-~ ya tad Ver a ae AN ESSAY ON THE INDIGENOUS GRASSES oF IRELAND, BY JOHN W HITE, ONE OF THE GARDENERS TO THE RIGHT HON. AND HOM. THE DUBLIN SOCIETY. o ““ HE CAUSETH THE GRASS TO GROW FOR TiIZz CATTLE, AND THE HERB FOR THE SERVICE OF MAN 5; THAT HE MAY BRING FORTH FOOD OUT OF THE RARTH.” FSAL. civ. 14, 6G oer LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL DUBLIN: GARDEN PRINTED BY GRAISBERRY AND CAMPBELL, 10, RACK-LANE. Ee 1808. + e¥h" von ‘om ‘ere an, reser 3 dae 3 tre 3 we pu) oar a mas ty Se Haro 11 1907 TO THE RIGHT HON. JOHN FOSTER, CHANCELLOR OF THE EXCHEQUER, PRE- SIDENT OF THE FARMING SOCIETY OF IRELAND, VICE PRESIDENT OF THE DUBLIN sociETy, &c. &c. SIR, THE many wise and salutary regu- lations, which you have made for the good of your country, the zeal which you have always evinced for the ad- vancement of its agricultural interests, and the encouragement which you “y have given to every undertaking tend- ing to promote that end, are motives which would induce me, as an Irish- man, to select, you as. the. person. of all others under whose patronage J AQ would LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL GARDEN. bef DEDICATION. would wish to place the following pages. , But there are other motives which induce me to solicit your protection. There are private obligations which I rejoice to have an opportunity of thus publicly acknowledging. To you I am indebted for the enjoyment of my present situation. It was you who first introduced me to that liberal and en- lightened body of Noblemen and Gen- tlemen whom I have now the happiness to serve. Through you I am enabled to cultivate that science which is the pride and comfort of my life. In short, you have on all occasions proved your- self my patron and benefactor. Permit me, therefore, to inscribe to you the following treatise, and however unwor- thy it may be of such an honor, I trust its DEDICATION. Vv its object will be with you a sufficient apology for its imperfections; and that you will consider it as a small token of esteem, veneration and gratitude. I have the honor to be, With the greatest respect, SIR, Your most obliged, obedient, And very humble servant, JOHN WHITE. Br i i Fate uct rah te , ‘eo re oy as LagF ‘Sindee har se Bayo jen ate my $i AB ws oS eZ ih = iy oe ieee de yer. at ie cea ee . ane ee tb (baltinats iia selene ia i Yow * Uh - eee ar ira, a, hee Bi by 4 a Se 4 ere Be ice. a f i a 4 a / » Le oe “you tives PREFACE. ‘THE natural grasses produced in each country, and particularly in Ireland, whose mild, open, moist climate, and whose soil is by nature congenial to their growth, make no small class of its most beneficial although in gene- ral most neglected herbage. When we consider that the produce of milk, butter, beef, mutton, tallow, leather, wool, &c. &c. depends in a great measure upon the proper culti- vation of ‘the indigenous grasses, any attempt to render them better known, and to improve that cultivation, can- not be uninteresting to the agricultu- vist; for however ‘useful those grasses which are called artificial may be, they Viltt PREFACE. they are by no means of equal im- portance with the natural produce of the country; for were there not such a variety of grasses growing in diffe- rent soils, springing and flowering at different seasons, and thriving best in various situations, we could expect but little from the cultivation of arti- fictal grasses, as they would be alto- gether inadequate to the support of our cattle. The choice and culture of natural grasses is a part of agriculture which our predecessors seemed to take little notice of. This may be justly attri- buted to their ignorance of their number and specific differences; for heretofore there were but very few natural grasses known to our ances- tors, or if known they have not been handed down to us in the native language. hose they have taken notice of they seemed to rank in sets, and to each PREFACR. 1% each of these sets they gave a name; but they seem to have had no name for the individuals of these sets. Thus under the name of Bruimsean, or Couch-grass, they included Triticum repens, Poa pratensis, Holcus mollis, and all those grasses which have creeping roots. Briza media, Cyno- surus cristatus, and all those with small naked wiry stems, they ranked “under the name of Cuisog, or Trath- nin. Lolium perenne, Lolium temu- lentum, and those with imbricated spike-like heads, they called Raith- leadh; and all coarse, harsh or strong grasses, such as Poa aquatica, Schoe- nus mariscus, Arundo colorata, and all the strong carices, they knew by the name of Feur seasglar. This ignorance of the number and specific differences of the grasses, was one great cause why their cultivation has been so much neglected by our predecessors. In order to remedy this b defect, x PREFACE. defect, I have compiled the present generic and specific names in Irish for our indigenous grasses, that those unacquainted with Botany may know that under each of the common names there have been included a variety of different species. The cultivation of grasses at pre- sent is but in an infant state, and will continue so until Gentlemen ob- tain a knowledge of the different spe- cies, so as to be able to remark the various soils most congenial to their growth. For without this knowledge no scientific experiments can be. per- formed, nor can their best assort- ments, or their true culture, be ascer- tained. The mode of experiment which I would: recommend, in. order to ascer- tain the grasses that would constitute a good meadow in every soil and si- tuation, would be the following. Suppose a farm which abounded : with PREFACE. "Et with hills, plains, vallies, &c. I would about the month of July, when most grasses are in flower, perambulate that farm. I would take a view of the moist meadows or low grounds, and note down those grasses which ap- peared most luxuriant. Where I found any material difference in such situa- tions, I would naturally conclude there must be a change in soil: I would therefore examine the soil in the dif. ferent places, according to the luxu- riance of the grasses. The declivities and their different aspects, on the summits and on the levels, in each part of the farm, I would also exa- mine; for, according to observations I have made in the Botanic gardens, and elsewhere, I find a material dif- ference between the luxuriance of many plants, from their not growing in the same situations. ‘These remarks I would sum up, and from them conclude which were the most beneficial grasses, | b 2 as vend PREFACE. as a mixture, for each soil: ‘Then, if I did not choose to try my experiments on a large scale, I would break up a perch or more on the different soils, and sow those grasses which appeared to me when in flower most productive and beneficial for constituting a good meadow. By these experiments I would be enabled to judge of their future utility; and the result would deter- mine whether it would be advisable to break up the remainder of the different soils, and pursue the same methods. The agricultural advantages likely to result from the establishment of a Botanical garden, were wisely foreseen by the Dublin Society. These advan- tages we already experience; for it has been the cause of displaying a variety of grasses, which heretofore were un- noticed, or perhaps unknown, in this country. livery year since it was first instituted, additional discoveries haye : been PREFACE. XITI been made in the natural grasses, as well as in the other indigenous herbage. So anxious are Gentlemen to acquire a knowledge of the true grasses, that. they wait impatiently for the time when the subject of this most useful tribe is discussed by the . Professor* appointed by that spirited body of Noblemen and Gentlemen, the Dublin Society. The subject is handled in a manner which reflects equal honor on the Gentleman himself and on the Dublin Society; the talents and information which he displays, amply justify the choice which they have made. We may shortly expect to have some yaluable additions made to the knowledge of our indigenous plants; as the taste for Botany is becoming very general, and is pursued by some with ardour and with effect. Trinity * Walter Wade, Esq. M.D. M.L.S, &c. &c. XIV PREFACE. Trinity College has also established a Botanic garden, about a mile from the Castle, towards the east, and are making much progress towards its completion. Their present Professor* has been elected for the second time, and latterly almost unanimously ; which circumstance fully demonstrates the high value set on this Gentleman's abilities by that antient seminary of learning, and that unwearied pains had been taken by him to promote this delightful study. There is also a Botanical garden establishing at Cork; and it is said that similar ones are in contemplation elsewhere in the kingdom. Botanical gardens are among the most important institutions. ‘They af- ford us the means of acquiring 4 knowledge of all the native plants, and as. many of the foreign as can be * Robert Scott, Esq. M.D. &c. &e. PREFACE. xv be collected. By them we are ena- bled to discriminate the different spe- cies, and when discriminated to make trial of their utility. Without know- ing the different grasses, it is impos- sible to determine on their agricultural merit; or not being acquainted with the different herbage, to know their ceconomical or medicinal use; or even were we in possession of all their virtues, what doth it avail, if we be incapable of selecting one species from another. The number of natural grasses in Ireland, as well as that of its other herbage, is as yet far from being fully known; nor is it likely to be disco- vered until each county is. separately botanized, and that at different sea- sons of the year. For a tract of ground may be traversed by many, who are botanically acquainted with plants, yet new discoveries may be made by others who follow, What AVt PREFACE. * What) must Ireland, or even one county produce, when Howth, a small tract of ground contiguous to Dublin, containing about 900 acres, produces such varieties; and although often searched with diligence by many pro- fessed adepts in botany, yet scarce any return without a fresh discovery. This remark has also been made to me by a man whose general know- ledge of plants is scarcely to be equalled in the British dominions; and to whose abilities I acknowledge myself much indebted, for the many instructions I have received from him at the commencement of my _ botani- cal studies.* Many persons may be desirous of knowing the cause, and upon what foundation I have taken to compile generic and specific names in Irish for * Mr. John Underwood, head gardener to the Right Hon. and Hon. the Dublin Society. PREFACE. XVII for our indigenous produce. The rea- son of this I will explain. Having been enabled by the Dublin Society to make some excursions in search of plants, through the different parts of the kingdom, I got possession of many of their Irish names. Upon looking over these names some time after, and seeing the confused, irre- gular manner in which they stood, when compared with the Linnean method, I thought from the language there could be a regular system formed. ‘This I for some time kept in view. I then collected many of their old Irish names from such books, ancient and modern, as I could pro- cure. Some time after a book fell into my hands, the work of a Gen- tleman, an enlightened member of society, whose name will be ever held in veneration by the lovers of Gaelic, and to whom Ireland is in- oi debted XVIII PREFACE, debted for rescuing from utter, obli- vion its ancient tongue.* I was roused by the accounts given of this lan- guage, its copious. and. expressive terms, to carry on my former design of compiling the generic and. specific names after the manner mentioned, following the Linuzan method as nearly as possible. The scientific names, which . are marked by a circumflex, are given in the Irish character, and also in the Italic, for the use of those who may not be acquainted with the Irish let- ter. And those that follow are the synonimous names by which they are generally known, Seeing that a catalogue of the names, scientifically compiled, would appear rather bare, I proceeded fur- ther, so as' to give generic and spe- cific descriptions of each, in which I was * General Vallancey. PREFACE. XIX was assisted by Wildenow’s Species Plantarum, Smith’s Flora Britannica, and Hudson’s Flora Anglica. I have also mentioned their natural habitats, and local places of growth, with the situations in which I have found them myself, and also the places in which they have been found by others. Their manner of growth, time of flowering, duration and _ utility in mixtures, &c. I have given from experience and observations I have made on them for some years back. And according to the arrangement. in the Botanic gardens, in that division called Pecudarium or Cattle division; as also from observations I have made im the neighbouring fields and else- where, | have mentioned the different species of cattle which eat or reject each grass. At a future time I intend publish- ing an account of the T'rees, Shrubs, c 2 and XX PREFACE. and herbaceous Plants, which are in- digenous to Ireland, on a plan similar to that of the Grasses, with the uses to which they were applied in medi- cine, &c. as appears from antient Irish manuscripts. I have had an opportunity of ac- quiring a knowledge of the medicinal virtues of many plants, in my occa- sional excursions to the country, and from the numerous applications which have been made for herbs in the Botanic gardens for the purposes of medicine, and have always taken a memorandum of the plants applied for, how used, the disorder, their ef- fect, &c. However, the publication of this work must be postponed until I am enabled to collect the proper ma- terials, such as their habitats, their uses in the different provinces, their common Irish names, &c. &c. SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. A. THOMAS Acton, Esq. Westaston. William Robert Adair, Esq. Brookfield. Henry Adair, Esq. Antrim, 2 copies. Mr. William Adams, Portglinone. Doctor Agnew, Ballyclare. Edward Jones Agnew, Esq. Kilwater. Samuel Allen, Esq. Ballymoney. Mr. John Allen, Collin. Mr. Hugh Anderson, Bushmills. Mr. Thomas Annesly, Ballykean. Captain Atkins, Arklow. B. Doctor Milner Barry. Mr. Thomas Barry, Wexford. - Robert Battersby, Esq. Beleny. Mr. John Beal, Antrim. William Beamish, Esq. Rev. Doctor Beaufort, Collon. Doctor Bennet. George Binks, Esq. ‘Croneyharn. John Blashford, Esq. Altidore. Mr. James Blow, Dunnadry. Mr. Robert Boston, Wexford. Wallop Brabazon, Esq. Dunneany, 2 copies. James Brown, Esq. M.D. Abbey-street. Rey. Thomas Brownrigg. Mr, James Burbridge, Arklow. Mr XXII SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Mr. John Bull, Ballykean. Doctor Bullen. Thomas Burgh, Esq. Sackville-street, 4 copies. John J. Burke, Esq. M.D. Arran-quay. George Burlugh, Esq. Carrickfergus. Francis Burton, Esq. 36th regiment. Mr. Lawrence Byrne, Bonogruadh. Mr. Mark Byrne, Ballyarthur. Mr. Daniel Byrne. C. Rev. Robert Campbell, Templepatrick. Archdeacon Carey. Roger Casimont, Esq. Ballymena. Right Hon. Lord Castlecoote, Leopardstown. Mr. William Chain, Antrim. James Chrichly, Esq. Grangebeg. Mr. Stafford Church, Ballymena. George Clarke, Esq. M.D. James Clarke, Esq. Rutland-square. Mr. Joseph Clarke, Quarry-lane. William Clements, Esq. Coolbeg. Christopher Clinch, Esq. Abraham Coates, Esq. Wicklow. Doctor Colles. Richard Cotter, Esq. Coolawinna. William Colvill, Esq. Cavendish-row. John Connel, Esq. Belfast. Gilbert Conroy, Esq. Clonake. Mr. James Cooper, Nursery-man, Rosehill. Mr. John Costnett, Rathfarnham, 6 copies. William Cotton, Esq. Mr. John Courtney, Ballymoney. Mr. Thomas Coyle, Athgoe. Mr. Samuel Crawford, Portglinone. Mr. Thomas Crawford. . William Crawford, Esq. : John SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. John Cromie, Esq. Coronore. John Crossthwaite, Esq. Mr. Samuel Cunningham, Ballymena. Mr. John Cunningham, Ballymena. Mr. John Curill, Ballymena. Miss Curran, Priory. John Cuthbert, Esq. D. Mr. Robert Darlington, Bullfort. John Davison, Esq. Cullybackey. Bernard Delany, Esq. Castle Darra. Rev Doctor Dealtry, Dunganstown glebe, James Dickey, Esq. Ballymena. Thomas Dickey, Esq. Ballymena. Messrs. Gillelan and Dickson, Ballymena. Mr. William Dickson, Ballymena. Rev. Robert Disney, Glassnevin, 2 copies. William R. Dobbs, Esq. Carrickfergus. Mr. Patrick Donegan, Capel-street, 4 copies. Master John Donegan, Capel-street, 2 copies. Mr. David Douglass, Bantra. Mr. Edward Dowling, jun. Drogheda. The Bishop of Down, Portglinone, 4 copies. Mr. Nicholas Downey, Belfast. Mr. William Dowse, Springfield. Surgeon Doyle, Arran-quay. Mr. Frederick Drought. Mr. Adam Doffin, Broughshane. Watkins Dunn, Esq. Winetavern-street. Hely Dutton, Esq. E: Mr. James Edmonston, Ballymena. John Egan, Esq. Dunmore. Thomas Egan, Esq. M.D. Sackville-street, Mr. Etkins. XXIII James XAIV SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. F, James Agnew Farrell, Esq. Larne. Mr. William Fawcett, Seapark. William Ferguson, Esq. Ballyclare. Mr. John Fitzsimons, King-street. Rev. John Fitzsimons, Ballymena. Rey. John Fortescue. The Right Hon. John Foster, Chancellor of the Exche- quer, Collon, 20 copies. Major General Freeman. * John Smith Furlong, Esq. G. William Gabbat, Esq. Mr. William Galt, Dough. Doctor Gibbons, Mr. William Gibson, Ballymena. H. Giffard, Esq. 10, Fitzwilliam-street. John Gouldsbury, Esq. Longford. Mr. John Goodkin, Callinacarrig. Mr. John Grange, Ballyman. Francis Gregory, Esq. Blackhall-street. Mr. Graves, nurseryman to the Rt. Hon. John Foster, Collon. Mr. James Grubb, Clonmell. H. William Halliday, Esq. William Orr Hamilton, Esq. 4 copies, John Hamilton, Esq. Assistant Secretary to the Right Hon. and Hon. the Farming Society of clang, Rev. William Hamilton, Ballymena. Mr. Robert Hanley, Carrickfergus. Mr. Edward Hardall, Britain-street. William Hargraft, Esq. Chapelizod. Michael Harrison, Esq. Ballymena, Rev. John Hartley, Grace-hill. Mr. Edward Hay, Church-street, 3 copies. , SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. i. >. f Mr. Thomas Henderson, Kilbria. Alexander Henry, Esq. Ballymoney. Colonel Hill, Rockfield. Rev. Thomas D, Hinks. Mr. Edward Hodgins, Nursery-man, Dunganstown, 3 copies. William Hoey, Esq. Strangford. Mr. William Hogg, Portglinone. Mr. Gerald Hope, Abbey-street. Walter Hore, Esq. Seafield. Edward Houghton, Esq. N. Frederick-street. Adam Hunter, Esq. Coleraine. George Hutchinson, Esq. Ballymoney. Mr. Edward Hutton, Ballynacarrig. Mr. John Hutton, Summer-hill. Langford Hylands, Esq. Glenoake. Mr. Charles Hyndman, Ballymena. I. G. D. Irvine, Castle-Irvine. Mr. James Jackson, Broomvilla. Mr. John Johnston, Portglinone. Thomas. Harris Jones, Money-glass. George Joy, Esq. Belfast. K. Mathias J. Kelly, Esq. James’s-street. Mr. John Kennedy. Mr. J. Kennedy, Ratoath. Captain Keoghe, Wicklow. \ Stewart King, Lsq. Rev. P. Kinsela, Harold’s-cross. a L. Peter Digges Latouche, Esq. Gustavus Lambert, Esq. Beaupark. Thomas Lee, Esq. M.D. William Lefanu, Esq. d Master XXVI SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Master Joseph Lefanu, Glasnevin. William Leggs, Esq. Malone. Christopher Leynns, Esq. Rey. 8. C. Littlehales. Mr. James Logan, Ballymena. John Longfield, Esq. Mr. Johan Love, Ballymena. Mr. John Lyttle, Portglinone. M. Mr. Alexander Mackay, Greenmount, Mr. Alexander Makenzie, Dungannon. Rev. George Macartney, Whitehall. Patrick Mackin, Esq. A. B. T.C.D. Mr. John Mackin, Ballyconolly. Mr. John Mackin, Thomas-street. Mr. Wiiliam M‘Auley, Bailymena. Captain M‘Dugull, Antrim, 2 copies. Justin MCarthy, Esq. Bucknall M‘Carthy, Esq. Assistant Secretary to the Dublin Society. James M‘Cabe, Esq. M. D. Mr. John M‘Cleland, Longford. William M‘Clure, Esq. Belfast. William M‘Canna, Esq. Belfast. John M‘Comis, Esq. Belfast. Mr. Pat. M‘Kenna, Drogheda. Mr. William M‘Master, Belfast. John M‘Namara, Esq. Anderson’s-court. Alexander M‘Neill, Esq, Ballycastle. Alexander M‘Peak, Esq. Ballymena. Mr. James Magill, Rose-hill. Francis Manning, Esq. Drakestown. Mr. William Martin, Planter to the Right Hon. John Foster, Collon. Arthur Martin, Esq. Rey. Arthur Martin, Collon, 2 copies. 3° Edward SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. XXVII Edward May, Esq. jun. Belfast. The Countess of Mazarene, Antrim, Mg, John Meniss, Antrim. Mr. John Miller, Ballymena, Michael Millar, Esq. John Mills, Esq. Wicklow. B. Molloy, Mellicent. Hugh Montgomery, Esq. Benwarden. Robert Moore, Esq. Richmond. Sampson Moore, Esq. Ballymena. James Stewart Moore, Esq. Ballymoney, 2 copies, George Moore, Esq. Ballymoney. Mr, Michael Muldoon, Budder and Grafter to the Right Hon. John Foster, Collon. N. Bit oa Newingham, Esq. Mr. Joseph Nicholl, Cullybackey. George Nolan, Esq. Right Hon, Lord Norbury. Mr. Michael Norton, Hacketstown. Rev. John Nowlan, Willsborough. John Nuttall, Esq. f), Sir Edward O’Brien, Bart. Dromoland. Donough O’Brien, Esq. Counsellor at Law. Connel O’Hara, Esq. Ballymoney. Mr. Peter O’Rielly, Killincarrick. Sir Hugh O’Rielly, Bart. Thomas Herbert Orpin, Esq. M.D. Mr. Samuel Orson, Denmark-street. Pp. _ Mr. John Patrick, Ballymena. Francis Penrose, Esq. Ballykean. . Mr. Joseph Pim, Wicklow. d 2 Mr. XXVIII SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. Q. Mr. J. Quinn, Grangegorman-lane. R. . Mr. John Rainey, Ballymena. Mr. James Reed, Ballymartin, William Revell, Esq. Baliymoney. John Revill, Esq. Seapark. Mr. John Revill, Kilmacrea. William Ridgeway, Esq. Mr. John Roarke, Flower Gardener to the Right Hon. John Foster, Collon. Mr. William Robinson, Nursery-man, Kilkenny. s. Mr. Patrick Savage, Bolton-street. Mr. Nicholas Savage, Henrietta-street. Robert Scott, Esq. M.D. Professor and Lecturer on Botany to Trinity College. Mr. David Scott, Mary street. Mr. Robert Sharp, Westaston. Mrs. Shaw, Carrickfergus. Hugh Sheill, Esq. Cottage. Mr. William Sheppard, Oatlands. Mr. John Sheppard, Ballymurrin. William Sherlock, Esq. Mr. William Shine, Hardwicke-street. William Simms, Esq. Belfast. John Simmons, Esq. Messrs. Benjamin and Thomas Simpson, College-green, 3 copies. ? Thomas Smith, Esq. Craddockstown. William Smith, Esq. Lisburn. Nathaniel Sneyd, Esq. Sackville-street. James Stun, Esq. Antrim. Haywood St. Leger, Esq. Hays St. Leger, Esq. Mr, SUBSCRIBERS NAMES. XXIX Mr. James Swan, Islandriagh. Mr. Bartholomew Sweeny, Rathdrum. Rev. Henry Symms. The Rt. Hon. the Dublin Society, 50 copies. The Rt. Hon. the Farming Society of ireland, 50 copies. é iy William Tenant, Esq. Belfast. George Tisdall, Esq. Edward Tuke, Esq. Stephen’s-green. Thomas Tyrell, Esq. Kilreny. U. Mr. John Underwood, Head Gardener in the Dublia Society’s Betanic Gardens, at Glasnevin. Colonel Vesey. W. Luke Wall, Esq. Steevens’-hospital. Surgeon Walsh, 49th Regiment. Rev. Robert Walsh, Finglass. Mr. James Walsh, Excise Officer, Drogheda. William Walsh, Esq. Glenarm. Mr. James Watt, Ballyclose. Thomas Weaver, Esq. Cronebane. Samuel Whiteside, Esq. Springfield. Thomas Williams, Esq. Bank of Ireland. William Williams, Esq. Antrim, Henry Wray, Esq. Bushmills. Jackson Wray, Esq. Ballymena. Mr, John Wright, Dunganstown. BA Mr. William Young, Ballymena. ABBREVIATIONS EXPLAINED. Cal. calyx. Cor. corolla. A. annual. ‘P. perennial. Ob. observations. Fl. Dub. Flora Dubliniensis., ERRATA. Page 20, line 17, for Ileorep read THyjleo Ep. 22, line 19, after inches insert , 24, line 7, for sine read fine. —— 31, line 6, for dbac read abad. — 31, line 7, for abhac read abhach. —— 32, line: 6, for robheg read robhég. 