.uf^^'^'J ' ^J|4 °'-o/ :$§:■■ '\./ 0ik: ''^ -» v**' ;M j^ '"'■^^-Z A '^v p^ t^' -v^^ i-. •^^<\^ < . r: "..v-^ .''C-'f-' ^-'O^ :r.---y \--^^.\# ^•-:?-';^-'/ \--^r.v^ ^', ■•••■■ .o/r y^ r '^^: < *NNU*L flEPOBT Pl_ ^L\P N NORTnvvi-:s'n':i w ai ,as k.\ Showingthe region knownto the Point Barrow Eskimo BtLsciton the C.S i;„isi >> (:<■„,/, ■nr Sll|■r,■^■ />uif> of Alaska. /SSkii'r/i ludlitunts /}v,„i iJ,i' I' S (' sC. Generai Chart of Aituslui /HH9,a,u/ Ihnn Esh,,,,,, <,,r,„i„ Eskunoriwnesgii-en in tlic t'orni iiscut at I'tniii lUirivv Names of " tribes" underUi ted thus KCmiJi ETUN(11,()(UCA1. ItKSI'l.TS POINT BAIIROW EXPEDITION JOHN MUKJ)t)CH. .\iitiirnlixt mill Ohsirirr, Iiifiriiiiiiiniiil I'nliir E. I'liiiil Hinroir. Aliixkii. 1SS1-1.\S:I. CONTHNTS. Page. Introduction I'' List of works consulted 20 .Situation and surroundings -t> Climate '^ People •^•' Physical cliaracteristics •<3 Pathology 3!l Psychical characteristics -^^ Tribal iiheuomena '- Social surroundings '"' Contact -nith uncivil ized people Other Eskimo Indians Contact with civilized people Natural resources Animals Mammals Birds Fishes f Insects and other invertebrates '-^^ Plants ^•' Minerals ' Cnltnre Means of subsistence "" Vond '51 61 43 56 Substances used for food Means of preparing food "•' Time and fre(|uency of eating °' Drinks *^_ Narcotics - ■ ■ .;' Habitations '_-^ The winter house '' Arrangement in villages '• Snow houses Tents ^. Household utensils ' For holding and carrying fooil, water, etc ^'; Canteens "•='"^^--^" :::::::;:::::;:::::;::: I Huckets and tubs ^^-"->-,- ::::: Z For preparing tood Pots of stoue and other materials ^^ Bone crushers '" For serving and eating food ^j^ , 101 Drinking vessels Whalebone cups CONTENTS. Page. Spoons :hi(1 ludles Miscolluiu'ons houspliold utensils Mantlvs 121 Wai„lrn.ks 122 Ann (L.thnif; 123 Mitl.n. 123 ,;l„,,., 124 ].v>i .nul Inol c-lotliuif;- 125 K,v,-,1„-. 125 H.,„ts:,nasl,o,.s 129 I'Mrrsor.hv.. 135 |i,.l,s 135 OrnanwMts 138 Personal ailornnumt 138 Skin ornanicntation 138 Tattooing 138 PaiutiuK IW Heart ornaments 110 Method of wearing the hair 140 Head hands '. 112 Ear rings 142 Lahrets 113 Neck ornaments 118 Ornaments of the limbs 148 Bracelets 148 Finger rings 149 Miscellaiic.,ns onianimts 149 Beads 149 Toilet art 'u-\<-> 149 Implements ..I' g.'iiiTal nse, etc 150 Tools 150 Knives 150 liows 195 Arrows 201 CONTENTS. 7 Cultnic— ('(.ntiiuir,!. l\,p,. Bc;ir iiiTdWs _ -202 Biiw i-;iscH and quivers ^!(l7 Bnu-.Ts 2(iil Bird (Urts 210 Seal darts 211 Harpoons -Jis Thrustin- weaiions S.V.i Harpoons -ill Lauces 2 Id Throwing weapons 211 Hunting iiuplemeuts otlier than weapons 24U Floats 21(! Flipper toggles 217 Harpoon boxes 217 Nets 251 Seal calls 25;{ Whalebone wolf-killers Traps Snow-goggles Meat cache markers. . .. The tbx The reindeer The seal The whale Fowl Ini]ilenieiits for lishing , llooksandlines.... Klinl Flint and steel Kindlings V and arrow making -r setter -■•■* 2!I4 Combs for deer skins .Manui'actnre of lines of thong . . Builders' tools For e.xcavating Tools for snow and ice working Snow knives 310 g CONTENTS. Page. Culn.r.-C..ntn.m..l. ^p. S„ows^K.veU ^^. ^^" •"'■•''* :;::: sos lee s" 7. Pipe made of willow stiek 68 8. Tobacco pomhes 'iit 9. Plans of Eskimo wintet house 72 10. Interior of igln, looking toward door 73 11. Interior of iglu. looking toward bench 74 12. Honse in Utkiavwin 7<; 13. Groiiud plan and section of winter honse in Mackenzie region 77 14. Gromid jdau of large snow house '*2 15. Tent on the beach at Utkiavwin X") 16. Wooden bucket '<<' 17. Large tub '<7 18. Whalebone dish >*« 19. Meat-bowl ^^i' 20. Stone pot "0 21. Small stone pot •'• 22. Fragments of pottery ■'- 23. Stone maul iW 24. Stone maul "' 25. Stone maul •' 26. St(me maul ■ 27. Stone maul '"' 28. Stone maul. . - - ^^ 29. Bone maul "^ 30. Hone maul •'' 31. Hone maul "** 32. Bone maul ■ '^ 33.Meat-dish "" 34. Oblong meat-dish 1"" 3.5. Oblong met.t-dish. very o!,l 1™> 36. Fish dish ^"*' 37. Whalebone cup »" 38. Horn dipper "^' 39. Horn dipper \^ 40. Dipper of fossil ivory "'^ 10 ILLUSTRAnONS. Page. Fit;. 11. Dippt-r (if fossil ivory 103 ■l-J. Wood.n si.oon 104 4X IIoiii ladlr 104 44. Hon.- laiUf 104 4,".. UdiU' laill<- 111 till- form of a wliale 105 4ti. Hone laiU.- 105 47. Stoii.. lioiisi-laiii|i 10(5 ■IK .SaiKisfoiK^ laiiiii 107 49. Travoling lam|i ' 108 .-)0. .Soi-k.-t for liliil.ber holder 108 .")1. Man ill ordinary deerskin clothe.s 110 .52. Woman's hood . Ill -,H. Man's Irork 113 fvl. rattern of man's deerskin frock 113 i>5. Detail of t rimming, skirt and shoulder of man's frock 114 yfi. Man wearing plain, heary frock 114 57. Man's frock of mountain sheepskin, front and back 115 58. Man's frock of ermine skins 116 ni). I'attern of sheepskin frock 117 60. Pattern of ermine frock 117 61. Woman's frock, front and back 118 C,2. Pattern of woman's frock 119 63. Detail ol' edging, woman's frock 119 64. Details of frininiing, woman's frock 119 65. Man's cloak of deerskin 121 66. Pattern of man's cloak 121 67. Deer.skiu mittens 123 68. Deerskin gloves 124 69. Man's breeches of deerskin 125 70. Pattern of man's breeches 126 71 . Trimming of man's breeches 126 72. Woman's pantah)ons 127 73. Patterns of woman's jiantaloons 128 74. Pattern of stocking 129 75. Man's boot of deerskin 131 76. Pattern of deerskin boot 131 77. Man's dress boot of deerskin 132 78. Pattern of man's dress boot of deerskin 132 79. .Man's dress boot of skin of mountain sheep 133 80. Pair of man's dress hoots of deerskin 134 81. Woman's waterproof sealskin boot 135 82. .Sketch of "ice-creepers" on boot sole 135 83. Man's belt woven of feathers 136 84. Diagram sliow ing method of fastening the ends of feathers in belt . . 137 85. WoiiKiii's lull of wolverine toes 137 86. liclt-fastcncr Kjg 87. Man with tattooed cheeks 139 88. Woman witli ordinary tattooing 140 89. Man's nictliod of wearing the hair 141 90. Earrings 143 91. Plug for enlarging labret hole 144 92. Labret of beads and ivory 145 93. Blue and white labret from Anderson River 146 94. Obhmg labret of bone 147 95. Oblong labret of soapstone 147 ILLUSTRATIONS. 11 l-agc. Fig. 96. Ancient lalnct I IK 97. Bea.lR of an.lx-r II!" 98. Hair c.ml.s l^o 99. Slate knives i:.! 100. Slate knife-l.la.lc- 1.5L' 101. Slate knife 1^:^ 102. Slate knife \y.i 103. Slate hnnting-knife l.')l-' 101. Blade of slate liiMit iiii;-kin fe I.'>3 10.5. Large slate knife \y.i 1(16. Large siagle-edgeil .slate knife l''>3 107. Ulatles of knives l.''l lOK. Peculiar slate knife 1.>I 109. Knife -n-ith whalebone blade l-"«."> 110. Small iron knif.' l"w 111. Small iron knives I'i6 ni;. Iron hnnting knit\- "^6 m. Large erooked knite 158 111. Large crooked knife with slieatli Iy8 11.-). Small crooked knives 159 116. Crooked knife 159 117. Crooked knives, Hint-ldaded 160 11(<. Slate-ldaded crooked knives 161 119. Woman's knife, steel Idade 161 120. Woman's knife, shite Idad.- "•- 121. Woman's knife, slate Idad,- I'i- 122. Woman's knife, slate blade 162 123. Woman's knife, slate Idad.' !•"'- 124. Woman's ancient .slate-1, laded knife 16;i 12.->. Ancient l.one liandlc for woman's knife - 1615 126. Large knife of slate 1«:5 127. Wonnm's knife of flaked flint ">;* 128. Hiitehet hatted as an adz "'•'' 129. Hat. diet hafte.l as an adz ^*^ 130. Adz-h.a.l of .ja.li- "'' 131. A.Iz-h.a.l ..f Jail.- 1*" 132. Haited ja.l.- ad/ '"'^ 133. Adz.-hea.l .d'ja.l.- an.l l..m.- ";» lai. Adz-hcail .if iMin.' an.l in.n. without eyes 1';'^ 135. Adz-hi'a.l of li.>iie and lr..n. with vertical eyes 169 136. A.lzdt..ad.,f hone and i,„n. with vertical eyes ..- 169 137. Haft.-dh..ne an.l iron ad/ ^^ 138. Hafted l.on.- an.l ston.- a.lz ^'J!^ 139. .small a.lz-lda.le of green jad.- 1'" 140. llaft.-d adz .d- hone and flint..... - '^ 141. Ohl.-. r's adz, ndmfted ^1 112. A.lz with hon.hla.h- 1" '«• Antler .hisel l] 141. .Vn.l..r.h,sel :^ 145. Spurhius t...d. dint l.lad.- "j' 146. Whaleh.me shaM. slat.- Ida.h- '. 147. Sawmad ' .h-..r's s.-ain.la l:! 148. Sawma.leofacas.-knitV Ij! 149. IS.nv drill ,1^ 12 ILLUSTRATIONS. ir,2. Drill 1 Page. 177 '' 177 153. Drill l.n«>... 1'^* 154. Spli.MMl ,lrill !..>«■ 178 155. Drill M,null,,,i.-.- with iron so.ket 1™ 15.;. Drill „i..ull ■.,. xvitl,,,,,, wi„j;s 179 157. n,„».,...,n..-,l,h,ll : 179 15S. li;„Mll.. l.„,l,,ll,„nls 180 15!l. Fliut-bladc.l reamers....: 18^ 160. Flint-bliulua reamers 182 ItJl. AnvI 182 1(12. .In.l,- w li.tst niies 183 1,;:; .l;„|,. ^^ll.■lsl s 184 l,;i. W 1,.„ t„„l-l,„x,-> 185 1(!5. Larfje wixHlen tool-lioxcs 186 IBC. Tool-bag of wolverine skin 187 167. Tool-bag of wolverine skin 188 168. Drills bebmging to tile tool-bag 189 169. Comb fur .bcrskins ill tli,. tool-bag 189 170. Uaghaiulbs 190 171. Hag ot leather 190 172. Little han.l-elub 191 173. Sluugshot made of walrus jaw 191 174. Dagger of bear's bone 192 175. Bone daggers 192 176. So-called dagger of bono 193 177. Boy's bow from Utkiav win 196 178. Loop at end of bowstring 197 179. Large bow from Niiwuk 197 180. Large bow from Sidaru 198 181. Feathering of the Eskimo arrow 201 182. Flint-headed arrow (knkiksadlTQ) 202 183. Long flint pile 202 184. Short flint pile . .- 202 185. Heart-shaped flint jiile 203 186. (n) Arrow with "after pile" (ipndligadlli-i ) ; {In arn.H xvitli ii.nipile (savidliri); (c) arrow with iron jiil.^ (savi.lliil ) ; {d) arrow with eopper pile (savidlin) ; (c) deer-arrow (nntkodliri) 203 187. rile of deer arrow (nntkan) 205 188. •• Kiinniiidlln " arrow idle 205 189. («) Fowl .•iri..w itiigalifii: (/-) bird arrow (kixodwam) 206 190. Bow ras.- an. I .|iiivrrs 208 191. Quiver n.cl 209 192. Cap for .inner ro,l 209 193. Bracer 210 194. Bracer of bone 210 195. Bird dart 211 1%. Foiiii IV. r bird ilart 212 197. An.i.'iit jioint for bir.l dart 212 198. Foiiil l..r 1.11.1 .1:1 n 213 199. Bir.l .l:irt with ,i..iil.l.- |,..iiit 213 200. Anci.iil iv..r,\ daii hea.l 214 201. Bone.bul head 214 202. Nozzle f(U- bladder float 215 203. Seal dart 215 ILLUSTRATIONS. 13 Pni:.. Fig. 204. For.-Kliatt ul n.-mI .hirl L'17 20.5. Thrnwhi;; IkmmI Inr, Inns 217 206. Harp.M.ii lu-ad 2IK 207. HariMMiii h,:..! 2l!l 20(S. Auci.-Mt Im.ii,. h,ii|„„,u lir:Ml 2i:t 209. («) Aii.iri,! I,.„„. li;np...,n lir:„l; (/<) variants „r I Ills lypf 221) 210. Hon.- haipc I„ad 220 211. Hour hai|i.M.„ li.:„l 220 212. Harp..,, I, l„;,.l. I.,.,i.. aii.l ,sl...i.- 221 213. Hari..>..ii li.a.l, l,..ii.- an. I si,,,..- 221 214. Walrus I, ai|, s 224 215. Typi.al ual,ns-l,:ni a. Is 22(i 21fi. Tyi.i.al » .li ii. Iiai j, i li.a.ls 22(> 217. Typi.-al walnis-liai i h, a.ls ._ 227 218. Walrns-liaip i li.a.l. willi -l.a.l. r" 227 219. Walrns-Uari i, h.a.l, « ill. Ini.' 22H 220. Walnis-harp.ii.u li.M.l, with liiM- 228 221. VValnis-barpoou head, with liuc 229 222. Foreshaft of walrus harp.xiii 2:» 223. Harpo.,n h.'a.l f.,r lari;.' s.-als 230 224. Retri.'vin-s,-al liaip„..Ti 231 22,-1. IVtails .,f v.lri.\iii.u s.al harp...... 232 226. Jad.- bla.l,- f,,r s.-al haip 233 227. Seal harpoon I'or thrusting 233 228. Diagram of lashing on shaft 2:i-l 229. Model of a seal harpoim 235 230. Large model of whale harpoon -'35 231. Model of whale h.arpoou, with floats 23() 232. Flint blade for whale harpoon 237 233. Slate blade for whale harpoon . , 237 234. Body of whale harpoon head -38 235. Whale harpoon heads -'f*^ 236. Wha 239 237. For.'shaft .,t whal.' Iiari„.,,n 238. Whal.- Ian.-,- -- 239. Flint hea.l of wlial,- Ian.,- -^'1 240. Flint heads f..i wli.il,- lan..'s 241 241. Bear lauoe -^- 242. Flint h.-ad f.,r l,.'ar Ian. ■.• -'•*- 243. Deer lance -^'^ 244. Part ,if deer Ian. •,■ witli Mint h.-ad -'13 245. De,-r Ian,-,', Hint h,M.l -•>■' 246. Flint In-a.l lot .l.-.r lan.v ^'j;} 247. Bird l,.das, l„„]„.,l n), t.,i .aiTying --^^^ 248. Bird bolas, ready f,>r us.. -^■>_^ 249. Sealskin float '^^' 250. Flipper toggles -^ 251. Boxc-s for harpoon heads -3- 255. Seal iudi<'ators 256. Sealing stool 257. Seal drag and handle,' 258. Whaleboui- w.df kille 1 4 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page Ku,. jr.!.. \V.M,.l.-M s,H.w-j;nj;j;l..s 261 •.'(id. Hoiii' snow-KdSJfl'-s ^^^ 261. Womlcii siii>\v-Kuggit'S, uunsunl form 262 •262. Mark.T fur m>-!it caclu" 262 263. Mnrkcr fur meat ciu-l.r 263 264. Tackle, for shore fisbiuK 279 265. Knot of liiLeiMfo hook 279 266. Small lisl.-hooks 280 267. Hooks for river lishin.S 280 •26S. Taekle for river li-shiiiK 280 •26!). Burhot hook, first pattc-rii 281 270. Biirbot lo".k. ^eeoiul |)atterii 281 271. Hurhol lio.iU, ma.h' of coil hook 281 272. Burbot taekle, h.'iitcMl 281 273. Ivory sinker 282 274. Ivory jigger for j>olar cod 282 27.5. Section of whaleboue uet 284 276. Mesh of sinew net 285 277. Fish trap 285 278. Fish .spear - 286 270. Flint flakers 288 280. Haft of tliut flaker 288 281. Flint flaker, with hone blade 289 282. Fire drill, with mouthpiece and stock 289 283. Set of ho w-an) l.catlier tliinibles with bone needles 31« 327. Needle ,Ms,.s xvilb belt lio(dj" 347. Ivory crotili for harpoon ;^^'^ 348. Ivory crotch for liarpoon ;^^- 349. Crotch for harpoon made of walrus .jaw 342 350. Sm.wsl - - tZ 3.53. («) I'iiNt v.. mill of licel-uetting of snowshoe; (ft) hrst. set tliiid rounds ol heel-netting of snowshoe 354. Small >,uousline 355. Obi ■Tlilrt." ^^iIh stalls. 356. Railed sledge (diagran.mati.- ). fr'mi photograph 357. Klat sleilge 3.58. Small sledge with iv 363. Hunting s,-ore engraved on ivory, obverse and reverse . . - . 16 ILLUSTRATIONS. Page. ver Bay. MK. Wdodrii mask ■Mil. Wooilni mask ami dancing ■ HfiK. Olil "iciti'.siinc mask 375. T<-,.totum -^'^ 376. liw/.r. toy '^'i*^ 377. Whizzinj; stick 37!l 378. IVhbU. snapp-r 37!> 37;t. Carving of human licad 3S(> 3W). Mcilianiral doll— drum-i)laycr 3S1 38L M.Mdianiral toy— kaiak paddlcr 381 382. Kaiak carved from block of wood 382 383. Drum 385 384. Handle of drum secured to rim 386 385. Drum handles 387 386. Ivory drumsticks 388 387. Ancient carving — human head 3il3 388. \\'oo(leu figures 3!t3 389. Carving— face of Eskimo man 3!l I 390. Grotesque soapstone image — " walrus man '' 394 391. Bono image of dancer 395 392. Bono image of man.. 396 393. Grotesque bone image 396 394. Bone image — sitting man 396 395. Human tignre carved from walrus ivory 396 396. Ivory carving — three human heads 397 397. Rude human head, carved from a walrus tooth 3!I7 398. Elaborate ivory carving 398 399. Bear carved of soapstone 398 400. Bear flaked from flint 399 401. («) Bear carved from bone; (6) bear's head 399 402. Ivory figures of bears 400 403. Ru 424. Amulet of whaling— stuffed godwit i'- !» ETH 2 BUBEAU OF The Hunting Grounds Point Barrow Eskimo. ^fi«.£/ ariLieut I'/U tifi/sMtipof KxplorxiUons ui J\uith»',^^Urri Alash Si olar otiservation proposed by the luternational I'ohir ('onfcicn.-c. Thr expedition, wiiich was commanded by Lieut. 1>. II. Kay. lli-lith Infantry. 1'. S. Aiiny. sailed from San Francisco July is, issi, and reached Cape Sniylii. II miles .southwest of Point IJarrow. on September S df tlie same year. Here a permanent station was established, where the parly remained until August L'S. iss;i. wiien the station was abandoned, and Ilie paity sailed for Sau Francisco, arrivin- there October 7. Though the main object of the expedition was tli.' lUdseeulion of the observations in terrestrial maj^netisni and meteorolo.uy. il was possible to obtain a huge collection of articles illustrating the arts and industries of the Eskimo of the region, with whom the most friendly relations were early established. Xearly all of the collecti(ui was made by barter, the natives bringing their weajions, (dothing, and other objects to the station for sale. Full inites on the habits ami customs of the Ivskimo also wer<' (Mdlectcd by th.' ditterent ni.Mubers of the pally, especially by the c.uninanding ollieer: the interpreter, ('apt. K. P. Ilerendeen: the surgeon. Dr. (leorge Scott Oldmison, and myself, who sei\-ed as one of the naturalists and observers of the expedition. It fell to my share to take (diarge of and catalogue all the collections ,nad(^ by the expedi tion,and therefore I had especially favorable op])ortunities for becondng aequaintetl with the ethnography of the region. ('onsart of his annual report, wliile the Chief Signal Otlicer. with the greatest consideration, permitted me to remain in the emi)loy of his Bureau until the completion of the work. Two years wei-e si)ent in a detailed analytical study of the articles in the collection, until all the information that could be gathered from the objects themselves and from the notesof the collectors had been recorded. Careful compari.sons were luade with the arts and industries of the Eskimo race as illustrated by the collections in the National Museum and the writings of various e.xjjlorers, aud these frequently resulted iu the elucidation of obscure ])oints in the history of the Point Barrow Eskimo. In tiie form in which it is pn-scntcd this work contains, it is believed, all that is known at the i.rcs<'nt day of tlie etlinograi)liy of this interesting i pie. Much linguistic material was also collected, which 1 hojie some time to be able to i>repare for publication. The observaticms are arranged according to the plan pioposed liy Prof. Otis T. Mason in his "Ethnological Directions, etc.," soincwliat modified to suit the circumstances. In writing Eskinn) words the alpha- bet given in Powcirs ■• Introdintion to the Study of Indian Languages" has been used, witii the addition i, for an obscure n (like the final a in soda), ,»for a similar obscure r, and li for the sound of the German o or French ck. I desire to express my gratitude to th<' late Prof. Siiencer F. Baird, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, to the late (ien. William B. Hazeu, Chief Signal Officer of the Army, aud to Maj. J. \V. Powell, Di- rector of the Bureau of Ethnology, for their kindness in enabling nie to carry on these investigations. Grateful at'knowledgment is due for valu- able assistance to various members of the scientific staff of the National Museum, especially to the curator of ethnology. Prof. Otis T. Mason, anntain any references bearing upon the subject of the study. As it has licen my ol)iect to go, whenever iiossible, to the original iiources of information, compilations, whether scientific or i)opular. have MURnorH.) WOKKS CONSI ' l.l'Kl >. Jl not been referred to m iiicludcd Iti this list. \\ liiili ;ilsi> rontains only the editions referred to in th>' text. Armstrong. Alexander. A jhtsoiuiI ii;irr;itivr «f tin rliMuv.iy i in tlu- Aniii- iiLiiuns uliilr in sc:nrli of ihr ix|ii-- ditiou under Sir .lolni I'l-.nililin. I...iiclnn. Is,"'7. Back, Gkouoe. Narnitiv,-or llir Ai.i,,- l^ni.l rx,.,,lil l.. tl,.- n...inli of llo- (.r.-at Fish RiTeran.lalor., mil.' vlo.i vs ,,f il.r Ai.li. (i,. ■:,,,. ni llir >rai> ]KV.\. IMH. and 1835. PliiIa(U-liihi:i. ISMtl. ^BeeCHEY, Frederick Wii.i.iam. \:iiiatiM' of n \oya;;c- lo llio I'arifo' ami I'.ririuK'H Strait to cooperate wirli tin- ju.l.ir ixiiiilition- : ]i.i Inini.-il in lli> Majislv's ship Blossom, under the eonnnaml of (:i|ii. 1'. \\ . lieeilny. itc. itc. eti.. in the year-s 1825, 1826, 1827. and 1.S2X. l...n(lon, ls:!l. Bessels, Emu,. Die amerikanisehe Xoidiiol-KxiMMJition. Liipzi;,'. \>i'x. The northerumo.st inhabitants of the earth. An etlmomaidiir sUi^lcli, < .\niiT- iean Xaturaliht, vol. 18, pp. 861-882. 188-1. Einige Worte iiher die Inuit (Eskimo) des Sniith-Snmhs. nelist Bennrkung.n iiber Imiit-.'^ehiUlel. Mast.-r Join. Dauiswitli others f.ir the iliscovt-rie cif the Xmthwest jiassage, in Auui. ISStJ. r,. Hans, A descriiitiou of Greenland. Showing the natural history, sitiuition, liipundaries. and face of the country ; the nature :). Ka.n-e, Elisha Kent (Dr.). Ar.ti.' .xplnrati.ms iu the years l8-,:{. Tvl. T,-,. Two vols Philadelphia. lS.-i(5. The I-. S. Grinnrl] expedition in sratvh of .Sir .)„hn Ktunklin. .\ p..,s„Mi,l narrative. New York. IS,",:). KiRKBY, W. W. (Archdeacon). A ,j(.iirne,v to the Yoncaii. K'iissi:in ,\iii,rir:i. ■ An- nnal Report of the Board of Regents of the Sniitli.soiii.ui lnsiitiiii,,ii lui- tin- year 1864, pp. 416-420. Washington, 1865. KlvtsCHAk, Heinricii W. Als Eskimo unter don Eskimos. i;iii,- S. hiliiiiuii^' ilrr Erlebnisse dry S,hwatka's,-heu Franklin-anfsuiiiiii.gs-rxprdii ion in ,|,.|i Jahren 1878-'.s(i. Wi.n, I'.st, Lcipzijj, 1881. KOTZEBUE, O. vox. A voyagr of discovery into the Soulli Sra ami Heelings SIr.iils, for the pnrposi^ of exploring a northeast passage, nndertiiken in ilie years 1815-1818. Three v, |i]i. 1-35, 111-133. Bremen, 1882. Die wLsseiischaftliche Expedition der Bremer geographischen GesellsiliuCi naeh dein Kiistengebiete an der Beringsstrasae. "Plover." < Parliamentary Reports, 1854, XLii. pp. 16,5-185. Loudon, 1854. Proceedings of (lommander Magnire, Her Majesty's discovery ship "Plover." <[ Further ])apers ridative to the recent arctic expedition in si'arch of Sir .lohn Franklin, etc., ]>. 905 (second year). Presented to both houses of Par- liament, .lannary. 18.55. London. Mi>i!i:.\N. ilf.NRY. The relation of the course which tlie .Sniishine, a bark of liftie liinnes. ami the Northstarre, a small pinnesse, l>ein,i; two vessels ni' the llect of .\l. .lolin n.inis. liehl after he had sent them from hiui tixliseoiier tin' jia.ss- age betwe.n (iioeiiland and Island. Written by Henry Morgan, .seniant to m". William Sanderson, of Loudon. . 35-40. Wasliin-ton, Office of the Chief Signal Officer, 1883. Ki( HAKDSd.N, John (Sir.). Arctic searching expedition : A journal of a boat voyage through Rujiert's Land and the Arctic Sea, in search of the discovery ships undir command of Sir John Franklin. 2 volumes. London, 1851. Eskimos, their geographical distribution. li. Edinburgh, 1875. Ross, John. Appendix to thenarrativc ufa sirmid \ci\:i^'r in siai. li ..t a ^cll■Ill^^.•^l passage, aud of a residmce in thi- ar.tii' iri;liins ilmini; iln' \.:ns ISL'li, ls:iii 1831, 1832, 1833. Loudon. ISir.. Xarrative of a second \ciyai;i' in s.-arrh ol' : rlliw.'^l |iassa;,'r. and ol' a n-si- dence in the arctic lejrions dnrini; ilu' \cars isi'll, ls:;(i. ls:i|. is:!'.'. l,s:{:i. I'liila- delphia, 183.5. .\ voyage of di.scover.v. made nmlcr the .n-.lcis ,,l ihc a.lnuiali\ in ilis Majoi/s ships Isabella and .\lcxander. t.ir thi- )iiniiosc id csidoiini; I'.aliin's liav. and inquiring into thi' |iroli.-iliility ofa nortliwcsl |iassai;c. London, ISlil. SCHWATKA, Frederick. The Nidschillnk Innnit. • Scicn, c. x .d. I. ].|i. .M:!-."). New- York, 1884. Nimrod in the North, or hunting and lishini,' ad\ .■ntnn's m tin- .arctic ief,'iotis. New York, 1885. ScoRESBY, William, Jr. (Captain). .lourutil ofa \(i.v.a;;c to tlic n.nllicm wliale- tishery; including researches and disia.vcrics on the casti-rn coast of Green- land, made in tlie summer of 182L', in tin- ship I'.afliti, of I.ivcipool. Kdiii- burgh, 1823. SeemaNN, BerTHOLD. Ntirrative of the \oyauc idll. .M, ,•<. Herald, dniinf; the years 1845-'51, under the eomuuuid of Caiit.iiii llcniy Kelhtf. i;. N., ('. li. ; being a circumnavigation of the glolie and thicc . miscs to the aictic regions in search of Sir John Franklin. Two\(ds. London. bs.-i3. Simpson, John (Dr.). Observations on the western liskimo, aud the eotintry tiny in- habit; from notes taken during two years at Point Barrow. :> inhabitants, in his census of the Arctic Division (op. cit., p. 4), which does not appear upon his map. Our party, I regret to say, is responsible for the name " Ooglaamie " or "ITglaamie," which has appeared on many nia]>s since our return. Strictly speaking this name should be used only as the official name of the United States signal station. It arose fi'om a misunderstanding of the name as heard the day after we arrived, and was even adopted by the natives in talking with us. It was not until the second year that we learned the correct form of the word, which has been carefully verified. The inhabitants of these two villages are so widely separated from their neighbors — the nearest iieiinanent villages are at Point Belcher and Waiuwright Inlet, 75 miles southwest, and Demarcation Point, 3.50 miles east^ — and .so closely c(jnnccted with each other by intermarriage and common interests, that they may be considered as a single people. In their hunting and trading expeditions they habitually range from the neighborhood of Prfugi' Inlet along the coast to Barter Island, going inland to the upprr waters <,f the large rivers which How northward into the Arctic Ocean east of Point Barrow. Small parties occasionally travel as far as Waiuwright Inlet and more rarely to Point Hope, ami iParl. Eeportfl, 1854. vol.42, p. 180. 'Further Papers, &c.. Pari, Ei-p. (1855). ^Report on the population, etc., ol" Alaska. «Capt. E. E. Smith, who in command of a ateani whaler penetrated as far east as Ketnrn Eeef iu the summerof 1685, saya that the natives told him there was no permanent village west of Herschel Island. M^"i"'™] Tys whii-li are tlie cliannel.s of tenipoiaiv strean'is rniiinnu oidy dnrinu tiie juaiod of niching snow, and li\ lonu. narrow .soinetimes ending in low, steep banks. The tiis of these lauooiis are generally rather wide, and i-josed liy a bai- of uiavel thrown up liv the wa\-es (luring the season of o|ieii wati'r. In rlii' spiin^. the snow and ice on the land melt months liefore the sea opens and Hood tlie ice on the higoons, which also melts giadnally around the edges aiilil tliere is a sntHcielit head of water in tiie lagoon to break throimii the liar at the lowest jioiiit. This stream soon cuts itself a <-hannel."iisMally about HO or ;!(l yards wide, through whi.-li tiie lagoon is rapidly drained, soon cnttilig out an open siiace of greater or less extent in the sea ice. tide ebiis and flows throngh the channel, whicii is usually from knee- When the sea gets suttieienth open for waves to lireak upon the lieacli, they in a short time bring in enough gravel to close the outlet. The cliffs gradually decrease in height till they reach Cape Smyth, where they are about 25 feet high, and ternnnate in low knolls sloping down to the banks of the broad lagoon Isutkwi:. which is made by th.' con fluenee of two narrow, sinuous gulle.\s, ami is oidy 1(» feet deep in the deei-est part. Rising from the beach beyoiul the mouth of this lagoon is a slight (de- vation, 12 feet above the sea level, which was anciently the site of a small village, called b> the same name as the lagoon. On this elevation ■was situated tlu' Tnited States signal station ol' Ooulaainie. I'.eyond this the land is lev.d with the to], of the beach, which is broa.l and nearly Hat, raise.l into a slight ridge on the outer edge. Ab.mt half a mile from the station, just at the edge of the bea(di, is tlic small lagoon Im.M-nyi;, about L'OO yards in diameter, and nearly tilled ui> with marsh. of water imdose or 0 leet in height, whidi are laised hy the ice. Masses of old ice. healing huge qimiitities of gravel, are juished ii]i on the beach during severe storms and melt rajjidly in tlie siunmer, are often i)ushed up out of reach of the waves, so tiiat the heaj.s of gravel are left thenceforth nndisturlM'd. Between luiernyn and IMson I'.ay (Ta'syuk) is a series of large .shal- low lagoons, nearly circulai and close to the beach, which ri.ses in a regu- lar sea-wall. All have low steep haidcs on the land side, l)ordered with a narrow beach. The first of these. i'ki>ilin ("that winch has liigh banks"), breaks out in the spring thiough a narrow channel in the beach ui the manner already (h'scril led, and is salt oi' brackish. The next is fi'esh and connected with Ikpilin by a small stream running along be- hind the beach. It is called Si'nnyu, and receives a rivulet from a small fresh-water lake 3 or 4 miles inland. The third, Inie'kpuu ("great watei""), is also fresh, and has neither tributary nor outlet. The fourth, Imekpu'nigln, is brackish, and empties into Elson Bay by a small stream. Between this stream and the beach is a little fresh-water pond cliise to the bend of Elson P.ay, which is called Kikyi'ikta'ktoro, from one or two little islands (klkyh'kti;) near one end (d'it. Back from the shore the land is but slightly elevated, and is marshy and interspersed with many snnill lakes and ponds, sometimes con- nected by inconsiderable streams. This marsh i)asses gradually into a somewhat higher and drier rolling plain, stretching back inland from the cliffs and growing gradually higher to the south. Dr. Simpson, on the authority of the Point Bairow natives, describes the country as "uniforndy low, and full of small lakes or pools of fresh water to a dis- tance ofaliout 50 miles from the north shore, where the surface becomes undulating and hilly, and, farther south, mountainous.'" This descrip- tion has been substantially verilied by Lieut. Ray's explorations. South of the usual deer-hunting ground of the natives he found the land decid- edly broken and hilly, and rising gradually to a considerable range of mountains, running approximately east and west, which could be seen from the farthest point he reached.-' Tlie natives also speak of high rocky land -a long way off to the east," wlrich some of them have visited for the jjurpose of hunting the mountain sheep. The hiw rolling plain in the immediate vicinity of Point Barrow, which is all of the country that could be visited by our party when the laud was clear of snow, jjre.sents the general appear- ance of a country overspread with glacial drift. The landscape is strikingly like the rolling drift hills of Cape ( 'od, and this resendilance is increased by the absence of trees and the occurrence of ponds in all the depressions. There are no rocks in situ visible in this region, and ' Point Barrow, p. 28. sirRDOcB.l T(H'()(iliArHV OF THE ColMi;'!. 2i^l large bowlders arc absent, wliilc pchhlcs lar.i;cr Ihaii llic lisl arc rare The surface of the Jin in 11(1 is cdvcicl with a tiiin sdil. sii|.iioiliii.'; a lalhcr sparse vegetation of ji-rass, tiowcrint;- plants, crccpin}; willows, ami mosses, which is thicker on the lii^licr hillsides and turiiis a layer id' turf about afoot thick. Large tracts of cdiniiai ali\ rl\ le\el uronnd are almost bare of gi'ass, and consist ol' iii-c^nlar hiini cks ot hhudi, muddy soil, Scautil.V covi'led with li^lil -colored lichens and I'lill of small l)ools. The lowlands, especially those hack of I hi' lieach lagoons, arc marshes, thickly covered with grass and sphagnum. The whole sin face of the land is exceedingly wet in snmnier. c\cepi the liiuhcr knolls and hillsides, and for about 100 yards back from the edge ot ihe dills. The thawing, however, extends down only about a tool oi eighteen inches. Beyond this deiitli the ground is iieiiieiually lio/.en tor au unknown distance, 'riicre are nostreanis of any importance in the iin mediate ueighborhood of I'oint Uarniw. On the other hand, three of the rivers emptying into the Arctic Ocean between I'oint I'.anow ami the Colville, which Dr. Simpson speaks of as ••small and liaidly known except to persons who have \isited them." ' lia\c been found to be con- siderable streams. Two of these were visited by Lieut. K'a.s in his ex- ploring trips in 18.S2 and ISS.