare Romane. Bucuresti: Flora Republicii 
Socialist Romania. 


Korneck, D., Schnittler, M., & Vollmer, I. 


|Data sources for Globally threatened plants occurring in countries bordering the Black Sea 


(1995). Rote Liste der Fern- und Bliitenpflanzen. in 
in Rote Listen Gefahrdeter Pflanzen in 
| Deutschland. - Schr.R. Vegetations Kunde. Germany: 
| Bundesamt Fur Naturschutz. in preparation. 


20649 Anon. (1936-1965). Flora of UkrSSR. Kiev: | 
| Publishing House of Academy of Sciences of Ukrssr. vol. | 
1-12. 


/20650 Andrienko, T.L. (1995). Annotations to WCMC 
list of plants of Ukraine, including new list of 
datasources for Ukraine. 


20653 Anon. (1987). Determinant of higher plants of 
| Ukraine. Kiev: Naukova Dumka. 546 pp. 


20654 Anon. (1972). Determinant of higher plants of 
| Crimea. Leningrad: Nauka. 560 pp. 


/20655 Anon. (1994). Red Book of the Ukraine. Kiev: 

| Ukrainska Encyclopedia. part 1, animals part 2, plants 

| in print. 

; 

20673 Rassi, P., Kaipainen, H., Mannerkoski, I., & 
Stehls, G. (eds.). (1992). Uhanalaisten elinten ja | 
kasvien seurantatoimikunnan mietint. [Report on the 

monitoring of threatened animals and plants in Finland]. 

Helsinki: Ministry of the Environment. 328 pp. in 
Finnish. 


20686 Rakonczay, Z. (ed.). (1990). Voros Konyu. 
[Hungarian Red Data Book]. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiado. 
360 pp. 


20731 Tzanoudakis, D. & Montmollin, B. de. (1996). 
Annotations to WCMC printout entitled "Greece - 
nationally threatened taxa listed at WCMC" dated 16 
October 1995. 


20761 Farjon, A. et al. (1996). SSC Conifer 


Threatened Plant Species in Poland, including candidate 
species for Appendix I of the Bern Convention. 50 pp. 
Council of Europe, Convention on the conservation of 
European Wildlife and Natural Habitats. 


20850 The Nature Conservancy. (1996). Natural 
Heritage Central Database. (Status and distribution data 
on North American plants, developed in collaboration 
with the Association for Biodiversity Information, U.S. 
and Canadian Natural Heritage Programs and Conservation 
Data Centers, and North Carolina Botanical Garden Biota 
of North America Program.). 


21091 Silic, C. (ed.). (1996). The List of the 
Vegetable Species (Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta) for 
the Red Book of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Sarajevo: 1996. 
20 pp. 


Specialist Group. 
20800 Puchalski, J. & Kazmierczakowa, R. (no date). 
] 
| 


AYLNAD DNMOLINOW 
NOLLVAYASNOD GTHOM 


4 0002 - 102 


1 002 - 0 


:Aneuihurgd 


a” 


< 
YEVPATORIYA? | . 2 


= see “Feopsiva — 


The Black Sea Coastal Zone 
- An Environmental Profile 


Map prepared for the US Navy and PCCI 


Coastal Zone defined as 50 miles inland of the high water mark 
for the purposes of this map. 


LEGEND: 


International Boundaries 
Coastline 
A Ramsar Sites 
Ramsar Site Boundary (where known) 
Important Bird Areas 
NOVORO mes Dunabe Delta - World Heritage Site 


Wetlands 


Protected Areas 


Protected Areas location 
(Where boundary data not available) 


Forest 


WORLD CONSERVATION 
MONITORING CENTRE 


a a an 


“ 


- 
u) 
P 
i , 
} 
to } wy 
; - a ‘ 
pe 
i om -o ’ ° 


es 


Py