37, line 2, for BASLE read Spuasyeeyi. ~——. 42, line 12, for prelojseep read Metojysyen. —— 43, line 13, for PelLoysyeep read Melojsyeet. Entered at Strationer’s-hall, AN ESSAY INDIGENOUS GRASSES {RELAND, Ke. Ke. + 69D D|--S:-| HO OS— DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ANTHOXANTHUM. Cal. Hutk of 2 valves, and 1 flower; Cor. Hufk _ 2 valves tapering toa point, Seed 1. A. Spike oblong-eggfhaped: florets longer than the awns, on fomewhat of foot-ftalks. Common in meadows and pattures. It alfo abounds in young plantations, and peat bogs, flou- rifhing in a particular manner in the latter. As a meadow grafs, it is infignificant from its naked ‘ftem and fhort foliage; as a pafture, it may be ufeful from its early fpring, before others are far in vegetation, but when feparate it has a tolerable produce, particularly in moift or fhady places, as young plantations, &c. I have feen it in great perfection through a planting at Margarets, on the “4 DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. the eftate of the Right Hon. John Fofter, Collon; and it appeared to me to be the predominant grafs. It is an early flowering grafs, and is faid to occafion the delightful fmell of new mown hay. However, my opinion is, that hay will have a delightful fmell exclufive of it, but not in fo great a degree. For it certainly poffeffes'a more pleafant odour than any other fpecies cultivated in the botanic gardens. This I have experienced in the prefent fpring. For I found by chewing each fort which the garden contains, feparately and at different periods, that none emitted fo pleafant a fcent as this Anthoxanthum Odoratum. It is therefore a orals, although not very pro- lific, fit to make a proportionable part when any ground is laying down for meadow, as its flavour would probably caufe other grafles, when made into hay, to be more relifhed by cattle. It is alfo faid, that if it be gathered whilft in bloffom, _wrapt in a paper, and carried in the pocket, it retains the {mell of new mown hay for a long time. It is but of little confequence to the farmer, as being not very produaive, nor yet palatable to cattle, unlefs when made into hay. Cows, - goats, fheep, and horfes eat it. P. May. July. IRISH. DIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ss : oiene oc Dbolad. IRISH. Errachfhér dedhbholadh. EncuisH.—Sweet-fcented Spring-grafs. Sweet- Smelling Vernal-grafs. Ob. Stems one foot or more, fimple, flender, furrowed, often knotted, naked at top. Leaves fhort, flat, acuminated ; thofe on the ftem very fhort, fpreading. Sheath very long, fomewhat bellying, furrowed, with a fpear-fhaped, upright, fkinny fheath-fcale. Spike terminating, upright, acute, many-flowered. Flowers on fhort foot-ftalks. Calyx, valves fkinny, acute, fometimes with {mall hairs, rough on the keel. Corolla, valves nearly equal, fhorter than the calyx. 7 B2 TRIANDRIA vaginatum. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. ERIOPHORUM. Hufks chaff-like, tiled on every fide: Blof? None. Seed 1, encompaffed by very long wool-like hairs. E. Stem cylindrical, fheathed: fpike folitary : hufk fkinny. Frequent in moors and upland bogs. A grafs of little worth for cultivation. P. Feb. April. | §Cennaban monad. babs U Connabhan monadh, EncuLisH.—Mountain Cotton-gra/s. Single-headed Cotton-grafs. Hairs-tail-grafs. Hares-tail-rufh. Mofs-crops. Ob. Roots clofely matted. Stems nearly cylin- drical, twice as long as the leaves. Root-Jeaves fkinny at the bafe, fheathing, linear, and imper- feétly three-fided, ftriated and fomewhat recurve: Sheaths inclofing the ftem, rather bulging; the uppermoft purple at the bafe. Spike egg-fhaped, folitary, terminating. Glumes fkinny, {fpear- fhaped, TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. 5 fhaped, brown; the lower ones barren. After impregnation and flowering, the upper glumes throw forth a very long white wool, which re- mains on until the middle of fummer or longer. It may be diftinguifhed from the two next fpecies by its fingle head. E. Stems cylindrical: leaves flat: fpikes on fruit- polystackion. ftaiks. It grows in bogs and marfhy places, particularly in holes or drains where water lodges. Itisa grafs of no great confequence, agriculturally fpeaking, as it does nct thrive out of marfhy or watery fituations, P. May. June. Bah pe iets lecandujltec. Cennabhaén lethandbuillech. Ceanabhan mona. Ceanach na mona. Keanuan ban. Sioda mona. Siodba mona. Sgathoga fiona. Scahog fiona. EnciisH.—Broad-leaved Cotton-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, cylindrical, ftriated, leafy, fmooth. Leaves broad, flat, linear- lancefhaped, acutely keeled towards the top, fheathing each other at the bafe. Spikes many, fupported by foot-ftalks, egg-fhaped. G/umes linear- angust(fo- frum. 6 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. linear-lancefhaped, fkinny. After impregnation and flowering, the glumes fend forth a long white wool drooping upon lengthened foot-ftalks, Tt may be diflinguifhed from the next fpecies by its roots not creeping, by its broad leaves, and the drooping manner of its woolly {pikets. E. Stems cylindrical : leaves channelled and three- cornered: {pikes nearly upright, on fruit-ftalks. This is a very common grafs in all bogs and boggy fituations. Cattle feed on it during the winter, but in fummer they pafs it over un- touched. It forms a great part of the cover in moft bogs, and is an ufeful fpecies at a feafon when others lie inactive. It requires no cultiva- tion, as all bogs naturally produce it, nor would it bear cultivation out of marfhy or boggy fitua- tions. The down produced from the heads of the above three fpecies is often collected by poor people to fiuff their pillows with. They alfo ufe 3t to make wicks for candles, but it becomes brittle when very dry. . P. June. Cennabén cumangodujltec. ie ph cumbangdbuillech. EncuiisH.—Narrow-leaved Catton-cra/s. z Ob. TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. a Ob. Roots creeping. Stems cylindrical, flen- der, ftriated, fmooth. Leaves fomewhat fhorter than the ftems, femicylindrical, channelled, three- cornered at top, fheathing at the bafe. Spike egg-fhaped, three moftly on each ftem, and upon foot-ftalks. Glumes brownifh, fkinny on the edges. After impregnation and flowering, the glumes fend forth a long white wool ftanding nearly upright. It is diftinguifhable from the former by its narrow leaves; by its creeping roots; and by its down being nearly ere&. NARDUS. Calyx, None. Corolla, 2 valves. N. Spike briftle-like, ftraight : the florets pointing in one direction. A common grafs in heaths and mountains, and in fuch places is ufeful to fome fpecies of cattle at times. It is a ftiff, hard grafs to the touch, generally fhort, and for agricultural purpofes of little merit. Cows and fheep are not fond of it. Goats and horfes eat it. P. June, Aug. Ig isH. stricia. 8 TRIANDRIA MONOGYNIA. "sal ye pipiech. Fitigh direch. EncuisH.—Matweed. Small matweed. Heath matweed. Mat-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems about eight inches, fomewhat curved inward, rigid, nearly three-cor- nered. Leaves, thofe from the root clofely mat- ted, fpreading, very narrow, acute, four-fided, lightly pubefcent, and fomewhat of a fea-green. Spike terminating, folitary, flender. Fiore¢s all pointing to one fide. } TRIANDRIA TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. PHALARIS. Cal. 2-valved, keeled, of an equal length to, and inclofing the corolla. P, Panicle cylindrical, fpike-like, awnlefs: glumes arenaria.’ of the calyx keeled, very entire, ciliated: ftems branched at the bafe. It grows on fandy banks along the fea. Abun- dantly along the fand_ banks at Howth, and be- tween Howth and Baldoyle. At Sandymount along the banks, county of Dublin. A grafs of no merit in an agricultural point of view, being of a diminutive fize. A. June. There is a fpecies of the Phalaris (not indige- nous) cultivated in the botanic gardens, called Phalaris nodofa, or knotted canary grafs, and from my obfervations on it for years back, I would confider it as a good meadow grafs. It is a perennial, and not over coarfe; it produces root- leaves, ftems, and ftem leaves in abundance ; it is a fizable grafs, freely growing from feeds, not é furnifhed 10 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. furnifhed with creeping roots, and apparently thrives well on any foil. It were to be wifhed that the practical farmer would turn his attention for a year or two, on a {mall fcale, to this gra{s, as it might prove more beneficial for meadow than fome highly recommended. eae Vee Tagapnnec. ’ USleghfhér traghainmbech. EncuisH.—Sea Canary-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, cylindrical, about fix inches, widely ftanding out, naked at top. Leaves fheathing, lance-fhaped, fomewhat rough on the edges. Sheath bellying, ftriated, without hairs. Spike oval-lancefhaped, terminat- ing, fomewhat fimple, fcarcely panicled, or in divided lobes. Cahyx egg-fhaped: valves equal, lancefhaped, flatted, three-nerved, minutely point- ed. Corolla, valves equal, blunt. PANICUM. Cor. 3-valved, the third valve very {mall. sanguinale. P, Spikes finger-like, knotty on the infide of the bafe: flowers in pairs, awnlefs: fheath dotted. A few TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: ll A few fpecimens of this very fcarce grafs were found on the fand hills of Doagh, county of Clare. Doétor Wade’s Plante Rariores. I do not know of what utility this grafs is, in an agricultural point of view. A. July. §Panjcren Coy-cojlys. e Paniefhér cofchoiligh. EncuisH.—Cocksfoot Panic-gra/s. IRISH. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, decumbent, one foot, knotted, branched. Leaves, even.on the furface, fometimes with long hairs. Sheath ftriated, fometimes hairy, dotted, Spikes fingers like, flender, PHLEUM. Cal. 2-valved, ftrap-fhaped, ending in two dagger points including the corolla. P. Spike cylindrical, very long: calyx ciliated on pratense. the keel, awned: {tems upright. Moift meadows and paftures. This is a very productive grafs in moift meadows, furnifhing leaves and ftems in abundance, and alfo very pro- lific in feed. Itis a tall coarfe grafs, and if culti- ‘ C2 vated 12 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. vated feparately in low grounds, would give an ample crop. It would anfwer in mixture with the Agroftis {tolonifera, which is alfo moft pro- ductive in the like fituations. ‘Grounds liable to inundation are beft adapted for thefe two, and in conjun¢tion their produce muft be great. Phleum pratenfe is a late flowering grafs, which fends forth numerous ftrong ftems, furnifhed with ftem leaves better than half way. The Agroftis ftolo- nifera alfo furnifhes many ftems, and abundance of leaves; but, from the debility of its ftems, and weight of the panicles when appearing, is obliged to lean on the under part, which, by this time, is fending forth frefh flowering ftems, whofe tops foon appear through thofe parts leaning, and in a fhort time become matted, to the great detri- ment of the whole. As the Agroftis ftolonifera foon fpreads over the furface, it would make a great progrefs in its leaves and ftems before the other began to fpring, and would be in a ftate to be fupported and raifed gradually, by the {trong and leafy ftems of the Phleum pratenfe. Through the gradual elevation of the Agroftis ftolonifera thus raifed, and its feeble {tems crof- fing the ftem leaves of the Phleum pratenfe, there would be an admiffion of air to the bottom, which would TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA.. 13 would encourage and facilitate its under growth, and preferve it from fcalding, which otherwife would be, or generally is the cafe. The Agrottis in this mixture would qualify the more coarfe “Phleum: they might be cut about the latter end of June; ‘after which the former would fhoot afrefh and flower the latter end of Auguft, form- ing a fine verdure, an after-grafs, or cover to the naked butts of the Phleum pratenfe, which fhoots not a frefh that feafon after being cut. Cows, horfes, and goats eat it. Swine refufe it. Sheep diflike it. P. June. July. ee eal lena. | Lofchaitfhér léna. Encuisu.—Meadow Cat’s-tail-grafs. Common Timothy-grafs. Hard-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, from three to four feet, ftriated, leafy, naked at top. Leaves fomewhat rough. Sheath long, cylindrical, ftriat- ed, with a blunt, fhort, fkinny fheath-fcale. Spikes folitary, erect, cylindrical, fometimes from four to fix inches long, blunt. Calyx, valves ciliated on the-keel. It may be diftinguifhed from the Alopecurus pratenfis by its fpikets not lying clofely tiled, and by its long rongh cylindrical fpike. m P. Spike nodosum, @/pinum. 14 -TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. P. Spike cylindrical : ftems knee-bent at the bafe - leaves flanting: roots bulbous. Along the fandy banks between Clontarf and Howth, county of Dublin. On the fides of | Mount, Oriel and Carrickmagough, near Collon, county of Louth. A grafs of little confequence to the farmer, being neither early, productive, nor fizable. P. June. July. §Loyéaycpeyt cnapac. Lofchaitfhér cnapach. Encuisu.—Knotted cat’s-tail-grafs. Bulbous- rooted cat’s-tail-grafs. Ob. Roots bulbous. Stems decumbent and knee-bent at the bafe, then upright. Leaves TrIsH. pointing in two oppofite direétions, {mooth except at the edges. Spike cylindrical, blunt, from one and one-half to two inches long. It refembles the former, but diftinguifhable by its {maller fize, its knee-bent ftems, and by its fheaths covering the ftems. e P. Spike egg-cylindrical: awns the length of the hufks. Near the fummit of Lettery Mountain, Ballina- hinch, in Cunnamara, county of Galway, a few fpecimens flowering in Auguft. Doétor Wade’s Plantz TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 15 Plantes Rariores. A grafs of no merit in an agri- cultural point of view. P, July. bial simaen ajlp. Lofchaitfhér ailp. EnciisH.—Alpine Cat’s-tail-grafs. Ob. Roots tuberous, fomewhat creeping. Stems folitary, afcending, one foot, leafy, naked at top, {mooth. Leaves rough on the edges, with very fhort fheath-fcales. Spike {carcely one inch, egg- cylindrical, blunt, dark purple. Calyx, ‘glumes - ciliated with long hairs, which are fomewhat ftradling. Azz ftraight, nearly the length of the glumes. \ ALOPECURUS. Cal. 2-valved. Cor. 1-valve. A. Spike cylindrical, tapering. pratensis. Common in meadows and paftures.—This is aa excellent meadow grafs, and one the farmer fhould delight to behold in his meadows, as it has to re- commend it, earlinefs, quantity, quality, and good fize : not being too rigid, and affording a plentiful after-grafs. When the Alopecurus pratenfis is cultivated 16 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. cultivated alone, it is very apt to lodge, as ap- peared to me from the obfervations I had made on a fquare plot allotted to it, in the farmers divifion, botanic garden. It retained its plot, and although placed in a dry fituation, and without the help of manure, appears very luxuriant. Not- withftanding this, it is faid to grow in moift foils only. Tallow it thrives well in a moift foil, and I alfo know its produce would be little inferior in a dry one. Were a field to be laid down with the feed of Alopecurus pratenfis, in mixture with thofe of Feftuca pratenfis and Poa trivialis, they in conjunction would form a fine meadow. The Feftuca pratenfis being a ftouter grafs, but not fo lofty as the Alopecurus pratenfis, would contribute to fupport the latter, and prevent its being lodged by rain or high winds, whilft the Poa trivialis, which flourifhes beft when in mixture with others, would produce a fufliciency to qualify the other two. The Feftuca and Poa flowering the latter end of June or beginning of July, the Alopecurus would fuftain no material lofs by waiting the time _of their cuiting, as its ftems continue green long after the {pikes decay. The after-grafs from thefe three would alfo be abundant; for, with the ample produce of Alopecnrus pratenfis and Feftuca pratenfis, TRIANDRIA DIGYXNIA. 17 pratenfis, the Poa trivialis would continue fending forth flowering ftems in fucceffion until late in September. Sheep. horfes, and goats eat it. Cows and {wine are not fond of it.. § P. May. June. niet pretties lend. Ulplosfhér léna. EncuisH.—Meadow Fox-tail-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems two feet or more, upright, leafy. Leaves fomewhat rough. Sheath- feale fhort, ftriated. Spike from one to two inches, upright, clofe, foft, acute, many flowered. - To» the eye of the inexperienced botanift it may ap- pear as Phleum pratenfe, but is readily diftin- guifhed from it by its long awns, its clofe tiled florets, its foft feel when drawn between the hand, and by its tapering fpike. A. Stems feeble, knee bent; {pike cylindrical; geniculatus. awns of the calyx longer than the valves ; blof- fom awnlefs. - Common in ftagnant waters, in muddy ditches, and where water lodges during the winter ;. marfhes in the Phoenix Park, North-wall, in the Lots, in muddy ftreams and ditches about Glafsne- vin, Finglafs and Drumcondra, county of Dublin. D This 18 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. This fpecies, as a meadow grafs, is of no great confequence to the farmer, for in general it ex- tends along the furface, putting fibres from the joints, and produces but a fhort flowering ftem, which rather afcends* than grows upright. It is far preferable as a pafture grafs, and this only in Jow or moift grounds. It naturally grows in muddy ditches, ponds, and fides of rivulets, and in fuch places from its luxuriant foliage is not worthlefs, It is very acceptable to fome fpecies of cattle who retire to fuch places throuzh thirft, and are often detained a confiderable time browf ing on it. It does not bear cultivation well on dry grounds, A variety of this fpecies, with filver ftriped leaves, has been found growing in the county of Wicklow, by Mr. Edward Hodgins, nurferyman, Dunganftown. He has furnifhed the botanic gardens eight years ago with this elegant variety, and it has retained its variegation ever fince, Mr. E. Hodgins’s exertions in colleéing and cultivating curious varieties of fhrubs, herba- ceous plants, &c. claim public notice. Sheep, goats, cows, and horfes eat it. Swine refufe it. P, May. Aug, + By an ascending stem is meant one that grows obliquely upwards. TrIsH. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 19 igel §UlplorFhep sluntabea. Ulplosfhér glunlibtha. Enciisn.—Knee-bent Fox-tail-grafs. Float Fox- tail-grafs. Spiked float-grafs. Spiked water- grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems very long, floating when in water, knotted, knee-bent ; lower joints putting forth fibres; upper ones afcending, leafy, branched, fmooth. Leaves fomewhat rough. Sheath-feale very flender, whitifh. Spike cylin- drical, fhort, bluntifh, many-flowered, inclining to purple. Calyx, valves nearly equal, very blunt. Awns longer than the calyx. Se MILIUM. Cal. 2 valved, 1 flowered: valves nearly equal. Cor. very fhort. Summits pencil-fhaped. M. Flowers in panicles, fcattered, awnlefs. effuswm. It generally grows in moift fhady woods, but is not common. Ina wood at Tinnehinch, on the eftate of the Right Hon. Henry Grattan, county of Wicklow. Mr. John Underwood. kb 2 Were 20 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Were this grafs to be introduced in a meadow, it might, from its fize, and the {preading manner in which its ftems grow, be a mean of fupporting others, which, -from their debility, are unable to fupport themfelves until they arrive to perfection. It is far preferable for meadow than for pafture. It produces many long ftems, which are not very coarfe, and alfo a tolerable quantity of leaves ; but the Jeaves are fhort, and do not endure incle- ment weather. In fhady woods not overgrown, this grafs would bear cultivation, and have an ample produce. It is a grafs that has not been noticed by the agriculturalift, perhaps owing to its rare habitats. Sheep, goats, cows, and horfes eat it. P. June. July. Nes ugaeasay! cojecjon. Miledfhér coitchion. ENcLIsH.—Common Millet-gra/s. Soft Millet-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright, three feet or more, leafy, fmooth, ftriated. Leaves half an inch broad, flat, rough on the edges. Sheath- feale, egg-fhaped, rent-like at top. Panicle ter- minating, upright, loofe,, many-flowered ; little branches fpreading, waved, rough on the upper part. G/umes egg-fhaped, concave, fomewhat ~ rough. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 21 rough... Stamens double the length of the glumes. Siyle feather-like, ftanding out from the fides, —————— . AGROSTIS. Cal. 2. valved, 1 flowered, rather fmaller than the bloffiom. Summits fet lengthways with ftiffifh hairs. (1) With Awns. A. Calyx egg-fhaped ; valves nearly equal; awn bent, twice the length of the corolla, fixed juft below its middle; ftems proftrate, fomewhat branching. Moift meadows, paftures, and in the vallies of mountain grounds. Marfhy fituations at the foot of the Dublin mountains, and Howth, county of Dublin. Moift meadows about Collon and Tinure, county of Louth. Common in fimilar fituations. Were the farmer or grazier acquainted with this grafs, and obferved, by their cattle, what nourifh- ment it affords to fome fpecies in the vallies of their mountaia grounds, and in their low moitft meadows, they would not perhaps pais it over fo often unnoticed. They are got aware that this {pecies CHUN. a2 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. fpecies is a great mean of fupplying them with good mutton, milk, &c.; and although a fmall grafs, it is more beneficial to them than many mor€ lofty which furround it. It is a low growing grafs, producing much foliage, which is very fine, and has one good peculiarity, that of growing in the dead feafon, when others more noticed lie dormant. As a meadow grafs, no way defirable : as 4 pafture grafs, very acceptable in moift low meadows or boggy grounds. Cows and horfes eat it. P.. July. ‘ §Caenpen DON. ¢ Taenfhér donn. EncuisH.