-!. The first. Kua'ru. is reached alter trav- eling about 50 miles from Point Harrow in a southerly diiection. It has been traced only for a small part of its course, and there is i-eason to believe, from what the natives say, that it is a tributary of the sec- ond named river. Lieut. Hay visited the uiiiici- part of the second river, Kulugrua {named by him •■.Meade River"), in March, Iss:.', when he went out to join the native deer huiiters encamped on its banks. Just on the edge of the hilly conntrv. On his return he visited what the natives assured him was the month of this river, and obtained observa- tiims for its geographical iiosition. Early in Aiiril. ISS.;. he again vis ited the upper i.ortion of the stream, and tiaced it back some distance into the hilly country. The intermediate portion has never been sur veyed. .\t the ti feach of his visits the river was, of course, frozen and the ground covered with snow, Imt he was aide to see that the river was of considerable size, upwards of L'OO yards wide where he tirst reached it, about . 233. 30 IlIK I'UINT liAKIJoW i:sKIM(). iKirnw striii ot' land, and is sd lai.^t- that a man standing on the uorth- eiii shore can not sec the •• very high" land on the southern. It takes an umiak a day to tra\el the length of tlie lake under sail with a fair wind, and when the N'nnataunuun coming from the south first saw the laketliey said "Taxaio!" (tin- sea). On Capt. Magnire's luaii' this lake is laid down by the name "Taso'kpoli" '•from natixc report." It is represented as lying between Smith Hay and Harrison Bay, and eouueeted witli each by a stream. Maguire .seems to Inive heard nothing of Ikpikpuu. This lake is not mentioned in the Ixxly of the report. Dr. Simjisou, however,^ .speaks of it in the following words: "They [i. e.. tlie trading parties when they reach Smith Bay | enter a river which conducts them to a lake, or rather series of lakes, and descend another stream which Joins the sea iu Har- ri.son Bay." They are well aequainted with the Colville River, which in their intercourse \vitli us they usually called "the river at Ni'galek," Nl'galek being the well known name of the trading camp at the mouth. It was also sometimes spoken of as the "river of the Nnnataumiun." The Mackenzie Eiver is known as "Kupufl" (great river). We found them also a((iuainted with the large unexplored river called '•Kok"ou the maps, which Hows into Waiuwright 1 nlet. They called it " Ku" (the river). The river '•Cogrua," which is laid down on the charts as empty- ing into Peard Bay, was never mentioned by the Point Barrow natives, but we were informed by Capt. Gitford, of the whaler Daniel Webster, who traveled along the (;oast from Point Barrow to Cape Li.sburne after the loss of his vessel in 1S81, that it is quite a considerable stream. He had to ascend it for about a day's journey — '20 miles, according to Capt. Hooper-' — ^before he found it shallow enougli to ford. CLIMATE. The climate of this region is thonmghly arctic in character, the mean annual temperature being S^ F., ranging from 65° to —52° F. Such temperatures as the last mentioned are, however, rare, the ordinary winter temperature being between — 20° and —.30° F., rarely rising during Det'cmber, January, February, and March as high as zero, and still more rarely passing beyond it. The winter merges insensibly by slow degrees into sununer, with occasional "cold snai)s," and frosty nights begin again by tin- 1st of Septend)er. The sun is entirely below the horizon at Point Barrow for 72 days in the winter, beginning November 15, though visible by refraction a day oi two later at the beginning of this period and a day or two earlier at the end. The midday darkness is never complete even at the winter solstice, as the sun is such a short distan<-e below the horizon, but the time suitable for outdoor employments is limited to a short twilight fr \). m. Theie is, of course, an equal time in the .summer 'Pari. Rep., 1854, vol. 42, opp. p. 186. 'Qp. cit., p. 265. 'Corwin Report, p. 72. ML-RDorn.] CI.IMATK. 31 when the sun is .•uiifiiiu;.lly al.ov.^ th.' li.ni/oii, -.uu] for alimil m m„,miIi before auil after this pciimi the twiliylit is sd hriylii all iii"lil tin! stars are visibh-. The snowfall (luring- tlic winttT is (■(iniparaiisch small 'nicir is probably not more tliaii a fnot ,,f siKiwdii a li'xcl aiivwInTc on the liml though it is extremely .lirticult to measnie or estimair. as ii is s.Miiie ami dry that it is easily moved by tli.' wind and is coasiantlv in moiio,,. fornHlig- deep, heavy, hard drifts under all the hanks, while irian\ e\" posed places, e.specially tlie toj. of the sand 1iea<-li. are swept enlireh cleau. The snow begins to soft.'n and melt about the ijrst week in April, but goes oft' very slowly, so that the jiToniid is not wholh bare before the middle or end of June. The grass, howexi-i. be-ins to turti green early in June, and a few flowers are seen in blossom as earh as June 7 or 8. Rain begins to fall as early as April, but cold, snowy days are not un- common later than that date. There is a good deal of clear, ealm weather during the winter, aud extremely low temiierarnres are seldom aceom panied by high wind. Vi(dent storms are not uiicomnKm. liowcvcr especially in November, during the latter ])art of January, and in Feb- ruary. One gale from the south and southwest, which occurred .lanuarv 22, 1882, reached a velocity of KM) miles an hour. The most aureeable season of the year is between the middle of May and the end oi .luly, when the sea opens. After this there is much foggy and clouds weather. Fresh-water ponds begin to ft-eeze about the last week in Septemlier, and by the first or second week in October everything is sntticiently frozen for the natives to travel with sledges to tish through the ice of the inland rivers. .Melting begins with the thaw ing of the snow . l)ut the larger jKtnds are not clear of ice till the middle or end of July. The sea in most seasons is ])ermanently closed l>y ticezing and the moving in of heavy ice lields from about tiu- middle of October to the end of .luly. The heavy i<-e in ordiiuiry seasons does not move ver.\- far fiom the shore, while the sea is more or less encumbered with floating masses all summer. These usually grouml on a bar which runs liom the Seahorse Islands along the shore paiallcl to it ami about l.OOO yards distant, forming a "barrier" or "lan on the beach. Tiie ice sometitm-s comes in with gr<-at rapidity. The natives itdbrmed us that a year or two before the station was estal>lislicd the heavy ice came in against the village clifls. tearing away i.art of the baidv and destroying a house on the edge of the .liff so sudd.'idy that one of the inmates, a large, stout man, was unable to escajic through the trap-door and was crushed to death. Outside of the land-floe the ice is a broken pack, c(msi.stiug of hummocks of fragmentary old ami new ice, inters])ersed with com])aratively level flelds of the formei-. During the 6Z THK I'OINT HAKROW KSKIMO. oaiiy 11:111 1)1' till' wiiitiT tliis jtai-U is most of the tiiiir in iiiotioii, some- tiinrs iiii)\iii.<; iiiiirlii-astwiinl \\'\t\\ tlie previiiliiig cuiTcut and grmdiug all inn till' I'lli;^ of till' bariiiT. soiiictiines moving ofi' to sea before an off- sIiiph' wiiiil. Ifaxiiiu •■ leads" of iipi'ii water, wliicli in calm weather are imiiicdiarcly roviTcd with new ii-i' (at the rate of C) inches in 24 hours), and aj^aiii coming in with greater or less violiMicc against the edges of this new ice, .-nishing and crumpling it up against the barrier. Portions of the land-rtoe even tloat off and move away with the pack at this season. The westerly gales of the later winter, liowever, bring in great quan- tities of ice. which, incssing against the land-floe, are pushed up into hum mucks and ground tirndy in deeper water, thus increasing the breadth of tiic (ixi'il land tloc until the line of separation between the hmd-floe aud the moving pack is 4 or 5 or sometimes even 8 miles from land. The hummocks of the land Hoe show a tendency to arrange themselves in lines parallel to the shore, and if the pressure has not been too great there are often fields of ice of the season not over 4 feet thick between the ranges of hummocks, as was the case in the winter of 1881-'82. In the following year, howexer, the )>ressure was so great that there were no such fleUls, and even the level ice inside of the barrier was crushed into hummocks in many places. After the gales are over there is generally less motion in the pack, until about the middle of April, when easterly winds usually cause leads to open at the edge of the land-floe. These leads now continue to open and shut, varying in size with the direction and force of the wind. As the season advances, esiiecially in July, the melting of tlie ice on the surface h)0sens portions of the land-floe, which float ottanil join the pack, bringing the leads nearer to the shore, i u the meantime the level shore ice has been cut away from the beach by the warm water running down from the bind and has grown "rotten" aud full of hoh's from the heat of the sun. By the time the outside ice has moxcd away so as to leave only the floes grounded on the bai- the inside ice breaks uj) into loose masses, moving up and down with wind and current and ready to move oft' through the tirst break in the barrier. Portions of the re- maining barrier gradually break oft' and at last the whole tiually floats and moves out with the i)ack, sometimes, as in ISSl — a \ er> remarkable season — moving out of sight from the laud. This final departure of the ice may take jilace at any time between the middle of .July and the middle of August. East of Point Harrow we had opportunities only for hasty and superti.ial observations of the state of the ice. The land floe apjiears to form some distance outside of the .sandy islands, and from the account of the natives there is much open water along shore early in the season, caused by the breaking up of the rivers. I>r. Sim|)son' learned from the natives that the trading parties which left the Point about the l.st of July found open water at Deasc Inlet. This is more detinite information than we were able to obtain. We only learned that they counted on tiuding open water a few days' journey east. IIAKACTKIUSTIC; THE PEOPLE. I'lIYSICAL (lIAlIACI'l-.KMsriCS. Ill Stature tlifs<' pcopl.' -aw of a uicdinni lici-lil, n.hust, and luiis.ailar, "iiicliiiiii.i;- lather to sparciicss than cori.iih'iicr;' - thduf^li llic liillncss (,f the face and the ttiick fur clothiii.i;- oltcn -ivcs the iiiipicssi( f till- hitter. Th<-re is, however. eonsi(h'i'alde inilh idiial \aiialiSiiiii)son, nor is the shortness of the thnnd) which he mentions sufticieuf to attra<-t attention.' Their feet ai'c so small that only one of our i>arty, who is inncli below the ordinary size, was able to wear the boots made by the natives for tln'in characteristic of the Kskimo raci' and ha\c been mentioned b\- most obs..rvers from Greenland to .\laska.' The teaturesof these iieo|)le have been described by Dr. Siinpson,« and are distinctively P^skimo in type, as will be seen by comparing the accompanyiug portraits (Figs. 1, l', ;;, and 4, from iiimtographs by Lieut. Kay) with the niaiiy pictures brouglit from the eastern Arctic ' Op. eit., p. 264. 'Simpson, op. ort of Point Barrow Kxp.-.lili..,,, ,,, .",0, l,,i ;, t;,l.l. ..I mmiimii. Tidual-s sc-li-rti-il at random from tli.- iiatu. ^ "I l...tli villai;, ^ ;nHl lli. ir \i,i{n) lOp. eit., p. 2:i8. 'Davis (1586) spBaltM of tin- "small, sl.ii.lc r hands iiml Id ' "I lli. dr., nh gcs, etc. (1589), p. 782. "Their hands and feet air lilil.' .mii .s..n. " Craiitz. vol. 1, p. i:):i (laicnlaii Hands and feet ••ratrcnud.v diiniiHith.." I'any 1st V,,,., ,,. -J.s.' il'.allh, L.-i "Their l.amU and fn-t an. small and u.ll toiin.,!,' Kiimli. n r„„li il. , p, 1 "Fe.-t extraordinarily small.' KIHm, V,.>a-,-. .1. -, v l::j ( IIi..N"ii Sln.ill. Franklin (l»l Kxp., vol. 2, p. 180) m. nlinns tl... small hands and f. .t .d lli. met at the lUoody ■•'all of the C.piiermin.- Kiv.r. Searching Exp., i. i' ai .c,,|.. l;ailiurst). "Their hands and I. - l .m ^mall," PetrotT, Eeport, etc., p. 134 (Knskoquii Chappell (nnd.s.,11 r.ay, |.|., r.!i, 11(1) has a remarkahle theory to aceonnt extremities anion;,' the jieople of Hudson Strait. He believes that "the restricts vef;etatii for a posture often assumed in working.) Both men and women have a very fair share of muscular strength. Some of the women, especially, showed a power of carrying heavy loads superior to most white men. We were able to make no other compari- sons of llieir stienjith \\\t\i ours. Their powt-r of endurance is very great, and botii sc\c^ an- capable of making long distances on foot. Two men sometime-< sjhmuI L'I Ihhiis tramping tliroiigh the lonyii ice in search of seals, and we knew of instances where small panics made journeys of 50 or 75 miles on foot without stopping to sleep. The women are not prolific. Although all the adults are or have been married, many of them are childless, and few have more than two chil- dren. One woman was known to have at least four, but investigations of this sort were rendered extremely difficult by the universal custom ' Op. cit., p. 238. ' Cf. Simpson, op. cit.. p. 240. MURDOCH] PHYSICAL CUAKACTKKISTICS. 39 of adoption. IJr. Simpson licanl of a ••rare case" where oiii> woiiiaii liad borne seven children.' We heanl of no twins ai eiilier village, i|]oiil;Ii we obtained the Eskimo word for fwins. It was impossihle to leaiii with certainty the aj^c at wiiieh tlie women lirst hear children, from Hie impossibility of learn in f; the a.^e of any imli\idnals in the alisenee of any fixed Jiu'thod of reekonini; time. l»i'. Simpson states that tlie\ do not commonly bear children before the a.^c of LM(,' and \\f eeiiainly saw no mothers who app<'are(l yonnncr than tliis. We knew df Imt ii\-e cases of pregnancy in the two viila.ues dnrin.;;' the L.' years of our stay. (»f these, one suffered miscarria.ue, and of the other fonr. only two of the infants lived more than a slnnttime. it is exe.'edin.uiy dinicuit, foi' the reasons stated above, to form any estimate ol' tlie a.^c to which th<'se people live, thougii it is mitnral to sniipose that tiie arduons and olten precarious existem'c wliich tliey lead mnst prevent any great longevity. Men and women who apjieared to be ()() or over were rare. Vuksi'fia, the .so-called -chief" of XnwuU. who was old enou-li to 1... a man of considerabl.' inflnenee at the time the /'/orry wintered at I'oiiit liarrow (1852-'54), was in ISSj a feeld.'. liowed. tofterin.';- old man. very deaf and almost bliml, but with his mental faculties ap|)arently unimpaired. Gray hair appears unconuaou. Kven the (thh'st arc, as a rule, but slightly gray. rATHOLOGY. Diseases of the respiratory ami digestive organs are the most freciucnt and serious ailments from which they suffer. The former are most prevalent toward the end of sumniei' and early in winter, and are due to the natives sleeping on the dam), ground and to their extreme care- lessness in exposing themselves to dralts of wind when overheated. Nearly everyone sntfers from coughs and c.ilds in the latter part of August, and many dcatiis occur at this season and the beginning of wint^^r from a disease which ajipcars to Ix- pneumonia. A few cases, one fatal, of hemorrhage of the lungs were observed, which wer.> jiroba bly aggravat.'d by th.- univ<'rsal liiibit of inhaling tobacco smoke. The pcoiile suffer from diarrhea, indigestion, and especially from constiiia- tion. Gonorrhea ai)i>ears cimunou in both sexes, but syphilis seems to be unknown in spite of the pronnscuous intercour.se of the women with tlie whalemen. One case of utcrim' henu)rrhage was observed. ( 'ntancoiis diseases are rare. A severe ulcer on the leg, of long standing, was cured by our surgeon, to who.se observations 1 am chielly indebted tor what 1 have to say about the diseases of these people : and one man had losf the cartilage of his nose and was markeil all over the body with hideous scars from what appeared to be sonu' tbrm of scrofulous disease. A single ca.se of tum.u- on the cte(l frost bites are common. iNIniiy are blind in one eye tioiii \vb;it a|i]ieais to be cataiact or leucoma, but only o 'ase ol'c plele lilindiirss was not iccil. l>r. Siitlierlaml states that lie does nor vecolle<-t a siii<;le instance of total l)liiKlness among the I'",sidino tliat in' saw in IJattin Land, and expresses the opinion that "An individual in such a state would l)e (luite unlit for the life of toil and hardshij) to which the hardy Ks(iuiniaux is ex])osed. The ne<;lect eon- se(pH'nt upon this helpless condition most probably cuts off its attiicted This seems (piite reasonable on a jiriori gi-ounds. but novertlieles.s the blind man at ('ajic Sniytli had lived to middle a-c in very comfortable cireumstan<-cs. and Iliou.uli supjiorted to a urcat extent by his relatives he was uevcrtlieless able to do a certain share of work, ami had the rejiutation of bciui; a ticod paddler for a whalinj; umiak. Injuries are larc ( )ne man had lost both feet at the ankle and moved about with -real ease and rapidity on his knees. All are sul)ieet to blecdin- at the nose and usually phi- the bleedin.u nostril with a bunch of deer hair.- This habit, as it has been termed, of vicarious hemorrhage seems to lie characteristic of the Kskimo race wherever they have been met with, and has been supiiosed to be a jirocess of natur<' for relieving tin' full- ness of the circulatory system caused by their exclusively animal dii't.-' Natural deformith's and abnormalities of structure ar<' uncommon, except sti'abisnnrs. which is eonimon and often, at least, cou.ucnital. ( )ne l)oy in I'tkiavwin had his forein^ad twisted to one side, probably from s.ane accident or dithculty dnrin- delivery. His intelligence did not seem to be imiiaired. The people are, as a rule, right handed, but that lelt-handed jiersons occasionally oc(Mir is shown by their having a word for a lelt handed man. We also collected a -crooked knife,'" htted for use witli the left hand.' PSYCHIC A I. CIIAKACTEinSTICS. As a rule they are quick-wirted and intelligent, and show a great capacity for appreciating and learning useful tilings, especially mechan- ical arts. In disposition they are light hearted and cheerful, not easily cast down by sorrow or misfortune, and though sometimes quicktera- liered, their anger seldom lasts long.-' They have a very keen sen.se of humor, and are fond of practical Jokes, which they take in good part, ' Jouni. Etlmol, Soc. vol. 4. p. 206. s Compare wlmt Diivis wrote in 1586 of the Grpeul.->niler.s : "These people are much given to lileert, ami, therefore, stoppe thcyr noses with doere hayre or tlie hiiyre of an ehiu." Hakluyt, Voyages, ete., 1089. p. 782. ' Egcilo, GreenUind, p. 120; Cr,antz, vol. 1, p. 234 (Greenland) ; Southerland. Journ. Ethnol. Soc., vol. IV. p. 207 (Baffin Land); <')ia]>pell. "Hudson Bay." p- 74 (Xorth Shore of Hudson Stnait) ; Lyon, .lournal, p. 1^ .Un.K..ii siiv.ili K.-mlliii l»t )'.i. \ ,, -"i (Hudsou Strait); Pilrry. 2d Toy., p. 544 4 1 liavc ;ii 1 1 I I' I ' ' I !: I -I ' '■' iiimU'd person from Nuwuk. 'Holm i-;ilU I li I .1- li ■ j.iLi.liLii I ..IK, 1,1 id'' Geogr. Tidskrift, vol. H, p. 96. MURDocn) PSYCHICAL CIIAKACTEKISTICS. 41 even when practiced on themselves. '|'|i,.y aiv ucncially peiccahic We (lid uotwitness a sinokMiuarrel aiiKni- Ih.' men dining the tu,, ve-irs of our stay, thonjih tliey told us stoiirs of faial (|iiaiTcls in lonucr vcais in whieli firearms were used. iai|Uor nia\ lia\c Ipcm ilic i-ausc di' iliesi' fiS'llts, as it is said to iia\e hccii of tli< ly suicide I e\cr lieaiii of anion};- tliem, wliieji I am inlornicd li\ ('a|it. !•;. !•;. Smiili the ulidiii"- master already relencd to, oeeurivd in IS.s:, at Nuwiik. I )isai;TeefMents between nuin and wife, liowever. sdmctimes lead to hli.ws. in whieli the man does not always i^et tiie best of it. When the station was tirst establislied many of the natives be-an l)ilferin.i;- from our stores, but rliey soon learned that iiv so doinu Ihfv eat tliemselves otf from the privilesc of visitin.i;- tlie station ami enjoNin- the oi)i)ortunity for tradin.i;- which it atfoided. and were -lad to promise to refrain from the practice. This promise was verv well obsei\ed. though I think wholly from feelin.i^s of self-interest, as the thieves when detei'ted seemed to have no feelinj;- of shame. Some, I believe, never yielded to the tem|)tatiou. There was seldom any diftieulty inobtaininu' restitution of stoh-n arti(des, as the thiefs comrades wouhl not attempt to shi(dd him, but often voluntarily betrayed him. They aekiiowled-vd that there was eonsi(leral)le thievin-du board of the ships, but the men of rtkiavwin tried to lay the blame on the Nuwrd< people, ami we may sii|)iiose that the charjic was reciprocated, as was the casi' re-ardin.i; the theft of the /7<>rr/'\ sails.' We also heard of occasional thefts amonji- themselves, es])ecially of seals lelt v instance, soon alter the station was established they broujiht over the carcass of a clo-, with the skin, h. 'ad, feet, and tail remoNcd, and attempted to sell it for a youn,';- reindeer; and when we be.nan to purchase seal oil for the lamps one woman brou.yht over a tin can neaily tilled with ice, with merely a layer of oil on top. Clothin- anil othei' aitides made .vsiKrially for sale to us were often very carelessly and hastily made, while their own thin.i;s were always carefully linishe.l.^ Their atfection for each other, es])ecially for tlnar children, is stronJ,^ 20|>. cit.. p. 247. I II Ciiit. limlny lisLs 4"J TIIK POINT HAHIJOW ESKIMO. thoiifili tlR'.v iiiak«' littl.' sliiiw of .uricf tor l.t'icavciiiciit, and their minds iire easily diverk'd by anuiseiiiciits. I am iucliued U> believe, liowev'er, from some cases I have observed, that grief is deei)er and more perma- nent than superficial appearances would indicate. Their curiosity is unbounded, and they have no hesitation in gratify- ing it by unlimited questioning. All who have read the accounts of the Eskimo character given by explorers in other i)arts of the Arctic regions will recognize this as a familiar trait. We also found the habit of begging at first quite as offensive among some of these ])eople as other travelers have found it, T)ut as they grew better acquainted with us they ceased to l)eg exec])! for trifling things, .such as a chew of tobacco or a match. Some of the better class never begged at all. Some of them s.'emed to feel truly grateful for the l)enefits and gilts received, and en- deavored by their geiii'ral beliavior. as well as in iiioic substantial ways to make some adequate return. ( )tliers appeared to think only of what they might receive. Hosx)itality is a universal virtue. Many of them, from the beginning of our acquaiutance with them, showed the greatest friendliTiess and willingness to assist us in every way, while others, especially if there were many of them together, were inclined to be insolent, and knives were occasionally drawn in sudden fits of passion. These "roughs," however, soon learned that beha\ior of this sort was iiunished by prompt ostracism and threats of severer discipline, and before the first nine months were past we had established the most fi-iendly relations with the wliole village at Cape Smyth. Some of those who were at first most iiis). Tiiis word appears in the corrnpti'd form "Kokmnllit," as the name of the village at Nuwuk on Petroff's map. Petroff derived his information rei;'ardin<; the northern coast at second-hand from people who had obtained their knowledge of names, etc., Horn the natives of Norton Sonnd. The i)eople of the two villages under consideration frecjuently go back- ward and forward, sometimes removing permanently from one village to the other, while strangers from distant villages sometimes winter here, so that it was not until the end of the second year, when we were inti mately accinainted with everyljody at Utkiavwin, that we could form anything like a correct estimate of the population of this village.' This we found to be about 140 souls. As well as we conhl judge, there were about I."<(l or UiO at Nuwfdv. These figures show a great d(>crease in nnud)ers since the end of l.S5o, when Dr. Simpson- reckoned the pop- ulation of Xuwi'ik at 309. During the 2 years from September, 1881, to August, 188;{, there were fifteen deaths that we heard of in the village of rtkiavwifi alone, and only two children born in that period survived. With this ratio helween the nund)er of l)irths and deaths, even in a period of comi)arative i)lenty, it is ditticnlt to see how the race can es- cape s|)ee(ly extinction, unless by accessions from with(jut, which in their isolated situation they are not likely to receive.^ SOCIAL SrUKOUNDINGS. <-oNT.\CT WITH rNrlVILIZKI> ITOPLE. Other Eskimo.— T\w nearest neighbors of tliese people, as has been stated above, are the Eskimo living at Demarcation Point (or Ilerschel ■See ■•Approxira.lte Census, etc.,- lieiM.rt of Point B.irrow Esp.. p. 49. 3pr.™r;'eBHLte (Report, ,■.,■., ,., 4, ,.r .l,- nuu.ber of n.ttives on this part of the Arctic coast is z^r™:;^;i:::::;:;i'7nK:;::n,,::;:t'::i"K;n ment of 50 inliabilauts at Ih" Ccilvilli' Kivir isal-o a mere sumiuer caiup. no exis jiig i 44 THK POINT liAKKOW ESKIMO. Island), casrwanl, ami tliosc who inhabit tlic small villages liptAveen her. The m-airsl to I'ltint l!i'li-hcr, Nuua'ria, is now (Icscrtfd. and its inliahilantshavccstahlishcd tlic new villag(M)f Sida'ni m-.m-v the inlet. The third villa.uv consists of a Tew houses only, and is called A'tfine. The people of these villa.^vs aiv so closely eoiiiieeted that they are sonie- tinn-s s|.oken of e(.lleeti\cly as Siila'rnnmiiin. At a distance np the river, which Hows into Wain wri.i;hl lidet, live the Ku'Dmiuu, "the peo- ple who live on the river." These appear to be closely related to the ]ieo))le of the hist village below \\ainwri};lit Inlet, which is named KlIanwitaNi'lM. \t any rate, a ]iart\- of them who came to Gape Smyth in the sprin.i; of is.s;! were si)oken of indirt'erently as Kuuminu or Kll- auwitawlTimiun. Small parties from all the villa.u'cs occasionally visit Toint Barrow during;- the winter for the i)uriiose of trade anil amnsement, traveling with sled-es aloiij; the lan.l ice when' it is smooth, otherwise aloiis' the edne of theclitfs; and similar |)artics from tlie two northern villa.u'es return these visits. No speiaal article of trad.' appears to be soiioht at supply of skins of the bearded seal, tit for makin.u umiak covers, as I knew of a load of these broui;ht U]) for sale, and in the sprinj;' of l.S,s;5 a party went down to the inlet in search of sncli skins. Single families and small iiarties like that from KUauwitawin, mentioned above, soine- whalin.u crews at tiie northern villages. The people that \x<- saw from these settlements were very liki' the northern Kskimos but many of them spoke a perceptibly harsher dialect, sounding the final consonants .listinctly. The i)eo])le at Point Hope are known as Tikera'nmiun "inhabitants of the forefinger (Point Hope)," and their .settlement is occ^asioually vis- ited by straggling parties. No natives from Point Hope came north during the 2 years of our stay, but a party of them visited the Plover in IS."),!.' We found some people acquainti'd by name with the Kuwu'R- miun and Silawi'fimiun of the Kuwfdc (Kowak or "Putnam") and Sil- awik Rivers emi)tying into llotham Inlet, and one man was famiHar with the name of Sisnalin, the great trading cami) at Kotzebue Sound. We were unable to find that they had any knowledge of Asia ("Kokhlit- unna,") or the Siberian Eskimo, bnt this was probably due to lack of properly directed inquiries, as they .seem to have been well informed on the subject in the I'lorrr's time.' With the peojilc of the Nu'natak (Iidand) lliver, the NunataiTmiun, they are well acquainted, as they meet them every summer for purposes of trading, and a family or two of Nunatanmiiin sometimes spend the 'Maguirc, NW. P.issa','!-, p. 384. = 11 is to bi' regretteil that tlic expedition waii not siipplieil witli a eopy of Dr. Simp80n'.s excellent paper, .is much valuable information was missed for laek of suggestions as to the direction of inquiries. WLTHnoni.l SOflAL SrKKoUKl iIN(!S OTIIKK, KSKIMO. /lo Nviuter at the iiortlicrn villai^cs. One t:iiiiil.v wintcrf.l ;ii Nnwuk in 1881-'82, ami anotlicr at rtkiavwiu the lollowiiij;- winter, wliiic a wi.l owerofthis "tribe" was als,, settleii there for the same winter, lias in- man-ietl a wi(h>\v in Tlie vilia.^e. We olitained very hi lie deiinite infor mation alM.nt tliese i)eoi.h' except that they <-auu' IVoni tlie s.uitliaiMl descended the Col viUeHiNer. < )nr in vest i-at ions were remhacd dillieult by the .-n.trn.ssiiio- nature ..f tlie work of the station, an. I the tioniili we experienced, at hrst. in h'arnin.i;- enon-li of the lan.i;na.ue I,, iiiak. ourselves clearly understooil. Dr. Siniiison was able to learn detinitels that the homes of these people ar them visit Kotzebue SoiuhI in tin a portage between the Xnnatfd; river to the Arctic Ocean.' I have been informe.l by the .•aplaiii of one of the Anieriean whalers that he has, in dilferenf seasons, met the same peoph' at Kotzebne Sound and the month of the (Jolville. We also re eeived artitdes of Siberian tame reindeer skin from the east, which must have come across the country from Kot/.cbue Sound. These peoid.-. dilVcr from the northern natives in some habits, whi.di will be described later, and sj.eak a harslna- dialect. We were intormed that in travclin,<;' «'ast after passing;- the mouth of the Colville they came to the Kunmu'dlin ('• Kan.i;niali enyuin" of Dr. Simpson and other anlli(U'S) andstillfnrtherotf ••a.uri-at •• .lireat h(mse" (iglu'kpiik) of the white m.Mi on the .uTcat river (probably Fort Mac])her.s(.n). Beyond this we only heard confused stories of jicople without posteriors and of sledges that run by themselves without dogs to draw them. We heard nothing of the country of Kitiga'ru' oi' of the stone lamp country mentioned l)y Dr. Simpson.' The Kufuufidlin are probably, as Dr. Simpson l)elieves, the people whose winter houses were seen by Franklin at Demarcation Point,^ near which, at Icy Eeef, I [ooper also saw a few houses.-' As already stated, ('apt. K. E. Smith was inlbrmed by the natives that there is now n., village farther west than Ilerschcl Islaml, where there is one of considerable size. If he was correctly infornuMl, this must be a new villa-e. since the older explorers who pa.ssed along the coast found onlv a sum.ncr .•amj. at this point. He also states that he found lai-e nundiers of ruined iglus on the outlying sandy islands along the coast, espe.-ially near Anxiety Point. We have scarcely any infonuatioii about these people, as the only white men who luive seen them had little intercourse with them iu passing along the coast.° The < Op. cit., pp. 'iH iind 236. 'Op. cit., p. aen. 'S, ,.1 Kxp.. p. U2. ' \M'th"lMil'i'li»lu-.Uuform:ltioii thoro is about tliPm from pcrsoii.il .ib.scTViil ion <-an 1„. fomiam Frank tin,' Second Exp., p. U2, T. Simpson, N-arrative, pp. 118-123; ami Hooper, Touts, etc., pp.-...— ana 4fJ THE POINT BAKKOW ESKIMO. Point Barrow people have but slight acquaintance with them, as they see them only a short time each summer. Captain Smith, however, in- forms me that in the summer of 1885 one boat load of them came back with the Point Barrow traders to Point Barrow, where he saw them on board of Ids ship. There was a man at Utkiavwin who was called " the Kunmu'dlin." He came there when a child, probably, by adoption, and was in no way distinguishable from the other people. Father Petitot appears to iuclndc these people in the " Ta/)e(v-meut " (livisi f liis "Tcliiglit" Eskimo, whom he loosely describes as in- habiting tlic coast from Ilerschcl Island to Liverpool Bay, including tiic delta of the Mackenzie,' without locating tlu'ir i)crnianent \nllages. In another place, however, he excludes the " Ta/'e(w/nicut " from the "Tcldglit," saying, "Dans I'ouest, les Tchiylit communiquaient avec Icurs plus proches voisins les Ta/jeo^-meut," ^ while in a third place ^ he gives the country of the "Tchiglit" as extending from the Coppermine Uiver tci the Oolville, and on his maj) in the same volume, the "Tareor- iiieiit " :iie liiid down in the Markenzie delta oidy. According to his own account, however, he had no personal knowledge of any Eskimo west of the Mackenzie delta. These people undoubtedly have a local name derived from that of their winter village, but it is yet to be learned. It is ])ossiblc that they do consider themselves the same people with tlie l';skiiii() of the Mackenzie delta, and call themselves by the general name of •• Ta/d'o/.nieut " (= Taxaiomiun iu the Point Barrow dialect), "those who live by the sea." That they do not call themselves "Kun- nui'dlln " or •• Kainuali-enyuin '' or " Kangmaligmeut " is to my mind (piitc certain. The word '• Kunnu'i'dlin," as already stated, is used at Nortou Sound to designate the people of Point Barrow (I was called a " Kiunnu'dlin " by sotne Eskimo at St. Michaels because I sjioke the Point Barrow dialect), who do not recognize the name as be- longing to themselves, but have transferred it to the people uuder con- sideration. Now, " Kuiimii'dlTn " is a word formed after the analogy of many Eskimo words from a noun kiiiimTj and the aftix lifi or dllii (iu (Ireenlandic lik), "one who has a ." The radical noun, the mean- ing of which I (^an not ascertain, would become in the ^lackenzie dialect kpiignrdfik (using Petitot's orthography), which with -lik iu the plural woidd make k/iagmalit. (According to Petitot's "Grammake" the plural of -lik iu the Mackenzie dialect is -lit, and not -gdlit, as iu Green landic). This is the name given by Petitot on his map to the people of the A nderson River,^ while he calls the Anderson River itself K/^agmalik.' The father, however, had but little i)ersonal knowledge of the natives of tlic Anderson, having made l)ut two, ai)pareutly brief, visits to thetr village iu 1805, when he first made the acquaintance of the Eskimo. He afterwards became fairly intimate with the Eskimo of the Mackenzie 1 Monographie, p. xl. ^Ibid, p. xvi. 3 Bull, do la Sooi6t6 de G(Sographio, 0« s^r.. vol. 10, p. 250. * See also Monographie. etc., p. xi, where the uame is spelled Kpumalit 2 VocabiUaire, etc., p. 76. SOCIAL SURKOUNDINCS OI'llKi; KSKIMo. 17 delta, parties of whom s]uMit tlic suniiiicrs of 1arl ly to themselves, and that Ivuiinnmiun, or Koitagmut, "those who live on the Great River," is a name bestowed upon them by their neighbors, jierhaps their western neighbors alone, since all the references to this name seem to be traceable to the author- ity of Dr. Simiison. Should they a])ply to themselves a name of similar meaning, it would probably be of a ditfereiit form, as, according to Petitot,^ they call the Mackenzie Ku-.vik, instead of Kupuk or Kiipiin. These are the people who visit Fort Macpherson every sjiring and summer,'- and are well known to the Hudson Bay traders as the .Mac- kenzie Uivcr Eskimo. They are the Eskimo encountered between Her- schel Island and the mouth of the Mackenzie by Franklin, by Dease and Simpson, and by Hooper and Pullen, all of w honi have publislietl brief notes concerning them.'' We are still somewhat at a loss for the proper local names of the last ol. 10, p. :in. arrativc. p. 112. Mlc)i,)»T, ■r.-iitn. etc., p. 2M. Ml.i.l, p, ■JO. » Bull. So, , ill- (iiM>s., G a^'r,, vol. 10, p. 1H2. «ri-tilot, .Monographic, etc., pp. xvi and xx. 'Franklin, 2(1 Kxp., pp. »9-lul, KC-llO, 114-119 and 128; T. Simpson, Ni>rrati\. iir 1"i M-' Hooper, Tents, etc., pp. 2B:i-2(>4. There is also a brief note bv Uie Kev. W. W. Ki. 1,!- ■ I > lo the Youcan." Sniilhsoniaii Report for lsr4. These, with Pctitofs in nnmy i. , ' ^'"n"- irraphie conipri-c :; ili. ]:>r.~r.n.^t\..u u _,M.Iiii-fhisf. iicople from actual obsci'..ii:.u. ih.il li.i n pub- lished. ' Kid,;,!.! 1 iK.nd in his "Searching Expc.litiuii- and "Polar Keiiions " 'I'li' i i i i,, ,,,,,1 iic. p. 125) arc a purcl.v h.v-iMthetical people in- vented to fill the ,p'" 1" I" " " 11" -' !""1''^ '" ""^ "'"'*'» ">""* ''"' ^fiabascans in the south." 48 rilK POINT HAKROW ESKIMO. lahivt wcaiins- Kskiiiio. thosc.nainfly. of the AikIctsoii Kiv.t and Cape I'.atliuist. That tli.'V aiv m.t coiisid.-icil by the Ta,-iMv,inriit as bcloiig- iiij;- to the same "trilK"" with thciiisi'lvcs is evident from the names Iva.ninalit ami K<-asnialiveit. applied to them by Petitot. Sir John Rich- anlson, the first white man to eueounter them (in 1826), say.s that they ealled themselves "Kitte-garroe-oot,'" atul the Point Barrow people told Dr. Simpson of country callea "Kit-te-ga'-ru" beyond the Mac- l<('iizie.' These people, as well as the Ta/)eo/>nieut, whom they closely nscnibh'. are described in Petitofs Monographic, and brief notices of tliciii arc given by Sir Jolm Richardson,' McChire,^ Arin.strong,^ and IIooper.'= Tlie arts and industries of tliese people from the :\Iackenzie to the Anderson, esjiccially the hitter region, are well represented in the National Museum by the collections of Messrs. Kennicott, Ross, and :\ra( Farlane. The Point Barrow pe(.])le say that the Kupiinminu are "bad;"' but notwithstanding this small ])arties ft'oui the two villages occasionally travel east to the Mackenzie, and spend the winter at tlie Kuininmiun village, whence they visit the "great house," returning the following season. Such a party left Point Barrow June 15, 1882, declaring their intention of going all the way to the Mackenzie. They returned .\ugnst -•"> or 2(i, 1883, when we were in the nddst of the con- tusion of closing the station, so that we learned no details of their jour- ney. A letter with which they were intrusted to be forwarded to the United States through the Mackenzie River posts reached the Chief Signal OfBcer in the summer of 1883 by way of the Rampart House, on the Porcupine River, whence we received an answer by tlie bearer ft-om tlie factor in charge. The Eskimo probably sent the letter to the Ram- part House by the Indians who visit that post. The intercourse between these people is purely commercial. I )r. Simp- son, in the paper so often quoted, gives an excellent detailed description of the course of tliis trade, wluch agTees in the main with our observa- tions, though we did not learn the particulars of time and distance as accurately as he did. There have been some imiiortant changes, how- ever, since his time. A small party, peiliaps ti\cMii six tamilio.of -Nu- nataiimiun" now come every summer to I'oint iiairow atioiit the end of July, or as soon as the shallow bays along shore are open. They estab- lish themselves at the summer camping ground at Pernyi?, at the south- west corner of Elsou Bay, and stay two or three weeks, trading with the natives and the ships, dancing, and shooting ducks. The eastward -bound parties seem to start a little earUer than formerly (July 7, 1853, July 3, 1854," June 18, 1882, and June 29, 1883). From all accounts their rela- ' Franklin, 2d Exp., p. 203. 'Ibii!., p. 269. ' Franklin. 2d Exp., pp. 193, 203 iind 230; Se.irchinf; Exp., .-lud Polar Ef^'ions, y. 300. -about t hv tnrbnk- wcRDOCH.) SOCIAL srix'KorMlINGS OTIIKK KSKlMo, 4'.l tions with the eiistciii in'oph' are now pcrtcctly tVicudly. We hi^anl uothing of the preeautionary measures descril)e(l by Di-. Siiii|>soii.' ami the womeu talked freiiueiitly of tlieir tiadiiiu witli Ilie KrifiiuiVdhri and even with the Kupftuminii.- We did imt learn detinitely wliellier ihey met the latter at Barter Point or whetiier tliey went still lartlier east. Some of the Point Barrow i)artiesdo not noeast of the (dUille. The articles of trade have changed somewhat in tiie last .!(> years, from the fact that the western natives can now buy directly from the whalers iron articles, arms, and ammunition, beads, tobaeid. etc. 'flie Nnnatafnninn now .sell chiefly furs, deerskins, an. or live reil ones. ( )ne woman was an.Kious to get all th.> empty tin cans si,e conld, saying that she could sell them to the Kuunui'dlin for a foxskin apic.-c. We were told that the eastern na- tives were glad to buy gun tlints and bright-colored handkerchiefs, and that the Nuuatannnun wanted blankets and i)laying-cards. [,uU>ui.s.—They informed us that east of the Colville they sometimes met ••Itku'.mr.,"i.eoph. with wh.nn they could not converse, but who were frien.llv and tra.led with them, buying oil tor fox skn.s. They were .said to live bacdc of the coast between the Colville and the .Mack.-n- zie, ami were described as wearing no labrets, but rings in then- ears ami noses. Thev wear their hair long, do not tonsure the crown, and -.m- dressed in jiickets of skin with the hair removed, without h.)ods, and 'Op. lit., p. 265. 'In the Plovers time they were left :i ila.v'»,ii)iirueT in the reiir. »0p. cit., p. 266. „„„,„ri, 11 itivoq 'T. Simps,.., S.-.W iron kettle., .-.t Can„l.-„ P..,y which ha.l bee,, p,.reh„se,l Irom the we.teru I,.it,^09 50 Til :k 1 'dlN'l ' l!Alil{(l\V ES KIM :o. oniainciitcd \ vifl, l>ea(l.' ^ am .1 frii i-e. We s: IW 1 )iie or two such Jackets in rtkiavwin a p])ai vutly ma de ul • moose ski in, 1 ind a lew ])ouchesof the saiiR' iiiatwi: ii; iii -lily imen ted with 1)( i-ad s. Th ey 1 lave long Hint- lock };uiis, w •liite man 's w •oode 11 pipes, wl liel 1 th ley va] liie higlilv, and axes — not ad Izes- -wit] I \\i licli tliey "bie; ik : mai ly trei •s." W.-' easily uiKlci'stood t Vom this des( •i-i].ti on that 111. dial IS wer 1' III eant, and since our ictuiii 1 liav e hec ■n a ble t. . identity i >lie or 1 tW( < of the tribes with tolwablf ceil faint y. TIk'.v seem Lett fi- aci |Uai nted with these ]»•< ,,de th an in Dr. Simpson's time, ami kiK )\V tl [(• wo rd '• kute iiin,""i ])]. '.ill 1 wli lie! 1 m; my of the tribal uamesend. \\C ( lid n. .the ■aitli e names Ki I'yii ikai lOl •Itk alya'ruin which Dr. Simpson lean lied, a ijipa reutl y from the Xu liat; an mill! 1.' I heard one niau speak of the Kuteha Kutchiu, who inhabit the "Yukon from the Birch Eiver to the Kotlo Eiver on the east and the Porcupine River on the north, ascendinj;- the latter a short distance.'" •i One of the tribes with which they liaxc dealings is the " Kat Indians" of the Hudson Bay men, jirobably tlie Viiiita' Iviitchiu,^ from the fact that they visit Fort Yukon. These are tlie people whom Capt. Masuire met on his unsuccessful sledj;c Journey to the eastward to communicate with Collinson. The Point Barrow people told us that "Magwa" went east to see "Colli'k-sina," but did not see him, only saw the ItkMliM. Collinson,' speaking- of Maguire's second winter at Point Barrow, says: "In attemiiting to prosecute the searcii easterly, an armed body of Indians of the Koynkuu tribe were met with, and were so hostile that he was compelled to return." Maguire himself, in his official report,^ speaks of meeting /oio- Indians who had followed his party for seveial days. He says nothing of any hostile demonstration ; in fact, says they showed signs of disappointment at his having nothing to trade with them, but his Eskimo, he says, called them Kojiikiin, which he knew was the tribe that had so barbarously murdered Lieut. Barnard at Nulato in 1851. Moreover, each Indian had a musket, and he had only two with a party of eight men, so he tlunight it safer to turn back. However, he seems to have distributed among them printed "informa- tion slips," which they immediately carried to Fort Yukcm, and return- ing to the coast ^vith a letter from the clerk in charge, delivered it to Capt. CoUinson on board of the Enterprise at Barter Island, July 18, 1854. The letter is as follows ; Four YoreoN, June 27, 1S54. The. priuteil slips of paper delivered by tile ortieeis of H. M. .S. Plover on the 25th of April, 1854, to the Rat IiuUaus were received on the 27th of June, 1854, at the Hudson Bay Company's establishment, Fort Youcon. The Rat Indians are in the I ■■ The iDlandEakimo also call them Ko'-yukan, .ami divide them into three sections or tribes. * - * One is called I't-ka-lyi [apparently the plural of Itk&dllii), • ■ * the second It-kal-ya'-ruin [difl'er- ent or other Itkttdlln]," op. cit., p. 269. 'Dall, Cont. to N. A. Etbn., vol.1, p. 30, where they are identified with Itkalyaruiu of Simpson. >Ibid.. p. 31. *Arctic Paper.'^. ji. 119. *• Further papers, etc., jtp. 905 et seq. ;RRorNi)iN(; habit of making pcrii"!! They are a harmless. iiK any assistance they can Capt. Collinsoii evidently never dicMnieil of iileiitilViiiu- tliis "liaiiii less, iuotteiisi\e set i>l' Indians" witli -an niim^d IhmIn- of I ndniiis nT llie Koyukiiii tribe." It is iiiiiiortaiit fliat his slalcni.'iil, (|ui)ted al>n\f, shoilld he eurrected lest it serve as autlidrity loi' (Alendiiii;- tiie rain'c nt' the Koyukuu Illdiaiis- to the Arctic Ocean. Tiie rniii( I'.arriiw iiednje also kuow the name of the IT'ua kho tana,' or l'ji'al<()iiiia, as (he\ nrii iiounce it. Their intercourse wit li all these Indians appears id be rather sliglit and purely ediiunereial. FrieiuUy relations existed l)clween the Itat Indians and the "Eskimos who live soniewheic near I he Cdlvilie" as early as ISiO,^ while it was still -war totheknile" between tlie i'eel Kiver Indians and the Kupiinmiun.'' The name Itku'dlTfi, of which I't ka-lyi ot Dr. Siniiison appears lo lie the plural, is a generic word for an Indian, and is iindonlitcdly thes: as the Greenland word eiKileK — |)lnial eiKigdlit — which means a tal)u Ions "iidander" with u lace like a dou. ••They are martial sjiirits and inhuman foes to maidcind: however, they only inhabit the east side of the land.'"^ Dr. Rink' has alrea.Iy pointed out that this name is in us<. as far as the Mackenzie River— tbr instance, the Indians are call.Ml "eert-kai-lee" (Parry), or "it-ka.^h-lie" ( Lyon), at Fury and Ilccla Strait : ik-kil-lin (Gilder), at the west shore ot Ilndson I!ay. and •• itiv.e'h-'it " (Petitot) at the Mackenzie. I'etitol also gives this word as itkpe'lit in his vocabulary (p. -12.) These words, including the term Ingalik, or In-ka-lik, ai)i>lied by the natives of Norton Sound to the Indians." and which Mr. Dall was iiifor d meant "children of a louse's egg." all ai)pear to be compounds ot the word erlvelC, a h)Use egg, and the alHx lik. (I suspect eiKilcK, IVom tiie form of its ])lural, to be a corrni>tion of "eriviliiv," since there is no reIbil)t:uiic(l In >ii> Sihciia hy way of the Di omedes. Mr. Elson's party landed uiily at Kcfni;.' Inlet, and had hut little illt ereourse with the nativ.-s. His vi sit si'cnicd to lia\i 1' hei'ii to igotten 1 .y tiie time of the l-l,>rn'.-< stay at I'oinf r.anow. Ilio u.-h Dr. ; Siin|isoii found peojile who iv<'„llr,-fd the > , isit tayed till 1 o'cloek ill tlic afternoon , trading- with the natives anil wate hing them dance. On liis return to Point Tangent some of tlie natives aeeompanied him to lioat Extreme, where he i>arted from them August (i, so that his whole intercourse with them was er((CSOW, in the summer of l.sp.i. The boats were from .Inly 'J'J to August .'5 getting from f'ajie Smyth past Point I'.arrow, when the crews were ashore for a collide of days and did a little trading with the natives, wliom they found very friendly. They afterwards had one or two skirmishes with evil-disposed parties of NuwOfimiun returning from the east in the neigh- borhood of Return Reef. The exploring ships Enterprise and Tnvesti- (/rtfdj- also had casual meetings with the natives, wlio received tobacco, etc., from the ships. The depot ship I'lorrr. Commander .Magiiire, spent the winters of 1852-'53 and 1853-'54 at I'oint I'.arrow, and tl Iliecis and crew, after some misunderstandings and skirmishes, estalilislied very fiiemlly and .sociable relations with the natives. The only imblished accounts of the Fhinr'n stay at I'oint Marrow are Commander Maguire's ofhcial reports, published in the I'ailiameutary Reports (Blue Rooks) for 1804, pp. 1(;.")-1.S,"., and ls.V>, iiji. ".I(l."( et seip, and Dr. Simjison's paper, already mentioned. Maguire's report ol' tiie tirst winter's proceedings is also published as an appendix to Slierard ( )sboriieV •'Discovery of the North- west Passage." We found that the elder natives remembered :Maguirc, whom they called "Magwa," very well. They gave us the names of many of hisx>eo- ple and a very correct account of the most iniiiortant proceedings, though they did not make it clear that the death of the man mentioned in his report was accidental. Tiiey described •■:\Iagwa"as short and fat, with a very thick neck, and all seemed very iiiiieh impressed with the height of his tirst lieutenant, "Epi'ana" ( W'riMit,) who had "lots of guns." It was difdcult to see that the Plover^s visit had exerted any perma- nent intliience on these people. In fact, Dr. Simpson's account of their habits and customs would serve veiy well for the present time, except ' Op. cit., p. 204. ' Narrative, pp. 146-168. MURDOCH.] iN'n'.i;('iin;sK with wiiiri'; mi'.x. f),"} iu regard to the use of tirc;iniis. Tlics ccrhiinlN n'liicinlM'rril no I'.iiolisli. Indeed, Dr. Siliipsoii s;iys' tluit thry LmiiumI Imnlly :iiiy. 'I'lir rhn-rr's people probably found it very ensy to ilo as we did and ndopl a soil o| jargon of Eskimo wovdsaiid "iii-roii Imi^IIsIi" iiiainaiai- loi- maicral in terconrse. Althou-li. a<-cordiii.u to the acrouiil of llir iiali\rs. Ihcic was considerable intorcourse l)et\vrni flic sailors a ml I lie lOskimo w omen, tii.-r.' are now no people livin.n at citlicr \ illaiiv wlio \\r <-oiihl !»• sure being half Knglisli. Siir was r.Miiarkal.lr only for li.-i' lar-e build, ami was not lighter than many ]nuc-blo(,d<-d womni. Since 18.")4, whon tlio first wlialors .-amc as far north as Ilir i'oiiil, there has hardly bo.-n a season in which ships have not visilcil this i-e- gion, and for a <-ou|)lc of months evcr\- year the natives hasr had con- siderable intercourse with the whites, going off to the sliips to trade. while tile sailors come ashore o.-casionally. We found that they usually spoke of white men as ••kablu'na :" but they informed us that they had another word, -tu'ii-nyin." which they used to employ among themselves when they saw a shij.. Dr. Simpson- says that they learned the word "kabliina" from the eastern natives, but that the latter (he gives it Tan'-ningorTan'-gin) came from the NiiiiataTnuiun. lb- sii|>posesit to apply to the Uussiaiis, who had regular bath (hiys at their posts, and .says it is derived from taii-nikh lu-go. to wash or cleanse the ixuson. The chief change resulting from tlu-ir intercourse with the whites has been the introducri f lircarms. Nearly all the natives are now pro- vided with gnus, some of the f the best modern patterns of breech- loaders, and they usually succeed in procuring a supply of ammunition. This is in some respects a disadvantage, as the reindeer ha\ c be<-oinc so wild that the natives would no longer be able to pnxaire a sufticicMt number of them for food and <-lothing with tlieii' former aiipliauces. and they are thus rendered dependent on the shii.s. On the other hand, withaph'iiliful supply of amiiuinitioii it is easier for them to procure abundance of tbod. both deer and seals, and th.-y are less lialde to famine than in former times. There is no reason to fear, as has been suggested, that they will lose the art of making any of their own weapons except in the case of the bow. With lircarms alone they would b.' unable to obtain any seals, a much moiv important souive of too.l than the ivindeer. and their own ai.plianees for sealing arc much better than any civili/.c.l contrivanees. Although they have plenty of tin' most improved modern whaling gear, they are not likelx to tbrget the maiuifacture of their own implements for this purposi'. as this important fishery is ruled by tradition and suiierstitioii. whi.h insists that at least (Uie harpoon of the ancient pat- tern must be iiscl ill taking every whale. All arc now rich in mm, civilized t.H.ls. canvas and wreck wood, and in this respe.'t then- con- dition is improved. ^ 'n„.cit.v.i5l. ^0,,.dt.,i..a71. 54 THE POINT BARKOW ESKIMO. TIk'.v Ikivc. liowcv.T. Mili>i)t('(l vriy few civilized liahits. They liave cniitnictt'd a taste for civilized tc»i(l. es])ecially hard bread and tluur, but this they are unable to obtain for Id uioutlis of the year, and tbey are thus obliged to adhere to their forni(»r bal)its. In fact, except in regard to the use of firearms and mechanics' tools, they struck me as essentially a conservative i)co])le. Petroff ' makes the assertion that in late years their movements have been guided chiefly by those of the whalers. As far as we could observe they have not changed the course or time of their journeys since Dr. Simjisou's time, except that tbey bave given up the autumn whaling, possil)ly on account of tbe presence of the sbips at that season. Of course, men who are rich in whalebone now stay to trade witb the ships, while those who bave plenty of oil go east. Tbey are not absolutely dependent on tbe sbips for anything except ammunition, and even dur- ing the sbort time tbe sbips are with them tbey bardly neglect their own pursuits. The (me unmitigated evil of their intercourse with the whites bas been tbe introduction of spirits. Ajiart from the direct injury wbicb bquor does to their health, their passionate fondness for it leads them to barter away valuable articles which should ha^"e served to iirocure anmumition or other things of permanent use. It is to be hoped, bow- ever, that tbe liquor traffic is decreasing. Tbe vigilance of the revenue cutter prevents regular whisky traders from reaching the Arctic Ocean, and public ojiinioii among the whaling captains seems to be growing in the right (brectioii. Anotlier serious evil, which it would be almost impossible to cbeck, is the unlimited intercourse of tbe sailors ^vitli tbe Eskimo women. The whites can hardly be said to have introduced laxity of sexual morals, Ijut they iia\ e encouraged a natural savage tendency, and bave tanght them prostitution for gain, wbicb bas brougbt about great excesses, fortunately confined to a sbort season. This may bave some- thing to do with the want of fertility among tbe woinen. Our two years of friendly relations with tliese iieo])le were greatly to theii- advantage. Not only were our Inmse and (mr doings a C(mstant source of annisement to tbem, but they learned to resjiect and trust tbe whites. Without becoming dependent on us or receiving any favors without some adequate return either in work or goods, tbey were able to olitain tobacco, hard bread, and many other things of use to tbem, all through tbe year. Our jucsence ])revented tbeir procuring moi-e than trifling quantities iif si)irits, and though the sujiply of breech-loading ammunition was luetty well cut off, they could get jilenty of ]>owder and shot for their nuizzle loaders. The abundance of civilized food was undoubtedly good tor tbem, and our surgeon was able to give tbem a great deal of bell) in sickness. In all tbeir intercourse witb tbe whites they have learned very little 'Report, ett'.. \>. IL'5. Mi-RKocH.] HAWAIIAN WOKliS AXI.MAl.S. 55 P^iiglisli. cliieriy a few Datlis and cxclainations like -(;,.t ,,ut of licic," and the words of surli son-s as -Littl.' I'.rowii .liii;" and "Slion h'ly." curiously distorted. Tlicy have as a rule invented -enniiie Plskiino words for civilized articles which are new to tlieiii.' J<;veii in liieir intimate relations -n-itli us thi'y learned Inil few more phrases and in most cases without a kuowled,i;e of theii- nieaiun;^. There are a few Hawaiian words introduced l>y tiie Kanaka sailois on the whaleships, which are universally eniphiyed between whites and Eskimo along the wh(de of the Arctic coast, and o<'casionally at least among the Eskimo themselves. These are hm L((ii.- food, oi' to eat ; Iihhk h(n((, \vink;pu)ii-piini, cuitHK, aud^^n*. not. ]V.v N'.>rd.iiski.;l.rs .xjn-.litiun, is rather curious. Chamisso (Kot/..-bii. , \ "\ il-. "I -', 11. 392, foot iiuTi) s:i\,. Ill, If ilii^ i- .1 Hawaiian corruption of the well-known 'I'il' I - < ails it Chiii.-.si-i w.inl . !,..« rl„,u ivrrntly (in 1816-'17) .adopted by the .Samlwiili I- n -i - 1 people witli wlioni tlicy ira.l,-. 1 am inlonu'ed that the word is not of C'liinese on-m i-.i |,'mI. V.I nn,- Irom India, like many other words in •■I'igeon-En-lish-" Chamisso als,) calls pdmjMui a rhi.ifse word, but I have been able to learn uothinf; of its oriijin 5G THl', POINT BARKOW ESKIMO. very abxindant smiic years, and Uwy ii'Cdjiiii/A- a tiny .shrewmouse (Sorex f()i\steri). Thi.s lirrlc animal i.s called uuii'ini:, a word eorrespondins' to tlie name n,<;ssunjinaK i;iven to tlie same animal in Lal)rador, wliieli, aceoidinti to Kleinsclimidt,' is an ironical ai)i)lieation of the uame of tiie largest seal, ni;ssnk (uj;ru at Point Barrow), to tlie smallest mammal known to the Eskimo. The same uame is also ajjjdied at Point Barrow to tlie fossil ox, whose bones are sometimes found. The most abundant laud animal. howe\-er. is the reiudeer, tii'ktu (Kaugifer tarandus »rcBn- landicus). which is found iu wiuter in great herds along the upper waters of the rivers. tion to be a species of Orca. Birds. — In the spring, that is during May and the early part of June, vast flocks of migrating ducks pass to the northeast, close to the shore, ' GrenlaDdsk Ordbog, p. 380. luTil .;in.l Sl,.ll,.i-s,|ii.-ks. i-ni. crs 1 licy ;ilsii tiiiil imiiihcrs (if Mt 11 IV coast ill small iiiiiiil.crs SIWT ics, the Aiiicricaii wliite- lis j; aiiihcli). the h'sscr siiow- Inck liiant, iiii^-lir-ui; (liraiita St b(l itli (luiim;- the iiiljiTatioiis s (in •1 tlii'iu in iMucli i^Tcater liiid : 1 spccii's (if swan. ku'uTii, \ isit s the .-oast. ■ tlu' Uiills. (.fwhi.-li the Point a few only renuiiii ill, li to liiccd. and ivtiiin from the latter part of .Inly to the end of ^ retiiruiug birds cross the istlnnus of I'oint I! natives assemble in lar.uc nmnbcrs tor tin These uiigrating birds arc mostly kini; duck tabilis), Pacific eiders, anjau'lifi (S. v-nigr; a'dyigi'a, a'badlln (Clangnla liyemalis), wit spectacled eider, ka'waso (Arctonctta fi> kau'kto (Enicouetta stelleri). At the vi pintails, i'vwiigB (Dafila acuta), wiiicli visi during the migrations, (iccsc of three fronted goose, m'l'glfigriii: (Anser albifn goose, ku'uo (Chen hy])cibo)ca). and tlic 1 nigricans), are not iincommon on the co; and the breeding season, but the iiati\- abundance at the rivers, wiierc they also probably Olor columbiaiius. wliii h rarel,\ ISText in importance to the natives ai Barrow gull, nau'yB(Larusbarrovianus). is the most abundant all (liroiigh the sea.son, though the rare rosy gull, kfi'iJmaxlu (Rhodostctlics rosea), appears in multitudes late in the autumn. The ivory gull (( ni\ia alba), nariyalbwuu, and Sabine's gull, yfiku'drigugi'i; (Xema Sabinii). are un- common, while the Arctic tern, utyuta'kin (Sterna paradisca). is rather abundant, especially about the sandsjiits of Xuwrdc. All these species. particularly the larger ones, are taken for food. Three species of loons are common: the great white-billed loon, tii'dlin (Urinator adamsi), and the Pacific and red-throated divers (U. paciticiis and lumme), which are not distinguished from each other but are both called ka'ksau. They also occasionally see the thick-billed guillemot a'kpa (Tria lomvia arra), and more often the sea-pigeon, sckbwiik (Ce- phus mandtii). The three species of jaegei-s (Stercorarius pomarinus, parasiticu.s, and longicaudus) are not distinguished from one another but are all called isufu:. They i)ay but little attention to the numerous species of wading birds which appear in considerable abundance in the migrations and bree»\>\)y (Papaver nudicaule). We were told thai ■■\t\ and liy" the |io|i|iies would turn into "little birds" and lly nway. which led us to sii]i|iose that there was some yellow butteitiy which we shonid lind almndaiit in the later summer, but we saw none eithei- season. A small spider is sometimes fouud in the Eskimo houses, and is called [lidrairu'i i;. "the little braider." They pay but little attention to other invertebrates. but are familiar with worms, kupidro, a spei'iesof cral>. kinan'n;, (llyas latifrons), and the little branchipus, iritu'ini (txreeulandie issiiorak, "the little one with big eyes"), of the fi-esh water-pools. Cockles (I'.uc- cinum, etc.) are called siu'tigo {Gr. siuterok, from siiit, ear), and (lams have a name which we failed to obtain. Jellytish are called iiiiaru'n:. "like bags." They say the " Kfiiimudlin " eat them I Few plants that are of any service to man grow in this region. The willows, fi'kpik, of various species, which iumi the coast arc nothing but creeping vines, aiv sometimes used as tiu'l. espei'ially along the rivers, where they grow into .shrubs .5 or (i feet high. Their catkins are used for tinder and the moss, mu'nik, furnishes wicks for the lamps. We could find no Unit that could be eaten. A cranberry (N'accinium Vitis-idjEa) occurs, but produced no fruit either season. No use is made of the different species of grass, which are especially luxuriant around the houses at ITtkiavwiii, where the ground is richly manured with various sorts of refuse,' tlnrngli the spei-ies of mosses and lichens furnish the rein- deer with food easily reache.l in the winter through the light covering of snow. Little attention is paid to the numerous, and s 'times showy, flowering plants. We learned but two names ot tlowers. the one mentioned above, tukilu'kica, tukilukid.ja'ksiui, which seemed to be api)lied to all striking yellow or white flowers, such as Papaver, Itanun cuius, and Draba, and mai'suu, the bright pink Pedicularis. All the wood used in this region, except the ready-made wooden ware and the willow i.oles obtained from the Nunatailmiuu, comes from the drift on the beach. Most of this on the beach west of Point Barrow a|ipears to come from the southwest, as the prevailing <-uncnt along this shore is to the northeast, and may be deriveil from the large rivers llowiiig into Kotzebue Sound, since it shows signs of having been long in the water. The .Iriftwood, which is reported to be abundant east of Point Barrow, probably comes from the great rivers emptyiugMnto the Arctic ' ■• Tlw (iil h.lii -icted a.