—Brown Bent-gra/s. TrIsH. Ob. Stems decumbent, from one to two feet, fomewhat branched, fmooth, leafy. Leaves rough on each fide. - Panicle elongated, often from four to five inches upright: little branches clofe, in- clining to a purple. Calyx, valves nearly equal, coloured, nearly double the length of the cor®lla. Awn briftle-like, white, upright, marked with a brown knot towards the middle, double the length of the corolla, and fixed juft beneath its middle. (2) Without TRLANDRIA DIGYNIA. os (2) Without Awns. A. Panicle, little branches fpreading, awnlefs ; ftems creeping: calyx, valves equal, lance- fhaped, pubefcent. ‘ It is a very common grafs in moift meadows, paftures, and on cold {tiff arable lands. ‘This grafs increafes very faft by rooting at each joint, getting to a confiderable length, and furnifhing amazingly at bottom before it rifes for flower. Then it fends forth flowering ftems in abundance, which, from their debility, and the want of other grafles as a fupport, prefs down on the under foliage which had become fo prolific whilft enjoy- ing the air. Thus, in a little time, this under foliage is excluded from air and fun, and, from having been in fach perfection and high verdure, fhortly after it becomes yellow, and is fcalded by the multiplicity and preflure of the flowering ftems, there remaining no verdure but that part which appears on the furface. I have remarked, when treating on the Phleum pratenfe, that were this grafs cultivated with it, as the fame foil and fituation agree with both, an advantage might refult therefrom. For the Phleum pratenfe being a {trong stolonifera. oA TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. a ftrong grafs from the time it begins to fpring for flower, it would gradually fupport the debi- _ lity of the other, and admit air and fun to the under-foliage, which would preferve an effentjal part thereof without injury to itfelf. As the Agrottis ftolonifera is a grafs which is fine bothin Jeaves and ftems, it would anfwer in mixture with, and qualify the coarfer Phleum. The Phleum pratenfe might alfo with propriety be cut when the Agroftis ftolonifera is in perfection, for I con- ceive it beft to cut the Phleum pratenfe before it gets in full perfection, as then it becomes hard and wiry. The Agroftis ftolonifera is a grafs that’ freely admits of, and will thrive in mixture with moft others. It would be a valuable grafs to cul- tivate in worn out bogs, or even bogs not ex- haufted, if the furface be firft fkinned and burnt, as it would fpeedily form a fod and become a defirable pafture. In Mr. J. T. Mackay’s catalogue of rare plants, there is a paragraph which men- tions the mode of culture, the utility, and pro- duce of this grafs in fome of the weftern parts of this ifland, which | think worthy of infertion, for the benefit of thofe who perhaps may have and wifh to reclaim fimilar grounds. § Samuel’ Connys, Efq. has land on the Cunnamara coaft, a : reat TRIANDRIA DIGYNA. 25 great deal of which is now in an uncultivated ftate, being ‘chiefly turf bog. In this ftate the principal plants that grow upon it are, Erica vulgaris, and Melica cerulea, a coarfe grafs that: cattle are not fond of. He is reclaiming this by degrees, by the application of fea fand, which is on that part of the coaft a mixture of fea fhells and granitic particles. He in the firft place has the ground made fomewhat. even, and then the fand laid upon it; fometimes a mixture of fand and fea weed is applied. The firft crop he grows is potatoes in beds; the fecond crop is barley or oats, which are generally very good; and the — third year the land produces fpontaneoufly a good crop of hay, chiefly compofed of Agroftis ftolonifera, a number of the plants of which are probably brought with the fand, and in that fhort fpace of time overrun the whole furface. Mr. Connys has never obferved a plant of it in flower, although he frequently has had feveral acres of it growing together. An acre of land thus reclaimed will produce two ton of excellent hay, worth from four to five pounds'per ton. Agroftis /tolonifera is.a remark- ably {weet and juicy grafs, and cattle of every fort are fond of it, when made into hay.’ E Ta 96 TRAANDRIA DIGYNIA. In the interior parts of the country, hay is fe-. lected where the greateft quantity of the Agroftis ftolonifera is, that it may be preferved for making hay water as drink for cows, to increafe their milk. It is alfo given to young calves in mixture with new milk, and confidered very nourifhing. There is a variety of this grafs with filver-ftriped leaves, which I have met with growing. P. July. Aug. and part of Sept. * Ip SCe een Fopin. ") Taenfhér Forin. Foraon. Fiorin. Forin. ~ Eneisu.—Creeping Bent-grafs. Black Squitch- gras. aw Ob. Roots perennial, fibrous, branching much. Stems decumbent, branching, leafy, putting forth roots from its numerous joints as they advance, then getting upright. Leaves from 1 to 3 inches long, veined, rough on each fide, broad in pro- portion to the length.. Sheath-/cale many cleft. Panicle from 3 to 5 inches long, upright, com- pact: Branches from half an inch to an inch long, crowded with florets down to the union with the main ftem. Calyx, valves equal, bluntifh, keeled, inclining to purple, pubefcent outfide: ‘Corolla fhorter TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 27 fhorter than the calyx: valves unequal, blunt, awnlefs, A. Panicle clumfy, rather fpreading: branches, longer ones naked; fhorter ones crowded with florets at the bafe: calyx, inner valve {mooth ; outer ferrulated upwards. It generally grows on moift banks along the coaft. Banks along the S.W. fide of Howth, county of Dublin. On the banks along the coalt between Green-caftle and Kirkeel, county of Down. This grafs is by no means an indifferent one. I have not feen it cultivated in any great quantity, fo as to form a juft opinion as to its agricultural merit; however upon the {mall fcale in which feveral of the graffes are cultivated in the Botanic Gardens, this appears not unworthy of notice, as it is as luxuriant there as in its natural foil. On the banks on the fea fhore, this grafs, from its long ftems and abundant foliage, would appear to be extremely produstive; and I make no doubt but it might turn out a valuable {pecies, if cultivated in the interior of the country. P. June. July. E 2 TRisH, marit ina. alba. 28 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. GCacnreyn mapa. ’ Taenfhér mara. Encuisu.—Sea Bent-gra/s. Ob. Stems creeping, ftriking out fibres from IRISH. the joints, then afcending. Leaves, and fheaths, rough, Panicle from 3 to 4 inches, compat. Calyx, inner valve fmooth; outer valve ferrulated towards the top. Corolla, outer valve narrowelt, and near balf as fhort as the inner. A. Panicle loofe: calyx, glumes equal, rough on the keel, awnlefs: ftems creeping. It grows in bogs, marfhes, and wet places. Marfhy fituations at Balalla, and along the foot of the Dublin mountains, county of Dublin,— Marfhy and wet fituations about Rabran, ‘Tinure and Mount Oriel, near Collon, county of Louth. As a pafture grafs in fuch fituations it is not un- profitable, being abundant in foliage and ftems, and endures the feverity of winter and drought of fummer amazingly. As a meadow grafs not worthy of cultivation. Small cattle cat it, | P. July. IrisH. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 29 I aie ban. RISH. Taenfher bén. Ene.isu.—White Bent-gra/s. Ob. Roots perennial. ‘Stems trailing at the bafe: under ones putting forth fibres from the joints, leafy, fmooth. Leaves rough. Sheath even, with a blunt bifid theath-fcale fometimes appearing’ rent-like. Panicle compact, bearing flowers clofely from the bafe to the top, Calyx, valves equal, acute, green, rough on the keel. Corolla thorter than the calyx; valves unequal, acute. Anthers, violet colour. A. Panicle fpreading: branches ftradling, hair- like, bare at the bafe: calyx valves equal: corolla, inner valve blunt, half the fize of the outer. Common in dry fandy foils, and on the fides of hills. About Finglas quarries, Feltrum hill, Knockmarron hill, and Howth, county of Dublin. This grafs is fine in its leaves, {tems, and panicle; it is more defirable as a pafture grafs than as a meadow. Its fmall fize, and very flender ftems, give us an unfavourable opinion of its worth as a meadow grafs, It grows abundantly in fandy ficlds along the fea fhore, and even there has nothing vulgaris. pumila. 30 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. nothing to recommend it except the beauty of its appearance, nor do better graffes thrive when in mixture with it. P. July. Caenpept coycyon. TRISH. wh ey Taenfhér coitchion. Encuisu.—Common Bent-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems about 1 foot, up- right, fmooth, ftriated, leafy. Leaves narrow, acute, fomewhat rough. Sheath very long, with a very fhort fheath-fcale which runs down the fheath, and appearing as if gnawed. Panicle upright, fpreading, inclining to purple: branches hair-like, extending and fubdivided by 2 or 3 forked lefler divifions.. Calyx, valves nearly equal, acute, awn- lefs, purple at the bafe and round the edges. Corolla, outer valve twice the length of the inner, nearly equal to the calyx: inner valve blunt, {mooth. A. Panicle nearly pointing in one direction, awn- lefs: {tems upright, in bundles. It grows in poor barren grounds. Howth, and the ifland of Lambay, county of Dublin. This grafs, although never rifing to any great fize, is very prolific, and produces foliage in abundance. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 31 abundance. It is far preferable to the former, as it continues in verdure longer, and is earlier in its fpring. It would do well for pafture, but is not adapted for meadow. P. July. ¢FCacwphéen abhac. IRIsH. ee, ¢ Taenfhér abbac. EncLisH.— Dwarf Bent-gra/fs. Ob. Roots many. Stems in many bundles, fmooth, about two {mall finger lengths, and fur- nifhed with leaves refembling thofe of the roots. Sheath ftriated, fomewhat rolled inwards. Panicle very much fpreading and fomewhat pointing one way. Florets coloured, awnlefs, ending in a {mall point. A. Panicle threadfhaped, awnlefs; bloffom hairy. It grows in dry barren places. I have found this grafs in the month of September, without a grain of feed in the panicle, on a dry bank, about two miles fouth of Tuam, county Galway—and in June faplefs, and full of feed, along the fouth fide of Mount Oriel; and on the lands of Mulla- ruagh, near Collon, county Louth. It has alfo been found, flewering in Auguft, near the fummit of MINT bs 24 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. of Lettery mountain, Ballinahinch, Cunnamara. See Dr. Wade’s Plante Rariores. A. March. April. sCaenphen nodes. ( Taenfhér robbeg. Encuisu.—Leaft Bent-gra/s. IRISH. Ob. Roots annual, very flender. Stems from 2 to 3 inches, nearly upright, without knots, thread-fhaped. Leaves moftly from the bafe, linear, blunt, folded, running down the fheath in a fkinny-like fubftance. Panicle very flender, upright, fimple, terminating: the flowers pointing one way. Calyx, valves equal, keeled, fhining, blunt. Corolla fhorter than the calyx, hairy, veined, gnawed-like at top. AIRA. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered: without any inter- vening fubftance between the florets. (1) Flowers awnle/s. aquatica, A. Panicle fpreading: florets’ without awns, fmooth, longer than the, calyx; leaves flat. It-grows generally on the margins of pools, ftanding TRIANDRIA, DIGYNIA. SS ftanding waters, and in muddy ftreams. In ditches each fide of the Royal Canal from the North road to the Obfervatory—along the ditches from the turnpike to Glafnevin, county of Dublin. Very common in fimilar fituations. This is a very defirable grafs, could it bear cultivation out of watery fituations, but it will not; for it has re- peatedly been tried in the Botanic Gardens, and from the time of its removal, notwith{tanding regular watering, declines, and feldom appears in the enfuing feafon. It produces much foliage from its long ftems, which ftrike out fibres from the joints; and it fends forth flowering ftems in abundance. It is much relifhed by horned cattle and horfes; and they often run great rifks in queft of it, eating it down even below the furface of the water. I have frequently feen cows and horfes wade to a confiderable depth in water and mud, feeding with avidity on this grafs, and in deep places they would even venture beyond their depth in browfing on it, fo attracting is this fpecies to their appetite. Sheep, cows, and horfes eat it. P. June. July. F RaisH.. eristaia. 34 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. tases, OP SEYT SSS Gruag fhér uifge. Enciisu.—Water Hair-gra/s. Ob. Roots creeping, with very long white fibres. Stems very long, floating when in water, branched: putting forth fibres from the joints of the under branches, leafy, upright at top. Leaves flat, fmooth. Sheath fcale flender, white, fhort, entire. Panicle upright, fomewhat in whirls: little branches unequal, fpreading, fmooth, con- taining many flowers. Calyx, valves unequal, inclining to purple: outer one with three nerves at the bafe. Corolla,s valves equal, nerved, folded, fhining at top, blunt. A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx fomewhat hairy, rather 3-flowered, longer than the little fruit- ftalks: corolla valves unequal, terminating awn-like. Plentiful along the banks, the eaft and fouth fides of Howth, county Dublin. On ditch banks near Cahir, at the bottom of the Galty moun- tains, county Tlpperary. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. This grafs is not adapted for meadow, as it is fhort both in its foliage and ftems; it might anfwer as a pafture grafs TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 35 grafs_on“high grounds, intermixed with others, as it is capable of withftanding drought; and it would be acceptable as a variety to fome {pecies of cattle in dry feafons, when other herbage is injured by propel and heat in fuch. places. P, July. Aug. § Hud ey cipindc. 2 Gruag fhér cirinach. Ene.isH.—Crefled Hair-grafs. irIsH. Ob. Roots matted. Stems upright, 1 foot, leafy, and curved at the bafe, f{mooth and quite ftraight above. Leaves linear, fmooth, fomewhat rigid, with long fheaths, but fhort fheath-fcales. Panicle fpike-like, about 2; inches, upright, clofe: peduncles branched, pubefcent, having each floret fitting, on a very fhort ereé fruit- ftalk. Corolla, outer valve fimilar to the calyx: inner valve more flender but fomething fhorter, and both pointed. (2) Florets awned. A. Panicle large, wide fpreading: petals awned and woolly at the bafe: awn {lraight, fhort: leaves flat. It generally grows in moift meadows and _ F 2 woods. CESPitOSGr 36 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. woods. Howth and Dublin mountains along the vallies, and along the banks of the canal from the Crofs guns to Caftleknock—low meadows at Scribbleftown, Santrywood, and about Feltraum, county of Dublin. ‘This is a very coarfe grafs, and the rougheft of all the graffes which grow in pafture or meadow grounds, and therefore very unacceptable to cattle, for in general they do not touch it unlefs forced by hunger. It is very abundant in leaves, but not in flowering ftems. It often occupies much ground, and is very apt to grow in tufts, occafioning irregularities on the furface of meadows, which appear very difagree- able, and it often occupies much ground which might be made to produce better, gtaffes. . Far- mers’ boys are very often annoyed when going barefooted through ground this grafs inhabits, as the fharp edges of its leaves coming acrofs the bare legs often leave them as if fcarified, and by drawing the leaves through the hand are very apt to cut, and that imperceptibly. It is a grafs no way defirable either for meadow or pafture. Cows, goats and fwine eat it. Horfes are not fond of it. P. July. TrisH. TRLANDRIA DIGYNIA. 37 SGnazren Hpacagat. Gruag fhér ferathagach. EncuiisH.—Turfey Hair-grafs. Haffocks. Rough- caps. © Bulls-faces. TRISH. Ob. Roots fibrous, clofely matted. Stems 3 feet, upright, even, leafy, two-knotted. Leaves flat, narrow-pointed, ftiff, nerved; underneath even, nerved and rough above; root-leaves widely fpreading, fheathing. Sheath-fcale elongated, acute, bifid. Panicle before expanfion drooping and pointing one way, but when in flower widely - {fpreading, very much branched, and of a beau- tiful purple filk appearance. Calyx, valves fome- what equal, rough. Corolla, valves {mooth, villous at the bafe: outer one wideft, gnawed-like at top. Awns fhort, feldom longer than the glumes. ‘There is a variety of this grafs with fcarce any awns, which grows in the woods about Collon, on the improvements of the Right Hon. John Fofter. A. Panicle ftradling, three-forked: fruit-ftalks zigzag: leaves brifile-fhaped: ftems almoft Maked: awns knee-bent. It grows in heaths, woods, on rocky and bar- ren places. Howth, Dublin mountains, and _ mountains flexuosa. 38 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. mountains of Wicklow. Mount Oriel and Wind- mill-hill near Collon, county of Louth: as alfo on the Saddle and Trumpet mountains, and mountains of Carlingford in faid county. As a meadow grafs, this fpecies could not at- tra&t the notice of the farmer, for it delights on mountain grounds on the furface of rocks, where it makes a very good appearance, but when taken from fuch places and planted on levels or low grounds, it makes but very little progrefs, as I have experienced in the Botanic Garden, In mountain grounds it is no unprofitable grafs, as it will grow on rocks and declivities, where other graffes would fail; and in fuch fituations I have frequently feen it eaten down by cattle, which were chiefly fheep; and I make no doubt but it is a {pecies they relifh much. Sheep, horfes, and cows eat it. P.’ Jaly. (Spuaceen cnintagn. fois a siidsiahine iebias Gruag fhér Jnimbain. EncuiisH.—Zigzag Hair-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from t to 1} feet, almoft. naked, upright, fmooth, with one knot towards the bafe. Leaves briftle-fhaped, wide- fpreading, fheathing at the bafe, with a fhort blunt TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 39 blunt bifid fheath-feale. Panicle 3-forked, {pread- ing, few-flowered; branches rough, changing their direGtion in a curve; flowers hairy at the bafe, placed on alternate upright fruit-ftalks. Glumes, all nearly of a length, gnawed-like at top: inner valve of the corolla narroweft, and hairy at the bafe. Awn knee-bent, twilted, half as long again as the bloffom, and placed near its bafe. A. Panicle fpike-like: florets fitting, awned at precor. the bafe: leaves briftle-like: fheaths angular, . furrowed. This delicate grafs is to be met with on dry ¢ommons, and on bare rocky grounds. On dry heaths and rocks, at the foot of the Dublin mountains, Howth, Lambay, and Ireland’s-eye, county of Dublin—on the rocks about Culfuar, Tinure, and Monefterboyce, county of Louth. It is a handfome delicate low grafs, of little confequence to the farmer, except that early in the fpring it may cover a part of his grounds» which abounds with rocks, and may be accept- able to fheep, or other of his fmall cattle, at that feafon. A. May. IRIs; earyophyllea. 40 TRIANDRIA. DIGYNIA. IRIsH, ere aes Gruagfhér moch. _Encuisu.—Early Hair-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous, fmall. Stems upright, from 2 to 3 inches, and in fertile grounds often 6 inches high. Leaves briftle-fhaped: thofe from the root foon withering: thofe on the ftems with Jong fheaths. Sheaths furrowed, with blunt fheath-feales. Florets fitting. Calyx, valves nearly equal, naked at the bafe: outer valve with a briftle-like knee-bent awn, nearly twice the length of the calyx, placed on the back a little below the middle. A. Panicle fpreading: florets diftant, fitting, awned; leaves briftle-like. This grafs grows in the fame fituations with the former. Its only fuperiority over the Aira przecox is, that it is nearly three times its fize. It is, however, from its filvery appearance, no unfightly grafs amongft a collection. A. June. IRISH, PRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 41 IRIsH. fe cane ENPSSO: Gruagfhér airgid. Encxisu.—Silvery Hair-grafs. | Ob. Roots fmall, fibrous. Stems from 4 to 12 inches, branched at the bafe, fmooth. Leaves briftle-fhaped ; thofe at the bafe foon decaying, but not falling off: thofe on the ftems with long fheaths and fpear-{haped elongated fheath-fcales. Panicle terminating, dividing by threes and widely {preading: florets fitting, fhorter than the calyx. Corolla, valves fhining at top; outer valve with a knee-bent briftle like awn, placed on the back a little below its middle, and which is longer than the calyx. MELICA. Cal. 2-valved, 2-flowered, with a little fubftance on a pedicle betwixt the florets. M. Panicle thinly fet: calyx 2-flowered: one floret hermaphrodite, the other neuter. It grows in woods and fhady glens. Abun- dantly in Luttrell’s-town wood, county of Dublin. G About uniflora. 42 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. About Cong, at the fubterraneous river, county of Galway—along a glen between Ballyleddy and Newtown-Kennedy, county of Down. Shady woods and mountains about Knappen, Glenarm, and low glens, county of Antrim. In woods and fhady glens this grafs furnifhes much leaves, and may be acceptable to cattle which retire to fhade in fummer during the fun’s meridian each day, but as a pafture or meadow grafs of no great value. P. June. July. §telojspen aonblaca. TRIsH. ¢ Melvig fhér aonbhlatha. EnciisH.—One-flowered Melic-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1 to 14 feet. Leaves flat, rough underneath and on their edges. Sheaths about half the length of the leaves, with blunt fheath-fceales which affume different forms. Panicle wpright, few flowered; little fruit-ftalks pointing one way; lower ones in pairs. Calyx purple; valves nearly equal, fmooth, awnlefs, nerved, containing one fertile flower. caerulea. M, Panicle clofe: flowers upright, cylindrical. Common in boggy meadows and paftures. This grafs is common in moft bogs, but the harfhnefs of TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 43 of its leaves and ftems, which are not very pro- ductive, renders it of very little confequence to the farmer. It may however contribute with other grafles to form a cover in bogs, and in fuch fituations is not without utility. A variety (pa- nicula pallida) was obferved growing in a bog near the houfe of Ralph Marthall, Efq. at Cal- naferry, county of Kerry, and in various other parts of that county. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Cata- logue of rare Plants. Horfes, fheep, and goats eat it. P. Aug. eh eer COpcujp. Meloigfhér corcuir. ENGLIsH.—Purple Melic-gra/s. Ob. Roots bulbous, with thick twifted fibres. Stems from 1 to 14 feet, upright, ftiff, cylindri- cal, fmooth, leafy, with one knot towards the bafe, but naked at top. Leaves ftiff, acuminated, lightly rough, with a few very fhort hairs on the fheath-fcale. Panicie upright, branched, clofe: flowers upright, cylindrical. Calyx 3-flowered, fometimes four, purple: the two under florets fertile. A pedicle knobbed at the end rifes from betwixt the florets. Anthers dark purple. G2 POA. aquatica. 44, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. POA, Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered: /pikets egg-fhaped : valves {kinny at the edge, rather acute. P. Panicle upright, fpreading: fpikets ftrape fhaped, 6-flowered: leaves fword-fhaped. It grows in marfhes, and along the banks of rivers. Along the edges of the Grand canal’ from James’s-ftreet to Ringfend, and from James’s- {treet to Salens, county of Dublin. This is a very good grafs, and although very ftrong. look- ing, is very tender and foft in its ftems and fo- liage, fending forth both in abundance. ‘There are many of the {tems which do not flower, but are plentifully clad with leaves, which renders it a very valuable grafs for pafture. It may be imagined from its natural places of growth in waters, that it would not bear cultivation in other fituations. But this is not the cafe, for in different: fituations where it is cultivated in the Botanic Gardens it thrives amazingly, not- withftanding the foil is naturally a dry one. It is a grafs that encreafes very faft by its roots, although not creeping, and would be an excellent one TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, AS one for moift or low grounds; and where the ground is inclined to be marfhy it would be 2 valuable pafture, as cattle are remarkably at- tached to it, particularly horfes and cows. Along the fides of the Grand canal, where this grafs grows, it is generally eat down to the furface of the water within the reach of cattle. It is alfoa very ufeful grafs to fow upon the banks of rivers, as it would prevent them, from being worn away by the rapidity of the water. Horfes, cows and fheep are remarkably fond of it. _P. July. §Cuye culca mut. IRISH. CCuife cuilcambuil. Encuisu. — Reed-like Meadow-grafs Water Meadow-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, from 3 or 4 to 6 feet high, 2-edged, leafy, knotted: knots towards the bafe fending forth fibres. Leaves broad, fword-fhaped, acute, upright, keeled, rough on the edges and keel. Sheath {cored, {mooth, with avery blunt fheath-fcale abruptly terminating awn-like. Panicle upright, branch- ing, fomewhat fpreading. Calyx, glumes nearly equal, whitifh, fhining, containing from 5 to 6 florets. alpina. 