< a manure on the soil, and proiim.ed a luxuriant crop of sraas tr..m 1 to -J IV-t-t high •• (Village at'point Atkinson, east of the Mackenzie). Riehanbon Searching Exp..vol. I, p. 204. (iO Till-: POINT 1!A1;K()\V ESKIMO. Oi-caii. This wixid is sufficiently aliniidanr to fnniisli rlii' natives with all they need for fuel and other purposes, and consists eliietly of pine, spruce, and cotton wood, nio.stly iu the form of water- worn logs, often of lar^c size. Of late years, also, much wood of the different kinds used in shiplmildinji- has drifted ashore from wrecks. MTNKKALS. The people of this re.uion are a<-cpiainted with few mineral substances, excluding the metals which they obtain from the whites. The most important are tlint, slate, soapstone, .jade, and a peculiar form of massive pectolite, fli'st described by Prof. F. W. Clarke ' from specimens brought home by our party. Flint, iinma, was formerly iu great demand for arrow and spear heads and other implements, and according to Dr. Simpson'* was obtained from the Nunataiimiun. It is generally black or a slightly translucent gray, but we collected a nniuber of aimwheads, etc., made of jasjier. red nv variegated. A few crystals of transi)arent quartz, sometimes smoky, were also seen, and ajijieared to hf used as anudets. Slate, ulu'ksii, "material for a round knife," was used, as its name imports, for making the woman's round knife, and for harpoon blades, etc. It is a smooth clay slate, varying iu hardness, and light green, red, purple, dark gray, or black in color. All the pieces of soft gray soapstone, tuna'ktB, which are so common at both villages, are probably fragments of the lamps and kettles obtained in former years fi'om the eastern natives. The jade is often very beautiful, varying fi'om a pale or bright translucent green to a dark olive, almost black, and was formerly used for making adzes, whetstones, and occasionally other implements. The pectolite, generally of a pale greenish or bluish color, was only found in the form of oblong, more or less cylindrical masses, used as hammerheads. Both of these minerals were called kau'dlo, and were said to come "from the east, a long way off," from high rocky ground, but all that we could learn was very indefinite. Dr. Siiu[ison was informed' that the stones for making whetstones were brought from the Kuwfik Eiver, so that this jade is probably the same as that which is said to form Jade Mountain, in that region. Bits of porphyry, syenite, and similar rocks are used for making labrets, and large p«>bbles are used as hammers and net sinkers. They have also a little iron pyrites, both massive and in the form of spherical concretions. The latter were said to come from the mouth of the Col- ville, and are believed by the natives to have fallen from the sky. Two other kinds of stone are brought liom the neighborhood of Nu'nsuknan, partly, it appears, as curiosities, and partly with some ill defined mysti- cal notions. The first are botryoidal masses of brown limonite, resemb- ling bog iron ore, and the other sort curious concretions, looking like the familiar "clay stones," but very heavy, antl apparently containing a ' U. S. Geol. Sarv., Bull. 9, p. 9, 1884. "Op. cit., p. 266. ^Op. tit., p. 266. wl:edoch.] food. fjl great deal of irou pyrites. White j;yi)siun. used I'm- nihliinu Hi,. i|,.sli side of deerskiu.s, is obtained on the seasiiinc ;it a place callcil TiVixr' "one sleep" east from Point Barrow. Bituminous coal, alu'a, is well known, thdiii^h ndi iisid lor nicl Many small fragments, wiiich come perliaps tidm ilic \,.iii ^ii C;,,,,. i;,.;,!! fort,' are picked up on tlic heacli. Shaly, \cr\- liitiiniinoiis cdal, hrnkcn into small square fragments, is rather ahMn. 100. 'The Eskimo of Iglulik ■ prefor vonison to any kind of meat." Parry. -M Vnya (\-> THK P(J1NT BARROW P:«K1M0. the violeiict' of the surf, Ave sa-^r one woman collect a lapftil of these "claui heads," which she said she was going to eat. The "blackskin" (epidermis) of the whaU' is considered a great delicacy by them, as by all the other Eskimo wlio are able to procure it, and they are also very foud of the tough white skin or gum round the roots of the whalebone.' We saw and heard nothing of the habit so generally noticed among other' Eskimo and in Siberia of eating the half-digested contents of the stomach of the reindeer, but we found that they were fond of the fteces taken from the rectum of the deer. I find that this curious habit has been noticed among Eskimo only in two other places — Greenland in former times and Boothia Felix. The Greenlanders ate "the Dung of the Rein-deer, taken out of the Guts when they clean them; the Entrails of Partridges and the like Out-cast, pass for Dainties with them."^ The dung of the musk ox and reindeer when fresh were considered a deUcacy by the Boothians, according to ,T. ('. Koss.' The entrails of fowls are aiso considered a great d«dicacy and are carefully c(joked as a separate dish.* As far as our observations go tliese peojile eat little, if any, more fat than civilized man, and, as a rule, not liy itself. Fat may occasionally be eaten (they are fond of the fat on the inside of duck skins), but they do not habitually eat the great ([uantities of l)lubber spoken of in some other places 5 or drink oil, as the Hudson IJay Eskimo are said to do by Hall, or use it as a sauce for dry food, like the natives of Norton Sound. It is usual! \- supposed and generally .stated in the popular ac- counts of the Eskimo that it is a physiological necessity for them to eat enormous quantities of blubber in order to obtain a suflQcient amount ot carlxni to enable them to maintain their animal heat in the cold climate which they inhabit. A careful comparison, however, of the reports of actual observers'- shows that an exi-essive eating of fat is not the rule, Eggs of all kiiuls. except, of course, the smallest, are eagerly sought for, but the smaller birds are seldom eaten, as it is a waste of time and ammunition to pursue them. We saw this people eat no vegetable sub- stances, though they informed us that the buds of the willow were some- times eaten. Of late years they have acquired a fondness for many kinds of civilized food, especially bread of any kind, flour, sugar, and molasses, and some of them are learning to like salt. They were very I Compare Hooper, Tents, etc. "This, which the Tnski call their sugar," p. 174; and Hall, Arctic Eescarches, p. 132 (Baflia Land). 'K^'OiU', Greenland, p. 136. 3Aii]i"-iidis to Ross's 2d Voyage, p. sis. h,-Thm\ (iulf. »F«r iust.ance, Sohwatka says that the NgtcUIk of King William Land devour enormous quantities of seal blubber, "noticeably more in summer than the other tribes," viz, those of the western shores of lliidson's Bay (Science, vol. 4, p. 544). Parry speaks of the natives of the Savage Islands, Hud- son's strait, eating raw blubber and sucking the oil remaining on the skins they had emptied (2d Voy- agi\ p- 14). f-Sti- for example Egede's Oreenland. p. 134; Crantz. History of (jreenland. vol. 1, p. 144; Dall, Alaska, passim; Hooper. Tents of the Tuski, p. 170; Nordenskiold, Vega, p. 110. MURDOCH.] F(K)I>. (;i{ jrladt«)inurliasctnimiisc(.ni-iiLfal"iiiiisli";iii.l Ihr lnokcn \i,iuais I'loiii the tal>k-. These were, howeviT. ciiiisidcird as spcii;,! (hiintirs aiitl eaten as hiueheoiis or as a dcsscit after ilii' iciiiihir niral. I'lic cliililicii and even some of the woincii were al\\a\s on ih,' waidi im- ilic cdok's slop bucket to be br(mj;lit (nit. and vied willi ilir iiliii|iiii(,us dcn;s in searching for serajis of fudd. AFcat whicli ciii.iiics would call ratiicr "high" is eaten with relish. Imt tliey seem tt>it.~VniH\ is ucm-rally .MiokiMl. cxri'i.i. iirrliaps, whale-skiu and \vliale-.i;iini. which usuall\ seem lo he calcn as sunn as obtained, without waiting; tor a tire. Ah-at of all kinds is ycni rally boiled in abundance id water nver a tire of driftw hand the lirotli thus made is drunk hot before eating tlie meat. Fowls are prepared lor boiling by skiniuug them. Fish are also boiled, but are often eaten raw, especially in muter at the deer-hunting camps, when they are frozen hard. Jleat is sometimes eaten raw or frozen. Lieut. Hay found one family in cam]) on Kulugrua who had no tire of any kind, and were eating everji:hing raw. They had run out of oil some time liefore and did not like to spend time in going to the coast tor more while deer were plentiful. When traveling iil winter, according to bieut. Uay, tliey luefer frozen fish or a sort of pemmican made as follows: The marrow is extracted from reindeer boiu's hy Koiling, and to a <|nantity of tliis is added L'(U-.> pounds of eruslied seal or whale blubber, and the whole beaten up with the hands ni a large wooden bowl to the consistency of frozen cream. Into this tJiey stir bits of boiled venison, generally t1ie j.oorer portions of the meat scraped off the bone, and chewed ni> small by all the women and children of the fandly, "eaeli using some calialistic woid as they cast in their mouthful."' The mass is made uji into 1' pound halls and carried in litth' sealskin bags. Flour, when olitained. is ma.lc into a sort of porridge, of which the\ are very tond. Cooking is mostly done outside of tile dwelling, in the (ppen air in summer, or in kitchens opening out of the i)assagewa\ in winter. Little messes (Uily. like an occasional dish (d sou|> or j.orridgc. are cooked over the lamps in the house. This habit, of <'onrse, c es liom the almndaid supply of tirewood, while the Eskimo most fre.iuently descrilMMl live in a country where w 1 is very scarce, ami are obliged to depen iiad a large quantity of exceedingly bad tinecut tol)aec() could hanlly give it away. A little of the strong yellow •'('iicassiau" tobacco used by the Russians for trading is occasionally brought up lioiu the southwest, aud perhaps also by the Xunatanniiun, and is \ cry highly juized, probably because it was in this form that they tirst saw tobacco. Snuff seems to be unknown; tobacco is used only for chewing and smoking. The habit of chewing toltacco is almost universal. Men, women, and even children, though the latter be but 2 or 3 years old and unweaned,' when tobacco is to be obtained, keej) a "chew," often of enormous size, constantly in the mouth. The juice is not spit out, but swallowed with the saliva, witliout pro- ducing any signs of nausea. The tobacco is idu'wed by itself and not sweetened with sugar, as was ol)served by Hooper and Nordenskiijld among the "Olmkches."* 1 knew but two adult Eskimo in Utkiavwiii who did not chew tobacco, and ime of these adopted the habit to a cer- tain extent while we were there. Tobacco is smoked in pipes of a peculiar jiattern called kui'nyi!, of which the collection contains a series of ten specimens. Of these, No. 89288 [705],^ figured in Ray's Point Barrow Report, Ethnoh)gy, PI. i, Fig. 1, will serve as a tyi)e. The bowl is of brass, neatly inlaid on the upper sm-face with a narrow ring of copper close to the edge, from which lun four converging lines, 90° apart, nearly to the center. Round the under surface are also three concentri(^ rings of copj)er. The wooden stem appears to l)e willow or birch, and is in two longitudinal sections, held together by the lashing of sealskin thong which serves to attach the bowl to the stem. This lashing was evidently put on wet aud allowed to shrink on, and the ynds ar-e seciu'cd by tuck- ing under the turns. The whipping at the mouthpiece is of fine sinew thread. A picker of steel for cleaning out the bowl is attached to the stem by a piece of seal thong, the end ol' w hicii is wedged under the turns of the lashing. The remaining pipes are all of the saints general pattern, but vary in the nniterial of the bowl and in details (tf execu- tion. The stems are always of the same material and put together in the same way, but are sometimes lozenge-shaped instead of elliiitical in section. The lashing is sometimes of three-ply sinew braid. The bowl shows the greatest variation, both in form and material. Fig. Gft (No. 5G737 [10], from Utkiavwiii) has an iron bowl, noticeable for the ornamentation of the shank. The metal work has all been done with the file except the fitting of the saucer to the shank. This has evidently been heated and shrunk on. Three pipes have bowls of ■ (,:..r,ip:iii. ,T. Simiison, op. cit., p. 250, and NordonskioUl, Vega, viil. 2. p. 116. '1. nlM.tc.., p.83; Vega, vol. 2, p. 110. ' llir iiiiiiibera first given are tlioao of the N.atJonal Museum ; tin- iinmlK.-rs in braeket.^ are tliose of MURDOCH.] riPEiS (*7 smoothly groimcl stone. No. ,S!tL>sy [1582] (Fiff. i\b from ITtkiMvwTii) is of rather soft ^-eeuish gray slate. No. S'.L'!l(l [S(i 1 1 is of t lie, same shape but of hard greenish stone, wlille the tliird stone pipe (N,,. S'.ti'in |.s;!ll from Utkiavwin), of gray slate, is ut'iiuite a diU'erent. patlei-ii. Tliree of the .series have bowls of reimleiT antler, lined with thin sheet, brass and one a bowl of walrus i\or\, lined with thin eoppta-. (See I'ig. (Jc Nos. 89285 [954J, S<)L'St; |!»1.-.|, and S!tL'S7 [ 1I2!IJ.) ^"""^^^^^^asxaiiiiojin^ Antler an.l ston,' pipes. ■ boH pattern and rathei- small aic usually carried hy tin- men oul of doois, while t\u' moie .'laborate metal pipes, whi<-li are often veiy large and handsome (I Iniv.- seen some with a sam-erat least .I inches in dianu'ter) are more frequently used in the house and l.y the w.Miien. Tln^ stem is usually 1 foot or l-'i inches long, though pipes at least is inches long were seen. To niost pipes are attach. mI pickers, as in the type spccinuMi. The picker is in all cases of metal, usually iron or steel, but sometimes of cop[)er(se.. the pi.-kers attached to j.ipes above). When iHit in use tin- point is tucked under the lashing on the stem. The pipes are readily taken apart for cleaning. 68 THE POINT BAKKOW KSKIMO. No. SilL'ltL' [1751.'] (Fig. 7) is an fxtciiiiioiizcd pipe iiiadi' in a liiiiTy by a mail who wislied to smoke, but liad no pipe. It is sini])ly a ron,!;b willow stick, slightly whittled inio slia|)e, split and hollowed out like a iiipesteni. It is held to-clher li> a whipping of sinew thread and a lashing of ileerskin thong, fastened by ii slip- Pipe madtj of willow stick. knot at one end, the other being tucked in as usual. A small funnel- sliape inches long, one end of which is sewed to the middle of the seam in the deerskin band and the other passed through a large blue glass bead and knotted. This string is wound two or three times round the neck of the bag, and the bight of it tucked under the TOBACCct roi'' Hi) turns. The scams art' all sewed •• o\-eiaiiil (iNcr" on llie •• wrdiiu" side with sinew thread. These tobaecu pouches are usualh .,1 , s„inl n pilKin ., sluliih narrowed at rhe iierk. and .ui'neralh liiiui d lonnd lli. nioulli wiih i nari'ow strip of wohcrinc liir as d>o\( I In \ m olti n oi n inn id< il witli taji's of wolvei'inc fui' on th. s( uns i is m \o s'isOl |I l| j i^ Sh]), and borders of diffe real colon.! sj m \o viso , |i ,(ij is \,i\ elaborately (iriiaineiited. it is iiia.h ot blow n uksak,"baji- fortiba'(tobac. o) \o s'i'Mi [ss'ij , out mis isp,, imen of toba.'co as iircjiared for smokiii, b\ th. 1 si, lliis . ousists ila.-krav.'n.lisii ,,i- •• Navy" toba.v.i. .-lit u]i vci mix.'.l wilh lln.dy .-iH.pp.Ml w.io.l iii th.' i""!" t..ba.-.-., t ...if W.....1. W.' w.-ivinforiii.Mll for (his i.nrp.is,.. {'..rliaps this may haw s. as well as s.Tviii- t.) mak.' III.' toba.'c.> o-. recogniz.' any sii.-ii llax.ir in soiii.' toba.'c.) Ir r twi^s \\r\v iise.l Op. fit., p. 313. A KM ;()W ESKIMC hnci •..siiKikcaiid isv icll , i,f sonic, of tl III' <- ■kii (iwii to lie ;i(l nltc 70 TIIK Vn pijic is (lifV, which name appears to be applied only to the nati\ e jiipcs, seems to be confined to the adults. We knew of no children ow ning them, though their jiarents made no objection to their chewing tobacco or owning or using clay or wooden pipes which they obtained from us. They carry their fondness for tobacco so far that they will even eat the foul oily refuse from the bottom of the l)owl, the smallest portion of which would produce nausea in a white man. This habit has been observed at Plover Bay, Siberia.^ Tobacco ashes are also eaten, probably for the sake of the potash they contain, as one of the men at TJtkiavwiii was fond of carbonate of soda, which he told the doctor was just like what he got from his pipe. Pipes of this type, differing in details, but all agreeing in having very small bowls, frequently of metal, and some contrivance for opening the stem, are used by the Eskimo from at least as far south as the Yukon delta (as shown by the collections in the National Museum) to the An- wasmixcd with -n-n.ul \.., j, p : "" I i : ; \l. i i. . .: |. xxix) describes .1 precisely sim- iUrmetUodof smokliiL- II -i li" M.nl 1 I I i.n, was "melange A de la raclure do saulc" and the pii". ■.\ .1- I illi '1 l.\^M.. .1, \i'i i> .i-. [1 .^ili ' Sec Hooper, Tents, elc. p. 177, ami Uiill. AlasK:,. p ,m . dersoii River and Oajic liatliiirst,' and liavc even been ailniilcd by {\n- Indiansoftlu' Yukon, wlio lean;. 'd the nsr oC IoI.mcco rr..iii Ihc I'.skinin. They are lllld(.)ubtt'dly seen by cuinpaiinj,' the figure of a •'Chnki-ir' pipe in XonlmskiiiM's V.-a, v.il. L'. p. 117. Fig. 7, and tlie fifi'urc of :i ■|'minnsr i)ipf in Scfbolim's -Sibriia in Asia" (p. 149), with the pipes li-uicd IVoni onr rolled ion. Moirovcr, the method of smoking is i.ivciscly that inartiml in Siberia, cMai b. the proportion of wood mixed witii the tobaeeo.' The consideration of the (piestion whenee the Sibeiians aeipiireil this peculiar metliod of smoking wonlil lead ine bey(pn pipes are of a very similar type and smoked in much the same way.' The ( Irecnianders and eastern E.skimo geuei-ally, who lia\e learned the use of tobacco directly from the Eurojicans. use large bowled pipi's. wliich they smoke in the ordinary manner. In talking with ns the ]ie ' - 1' ■ .! M.... inform..! 1.1,,.. came through 11,. „■ _' Michaels, but wl,,.l ■: The Eskimo .....^ ,; 1 ■ r ■ Island, an(l»:iv.,i ..., > .■ Theevid...,.-.. «l„.l, l..,.i , I', p.,, . I,. 1,. The Ma.k.ii/,,. ^•.:u^., . ..11 Ih.- |. ... .,,!.. wi,.. Now, thi. p...|.l. «1... li'.. - M..ll.'.l 1.. Si Mi.l katcliis ■(!); tli.ivl.M.- .N, ,ll..>..\ il. is lu- ..li.il.l rancienfurtr.i.sseMic.ha, ■lowski, .' ll ,■.• . design6o par lios Tclii^'l it sous 1.. ii.iiii il .1, gcographique qui .onvic nt au\ SI ■.I.ut, lii.'. trionalo, aelou Ir <-.apit;iin .■ 1! ii.> 1,1 |...i of Dall and other nioiler: u ..\|.l..i.. tins 1 other errors. 2 See Wran-..ll. Narr.il iv.- .il' ,LTI V.:]n ..lili.,l smoke in tl,.- >„:„„,.■,■ . .. 1 II 1.. ,ill 1 h.- II.'. SW.-lllow il, ,111.1 :.ll..« il 1 1 liv 1 ir.h u...,.l 1.. 1., .,ll,.'il crally, 1 li.li.v.', ab,.,ii ..i ill ..1' WUU.l 2, p. UB.I on, N.arr.ative . p. 15fi- -■•t. iiliacro, which * ■ irso from Kus, iiau trail. ■ra I •■ n..o,„.r. Tents, .tl Tetitot calls ta'Wftk •■ mo t franjais cnrrompu 72 THE POINT liAKKdW KSKIMC language sufficiently to lu- used as the nidiciil in connMmntl words such as "tiba'xutikiVktfirn;," ■• 1 liavc a supply nf tobaccn." Tlicic is no evidence, that anythinji' else was smoked l.eloiv tlic intiodn.'tion of tobacco, and no i)ipes seen or collected ajipear older than (lie tiiije when we know them to huA'e had tobacco.' HABITATIONS. The winter house (iV//«).— The ])ernianent winter houses are built of wood^ and thickly covered with clods of eaith. Kach house consi.sts of il .single room, nearly scpiare. entered by an und(Tiironn oj uond u iihiidin tlu sh itt to St 1 M IS stt ps ()n( ol two lloUM - 111 I ll 1 i\ u coinpinion liddds m tin shift lliis uiti iint ( m 1>. , pi((cof waluis hide 01 i woodt n ( o\( i ihmmm \\( iilni fanulj lis awaj lhepissiMS01l til. ..th.l M.l. s.l\t is stoic lotniis lilt ])issi_( Is il\\i\si(\ iii.Iiliil 'XI tlic Hint 1 t 11. 1 it till j.issi,. 1 . 11. Ill 11 '1 i|m1o )i 111 111. tlo>iop. lis into the 111 nil loom ot tin lions. , los. toili. will it tli. mi. I. II. .it .m. enil lhedt)oi is it siit h ihd^lit tiointii. lioti .>! tli. tniin. Iilut i man standing cutt in tht. tiinnt 1 li is liis In id in.l sli..iil.l. i s m tli. rotnii riit St it)oms \ ii\ soiiit\\hif iii ilim. nsions but u. ^tiitiilh about IJ 1)1 II l..t l.m, m.l s .n Id li.twi.l. I la flooi,\\dIs mil root II. Ill I.I. ot tliiil plinksot tliittwoxl .lit ss(d smooth iiitl neitlj fitttti i.i^.tliti t.U't to til^t 1 111. iitUtptilt mils iciosstlu h.aisL md th( lotit slop, s t w iitli It h (lid lilt t\\oslo])(s 111 iiiK.piil till trout or thit tt)\\ lids tilt tntiaiKi iMiiij lonsidu ibU tlu lougu Tht wallb 74 THK rOTNT BARKOW ESKIMO iiic vcitical. tlidsi' at tlio fiiils Ix'iiii; between ■"> and 4 feet bigb, wliile the sides nui iij. to v 7 feet at the lidocpole. The wall plaiiks run up aud dowu, and those of the roof from the ridge to the ends of the house, where there is a stout horizontal timber. In some houses the walls are made of i>aneled bulkheads from some wrecked whaler. In the front of the h-u-e i-\rv *^'ie trapdoor there are no phink= for a spaee of .ibout J 1( 1 1 1 in lowti i).iit of this space is tilled in with shoit tian^M iM' i)eams, so as to leave a square hole close to the iidge. Tli:^ ii<)l( lias a stout tians\erse beam at the top aud bottom and selves ,is I window Will n the house is o(( upied It i-<(o\(udbv atiaiisliuent III) iiibi lilt 111 id< ot sfnpsof se.d eiiti iil stwid to^< tliei .ind stietchcd Fig. U,— Interior of iglu. looking toward bench. ovi'i- two archeil sticks of Ught wood — whalebone was used in Dr. Simp- son's time' — lunniiij;- diagonally across from corner to corner. The win- dow is closed with a wooden shutter when the house is shut up in winter, but both apertures are left open in summer. Just above the window, close to the ridgepole, is a little aperture for ventilation. Across the back of the room runs a platform or banquette, about 30 inches high in front and sloping back a little, which serves as a sleeping aud louuging place. It is about 5 feet wide, and the front edge comes nearly under the ridgepole. It is made of thick planks running across the house, aud supported at each end by a horizontal beam, the end of which projects somewhat beyond the bench and is sujiported by a round post. At each side of the house stands a lainji, and over these are suspended r|,t.., pants were 1 daii-htcr. for the bed, wliich are rolled up and jjut under the hcncli wlicn nut in use, and ii number of wooden tubs of various sizes— I counlcd nine tiil)s and buckets in one housein Utkiavwin — (•(uniilete the In in it inc. Two families usually occupy such a lionsc, in wliicii case carli wife lias her own end of the room and lier own la usually sits to work. Some houses eon more. I knew one house in TTtkiavwifi thirteen in number, namely, a father witli two married sons each with a wife and child, his widowed sisli r with iicr son and his wife, and one little girl. This house was also the fa\orite stopping-place for people who came down from Nii\\fil< to spend the night. The furniture is always arranged in tlie same \\a.\ . 'I'liere is only one rack on the right side of the house and two on the hfl. Of these the father from the lamp is the i.lace for the liinip of snow. In this same corner are kept the tubs, and the large general eliainlter (lot ami the small male urinal are near the trap door. Dishes of cooked meat are also kept in this corner. This leaves the other corner of thc^ house vacant for women visitors, who sit there and sew. Male visitors, as well as the men of the house, when they have nothing to do, usually sit on the edge of the iMlKiuette. In sleeping tliey usually lie across the banquette with their feet to the wall, but soiuetimes, when there are few people in the house, lie lengthwise, and occasionally sleep on the floor under the banquette. Petitot says that in the Mackenzie region only married people sleep with their heads toward the edge of the banquette. Children and visitors lie with their heads the other way.' (See Fig. 0, ground plan aiidsection of house, and Figs. 10 and 11, interior, from sketches by the writer. For outside see Fig. 12, from a photograph by Lieut. Ray). At the back of the house is a high oblong scaffolding, made by set- tingup tall poles of driftwood, four, six, or eight in number, and fasten- ing on cross pieces alxnit s or 10 feet fi-om the ground, usually in two tiers, of which the lower sii|)|(oits the frames of the kaiaks and the upper sjicars ami other Inilky property. Xothiiig except very heavy articles, siiili as sledges, lioxes, and liariels, is (>vcr left on the ground. A man can easily reach this scatfold from tiie to]) of the house, but it is high enoiiuh to he out of leacli of tlie dogs. Tile cross ](ieces are usually sujiported on crotches made by lashing the lower Jaw of a walrus to the ])olc, so that one ramus lies along th.- latter. Scaffolds of this sort, usually spoken of as "caches" or "cache frames," are of necessity used among the Eskimos generally, as it is the only way in which they can jirotect their bulky property.-* ' Monograiihic, L^tc, p. xxiii. »St« for iustanco, CranU, History of i;n,.„l;.i..l, vol. 1, p. 141; Franklin, Ut Expel ™' - ■■ (Coppcntiino Rivor) ; LM Expi'd., p. I'Jl (Moutl, of tl,o .M.irkenzic anil 343 (Plover Biiy, Point, liarniw, au.l Tok.r I'oiut) : J. Simpson, denskiold, Vcgiv, vol. 2, p. 9'J (I'itk-kaj). ■n-hiTo they ar 76 THE rnixT hakkow eskimo. Around Norti>ii Souiul, Ikiwcxci. ilicy use a inoie elaborate structure, consisting- of a ic.^iilar little Ikiiisc (i Icct squaic raised 6 to 10 feet from the ground on four posts.' r.elonging to cadi liousfliold. aud usually near tlic liousc. are low scaffolds for tlu; large boats, rows of posts for stretcliing lines of thong, and one or more small cellars or underground rooms framed with whales' bones, the skull being frequently used for a roof, which serve as store- houses for blubber. These may be called "blubber rooms." These winter houses can only be occupied when the weather is cold enough to keep tlu' ground hard frozen. During the summer the ])as- sageways are full of water, wliieh freezes at *^he beginning of winter ^^ and is dwii out with a pirkax. The pe.iple of Utkiavwin began to conu- to us to borrow our pickax to clean out their iglus about September '2i, ISSL', and all the houses were vacated before July 1, both seasons. This ])articulai- form of winter house, though in general like those bnilt by other I-'skimo, nevertheless differs in nian.\ ics|iccts from any flat-roofed building of turf and stones, with the passageway in the middle of one side instead of one end, and not underground. Still, the door and windows were all on one side, and the banquette or "bris" only on the side ojijiosife tiie cntiance. The windows were formerly nuule of seal I'utrails, and the passage, thoirgh not underground, was still lower than the Uoor of tlie liouse, so that it was necessary to stei> up at each end.- A detailed description of the peculiar communal Iiimse of the East ' Dall, Alaska, p. 13. 'Egfde, Greenland, ji. 114; Crantz, Hiatury nf (ini-iilaud, vol. 1, ji. l:i»; liiuk, Talus and Traditions, p. 7. jrrniincH.] HOl'SKS. •J'J Greenlanders, of wliicli there is only one :tt cucli villiisv, will he loimd in Gapt. Holm's pap.i in tlir ( ;r(,oi;iiisl< Tidskiift, vol. S, pp. M7-.S!). 'Piiis is the long house o I' West (ueeulaiid. still lui'tliei- eloii^aled liil ii xvijl accommodate "half a sroie of families, thai is lo say, oO to .■)(! people" John Davis (ir)S(;) drseiihes the housrs of the tl leeiilaiideis '• iieere the Sea side," which were made with ])ieees of wood on liolh sides, and crossed over with jioles and then covered ov.'r witli earth.' At lo-lulik the permanent houses were dome shapeil, l.iiilt of l.om-s, with the iiiterstic.-s tilled with tnrf, and had a shoii, low passa-v.^' N,', Other descriptions of permanent houses are tolx'tound until we rea<-h I lie peoi)leof the .Mackenzie iv.uion, who Imild houses of timbers, of rather a jiecailiar iiattern. co\<'ivd with turf, made in the form of a cross, of which three or all four of the arms are the sleeping rooms, the HocU' being raised into alow l.ancpu'tte.^ (See Fig. i:i.) Petitot^ gives a \ cry excellent detailed desciii)tionoftheh(mses of the Anderson River] jile. Ac,cordiiigfohisa<-<-oiint the ]iassageway isl.uilt u]) of blocks of ice. lie mentions one house with a single alcov<' like those at Point lianow." \V<' have no description of the houses at tlu^ villages between Point Barrow and Kotzehin' Sounil, but at the latter place was tbuiid the 'See also I'raulilin, 2(1 Exped., p. 121 (Mmitli »!' Ilii' Maikiiiziil. i Island, Richardson. A ground plan aiul section closely rcscmbliiiji I Hooper, Tcuts, etc., p. 243 (Toker I'oint). 78 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. large triple house described by Dr. Simpson, and compared by him with that described by Eichardson, though in some respe(!ts it more closely resembles those seen by Hooper.' This house really has a fire- place in the middle, and in this approaches the houses of the southern Eskimo of Alaska. According to Dr. Simpson,^ "a modification of the last form, built of undressed timber, and sometimes of very small dimen- sions, with two HM'esses oiijiosite eaeli other, and raised a loot above the middle space, is very common on tlie slioresof Kotzelme >Sonnd," but he does not make it plain whether houses like those used at Point Earrow are not used there also. This form of house is very like the large snow houses seeu by Lieixt. Ray at hunting camps on Kidugrua. Dr. Simpson describes less perma- nent structures which are used on the rivers, consisting of sm.all trees split and laid "inclinhig inward in a pyiamidal finm towards a rude square fl-ame in the center, supported by two or more ni)riglit posts. Upon these the smaller branches of the felled trees are placed, and the whole, except the aperture at the top and a small o])eniiig on one side, is covered with earth or only snow.'" These buildings, and especially the tem]iorary ones deseiibed by Dr. Simpson, used on the Nuuatak, prol)al)ly ;.;ave rise to tlie statement we heard at Point Barrow that "the jieojile south had no iulus and lived only in tents." The houses at Norton Sound are (piite different from the Point Barrow form. The floor, which is not planked, is 3 or 4 feet under ground, and the passage enters one side of the house, instead of coming up through the floor, and a small shed is built over the outer entrance to the passage. The fire is built in the middle of the house, under the aperture in the roof which serves for chimney and w indow. and there is seldom any ban(iuette, but the two ends of the room are leneed olf hy loj;s hiid on the "ronnd, to serve as sleeping places, straw and siinice Ixnighs being laid down and covered with grass mats. ' The houses in the Knskokwim region are quite siniilai- to those just described, but are said to be built above ground in the interior, though they are still covered with sods.** Tliere are no i)ublished accouuts of the houses of the St. Lawrence islanders, but they are known to inhabit sub- terranean or ]iartly undergronnd earth-covered houses, built of wood, wliiletlie.VsiatieKsisimo liave aiiandonded tlie old underground houses, whieli were still in use at th(^ end of the last century, and have adopted tli(^ double-skin tent of the Chukches.^ In addition to the cases quoted by Dall, < 'apt. Cook speaks of finding the natives of St. Lawrence Bay iu 1778 living in partly underground earth-covered houses.^ 1 p. 13. )>. 105. Mr. E. W. Nl'Isou tulLs mt>, Uowi-ver, tliat the village MURDOCH.] VILLAfiES. 79 Arrangement in riU(i(irs. — Tlic village of Utkiavwin (iccuiiics a narrow strip of ground aloii.i;- the <'il.i;c of tlic clilfs of ('a|ii- Siiiydi, alioiil 1,(10(1 yards long, and cxtriKling some I.'.O yanls inlaiid. Tlir lionsi's arc scattered among the liillocks without any altcmiil al rc;;iilaiil\- and at diiferent distaures from each otlicr, sonictinics alone and sonu'timcs in groups of two coutiguous houses, A\hi. ol). The mounds at the site of the United States signal station arc also tlie ruins of old iglus. We were told that "long ago," before they had any iron, five families who "talked lik(^ dogs" inliabited this village. They were called Isii'tkwamiun. Similar mounds are to li(> seen at rernyi'i, near the jiresent summer camp. .Vboiit these we only learned that people lived there "long ago." AVe also heard of ruined houses on the banks of Kulugrua. Besides the dwellings there are in Ttkiavwin three and in NiiwOk two of the larger buildings used for dancing, and as workrooms for the men, so often spoken of a ig other ivskimo. Dr. Simpson states-' that they are nonunally the property of some of the more wealthy men. We did not hear of this, nor did we ever hear thedift'erent buildings distingiushed as "So and-so's," as I am inclined to thiidi woidd have been the case had the custom still prcvaileil. They are called kn'dyigi or kiVdrigi (karrigi of Simps., n), a word which (;or- resjionds, mutatisniutandis, with the (irccniandic kagsse, which means, first, a circle of hills round a small deep valley, and then a circle of ' Op. cit., 11. 2,")6. "For oxainpl.-, I find it inrTili.ninl in OniiilMii.I liy Kano, 1st Grinuc-U Exp., p. 40; .itlglulikby Parry, 2(1 Voy., p. 4'J;); .in.l .it iIh „...nll, h1 iIr- Ma.ki-nzie by Fraukliii, 2d Esp., p. 121, as well as by Dr. Sim[wonat Nuwuk, i.|. .il , ]. -.Ml » Froliisl.cr »ay.s tlio tents in M. t:i I ,„ H-^nilii (in l.'-.TT) wi.ro "so pitched up, th,at tl.o entrauco into thoin, is alwaius'soutb, or aKamsl III.- Simm-. ' Uakluyfs Voyages, etc., (ISSD) p. 028. *tleograplii8cUo Blatter, vol. 5, p. 27. » Op. cit., p. 259. 80 THE POINT HAK'KOW ESKIMO. people who sit close together (ami tlicn. curiously i'iioii.i;li, a brothel). At Utkiavwiii they arc situated al)out the luiddlr of the village, oue close to the bank and tlie otlu-is at tli.- otlicrcd-c .it the village. They are built like the uUwv limiscs. but air bioad.T than long, with the ridgepole in the nn.bllc, so tluit tiic two slojics of tlic roof are equal, and are not coNiTi'd with turf, like the dwellings, being only iiartially banked up witli eaitli. The (uie visited by Lieut, b'ay on the occasion of tlie"tr«'e danee" was 10 by L'O fe.'t anil 7 feef hi.^h under the rid,i;-e. and held sixty ] pie. Ill the fall aud spring, when it is warm enough to sit iii the kii'dyigi without fire and with the window oiu-n, it is used as a general lounging place or club room by the men. Those, who have car]ieutering and sim- ilar work to do bring it there and otln^rs come ,sim])ly to lounge and gossip aud hear the latest news, as the hunters when they come iu gen- erally repair to the ku'dyigi as soon as they have put away their equipments. They are so fond of this general resort that when nearly the whole village was eneanqicd at Imekinin in the sjiring of ]S,s,{, to be near the whaling ground, they extemporized a club house by arranging four timbers large enough for seats in a hollow square near the middle of the camj). The men take turns in catering for the club, each nian's wife furnishing and cooking the food for the assembled party when her husband's turn comes. The did) house, however, is not used as a sleeping place for th.' men of the villagi'. as it is said to be in the terri- tory south of Jicrin.u Strait.' nor as a hotel lor visitors, as in the Nor- ton Sound region.- \isitors are either entertained in some dwelling or build temporary snow huts for themselves. The ku'dyigi is not used iu the \viuter, prol)ably on account of the difflcidty of warming it, exce^jt on the occasions of the dances, festivals, or conjuring ceremonies. Crevices iu the walls are then covered with blocks of snow, a slab of transparent ice is fitted into the window, aud the house is lighted aud heated with lamps. Buildings of this sort and used for essentially the same purposes have been observed among nearly all knowai Eskimo, except the Greenlanders, who, however, still retain the tradition of such structures.^ Even the Siberian Eski- mo, who have abandoned the iglu, still retained the kii'dyigi until a recent date at least, as Hooper saw at Ooug-wy-sac a performance in a "large tent, apparently erected for and devoted to public purposes (l>ossibly as a council room as well as a theater, for in jjlace of the 16 and elsewhere; Petroff, Eop. p. 128 .and elaewhero. MUEDOCB.] SNOW II0LI8KS. 81 usual inner apartments only a species of bencili of raised eardi laii round it)."' These buildiii^rn jivg iiuiiierons and i)articnlarly larj;f and much used south of Bering Strait, where they are also used as stcaiii bath houses.^ Snow houses (apuya). — Houses of snow aic used only lciii|ioraril\', as for Instance at the huntiiii;' giouuds on tlic i i\crs, and occasionallA' Ity visitors at the vilhige wlio |irclcr liavin- llicir own (|iiarters. For example, a man and his wife who had hccn li\ inn nt Nuwilk (h-cidcd in the winter of lSSl*-'8.'{ to come down \\w\ sclilr ;if I'tkiavwifi, wIhmc the woman's parents hved. Instead of going lo ( of t!u> houses in the village, they built tliemselves a snow house in wiiicli tliey spent the winter. The man s:iid \\v intended to built a wooden house the next season. These houses are not built on the dome or beehi\e sliape so often described among the Eskimo of the middh^, region of Dr. Kink.-' The idea naturally suggests itself that this form of building is really a snow tupek or tent, while the form used at Point liarrow is simply the igln built of snow instead of wood. \Vhen built on level ground, as in the village, the snow house consists of an oblong icioiu about G feet by 12, with walls made of bh)cks of snow, aiul high cMiongh for a person to stand up inside. Beams or i)oles are laid across the top, and over these is stretched a roof of canvas. At the south end is a low narrow covered passage of snow about 10 feet long leading to a low door not over 2^ feet high, above wliich is the window, made, as before described, of seal enti-ail. The opening at the outer enil of the passage is at the top, so that one climbs over a low wall of snow to enter the house. At the right side of the passage, close to the house, is a small tire- place about 2.^ feet scpiare and built of slabs of snow, with a, smoke liole in the top au(l a sticdc stuck across at the proper height to hang a pot on. When the tirst tire is built in such a tireplace there is considerable melting of the surface of the simw, but as soon as the fire is allowed to go out this freezes to a hard glaze of ice, which afterwards melts only to a trilling extent. Oi)posite to the door of the house, which is protected by a curtain of canvas, corresponding to the Greenlandic ubkuaK, "a skin which is hung up before the entrance of the house,'" the floor is raised into a banquette about 18 inches high, on which are laid boards and skins. f!ui)boards are excavated under the bancinettc, or in the walls, and pegs are driven into the walls to hang things on. 1 Tents, etc., p. 136. ^ See references to Ball and Petrotf, .ibove. s Parry, 2iiil Voy., p. ICO and plate opposite; Franklin, lat E.'cped. vol. 2, pp. 43-47, ground pl.in. p. 46 ; Boas, "Central Eskimo,"pp. 539-553; Kumlien, Contributions, etc., p. 31; Petitot, Monogr;iphie, el/-., p. xvii (a full description with a ground plan and' section on p. six), and all the popular accounts of the Eskimo. , , ,. „ ^Gronlandsk Ordbog, p. 404: Kane'.« 1st Crinnell Exp., p. 40, calls it a " skin-coverod door. (,oni. pare, also, the skin or matting hun^ ..vcr the entrance of the houses at Xorton Sound, 1>:,I1. .\lasl<,-, p. 13, and the hear-skin doors of the N uuataiiuuuii and other Kotzebue Sound natives, meutioucl i,y or. Simpson, op. cit., p. 259. 9 ETH 6 I thith.T in tlic winter, a iilacc ;(lc,'|.ly (liirtcd under tlif cd-c ■ can 111' niailc by excavation, and routed over with slabs of 82 THF, POINT liAKRoW ESKIMO. As such a house is only hir-e enon.uh U,r one taniiiy. tliere is only one lamp, which stanerhai)s make some slight repairs. On arriving at the bunting ground they establi.sb them.selves in larger an\ isimis. In the antiinui Tiiiuiy"siicli houses arc built in iIh' \ iiiaj;c, of siahs of clear fresh-witev ice al Mint 1 inclifs thick ccmcntcil toj^vtlnT by IVcczinj;. These resemble the buildings of fresh-water ice at lulnlik. (iescrib.-i! Uy Capt. Lyon.- Other temporary structures of siuiw. sometimes erected in tin' \ illa,i;c, serve as^-(a;kslnips. Oin'of tlu'se. wliieh -was liniH at tiie edj^c and 7 feet high. The wails «. -re of blocks of sm.w ami tln^ roof of can- vas .stretched over] )oles. ( >neend wasleftojicn. but co\ered by a canvas curtain, ami a baminette of snow ran alou-' each side, it was lighted by oblong slabs of clear ice set info the walls, ami waruu'd by several lamps. Several men in succession used this house for repairinu' and rigging uj) their umiaks, and others who had w hittliii.i; to do bronjiht their -work to the same jilaee. Such boat shops are sometimes built by di.ugin.u a broad trench in a snowbank and rooting it with canvas. Women di.n small lioles in the snow, which they roof over with canvas and use for work-nxmis in which to dress .seal skins. In such cases there is ]irol)ably some snperstitimis reason, which we tailed to learn, for mit doing the work in the iglu. The tools u.sed in bnihlin.u thi' snow ln>uses -are the univer.sal wooden snow-shovel and the iv(ny snow knife, ibr cutting and trimming the blocks. At the present day saws are very much used for cutting the blocks, and also large iron kinves (whalemen's -boarding kiuves," etc.) obtained from the shi])s. Tents (<«./)^7>-).— During th.' summer all the imtives live in tents, which are pitched on dry places ujion the top of the cliffs or niM.n the gravel beach, usually in small camps of four or five tents each. A few families go no farther than the dry baidcsjust southwest of the villagv, while the rest of the iidiabitants who have not goiu' eastward trading or to the rivers hunting reindeer are .strung ahnig the coast. The first camp below Utkiavwin is Just beyoml the double la.uoon of Xunava. about 4 miles away, and tlu' rest at intervals of li or A nules, usmilly at some little inlet or stream at |ilaces called Se'k(iluka, Nake'drixo. Kuos- u'gru, Nuna'ktuau, Ipersua. Wa'Iakpa (K.'fuge lidet, according to ( 'ai>t. Maguire's ma]), Pari. IJci.. for is.-.t, opp. |.. IS(i), Er'nn-wTil, Si'ilaru. and Sa'krimna. It is thes.^ summer .-aniiis .seen from passing ships which have given ris,. to the accounts of numerous tillages along this coast. There is usually a small camp on the b.-a.-h at Si'nnyu ami oiu^ at Ime'kpuii, while a few go to Teruyu even early in the sca.son. As the sea opens the i.eople from the lower camps travel up the coa.st and concentrate at I'.aiiyu. where they meet the Nuwuiimiiui, the Nnua- ^„. . , . , ,. i„ .,,.1.1 ,,,. .III,. :i< tho moistim^ iu till- air immciU- 84 THE POINT BAKKOW ESKIMO. tanTiiiuH tn)d.'is. and tlif whalcinen, and aiv Joi 1 lat.'r in the season by the tiadin-- parties retuininy- fn>ni tlie east, all of wlioiii stop for a. few days at Peruyfi. On retiirniug to the village also, iu September, the tents are pitched in dry places among the houses aiid occupied till the latter are dry enough to live in. Tents are used in the autumual deer hunts, before snow enough falls to liuild snow houses. In the spring of 1883, when the land floe was very lieavy and rough off Utldavwin, all who were going whaling in the rtkiavwiu boats went into camp with their families in tents i.ilehed on the crown of the beach at Iinek pun, whence a path led off to tlie open water. The tents are nowadays always made of clot ii. either sailcloth obtained from wrecks or drilling, wliieh is pnrchased from the ships. The latter is preferred as it makes a lighter tent and liotii dark blue and white are used. Iteindeer or seal skins were used for tents as lately as lsr,i. Elson saw tents of sealskin lined with reindeer skin at Refuge Inlet,' and Hooper mentions sealskin tents at Cape Smyth and Point Harrow.^ Dr. Simpson gives a description of the skin tents at Point iJarrow.^ Indeed, it is probable that canvas tents were not common until after the great "wreck seasons" of 1871 and 1876, when so many whaleships were lost. The Nunatafimiun at Pernyu had tents of deerskin, and I remember also seeing one sealskin tent at the same place, which, it is my imipression. lielonged to a man from Ttkia\ win. Deerskin tents are used by the Anderson KiNcr natives,* while sealskins are still in use in Greenland and the east generally.^ The natives south of Kotzebue Sound do not use tents, but have summer houses erected above ground and described as "generally log structures roofed with skins and open in front."* That they have not always been ignorant of tents is shown by the irse of the word "topek" for a dwelling at Norton Sound.' The tents at Point I'.arrow are still eonstrneted in a manner very sim- ilartothat des( lilied by l»r. Siin]ison (see reference above). Fourortive poles about IL' feet long aic fastened together at the top and s^jread out so as to form a cone, with a base about 12 feet iu diameter. Inside of these about (> feet from the ground is lashed a large hoop, ujion which are laid shorter poles (sometimes spears, unnak oars, etc.). The canvas cover, which is now made iu one piece, is wrapped spirally round this •Boecliey's Voyage, p. 315. 2 Tents, etc., pp.216, 225. 'Op. cit., p. 260. * MacFarlane MSS. and Petitot, Mnnop-apliie, etc., p.xx, "destentes coniques {(»i';;cpA-) en peaux de ' See Eink, Tales, etc., p. 7 ("skins" in this passage undoubtedly means .sealskins, as they are more plentiful than deerskins among the Greonlanders, and were used for this purpose in Egede's time — Green, land, p. 117;an.lKniiili,n, n),., if., p.:;:;.). Iii.Mst r,i.-.iil:iiid. accrdiu-tunolTii, "OmS.muiierc-nho Angs- U,.,- ,l.,i , ,n. , I. I;, .i. 1 , n I., IinI.m M,,],:,, ';, -l,,n,|,,, I,,, . I , , , , , , - 1. , ,„ I , 1 'n, I „ , ,• , ( i ro.ffT. Tids., 'Potrofif, op. cit., p. 128. 'Dall, Alaska, p. 13. MURDOCH.] TKNTS. 85 frame, so that the edg-es do not meet in front except at tlie Inn, Icavin"- a triangaihir sjjaee or doorway, iillcd in willi a cnrlain of wliirh |iai( isTi trauslueent membrane, wliicli can he coNcicd at nii^iil wit h a piece i>f cloth. A striuji' I'lm^ from the np|)cr coi'iicr of tiic cl(*lli ronnd llic apc\ of the tent and comes olili(pn>i> down the IVont to alx.nl the niiddl<' ol' the edge of the other end of tlie clolii. 'I"he two edi^es are also iii'M together by a strin.n' across the enliance. I lca\y articles, stones, uia\cl, etc., are hiid an tiie tlap of tlie tent to Iceep it down, and spears, pad dies, etc., are laiil iiii a.uainst tin- ontside. (.See Fi,--. \r>, tVom a piioto graph by Lieut. Kay.) Inside of the tent fliere is mncli less fninifur«> than in the iuln, as the ont(hiors on trijiods erected ovi'r tires. The sle( back of the tent, and is nsnally marked otf by layin- a lo- across the lloor. and sprcadin,';- hoards .m the uroniid. Not moiv than i>nc fandly nsnally ocenpy a teiil. Th.'t.'ntsat the whalin- caini. nnMition.'d ah,>v.' hut, and many had a low wall of snow around tli.^m. hut these had all nu'lled hefoie the camp was aba nd.mcd. These tents differ c.msiderahly in model fn.m those in use in the cast, thou-h all are made by stivlcliin- a .-over over radiatin- poles. Vnv example, the tents in (InM^nland have the front nearly vertical,' while at (Jiimberland (hdf two sets of poles connected ))y a ridi^vpole are u.sed, tho.se for the fr.mt hein- the sluuter.- The fashion at l-lnlik is some- 1 Egiiilci, r.rconlanrl.ii.ir » Kumlieu, op. cit., p. 33. ■1)1. 1. p. 141 ; Rink, Tales, etc 8G THE POINT RAK-ROW KSK MO. wliat similar.' Small rude t.-nts only lar,i;c .-ii )Ut;h to hold one or two IK'iiph' arc used as habitations for women duri io- coiitinement, and for si'wiug- rooms wiicn they are workin.-;- on de ■rskins in the autuiiiu. Tents for the hitter lairpose ar«' railed -si 'dliwin," the place for working. HOUSEHOLD ITTENSILS FOR nol.IiING AND CARRYIXli FOOD, W ATER, ETC. Canteens (/'wof/i//).— None of the canteens, tli ■ use of which has been described above (under "J)rinks"'). were obt; incd for the collection. They were seen oidy by Lieut. Kay and Cajit Ilerendeeu. who made winter journeys with the natives. Tliey (b-scri .e them as made of .seal- skins and of small size. I And no published mention of the use of such eanteeus among the E.skimo elsewhere, except in Baffin Land.^ Wallets, etc.— Food and such things are carried in roughly made bags of skin or cloth, or sometimes merely wrapped up in a piece of skiu or entrail, or whatever is convenient. Special bags, however, are used for bringing in the small fish which are caught through the ice. These are flat, about IS inches or 2 feet square, and made of an oblong piece of sealskin. i>art of an old kaiak cover, doubled at the bottom and sewed up each side, with a thong to .sling it over the shoulders. lUirkcts uniJ tiih.s. — llackcts and tubs of various sizes are used for holding water and other llnids. blublicr, tlesh, entrails, etc., in the hou.se, and are made by bending a thin jilank of wood (spruce or tir) round a nearly circirlar bottom and sew- in^ tli( nuK to<,(tli(i llusi lie inobibh illobt im.d fionitlu Xu n it irniiiun i^ it would bi ilinost inipossibh to i)io(uu '-iiit ible wood it Point 1> mow Hit i ol Idtloll lollt Ull^ tolll >-l)t ( IllK lis — two tubs ind two bin kt ts No .(.71.4 f .70| (1 1^ K.) will 1 \t IS I t\ [.( ot tin w itt 1 biK ket I at III I I \ thin stiip <.l spiuce sin(ii(swid( isbtnt loiiiid iduu III l...tt 1 th( sami ^\ood U)i 111. Ills in di iiiutu Th( tdsji of th. I itt.i is sluhth loiindid ind II. h li.>m th. I<.\\.i ..L. .>l th. suii.. n.his ind uc stw.d to^.th.i with \< iti( il sciius ot short stitihcs, one Li.mi ir iKo Cliipp 11 IIu.Kc ii I u pii "d- ' W hill ut travelm„ purpose Kumlitu JtisLircbt'i I jS4 lUCKl «7 IV cIlMllll.Tcd oil ;l ■I IS itcd ui ,(■ lirlv seam flosc to the imtw I'lul. wl red, and till- uth.T l-r, in,-lirs iVom tliis. I'„,ili s shallow uiduNcs on the olltrr |i;ut. The lillcU shallow -roow niuiiin- round tUv t..p. and a n til.- s.'ams. T1m-s.. .uto,,v.-s nn.l the snnn .mo,,v: cut into a ludrourliucora wlialr. and srcnird 1. Ix.nc passin- thn.u-li .■(,nvs|.,,n(liu- Indrs in The bucket has l.e.-n sonic time in nsc. X<>. 5(;7(5;3 pO'.t] is a l.uck.^t wiili a bail, and shape and dinicusions. It lias, liowcvcr. a li braided to-cthcr, and thecals aiv plain tial \< of this size, with nails, arc especially used loi brinjjjiiifi- it from the i Is and streams. Tiic name •• kfilaue " corre- sponds to the Grecnlandic katauaK, -a water-pail with which wab'r is br0Uf;lit to the house." ' No. S'.»S!»1 [173.")] (Fii;-. ITi. which is nearly new. is a \cry lar.^e till) (iluli'ki)iih. which ajipeai Tin' sides are made, ,f t uo pi<-<-cs of plank J^ T l.ariK iu"l without a bail, of (Mjual Icii.ntli. who-, , n,U ,i\,ilip dt,i nat.'Iy ami are s,'w. .1 t,,^. th, i is b, t,>i. Th,' i.,itl,mi is in tw,. pi.,,- ,m, 1 ii ^, ind oue small, neatly f ist, n. ,1 t,,._.th, i with two dowels, and is m>l only lad, I in by hav- ing its edge chamf.Mcil t,i lit th.' cro/.e. but is ])egged in w itli Ibiirlceii sm The seams, edges, and two ■nails, lental If grooves around the lop ar,' painted red as ^^ before. X,,. S'.IS'.MI 1 17.-..;] is smaller. '.•■7 in.dies high ami U-.". in diam.'ter. It has no bail.ami is ,,riiaiii,'nlc,l with two gr,M.\,'s. of which th,' l,.\vcr is paintcl with Idaik l>-a,l. The Iw.ttom is in tw,i cpial pi, •.■i-s. fastened tog.'ther with tl.iv,' ,l,.«.ds. This is a n,'W tub ami has th,' kn,.th,.les h,ms,''. Th,"y aiv known b\ th,' g,'n,'ri,' name ,.f imiisiaru (whi.'h is ap- dipper" small cups of tin' sam,' sliap,' b,'ing calh',1 i'nnisyu), but have sp.'.'ial naiiM's signifying their us,'. F,.r inslam'c. th,' litth' tub ab,,ut C incln's in ,liameter, ms,',1 by the males as a urinal, is called kuvwiil ("the pla,'e Ibr urin.'.") One ,.f tli.'sc larg,' tubs always stands t,> catch the ,lri|i fr,)m th,' lump ,)f sn,iw in the house, and th,>s,' ,if the lar-'cst si/e. lik,' N,p. S!»S!I| |17.!r.|, are the kind us,'d as chamber p,.ts. V.'sscls ,.f this sort an' in us,' thnnighoul .Vlaska. ami hav,' b,.ei, ob- servcl among th.' ,'ast,'rn Kskim,. wheiv Ih.'y have woo,l enough to 88 THE rOINT BARROW ESKIMO. make tliciii. l<"i>r instance, the Kskiiiid (if the ('(>iii)ciii inc Kiver " form very iM-at (li.slics of fir, tlic sides ])vm MURDOCH.] MKAT l',OWT,.S. 89 jlfea* 60(rZ.v.— (PT'tuno. sec ivinaiks on p. SS.) Ti;iri;c womlcii how Is are used to liold mrat. f:it, etc.. I„,tli mw and cddked, wliiili arc -cii erally served on trays. Tlicsi^ arc ot local nianuractnrc and carved from blocks of soft driftwood. The lour specimens collccled are all made of Cottonwood. ;ind. exccptin;; >(). 7:;.")70 [iosj, lia\c licin loni; in use and arc tliorougldy iniprci;nafed witli uTeasc and hi 1. No. 89804 [1322] (Fi- 1!)) will serve as the type. This is deep and nearly circular, with Hat hottoni and ronndcd sides. The hriin is orna meuted with seven lar^c sledded in it atccpial intervals, except on one side, where there is a hroken notch in th(^ iilaec of a bead. Another, No. 89803 [132(1], is larjier and not flattened on (lie bottom, and the brim is thinner. It is also provided with 1/ a bail of seal thoiifj, \ ery neatly made, as follow h : „^-:;^ffl^^^| ^~" One end of the thony is knotted with a si n file knot into one of the lioh -- so as to leave one lon^ I)art and one slioit jiait (about 3 inches). The long part is then carried across mid throngh tin' other hole from th.' outside, hack again through the first hole and again across, so that there are three parts of thong stretched across the bowl. The end is then tightly wrappelor the market. I >ishcs of this .h'scrij.- tioii an- comnioii thioughont Alaska (see the National Museum collec- tions) and have hc.Mi notc.l at 1 Mover Bay,' ' Hooper, Tents, etc., p.l47. 90 THE PdINT HARROW ESKIMO. Potn itf stoiii iniii (illiir niiitrriids (u'tkuxln). — In t'oniicr times, ]iots of soaiistdiic rrsciuiilin.u' Iliosc ciiqjloyed by the. eastern Eskimo, and j)nil>al)ly obtained from the same region as the lamps, were used for eooldnii food at I'oinI I'.arrow. lint the natives have SO long been able to iiroeure metal kettles diicetlyor indireetly from the whites (Elson foniid eo]i|ier kettles at Point Harrow in 1826)' thilt the former have gone wholly out of use, ami at t lie jiresent day fragments only are to be found. There are four such fragments in the collection, of whicli three are, of the same inodel and one ciuite different. No. 89885-6 [1559] (Fig. 20) is sutticiently whole to show the pattern of the first type. It is of soft gray soapstone. A large angidar gap is broken from the miihlle of one side, taking out about half of this side, and a small angular I'.isn, On^ ''"^■-^ nei ■ of this gaj) the ^A ^^ has been br( •ken ^^ m obi bot ii|nely across ■ tlie idcd dpi W three jilaces with stit ches of wl hale- bol ,<■ maliape of the -woodeti bowls ;ibe resemblance of the jiots t Toiiit Harrow to those; with Dr. SiinpM.n's >ta the ea-t. renders i^t \i same ua\. Th.' ab^'ii Alaska is probably di wooded district they ^ ■scribed by ("apt. Tarry. 1ak« lent ■ that the stone laiiii)s \\( dd h; that b, ) II ceil < ihabilaiit' rivances o\-er a lamp. i obtained three fragnieiits of pottery, which had every apjiearanci of great age and were sai. '_'!).">) speaks of "earthen jars lor cooking" at Uotham inlet in isi'fj and isi'7, and .Mr. E. W. Nelson has eoUected a k ^ few jars from the Noiton Sound region, very like what those used at Point Barrow nnist have been. Clioris figures a similar vessel in his Voyage Pittores(|ue, IM. lu (iM), h'ig. -, from Kotzebue Sound. Metal kettles of various sorts are now exclusively used for cooking, and are called by the same umuo. as the old soapstone vessels, which it will be observed corresponds to the name used by the eastern Eskimo. Light sheet iron camii-kettles are eagerly purchased and they are very glad to get any kind of small tin cans, such as ijreserved meat tins, which MUEDocH.] BONE CIvTsni'.KS. f)3 they use for holdiiij; water, etc., and soinciimrs lii wiili hails of siriiiu' or ■wire, so as to use them for eookinj;- ])orrine meal I'.ii- teeilin-- the doi;s when traveling. For this jmriiose heavy shorthandled stone mauls are used. These tools may have been formerly serviceable as hammers for driving treenails, etc., as the first specimen ol)fained was described as "savik-indjuk-nunamisini'ktni: kau'ft;" (literally ••iron-nof dead ham- mer"), or the hammer tised by those now dead, who had no iron, l-'or this purpose, however, they are wholly sniierseded b.\- iron hammers, and are now only used for bone cinshers. 'flie e comiilete manls and \'-\ iinhafted heads. All are constructed on the same uciieial plan, eon sisting of an ol)long roughly cylindrical mass of stone, with Hat ends, mounted on the exi)anded end of a short haft, which is aiPi>lied to the middle of one side of the cylinder and is slightly curved, Uke the handle of an adz. Such a haft is fre(|nent]y made of the "branch" of a rein- deer antler, and the expand. -d en.l is made by cutting off a ii..rtion of the "beam" where the liranch J.>ins it. A haft s.) made is naturally elliptical and slightly .airve.l at right angl.-s to the l..nger diameter of the ellipse, au.l is appli.d b. tli.' h.'ad s,. that tin- gr.'at.'st thickness and therefore th.- gr.'at.'st str.'ngtli .-onn^s in th.' lin.- ..f tli.' bl.)w, as in a civilized ax or hammer. The h.-ad an.l haft are held t..gether by a lashing of thong or three-ply braid of sinew, passing through a large hole in the large end of the haft and round the head. This lashing is l)ut on wet ami dries hard and tight.^ It tbilows the same general plan in all the specimens, though no two are exactly alike. The material of the lieatls, with three exceptions (Xo. tmU [222], gray porphjTy ; No. 89654 [900], black quartzite, ami Xo. 890.55 [1241], coarse-grained gray syenite), is massive pectolite ( s.'c abi >ve, p. 00). generally of a pale, greenish or bluish gray color and slightly transhuMMit, sohietimes dark an.l opaipie. No. 50035 [24:5] will serve as the type of these implements.^ Tlie head is of light bluish gray pectolite, and is lashed with a thrce- l>ly brai.l of reindeer sinew to a haft of some soft coniferous wood, prob- ably sprn.c, rather smoothly whittled out and soiled by handling. The transverse ridge .)n the un.l.'r si.l.' .)f the butt is t.) kt^op the hand from slipping off the giip. Th.' wli..le is dirty and shows signs of .M.nsi.ler- able age. 'Sio Further Piipcra, cto., p. OIK). 'Hooper, Tents, etc., p. 57. "Wc saw this .lonoon Nn. 5liC3t ISI], tli.- h.-riil iiii.l haft ot which tog 7 1 111. h( >, long 111,1 _ . iimIi Mil. I I mil III! -Miill(^t -• 1 111. ll.