46 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. florets. Corolla, outer valve with 7 nerves: inner one notched at the end. P. Panicle widely fpreading, very much branched: fpikets 6-flowered, heart-fhaped: under fheath- fcales very blunt. It grows on and near the fummifs of high mountains. Found on the fummit of Brandon, near the well, on'the rock, thinly covered with earth—alfo on the fummit of Cruach Phadruic, county of Mayo—likewife on Benbulben, and other mountains, near Sligo. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare plants, This grafs, although not high, fends forth abundance of fide fhoots and leaves. It may anfwer well enough as a paf- ture grafs onthe fummits of mountains, where there is but a thin cover, and furnifh fmall cattle with nourifhment in dry feafons, when the her- bage nearly perifhes on fuch fituations. From its being a very clofe grafs in its leaves, and matted like at the bafe, it retains moifture, and continues in verdure where others perifh for want of fuch convenience. Asa meadow grafs it is of no value. P. June. July. Trisu, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 47 maint" es ajlp. Cuife ailp. EncLisH.—Alpine, Meadow-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous, Stems from 7 to 10 inches, fomewhat afcending, cylindrical, two-knotted, naked» above. Leaves, thofe from the root many, fpreading, bluntifh at top, but ending in a fudden point: thofe on the ftem 2, very fhort. Sheath very long, with a fpear-fhaped acute fheath-fcale on the upper leaves, but very fhort and round on the lower. Panicle fhort, {pread- ing, nearly egg-fhaped. Calyx, valves nearly equal, egg-fhaped, acute, rough on the keel, fomewhat hooked at top. florets egg-fhaped, fomewhat acute, often filky and fkinny on the edges: inner valve notched, ciliated. P, Panicle fpreading: fpikets 3-flowered, woolly at the bafe: ftems upright, cylindrical, rough: fheath-fcale tapering to a point: roots fibrous. Common every where, particularly in moift and fhady fituations. This I confider as a good meadow grafs when in mixture with others, as it furnifhes well both in leaves and ftems. It is early in its foliage, and continues leafing and flowering fucceflively trivialis. 48 TRIANDRYIA, DIGYNY4. fucceflively for three months. Dr. Richardfon, in his valuable treatife on indigenous grafles, ob- ferves, that it difappeared fooneft from its plot: his remarks indeed are jut, and fhew his treatife to be a work of experience, for when fown feparate, in an open fituation, it makes but an infignificant appearance, and rather feems to decline each year, but growing promifcuoufly with any other graffes, it appears as luxuriant in proportion as any. When firft {pringing its {tems grow proftrate, rooting at the under joints, and being fhaded and kept moift by others it is ftrengthened, and fends up its flower- ing flems in greater perfeétion. A fquare plot of this grafs, which is cultivated in the Botanic gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, to the obferver of grafles would give but a very indifferent idea of its worth. But were he to look at other con- tiguous plots, where this grafs had got in, he would be led to form a more favourable opinion of it. Here would he fee, and might contraft, the difference between this grafs feparate, and in mixture. It is a grafs that does not thrive well without fhade, is well adapted for young plantations, and im fuch fituations becomes valu- able. On the eftate of the Right Hon. John Folter, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 49 ‘Fofter, at Collon, where planting is conftantly . going on, this grafs might be feen in great per- fection. Sheep, goats, cows, horfes and fwine eat it P. June. Sept. IRISH. ie Selma i Cuife garbhghafach. Encuisu.—Rough-falked Meadow-grafs. Fold grafs. Fowl-grafs. Bird-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems decumbent at the bafe, then rifing upright, 2 feet or more, cylin- drical, roughifh, leafy, often inclining to purple. Leaves nearly upright, weak, fomewhat acute, keeled, rough underneath and on the edges. Sheath almoft the length of the leaves, ftriated, fomewhat preffed, rough, with an elongated fheath-fcale ending acute. Panicle upright, lengthened, terminating, acute, very much branched, widely fpreading, and fomewhat rough. Calyx, valves equal, rugged on the back: outer valve linear-lancefhaped; pointed: inner one with three nerves. Corolla, valves fomewhat blunt, s-nerved, fkinny at the top, with a number of fine woolly hairs at the bafe. 4 P. Panicle angustifolia. 50 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. P. Panicle fpreading: fpikets 4-flowered, pubef- cent: {tems upright, cylindrical : root-leaves flender, edges rolled inwards. It grows in meadows and on dry banks, This is a good meadow and patfture grafs; it furnifhes much leaves from the roots, which are numerous and long; its leaves are not fo broad as the next fpecies, but the deficiency is fupplied by number _ and length, it alfo continues longer in verdure, is fomewhat taller, and fends forth more flower- ing ftems. It is not a bad grafs as a mixture, as it will thrive in moft foils and fituations. Sheep, goats, cows and horfes eat it. P. June. Bip age cumanzoutlec. Aree Cuife cumhangdhuillech. EncuisH.— Narrow-leaved Meadow-gra/s. Ob. Roots creeping, fending up fuckers. Stems from 13 to 2 feet or more, upright, knotted, fmooth, fhining. Leaves narrow, acute, edges rolled inwards, refembling thofe of Feftuca duriufcula. Panicle fomewhat fpread- ing, but pointing one way, fomewhat drooping _ before expanfion for flower, rifing rather upright in TREANDRIA DIGYNIA. 51 in its floral ftate, and again affuming a drooping appearance in its feminal. Calyx, valves nearly equal, keeled, with a ridge of tranfparent teeth on the keel. Coro!/a, valves nearly equal, with entangled wool-like hairs at the bafe. P. Panicle fpreading: fpikets 5-flowered, {mooth: ftems cylindrical, upright, {mooth: fheath-fcale fhort, blunt: roots creeping. pratenas, Common in meadows, dry banks, and on old — walls. This is a very good grafs when in mix- ture, both for meadow and pafture, but far pre- ferable for pafture, from the numerous leaves it fends forth from its roots, and its furnifhing after- grafs in quantity. It is not very abundant in its ftems, but neverthelefs is no way difadvantageous in. meadows; for the ftems being pretty ftout, and not very. tall, fapport other weaker grafles which furmount them. It is a grafs which will grow in almoft any foil, and. pofleffes the good. quality of- withftanding the drought of fummer. If cultivated feparately for meadows, it is not a defirable grafs, Cows, horfes, goats, fheep and. {wine eat it. P. June. Hi 2, {Rish. annua. 52 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA- rate, UNE mingagac. Cuife minghafach. Encuisu.—Smooth-falked Meadow-gra/s. Ob. Roots creeping, fending up fuckers. Stems upright, from 1 to 2 feet, cylindrical, ftriated, {mooth, leafy. Leaves fpreading, bluntifh, keeled, {mooth, fometimes glaucous. Sheath the length of the leaves, ftriated, fmooth, with a fhort blunt theath-feale. Panicle fpreading, upright, ending rather blunt. Ca/yx, valves acute, fomewhat un- equal, three-nerved, with a rugged prominence on the back. Corolla, valves fomewhat blunt, acutely five-nerved, fkinny at top, hunched and rough on the back, with a number of very long villous hairs at the bafe. P. Panicle triangular, fpreading horizontally: {pikets moftly 4-flowered, blunt: florets point- ing one way: ftems flanting, flatted. Very common in paftures, road fides, paths, gravel walks, and borders of fields; Although a {mall grafs, it is not unprofitable to the farmer; for on many parts of his grounds liable to wafte, this dwarf fpecies furnifhes a delicious, and fome- times a welcome bit, to many fpecies of his cattle, nay of his fowl; and it poffefles thefe excellent properties, of growing, flowering and feeding almoft TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 58 almoft throughout the year, and is browfed on by his cattle and fowl at a feafon when more lofty graffes lie in a ftate of inaction, It is a fweet and fine grafs, and by no means unacceptable in pattures. As a meadow-grafs, of no value. Sheep, goats, cows, horfes and fwine eat it. A. Flowering all fummer. teas ee blyoaynce. Cuife blidbainta. Encuisu.— Annual Meadow-grafs. Suffolk-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, from 4 to 12 inches, flatted, leafy, fmooth. Leaves {pread- ing, flat, linear, pointed, rough on the edges, very often with tranfverfe wrinkles on fome part of them. Sheath elongated, flatted, fmooth, ftreaked, pale, with a fhort gnawed-like fheath- feale. Panicle triangular, upright, inclining one fide, thinly branched. Ca/yx, valves lance-fhaped, acute, keeled, unequal. Corolla, valves oval- lancefhaped, blunt, five-nerved, hunched, with a fkinny-like fubftance on the edges, and without apy woolly hairs or down at their bafe as in the Poa trivialis. P. Panicle clofe, nearly pointing one way: fpikets many-flowered, nearly columnar: florets diftant: ftems afcending. It maritima. 54 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. It generally grows along the fea coaft in falt marfhes. This grafs is but of little worth in an agricultural point of view; for in its natural fitu- ation of growth the appearance of its foliage or {tems is not fuch as could recommend it to the notice of the farmer, nor does it thrive well out of maritime fituations. P. June. July. ries ae mupujyc. Cuife muruifc. ENGLIsH.—Sea, or Salt-marfb Meadow-gra/fs. Ob. Roots creeping. Stems decumbent at the bafe, about 1 foot, very fmooth, leafy. Leaves, edges rolled inwards, glaucous, acute. Sheath long, with, a blunt fheath-fcale, which is often- times acute. Panicle upright, ftraight; branches for the moft part in pairs, rough, fpreading before flower, afterwards becoming erect. Spikets linear, fmooth, about five-flowered, inclining to purple. Calyx, valves unequal, fomewhat acute: outer one with three nerves. Corolla, inner valve rough. on the margin, bifid at top. ) eigtda, P. Panicle fpear-fhaped, fomewhat branched:. little branches alternate, pointing one way. It grows on dry fendy or ftony places, walls and TRIANDRIA DIG¥NIA. 55d and roofs. It is neither ufeful in meadows, paf- tures or wafte places, unlefs to {mall birds for its feed. A. July. ee Cue Runge Cuife cruidbata. EnciisH.—Stif, or Hard Meadow-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright, from 3 to 6 inches, ftiff, very fmooth. Leaves acute, flender, rolled in at the edges, very even underneath, rough above. Sheath-/cale blunt, finely cut. Panicle fpear-fhaped, ftiff, decom- pound: little branches alternate; little {pikes on inflexible fruit-ftalks which are fhorter than the {pikes they fupport, ftrap-fhaped, containing about 8 florets in each. Calyx, valves nearly equal, keeled, acute. Corolla, valves fomewhat acute, fkinny at top: inner valve ciliated. P. Panicle clofe, pointing one way: ftems flant- ing, flatted: roots creeping. It grows on walls, houfe-tops, and on other very dry places. On walls and dry banks be- tween Galway and Tuam—about Tighmhuillin and Tullyallen, county of Louth. Although this grafs encreafes faft by its reots, and fends forth COMDTESS2. 56 -TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. forth a tolerable quantity of foliage, yet its leaves are but fhort, as likewife its ftems. I don’t con- fider it as a grafs much worthy the notice of the farmer, neither is it one to be recommended for meadows or paftures, as it rather inclines to grow upon old walls and fuch dry fituations, and even there it has but an unfightly appearance. Sheep, goats, cows, and horfes eat it. P. June. July. Pe) ae Law semufl. Cuife faifgembuil. EncxisH.—Comprefed Meadow-gra/s. Ob. Roots creeping. Stems trailing, then afcending, from 8 to 12 inches, knotted, {mooth, leafy, very much flatted. Leaves flat, acute, fmooth, inclining to a fea-green colour. Sheaths the length of the leaves, two-edged, ftreaked, with fhort blunt fheath-fcales. Panicle clofe, nearly inclining one way, bluntith ; little branches angular, rough, fomewhat weaved, f{preading before flower, afterwards becoming clofe. Calyx, valves nearly equal, eg2-fhaped, nerved, contain- ing from 4 to g florets. Corolla, valves egg- fhaped, three-nerved, fkinny at top, and -of a purplifh colour towards the bafe. P. Panicle TRIANDRIA DIGYNI4S, of P. Panicle flender, tapering: {pikets moftly two- flowered, rough, pointed: ftems and leaves flender: fheath-fcale very fhort, notched. It grows in woods and fhady places. In Lut- trell’s-town wood, county of Dtblin. In the woods about Roftrever, and the wood on the fide of Knockcree, county of Down—woody mountains about Knappen, county of Antrim. Either wild-or cultivated, in both which ftates I have feen it grow, ‘I confider it as a good and beneficial grafs; and, although flender in its Jeaves and flems, it is pretty tall, and) produces both in great plenty. From fome obfervations I have made in the Botanic. gardens, in the far- mer’s divifion, where there are plots 20 feet {quare, in which are cultivated feveral of the graffes feparately, I have remarked ‘this grafs to hold its plot, and without any way appearing to decline during the fucceflive years it has occupied it, whilft others from their declining {tate were obliged to be renewed. It alfo produces a fecond crop not much inferior to the firft; a property which makes it .the more valuable as an after- grafs. If an equal quantity of this grafs and of the Avena flavefcens were mixed with double the I quantity nemoralis. 58 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. quantity of the Feftuca pratenfis, I fhould not be at all furprifed to fee a very fine fleece produced therefrom. For as I have already remarked when fpeaking of other graffes, the Feftuca pra- tenfis being a pretty ftout grafs, and fomewhat _.coarfe, it would encourage and fupport thefe other two, which are finer in leaves and ftems, and more productive; and the latter would an- {wer well, in the above proportion, to qualify the coarfer Feftuca. The P. nemoralis thrives well in the different fituations where it is placed in the Gardens. P. June. Augutt. (Cue copcembuyt. ) Cuife cotltembuil. ’ Encuisn.—Wood Meadow-gra/s. IRISH. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 14 to 2 feet or more, upright, flender, fomewhat flat, fmooth, leafy. Leaves moftly from the root, narrow, tapering, briftle-fhaped, acute; thofe on the ftem rough on each fide and on the margin. Sheath not fo long as the leaves, compreffed, fomewhat fmooth, with a very fhort fheath-fcale notched at the end. Panicle tapering, nearly upright, loofe ; branches flender, in femiwhirls, angulated, rough, often waved, and more or lefs branched. Calyx, valves TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 59 valves nearly equal, very little fhorter than the ipiket, lance-fhaped, 3-nerved, ferrulated, and containing from 3 to 5 florets. Corolla, valves Jance-fhaped, acute; inner valve keeled, and fomewhat pubefcent on the margin, P. Panicle with fubdivided branches: lower distans. branches pointing downwards ; {pikets 5-flow- ered ; florets diftant, blunt. It grows in fields and among rubbifh along the fea thore. Along the way fide from Ballybough- bridge to Clontarf—Lots at the N. Wall, and between Dublin and Irifhtown, county of Dublin. I know of no advantage which could be derived from this fpecies in an agricultural point of view ; for from what I could obferve by it in the Botanic gardens, it does not thrive well out of maritime fituations, P, June. July. inisu bia f5colceblataé. Cuife feaoltebblathach. EnciisH.—Loofe-flowered Meadow graft. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems bent at the lower joints, nearly 1 foot, cylindrical, leafy, {mooth. Leaves fomewhat acute, fmooth, of a fea-green colour, flat: thofe from the roots fomewhat rolled 12 inwards, 60 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. inwards. Sheath-fcale blunt, notched at top. Panicle upright; branches diftant in femiwhirls, fomewhat waved, of various lengths: the under. ones pointing downwards. Calyx, valves unequal, keeled, fmall, blunt, fkinny on the edges, Morets diftant, nearly cylindrical, very blunt: inner valve notched and rough on the edge. BRIZA. “Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered. Spikets, 2-rowed, Bloffom, 2-valves, bellying out: valves heart- fhaped, blunt; the inner minute. Seed, de- preffed, adhering to the corolla. media. B, Spikets egg-fhaped, 7-flowered: calyx fhorter than the florets: fheath-fcale blunt, very fhort. | Common on fides of hills, in paftures, and in meadows. This grafs is of no great worth, either as a pafture, or for meadows. It is not very prolific in ftems, neither are they very high: the leaves are but fhort, nor do they hold their ver- dure long; and, in fhort, it has very little to re- commend TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 61 commend it except the beauty of its panicle. Cows, fheep and goats eat it. P. July. A eats paper MEDON. Iris. Luafcadhfhér medbon. Enciisu.— Middle Quaking-grafs.. Cow-quakes. Ladies-hair. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 1 foot or more, upright, leafy, very fmooth. Leaves nearly up- right, acute, flat, fomewhat rough. Sheath long, ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort blunt fheath- feale. Panicle, widely fpreading, many-flowered: little branches brownifh, Spikets drooping, quaking, egg-fhaped, or nearly heart-fhaped, fmooth, fhining, containing 7, fometimes 9 florets. Calyx, valves nearly equal, hollow, blunt, fkinny at the edges, and fomewhat fhorter than the floret. Corolla, valves fimilar to the calyx; outer one notched. DACTYLIS. Cal. 2-valved, flatted: one valve larger, keeled. D. Panicle crowded, pointing one way: calyx 4-flowered. | Very glomerata. 62 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Very common in meadows and fhady places. This is a very produétive grafs both in leaves and ftems ; it will thrive almoft in any foil or fitua- tion; and, as I have experienced in the Botanic gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, where a plot is allotted to this grafs, it retains its ground with- out appearing any way to decline, and produces a heavy fleece; it alfo produces aftergrafs in abundance. It is a coarfe grafs, and from the quantity of feed it bears muft be very nutritious. It has the ftrongeft powers of vegetation of any grafs I know; and may be eafily pointed out a little time after cutting in any meadow, being the firft vifible after raking. Other graffes do not feem to thrive well alongfide of it, being overfhaded and fcalded by its numerous and long foliage, and the ground is generally found bare for an inch or more round its bafe. If cultivated feparately, it would produce an abundant crop; and, although a coarfe grafs, a method might be taken to meliorate and make it more palatable to cattle, (i. €.) by having it judicioufly intermixed in the rick at the time of drawing home to the farm-yard. It is a grafs that would anfwer well _.,in young fhady plantations, as it is not injured by fhade; and in fach fitwations, where other grafles would TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 63 would not thrive, it would be well worth culti- vation. -I have often heard it faid, that cattle do not eat this grafs when in a recent ftate; but this opinion feems to have originated from feeing it in tufts in meadows fome time after the cattle are taken off for the feafon. However, I can fay from experience, that cattle do eat it in a recent ftate, and that with avidity. ‘There are grounds adjoining the fouth and weft fides of the Botanic gardens, which are now, and have been under meadow before the formation of the Gardens. Thefe meadows abound with Dattylis glomerata: the aftergrafs is generally fet to dairymen, and I have frequently ftood a confiderable time to ob- ferve whether cattle refufed the Daétylis or not, but I never found that they had any. objection to it; and, in the courfe of time, the entire of the graffes being eaten to a level, isa clear demon- {tration that they do not refule it. The reafon of this grafs appearing in tufts is, when cattle eat the entire pafture or aftergrafs bare, they ar generally removed to another field; and as the Daétylis glomerata pofleffes the quickeft powers of vegetation of any other grafs, it very foon fur- mounts all the reft, and being of a ftrong luxu- riant nature appears in tufts, which occafions people 64 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. people not acquainted with this circumftance to imagine that cattle leave it untouched. Horfes, fheep and goats eat it. Cows it is faid are not fond of it. i P. June. July. foams) a COJTCION. Cailechosfhér coitchion. Encxiiso.—Common Cock’s-foot-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 3 feet, cylindrical, naked above, rough. Leaves linear, acute, fpreading, dark green, rough on the edges. Sheath ftriated, flatted, rough, with a jagged elongated fheath-fcale. Panicle, branches alter- nate; little branches diftant, very rough, ftiff, decompound. Spikets in little tufts, pointing one way, rough. Calyx, valves very unequal, keeled, pointed; outer one 3-nerved, ciliated on the keels; inner one fkinny-like. oréts 3 or 4, feldom fingle, larger than the calyx, ciliated tooth-like on the keel ; inner valve bifid, ciliated. Anthers purple, ftanding out, trembling. CYNOSURUS. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA,. 65 CYNOSU RUM wer Cal. 2-valved, many- flowered, it i one fide on “a. peculiar leafy ‘receptacle. C. Floral leaves with winged clefts: fpike fimple, femicylindrical, tapering. , Common in dry paftures. The leaves of this grafs are very fhort, the ftems hard and tough, and not very high; and as a meadow grafs of no utility. As the leaves are pretty fine, abundant, and clofe, it would anfwer near the fummits and on fides of hilly grounds, as a pafture for fheep ; for in fuch places it is moft frequently met with, and particularly on thofe parts which are ftocked by that fpecies of cattle. The ftems being hard and wiry, {mall cattle do not like it; and on this . account it is frequently con{picuous in. paftures, being left Pit A whilft its leaves, and alfo the {tems and leaves of other herbage around it, are eaten clofely down. By thefe means its feed is preferved, and falls at a proper feafon. This I look upon to be the caufe of the predominance of this grafs in fheep-walks and paftures. Sheep eat the leaves, but ’not the ftems. A. ‘July. Auguft. K IRISH. cristatus. bromoides. 66, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. eee sibeiansions Cipjnad. " ) Trathninfhér: cirinach, Cuifiog. ENnciisH.——Crefted Dog’s-tail-grafs. Windle« firaws. Ob. Roots fibrous, Stems upright, ftraight, t foot, very fmooth, naked at top. Leaves linear, acute, Sheath ftriated, very {mooth, with a fhort blunt gnawed-like. theath-fcale. Spike fimple, linear, upright, blunt, with all the florets pointing one way. FESTUCA. Cal. 2-valved: /pikets oblong, roundifh. Hufks - tapering to a point. Panicles,, pointing one way. F, Panicle pointing one way: fpikets, upright, fmooth: calyx valves, one entire, the other tapering to an awolike point: leaves briftle-. fhaped, fhorter than the fheath. Te grows in dry fandy places. Way. fides. about Dundrum, county of Dublin—high grounds above TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 67 above Bray, county of Wicklow. A grafs of little or no confequence to the farmer, as being profitable neither for meadow nor pafture. | It would however caufe a verdure on a thin gravelly foil, where others would not thrive. A. May. June. rede: § Fercupen aypripyo. UF efcufbér aimrid. EncLisi.—Barren Fefcue-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous: Stems many, from 6 inches tol nearly 1 foot, upright, very fmooth, leafy towards the bafe, with from 3 to 4 joints or knots. Leaves pale green, upright, briftle- fhaped, acute, fmooth, fhort.. | Sheath longer than the’ leaves, fomewhat. bellying out, fur- rowed; {mooth, with a fhort fheath-feale. Panicle upright, from 1 to 2 inches ia length, pointing one way. Spikets 6-flowered, upright, {mooth. Calyx, valves acute, fmooth; outer valve very narrow, almoft briftle-fhaped: inner valve much longer, and nearly three times as broad as the other. Corolla, inner valve fomewhat acute, pubefcent on the edge. Aw, ftraight, twice tlie length of the bloflom or more. K 2 F. Panicle ovina. 68 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. F. Panicle compaét, pointing one way, awned: ftems 4-cornered, almoft naked; leaves briftle- fhaped. Common on dry hills and mountains. ‘As a meadow grafs, it is of no confequence to the farmer; for unlefs in fandy clayey foils it makes but little progrefs, and even in fuch is not worthy of cultivation for meadow. Neither is it valuable to the grazier on any part of his grounds, unlefs dry hills and fides of mountains; and in fuch places this grafs is valuable as to pafture, it being the grafs preferred by fheep above all others. « In. a plot allotted to this grafs in the Botanic gar- dens, in the farmer’s divifion, it appears very luxuriant; and by-a‘comparifon here, and. in its’ wild fituation, they would appear not the fame.. The plot has a northern afpeét, and is’a clayey: gravelly foil. Although a fmall grafs, it-is fuccu- lent, and continues in verduré during winter and {pring, affording nourifhment at a feafon of the. year when others are froft-bitten and: disfigured: by inclemency of weather, holding itfelf thus until the recovery of others to fucceed it. There : is a {mall ifland off Ballycaftle, in the county of Antrim, which abounds with this grafs; and I | have TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 69 have been informed, that lean meagre fheep are fent there to recover and fatten. It is alfo re- marked, that the mutton fed on this ifland: is fuperior in flavour to any other in that country : it is likewife afcertained, that the tallow produced from the feeding here, incorporated with one- third of Ruffian, is far fuperior to the Irifh or Ruffian tallow feparately. Sheep, goats, cows and horfes eat it. P.. June. July. By Vacca CAOpdeé. i nas ¢ Fefeufhér caorach. hat 3 Fefcue-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous, matted. Stems from 6 to 8 inches, upright, flender, fomewhat rigid, fmooth, leafy at the bafe, four-cornered toward the top. Leaves yarying in length and direction, very flender, »briftle-like but angular, acute, often a fea green colour. Sheath fmooth, with a very fhort fheath-feale. Spikets upright, oval-lancee fhaped, fmooth. .Calyx, valves unequal, linear- lancefhaped, pointed, keeled, {mooth, containing from 4 to § flowers. Corolla, inner valve awn- lefs, fomewhat acute, concave, fmooth on the edges, F. Panicle vivipara. 70 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. F, Panicle pointing one way, compact: florets comprefled, keeled: calyx fommewhat pubefcent? ftems four-cornered: eaves — briftle-fhaped; fmooth. qm It grows on and near the fuimmits of high mountains. Carlingford mountains, county of Louth—-Mourne mountains, county of Down. Mangerton and Purple mountains, Killarney. Doétor Wade’s Plante Rariores. Plentiful on feveral of the Dublin mountains, Doétor Stokes, and on many of the high mountains in the coun- ties of Kerry and Clare, Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. Ina ftate of cultiva- tion, as alfo in its wild fituations, this grafs ap- pears more luxuriant in leaves and ftems than the former. It is no unprofitable grafson the fummits of mountains, as it pofleffes the good quality of continuing in verdure during the winter, being very acceptable to thofe fpecies of cattle which eafily afcend {uch places. On Mourne mountains Ihave feen it eaten pretty clofe, but fheep were the chief inhabitants. It is fimilar to the former, but may be readily diftinguifhed when in fruétifica- tion, by the appearance of young plants growing on the panicle refembling feedlings. It continues= viviparous TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. vial viviparous in the Botanic gardens fince firft intro- duceds | P. June. July. bevsag 9 TOR TUREN DEoeUyMSERE. l Fefeufhér beothui/mighthach. ENcLisu.—Viviparous Fefcue-grafs. F. Panicle pointing one way, rough: fpikets - 6-flowered, awned: floret at the end. awnlefs: {tems femicylindrical. It grows on mountains and mountain paftures, and’ on high banks along the fea coaft. Below Killincarick on high banks along the coaft, county of Wicklow—at Roche’s-town, on banks along the wall hard by the fhore, county of Dublin— on the eaft fide of Carlingford mountains next the fea, county of Louth. In dry fandy pattures, particularly at an old: building called Warren- houfe, between Clontarf and Howth. Doétor Wade’s FI: Dub. Plentiful on the fea fhores in many places of the county of Dublin, and not uncommon on the fouthern coaft. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. This grafs fends forth ‘a-great quantity of leaves, that get to a confiderable length and become much entan- gled, but: it produces few flowering {tems. So clofely rubra. 72 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. clofely matted are the leaves, as alfo the roots, that it is with difficulty they are cut through with the fpade. Ina fquare plot in the Botanic gar- dens, in the alphabetical arrangement of the. Gramina vera, or true grafs divifion, where this grafs is cultivated, it has no unfightly appearance in foliage. As a pafture grafs it may not be un- acceptable, as it vegetates fpeedily after being cut, and holds in verdure during the winter. As a meadow grafs not defirable; for fo matted are the roots it is with difficulty any other could grow amongtt it. P. June. July. Inset Cpudi. Fefcufhér cruan. EncuisH.—Red Fefcue-grafs. Ob. Roots creeping, very long. Stems 1 foot, decumbent, leafy at the bafe, very fmooth, ftriated. Leaves linear, rolled inwards, fome- what fharp-pointed, fmooth underneath, furrowed above, pubefcent. Sheaths furrowed: thofe on the {tem very long, fmooth; thofe from the root fhort, pubefcent. Sheath-/cale very fhort, gnawed- like. Panicle pointing one way, branched; pe- ‘duncles furrowed, with the angles rough. Calyx, valves * TRIANDRIA (DIGYNTIA. 73 valves linear.lancefhaped, acute, unequal, fmooth, containing 5 or 6 flowers. » Corolla, inner valve fomewhat fhorter, bluntifh, pubefcent on the edge. een i ee ane | F. Panicle oblong; pointing one way: fpikets oblong, 6-flowered, cures ‘leaves. briftle- fhaped. rrtee | Yiodl ‘Common in dry meadows and pattures, This is a good grafs in pattures, producing foliage in abundance, and continuing in verdure during the winter; but as a meadow grafs not very defirable, unlefs in fmall quantity, for it is not prolific in flowering ftems, and the leaves alfo become ‘fo matted at the bafe, that it would be an annoy- ance to others more beneficial. It would be a defirable fpecies in fheep-walks, as its foliage, which is fine, fprings early, and vegetates quickly after cutting; and it is a, grafs that might be worthy of cultivation, as fheep relith jit much. It encreafes faft by fuckers, will grow in any foil, and with{tands the drought of fummer. Cattle eat it. | P. June. July. L IrisH. duriuscula. dumetorun. ~ 74 TRLANDRIA DIGYNIA. Fegcughéen cyuad. Fefeufhér cruadh. Encuish.—-Hard Fefcue-gra/s. TrisH. } Ob. Rosis creeping. Sten from ¥ to 2 feet, upright, cylindrical, leafy, fmooth. Leaves vary- ing in their length, narrow, acute: thofe from the root briftlefhaped and rough: thofe on the item flat and fometimes pubefcent at top. Sheath very Jong, fmooth, with a fmall fheath-fcale. Panicle much larger in every part than the Fef- tuca ovina, the flowers larger and keeled, with the inner glume pubefcent at the edge. It differs from the Feftuca dumetorum by its hufks being fmooth, from the Feftuca rubra by its contratted panicle and longer awns, and from the Feftuca ovina by its long panicle and cylindrical {tems. F. Panicle fpike-like, -pubefcent: Icaves thread- fhaped, a It grows in woods and fhady hedges. On fhady banks at the flood-gate along the demefne- wall belonging to the Rt. Hon. David Latouche, Marly, county of Dublin—at Mount Oriel, and on many parts of the improvements of the Right Hon. Fohn Fofter, Collon—at the foot of the Saddle TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. % Saddle and Trumpet mountains, county of Louth. This grafs is equal to the former, if aot better. It rather agrees with fhade, although in feveral fituations where it is placed in the Botanic gardens, it has a fine appearance, and being a produétive grafs would anfwer well as pafture, It alfo retains its verdure during winter, and fprings early in the feafon. Asa meadow grafs not very profitable, as producing few flowering ftems, and impatient of mixture with any other. The three laft mentioned {pecies are not proper to mix with other grafles for meadow; as they do not admit the growth of any other kind, from their matted leaves and roots. P. June. July. aa d saat coyllce nul. " CRefeufhér coilltembuil. Encuisu.—Wood Fefcue-grafs. Pubefcent Fefcue- graft. Ob. Roots creeping. Stems 2 feet, upright, cylindrical, pubefcent at top. Legves 1 foot long ot more, narrow, roundifh, pubefcent: thofe on the ftem fhort, ftriated and pubefcent. Panicle {mall, fpike-like. Sheath long, pubefcent, with a fhort fheath-feale. Calyx, inner valve nearly as L 2 fhort decumbens. 76 TRIANDRIA -DIGYNIA. fhort again as the outer, and ending in an awn- like point. Corolla, valves nearly equal, pubef- cent; outer valve ending ina {mall awn. Panicles equal. E. Panicle upright, clofe: fpikets nearly egg- fhaped, awnlefs: calyx larger than the florets: ftems lying down: fheath-fcale ciliated. It grows in barren moiftifh paftures, particu- larly about mountain grounds, as at Howth, Ire- land’s-eye, the Dublin mountains, &c. &c. This grafs is but of little worth, being fhort in leaves and ftems, nor is it very produtive of either. It is generally to be met with on the fides of hilly grounds and mountains, where it forms a tolera- ble part of the verdure ; and in fuch places, from its large feed which is nutritive, may be much relifhed by fome fpecies of cattle, but in an agri- cultural point of view, otherwife, of little value. Sheep refufe it. P. July. Augutt. Grercuyhey ypnce. l Fefeufbér finte. EncutsH—Decumbent Fefcue-grafs. TaisH. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 4 to 6 inches, de- cumbent, knotted, ftiff, very {mooth, leafy, Leaves linear, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 77 linear, fomewhat blunt, rolled inwards, ftiffith, and very rough on the back towards the top. Sheath ftriated. Sheath-fcale very thort, ciliated with fine upright hairs. Panicle upright, fimple, about 13 inches long, few-flowered: /pikets egg- fhaped, bulged, fmooth, containing from 3 to 5 flowers, and often inclining to purple. Calyx, valves the length of the fpiket, nearly equal, egg-fhaped, rough on the keel. Corolla, valves awnlefs, hairy at the edge and fometimes at the bafe: outer valve trifid at the end. F. Panicle loofe, very much branched, fomewhat drooping and pointing one way : fpikets fome- what awned: the outer ones cylindrical. It grows in boggy mountains and fides of wet ditches. This is a very tall, ftrong, produétive grafs in leaves and ftems, and although coarfe not unacceptable to moft cattle. It would anfwer beft for meadow, if cultivated feparately, and would produce a great crop, which would likewife be fucceeded by an abundant aftergrafs, as it has very ftrong powers of vegetation. It is not a defirable fpecits in mixture. This I have expe- rienced in the Botanic gardens, where a plot is allotted to it in the farmer’s divifion. It retains its elatior. 78 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. its plot, and from obfervations I have made, other grafles, which happened to be amongft it, feemed to make but flow progrefs; for, from the luxuriance of its leaves in fpring, it rather keeps under and fmothers others which have not fuch quick powers of vegetation as to rife before this extends its foliage. If cultivated and treated after the manner which I have recommended for the Daétylis glomerata, it might become a beneficial grafs. See Daétylis glomerata, page 62. It thrives amazingly well in every fituation where it is placed in the Gardens. Sheep, cows, and goats eat it, P. July. Augutt. (Fexcurhep appro. ' l Feftufhér airde. EncuiisH.—Tall Fefcue-grafs. IriIsH Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 3 to 4 feet, ftriated, leafy, {mooth. Leaves linear, flat, broadifh, rough on the edges. Panicle drooping but fomewhat upright, about 7 inches long, de- compound, Calyx, valves unequal, from 5 to 6 florets in each, ealamaria. F, Panicle pointing one way, upright, very much branched, compact: florets oblong, angulated, 'awnlefs : leaves fword-fhaped, ftriated. It TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 79 It grows in moift woods. In addition to its being found in a wood near Newtown-barry, by the. Rev. Mr. But, the woods of the Dargle, county of Wicklow, and thofe near Derry and Roftrevor, afford it in abundance. Dr. Wade’s Plant Rariores. In Mr.Tighe’s woods at Wood- ftock, county of Kilkenny. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. This grafs anfwers very well in ‘moift woods. It is quick in vegetation after being cut; and af- fords a good crop, although not very profitable when cultivated out of fuch habitats. P. July. fahs ‘ excuyhéyt capneruyl. “| Fefeufhér cainnembuil. EncuisH.—Reed-like Fefcue-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright, 3, feet, reed-like, ftraight, very fmooth, knotted and inclining to purple. Leaves upright, flat, {word-fhaped, pointed and rough on the edges. Sheath nearly the length of the leaves, cylindrical, ftriated, fomewhat rough, with a very fhort blunt gnawed-like fheath-feale. Panicle {mall in pro- portion to the plant, upright, inclining one way, very much branched; branches in two's and three’s, angulated, rough. Spikets {mall, heaped, upright, pratensis, 80 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. upright, egg-oblong, and appearing fomewhat pubefcent.. Calyx, valves briftle-fhaped, pointed, keeled, nearly equal. Morets, from 3 to 5, in oppofite rows, fomewhat diftant; valves, nearly equal, bowed, lance-fhaped, pointed. . F. Panicle pointing one way, nearly upright, loofe; fpikets nearly ftrap-fhaped, flatted, bluntifh; florets cylindrical, lightly nerved. It grows common in rich meadows and paf- tures. This is an excellent grafs both for meadow and pafture, is of a defirable’ fize in its ftems, producing aftergrafs in plenty ; it is alfo quick in its growth, is a profitable {pecies to the grazier or farmer, and forms a part in every good meadow. Were an equal quantity of the feed of the Avena | flavefcens and Poa nemoralis mixed, and to this mixture were added an equal. quantity of the feed of Feftuca pratenfis, I would confider them in fuch mixture as the foundation of a good mea- dow. And, as the Avena flavefcens and Poa nemoralis are fine in leaves and ftems, they would in fuch proportion qualify the Feftuca pratenfis, which is much coarfer than either; whilft the ftout manner in which the Feftuca_pratenfis grows, would fupport and prevent the others from TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 81 from being lodged, which otherwife would happen from the debility of their ftems. Thefe three would likewife produce an abundant aftergrafs ; for, as the Avena flavefcens and Poa nemoralis incline much to a fecond crop within the feafon, they would be greatly affifted by the Feftuca pratenfis, which fends forth leaves in abundance after mowing. I don’t confider it as a defirable grafs to cultivate feparately, not being very prolific in ftems. Horfes, fheep, cows and goats atts Pint; P, June. July. ee i 1€na. Fefcufhér léna. EncuisH.— Meadow Fefcue-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems erect, nearly 2 feet, cylindrical, fmooth, and leafy. Leaves linear, pointed, fpreading; upper leaves rough on each fide. Sheath ftriated, very {mooth, with a very fhort theath-fcale furrounding the ftem. Panicle nearly upright, branched, pointing one way$ branches in pairs, unequal, fimple for the moft part, and rough. Spikets on fhort foot-ftalks, alternate, fomewhat blunt, fmooth, and many- flowered. Calyx, valves unequal, fomewhat M acute, fiuitans. 82 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. acute, finooth, one of them broader, three- nerved. Corolla, inner valve hollow, jagged at top and pubefcent on the edges. F. Panicle upright, branched; fpikets nearly fitting, cylindrical, preffed to the fpike-ftalks, awnlefs. Common in wet muddy ditches and ponds. In vacant fpots in marfhy and moift meadows where water generally lodges, and in ditches, where few others would grow, this grafs would be valuable to the grazier or farmer. It is a fpecies of which cattle are remarkably fond, and in queft of which they often rifk their lives. There are many ufelefs fpots for the cultivation of grain on farms, fuch as marfhes, ditches, or {pots in which water lodges, but which have no depth of foil for tillage. In fuch places this would be a very ufeful and beneficial grafs; for it is abundant in leaves and ftems, and grows remarkably faft after being eat down; fo that while cattle would be foraging after and picking it in fuch places, time would be afforded for the recovery of the higher pafture elfewhere, for I have remarked, that cattle will continue browfing an hour or two on a very {mall compas where this grafs is. ‘J therefore TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 85 I therefore confider fuch fpots of ground where it may be cultivated, to be as valuable as the dry pafture, if not more fo. It does not do well on dry grounds, as I have experienced in the Botanic Gardens, for by re- moving it out of its natural places of growth, it declines gradually, and feldom appears the third feafon. It is faid that the bran produced from the feed, when ground into meal, is given to horfes troubled with worms; but they muft be kept from water fome hours afterwards. Geefe and ducks are very fond of the feed, and become fat on them. Cows, horfes, and {wine eat it. P. Flowering all fummer. gFegourén cnamusylt. IRsHt AU Fefeufbér fnambuighill. EncuisH.—Flote Fefcue-grafs. Water Fefcue- grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems trailing at the bafe, and putting forth fibres at the joints, branched, ftriated, leafy, fmooth. Leaves flat, fomewhat blunt, and broad: under ones feeble, floating. Sheath long, flatted, ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort flender gnawed-like fheath-fcale, Panicle nearly loliacea. 84 - TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. nearly upright: branches alternate, fpreading. Spikets alternate, nearly fitting, lying clofe to the branches, ftrap-fhaped, containing from 8 to 10 florets. Calyx, valves fkinny, blunt, with a green keel. Corolla, inner valve notched at the end. It is often found with the panicle fcarcely branched, and fometimes {pike-like. F. Spike 2-rowed, drooping: fpikets nearly fitting, many-flowered, diftant, awnlefs. It grows in low moift meadows, particularly along river fides. This is a good meadow and pafture grafs, furnifhing plenty of foliage and flower ftems, and where it happens to be in a meadow, caufes a good fward. It alfo gives very good aftergrafs. A circumftance attending this fpecies is, that it does*not produce feed; for although it flowers as perfectly in appearance as any other grafs, yet a fingle feed is not formed within the flower. Therefore unlefs growing naturally in fome part of a farm, it does not anfwer the agriculturift; for were he to culti- vate it in quantity, he fhould colleé& the plants from fuch fpots as naturally produce it. P. June. July. IRIsP TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 85 Trish. Dglebtae pojlleaniujl. Fefcufhér roilleambuil. EncuisH.—Darnel-like Fefcue-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, nearly 3 feet, fimple, ftriated, leafy, Leaves linear, pointed, {preading, ftriated, even. Sheath long, ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort fheath-fcale furrounding the ftem. Spike 8 or io inches long, fomewhat bowed, 2-rowed, many-flowered, fometimes a little branched at the bafe. Spikets alternate, fitting, nearly upright, many-flowered, {mooth; lower ones often upon foot-ftalks and m pairs. Calyx, glumes awnlefs, unequal: one of them fhort, 3-fided but awl-fhaped; the other fonger and much broader, with many nerves but fearcely keeled. Florets in two oppofite rows ; fomewhat diftant, acute, fcarcely awned, cylin- drical, even, and without nerves. This grafs bears a great refemblance to the Lolium pe- renne, but may be diftinguifhed by its calyx being of two valves, which is not the cafe in the Lolium, the latter being of one valve only. BROMUS. seBalinus, 86 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. BROMUS. Cal. 2-valved. Spikets, oblong, cylindrical, 2-rowed: awn beneath the point. B. Panicle nodding: fpikets egg-fhaped, flatted: hufks naked; feeds diftin&, awns awl-fhaped, fhorter than the bloffom, not quite ftraight. It grows in corn fields, and in meadows near the fea fhore. Alongfide the Royal canal, be- tween Dublin and Blancher’s-town—on the lands of Santry—in fandy meadows between Clontarf ard Howth, county of Dublin. Barrack and Brick-fields, on the eftate of the Rt. Hon. John Fofter, Collon, county of Louth. On the banks of the Grand canal, near to where it joins the Shannon, Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. ; This is a tall-growing grafs, producing ftems, leaves, and feeds in abundance. ‘The feeds are large, and muft be very nutritive; and I pre- fume, if mixed with other grafles when made into hay, would be very acceptable to cattle. It being an annual grafs, it would not anfwer very well in meadow; moreover, if introduced by mixture when laying down a meadow, there would but very few plants of it appear the fol- lowing TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 87 lowing feafon after the firft year’s crop; for the feed is not apt to drop out of the hufk, but con- tinues there until-the ftem rots, and the entire panicle falls to the ground. The quality which this grafs pofleffes, of not fhedding its feeds, may be turned to account by the farmer; as it might be very advantageoufly mixed with red clover, ‘and would produce in the firft feafon a very plen- tiful crop, without annoying the clover on the enfuing year. Care mult be taken, however, that the proportion of the feed of this grafs to that of the clover be not too great, as it might gréw too thick, and prevent the fubfequent growth of the latter. If cultivated feparately, like barley and eats, and the crop judicioufly intermixed with other graffes in the hay-rick at the time of draw- ing home, it would make the whole very accep- table to cattle; as the Bromus fecalinus bears abundance of feed, which is large and mealy, and of courfe nutritive and fubftantial. The flowers dye green. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes eat it. A. July. Irish. * I would not be underftood to difcourage the ufual practice of fowing barley or oats with red clover, or to re- commend this grafs in preference; but it may fometimes happen, that from a fcarcity of meadow the above practice may he advifable. mollis. 88 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Hie §opumyhé pt réEsatarirujl. Brumfhér fegalambuil. EnquisH.—Rye-like Brome-grafs. Field Brome- grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 2 to 3 feet, upright, leafy, cylindrical, fmooth. Leaves, linear, fpreading, hairy above and on the mar- gins, rough underneath. Sheath even, with a fhort gnawed-like hairy fheath-feale. Panicle nearly 6 inches, clofe before flower, fpreading whengin flower, and becoming again clofe in its feminal ftate.. Spikets egg-fhaped, containing’ from g to 12 florets; thofe at the bafe diftant. Calyx, valves unequal, awnlefs, {mooth, 3-nerved, fkinny at the edges. Corolla, outer valve {fwollen,. awned beneath the top: inner valve more narrow and flender, concave, ciliated on the edges. Awn not quite ftraight, and fhorter than the outer valve. B. Panicle nearly upright: fpikets egg-fhaped, pubefcent; awn ftraight, leaves very foft, woolly. A very common grafs, growing in many fitu- ations, as meadows, paftures, banks or hedges, on TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 8G on way fides and on walls. This fpecies, like the former, is an anoual, but an earlier grafs. It is productive in leaves, ftems, and feed; and to obtain a good crop, annual fowing and broken ground is moft congenial to it. In the Botanic Gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, where a plot is allotted to this fpecies, it looks remarkably ‘well, and is much earlier in its fpring than the former. This may be accounted for by its fhedding its feed early, which vegetates and be- comes {trong before the approach of winter. Were it the farmer’s defire to have a crop of hay off his ground the feafon in which he fows his red clover, and that he wifhed, when cutting his clover the enfuing year, to have a mixture of grafs, this fpecies I take to be very defirable for that purpofe, as it feeds early. And as the feed foon drops, (which is not the cafe with the Bromus fecalinus,) a fufficient quantity would fall to have the defired effe@. And from its being an early grafs, and fending up flowering ftems fucceffively, it might, at the option of the pro- prietor, be either cut in a fucculent or in a more advanced ftate. It would alfo be lefs dangerous for cattle to eat the clover when in mixture with N this 90 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. this grafs. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes. cat it. A. June. July. IrIsH. ; aUITINEDEN LOB» Brumfhér bog. EncuisH.—Soft Brome-grafs. Lob-grafs. Oat- grafs. ; Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 2 feet, cylindrical, ftriated, often fmooth, fometimes pubefcent, with fwoln knots. Leaves and /heaths {triated and covered with foft villous hairs. _Pa- nicle upright, clofe but fomewhat fpreading: branches in femiwhirls of various lengths, pu- befcent. Spikets nearly upright, egg-fhaped, acute, lightly comprefled, containing from 5 to 10 florets which lie over each other tiled-like. Calyx, valves unequal, pointed, fkinny on the edges, keeled, covered with foft hairs, and having from 7 to g green nerves on the back. - Coralla, valves fimilar to the calyx: inner valve very flender: Awan rough, the length of the valves. erectus. B, Panicle upright ; peduncles fomewhat fimple : | florets TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Ot * florets lance-fhaped, nearly columnar: root- leaves very natrow, ciliated with fine hairs. Plentiful on the lands of Santry and Coo- lock—along the fides of the Royal canal, and fouth fide of the river Toker, county of Dublin. _ From my obfervations on this fpecies, both in its wild and cultivated ftate, I confider it as a good grafs both for meadow and pafture. It is of good fize, not too coarfe, early in its fpring, quick in vegetation, and furnifhes exceedingly well in leaves and ftems. In laying down meas dows it would be a good grafs.as a mixture 5 for although flender, it is an upright ftilf .grow- ing grafs, not apt to lodge, or be any way in- jured by high winds or heavy rains, and would be a mean of preferving others from thofe ca- fualties which otherwife might happen from their debility. It is my opinion, that in. laying down meadows, a portion of ftrong, ftiff, or coarfe graffes ought to be introduced, for the above purpofe; and as this fpecies anfwers both for meadow and aftergrafs, it would be a very defi- rable one for the purpofe. This day, Jan. 19th, it is more forward in its growth, by an inch and half ‘in the blade, than any other grafs in the P N2 Garden, asper. 92 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Garden. There is a variety of this fpecies, whofe fpikets are longer, narrower, and fmooth; which frequently grows along with the other. P. july. TRISH. ‘ims hen (HeIb- Brumfhér Jneigh. EncLisH.—Upright Brome-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems nearly 3 feet, up- right, ftraight, cylindrical, fmooth, leafy better than half way, 4-knotted. Leaves nearly acute, ftriated; thofe from the root very narrow, with long white fine hairs which afcend but not in regular order. Sheath ftriated, {mooth, with a very fhort gnawed-like fheath-fcale. Panicle up- right; branches upright, many, and of various lengths. Calyx, valves lance-fhaped, acute, keeled; inner valve largeft, three-nerved. Florets from 5 to 9, tiled. Awmns, fcarce the length of the glumes. Corolla, inner valve lightly ciliated comb-like. Anthers, deep faffron colour. The ciliz on the inner valve is lefs confpicuous in this fpecies than in any other of the genus. B. Panicle branched, drooping, fomewhat rough: fpikets flrap-fhaped, fomewhat cylin- drical, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. G3 drical, 19-flowered, hairy, awned: ftems and leaves hairy. It grows in woods and hedges, particularly among under fhrubs, briars, &c. It is a tall grafs producing much leaves, but few ftems, and in an agricultural point of view of no great value. It thrives beft among bufhes. Cattle are not fond of it. P. July. Aug. iach arte pjobac. Brumfbér giobach. EnewisH.—Hairy Brome-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 4 to 5 feet, upright, cylindrical, ftriated, fmooth at top, three-knotted. Leaves fpreading, flat, acute, rough with hair, and nearly of a length. Sheaths cylindrical, fcarcely keeled; dower ones covered with numerous long hairs which are curved at top. Sheath-fcale fhort, rent-like, Panicle 1 foot, drooping; lefler Sranches moftly in pairs, drooping, rough. Spikets from 6 to 10-flow- ered, long, flender, fhearly cylindrical, pendu- lous, Calyx, valves very unequal; larger valve tibbed: fmaller one keeled. Corolla, larger valve sterilis. 04 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. valve ribbed towards the end: Atwn fhorter — than the bloffom. B. Panicle fpreading: fpikets oblong: florets 2-rowed: calyx taper-pointed; awns very long: leaves pubefcent. Common in woods, fides of hedges, atid on dunghills. This fpecies is more defirable for its leaves than for its ftems; for although prolific in ftems, and thofe not very coarfe, they are not palatable to cattle, owing to their very long awns, which are rough and ftick in the mouth when chewing. It is the moft forward and hardy of all our graffes, and much more pro- ductive in foliage. It* feeds early, drops its feed foon, vegetates quickly, and furnifhes in a very little time after, a very thick cover, of fine, long, foft leaves, that continue green’ during the winter, and are very acceptable. to cattle at that feafon. It would be a good grafs to throw: upon any wafte, barren, or gravelly place, for where other better grafles would make but little progrefs, this would be a covér almoft the year round. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes “eat it. A. June. July. IRIs. TRIANDRIA DIGYNTA. 93 Heck, cee ajmpyD. Lrumfhér aimrid. EncuisH.— Barren Brome-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1} to 2 feet, upright, flender, leafy nearly to the top, from 5 to 6-knotted. Leaves f{preading, flat, fome- what weak, narrow, very foft on each fide, pubefcent and fomewhat rough on the margin. Sheath cylindrical, covered with very foft hairs which are fomewhat bowed. Sheath-/cale, ob- long, rent-likes Panicle: drooping: branches often by three’s, drooping, rough, very long, fimple, rarely fubdivided. Spikets flat, broader upwards. Calyx, 6 or 8-flowered ; valves very unequal, rough: larger valve ribbed, tapering toa point: fmaller one keeled. Corolla, larger valve ribbed, very rough, not hairy. Awns longer than the bloffom. B. Panicle drooping: fpikets egg-oblong, 8-flow- @72evsis- ered: florets tiled, depreffed, nearly fmooth. Found in low meadows, near Cullinagh, Queen’s county. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Catalogue of rare Plants. Not sylvaticus. 96 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Not recolleéting to fee this fpecies cultivated in any quantity in the Botanic gardens, I can form no judgment as to its agricultural value. I have given it as a native grafs on the autho- rity of Mr. J. T. Mackay. A. July. Gbpum phe macajpe. TrisH i: Brumfhér machaire. EncuisH.—Field Brome-gra/s. B. Spike fimple, drooping, pointing one way: fpikets fitting, diftant, nearly cylindrical: awn longer than the bloflom: leaves hairy. Common in woods and hedges. It is a fpecies of little worth for cultivation, being a harfh looking grafs, not very prolific in either ftems or leaves. It appears beft on the fides of fhady ditches, and in low bufhy places at the verges of woods; and in fuch places may afford nourifhment to cattle in warm weather, when they withdraw to fhade, but I have often remarked they feemed not to like it. P. June. July. IgIsH. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. Q7 ipa “aes yjoobad. Brumfhér foodhbhadb. ENcLIsH.—Slender Wood Brome-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 2 feet, upright, fimple, leafy, inclining to taper near the top. Leaves {preading, fomewhat broad, pointed, ftriated underneath, fringed with long white hairs. Sheath ftraight, ftriated, hairy, with a fhort blunt rent-like fheath-{cale. Spike fimple, drooping, 3 inches long. Spikets 6 or 7, al- ternate, fitting, pointing one way, pubefcent, and containing from 6 to 9 florets each. Calyx, valves unequal, Jance-fhaped, pointed awn-like, and hairy towards the top. Corolla, inner valve linear, ciliated with upright ftiff awn-like hairs. wn longer than the bloffom. B. Spike fimple, upright, 2-rowed: fpikets fit- pinnasus. ting, nearly cylindrical: awn ‘fhorter than the bloffom: leaves almoft without hairs. It grows in dry hilly woodlands. Found by Doétor Scott in the county of Fermanagh, and in hedges near Cullinagh, Queen’s county, by Mr. Bradbury. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Cata- Qo logue 98 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. logue of rare Plants. A more harth grafs than the former, and worfe in every refpe& for’ agricultural purpofes. P. July. Aug. ¢hopumPhen ojacanac. Ixise. ¢ Brumfhér Jgiathanach. Enouisu.—lWinged, or Pinnated Brome:grafi. Ob. Roots fibrous but fomewhat creeping. Stems from 1% to 2 feet, upright, fimple, cy: lindrical, very fmooth. Leaves nearly upright, fpear-fhaped, pointed, ftiffifh, rough, feldom hhiry. Sheath-fcale fhort, blunt, ciliated. Spike fimple, upright, of various length: /pikets from 6 to 10, alternate, fitting, two-rowed but not pointing one way, and their flat fides turned towards the ftem, containing from 6 to 10 florets each, which lie clofely tiled. Calyx, valves nearly equal, lance-fhaped, fomewhat awned, many-nerved, and hairy at the margin. Corolla, inner valve retufe, ciliated with upright briftle-like hairs as in the former. wn fhorter than the bloffom, terminating. giganteus. B, Panicle drooping: fpikets 4-flowered, fhorter than the awns: leaves fword-fhaped,. nerved. Tt TRIANDR1A DIGYNIA. 99 It grows in woods and moift hedges. Lut- trell’s-town wood, county of Dublin —Grey- Abby wood, county of Down—Knappin wood, county of Antrim. This is a tall coarfe grafs, which produces leaves in quantity, but not very productive in ftems. Ina ftate of cultivation it appears well as a coarfe grafs, but requires a renewal every three years; for thofe {tems with their root-leaves, which flower, generally rot the following year, and caufe a great deficiency in the plant. It is alfo liable to be injured by cattle feeding on it, being fo eafily pulled out of ground by their nipping; for it gene- rally encreafes by offsets, whofe fibres take but a flight hold in the earth. I don’t con- fider it as a grafs worthy of cultivation, unlefs in fhady woods or fuch like places, where its fibres would take better hold, and where others more valuable would not thrive. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes eat it. P. June. July, {RISH. ‘100 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. a enka ajftéac. Brumfhér aitheach. EncuiisH.—Gigantic Brome-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 3 to 4 feet, upright, cylindrical, ftriated, leafy. Leaves nearly upright, fword-fhaped, pointed, 1 foot Jong or more, broad, flat, rough on each fide and on the margin, Sheath long, ftriated, fmooth, without hairs, with a fhort purple gnawed-like fheath-fcale furrounding the ftem. Panicle drooping: branches in pairs, fubdivided, angulated, rongh. Spikets alternate, {mooth, drooping, and containing from 4 to 6 florets. Calyx, valves unequal, keeled, tapering to a point; inner one broadeft and three-nerved. Corolla, inner valye as long, and nearly as broad as the outer, acute, not ciliated. Awan twice the length of the bloflom or more. rites AVENA. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 101 AVENA. Cal. 2-valved, many-flowered: awn from the back of the bloffom, twifted. A. Panicled: calyx 2-flowered: male floret awned: hermaphrodite floret fometimes awn- lefs: roots bulbous. It grows in meadows, paftures, wet damp places, and hollow ways. This grows very tall, furmounting all others in meadows where it naturally inhabits. It is a good grafs as hay, furnifhing well in leaves and ftems, and has the good property of fending forth after- grafs in abundance. It is not very apt to lodge, ‘and it continues flowering fucceflively a con- fiderable time. It anfwers in moft foils, and is not choice in its fituations. Were an equal quantity of the feed of Poa trivialis and Poa nemoralis mixed, and if to this quantity in mix- ture were added an equal quantity of the Avena elatior, I fhould imagine a good crop of hay would be the refult. For Avena ela- tior being a tall-grafs, fomewhat coarfe and ftrong, it would in fuch proportion be a fup- port elatior. 102 TRILANDRIA’ DIGYNIA. port and a fhade to both thefe other graffes, whofe leaves and ftems are fine, and thrive beft when in fhade and mixture. They would befides be an improvement to the’ Avena ela- tior, to qualify and make it. more palatable to cattle. They are three grafles which give. great aftergrafs, therefore the produé as fuch muft be valuable in conjunétion. There is a variety of this grafs without awns, which grows near Luittrell’s-town along the way fide. ~ P, July. Aug. baree 5 COME! AfftDE. 1 (Coirce airde. EncuisH.—Tall Oat-grafs. Ob. Roots bulbous, fometimes a double pears fhaped bulb one above the other. Stems upright, | from 3 to 4 féet or more, fimple, leafy, fmooth. Leaves rough above and on the edges. Sheath- feale hort, dented. Panicle upright: branches in femiwhirls, rough. Male floret with a large awn placed towards the bafe: hermaphrodite floret very fhort, nearly terminating. rubewens. A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx 3-flowered: bloffom bearded at the bafe; leaves flat, downy. Frequent TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 103 Frequent in dry paftures and meéadows. This is not-avery prolific grafs, bearing but few ftems which are feeble, and its foliage fhort which are very bitter. It is an early grafs, and fheds its feed very foon afier being ripe. In an agricultu- ral. point of view of no great, value, unlefs asa variety. amongft others, being a fightly grafs, from its purplith and filyery white, flowers, P. June. GCopce clan. “¢ Coirce cluimhadb. Encuist.—Downey Oat-grafs. Pubsfcent Oai- grafs. Poa Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems from 1 to 2 feet, upright, fimple, nearly cylindrical, fmooth, leafy. Leaves {preading, fhort, blunt, flat, covered each fide, as likewife the lower fheaths with foft downy IrRisH hairs. Panicle upright, fpike-like, not much branched, nearly inclining\one way. Calyx, valyes very unequal, rough on the keel, acute at top, awalefs: inner valve double the Jength of the outer. Corolla, inner valve fmalleft, and nar- rowett, awnlefs and rough on the edge: outer valve with an awn placed on the back below the middle. Awn twice the length of the calyx. P. June. July. A. Panicle fracescens, 104 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. A. Panicle loofe; calyx 3-flowered, fhort: all the florets awned: leaves flaccid, moftly pu- befcent. It grows in meadows, paftures, on hills and way fides. A good meadow grafs, producing much ftems which are very fine, as likewife its foliage, and would be an acceptable fpecies as a mixture in any meadow. From obfervations I have made in the Botanic gardens, in the farmer’s divifion, where a plot is allotted to this grafs, it always appeared to be in good quantity, and looked remarkably well. It holds its ground but is generally lodged, owing to the debility of its {tems, and is, on this account, more defirable in mixture than feparate. P. June. Sept. GCoypce onfolicac. IRISH. (Coirce orfholltach. EncuisH.—Yellow Oat-grafs. Yellow Oat. Yel- low-haired Oat-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous, fomewhat creeping. Stems 14 feet, upright, fomewhat branched at bafe, leafy, ftriated, 3-knotted, and often with {mall hairs TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA, 105 hairs under the knots. Leaves flat, acute, lefs or more pubefcent. Sheath ftriated, with a fome- what hairy fheath-fcale. Panicle fomewhat droop- ing, loofe, firft a yellow green, then changing to a_golden yellow; very much branched: branches in femiwhirls: little branches rough, fomewhat waved. Calyx, valves acute, keeled, very une- qual. Corolla, inner valve fomewhat fhorter but more narrow. -d4wz nearly twice as long as the bloffom. : A. Panicle fpike-like: calyx 5-flowered: leaves ftiff, edges rolled inwards. Heaths and high chalky grounds. I have entered this fpecies as a native on the autho- rity of the Botanic Catalogue, by Mr. John Underwocd. This grafs is not very prolific in ftems, nor are its leaves very long. It is a fpecies not worthy the notice of the agriculturift, either for meadow or paflure, as being rigid in its leaves, and not a very defirable fize in ftems. Sheep, goats, cows and horfes eat tt. P. June. July. = IRISH. pratensis. 106° TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA: IRISH. § Coppice moynpe-- Coiree moinfhér. Encuiisi.—Meadow Oat-gra/s. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems : foot or more, upright, ftraight, fimple, ftriated, with one knot_ towards the bafe. Leaves, thofe from the root ftrap-fhaped, acute, rigid, and doubled together : thofe on the ftem broader, nerved. Sheath very long, fmooth, with a fpear-fhaped fheath-fcale. Spike upright, moftly fimple ; /pikets, upper ones _ fitting: lower ones on foot-ftalks, thofe feldom in pairs. Calyx, valves nearly equal, acute, three-nerved, and the length of the under floret. Corolla, inner valve very flender, fringed with fmall hairs. Aw twice the length of the bloffom. ARUNDO. Cal. 2-valved : foorets heaped together, awnleis, furrounded with down at the bafe. Phragmitis. A. Calyx 5-flowered: panicle loofe. Common in rivers, lakes and ditches. This is a very \ TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 107 a very tall grafs, abundant in leaves and ftems, but very coarfe. It is frequently to be met with in low marfhy meadows, and at the edges of rivers; and although naturally growing in fach fituations, it bears cultivation on dry ground amazingly; for in feveral of the divifions in the Botani¢ gardens, where it happens to fall in the arrangements, it thrives remarkably, and foon would extend itfelf were it permitted. However its utility to the agriculturift would be of little value, being a grafs, from its creeping roots, that he ought rather to extirpate than encourage. In its natural fituations it may not be fo ufelefs, as it forms a cover, and may be relifhed at times by fome fpecies of his cattle; it would alfo anfwer for thatching, being more durable than ftraw, and might likewife be ufed acrofs the frame of wood-work, as a foundation for plaifter floors. The flowers dye woollen green. Cows, goats and horfes eat it. P. July. P 2 [RIsH, eslorata. 108 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA,’ (Cvle Cyrvigsjonnas. ") Cuile Cruifgiornagh. Biorach lachan. EBirah laghon. Cruifgiornah. TrisH ENGLIsH.