-. Ion, l.\ _' t I lu>, is a ^.l\ sill ill ll iiiiiii, 1, \<, .()()>!. [>>) ii iviiu t liitt ()iil> 4 7 in.luslong. 'ill. ll ilr is 11--11 ilh ih.mt ■) Indies long llie l.iiigost (1)( lon^iiij^ to one oi til. Mil ill. 1 lit i(K I nidus 1)\ 2) Is 7 2 indues loiia, iiul tli.^ slioitcst (l)d.)ii„iiuti) islulilhlaigu 111 1(1 1 7 1.N liii. h. isl.iii. h. s Ihe l.i' <;( st t^^ () 111 ids ( Kh 7 1 1»\ ' ") ii. In - li i\. lull- > in. Ii. > L.iu 111. 1 ishui^ of ill Is put on 111 til. Sinn ^. ii. i il \\ i\ , ii iiiu 1\ b\ se- ( iiiiiu .111. 1 11.1 1 mil. 1 til. ll. 1.! u .1 tliiiMuli tlKMnCjtlKii taking.i ^.llla- _ Ilk nunibd of tiiins lonud tlie lif 1(1 iii.l tliumgh tlie hol(, and tulit.nmg these up ])\ wi qipiiu tlio end spii ilh nniii.l ill til. ])uts, \\li(i( 111. \ sii, 1, 1, fioin li( id t.) h lit (111 . idi side. .St ll til. 111^ nnio^\ oibioid, is nioK QeiKialh ns.dtlnn siiK w 1)1 11(1 (oiih tliHi s])uiiiKiis out ot the tliiit. . II ll i\( lisliin^sof siiuw) Wli.ii 1)1. nd tlioii<> isns.d tin loop is m nl. I)\ s| In in_ as f.)llo^^s Vsliti',(iit iboiit IJ iiidKs (loiu tlu < ii.l ..t tin ilnnu md the ( lid IS d.>nl)l. .1 iii i l)ii,lit iiid ]) iss, .| f hnnuli this slit 1 h. t ml is th.n sht md tli.. otlu i (nd ot till thoii, )) i'-'-. .1 tliiou<>h It and di i\mi /* r^ tint, inakiii^ i sph. . At"Ti4i whidL h.il.Is ill til. tightti tol (ll IWIII, OH it Vsinii>]. lo.i]) is tied 111 sill. « 1)1 11. I 111. t ILiwiiu luiu.s I* will ilhisii It. th. iii.)st iiiipi 1 1 inr \ 11 1 iti.ms in th. t.)iin (it tins iiiiph ( ni. lit 1 i„ J5.Xo -)00U ' [sjjiioinl tlvn\^\in,liis \ a h. id ot luht gi i\ ^ p.. t..llt. sl|_||t]\ tl Ills 111. .lit 111. I .Mil. nth ground flat .111 tli.' la.'.-s. ami tin- haft is ,,r iviml...'!' ^'1 1,,-H pi...'.Mn i,ii.-i haft. Th.. lashing i cairicl wh..llyi-ouii( ami was ])ut tn.^cth smaller than nsual, I.T, wiili a slight knob at the butt. A kin is .hmbi.Ml aii.l ins.-rt.Ml b.'tw.M'ii th.. li.'a.l and of tine s..alskiii twine, ami th.. sjiiral wrapping is til.. h..ad. This was th.. tirst stoii.. maul .•olI.'..t..(l, at th.. stati.m, as im.iiti..m..l al).)V... It is rather Fig. 24, X.). ."i(;(;:>7 [HIO], from Utkiavwin, has the MURDOCH.! SToMC MATLS. bead of jiniyisli pcctolitf. idii.nli ;n;il niiiisii:illy l:i some soft coniferous wood sonl^cd wiili ^k-isc. |i stead of elliptical, witli :in irici;nl;ir kiml) ;il jhr I, but fastened ol)liiit IIk^Iwo in llir Naliiinal Museniii. .-ull.-cr.-d liy :\li-. Nelson at Cape Wankaiviii. aiv hulli (if granite or syenite and have a groove for tlie lasliin-. ((" pare No. 89655 [ll.'41J, tijr. L'T.) In addition to the aboveih'setilx'd stone mauls. Ilieie aie in Ihe col lection five nearly similar mauls ot heavy hone, \vhi<'li have eviilently ^ Iltkinwin It ilioiit tl ditioTi \\i II . Mill nth '■l.hihhd I „s uhi differ in no respeet from I made of whale's ril); the III The followinj;- li-ures \vi nients: Fi- l.".l. No. SIISIT |l(tl(;|: Tlie head is a seetion of a small rib, 4-8inelies Ion-, and has a deep notch on eaeh side to receive the lashiu.-C- The liart is i.rol.ably of spiiu-e (it is so impregnated with yiease that it 9 ETH 7 98 l\V KSK1M( i.sii„|M.ssil,lr t(. 1 l.c sine all lout il), ai id is r,iii-li :iii( 1 son: icwlia t knobby, with I Kiundol KiKih oil til 1 llllll IlK 1 two si,, How 1 111,(1 llot( 1 i( s on the 1111(1(1 sl.l. (it til ( ^np It is itt i(h( (lbs ilislinu Ol std lit th ..lU "1 tlie oidiii.m ]i itt( 1 11 I U ' Iiotd 1. s toi the liisliing, oiR on ( i( h side, . IK 1 ludl bdlllld tll( Mil iddk lll( halt IS a rou.iih].v wliittldl IviiottN i.i((( of spiiiK and iiistt id ol i knob h is a thick tlaiui on tli( lowd sid, ottlii butt I Ik I ishiii^ is ot toiii t( ( n ol tlltccii tiiiiis ol s( illwin, 111(1 k( \((1 iipoii ( i( h Sl.l, In 1 loiuhh split stick thiiist 111 1,11(1(1 tli( h( 1(1 lu d No viM(.[10-ts] This IS pe. Ill iar in luiMU),' th. h ift not itt i. h. d it oi ih n tin iiiiddl. .it th. laid, but atoneend, -will, hisshouhh i. d to u ( ( i\ ( it liu h itt is ol tlu (om mou pattern and itt i. lit .1 as iisu il tin 1 ishin^, bt iiij, made ol \ ti> stout /."-^ Fit'. Sl.-l d sinew braid. The head is a section of a small i ib (i inches long. Fig. 32, No. 89845 [1049] : This is ma.le in one piece, aii.l roughly carve.l with broad cuts from a piece of \vlial.'"s jaw. The grooves and holes in the bone are the natural canals of blood ves.sels. All these mauls are bat- tered on the, striking face, showing that they liave been used. At the first glance it seems as if we ha.l here a series illustrating the development of the stone haiiimcr. Fig. ol would be the fii'st form, while TKAVf W tlic next step would !.,■ to iiiciisisr Ih." wci-ht ofllic liniil liy hiHi [o'.'-'J (Fig. .'53) has been selected as the type ot the •ircuhir form and three ob- loui;- in use and are very A..fC. 100 THE POINT liAKROW ESKIMO (•ilrul;ir.lislifS(i'lil)i ot'iiiiK- w 1. Tlir l.riiu is n.un side, whi'iv si piece lias i)n(ba))l\- cracked aiul chipiied. Tlie \-css. side where meat lias beeu cut up This is ^-erysiiioiithly carved fniiii a siii^jc jiicco is louiidcd, with ahxrg-e roiiiidcil j;;ip in diic ■oken out. The brim is slijihtly ry .u'lcasy and shows marks iu- Xii. siisoT I Vi'J'.j] is a very simi- lar dish, and made of the same mati^ Innad. and l-'-l deep. It has been split in two. ami mended with whale- bone stitclies in the manner j.revionsly desciibed. No. T.T.T.-. [22:5] (Fig. 34) is a typical oblon- .lish. It is neatly hol- lowed out, having abroad niar.^iii painted with iv(l ocher. It measures side, and is new and clean. This isacomniou form of dish. Fig.o^, Ko. DSds |i;!, lit of a sti lid tra eofl.hl led unusual inches!,, seller ••] irm. It is rmh ;•, showing insidi' d olf itU 1^^^^ Xo l?E?S13!5r'S3ss5! margin of L' inches at one [1370], was said by the native who brought it over for sale to be especially intended for lish- It is much the shape of No. 73.575 [223], but broader, ^ j. i,-i,,i„i, slightly deeper, and more curved. The brim is uarrow and rounded and the bottom smoothly rounded off. It measures 23-3 inches in length, and is made of pine. It has beeu deeply split in two places and stitched together with whale- m;iNKi\(i vr.ss 101 bono ill tlic usual way. Trays ami dislics of lliis sdil arr Whalrhonr Cup ', T nnixiiin.—ihu- n{ tlic .■oniin.ai.'sl Inniis ,,r drink in- Vfssrls is a littl.^ tuli ol' wlial.^hoiic of iiivcisriy llic same sinipc as the lai-v whal.'l.onr disli .Irsciihrd al.,,vc (p. ss,. or tin'sc tlicic aru live spc.-iiiicMs in rhc c-ollccticn.all Irnni Ut- kiavw in. X... .s'.is.-,;! \v.'^v^\ ( I'^ju-. ;;t) win ^^ ^i ^ _ ___^_ scrvi- as the type. It is Mi inclics lono- I^^^^^^I^./' . ""^3^ and inadf l.y hiniliii,-;- a striji ot hla<-k wlialclinnr r.mnd a sprinr l.onom. and s.'win- to-.-tlM-r the rnds. wlii,-li -ivcr ^■•" '^ jft la|. ea(di otlirr about 1 .1 mcln's. with ^ "" *' ' coarse strips of wlialil)oiic. There are two vntifal scams tliivc- fourths iiK-h apart. The hortoiii is li.dd in by fittiii.u its sli,i;htly cliaiiitVrcd cdK'' into a shallow croze cut in the whalebone. .Ml these eu]is are made almost exactly alike, and n.-arl\- of tlie same si/,e. varyiu.i;- only a iVae only variation is in the distance the ends o\eila|i and the number of stitches in the seams. Such cups are to be Ibund in ncail)' every house, and one is .u-cnerally kept conveniently nearfhe water bu<-ket. Thou.uh the pattern is an ancient on.', they are still manufactured. No. ".(r.tio [(i."".4] was found anion- tiu' ^^^5i^ debris of one of the luined t/'V^'?^ houses at Utkiavwin, and differs from the modern J cups only in havin- the \ ^>i^ -^ ends sewed to-.Ther with \ *^-V- _^ „„,. seam instead of two, } tnal use, was made after ^v our arrival, as the bottom is made of a ])iece of one of II., .^ -limn, I,,,. I our I'i.uar lioxes. Dippeisot lioiu aie III \ei\ -eiiei al use for driidciii- water. These aie all ot essentialh the same sha|.e. and are made of th.' li-lit yellow tiansjucent lioin ot the mountain sheep. There are three siiecimens in oui coIUm tion, of \\ hi. h N.>. "Wm.U [-'.sj (Fig. 3S) lias been seleete.l as the type. This i.s made of a single piece of pale yellow translucent horn, I Sc- for example Cmnt? Mil 1 p 144 (7rcLuUn.i, Parry, 2d. Voy.. p. 3U3, IgluUk: and Hooper ■uls itc p 170 Plo^tl B.1J 'Bessi Is, Naturalist Sept IsM p h61 -rr tii< iiii 11 til Mip Ml . tip n+'tr \ III 1 til 'll.-li .1 1, UK I SI/ . hut Nc .. S',1 (lit into .1 s( ii( s (.f> No V»^ 5J[1 ".77 lis: (ind sonietimes bending up the end, which serves as a handle.' ('uiiousl\ enough, cups of this last pattern appear not to be tbund anywhere else except at Plover Bay, eastern Siberia, wlien^ very similar vessels (as shown by the INIuseum collections) are made from the horn of the Siberian mountaiii sheep. All unusual form of dipi.er is beautifully made of fossil ivory. Such cu])s are rare and highly prized. \N'e saw <.nly three, one from each village, Nuwuk, Utkiavwin, and Sidain, and all were obtained lor the collection. They show signs of age and long use. They differ some- what in shape and size, but each is carved from a single piece of ivory and has a large bowl and a straight handle. No. 565.35 [371] (Fig. 40), which will serve as the type of the ivory dij. per (i'miisyu, kilig\rii'garo), is neatly carved from a single ].iecc of tine giaineil fossil i\<.ry, yel- h.wed by age. The handle, polished by long use. terminates in a blunt, recurved, tapering ho(.k, which serves the pur])ose of the peg in the ' Second Voyage, p. 503. = Sec Fig. 26, plato opposite [i. 550. 3 See Figs. 8 and 9, opposite p. 548. horn dipper. The ronivlcd .t;ap in llir lnim ojjpcsii accidental brciik. Aiiotlicr, No. s'.is.'.o ll'j:)l»|. iVmn trougli-like Clip, witli romidcd nids and ;i shoit Hal made ofa shoit trausvcrsr scclnm ula rallna- small natural roundness dt the liisk, hnt cnl ..If Hat on lop; wooden pe.y, like those in the horn dipp.Ts, is ins, tlie handle. This .Mip is ,.si„.,-ially inrnvsiin- IVoni the one obtained l.y lleeehey (Voya-o, I'l. i, I'M- al l';schs handle broken olf.' Fi-. II, Xo. S'.is;;;; f9.'3;?l, fi-om Nnwnk, has a lar.i;v bowl, nearly eireiilar, with a broad, straiji'ht handle and a broad hook. The part of Ihe bowl lo which the handle is atta. and the ed-es of it have been freshly and and handh with a dot 1\ whittled down. The ornami'ntation of the outside stin- o\- narrow in.ased lines and small cin-les, each , e.mler, is well shown in the li-nre. These en-rav- jn-s were oii-inallv v red with red oeher. bnt are now tilled with dirt and are neail v clfac.Ml by wear on the handle. This dipper of such line qnality of ivory as the other two. It is not unlikel all these, vessels were mad<' 1),\ the nat ives around Kot/.ebue > whore ivory is plenty, and where r.eeehe.W as i|noted alio\e, tout so like one of ours. We were inloiane.l by the owner that No. [371] was obtained from the Nnmitanmiun. I Nanativo, p. 148. s not that 104 THE POINT HARROW Spoonx anil huJUs.—VAxAi laniHy li:is and iiariow sliallow hulk's of Ikhii, I...1 stirring and ladling sonp. etc Tlicre lection", No. S!t7;!], has a bowl ofthe common sj n shai.ewith a shoit, Hat handle. S] nsofthissort were not seen in use, and as this is new and evidently made for sale it Fig 42.— Woollen spoon mi\ be meant foi 1 ( 01 bom 111 i\ toinu 1 get tin pots but iti hlliiu tlu limj. 1 \o s'Ul , |1(I7(I| hoi 11, d ak biov lui ^] IIS Tlu n mow lidlesof horn is( d till ( itin, bi toK It w IS s(i ( is\ to i(tl\ iisdl toi dii.i.iiuoil esptnilh toi out mis iiiu ot luiiii iiul loui ot bone lb ol I siii_,li pu 1 1 ot mountiin sluep use, sotlLiied iiid molded into shape It is impieginti d -nitli oil showiiu th it it li is Ix ( 11 long m use This utensil (losih 11 SI nihil s 1 ^leitnumbd ot spi i muns m tlu "\Ius(nin from the more southern parts of Alaska. No. 81)411 [1204] (Fig. 44) is .ADLE.S LAMl lor a tj'l)ical bone ladlo. Tlic inatciial is latlicr coaisc i;iaiiu'(l, coniiiac boiic from a whale's lili or iawlxine. No. S'.lll 1 |l(li;',| closely icsciiil)le: this but is a tritie lar-cr. Tlie otiier two spn-inuMis are iiitcicsi mj;- a; sliowiiii,'aii atteniiit at (.rnaiiieiitatioii. No. S!M r_' |ll(r_'l (I'i-. I.",. iVoii Niiwfik) i^ <'ai-ve/ nostrils, and .mtline of tli.' j^,, ,. ,.„„„,„„„„,,„„„„, ,„|,,|,. month incised and filled in with dark oil dre.o-s. All tli<-se ladles have thecurved side of the howl on IIm' left, siK.wiii- that they were in. 'ant t,i U- nscd witii the li-lit iiaial. Tlie nam.', kilin'te. obtained for these ladles is -iveii in the vocabulary <-ol le.-tedby Dr.Oldniixon as •■ scrajier." wlii.'h seems to be the etyinoh'.-ical meaiiin- of the word. These iniiilements may be used for scrapin-- blubber from skins, or the name mav eorresi.ond in m.'aniiit;- to the Fl... W.-Ji,.i,i-l..ilk. sullicienllv appaivnt for the name to be aiiplied to them. Indeed, they may have been made in imilaliou of mussel shells, which the Eskimo, ill all i.rol.alnlity. like so many other sava.ues. used for lailles as well as s(;(;7;! |i;!;'.|. is a t raveling lami id is a miniature < large lamp, No. S!I.S7!ll.S7L'|,S-7 inches long. 4-1! wide, and liiudi high of soapstone and without a sludf. The front also is .straighter, am whole more numhlv made. No. S'.t.S.s- ] r_>!»S| is another traveling I 108 E POINT I5AUR0W ESKIMO. used littlr if :it nil siiirc it was m:\iU wliilr(l,roulsHlcisr,,;,t,'d with soot ^^'h. tlic iiisid.' is almost n«'w sc. Tt is (K! iiu-lu's loll-. No. S'.issi [lL;(lO]isainiiii- atinc of No. 898S0, 8-1 'iM inches Imij;-, and is made oftbesaiiH' j;Titty stone. Suitable inateiial is not at hand for the inoper F,.Mii TK,v,.in,.i..„,. eoiiii.aris .f the lamps used by the dilfeicnt braliehes of the Eskimo race. All travelers who have written alM.ilt tliC Eskimo sj.eak of the use ,,f sueh lamps, whieli a-re.. in Ix'iiiK sliallow, oblong 'I'^lx'^ "^ ^f"»^'- "'■ ''"■'^'^'■'^' li.i;"i-es a. Iaiii]> of soai)stoiie from Tta, Smith Sound, closely resemblin.u- Xo. SltSSO, ;,np.>rt, etc. i,.«lier from Attn anil Ka.liak. ' Vega, Tol. 2, p. 23, Kg. b on p. 22, and diagrams. ]) 141. S.oalso II. r MCEDOCH.] CLOTHING. ]{)<) bleof the aiifiont Alont and the clahoratc laiii]) .if (lie INiim I'.aiiciw Eskimo art! evidi'iitly tlit^ two cxticincs ol' ihi' sciics attciiis arc slill to he dcsciihcd. Fig.50,N()..-.(i4;iL'|l(IS], isuiM'.-uliaiaiticl ' wliiclumly one spcn:,,,.,, was collected. AVc wtac iiixcn to miilcistand at llic time oliiiiirlia>iii" it that it was a sort ot so<'ket or csciitclK-oii to 1... rusimcd to the wall above a lauqi to hold the hliililicr stick dcsciihcil al.,i\c. No sndi escutchectus, however, were seen in use in llic lioiiscs visited. 'I'hc article is evidently old. It is a Hat jiicce of tliiel; |ilaid; of some soft wood, ll-4inciics Ion--. 4-1.' broad, and aliont 1.', thick, very indcK cai\c.l into a human head and Ixidy without arms, witli a larue roiind iioh" about IJ inches m diameter throii^li the ULiddlc of the breast. Tlie eyes and mouth are incised, and the nose was in relief, but was Ion- a^o split ofl'. There is a deep furrow all around the head, perhaps for fasleiduf;- on a hood. CLOTHING. The clnthins' of these people is as a rule made entirely of skins, thou^li of late years drillin.u' and calico are used for some jiarts of the dress which will be aflerwaids dcsciilicd. Pctrotf makes the rather sur- prisin.ustatenuMit that '-a lar.^c amount of ready-made clothin.i^limls its way into the hands of these |,eo|,lc, who wear it in summer, lint the ex- cessivecold of winter compels them to resume the fur .i;armeiils lormerly in general use auKUi.i; them." h'ur .i;armeiits are in as L;ciHMal use at Point r.arrow as ( hey eyer were, and the castotf clothin,u obtained from the shi|)s is mostly packed away in soi ■orner of the i.'ilii. \\'e landed at Cape Smyth not Ion,- after the wreck ot the Ihinlrl irc/M/cc, whose crew had aband ■(! and -iyen away a -real deal of thcii' clothin.n-. Duriuii' that autumn a -ood many men and bo\ s wore white men's coats (H' shirts in place of the ,.uter frock, especially when workiii- or loun-- in- about the station, but by the next sprin- these were all j.aeked away and were not resumed a-ain exeei>t in rare instances in tlu' sum nier. The chief material is the skin ol' the reindeer, wlii.di is used in yarioiis stages of i.cla-e. l''iue, short-haired summer skins, especially tiiose of does and fawns, aic used l\>v making dress garments and underclothes. The heaviei' skins aic Mse - 1 I '1 I I I I I'l G (Iglulik).!;..,..-, (.nli.,11.,1 l.| I <■ Kun.lu.i 1." , u . 14, .. .i il umb. il.iud u uU i , .ilv, I lu- bisher, in Hakluyfa "Voyages, lOhU, ttc, p. 02». >DaU, Alaska, pp. 2] and 141. !TYL10 OF Din 11 Ihc l( offsiiiuirc. and is usually oonliiicil hy a -iiillc al. Ilic waist. jiarnicnt is worn a siiiiilar one. usiiaily i.r li-lil.-r skin and son out a Ii.mmI. Til., rhi-hs arc clad in oin^ oi- I wo pairs ,,r I i-lii brccclics. .-onlincd round tin- lii|)s hy a -irdlc and nsnalk drawstrin.u l.cl,,w tlic knee tliclc-s and tccr arc worn, lir liair iirsid.- tlnai slij-pcrs ot sjircad a kiycr ..f wlialclM,nc siiavin-s. anc Loots. Ih'ld in place In- a sirin- r.aind lli. the ki.cc ami cn.lin- Willi a roa-li cd-c. wl Dress 1 Is often end \Nilli an ornainenia below the knee. Tiic iMM,ls arc ,,f rciia soles for winter and dry weather, liiil ii black seakskin with soles of whit<- wlial .shoes ofth.^ same material. rea<-hin-.inst strin-at the top and ankle strin-s. are s, 1 ts. Wln-n travelin- on snowshoes o aie replaced by stockin-s of th.- same sha lirstcad of breeches and hoots a man occasi,mally wears a pair of l.antalooirs or ti-ht-littiii;;- trousers tcrminatin.i;- in shoes such as are worn by the women. Over the usual divss is worn in very cold weather a (a'nadar mantle of deciskin. fastened l)y a thon- at the neck— sin-h mantles aiv nowadays ,,ccasionally made of blankets— and in rainy weather both sexes wear th.' I led rain frock of seal -nt. Of late years both sexes have adopted the habit of w.'arinji- over their clothes a loose I ile>s Irock of cotton clotli. usually bri.^ht-colored calico, esiiccially in blnstcrin.u' weather, when it is useful in ke.'piii.i;- the driff- lilliim ki lie I ts. Oi d sealskin, in the bottom of which i.- ndadiaustrin-Just with white sealskin watcipi-oof hoots of !•., aiv worn. 0\-er- .voiii ov.a- the winter indcroncs. hnt made itbais. The; if del Koll a. and won teusof polai- hear skil ski ider the hcarsk be handle.l without t • •old inm. 'rhe wome drawn from the sI.m'vc and inside of the Ja.- The .Ircss of the women consists of twi which diller from those of the men in iiein-- <-oii F.....^^.-Wn„MnM':,<„Hi. finned from the waist in two rather fall rounded skirts a( tlie front and hack, rea.diin- t.. or helow the knee. .V woman's frock is always (list in-uislu'd hy a sort of rounded hul-e or pockcf at the nape of the neck (s,.e I'i.u. ol'. from a sketch by the writer), wiiicli is int(Mlde off th.Mr bo..ts in (he house, and rar(dy their stockings and i.reeclu's, retaining onl.\ a pair of thin deerskin drawers. This custom of strijiping in the house has been noticed among all Es- kimos whose habits have been des<-ril.e m the li()iis( oi in w II lu \\( itln i il skin, 111(1 th. (iiiti 1 (k iliiiii II ) \Mtll tll< il 111 out lll( (lllt.l tlO( k IS llsi) SDIllc lllIK swolll with till lull 111 .sp,,|,||\ wluu It is new .111(1 th. tltsli M(h (h 111 iimI white Tins sid. is <,lt( ii oin i nieiited w ith litth tufts ,,| m ii t( ii till and still" "^"* " '1 '" '" 1 ' 1" ditiei.ii. . Ill ship. 1.1 t\v..ii th. tl.). ksot th. two s. \(s ll IS llLUl all. i(l\ in. iiti.,ii..l The man's u.,j ll... k is 1 h„,s. shut, not tittul to " tla l).)(l\,\M.l.iiiiu itth. l)ott..iii andi(-.i. liinj,', wli. n unli. it. .1 |iist Ixlow th( hips ih. skiits aic (iitott s.pi 11. oi sh^hlh loiinded, .uu] 11. 1 htth l.Mu. 1 iKhind than 111 front. the h....d is ^M, rounded, loose around th.' n.'ck, ''/ ' and fitted in more on the side^ than. .nth.' nap.'. Tii.- front .mI-. of th.' hood, wiicii .iiavMi ii|i. .-. hea.land runs n.und uii.I.t th.' . Ther.'ar.' in 111.- .■..!]. Tlion tlm troeks, to l..' worn outside. All hav.' h.'.'ii w.nii. No. ."ill? {Fij;. •'^•■i), lirown deerskin, will serv.' as the type. The pattern Km, :,::. M^UL n. 1 ttleforwi r.l .. ■ the to| of the ■rill- the .•ars. .MIS, all r, thcr elahorat (■ divss be explained by retereii The body eonsists of tw.i pi. y ETH S 114 THK POINT BAKKOW part iiid II witli til. (l-cs. Tl tlie the i4 Im anim.il is m id. Each shcM Is II, aie se^^Ld tn^cth ilo 0-M . im rlim 1 v> iruck V ()h( niK 111! St will oil With till tltsli abh \Mth ()( liti outM lid Vbiiid ind shoulder of man s irock li IS coiitiuiiou'5 With the back. d li u k, of the same shape, w hieh d-,. but s(])mted bdou b\ the mil II ip ,Ld a HUEDOCH.] MAN.S FROCK. 11; littl( .lithuiith (Fu "xh] 111(1 ]\ in, Iks 1,i„i,1 is ins, ,l((l ini,, il„. Tins |i, k, t IS 21 -, ii„l„s l,,ii^ fM.iiitli, ltl.)l,s II, out ot sl^lit 111,(1,1 |1„ ,,IIIS III, (l,i( I \ ,iiiti(,i, II, ,1(, iskii, tio, ks IS ,„ tl„ |i,„„„,„^ All hav,- til, IkmmI tltt,(l to th, Ik 1,1 ll„l tl,l(Mt NMlh (l,(,l ,11,1 II, ,,,;,! |,i,.c,'S, sill, 1 tilts, U, lll\,!lllil\ Wlllt, ol lulit ,()l,il(,l , \, II \\1,( I, II,,' IVdck is aik ot \\liit, sil), II III ,1, , I skill \Mitn iMissihl, il,, |„ ,,1 of 1 1„. dcci- is ll\\ US us. ,1 t,.i til, 1.1, kol til. I ,1 is( ijit Pun ol.s, ivcl lol,c til, , list, nil It Uliihk ' \ pi III! tlo(k IS soiiKtiiu, s lis,,] loi- roii-li woik liiiiitii,^ , t( Ihis his no tiiiu, (.1 tiiiniiiin_ loiind the hood, skut, Ol w lists th. hist 1). iiu snio.ithh h, nun, .1 .u l>,)Uii(l with dcT- skiii 111,1 th, list two l.tt 1 n\ oU.d 1 i, '<*> sln.ws su, h a Ja,-k,'t, wlildi IS oil, 11 III id, ot \, l\ 111 l\\ v.u\t( 1 do I skill Alost tlocks, how- evei, lii\, th, l>oi,l, 1 to th, hoo,l,itli, 1 ot woll Ol A\ol\, nil,' skin, ill thel.itt, 1 ( IS. ,s]., ,iill\ h.Miu th, ,11,1 ,.t th, stiips hiii^iii.i^-.lown likt t iss. Is iind, 1 th, (Inn 1 h, loii^ h nis ^i\, i , iit iin amount ot protdtion loth, ti, , \\l„ii w ilkiiij. 111 tIio\\iiid'' Iiisti id of a trinjic the bo,)d s,uiictinit's has tlir.',> tufts of liu, one on eaeli side and one above. ' Sccoud Voy., p. 5:17. ■ Comiiaro Pall. Alaska, p. 23. sti ii)s 111(1 iboidd i.miKl tli( sKiit (.t ( iljiiiit, hkt tliit(l(s. (I il.o\e, iiid tli( s, mis lit till tlnoit iiiiKs 11. iiipiil witli 111. .liil iliuost h iiiliss.ld isKni Willi li SI t^ till 111 ott til 111 till list I 111. .iMt riu wiists li i\. 11 ni.iw li mil is I w lit till 111(1 til. 1. w is i w.iltsl in tmu. til till lii.Dil Willi li \\ IS II nil Mill), ton til. ^ niii(iit\\ is..rt.ic.lt()i sik ^.. .( 7 .7 |111 IS 1 \.i\ ii iiHlsi.iii. ^11 111. lit (Ti^ oS) The bodv 111.1 si. (\.s II. Ill Willi. Mill liiowii (unit. I mil smimi.i) si III Illls IS till llh ll I 1 SI I II III Willi ll till ll )i ll Is III t lltti ll to 111. sill, sit th. till oil In . Ill\..l lll.l 1 .III1I..I t 111 IMt I Mil s ,11, I till lisliioii iiniMisil iiiioii^ tlu «.st(iii 1 si I Iioin ( i|,, I iflmist it k 1st to \iiitoii Sound llii iiittdii ot till h 1 is siii.wn 1)\ th. di 1 •Tl VL \i se ti^lh ks H ti mm 1 11 the ^ati i U il 1 ui irom the Mackenzie ul Vii Icreon MANS l-'KOCK. grtxin (Fi.LC. < 118 THE POINT BARROW KSKIMO. Tlie foiinoi (miu'i ot tliislxaiitiliil IkmK -iik c elcgaiitl.v (lu'sscd. IIis(lwiskiiiclcitli(>\\c ic ilu Ilu' owiu'd il <>t (Icciskiii, \\lii(h ^^t' did not mu ( < ( d ni lc( tKMi (Tlic " ]iiiii]K'i of mixed vhite and l>lii< Kain at Ita,' nnist lia\(' lu-cn like this.) The ^^olnal^s tuxk diftois fioiii tllat^\olIl 1)\ of till- hood and hkuth, .is nicntioiiod alMAc. iiid \eiy I, md wirli ...1 . sill h htt idc to "baj,'" soiiicwiiat in tlic liack, in order to ;■ the chihl. The pattern is eoiisi.U-iably ditterent fi'om that of the man's frock, us will be seen ft-om the description of the tyi)e specimen (the ouly one in the collection), No. 74041 [1791] (Fig. Gl, a and &), wbich is of deerskin. The hood is raised into a little point on top and bulges out into a sort of rounded pocket at the nape. This is a holiday garment, made of strips of skin ft-om the shanks and belly 'indeer, pieced together so as to make a pattern of alternating ' Second Grinnell Exp., vol. 1, p. 203. in to the waist give room for c of the WOMAN no tt ic pattt'i with Trim- liglit 1111(1 (Iixik striix's. Tht The sleeves arc <>f tlic sain edge of the hood is h.iund deerskin, hair oatwu luiug: a strip of edging (Fig. 03) in which the light stripes are clipped white uioiiiitaiti sh(>ep- skin, the dark pii)ii»gs browii, almost hairless, fawnskin. and the tags red worsted, is inserted in the seam between 7 on each side and C and -', and a similar strip between the inner edge of 3, L', 7, 9, and 1. A broader strip of simi- lar insertion, fringed below with marten fiir, with th." Hesh side ont Fi«.<«.-r..tkTn „f.vm„.n'. inHk. and colored red, rniis along the short seam JJ/f. The seam between n and 7 has a narrow piiiing of tliin brown deerskin, tagged with red worsted. A strii> of edging, withont tags and fringed with marten fur (Fig. 64). is inserted in the seam gygg. Tlie border of the skirt is 1 inch wide (Fig. (M). The dark stri])e is brown deerskin, 1. the white, mountain sheej). and the fur, marten, with ,*_„^_,, theie.lth-hM.h-oMt. Tile flumes are handsome garment. V3 BE.fe^:S^S5^■^T■5a5!iraB Kici. ti4.-l).-tuils I. f trill ■nts rarely liave tlr 11-, w,.inuiis frock. iirnaiiieiital piecing seen in this Its of tlie pattern is generally in Deerskii frock. Kach one of the numbered , one piece. Tiie pieces S and 9 are all often so. -Vbout the same vari.'ty in found as in the men's frocks, tliou.uh were the only materials seen used, and seen without the fringe round the 1 1. I'lain d.-erskin frocks are often bordered round the skirts with a fringe cut from deerskin. The and trimming is to be d mountain sheep skins Mi's frocks are lessotten 120 THE rcHXT P.ARRdW ESKIMO. woMicii iKiwailays oftrn liiic' tin- iiiitcr fiock with (Irilliny. liri.uht calico, or fvcii hcdtickin.i;'. and tlicu wear it witli tliis side (int. Tbe frock.s for botii sc\cs, while made on the same .i;fneral pattevn as those of the other Eskimo, ditfer in many details from tliose of east ern America. For instance, tlu' liond is not fitted in round the throat with the pointed throat pieces or fringed with wolf or wolverine skin until we reach the Eskimo of the Anderson River. Here, as shown by the specimens in the National :\lnsenm, the throat pieces are small and wide apart, and the men's h Is only are fringed with wolverine skin. The women's hoods are very larj;'e everywhere in the east for the better accommodation of the child, which is sometimes carried wholly in the hood.' The hind flap of the skirt of the woman's frock, except in (ireenland, has developiMl into a lonj,' narrow train reaching the ground, while the front flap is very mnrh decreased in size (see references just quoted). The modern frock in (Ireenland is very short and has very small flaps (see illustrations in Kink's Talcs, etc., pp. 8 and 9), but the ancient fashion, judging from the plate in drantz's History of^ Greenland, re- ferred to above, was much more like that worn by the western Eskimo. In the Anderson and :\Iackeii/,ie regions the flaps are short and rounded and the front flap considerably tlie smaller. There is less difference iu the general shape of the men's frocks. The hood is generally rounded and close fitting, except iu Labradoi- aiul BafBn Land, where it is pointed oir the crown. The skirt is sometimes prolonged into rounded flaps and a short scallop in front, as at Iglulik and some parts of Baffin Laud.' Petitot ' gives a full description of the dress of a "chief" from the Ander-son River. He calls the frock a ••blouse ^chancree par c6t6 et termin^e en queues arrondies jiar de\ant et par derri6re." Thestyleof frock worn at Point Barrow is the iirevalcnt oiu' along the western coast of America nearly to the Kuskokwim. On this rivc-r long hoodless fi'ocks reaching nearly or quite to the giound are worn.^ The frock worn in Kadiak was hooilless and long, with short sleeves and large arndu.les lieneath these.^ The men of the Siberian Eskimo and sedentary f'hukches, as at Plover Bay, wear in summer a. loose straight-bottomed frock without a hood, but with a frill of long fur round the neck. The winter frock is described as lia\"ing "a square hood without trimmings, but capable of being drawn, like the mouth of a bag, around the face by a string in. son rivers (folii-.'U-cl li,\ ,\hi.l' :ii l:iini. J h.- I U 11. .in il.i- I.I.-.1 I .-...ii, M lul.- .-uU i.iii. h kirgur ami wilier than those in tnsliion nt i'.nnt B.arrow. ;iri^ nut so enonuuua as the more eastern ones. Tlic little peak on tlio top of tlic woman's hood at Point Harrow may bo a rominisoenco of tbe pointed hood worn by Oie women mentioned by ISessels, op. cit. ' Parry, 2d Voy., p. 494. .and 1st Voy., p. 283. 2 Monographic, etc.. p. xiv. * Petroff. op. cit, p. 134, Pis. 4 and .'). Seo .also specimens in the National Museum. ' Pctrotr, op. cit., p. 139, and Liscanslsy, Voy., etc., p. l',)4. MUHDOCH.] MANTl.F.S. 121 sertcd in tlie edge."' Accordiiii;- to NoKlcnskiold.- (he men at I'itlckij wear the hoodle.ss frock sumnuT and wintei-. putlin^ nn (im- (ir Iwd -ck arate hoods in winter. The under hood a|>|)cars (.> he like i.iie cl:s.—Thi' raindrock (sihVna) is made of stvijis of seal or wal- rus intestines abimt;! ini'hes broad, sewed together ed.