—Common Reed grofs. Ob. Roots creeping. Stems upright, from 4 to 6 feet, fimple, knotted, leafy. Leaves lance- fhaped, pointed, fpreading, {mooth, rough on the edges, very even underneath, glaucous. Sheath cylindrical, ftriated, fmooth, with a very fhort gnawed-like fheath-fcale furnifhed with hairs on each fide. Panicle nearly upright, fpreading, very much branched and inclining one way. Spikets upright, from 4 t6 6-flow- ered; flowers furrounded -with down at the bafe, which down is about the Jength of the florets, and-rifes from the fpike-ftalk. Calyx, valves very unequal, lance-thaped, acute, keeled: larger valve with three nares! Corclla, inner valve double as fhort as the outer, and ciliated. A. Calyx 1-flowered, keeled: panicle upright, heaped : flowers pointing one way, awnlefs : leaves broad : flat. Common TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 109 Common on the banks of rivers and fides of ponds. This is a tall fpecies which is abun- dantly fupplied with leaves and ftems; it is a ftrong coarfe grafs, which would be very pro- du@ive in moitt fituations. If cultivated in fuch places, and a certaia number of cattle put on it at a proper feafon, fo as to keep it in check, it might anfwer well as pafture; for the oftener it’ is cropt the more acceptable it is to cattle. It-is very quick in growth, and would even thrive well in drier fituations than where it naturally inhabits; for in the Botanic gardens, in feveral parts, where it happens to fall in an arrangement, it thrives amazingly, and, although in dry fituations, furnifhes an abundant crop. It is an excellent thatch for ricks or cottages, and Jafts much longer than {traw. ‘There are two varieties of this fpecies, one with filver-ftriped, the other with gold- {triped leaves, which are often met growing with it: they are accidental varieties, and if taken in and cultivated will continue. their variegation. The two varieties are in the Bo- tanic gardens, and were introduced from their wild fituations fome years back. Sheep, cows, goats and horfes eat it. P. July. TRISH. 110 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ; Cyile joloacad. TRIsH. Cuile ioldathach. Encuisu.—Canary Reed-gra/s. The variegated kinds are known by the names of Ribband-gra/s. Painted Lady grafs. Ladies Traces, ce. Ob. Roots creeping, matted. Stems from 3 to 5 feet, upright, cylindrical, leafy, fmooth, many-knotted. Leaves {preading, lance-fhaped, fomewhat acute, even on each fide and on the edges. Sheath nerved, fwoln, fmooth, with a fhort and fomewhat blunt fheath-feale. Panicle upright, branched, dividing in little lobe-like clufters: little branches angulated, rough. Calyx, valves unequal, flatted, keeled, three-nerved, nearly acute, rough on the keel, and con- taining one floret. Corvila, valves equal, hairy on the outfide: outer valve broadeft and en- clofing the inner. arevaria. A, Calyx one-flowered, longer than the co- rolla: panicle fpike-like: flowers upright, awnlefs: leaves, edges rolled inwards, pointed thorn-like at the end. This TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. lil This plant is generally met with on dry fandy fea fhores, and in fuch places is not without value, for it forms great tufts, and would, if cultivated upon the fea fhore, pre- vent the wind from difperfing the fand over many fertile acres of land adjoining.* Mr. J. T. Mackay, in his Catalogue of rare Plants, mentions it as growing abundantly on the fandy beach at the bottom of Burren mountains, county *® There are three graffes, although not indigenous, that may not be unworthy of notice in this place, from their utility in forming a bank again{t the irruptions of the waves; they are all of the genus Elymus, and the {pecies are the arenarius, geniculatus, and giganteus. To Gentlemen, whofe grounds extend along the fea fhore, the cultivation of thefe graffes would be of the utmoft importance. They arte {trong and tall-growing, thick and prolific in their ftems, and the roots extend and go fo deep in the ground, that any cover thrown on them by the tides would rather improve than retard their growth : they would foon form a bask that would effectually pre- yent the encroachments of the fea, In ftopping the fly- ing fands they are fuperior to the Arundo arenaria. A line of thefe graffes, planted along the fea fhore from Clontarf to Sutten, would have prevented the banks from being worn away by the waves, and would have preferved the car-way, which was formerly paffable, but is now a floaded ftrand. Gentlemen who vifit the Botanic gar- dens, by viewing thefe three {pecies, may judge of their utility for the above purpofe. 6 139 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. county of Clare, ‘and it is there confidered valuable for feeding cattle in winter, as in that country ftraw and hay are both very fcarce. Tt makes an excellent thatch for houfes, and will fometimes laft for twenty years. Cattle will eat of it in winter, but in fummer they leave it untouched. The flowers and feed are poffefled of an emetic quality, and may be ufed where the ordinary emetics cannot be ob- tained. They vomit ftrongly, but are not dangerous in their operation. P. July. Bw Cujle mvipljunad. RISH. Cuile Muiriunadh. Muiriunach. Maithine. Mehain. EncuiisH.——Sea Reed-grafs. Sea Matweed. Marram. Helme. Ob. Roots creeping, jointed, extending widely and to fome diftance. Stems afcending, nearly 3, feet, ftiff, fmooth, knotted, knee-bent at the bafe, leafy. Leaves upright but fpreading, ftraight, rigid, rolled inwards on the edges, ending dagger-pointed, furrowed above, and very even underneath. Sheath nerved, fmooth, with an elongated acute fheathfeale. Panicle upright, TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 1kS upright, fpike-like; branches fhort, upright, and lying clofe. Calyx, valves nearly equal, acute, rough on the keel, and fomewhat longer than the floret. Corol/a, valves lance-fhaped, unequal, rough on the keel: outer valve gnawed-like at top and enclofing the inner. LOLIUM. Cal, 1-valve, fitting, many-flowered: florets 2-rowed. L. Spike awnlefs: fpikets comprefled, many- perenne. flowered, longer than the calyx. A very common grafs in meadows, paftures, way-fides and wafte places.. It is a good grafs for either meadow or pafture. As a meadow grafs, when in mixture with others, or even feparate, it is valuable, from its ftems being abundant, of good fize, not coarfe, and its feed being nutritive; it alfo carries weight, though it-does not Bulk well. As a pafture grafs, it is hardy, early, continuing its verdure during Q the 114 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. the winter, rapid in the growth of its foliage, and not averfe to any foil. Notwithftanding all thefe good qualities, I have often heard» it fpoken lightly of. However, many gentlemen and farmers are not aware that this grafs in its feed fhould be changed once in every four years at leaft; as is commonly the cafe through- out this ifland with potatoes and oats. This I have experienced in the Botanic gardens; for I have remarked whenever I brought in a variety of this grafs from any diftance, fuch as eight or ten miles, it throve better than any.I had coiuleéted in or about the ground. From what I had heard at Leéture, I con- fider Mr. Pacey’s Ray-grafs (for which he has fo confiderable demand) to be an improved variety of the Lolium perenne. ‘This improve- ment I take to be owing to nothing elfe than the ange of foil; for, as I have remarked, it will degenerate, as potatoes and corn do, if there be not a change either in feed or foil. About thirty years ago I recollc& that whole fields of this grafs were cultivated at Rathef- car, a country feat belonging at that time to the Rt. Hon. John Fofter, and- was -efteemed by _ TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 415 by the oldeft men and farmers as the moft valuable grafs.. If I do not miftake the feed was imported; however in the fourth crop it began to decline, which circumftance confirms me in the opinion, that change of feed is ne- ceflaty in this {pecies. I therefore fhould con- fider Mr. Pacey’s Ray-grafs to be no other than the Lolium perenne. The feed he colleéts from a wild ftate, and fows, it improves by the change; with. this improved feed he fupplies his cuftomers, with whom it ftill further improves from the varia- tion of foil. ‘This procefs he repeats annually, and thus I would account for the fuperiority of the Ray-grafs for which this gentleman is diftinguifhed. If any gentleman or farmer will caufe to be colleéted a fmall quantity of the Lolium perenne, which grows fome miles dif- tant from his eftate or farm, particularly if he colle& it from old paftures or mountain grounds, and that he fows it in a part of his foil which is neither too rich nor too poor, the refult will demonftrate that the fuperior excellence of Mr. Pacey’s Ray-grafs depends on that operation, He may likewife obferve, that in the courfe of the fourth crop, if not re- Q 2 newed 116” pReNDR As Die newed as above, it will degenerate to its for- mer natural manner of growth. There are varieties of this grafs, one with broad {pikes, one with round fpikets, and one whofe fpike ‘1s fomewhat branched; they are all to be met with pretty frequently. Cows, horfes and fheep eat it. Goats are not fond of it. P, June. July: § Rolle maptandé. IRISH. id Roille marthanach. Raidhlead. Roille. EneoutsH.—Perennial Darnel-grafs. Ray-gra/s. Red Darnel-grafs. Crap. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 1 foot or more, upright, knotted, knee-bent at the bafe, leafy, cylindrical, fmooth. Legves linear, keeled, fmooth. Sheath tiriated, fmooth, with a fhort blunt fheath-fcale furrounding the ftem. Spike nearly upright, two-rowed, flatted. Spikets al- ternate, upright, egg-fhaped, comprefs, many- flowered, and fometimes awned. Calyx of one valve, lance-fhaped, fomewhat hollow infide, acute, awnlefs, and nearly twice as fhort as the TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 117 the fpiket. Corolla, inner valve fmalleft, cili- ated, concave. L. Spike awnlefs, cylindrical: {pikets three- flowered. It generally grows in dry paftures, and on declivities. On the lands about Collon, Tinure, and Fuinfog, county of Louth. Above Scrib- ble’s-town, near the Obfervatory, where it had been previoufly obferved by Doétor Brinkley, county of Dublin. It is a flender grafs in its leaves, ftems and fpikes, and very little infe- rior to the former, except that it is fmaller in every refpec. I prefume it is only a variety of the for- mer; for although I have frequently found it with its fpikets containing but three florets, ‘yet when I introduced and cultivated it in the Gardens, its fpikets produced five florets, and the whole plant appeared very little inferior to the Lolium perenne. Perhaps this may be attributed to change of foil. Cattle eat it. P. June. July. [RIskH. fenueé. temulentum. 118 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. ie cdot. TrisH. Raille caol. Encuitsu.—Slender Darnel-grafs. Slender Ray- grafs. Ob. Similar to the former in every refpect but being more flender, and its calyx being fomething longer, alfo its fpikets containing but three florets when in its wild ftate. L. Spike awned: fpikets fhorter than the calyx: ftems rough at top. Tt generally grows in ploughed lands, among oats, wheat, and fometimes flax. This grafs — bears ftems, leaves and feed in abundance ; the feeds are large, mealy and nutritive, and were it relifhed by cattle, when made into hay, muft be very fubftantial. It might be fown with red: clover, and would anfwer as fodder in a recent. flate. Its further utility, im an agricultural point of view, would be but little. In wheat and oat fields it is a great peft; the feed is often ground with them into meal, and when made inte bread, if eaten when hot, caufes a diz- zinefs TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 119 zinefs in the head not unlike drunkennefs, but if eaten when cold produces but little effe&. Brewers and diftillers, when purchafing barley, do not think it difadvantageous to have a {mall quantity of this grain mixed’ therein; as it is of an inebriating quality, as its name imports. In Oughterard, in that part of the county of Galway called Cunnamara, the in- habitants are obliged, before they ftack their grain, to open every fheaf, and glean out this grafs. Sheep are not fond of it. A. June. July. § Roylic bpcojltean. ¢ Roille Breoillean. Ruinhelais. Ruinhelean. Bod a rinker. IRISH. Encuisu.—Annual Darnel-grafs. Rivery. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems upright, 2 feet, firm, cylindrical, three-knotted, leafy, very fmooth below, rough above. Leaves lances fhaped, fpreading, rough. Sheath ftriated, fomewhat rough, with a very fhort blunt cre- nulated fheath-feale. Spike upright, fimilar to the former, but much groffer. Calyx, valve lance-fhaped, fomewhat acute, awnlefs, ftriated, and arvense. 120 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. and generally longer than the fpiket; the ter- minating fpiket with a two-leaved calyx: and the lowermoft fpikets have a minute inner leaf to the calyx. Corolla, inner valve awnlefs, con- cave, fomewhat ciliated. I. Spike awnlefs, rather fhorter than the ca- lyx: ftems very {mooth. It grows among corn, and in potatoe fields. In corn fields about Roche’s-town, and potatoe fields about Glafnevin, county of Dublin. Its value in agriculture may be confidered in the fame point of view as the Lolium temulentum. A. June. July. sa brand. IRISH. Roille branar. Encxisu.—Corn, or White Darnel-gra/s. Ob. It is not fo common as the former, to which it is very fimilar, but may be dif tinguifhed from it by its ftems being fmooth; its calyx not being longer than the fpiket, and by the latter being awnlefs. ROTBOLLIA. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 121 ROTBOLLIA. Cal. of 1 or 2 valves, egg-fpearfhaped, flat: frets alternate on a zigzag fpike-ftalk. R. Spike cylindrical, awl-fhaped, curved: ca- lyx, hufk awlfhaped, lying clofe to the fpike-ftalk, divided into two. 6 It grows in wet paftures, and places along the fea fhore. In old quarries at the fand banks between Baldoyle and Howth. In wet marfhes below Irifhtown, county of Dublin. In a falt marth a little below Cork, and on the fouth ifles of Arran. Mr. J. T. Mackay’s Ca- talogue of rare Plants. It is a grafs of little or no value to the farmer. A. Aug. tal alah ANSE. Durfhér fairge. EncuisH.—Sea Hard-grafs. | Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, decumbent at the bafe, branched, very fmooth, leafy. Leaves fpreading, linear, acute, flat, rough above and on the edges. Sheath fhorter than R the incurviutae canimus. 122 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. the leaves, fomewhat fwollen, with a fhort blunt fheath-fcale. Spike terminating, folitary, cylindrical, fomewhat bowed, fmooth, and con- taining many florets. Calyx, valves placed out- wardly, ftrap-{pearfhaped, acute, fmooth ; one valve expanding when the pollen is ripe. Flowers folitary, fomewhat fhorter than the ca- lyx: valves fkinny on the edges, nearly equal, awnlefs. ; . ELYMUS. Cal. \ateral, 2-valved, feveral together, many- flowered. FE. Spike upright, compact ; fpikets upright, without an involucrum: the lowermoft in pairs. It grows in woods and hedges. On the way-fide and in hedges between Knockmarron- hill and Lucan-bridge. In the wood, and in hedges at Luttrell’s-town, county of Dublin. This grafs grows pretty tall, furnifhing well in leaves and ftems, yet not very defirable for meadow TRIANDRIA DIGYNIAy 125 meadow or pafture, as being rather wiry, and as its fpikes have long awns, which would caufe the hay to be rather unpalatable to cattle, nor is its aftergrafs prolific. It bears a great refemblance to the Triticum repens, or Couch-grafs, but may be diftinguifhed from it by its fibrous roots, which do not creep in the ground as thofe of the Triticum repens. P, July, Aug. ue oti yeufagad. ¢ Aalfhér feufagach. EnexisH.—Bearded Lyme-grafs. Bearded Wheat- - grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous, not creeping. Stems many, upright, ftraight, 2 feet or more, leafy, very fmooth. Leaves ftrap-fpearfhaped, acute, nerved, flat, rough on each fide and fometimes hairy. Sheath ftriated, {mooth, with a very minute fheath-fcale. Spike from 3 to 4 inches, nearly upright. Calyx, valves equal, lance-fhaped, ending awn-like. Corolla, inner valye ciliated : awns twice as long as the florets, R2 HORDEUM. Murine. 124 TRIANDRIA DIGYNYIA. HORDEUM. Cal. Lateral, 2-valved, 1-flowered; 3 together. H. Lateral florets male: awned: involucrum of the intermediate florets fringed. Very common along way fides and walls, particularly about the vicinity of Dublin. This grafs fends forth leaves’ and ftems in great quantity, and before the flower {pike appears is relifhed much by cattle; but afterwards is rather difagreeable and injurious to them, from the awns or beard of the ears which ftick in their mouths and caufe a forenefs that renders them incapable of eating for fome time. Along the pathways in the vicinity of Dub- lin, where this grafs is to be met ‘with, I have obferved that whilft it is in foliage, it is generally kept down by cattle, but when fhoot- ing for flower is afterwards left untouched. Unlefs for its leaves before the appearance of the {pike, it is an unprofitable and unfit grafs for cultivation, being one that fhould be cautioufly TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA,. 125 cautioufly ‘avoided in a farm for the reafons | above-mentioned. Sheep and horfes eat it. A. July. Aug, a balta. igisH. Forna balla. Cuifog fhinn. | Eneuisa.—Wall Barley. Way Bennet. . Wild Rye... Rye-grafi. . Moufe-ear Barley. Ob. Réots fibrous. Stems many; 1 foot, nearly upright, decumbent, knotted, and’ knee- bent at the bafe, fpreading, leafy. Leaves fpreading, linear-lanceolate, acute, ftriated, rough. Sheath almoft the length of the leaves, {omewhat bellying out, ftriated, very {mooth, with a very fhort fheath fcale. Spike upright, from 2 to 3 inches, many-flowered. Spikets 2-rowed, tiled. Calyx, outer valve briftle-like; inner one three- nerved, ciliated comb-like and all awned. Awns ftraight, very rough, and double the length of the glumes. Fiorets {o- litary, lance-fhaped, awned: Awns longer than thofe of the calyx: inner valve blunt, pointed. H. Lateral pratense. 126 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. H. Lateral florets male, awned: involucrum briftle-fhaped, rough. Moift meadows and paftures. Meadows along the Royal canal from the Crofs-guns to Blan- cherftown—meadows between the Crefcent and Clontarf, county of Dublin. The foliage of this fpecies is far inferior to that of the for- mer in quantity and fize, yet in mixture with other graffes it produces a tolerable fhare of ftems, which are not fo injurious to cattle in their effect as the other, but neverthelefs a grafs not to be recommended to the agriculturift for cultivation either in mixture or feparate. _ P. July. Aug. (Eopnnda 1éne. TRISH. s Eorna léna. EncuisH.—Meadow Barley. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems 14 feet, upright, flender, leafy, naked above, {mooth. Leaves fpreading, linear, acute, fomewhat rough. Sheath not much bellying, {triated, {mooth, with a fmall fheath-feale, Spike as in the for- mer, ‘TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 127 mer, but more flender, and its awns fhorter. Calyx, vilves equal, very natrow, briftle-fhaped, rough, awned. Florets moftly as in the for- mer, but the lateral ones on longer foot-{talks, and much fhorter in the awns. H. Lateral florets male, awned, rough on the saritinam, back; middle floret hermaphrodite, with a long awn: involucrum rough. In fandy and gravelly banks along the fea fhore between Swords and Ruth, but not in quantity. A grafs of little value. It is rather injurious to cattle, if accidentally introduced among hay, from its {tiff awns, | A. July. Aug. Connd Mara. IrIsH. r . Eorna mara. EncuisH.—Sea Barley. Sea-fide Barley. Squir- rel-tail-gra/fs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, about 4 inches high, decumbent at the bafe, then up- right. Spike about 1 inch, compaé. Its fize will readily diftinguifh it from the two former, and ’ ~~» unceum. 128 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. and as there are but three of the genus found. to be indigenous, it may be eafily known. TRITICUM. Cal. 2-valved, folitary, moftly 3-flowered : floret bluntifh. T. Calyx 5-flowered, lopped: leaves, edges rolled inwards. e Common on fandy fea fhores. A ftiff hard grafs in leaves and ftems, and of little confe- quence to the agriculturift. It would be a good grafs to encourage along the fea fhore, to prevent the fands from difperfing over the adjoining fields, particularly if in mixture with Sfundo arenaria and the-three fpecies of Ely- mus I have recommended for fuch purpofes when fpeaking of the Arundo. P. July. IRISH. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 129 sil Crytneden luaéajpamujl. ") Cruithneachd luachairambuil. Enerisn.—Rufb-like Wheat-grafs. Sea Wheat grafs. Ob. Roots very much creeping. Stems nearly upright, inclining to purple towards the bafe, cylindrical, very even, leafy as far as the middle, naked at top. Leaves nearly upright, narrow, fharp-pointed, rolled in on the edges, glaucous, very even underneath, ftriated above and fomewhat rough. Sheath ftraight, fmooth, with. a very fhort fheath-fcale. Spike upright, ftraight, glaucous, about 3 inches. Spikets folitary, nearly upright, 2-rowed, fomewhat diftant, often fmooth or pubefcent with or without awns. . Calyx, valves furrowed, blunt. Flowers 5 or 6, the length and fhape of the calyx, fomewhat keeled, bifid at top; inner valve fomewhat fmaller than the outer, and ciliated. Y. Calyx 4-flowered, awl-fhaped, tapering to a point: leaves flat. Common in ditches, kedges and cultivated ’ $ S places. PERE: 130 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. places. This is a produétive grafs in roots, leaves and ftems; very often too much fo, as is well knéwn to the farmer, gardener, &c. who I prefume are fo well acquainted with this fpecies, that any opinion of mine as to its me- rit in agriculture, would be needlefs. Although this grafs has its difadvantages, it is not al- together without utility; for it is faid that in times of fcarcity the roots, if gathered, dried and ground into meal, form an agree- able fubflitute for bread. My opinion is, that where this grafs grows naturally, it is an in- dication to the farmer that fuch part of his foil is in good heart; for in fituations where the foil is naturally good, or has been made fo, Triticum repens will be found in greateft quantity. Cows, fheep and goats eat it. Horfes alfo eat the leaves when young, but leave them untouched when fully grown. P. July. IrisH. TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. 15] : ae. bruymypean. RE LU Cruithneachd Bruimfean. Bruimfean. Bruimfheur. Fiothran. Urin. Encuiisu.—Wheat-grafs. Squitch-grafs. Quick- grafs. Quitch-grafs. Skully-grafs. Dog’ s- grafs. Dogs-wheat. Couch-gra/s. Ob. There is a variety of this grafs pa- nicled; the fpike is alfo often with and often without awns. T. Spike fimple, comprefs: fpikets egg-fhaped, pointing one way: calyx blunt, many-flow- ered. It grows on fandy fea fhores. Along the fandy and gravelly fea fhore under Sutton, at Howth, county of Dublin. From the diminu- tive fize of this fpecies, and the natural fitu- ations in which it grows, it is of very little ufe in an agricultural point of view. How- ever it is eaten by fome fpecies of cattle; as I have frequently feen it kept clofe down by their nipping, and therefore muft conclude it not unacceptable to them. A, June. $2 TrRIsH. loliaceum. 132 TRIANDRIA DIGYNIA. (Cavtneato abaé. TrisH. < U Cruithneachd abhach. Encuish.