-e to edge. This material is light yellowish brown, translucent, very light, and quite wateriiroof. In shape the frock resembles a man's frock, but the hood comes well forwaid and Hts closely round the face. It is generally plain, but the seams are nowadays sewed with black or colored cotton for orna- ment. The garment is of the same shape for both sexes, but the women freipiently covei- the llesli side of a deerskin frock with stri|is of entrail sewed together vertically, thus making a garment at once waterproof and warm, which is worn alone in summer with the hair side m. These out shirts are worn over the clothes in summer when it rains or when Hie wearer is working in the boats. There are no specimens in the col- lection. The kaiak jacket of black sealskin, so universal in (ireenland, is un- known at Point Harrow. The waterproof gut frocks are ].eculiar to the wcstein Eskimo, though shirts of seal gut, worn between the inner aiid outer frock, are mentioned by I'^gcde (]>. KiO) and Orantz' as used in ('.reenlaiidin thi'ir time. Kllis also' says: " Some few of them [i. e., the Eskimo of Hiidsons Strait] wear shifts of seals' bladders, sewed to- gether in pretty near the same form with those in Fairojie." They have been described generally Tinder the name hniilciJ.K (said to be a Siberian word) by all the authors who have treated of the natives of this region, Eskimo, Siberians, or Aleuts. We saw them worn by nearly all the natives at Plover I'.ay. One handsome one was obseived trimmed on the seams with rows' of little red noduh^s (i.ieci's of the beak nf one of the piilliiis) and tiny tufts of black feathers. The cotton frock, already alluded to as worn to kee]* the driving snow out of the furs, is a long, loose shirt reaching to abcmt midleg, with a nmnd hole at the neck large enough to adnut the head. This is gener- ally of bright-colored calico, but shirts of white cotton are sometimes worn when hunting on the ice or snow. Similar frocks are worn by the natives at Pitlekaj.^ 1 Vor 1. p. 137. ' Vnyagi- lr> nnilsims Bay, p. 136. 'NordeDskiiiUl, Vi-ga, vol. 2. p. 98. 1-J3 Mittem. — The hands ■.nv nsuallv iiiotcrtcd liv mittciis (ailk^Vlii of difteieut kinds ot till 1 In (oiiiiikum ^t kind m (ildcnskiii uomwiili the flesh side ont. Ol Hkm tin ( oIIm ihmm diil mis mu piii \,. s'isjs [973J (Fifi 07) The\ an mid. nl tin. k\Mnl(i i.nid.d skin uiih lli, white flish side outw aid. Ill tin sli ipc nl mdin ii \ iiiilti iis luil slmi I md .s( nils IK ills(\\(d (i\ii iiiddMi (111 tin li III sid( I Ik sc iiiitti lis aie t men, woiiuii ind < Inldu n lii.\ti.iin i old w . itin i Ol dlllllifi \Mlitei huiitlii!, \(i\ In i\\ iiiifti lis of tin sum sh ip. l)iit gatheied to a wiistliaiid, ait w.iiii. Thist .in in nh olwluit Ik nskiii fo! nil II and women, ^ fol (llddMli ot don skill Willi tin hair ont V\ In 11 tin li.ilid CO\eieil witli siu h .1 mitten is In Id iiiioii tlu \Miidw lid siiU-ot th( t i(. Ill w ilkiiis, theloiin liaii attoids a \ei\ I tin n lit pio tettion afj^aiiist the wind 111. loiiKstift hail ot til. IxMi skill ilso 111 ik.s the iiiitt.ii I \ii.u«iu Parry, 2d Voy.. p. 494, where a simila. habit is meutionea at IgUilik. nittfiis ai-f short in tlif wrist, vin- a fiat-k ft.r the folil to act al wolf or wolverine skin friii--." I thf .•ominoii habit amoiiii- the ilrawin.u- ..ne arm iiisitle of the if Hit 124 TIIK POINT BARROW ESKIMO. C,'/,,,.,.^.— Ciliivcs (if lliiii ili'crskiii. Wdi-ii witli tlic li:iir in, ;mil often (.l.-;iiiIl.V(.in;n,HN,t.'.l.;Mv usr.lNvith full .Ircss, ..s|,,M-i;,lly ;il t lir ilniH-.-s. As already staled. I lie men weai- siieli i;loves under (lie pnain ulien sli.iotin.u ill Ihe winler. Wlieii ready to slioot, the hunter slij.s otl' the 7iiitten and liol.ls it between his le-s, wliih; the .iiloxe enaliles him to coeU the rille and draw t h<' tri--.'r without touching' the cold metal with his hare hands. Th.'ie are two pairs of gloves in the Mdleetion. No. S!)S2!) 1<.I74] (lM.i;-.kiln„, l.ul -loves Irss wanu .■ov.Tiii- with tiii.ucrs. whicli. ;is is well kiidwii. arc :i for the iiand rii;iii inirfciis, uw very rare. ': Sound' ami in tiir Mac'l of Smith S.mml, u ho. however, -enei ally wear mithMis.^ l>i-. Simpson* mentions hotli deerskin and l.cai skin mitfens as used at Point liarrow. hnt mak<'s no refcicmc |. -h.ves. The natural inference fnan this is Ihat the fashi.m of ucaiin; -loves has l.e.'U introduced since his time. It is ,|Hitc proliahlc t lia the introduction of tii-earms has fivored the -eiieial ado|ili f.-l,,\e> The followin- hypothesis may he su-,-ested as to the way the fasiiioi reached Point Barrow: W.- may suppose timt tin' Malimini of N,,rl,, Scmnd jiot the idea directly from the Kussians. They would ,arry tli fashion to the NiMiatahnuun at Kotzehue Souml, who in their tur would teach it to the Point P.airow traders at t he Col ville, and Il.es would carry it on to the eastern natives. Jinrrlu-s (/m'/.//).— The usual lei; < o\ ,mirs of kne,. Inceches, rather loose, hut litt.'d lo tiie shape of the le.-. They ale vvvy low ill front, barely co\ erili- tlie]iubos, :xz « ' of the back. T the waisl. and ;: teiied below the knee, ov boots, by a drawslrin- There '/M is one pair in the collection, N< r,(;:r,U j!tl|, I'i- r, iml.cs. The .■lotcli is rcinforc.-.l l.y a s(iuan' patcli ..f white .l.'ciskiu srwcd uu tlie inside. The trim- miug eoiisists (if stiijis of edging. Tlie first strip (Fig. 71) is U inches ^vide, and runs along the front seam, inserted iu the outside piece, to the knee-band, beginning 5 inches from the waist. The light strips are of clipped mountain sheepskin; the dark one of dark brown deerskiu ; tlie pipings of the thin fawu skiu, aud the tags of red worsted. The edges of tlie strip are fringed with narrow double strips of mountain sheepskin J iiK lie> Ion-, jial on about 1] inches apait. \ stiamhl --liip.LliiK lii-~\\nle, Is inserted oblnpieh .\( ioN-,tiie(mtsnle piece from scam to scuii. It i~.o1 the same mateiials, but dilleis ^li;^htl\ in < -~aiM( iiiateii.ds and L'i inches deep. I- J-t in( hes behind, I'-'i" m fiont; the d tlu' thmh and If lound the knee. dl ess biee.h es, a dl (1 usu.ilh I, 1. h peitecth 111 turned li patt»'iii. Th The length from uaist t giith of the leg UJ inches round tl These lepresent a common st\le ol with a pail of tiimmed boots held u] They aie always \\oiii \Mth the liaii over a i)air of deeiskin diawers. buedii-- aie oi heaviei deei-kin. plain, being usiiall,\ worn alone, will III. \\ hen .1 p.iii oi umlei bie<'( lies is woiii. howevi the liair of the outei ones is tinned out. Tiimm breeches are loss eommon than trininied fioc-ks, the plain breeches when new aie often woin foi fi diess. The dean, white lit -li -in tlllU. Us with the fo.> ...lie ti..n. X... 74(I4L' with ankl s. al-kin m.i. . . hips and highei bel .'s seem 11\ uiii .)\eiiim. Of tiie tw.. pall- ..t pant iLxmi- m tli.^ 7!f_*] (Fig. 7l>) will sei\e as tli.' t\]..'. Tin- sh.K's 11 soles anil deeiskiii iippeis aie s.'wed ,lt the It titting d.-eiskin tl. niseis, reaching above the .1 tli.in 111 fi.)iit. Pattern (diafii.im. Fig. 73a): Each leg is composed of four long pieces (lioni I, and iuside 4), five gussets (one on the tlii^li "> 1 0, (;, (;, Cm. \\lii. h .•nl.uues the yaiinent t.i lit lli. -w thigh anil ihe hall w.iistban.l ^7). Th.' tu.. leys a e 1'. back .^, .111 the calf, li<> .alt and toj;.-th.T by WOMEN S PANT A T,()( )\S t- l.i-i I - 1 SIH^I, Mint (I. <1 127 joiuing the edges (7 /I ioid. st the ball of the font. 1 Ik to. n are "gathered" into sli i)i( 1>\ iniiipuu the edge vertically. \ ni) k » ot il)out 3i inches is left nncuiiipul on eith .side of the foot. (Thepioi < ssot .imiii ing these soles will be d. s( nb. d und< i the head of 1 ts and -ho, . « properly Ixdongs). Aionnd th< to]» ot this sole is sewed a niiiow l)ind ot white sealskin, sewed omi i on the edge of the uiKiiniptd -p but 'M-un" through tilt ^itlin- it ends, so as to draw tin in up Tin ujiper is in two iiieces (iu-el, M, and toe, 1(1). The heel piece is folded n.uud the heel, and the toe jiiece doubled along the line /'. and the curved cdyes f/(/ joined to the straight edges h //. which makes the loldeil edge /'. (it the outline of the instcj.. The bottom is then cut o(V accurately to (il the -olc and sewed loihecdgcC II, clMiid. Tl... at the ankles. The whole ismad.-of the sh(nt haired skin from the d dark brown skin (I(» |.ut on so that aukle comes on the outsjd ing pieces are white, making a inner edge of ."> is i)iped wilh dark mow of white skin is inserted at the bottom pair of ].antal s of nearly t and put tu-clher in a similar sealskin with the hair left on ; leg skin, wholly dark brown. <■ white. There is a i)iei aukle tuft is in the same ]M.sition. From the general lit of these garments they appear to be all made on essentially the same pattern, jnoliably without greater variations than those already described. When worn by the women the material is usually, if not always, the skin of reindeer legs, and most commonly of 128 THK POINT liAKl ■;kim( the pMttcni of No. r>()74S [l.S()|, naiiicly, ])rowH, witli wliitc Icjj; gussets. I'aiital IS wholly of hrowii skin anMiiiite coiniiioii, csin'cially for cvcry- [acl^en/ii' disiriel. Iinl I'ctitut' dcscril)es them thus: "Lc j.antalon » * ' fail corps avcc la chaus sure." In the cast tlie women always wear Iprccciies s.'paralc from the hoots, which usually differ fi'omtliosc of tlie men in theirsizcand Icn.-lh, often rcachin- to the hi|.s.- .S7.)r/.;/(. when snowshocs are used. 'I'liey ar.- warm : the tiesh side sli.-ds the snou well and the thick hairacls as a sorl ofwaddinj;- which keei)s the feet from heinji .galled hy the bars and striufis of the snowshocs. .Many of the deerhunters in ISS.? made roujih buskins of this patlcrn .mt of the skins of frcshlx kiUed d.'cr simply diie.l. without further lueparation. Hoots ami ,sA<.c.v.— Over 1 h. i]ij;s worn t)ootsor shoes wiin uppcisiu n.iiioii,-- kinds of skin, with the hair on. or black tanned sealskin, always lilted lo 1 Hess .•riniped -casin soles ,.f s.une .litf.Mcnt leather, of I he pattern which, with s.nnc sli-ht modilicalions .,f Innn. is universal amon-thc Mskimo. These s<,lcs are made as foUows: A "IHank" for Ih.. sole is .ait I'll niim- at one side of Ihc ball of I he toot, the toe part is doubled ,.ver toward the inside of the sole, so that the cdn'cs just iiuitch. The two parts are then pinched to.u'ethcr with tUc' C.pli.rmii.r :ipiM';n t.. shoes" list Ex].., vol. -J, p. 1 9 ETH 9 taml Gulf. Also in I.ul.r: „ met iit til.' HIo,.,Iy VM < 130 THE POIN'T BAKKOW ESKIMO. the teeth along a line ]iaiallest of all, the white whale. This last nuikes a beautiful light yellow translucent leather about 0-1 inch thick, which is quite durable and keei)s out water for a long time. It is highly prized and qidte an article of trade among the natives, a pair of soles usually commanding a good price. These p:skinio appear to be the only ones who have discovered the excellence of this material for waterproof soles, as there is n(j men- tion to be found of its use elsewhere. The "narwhal skin" spoken of by Dr. Simpson' is probably this material, as he calls it " Kel-lel'-lu-a," which is the ordinary word for white whale at Point Barrow. The nar- whal is very rare in these waters, while the white whale is comparatively abundant. Dr. Simpson appears not to have seen the animal from which the skin was obtained. It is, however, by no means impossil >le that some skins of the narwhal, which when dressed would be indislinguishabh' 'Probably prepared like the b.Kit .-.ivi-rs described by Crantz. toLI. p. 167. by diyiut tl],i,i witbout removing all of their own blubber. 'Op.cit., pp. 242-266. K( )( ) .",.,1 |Mt .,MTinlly from the white whale skins. elsewhere. Siidi criiniicd s( where, varying' Imt little in tern. The Greenland IxMits noticeable tor the neatness dt tin- t iiiii|i iug, while specimens in the .AInscuiii from the central rei;i(m are decidedly sluviidy in their worknianship. The In Kits worn by the natives of Plover I'.ay have tiie sole narrowed at the shank and liardly coming over the toot cxcciil at the toe and heel, wheie they aie ciiniiied. hut less deeply than usual. This style of sole very much resembles tlmse of a pair of Kamchatdale boots in the National Mu- seum, which, however, are turned uji with- out crimping, as is the case with the boots used by the Aleuts on the Commander Islands, of which Dr. L. Stejnc.uci has kindly shown me a specinu-n. There is a folded '-welf of sealskin in the scam be- tween the uppci' and sole of tlie j'loNCl Bay boots. 1 am informed by < apt. Keren deen that the natives liav.^ b.'cn tau.uht to imt this in by the whalemen who every year ])ur<'hase large nund)eis of boots on the Siberian coast, for use in the Arctic. Mnuiar welts, wiiicii are \ery unusual on Kskimol ts.arct.. !..■ seei some brought by .Mr. X.'Ison from Kin-s Island and Norton Sound. The iter bo.its usually haxc U|ipers of deer- 11, generally the short-haired skin from legs. .Mountain-sheepskin is sometimes <1 for full-dress 1 ts. and sealskin with hair out for working 1 ts. The latter is not a ii«nd material, as the snow sticks to it badly. There arc tour jiairs of nieifs winter boots in the collcctiiui, from which No. r,t;irM [lllj (Fig. :.-.) has been selecte.l as the typt^ of the are made of decr-1 soles. Leg and upper arc in Ibur •s,' back 1. two sides L' 1'. ami front ;!; (1 3 are gored at \v i;sKiM( 1 -111 nil iiiuinl llic ;imU1<-^ 1'.\ I"" I if stiiiii;s iil si-;iltli«(ii,i;. sewed in be- twiM-ii till- -oil' anil till' liaiid. one mi each side Jiisi iiiidfr the middle „,',1,.. ankle. Tliev an- Inn- ..Mm^^l, In rrnss al...vr I lie 1i.m-1. pass onee ..r luirc roiiiHi llir;iiikl.'. which lils more llMlS(■ly |,,,„th.■ i,-.|c.rth(lH.(.t.an a hn-i- rouial |.at<-li of sealskin ,i,l, 11,,. haiion;ni(i poiiilin- toward the toe (l< Slip Tliese patches a rai.'f.illv ••hlind stitch. 'd" on so that the sni.-hc>' ,lo not sliow on th.' outside. |;o(ii> ot this style arc the common every- 1/ •"■'■"I'"'" inaih'of a ]iatt.M-n like that of r^ iS^ai the hiwci- pall of the women's pantaloons; llial i>. Willi tlie iipi)eis separate IVoni the leg ]iie,-es. wliieh are lirown. with four white gus- /"ii-l^m oi fa iiair of fidl-dress hoots of a slightly '/^^^&^ ditfcrcnl pal tern. The 1..- jMeees are tlie •'■'*"^^^| .aiiie ill iiiiml.ei as in No. .-.(ITolt. and putt.i- f< ditf..rei,t >lia|M..' They are made of .h'er- /->, h- skins, eacli pie.-c with a li.ulit..r streak Flu. 77.-.M:iii .- ilnss 1 sliin-. wliielicom, aieslrin-sat tin^ ; iMg. 7!.. No. s..s:;4 |77()| ot mount: ^kin. The s.,les are moiv dee ill round or iiental liands ot ing isiiiserted intohotli Ilie seamson each side. It is of strips of im am- Mi-RDorn.l BOOTS. \X] tain-sliccii skill ;iii75(i. and tiie inm i is 1 iu( i so tli it it laps round the le'i'. brin.uiiii; the seam on the outsid, 1 hi h^ is ( n laiffed to tit the swell ol' the calf by a large triaii^ul ii ^iissit lioiii the side jiiece in an obliijiie seam across the calf. Instead of a •hem. tin- top of the le- has a half-in.h band sewed round it and a binding tor the drawstrin.i; above this. l':d.uin-- is inserted in the front seam, and obli.|Uely acl-oss the outside of tlie lej;-. That in the front seam is thre<- narrow strii.s of deerskin, dark in .the iiiicblle ami li.ulit im each side. The other is of moiintainsheep skin in three stri])s,]ii|ie(l with fawnskin and tagged with worsted. The boots belon.- with the breeches, No. .".(iT.V.*. The\ tairl\ rejireseiit the st\lc of full dre>.^ boots worn with the loo-e bottomed breeches. The\ all have iliaw strinj;s just below the knee, .iml often ha\.' no tie -~tlin.i;s at the ankles. Theeasiern Kskimo are cn boots tied at the top with a drawsti usually loose and hangin.u down ..i over th.' tolis of the I e d(s, iib.d is ^^, iiii,^ the Ihcbotlomsol th. bi((, h.s T\in^ down th. bn.ih.s <. as is done at Point i. iiiou is in impio\( ment on the easlern fashiim. as it closes the.uaimiiit-, it th. km. s.. i- topr.'v.Mil Ih.-.Mitran.-.' ..f.-..l,l air. Th.' sam.' i . -,iilt i> ..bt i 1 in in exactly opposite way b\ the |..'.)pl.' of Smith Soiiml wh.i i((..idiiu t. liessels (Naturalist, \-.>l. IS, p. S(i,-.). tie tin- boots ..\ . i tin b:< gether, flesh side to tlesh side, so that the .•ilg. ot oiu jiioi. .ts b. \..nd 134 Tin K IN iINT BAKRi )W KSKIMO. tli.'orhci •. wllieh is thel 1 ••1) lind,- i!itehO( 1" down by sewing it '-tiver and over" on the ed- i. f., kinf; ;■ pains to 1 run the stitehcs only part way Ihrou^'li the otlier piiM The seam i s then liiriied and the edge of the outer ]Meee is turned in and ••run" down to the grain side ^ ^ tint tilt d.l iibli u iti 1 tittht se.uniuns dtiwu the IVolit of tlie It ■a to tile insti ■p. and 1 then diagonally across the ftiot to tilt' (] uaiter on t)ne : side . Til im is tut off accurately tti fit the top of tl icstde. 'i 'hee tl-ei s of t he np|i ler aiitl the solt^ are put together so tliat the iiisi.lr ol' t he !'( piiiiei ^ against the inside tif the latter, and the : twt) aif •• run" In--: erlier with 1 iiie stitches, with a stoiit double uiider-thiead nini lin- llin mull them along the surface tif the upper. Tlie orn: iniental li >:ind al 1 :lie t( >V i^ ' if white sealskin "run" on with stron;; d arii thre;i id. :ii id t he eii (1 pattern is made by drawing a strip of l.laek skii 11 tin •oii.i;- h slil S ill tl le white. Iv'oiiinl the top of the band Is sewe.l a iiij;- of Id; ark se alskiii, which holds a drawstring of sinew Inaid. '1 riie s .ole is ke |.l 11]. i 11 shape and the boot matle to fit ronndth e ankle b\ • a St riii.ii' olse alskiii twine passi^d through four- loops, one on < b,v breeches, wliilethe women's usually liave white bauds around the tops Avith drawstriug.s. Half-boots of the same material, re,acliin.<;' to mid leg, without drawstrings, or shoes reaching Just abo\-e the ankle with a string round the top are some- times worn over the deerskin boots. Similar shoes of deerskin are some- times worn in jdace of boots. Wateri)roof boots of black seal skin are nniversally employed by Eskimo and by the Aleuts. These boots staiul water for a long time without getting wet thron.uh. but when they liecome wet they must be turned inside out and drie.l very slowly to ]uevent them from shrink ing, and worked soft with a stone skin-dressing tool or the teeth. Tl sun. When the black cpid.Tinis Avaterproof, so tliat the w en are ; which are nuMided wilh water ti,-hl Intheearly spring, before it thaw foot, then t In-ougi h the hind.T loops. lied ()nce o r twict ■ aiound the ankle. ivoin are fr"' — %, edge m ! # .< itives i)refer to dry them (xlges on the outside of th sealskin sole, as rei>reseiite( ^ on the watch tor white spots, laws enough to render waterproof boots ■'. the surface of the snow becomes smooth and slipjiery. To ena])le them- 's to walk on this .surface with.ait tall- the natives uv.ikv a kind of -cn-eiier" .f stril)s of sealskin. These are doubled wise, and generally bent into a half- I „i hoiseshoe shape, with the folded rve. sewed on the to<. and 1 1 of the Fio-. SL'. PAliTS (IK OISKSS. liilfs (tapsi ].—T\u' belt which is used to hold up the pantaloons or breeches is simply a stout strip of skin tied rouuil the waist. Th<' gir- dle, which is always worn outside of tin- frock, except when the weather is warm or the wearer heated liy exercise, is very often a similai' strap of deerskiu, or perhajis wolfskin. Often, however, and esi)ecially for \:u |[K I'lUNT UAUKOW ESKIMO. hanilxmic licit woven tVoiii fcatlicrs, ami the ■ re aiv in tlif I'l.jlcctioii two lull .ll<'S>. Ihf IM.'U wiiiiii-ii one made 111' miherines toe: of tlie Conner ami one oC Ilie latler. No. ,sil.-,41 [Hilt] (Fi-. S.HM lias b. Iiell. It is.Ti inches lonj; and 1 inc leallieis wown inio an ele-ant |ia .leerskin, and Icnninatin- in a Icat .strinj;- at the other. The loop is a tlat ]iieceof skin of the beard. 'd seal. in which is .-at a lai-e oblon- c.\ e. Tlie weavinj;' l)egins at the s.juare end or the loo].. Th.' wariM-.,nsisIs,,f e lonj; strands sewed through the inner lace ot tin- leallier so as to come out on tlie hinder edge. 'I'l,^. ,|,i,|," • .' ■ of sioiif sinew bi;iid. endin.u iu a knot on the d, and made ot the shafts of ,ordered on the elites with iliatone end and a, braided inner side olihe I.Mlhci-. 'the fonr on each side an- ot tine cotton twine or stonl thread, each Iwo bein- one .-ontinuous tliread iiassini;- thron;;h the leather and out a-ain. Tin' woot is the shafts ot small reather> n-,-nhiily woven, the tirst strand wo\en .,ver and under, end- ilifi- over the warp. I he hc\l nnder ami o\cr. endiu- nn ot'lier ends. The shafts of black teatlu-rs. will, a tew of the barbs attached, are woven into tin- woof at tol.Mal.ly ifyular intervals. Earii black sdand starts under the first strand of tlie warp, nialdnu' tlie outer and inner of tlie three short stitidics on each side l.laek. This i)roduces a < heck.'rf.l pattern ahnig the nii(hllr of the belt (see enhir.u'ed section, Im.u'. s:;I>}. The woof strands are driven home ti-htly and their .mkIs are secured ou each side by a dotdilc thri'ad of cotton sewed into tlie corner of the leather looj). One thicad runs aloii- tl ut- sideoftlie belt and tl ther alon- the insi(h', liassiny between the ends of the feathers about every ten feathers and makinj; a turn round the outer thread, as in Fi-. .S4. The edo-es of '■"',t,i'!!;r°/"1Cnh!'r;"f the belt are trinnned off even and bound with ^n.^'nt^v^tiintMnTu. a uarrow strip of deeiskin with the tlesh siile out ami painted icd. Thebinding- of the upper ed-e makes an irri-nlar loose linin^dii the insi(h' of the belt. A<-russ the end of the belt is sewed ou each side a alskin. and the ends ,)f the warp are -athered into ^ed to fasten the belt bv narrow strip a three-iily braid Ki im-hes Ion;;, which is ■ " ' Iknottin-it. An ancient boiH' spear- n amulet liy a stout strap. precisely the same way. a different i.attern. The .it head is attached to No. .S!tr>i.{ [lAL'O] but with the black weavinjj- is done b; deseribeil under im [■It w •odn< ^'^■v^/vf ^'^l/i'.f*,), /^^/Hr'iU|^.,« ' The women nc\ei weal ai foot ot the wohell the on.' at the em .strilis the bit ol s|. 11 to the I'oiiit I'.aiiow leuH.ii. Indeed, worn o\ei the |acket h\ the n in the hinu.A.'cpt a simple stiipot skni or the ,\e \"c,. sT,!.' |1 1L'1|. Fl-;. s."., is r have been, captains of whaling umiaks that have taken wlial.'s have marks to indicate this tattooed somewher.' ..ii their persons, s..ai.'liiiies forming a definite tally. For iustanc.'. .Vnorii had a bioail band across eachclieek from the corners of the mouth (Fig. ST. iVoin a sketch by the ■writer), made up of many indistinct lines, which was said lo indicate "many whales." Amaiyuna had the ••tbikcs" .it' scv.'ii whal.'s in a lin.- across his che.st. and .Mu'uialu ha.l a c.mple .if small marks .m .m.- tbr.-- arm. NiaksAra, the wife of Ailorn. als.i ha.l a little mark tatt.i.i.'.l in each corner of her mouth, which sh.' sai.l w.-re "whale mark.s," indicating that sh.' was rh.' wilV Such marks, a.'.'ord- ..'t.-.. |). \v)aiv a part Ma.'k.ai/ie .listri.'t— ■s.l.^la b.mchc." One I narr.iw line of a successful whaleman ing to Petitot (Monograph of the usual pattern in tl "deux traits aux commissn or two men at Nuw fd< ha.l —Ma across the face, over the bii.lge of the misc. wlii.'h """'" were jirobably also •• wliah- marks." though we never .'oiild ffet a d.'tiiiite answer concerning them.' The tattooing is ih.nc with a iiee.llc ami thr.'a.l. smcar.'il with soot or guni)Owder, giving a peculiar ]iitted ap|i.'aran.-e to the liii.'s. It is rather a painful oi)eration, i)r.)du.in.u consi.l.Mablc intianimation and swelling, which lasts .several days. Tii.' pra.'ti.e of tatt....iiig the women is almost universal among the Eskim.), from (xrcHMilaud to Kadiak. iuclu.ling the Ivskimo of Siberia, the only exception being the ' Comiiarc tlie custom ob^^^■^Vl■ Clure (Discovery of the NortliH his face over tlie l,ri.lKe of the i lino tattooed from ih.- iiui.r :...- hestrikes. I'.hlHl l...u■.^.I.\ lis that ho hart kiUe.l .-i M,,,n kun uurttagdsvis tutov. r. u. ^ kunno harpunero gortt ' Hh^l only make a pennauent iii.ii k whale, etc.;'* and Parry, -i\ Vo on the back of the hand, as a at iMc , i„ .;;„ ,rlH..i '- . ..I'V whalo ,,,.,,„« I, ,, I,, .n, ,r,„vd"hy ,;,. „"-■ uiiii .1 r,,i,|,lr.,fhori- ,l,,l,r,l ■ ,„. 11 .,1 Naivilktold 1,,,,. Arme og Uaaudlcd, for at „,I,.r, Tents, etc., p. :i7. •■Men IS kiUing a hear, capturing a U'lulik are ai t .some distant or ii 140 li.Ui'lJoW -KIMO iiiitivcsof Siiiilli Sdiiiid. I1m)Ii;;1i tin- ciistoiii is tiilliiig' into disuse miuoiij;- till- Kskiiiio wiio have Tuiicii intcrciimsc with tiio whites.' Tlie siiii])h- pattern of straij;iit. slightly diveising lines on the ehiii seems to prevail from tiie Mackenzie distiiet to Kadiak, and similar i-hin lines appear always to form part of the more eht- horate i)atterns, sometimes extending to the arms and Kski and tliose.if Siheiia. St. i.awrenee Island, ami llie Diomedes. wi'hor!iiniir7i"ur.' ''"is'- •^•'^' <•""" ■' ^^l^''"'!' made on the spot l.y the writer, n,':;.' ' ' " ' sliows tlic I'oiiil Harrow i)attern. hiiiitini/.—Oii great oeeasions, stu-li as dances, etc.. or when going whaling, the face is marked with a broad stri'ak ot black lead, itiit on with the finger, and usually lunning obli(piely ai;,iriii;ill,rhah:—' down straight o\ei- tin- forehea hanging in rather long locks oi is always a small circular tonsr is generally cli|)|)cd down to tli I ht h h Ml 1 I n t tl I I I I I I 111 I |l Ml M 1 I (1 boys wear their hair combed )ir s(pnir<' across in froTit, but so as to cover the ears. There I'own of the head, and a strip the neck. (See Fig. SO, from t I 1 \ tl It tl 111 llll ll s 1, t I 1 lltlll IltthLOU 1 llll^l I 1 lu ol I 13S ilreauf, ni'imt-ilrs dil, dc pcriucnic au soloil (U' it'chautt'iT Iciir I'cvvcaii ci ilc tiaiisniftrif pai' re inovi-u sabieiifaisaiitf chalcui- a Iciir ((inn- pom- Ics fairc vivrc."' Soriii> ol' the Xuiiatarmiiim and one man froiii Ivilauwitaiwifi that we saw \\ n to all the Kskinio ex- cept th<' (Ircenlanders and the i>coplc alx.ut the Mackenzie ami .Vnders,m Rivers, where the wonuMi ^%^ .l:a|!i|j|fif bring the hair up fr hehind into a sort of high / ^^^^wW p top-kiiot, with the addition in the latter district of ^:;-.;.: , _%|^ ^ large bows or pigtails on the sidcs.'^ The hair is ^^"^*':"^ *"-' - '■ parted in the middle from the forehead to IIh' nape of the neck, and gathered into a einli on each si.lc ' "' «' M;,.,^, ,,„ ii„„i „r behind thecal-. The cluliis cil h.-r simply hraidcd "-""^""i— or will t further dressing twisted ami lengthened out with stri])s of leather, and w .1 spirally for its whole length with a long string of small beads of various .-olors. a large tlaf brass button being stuck into the hair above each .dub. The wife ol' the cajitain of a whaling umiak wears a strip of wolfskin in |.lac«' of the string of beads when the boat is '-in c(»mniission" (as ('apt. Ilcrendecn observed). Some „\' the little girls wear tlieii- hair cut short behind. The hair is not arratiged every day. ISotli sexes ate rather tid.\ about arranging their hair, but there is much dilb'icncc in this between imlividuals. The marrow of the reindeer is si' lai-v blur ii skill. , ()!•: casioiially, a Ill' :i I..X .. !■ a «l..j;-. witi Sii.-li 1 hcai il-dicss.^s ai pii/. of a .-iiiiih tiicy were i 11- h'ca.l.hrs ..r til I.' skii 11 (if the foi-c iiiarr llnt>. V.-iy iiflri stl'lM Uiiitlicr styl is \v( ini oi Illy Nvlini u si.rii: jiii/.i •d. an i-liaiatniy 1, 1(1 is. pcilia Non. ■ well !• ever (itfcn tiiiiit ics <> f scciiif;- it. skin. with pciMlarits 1 i: I'OINT B.VKKOW ESKIMO. (Ill Hill rciiiciiilicr cverstH-iiij;- a bald woman, aud aid iiifii at tlic twd villa},'es. Neither of these if ihc iiicii and li(i>s wear across the forehetul a ass heads, sduicliincs sewed on a strip of deer- ^11 a lillel is wiirii made id' the skin of the head llic iKise ciiiiiiiii;- ill the iiii(hlle of the forehead. Ii\ no iiieaiis coiiiiiKiii and seem to be highly ■vcr (ilVered fur sale. :MacFarlaiie (MS.) speaks \Miiii ai the .Viidersdii Ri\er, ■' f;ciierally made lait (if the head skins of wolves, wolverines, and however, a stiiii- of beads is made use of in- of head-dress is the bad-e of a whaleman, and aliiii;- (and, I belicNc. at the ceremonies in the the whalin.U). This seems to be very highly IS. ■•looked iiiioii with superstitions regard."^ 1 for sale and we had oidy two or three oppor- It coiisisis of a broad fillet of mountain-sheep Hint, jaspei. or crystal, rudely flaked into the shape of a whale i ^ee iiiider ••Aiuiilets." where siiecinieus are described anil liuureil). one in llie middle of the bidw and one over each ear. Sol f tiieni are also fringed with the incisor teeth of the mountain sliecp attached by means of a small hole drilled through the end of the root, as on the daiuang cap (see under "Games and Pastimes"). The cap- tain and liarpooner of a whaling crew which I saw starting out in the spring of lS8li each wore one of these fillets. The harpooner's had only (lie whale iicndants, but the captain's was also fringed with teeth. This ornament closely rescmbh-s the fillet fringed with deer's teeth, observed by ("apt. I'any at Iglulik,-' which "was understood to be worn on the head b\ men, though we did not learn on what occasions." Eaniiu/K (;««/(*/»).— Ncaily all the women and girls jierforate the lobes of the ears and wear earrings. The commonest jiattern is a little hook of ivory to which arc attached pendants, short strings of beads, etc. Large, oblong, dark-blue beads and bugles are specially desired lor this |)uriK)se. ('Iiea|i brass or " brumnuigem " earrings are some- times worn nowada.N s. The fashion in earrings seems to hav'e changed .somewiiat since Dr. Simpson's time, as I do not remember ever having seen the long strings of liead.s hanging across the breast or looped up iH'iiind as he describes ihem.' At present, one earring is much more tre(pienfly worn than a pair. There are in the collection two pairs of tiic ivory liooks for earrings, which, though made for sale, are of the ordinary pattern. Of these No. S'.I.JS? [l.UOj (Fig. !•()) will .serve as the tyi.e. They are of coarse, white walrus ivory. ' 1 Broilbock. •• Naeli Osten " (p. 23). Speaking of ■■ ein pa llmi'ii als eini! Art von Zatiberscbutzmittel, denn Xo. SiCWti [1340] is ;i similar pair nf cai-rin-s, in wUu-U tlir li,., jects at right augles aud terminates in a tlal. rmind liuiton. I'.otI speeiineusareof theusiialpatteru,l)nt \ crN' rdiiuiilx mailc I'liccu: wearing earrings is very general among tlic Ivskinm. 1 nccil <>iil to the (leserii)ti(.ns ot dicss anil ornaments already (iin.trd. Lnhtet.s.—A!^ has been stated by all travelers who iiave \ isite, Barrow .sinee the time ot Klson, all the adnlt males wear I lie or stml-shaped lip ornaments. The disenssion of the origin and of this Iiahit, or even a eomparison of the forms of lalnets in use the Eskinni, wonld lead me far beyond the seoj f the |ireseni They are or have been worn by all the Kskinio of western A inelndiug St. Lawrence Island and the lHoim>des. from the mosi em point of their range to the INIaekenzie and Amh-rson distri w«'re also worn Ity Alents in aneient tinu's.