——Dwarf Wheat-grafi. Sea Wheat. Dwarf Sea Wheat-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, nearly up- right, branched, rigid, fomewhat compreffed, leafy, from 3 to 5 inches. Leaves linear-lance- fhaped, fomewhat acute, ronghifh on the back. Sheath fomewhat bellying, fomewhat ftriated, {mooth, with a fhort blunt gnawed-like fheath- fcale. Spike upright, ftiff, 2-rowed, pointing one way: /pikets alternate, lance-fhaped, moftly folitary: the under ones often in two’s, three’s, and fometimes in four’s. Calyx, valves equal, blunt, keeled: florets many,. tiled, 2-rowed, fmooth, bluntifh, awnlefs, and as large as the glumes of the calyx. It is not unlike the Poa rigida, but may be diftinguifhed by its fpikets prefling clofe to the fpike-ftalks, } POLYGAMIA 138 POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. HOLCUS. Hermarpy. Cal. Hufk of 1 or 2 flowers, Cor. 2 valves, outer one awned.. Stam... 3: Styles 2. Seed 1. vd Mate. Cal.. Hufk of 2 valves... Cor, either wanting or of 2 valves. Stam. 3. », H. Hukks woolly: hermaphrodite floret awn- lefs: male floret with a bent awn, inclofed in the calyx: roots fibrous. Common in meadows and paftures, particu- larly in light and moift foils, fuch as turf or peat lands. This grafs vegetates rather late in the feafon, yet produces an abundant crop. When fown feparate, it does -not continue more than four years. productive; nor do I confider it as a grafs fit to be fowed fepa- rate. It is a fpecies, if not mixed with other ftronger grafles, that rather inclines to be proftrate; and from its abundant produce of leaves lanatus. 134 POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. leaves and ftems, the under part generally fuffers materially. When fowing fome of the ftrong or coarfe graffes, fuch as Daétylis glo- merata, Feftuca elatior, Avena elatior, or Phleum pratenfe, I would advife a certain por- tion of the Holcus lanatus to be fown with them. For the ftrong foliage and ftems of the above four, would fupport the weak pro- lific leaves and ftems of this Holcus, and canfe them to incline upright, by which an effential part of its produce, that next the earth, might be preferved, which otherwife would be injured for want of air. There are two varieties of this plant, one with filver- ftriped, the other with gold-{triped leaves, which I have often met growing, Cattle eat it. P. June. July. fis nye lypcatsac. "| Minfhér birchalgach. EncLisH.—Short-awned Soft-grafs. Englifh Hay- feed. Soft, or Meadow Soft-grafs. Ob. Roots fibrous. Stems many, upright, ftriated, leafy, Leaves flat and foft to the touch, hairy underneath, Sheath-/cale truncated, - fhort, POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. 1335 fhort, toothed. Panicle upright, compact, foft to the touch, often inclining to purple: little branches in femiwhirls, very much branched, and hair-like. Calyx, glumes equal, pointed, villous, often coloured. Florets on fhort pe- dicles: the upper one hermaphrodite, awnlefs: the other male, with an awn not longer than the bloffom. H. Hufks nearly equal, hermaphrodite floret awnlefs: male awned: roots creeping; joints woolly. It is generally to be met with along wood- fides, hedges, and other fhady places. A grafs much more early in its foliage than the former, and far better as a pafture grafs. It is not liable to decay, nor is it apt to lofe ground as the Holcus lanatus does, and this I may fay is owing to its creeping roots. It would bear to be cultivated on dry, gravelly, or fandy foils, efpecially if on a northern af- pect, and is capable of fuftaining drought equal to any grafs. It is not abundant in flowering ftems, nor is it to be confidered as a good meadow grafs. It thrives beft at the foot of hills or mountains, particularly on the northern fide, mollis. 136 POLYGAMIA MONOECIA. “& fide, and in fuch produces much foliage. I don’t confider it as a fit grafs for cultivation in meadows, except for its leaves, or that by its creeping roots it might bind the furface of the earth, and prevent the ground from crack- ing in very dry weather, which is a thing that often happens. Cows, horfes and fheep eat it. P. July. Aug. jhiees eee YADEALZAT. Minfbér fadzhalgach. Encuisu.—Long-awned Soft-grafs- Creeping Soft-gra/fs. Ob. Roots creeping, widely extending. Stems folitary, afcending, leafy, {mooth, woolly on the knots. Sheath-/cale roundifh, dentated. Panicle upright, loofe, thinly fet, purplifh-white ; little branches moftly in pairs, hair-like, villous. Calyx, valves nearly equal, ciliated on the keel. Florets as in the former, but hairy at the bafe. Z4wn twice the length of the bloffom. Ail 137 All the Graffes mentioned in the preceding pages, with a concife account of their properties, may be feen at one view in the following table. Alopecurus pratenfis, fox good early orafles apie igen which thrive in almoft Lolium perenne, every foil. Bromus erectus, y ‘ duce a fecond crop,and Poa nemoralis, k thrive beft when in Poa trivialis, ; mixture. ‘Aaienh Malaka, ite graffes. which pro- Produces good aftergrafs, and endures droughts Poa pratenfis, by its creeping roots it keeps the furface of the ground from crack- ing in a dry feafon. Anthoxanthum odora- other grafles more pa- tum, | =| From its flavour makes latable to cattle. T Dattylis 138 Four very produttive grafles, capable of be Dattylis glomerata, | ing cultivated feparate- Feftuca elatior, t ly. They. are coarfe Avena elatior, | graffes, but might be Phleum pratenfe, | judicioufly intermixed | | in the rick at the time J i of drawing home, Three graffes which from the debility of their » ftems are ‘nl¢apable of * Aoroftis ftolonifera, Agroftis maritima, rifing without the fup- Hol te caer port of ftronger graffes, | j fuch as the above four. ] A grafs good for meadow or pafture in moift - foils, but from abor- Feftuca loliacea, hes tion in feed is only to | be propagated by part- j ing the roots. Bromus * A variety of this fpecies, with filver-ftriped leaves, has been fent from Dungan’s-town, in the county of Wicklow, to the Botanic gardens, by Mr. Edw. Hodgens, nurferyman. Bromus {fecalinus, Bromus mollis, Poa comprefla, Phleum nodofum, Phleum alpinum, Feftuca decumbens, Agroftis hifpida, Agroftis pumila, ce criftata, Aira flexuofa, Briza media, Cynofurus criftatus, Avena pubefcens, © 139 } Two nutritive. graffes to fow with red clover. They might be made into hay, or cut ‘as _ green fodder. If for hay, they ought to be intermixed in the rick at the time of drawing home. Eight graffes growing on mountains, _ hilly grounds, and other places. They produce verdure on different parts where the better meadow or pafture grafles would — not EE TS Ties : ———_—- ——— Nes ene thrive. Three graffes growing on high grounds, and | | which are more profi- | table for their leaves | J than their ftems. T 2 Milium 140 Milium effufum, \ Nine graffes growing in Melica nutans, woods, glens, ditches Melica uniflora, > & other fhady places, Bromus a(per, | more efteemed for their leaves than ftems. Thefe furnifh pafture in the above fituations, where better graffes Feftuca calamaria, could not be cultiva- *Holcus mollis, ted. Bromus pinnatus, Bromus fylvaticus, Bromus giganteus, Alopecurus geniculatus | Five grafles growing in Agroftis canina, moift meadows, marfh- Feftuca fluitans, es, and watery places, Poa aquatica,t where others would Aira aquatica, not thrive. Poa diftans, Three graffes growing in Rotbollia incurvata, and about falt marfhes. Feftuca | J Poa maritima, * A variety of this fpecies, with filver-ftriped leaves, has been fent to the Botanic gardens by Mr. Edward Hodgens, nurferyman, which he found growing in the county of Wicklow. + Found in a ftate of great Juxuriance, on the fouth bank of the river Liffey, between Ifland-bridge and Cha- pelizod, by Mr. Luke Wall of Steevens’s Hofpital. | Feftuca ovina, 7 Feftuca vivipara, | Feftuca rubra, Feftuca duriufcula, Feftuca dumetorum, | Poa anguttifolia, J Eriophorum apeniife- 7} lium, Eriophorum _ polyfta- chion, a Eriophorum vaginatum Nardus ftriéta, Melica czerulea, Lolium temulentum, J Lolium arvenfe, ( | Bromus fterilis, Hordeum murinum, Poa annua, | | Six grafles which hold their verdure during the winter. Five graffes that grow in mountain bogs, and boggy fituations, and afford nourifhment to cattle in winter, but in fummer they are left untouched. Two graffes that might be fown with red clo- ver to produce green fodder. Three grafles which pro- duce early foliage in gravelly or watte places, the laft grows in almoft every foil and fituation. It continues growing, flowering and feeding, almoft the whole year round; is a low grafs, but very produdtive. Triticum Triticum repens, Hordeum pratenfe, Aira czfpitofa, Arundo Phragmitis, Arundo colorata, Elymus caninus, Triticum junceum, Arundo arenaria, Elymus arenarius, Elymus giganteus, Elymus geniculatus, Hordeum maritimum, Phalaris arenaria, ‘Triticum Joliaceum, Panicum Crus galli, 142 : | ] . An early grafs in foliage, and chiefly to be found in old kitchen gardens, and in good fpots of farms. A grafs growing in moift rich meadows, more defirable for its leaves than {tems. Four graffes ufeful for thatching ricks, &c. Two ¢raffes fit for pre- ferving banks along the fea fhore. Three graffes, not indi- genous, ufeful for the fame purpofes as the two laft mentioned. Four graffes growing in fandy and_ gravelly foils near the fea fhore, affording fome nou- rifhment in fuch places. Aira 143 } Four graffes which grow ira. przecox SHAR ; on barren ~ rocky Aira caryophyllea, grounds, and) produce Feftuca bromoides, | .verdure where better Poa rigida, a | grafles. _ would. not thrive. | A {mall grafs flowering Agroftis minima, ( : early in ithe feafon, on 5 barren clayey hills. ) I thall fay nothing of its merit, not ino it Bromus arventfis, se ils having ( for any length of time in cultivation. An attentive perufal of the above table will be fufficient to convince any refle@ing man of the futility of an opinion.which generally pre- vails in this country, namely, that there are but fix or eight grafles worthy of cultivation, and that all the reft are worfe than. ufelefs. For it will be feen that each grafs, however infignificant in appearance, may be of ufe in its proper place, that each fituation has its pe- culiar herbage, and that mountains, bogs and ditches, which would be totally barren if thofe grafles which are reputed ufelefs were eradi- cated, 144, cated, afford no {mall quantity of excellent pafture. It will be feen that the Iefs valuable graffes often afford a neceffary fupport to the more productive; and that fome, which are comparatively infignificant when cultivated fepa- rately, become in conjunction with others of the utmoft utility. It will be feen that the great Creator of the univerfe, who has made nought in vain, has given to each foil its peculiar grafs, and to each animal his appro- priate food. FINIS. LATIN Agrostis Da, xivinibk oreo Leer Cain ‘wes cilevds Vulgaris. ....isssve eve MALIGHMA: cceccsdey ave TIMVMA rerres eebeeess Penile A.c) sccgs stig RUUOMILETA: «a ooneesas Aira aquatica ...... cass pitesas. eT caryophyllea CPIStACa sis. eee es flexuosa .. PTECOK. rs oa vereaeere Alopecurus geniculatus s.sereeee PTALEDSIS LiLo Sse as Anthoxanthum WGOratanl sc arenaria colorata Phragmitis .......+ Avena PE tt a ee eeersseeeres eevee esoeee flavescens....... Nes OR Pratensterns ice. 02 fs pubescens.........+. 3 Briza BIBUned | visscceeiacanee IN DEX. Page Bromus arvensis ASPELscanaanaas sp vesaneremanas ATUALICA seeeereevere COMPFESSA.+.eeeeeeees Gistans sci sdeeceddaest MAPINIA co tes0s cate NEMOTFAliS .....esereee PVALENSIS .reeseseeeee TIGIdA cceecseeeponees trivialis...«sssesosne Rotbollia INCUTVatA soccecssecee Triticum JUNCEUM cevccceeeees Joliaceum «..<....0«00 TEPENS ceaceseceseeses 129 IRISH IRISH INDEX. Page Page Qlol fet Cojpice HEULAZAe+ + + +125 Aide - —102 bum yey clyitad ++-+-103 AJMPJD «sree 95 opyolleadé@ --104 aJeeae------ 100 = mojnyeEpt ++ --100 a 90 Crvitneato yjoobad --+» 97 adabat ------ 132, Bjobat ------ 93. bpvinyean --15) matape ---- 96 luatajpamyl 129 yesalamvl -- 88 Crile fBjacande -- 98 cpvysjopnnad 108 HANES -eer++ O2 § joldataé----110 Cafletor yey mripjundgD -+-112 cojctjon ---- 64 Crine Cennabain ajlp seeeeeee AT cumansovilléé 6 blydajnga-- ++ 53 lecandvlléeé 5 cojltemyl -- 58 WONAD+++++s iS CAVDATH+ ++: 148 Page Page C vite Fercureyt cyleanvyl ++ 45 CHUAN sereee (2 cumansovuee 50 = 16a - + eee - 81 eaysenivil -- 56 = pojlleaiivl -- 85 Sapbzayae -- 49 9 yynice +e ee 76 mingavae ++ 52 (namvsyll ++ &3 mupvige +--+ 54 Fos qsaolceblatat 59 = DYE «+--+ SG Dup yen Gruss een LAIPNSE --+ ++ 121°) agpspo: TUL A] Cappacyveyt Cipjnae +++ 35 DEDDALAD -- 3B MOG 6 oes Ge 40 Corna (Spatagdae ++ 37 balla +++: 125 ognjmajn +--+ 38 Letiad os oe oe ee 126 VYBE cree + 34 Mapid seeees 127 Loyeasceyxep : Perouse Aly vee eeeee 15 AJMPJO +s eee 67 cnapate +--+ 14 AffDE +55. 78 We, eee eee 13 beotvymjstat 71 Luayceadreyt —caynnemyl -- 79 meoon------ 61 cdofae --+- 69 Weloysyen cojllzemyt -- 75 aonblata---» 42 CPUAD ++ -e-- (4 cofevipt see: 43 Mylene 7 Wyleoxen COJTCION Oyngey binealsac YADEALEAS + ° Pane Fert cor-eop4s Rojlle byand yt bycosllean MaApcande Slesyvet Tpasyanmec 149 Page 118 --116 10 Cacnyeyt abac Donn pobes Tacnjnyey citjnac Ut ploy eet Zlunlabea oeoev eee Page 29 26 Pienesahs ae .. a oe cansine GE wilh’ 7 a2 BY , Si porta A net eels, BL Lis Ha we 1s oink nist © 2OT Heke coke athe t7%,.% hs ea di A ou i yi 1 a aor nth ie iy bikie TRISH INDEX, FOR THE USE OF THOSE WHO ARE UNACQUAINTED WITH THS IRISH LETTER. WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED, Paci. POTT GE ait. s sm aye eo aoa feusagach® ....sscceseecceeseceeeeef€A SA-GA — seerereeeeee 23 Braminer (43 as. > >... Jorum-ear aimrid ..... aati erect ssc AMER ditens padepnens Vee Ee no) ee ee OO A AY-ACN eaeseeereceeeee 100 Be eine ecompirine se redaass 20s DUS steqheease ena iduasins (OO fiodhbhadh ..... Reset asaazes ate ef CsA- VB faces pchses Ke” 97 giobach........... Satopia sans ...-gee-0-bach ......... ine OF EAANE. Ah a cpetnpcatda deans aacesse ma-ha-re........ Pees 96 ségalamhuil .........0 Sihaa sms a »shea-ga-ia-will ...... 88 sgiathanach ........ REE ne ..sgee-ha-nach ......+. 98 APIGI ET oiscatununs spe cascnsnnn xe vice psapSHICH sasndnvonncanobhen’ Om Cailechosfhér ...... .Kalea-chos-ear GORCMION. sccccacsees hiv ielash goes ae KUESE ML, “nenspactunet oe GA Cennabhan .........Ken-na-vaun cumhangdhuilléch ........ eee aae koo-vang-ullech...... 6 FetmanGhuvlech. .iscevsscissvesesace lea-han-ullech ...... 6 MEE ote, + cavanvedaguuchseupes RAG UY son cet esdanghxandk 5 Cakes one wus 0's + ++ aU Ra SMP dita sib seas hs akin suesuaaanne SAS HIT-C. «xcusacwsaunb bands 102 CHAMMNAGN 60 s.cndsie PES ClOG-Wa yap anknn tuvaakes 103 GFPMOIR OED 0es ics veventescuens SARS OT DOIPUHEN .ccasesgeses 104 GUO TATMIET Ges cate eS snaqnencadersenaeed MOY-DEAL .eeeeeseeees 106 Cruithneachd * Ch is always to be sounded guttural, 152 WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED, PAGE. Cruithneachd .......Krun-neacht abhachi.ccscecdeneese Be rtrd sss eAMMACDAs 000 sbscneeeeLOe BIUIMSean ss stecpine Sootee Sievers «sDLGM-ShaANe ...cseee 131 luachairamhuil ..........s.e0e000+66l00-Cha-ra-will ..5...129 - ater fe Wien ccc. Cruisgiornadh .41..cscsecscseceenee croose-geer-na $.0004 108 SOMUAUIAC: oovho oye rssete denne ners »eel-da-hach ......... 110 Muirianadh .i..sdeenes seteaacnane mur-ri-u-na_ .........112 BASES «ust sone) os U eae Ailp ......emee Gd Hed @s adcvovan cease ALP cvascoceunacnepaercee 47 Dhidhainta ..:3sccss-cuuleash-aassese blee-yean-ta ...+..6+ 53 Collbem lien. , tcesastesas seecee oe -kul-tea-will......ssee0s 58 CFUlGidta s.ctesteees prey thes pervCKECYA-d wa5ad-050% say Oe cuilcambuil | .i33%.22:20. servaus ¢.é.skGleca-will ..siccesccse 4S cumhangdhuilléch ..........6+ ..koo-vang-ullech...... 50 faiscemhuil ...2...0..+.s0e-ea vee’ fas-gea-will....... beee. OG garbhighasach .......sssesseeeeesesGarV-Va-Sach ...sesee. 49 minghasach ..... A OP OED meen-ya-sach....... roe murulsc..... step is Sseseseeeyees smUTeese ALES, 54 sgaoltebhlathach ......sseesssereee sgul-te-vla-hach...... 59 Dutfher.. cs ee ee ee falrge sssesoee soph osuisasssedececed At OP on. desstueader ene L Earrachfhér...... .. .Er-rach-ear dedhbholadh...... jhe baeisienaee ( URBEVONAsivesssagtasess 5 REN os. a ban ee balla): sn000d peadeis’ fh suvedtasae bawla so dpaess se dvaaces 125 MEME oy pa tav un civ ap spsesddecssaaseeeee [ie er RA a 126 VINA DA Seta sane sicdce's oh sccpomsascce sreHAt-Xdliitiiog tics samellesgtl cou! Fescufhér..........Fes-ku-ear UINIAKAU; depbeweeeahs saysbotsissadeer eS: ee es’ airde ..... pbouagueads i ddesw'ee sk tween DING AE esi dnphine cance saya 1 beothuismighthach ........eeeeees bau-hus-mee-hach ... 71 CACM Assen rds oaghesesieneed can-ne-will .......ss0s. 7 COOISED srsdsse0sa bedahvpwarse's Rss CRTA Ss icdwnssce fund wee 69 Coiltemhuil .....ZescccoveescoosoveskUl-tea-Will ...s000ee 75 Fescuf hér 153 WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED. PAGE, Feseufhér .. 22.00). Fes-ku-ear eruadh’’.2., (Aa: Ar AROAPIES ELEN UN CRM as Sei teadaate aaae Te CVUA ccs suceMmesease dese eas Babee CRORAMS fo secidsctessstat e's 72 Periat ssibecrbenss “HC RTNR PR ESHER lea=na‘ieccceee.. Shogecaksa | roitleamWart ooo. sche ccc eee e's ».»TOi-lea-will .........06. 85 BUMS 224 cee, moe ee vShiA-te . 5.0920 Ae 76 Sarah weed i. Ke wwececcceeses sna-hu-will............ 83 Fitigh) 2... 169-sT, Fee-tde GivOGhy- 20 pos TOs Poeeecege ih hatch déesrach aes éi dele.” 8 Gruagfhér ........ .Groo-gear ABD 2 oeapaace seodesgecesngsegeesAP "ION ececeeccsoccceres 4] CUEROI 30e8 RIS eras hbees sasaees kee-ree-na ..........5. $5 MIEN Soe ss gneeanenvse reas seby ee tees OREN Voce hie wae perae, 40 PEAVMEMMGACIL Cc owacesescccccdescdee Sgra-ha-ga ..,.. ys 8 37 SULTAN hae palit SOE o'e's's'dee c's SSMCG-VANE * sete suceve 28'38 Wise JNA MAOOL s. Seep ewes US-8A seseeee tevesceevee od Loschaitfhér ...... . . Loss-cuit-ear ailp:) ssewdeain Webeagsewedetedeceet DID soosceveced edoeses den 15 ENAPAOW HOU: Jcscaccrqeccane kna-pach ......... soe 14 BHA: ceaeeseaedhah Mocscoesoens suas led) aceenccas ode - MUS: uascadhfhér ...... .Loose-ka-ear CII Go has cite seo cie go esornegeMCA< VON. .ccsvecseedes Ol Meloigfhér .........Melig-ear MOMENI ALND,“ adie adecsiensercs ee e@an-vla-ha ......c.0s0s 42 GEOUIE < ccc ducagodaes Wane sone Usa cee WOT Mths sce 4e02 ar 43 Miledfhér..........Mee-led-ear SOC RIGIN | 5 the celesseedae vacudsc ay «cs GLK. oe doncduseqsuee OU Mapehér..... >... . 4 .Min-ear TE sn ayeseDir-Cal-gach, .....0008 134 PRA C ACI) 3 cs Sik usan tote nagsee fad-cal-gach ........ .136 Panicfhér......... .Panic-ear CEREMONIES ivsnecivicnaccesee eoecKOB-KAIGG Vavsvcsecese 11 x Roille 154 WRITTEN. PRONOUNCED, i PACE, BYES... «et psp dats by Ou lee YAMAT | ra0s0; camomile Sveaerehie DEA SMAE coe bo ddenepeqee FOO breoillean .......e0e. E Seng dine cose HAMEL. Belin on en 94 e 119 CAN veccvastves Sie Metieh eva ake wien setae NOPE coe vputr os aces pecans 118 marthanach ....... eucuepenrwetecor mar-ha-nach ......... 116 Slechfhér,... siniik..,......Slea-ear traghainmhech..... Sescuangpecouscs tra-yan-Vvech .....es. 10 Maenfher.... . .%4)-ya",...hane-ear AbNACD. ..00thsinesttlsseacs Desk ceagre AV=ACD..,rareecedersereeg Ol BAO | Jngucee letath evade wGor O sxececres baan °.ccscmeneeba eae 29 CORLNOD oot ve Bab an tatinese Vac dwies aids kwt-Kyin Vocseeniehs nvgee 30 donn ..... ntinennde oes ARN S 5S Sa GUN oe veesssoegs ORT. 7 POP oss senes rsutandaikes se Sidins aacak fo-reen ..... » eee 26 MAA ss hasesar ee SEEaae erewasecs ese MAT—A conccescccasocrese 28 TOBHER” 5 cae amib PERE RERE te TO-VEZ.sescocenconesenss 32 rathninfher.. ....«....... 17a-neen-ear CAD ACH ssp ndeesgasengs: fue2o ocean kee-ree-Na ..ssceeseeee 66 Ulplosfhér...........Ulp-loss-ear slunbtub thant sight icenaneentnoncn glun-loo-bo,......+0... 19 ’ LE: dsmessecesh Bae Gbinsivvanguaheanins Bal diasak meas tastes 17 ENGLISH ENGLISH INDEX, Barley, © MIGCAUOW | | css aes eee nay SEA sevsceee ee eeceecee wall ...... Prorrreer te Bent-grass, OPOWIN foo see wc sche ECOMMTOR i yove weiss des GREEDINE, conan arian ee Cwatt Saw ccestras ates MB Aet ii dadevan nie vanie : S@ar. 7 <2 re aie sasese white --:.F22. 2222, Bromie-grass, barren ..... saaedacner WEN coca seatataeite as PVGAWNG (ssasecen es . hairy Weaseneeleddeidas Pinnated,” <6. sis\ Game Hal Is, wf Om Hair-grass, ZIGZAS veseeee saw hanes Hard-grass, S@a. euekieeus ts hha Lime-grass, DEALGEC': besteccseces Mat-grass, Heatlnccyecccics sewers sa Meadow- grass, AIpING cae Sotes Aa Eee ANNUAL crcepearesmcwne compressed .......4 Wardiaccraecoess seetes toose-tlowered ...... narrow-leaved ...... reedclike®./.t....5~ _ rough-stalked ...... salt'marsh::....-se0<« smooth-stalked..... . Melic- grass, one-iluwered ...... purple oStehieees pees 156 Page 38 Page Millet-grass, COMMON. seocesasoecn)) DU Oat-grass, GOWNY .....0ececseeee 103 WMEAGOW: \rassecn cece 106 Calliets Seek encore Nee 102 VENOW occppvaepes cose 104 Panic-grass, Cdcks-100G * feces secs 1] Quaking-grass, middie ’...2.... eee eve MOU Reed-grass, : CAMALY seeeeesseeeene - 10 COMMON i... .scsas 108 BOa sais Ric escdecess He 4 Soft grass, long-awned ......... 136 short-awned ......... 134 Spring-grass, sweet-scented ...... 3 Wheat-grass, Wart) S@dbcevesdeeees 132 couch or creeping 131 SCAecccevccoccvccceveces 129 % Hage “A i ana on examin * vant “ . j ‘ ( 4 \ f Hy Y BOE) aC core ra yh thiprerbo Poin tins Wy 4 Ags eoiien 100 rr DPN te Eee Y, cheers Ritsu gi J olen’ ontitive 0 f | nt: mre ‘en Picts Hig . 50 elie veinne, olen x0 ican Hay gel scone BEATE nT i binge? edi ort dri gai nd Hodis “0 ‘pad oi fs 40 Palyse. tdi hoiigdnan* a6 a | 5 6 ‘Ravovor bosa A: -booe bolea AS “I gi oe og ae bani pet = S . OPN AT ASD» © REFERENCES TO PLATE I. Roots. Root leaves. Stem or culm. Stem leaves. Knots or joints. Sheath with the spike bursting forth. Sheath enclosing the stem. Sheathscale. A spiket or little spike. Valves of the calyx. Valve of the corolla magnified. Keel of the corolla. Awns. An awn magnified. The stamens, or male parts. The anthers supported by the filaments. Anthers bursting forth from the corolla magnified. Styles, or female parts. Do. magnified. A seed covered by the corolla. A naked seed. y 4 » a ee 1 te la 4 _s ; : : 4 } - P | - \ 4 rnd Si Fs } 4 eZ { ‘ 7 I : ; : i “Plate / wo FS v= 7 a a ie Z x Fall Ah ‘ ‘7 5 \\ Wty | cam \ {| 1 oh, Hl | : | | } i | } if i / ' bis lvsdesivig fa) aay Hy y) ait NG connol: souHl.) ve rr bm sinh sedan: von a Mi, niga a paw ostt ‘bo id ne Sieh ea g tateh ot P, eo byl ve? . inion Nh, ba PO ‘ | “and sites colinye orld gree thigede seodk oid waisom “a ft 4 Se A ay) i) 0) hie oxf) Vo a et i alone aban a Se. ik Ys Poa balhingnen i il i ri s 03 | asi ate one Ba wo — REFERENCES TO PLATE II. Roots. Do. proceeding from the joints whilst the stems are in a procumbent state. Root leaves. Stem in a procumbent state covered by the sheaths. Do. rising upright and covered by the sheaths. Stem leaves. Knots or joints, Sheath with the spike bursting forth. Do. inclosing the stem. Sheathscale. Branches of the panicle. A little branch. A spiket. Do. magnified. Valves of the calyx after drawing up the enclosed florets. Keel of the calyx. Valves of the corolla. > Keel of the corolla. Stamens, or male parts. Do. the natural size. Anthers supported by the filaments. Do. magnified. Styles, or female parts. Do. magnified. A seed. A woolly substance adhering to the seed, particularly in the Poa trivialis, and the Poa pratensis. A woolly substance which appears when the glumes of the corolla are drawn out of the glumes of the calyx. fe . ) Bae Pi a y et wy at oe y! - th ful a “4 Te Ge) J Cie sh a Lie hi pe bap) | eet igh 2 te e ffi ae a 4