- I<;ast of the Slacken triet no traces of the habit are to be observed. I'etitot^ says tin JSathnrst is the most eastern i>oint at which labrets are wcmi. The enstom ot wearing them at this place is jierhaiis recent, as Dr. Armstrong, of the furr.sti Ijator, expressly states that lie saw none "there in 1850. At I'lover l!ay. eastern Siberia, however. I notieeil oni' or two men with a little cross „v circh' tatt.ied nnder each coiner of the month. Jnst in the position ot the labret. This ma\ be a reminisceni'c ot an ancient habit of wear ing labrets, or nia\ ha\(' been done in imi tationofthe peoph'ofthe hiomedesand the American coast. fiu. ii(i.-EaTrinL;s, labrets, .nu' at each corner of the month, thongh one <>v b..th o are fre(|iiently left ont. They told ns. however, that in ancient the middle. Certain old ami large-sized labrets in the c..llect ion a to have been Ilins worn. The incisions for the lal)rets apjiear to b about theageof i>Mberty, thongh I knew mw young man who ha. married tor some months betbre he had the o]ieratiou i)erfornHd. the young man's character. I fancy shyness or timidity, as sngge: Dr. Simpson." had s cthing to do with the d.day. Contrary Simpson's exixaience. I did not see a single man above the age e 1!» who did not wear the labrets. It seems hardly probable that Otih' refe I'oin ^onth t. ami tCap saio na.le to l>r. f IcS or ability j;hl,v trL-ati-il by Mr. W. H. P:i lor 1881-'82, pp.67-2o;i. , p. 87. .111(1 thn p:iper just ri-l.i 144 t.. takr M sr INT I'.AliKOW ESKIJK , as he su.uiiosts. We kiK'w Imntcis anil even al.h- to n-iMl niKl.T tlif ao-o of U or cached inanh 1. The iii- lit a Hat hcailcd ],iii ol' wal- iiij;- aj^aiiist the .uiiiii. These are soon replai liair. and tliese ai;ain l.y slouter ones, until tl diani.-KTotabonI one lialf ineli. wUvu they ai \V.. lieard of no special eeivmoni.'s or test niakin.i;- of tliese ineisions. sin-li as hall ol)sei\ ed hy a sli-htly stouter (■ liol.'s are stretched to a e ready for the labn-ts. ivals eoiineeted with the ed at Noiton Sound.' hut in the one case « iu're the operation wa> perfornuMl at th.- villa-e of I'tUiavwin dni-in- oni- stay. \\ e learned that it was (hnie hy a man out- side <,f the family of they<.ntii operated upon. \Vc w.-re also inthrmed thai tlie incisions must he made with a little lancet of slate. Tjie em- |>loyinenl of an imi.lement of ain'ient form and ohsoh'te material for this iHUpose indicates, as Dall says in the passa.ue referred to above, "some Th.' collection contains two specimens of such lancets. No. .S!)7l.'] fll.V!] ((iji-nr.Ml in llcpl. Point Harrow ICxiieditlon. l^tlin.dogy, Tl. X, Fi^-. li is the type. A little hladeof sott liiay slate is caiefnlly iii.dosed >c of c(.t ton wood. Thi' hlade is laiieeolate, .n-. (h; l,r,,ad. and (H thick, with a short, i hidail Ian-. The faces are somewhat rou,';h, ami i;rouild I with a hroad hi^vel to very shai-ji cuttin.i;- edj;es. The '* ■••■- is made of two similar pieces of w 1, tlaf on one and I'onndcd on the other, so tliat ulo'ii put tooether make a i.mnded h.idy :; inch.'s l,,n-. sliohtly tlat- d. and taperin- toward the rounded ends, <,f whicli ri.i. or-PluK f„v <'"<■ is somewhat lar-ca- than the other. Kound eacli .■Ml;,rKi..s laimn ,.,„, i^ ,, „.,,,,„,, ,|,.,.|, ||„,isvers,. -roove thr a stiiu- t.i hold the two,, arts t, .-ether. .\ shallow median -roove eonnects these cross .urooves on one pice,., which is hoHowed out on the flat face into a toukIi cavity of a shape ami size suitable to receive the Idade. wiii.-h ispr]lj. is one of a pair of lii'Hl'ds. made for sal.'. ,,t ih.' ivoiy plu-s ns.'.l (hr enlargiu- the holes for 111.- hibrets, .•orr.'s|,..n,lin,- in si/.' 1,, almut th.' s.'cond pair used, fa .'.larse pain.'.l .'ompacf hoiu-. and closely It is roufrhly whittle 145 1 Sound,' hill liic ks Uw icli is not used at I'oiut ■ plugs Wlicll Wf 1 hmdcd likr the tipoCa, walrus lsks.,f ii youu.i; ualrus hilncts woiii ;it - I'oiut rtcins. Oiicisii lar.ire, with a tiat stud oil the iiid til.' otli.T a thick airuDocH.) LAlSI-iETS. resembles the i)lu;^s li-ured l,y Dull tVoiu Xoi hole in the tip for the transverse wooden peg. Barrow. Oue youth was weaiin.u the linal siz at the tstatlou. These were luoimht to a poii tusk, and had exactly the appearance ol ihi when they first protrude beyond the li]i. ' Barrow at the present day aie usually osc. One of the Xuruitahmiiin wore a glass cruet-stoiiper for a laliret. and niaHy natives of rtkia\wiu took the glass stopples of Worcestersliire .sauee bottles, which weic thrown away at the station, and inserted them in the labict holes for everyday wear, sometimes grinding the round to], into an olilong stud. There is one s]iccimen of the plug labret in the collection, l.abrets of all kinds are very highly prized, and it was almost im])ossible to obtain them.' Though we repeatedly asked for them and i)romised to pay a good juice, genuine labrets that had been worn or that were intended for actual use were very rarely ottered for sale, though at one time a huge number of roughly made models or imitations weie lirought in. The single specimen of the jilug laliret (tu'tu) is No. 81)700 [lI(i.'5J (figured in Point Harrow Report. Kthiiology, PI. V, Fi}?. ;{). It is a cylindrical plug of hard, bright green stone (jadeor hyiiochloritc). 1-1 in.hes long and d-d in diameter at the outer «nd, which is rouiide [IKidj. from Nu- wuk, may also be called a ping labret. but is of a very unusual pattein. and said to lie wvy old. It ^^^ has an oblong stud of walrus ixmy siirmoiinfcd b. a large, trans])arent, slightly greenish glass bead, I'w '•-' -lai.i.i ..t i,.a,is on toj) of which is a small, translucent, sky-blue bead. The beads are held on by a short w leii jicg. running through the perforations of the beads and a hairow. which white marble. 1.^ incl in; IMUNT UAliKOW ESKIMO. Wales, also \eiy old. It is surmounted by a single 'I mad iiwnk. strict, ay. T n when Itlv \V( ite. uro iptieal •Sand 1 FlCi. W.-BIuc and w Iiil, ■hii .nl 1,,.,,, blue and while la ■Is app Kaniaj;- pcninsi MO of Dall's A ila la- . i ; a JMl. r..t nf sil Hilar si lape. 3 litU '!'■' .t Im.IK'. ratli.T neatly €■""■"" "\"y MCKDocB.j i.AHty-;Ts. first to recognizt' that tin' disks were m; writers .speak of tlu-ni as made of walins i There are still at Point {'.arrow a few lali such as are said to ha\c I.i'imi worn in the very rarely put on, Imt arc ottcn larricd 1 amulets. All that w.- saw wnv of liglir - polished. I obtained one spiTinicn. No. Barrow Kept., Ethnolo<.y. I'l. v. Fii;. 1 ,. a t translucent, polished jade I'-ti inclits loni 0-8 wide at the eud.s, with the outer face s i.s an oblong stud with rounded ends, slig Labrets of this material and pattern do where. Beechey saw one In Ivotzebue 8oii and there is a large and handsome one in NeLson from the lower Yukon. A simi ceived from Kotzebue Sound. Fig. 94, No. 80712 [lli:')!. f,,.,,, .^idarn i inches long and lA bioad.l.nt made <.! carved and ground .smooth. It shows some signs of having been worn. There are marks out lie stnd where it api.ears to lia\e been inbl.ed "" '"' '"■■.■- i-.'-t „n,one. ag.uiist the teetli.and it i- |.iol) or ;il .me side, X,.s. ,S'.»;}0.1 |lTi;i|. •^'•'THi I H'lL'l. niMJ SKTIT |l(i;il | ( Fi- fl(i) are very old lalMvts, which are iiiicMvsl in-' IV tiieir reseiiil.hiiiee to the aucieut Ah-ntiaii single lal.rels IouihI by l>all in the cave on Aiiiakuak Maud.' Nil. s(t;!()4 [171-">! i^:lllellilllil■lll |.lii.ii- orbitnaiiiioiis coal, with a projectliig- liaii"e round tlie liasi'. which is sii.ulitly concave to lit the curve of the jaw. This lahrel is \cry ohi and was said to ha\-e been f(umd in one of "the ruined houses in I'li^iavwih. Tlie other two labrets are of walrus ivory and of .similar slKipe. but liav.' the tian.ize only at the ends of the base. All of these three are lari^v. Ilu' lar-est b<'in- 2-2 inches wide and 0-7 thi<'k. and tlu' suiallest l-.'i by (••.">. .so that they re(|uired a much larger incision in the h|< llnni is at iiicsent made. In connection witli what ha.s been said ofllu^ an<'ient habit of wearin.t;- labrets in tlie middle of the lil),it is interest iiiu l<. note that Xoidenskiiild saw men at Port Clarence who liad, besides the ordimuy labret holes, "a, similar lude forward in the lip.''^ The \arious (lortraits ol' natives ])revionsly inserted show the jiresent manner of wearing- the labrets at I'oint Bari'ow. .Most oftliewonie l.oncl lear necklaces made of strings of beads, together with much taste. The tobacco itti lti-(t(iling and sewed to.-cther. On each is stnini; a cylindrical bead of soapstone about one-half inch long ami of llu' same diameter. A single liracelet is generally worn. Finfier-rings. — Both sexes now fi'ei|Uent!y wear brass linger rings, called katu'kqierun, from katu'k<[luri, the middle linger, ui>on which the ring is always woin. Beads.— In addition to the ornaments alivadv cb-scvibcil. tlic wonu.i. use short strin-> ol bead-, buiioii-. etc .. lo onianient \aiiou- paii^of strings of bead.s aie ollcn aitaclnd lo \a i^ olp|cci-, ^ucli .i^ pipe-^, tobacco ponehes, etc. One oi two w onn n w ci c al-o ob^ci \ e(| towcar laige bnnciies of bcaiU and bu'ion- aiiadicd to the innei midlc ni front so as to hang (low n b(i w ( en t he leu ~ inside r)f the pantaloon-.. \ m arstiani;.' ^^-^^ ' "^5t--^-.^ Inlet, wheie a \()inn; woman woieai;ood '^\ ''fl sized metal bell in Ih.' >amc uncomlo.lable f'??^^W'^--^-V>, "^ "i"""*''--^ ^nie^t'I" -.il'l-. i\«'.i' '\^-^^ .«^i temi)fedthemanufa.tui.-ofbcad-inlonii.a U . 1 j'-^ f times, when they were not .so..asily obtained '^^--^■^^8^ as at present. There is in the collection a *""- ■''-"' ">-"f ""'"' string of four small beads made from ambei picked n]i mi the lie.ich (Fig.97, No. Si)7(H>|I7n;| ). They areof dai k lione\ .oloied tianspaient amber, about one-third IticIi long and one hall un h diannto .it the base. Such beads are very raie at the ])ieseiit da\ The abo\e speci The only .ibject in use among these pcojih^ that can be considered a toilet article is the small hair <-oinb (i'i|ai'utln), usually made of walrus ivory. Tlie collection contains ten specimens, from which Xo. .-.(I^dt;/* [LSii] (Fig. itSrt) has been selected as the type. It is made of waliiis ivory (from near the root of the tusk). When in use, it is held with the tip of the foretinger in the ring, the thumb and middh^ linger resting on each ' There is in the collection .'I Imncliciliiv ili,>.- sh.-ll-. i\h, s!ir,:;n i . : ;..,;. . ,,i.. ,ni,l lin;lil,v valued .as ornamenta. Mr. K. E. C. Slivirns, i.i' ihr r. s Xaii.in:il Mn . in 'i- :.!■ iinpd ili<- ■,|l.■^l.•.^ as nentilliHm In il„. I ,mIi,,.,m ..f liortliwest (■.ililnriiia, .umI ■•liiciiui" (.r. K. I.onl) ..r ■liyaqua" (F. Whymptr) ijy tli.- l,..li:niH rnnu,\ n'oyage. p. 'JOS. 150 THK POINT liAK'UOW ESKIMO side of till' neck. Tliis is ])('rli:ii)s tlic commonest form of the comb, tlioiijili it is often miide with two cnived iirnis at the top instead of a rinj^ras in Fi<;-. '■'''^/'- >'<>• •'»*'■">*'•' I ""I- '"' ■^""iftimfS with a phun top, like Nor.")(i."i7ii [I'lOJ (Fi.ii'. !''V). Nine oft lie ten combs, all from Utkiavwin, •in- of wah'ns ivory, lait No. S!)7.s.'> |l(i()il|, which was the property of iliVliw..-." tlie Nnnal'anmiun. who sp.'nt the winter of 18S2-'83 at Utki- avwin. IS mad made with j;r( saw, bnt on on tin. as we iiad like tliat (h'scr TKh'cr anthT. Tliis was jiroltably made in the s more plentiful than ivory. All these combvSare and |iaticiice. The teeth are usually cut with a lien the maker nsid the sharp e iin In s Ion.,, j taiK-ring from iwidtiiot 1 at the butt, with (m\id . iU« s t a sharp poll faces from tin iinddli Im. to tl edges, and Iin ll it t liu Is llisiiti into a cleft i haft of sprui. I hi bl cured by aw turns of si broad shall. of the haft is loopid I sl,„ii [1(111], isaknili ol tin -iim . inches and a bl id( >iiiihis li of which the fust is i iiiihm braid. The materials i ,S'.I.-),S.-. 1171(l| (I'^ig. Wl>]. _.. which appears to be of cotton w 1. is Tin: POINT I! A I MIltlMl oil icofStC.SI |11 ' nMliideil oi't woikfil down l'(lj;i'S. They with tlic blail .•i-1 inches In.iii tlic haft and the shortest l-'tjiuho with tlic l)ladc i.iojeiliiii only 1-t indies. Ki^Lt. l(tI,No..S'.i,-,s.!|i,;().-.| is a knife of tliischiss. witi file l)lade a nearly eipiilal eral tiian^Ie d-l inches to-cther is of braided sinew. Of No. .")f)(j84 [228] (Fig. 100), is like |. but rather hirger. The others- iicated points and are not over 3J iij;. includinji the tanti'. but otherwise closely Ilie bla.h's already described. They aU show lis of considerable ai;e and several of them are nicked 1 gapped on the edge from use. Knives of this class ke an,\- in use at the ])reseut day, and it was- iioi iiossible III lea III dclinjtely whether this shape served .\]\\ specjai |iiiiiMise. We were, however, given tonuder- siand tiiat Ihe siiarp pointed ones were sometimes, at lea.st,u.sed for .stabbing. Perhaps they were used specially lor ciitfing up the smaller animals. The st'cond class, of which there are four specimeus, is not unlike the lirst, but the blade is short and broad, willi strongly curved edges, and always sharp pointed, whil." the haft is always much longer than the blade. tiisicad of being cNciiiy be \elcd olf on both faces from the middle line to the edges, they are either slightly convex, ;r:idiially lo the edge, or flat with narrowly beveled i-c ail small knives, the longest being 8-3 inches long. FlU. 10L'.-S1;.I <; l-.iilu. 102. No. ,S!».-)01 flOK !]. isaiiolh. secured by a single rivet of wood. The third class consists / th long. [ of large knives. \vi broad, lameolate blades. " and short stiaigln There is only one c 1 hafls. sjiecimcii.Nii.S'.C.'.lL' 10(121. Fiu. i ill iches wide at the base), with flat wooden haft as wide as the ade and -U inches long. <-left at e ti p and lashed with thirteen or iirti ■en turns of sinew braid. The lies near the butt of the haft were oba l.ly to receive a lanyard. Fig. of the same ilass. The blade IS > 2 10(1-]. Fij.. in;;. This has ^ ;^■IVK^: l.')3 isll sllt( (iIIkIk ~.1o1I„ 111(1 _ ttllK h V 1)1,, 1,1 Ullh 111, ( lU, N 111, Mill \ 1m \ elul oil Ix.rli ti«(- Ili( bittot ^I.lU(( I- in two l,.iuitii(liiiil M< Hon-,, put f()^( thd M, IV r<) iiulosi tlu vli,,it t m^ ui til. 1)1 1(1. 111(1 i-,v(, I b\ .1 ti^lit ^Nlnjipiiu ot (Ulit. .11 tiiiiiv.it tin. V, ,1 |„|,|, ,|„l limit,, I with red oilj^.1 I luv Iviiilt is ue^\ and was mid. im si], \ , — ~"""-N but Is und()ul)t(dl\ i (oimt mod. 1 ot m iiK It lit J) ittdii, as >() )(>t)7<. [_'n4| (I i]i --»- -i— t.A^ >«^ pcais to b. tin bl id( ot )iist i i i i i i . i ,, sii.h a kiiilo \\( W.I. to]. I til ir tin htt.i « is mt. ndul t„i dittiii'- bhibbei Tins ]>. i li ips m. ins tli it ir w is , \\l, ,ii„, Kml, m, n,!,,,,^, broiulit lioiiK I 111 uniti. . lit Iviiil. (it ]ii((is(]\ tin sun, pittuii in id. of b^lit <>ueu ] id( llie two kiii\(s i( pK s( niiii^ III, toiiitli . 1 isv 11. hotliinw 111(1 made loi sile li ixiiu M iil( s oi s,,tt si n, \v w, ,)lit mud no ^t uunu kin\(s<)t this pittdii it is posMlil. tint tli(\ id(l\ (oiiiiiiddil fabiu itioiis 111. t\\..liii\(s IK \,u IK iil\ ihl ( Iiiittln lii,d ^o ^^p^M-wi-^.. -""^5^ tin nioi. (ii.liilh iid.h 111. Ill 1.1. isol It iif .i.d, , llld _ iiim IS sTiaij^lit nearly to the tip, wild.' ir .•iiivcs to a sinirp ]ioiiit, luakiii-;- a blade hkc tliat of the IJonian -ladiiis. Tlic iiatt is a piece sawed out of the beam of an antler, ami has a elelt sawe.l in one did to receive the short broad tan--- ot the blade. Tiie whiiipiiii; is of sinew liraid. The siii,i;l.--ed,';.'d knives were |)r(,l);il)ly all meant s]ieeially for cut- tiny food, and are :ill of th.' same n.-neral jiafterii, varyiu-- in size from a bla.l.' only -.1 inches Ion- to .me ot 7 inch.-s. The blade is -emnaUy more str.iiiyly .iirv.'d al.in- tlie e.l-e than on the back and is nsnally sliarp iiointed. It is litt.-d with a br.iad taii.y to a strai.yht halt, iisnallv sliorter than the blade. There areintheeollection foiirconii.leie T'—'-fWT^' ' ""^ knives and tiv.- iinliafted hhnles. N()..S!t.-)!t7 [Urcj ( Fi- Kii;) isa typ iealknifeof thiskind. Thebhide isofblaekslatcrathen-ouiiluaiid F.'duo.-L.r^,. si„si..o,ii^,-,i slat.- kmiv.- is 5-() inches long- (iiicliidiii<;- the tang). The tang, which is about one-half iueh long and the same breadth, is lashed itf/ainxt one end of the tiat haft of bone which is cut away to receive it. with five turns of stout seal thong. Xo. Sit.'.itl [l(l.Vi| .lilfers from the preceding only in hav- ing the tang inserted in a eleft in the eud of the haft, aud Xo. 8!).389<{. irj4 Tin; I'.. I [l(i:.-tl lias tlu- hack iii.nc ciir tlir lasliiiiKof wlialcl.oni^. ■ N„. S1I.-.S7 [1.-.S7] is a small iinhcdd.-.l vitla.ut lasliiii- in Most of the l.lad.'S an- t\ SIiitHitlilv liiiishrd. hilt Nil. •">( I aii-ulavhladcwilliaslion-ly. is litlcd a st.iid halt (iriHinc l)iui)l.'slatf. -round SI tli. till' shall, •■utt in- (■(]-.■ h.'vcl thcf.nvshalt ..r an old wlial The hack of the hladc is fitfc hy three very neat lasliint;s.it passes thli)Uj;li a Ik d ilian the ed.i^c. the haft of aiitk-r and I I luce are of \ ei >' iiid<' workmanship. ifc with a tiinicated ])oint and the tang e end of a ron-hly made haft of bone. >e of knives simihii' to the type, more 1' [I'M] (Fi,u-. 1()7(() is noticeable for the extr.'iiie '-lielly" of the ed,i;e and the 'i snioothness witii which the faces are \ beveled from back to edge. Su(di f kni\ cs aiiproach the woman's round ^' knilc (iibi, nlii'ra). ^•o. S'.MJOl [77(i] (h'if;. 107/^) is almost double-edged, tlie back being rounded off. Fig. lOS, No. 80(131 [lOSlJ, is a very re- markable form of slate knife, of which this was the only specimen seen. In shai.e it somewhat resem- bles a hat(diet, having a broad tri- r\ ed cut tingedge, along the back of which }. incheslong. Tli(^ blade is of soft, dark (1 resembles the modern knives in having almost wiiolly on one face. The haftis liaipoon, and is made ot whale's bone. into a (h'cji narrow saw cut, and held on of narrow strips of w lialebone, each of which led through the blade close to the haft and "^ vertical h.des in tl ige towards the 1 that the lashing i; •ach side of the blade. k of the liatt and are joined by luintersiink below the surface of thc Thi The purchaser -^ot the ii after our return it was di newer than the hall. was broiigh y used for CI down from Nuwuk aiul offered tting off the blubber of a whale. I it was formerly attached to a On more careful examination the haft was really ].art of an old s to receive them were evidently KNIVES. It is possible tliat rlic tiladc liiny have been h by ilntiriiin t he knife toward the user instead of ])ushing it away, as in usinu the round knife. We found no evidenee that these Eskimo ever used knives of i\(nA (except for cutting suow) or ivory knives witli l)its of iron inlaid in the edi;-e, siieh as have been observed among those of i he Kast. Fig. 109, No. 89477 [U22], is a very extiaordinary implement, wliieh was 111 ought down iiom Point Lniow mdwhidi It i- c\nlinil\ bon (Kposid iloii^sidt ot -,((nK coijtst it th< ( ( mt t( i \ 1 h< 1)1 idi i-- i Ion, tilt thiiipi(<( o\\\h (It bom wt.(l^( d b( f\\t < 11 th( T^\o iMits ol till liitt whuli has bdii s iwid I* n^thwisi loi (»i Imll(■^ to l(lll\( It 11 1 I 1 111 rill liilt IS I shnihi i.Kii c I iiitl. 1 \o .thn ■^|M,lm. ii-~( t th. I iiid ^\^ n Sim iioi h i\i simil ii ini|ili mt nt- t i iin I n wh iLi bt < n ib^c i \ t d iNiwliin 1 111 II itlM - in^i^tid th It It w 1^ ,t imiin ind w i tnnitih Usui toi I ntliii^ bliibbi 1 I nave mtroiliieeil tour ligures oi oiii iron - tl .' inches long. Fig. lib*. No. S'.i .lade. L'.-l inches long, and the two the other the haft. haft stout fl.«(l Til IXT liAKKOW ESKIMO. iri> held tojretlicr, not by rivets, but by a close sjiiial seal thouf!- extemliuf;' the whole leugth of the haft. ]. Via. Ill/', from rtkiavwifi, has a peeuharly sliapedbl lit of some steel tool imbedded in the eud of a strai r 4 inehes loiii;-. One of these kinves. not tigured, i- if tlie l)ladeof an oldlashioued eurved ease kuife. It i ng of which l>it of <>• itli tliis av be a I e three flgures, of )le knife bought or liK?)and Mr.Nei. thick sheet iron. of rejndeer antic loulde-edged knife (Fig. 112, No. 11 as the slate hunting knife (Fig. lusly mentioned. The blade is of iple of rivet holes, and the haft 1 tot;fther by a large copper rivet €L ind a lallnii itting 1 mod, 'sstillin use. especially as hunting in said). Th.'y are .-onsidered to ping off evil spii'its at night. As jecf lias iii(>l>al)ly invested it with d. riiese Icnives are uudotibtedly \<'s (|)an'-ua)" mentioned bv Dr. 3U-RL.X-1I.] ('ROOKED K\l\Ks. 1,",7 Simpson (up. fit..]'. -'e of th.' larg.' knives. The haft is a pi.'.'.' ..f r.-in.i.'.'r antler, flat ..n .m.' fa.'c an.l r.mn.h'.l ..n th.' oth.'r, an.l th.' ciirv.' is t..war.l the r..un.l.'.l fa.'c. Th.' Mat fa.'c is ' Comii.wi this with what .\i|.l. I'ar.y »a\s ..t tht. w„rkiiKm.shii. ..f thi- p.-oph- of Ighilik CM Voy.,1). 3.^0). The almost exclusive us,' .,1 l 1m- il..nlile-edgea pan'nii is the reason their work is so "remarkably coarse and clums.y." l.-.s 111.- rip. ri;.t and Slink til Mw .lit with .-1^ skin til TEI-: POINT lUKUOW lOSKI.Mo. and th.' lowiT cd^c is sloiicd oft' so that tlie end of the haft is iiaiiDw. with a slijiiit twist. The blade is riveted to the flat I he hat't with tliree iron rivets, and i.s a piece of a saw counter- sh witii th." surfae." of the haft, so that it follows its curvatiire. till';- ed.i;.' is beveleil ..illy on the upper face. The lower edge of . fn)ni tli.'l.ladi'tothe place where it begins to narrow, is pierced 'ven e(|iiidislaiir hul.-s. tlironuli which is laced a piec of seal- •ii>T the two [laris .rossinu like a shoe-lacing, to prevent the hand fr.Hii sli]i])ing. The ornanicntal ])attern on the upper face of the haft is in.ised and was originally coloreil with red ocher, but is now tilled with dirt. Fig. Ill, No. SitTSd |l(lO-t(/], is a very long hatted knife (the haft is ll'-.'! inciies long:, bnl (.thcrwise i('sciiil)lcs th.' tyi)e, though not so elab.)iately ornaiiiiiitiil. The lilade is also a liit of a saw. It is pro- vided witli a sheatli .ij inches long, ma.le of black sealskin with the blaik sid.' out. iloulilc.l over at one side, and .sewed "over and over" down th.' otii.'r si. I.- and round one end. To the open end is sewed a bit of thong witii a slit in the end ..f it, into which .)ne .mi.! of a lanyard of seal twine !."> iii.'hes long is fasteiie.l with a b.'ck.'t-hitch. When the X'^ .^^^^^MP^^p Or^^^ h sbt.ith •sheatli is titie.l o\ci ihi- lila.h- th.- lanyard is passed through a hole in the haft and iiia.lc last liy two or three turns around it. Such sheaths ar<> often used b\ careful w.nkiiieii. This particular knife was the liroperty of the •• inlander" Iln'bwgi;, previously mentioned. No. 89283 lilCTj, from Nuwnk. is inteivsting as being the .inly l.-fthanded tool we obtain.'d. The loiirtli kiiitc has a bla.le with a cutting eilg.' of .S.^ inches, wiiile that .if each of th.' .it hers is ;! in.'hes. Th.' small knife .lilfers little from th.' niVdllfi ex.-.'pt in having the haft very much shorter an. I not tajier.'.! ,,tf at the ti]i. Fig. 115«, >'o. .-,iu,-,-2 [Ur,\, from Ftkiavwifi. shows a .■.iniinon form of this kind of knife, though the blade usually has a sharp jioint lik.' those ..f th.' large CK( )( )KEI) KNIV 159 knives, prdjcctiuj;' bcyoiiil the t-iid tif the halt. 'I'liis kmlf lias a lihulc ofiroii riveted oil with 1 wo iiiiii rivets to a hatl of rciinhTi- ant hi'. The edges of the Luft close to the hlade are ron-lieiied with rrosscui.^ to prevent slipping. The blades of the small knives aic fic(|iiently inserted into a .-Irti in the edge of the haft, as in Fi.u. Jl.V*. s'.iii.iL' isi'TJ. ;,nd Siii'TT 1 1 1 Ti']. 'i'he blade,iu such eases, is secured by wedging it tightly, with soniet inns the addition of a lashing of thong through a hole in the halt ami iinnnl the heel of the blade. The blade is usuallv of steel, in most cases a hit of a saw and the haft of reindeer antler, generally plain, unless tlie circular hollows, such as are to he seen on No. siii'TT [ 11 TL']. which are very com- mon, are intended for ornament. Fig. 1 lO. No. SDL'Tr. [llS.ij. from It- kiavwiu, is a rather i)ecMliar knite. The liaft. which is tlie only one .seen of walnis ivory, is nearly straiglit. and the unusually long i)oint of the blade is stroiigl.v Ix-nt \i\>. The rivets are of copper. Tins knife, the history of which we did m)t olitaiii. was very Hkely meant Ixitli for wood and ivory. Ft is old and rusty and lias been long in ns<'. All of the crooked knives in the colh'ction arc genuine imi.l.'ments which have l)c..n actually in use. ami do not ditiler in tyjie from the crooked knives in the Mnscnm from the Alacken/ie district. Kot/.i-l>ue S.mnd. and other parts .,t Alaska. Similar knives aiqiear to l,c tised amoni; the Siberian Kskimo and the t'hukches. who have adoj.tcd then- habits. Hooper (Tents, etc., ].. IT.V), menticms "a small knife with a bent blade and a handle, -em'rally ma.le of the tip of a dc-r's horn." as one in ucneral use at IMover P.av, and handled in the same skillful way 1(J(I ItAKKOW KSKIJK as ai Point BamiwJ Aiiioiij; tin- Ivskiiiio iif the t-eiitral region tbey arc alniosi fiitiiclx uniouiwu. 'I'ln- only iiieution I have seen of such tools is in I'anv's Second \'oyajic (i». o(»4), where he speaks of seeing at l"hllik "SC .pen ciookeil wooden liandles," which liunlvs ••must lia\c- lii'cn oldaincd liy coninmnication alongshore with Hudson l>ay." I can lind no specimen. figure, or desciiption of the sa'nat ("lool" I. I lit- tool par excellence of i he < iiccn landers, except the follow- ing delinition in K!cins( limidfs "(Ironhimlsk Ordl.og": "2. Specially a narrow, long hailed knife, wliicli is sliarpened on one side and slightly curved at the tii)(and wiiirh is a (Ireenlander's cluef to(d).'" Tliis seems to indii'ali' thai tin's knil'c. s(] i-ommon in the A\'est. is e(pndl.\ common in dreeidand.' Whelh.-r tlicse people used crooked knives before t he intloduction of iron is l.y no means cerlaiu. llmugli ]iot improbable. Fig. \\l,i. Xo. 8!)(i;i;i [lUHiJ, from rtkiavuiu. is a kiiiie made by imbedding a tiake of gray Hint in the lower .-d-e of a lialt ol' reindeer antlei-. of th.' in-ojier shape and curvature loi :i midrm handle. The haft is soiled and ubtedl historic knife, and t kniv.-sall obviously new and m. refused to buy any more, leads me to sus])ect tliat it was fabricated with very -reat care from old mateiial. and skillbilly soiled by the maker. Ten of these kinves of Hint weri' purchased within a fortnight before we dele<-ted the ilecci'l. I'ig. 117/>, Xo. ,S!l<;;:;(i [ll'lL'| is one of the best (d' these counterfeits, made by wedging a freshly flaked tlint Wade into the liaft (.f an old savii^ron. which has been scuuewhat trimmed to "■'•'■ciNc tlic l,ladc and soiled and charred to uiake it look old. Other mure carelessly made ones had clumsily cai\ ed hainlles of whale's bone, uilh i,.u,uldy tiakcl lliuls stu.-k into them and -bled in with oil dregs. All „]■ these cam., from Itkiavwiii. .\ii,,tliei- susiiici.urs ciicumstance is that a few days previously two slale-bladed crooked knives had been lu-ought ilowii from Xuwfd. au.l accepted VNJthout .pu'sti.ui as ancient. On examining Hie specimens since ,,ur return. 1 lind that while the halts are certaiidy .dd. Hie blades, which are of soft slate easily worked, k in IHli.'',. ' A »|.,vi„„ knir,-i„ ,,:,.., cTi)i)lse only. This knife re|«resents tin- -vn.-ral shap.- of kniv.-s of this s.)rl. bnt is ratli.-r '"■ "'' " '" ' ' "''' small. ■!■ than m.)st of th.-m. 1 hav.-s.-.-n some knives with bla.h-s fidly 5 or (! iiiclies lonnaiiil .leep in proportion. The handle is almost always of walrus ivoiy aiiil of the shape (i,i;Mre.l. I d.) n.it i-emeinb.-r ever seeinji-an nln blade se.-nre.l .)th.-rwise than by liftin- it ti-htly iiit.) a imri-ow slit in th.- han.ll.-. .-x.-.-pt in .)n.- .-as... wh.-n th.- han.ll.- was part of the ori.uinal han.ll.' .if th.- saw of whi.-li th.- knif.- was ma.l.-. left still rivet. -d .m. kniv.-s are ns.-.l. Wh.-n.-v.-r a woman wish.-s t.) cut anythini;. fr.>m her food t.> athrea.l in h.-r sewiTi-, sli.- iis.-san fdu in pr.-fer.-n.-.- (..anything;- els.'. The knife is han.ll.'d pr.-.-isely as .l.'scrib.-d anmn-- th.' east.'rn Eskimo, makinji- th.' .-nt by jinshin- inst.'a.l ..f .Ira win-,- thus . liir.'rini;- fr.)m th.' h.n- han.ll. -.1 r.ain.l knife mention.'.! abov.-. Kniv.'s of this <) i.;tii 11 Ifi2 i.\i;K-0\\- KSlvIM( Fiii. !.;«.— Woitian'j ;is ill our iiiiucinj;' kiiixcs. dilution (if iron. Tliciv ;nv in llic coll. ■(■! ion twcnty-rliicc nuni- or less roiiiiilclf i-ouimI knives ol'stonr. most of wliicli :llT.;;riilliMrilil])lclllcilts tli;lt liavo liOcH Used. Ol' liicsc a lew. wliicliarc iicrliaps tin- more iciciil oiics.lia\c liladrs not unlike tbeiiiodcni slerl knile. l''oi- instance, No. SlMjSO [1 KM!] Fi},'. iL'd, has a l)la.le olhard ,i;ray mica slate of al- ^. - '-fi^ Miost |>iccisely the modern shape, l.ut l.otli faces are oradnallv worked ilown to tlu' eut- tin.u ed.-e witiiout a bevel on either. The i-i^"i'-- handle is very hir-e and stout and made of n.arse wliah-'s hone. This knife was said to liave come from tlie ruined villas-eat I'eiiiyK. Fi.i;. ll'l. No. S'.t(i7i» ftlTIj, from Nuwi-ik, was made for side, hut is perhaps a model of a form sometimes Us.mI. The sha|M-of the l.lade is .piite dilfc .so .St roll- ly to the front. The handle is of oak anla.r.-j.-\v.„„a„akutle, J"'" •! l'"int at either end. No. SiMWl.' |<.l,-,8j is a form »i.i,- i,i;,.i,.. int.'rmediate betw.'cn this and the modern shape, diiced into a sharp point at on<> end. Tl No. Sil(!:ii; [1I22|. Fiji. I-:!, approaches yet V .4 '.. Xfi^ nearer tlie aiieieiit shape, but still has oiii' end slightly produced. The handle is alsoof rcind,.,.]- ' " Hitler, wliich .s,.ems 1 with the slate blades. Tin- la.shing roun.l the l,la,l,. close to the handle is of sci^ thoti.i;. witli the end Wduii.i spii- and neatly tucked in. If seems tlie liandlc sous to make it lit f ()f%ht()live-n-en.el..udedjad.>. Xo. 89(575 [117(1). liel.,n-,.d' t,, a knife of this paftein. The oldci pattern is icpiesented hy ^'u. 8967(1 ll.-.Stl]. a suiall knife hhuh- from I'kiaxwin. wliieh has Ix-en ke))t as an aiMuiet. \(i. .")(l(i(;(l hut eloii""ated. heiip'' 7.-', iindies ''' '"' ^^ ""'■"' ^ ■^i^'^i^'it «liitt;-l>ladt-d kuilV-. lon-aiKlL'hruad. This is a very heautifiil implement of i)ah^. olive, jade, fii-onnd smooth. The Level alon- the haek ofeadi of these hhuh's indi- eates that they were to he lifted into a narrow slit in a Ion- liaft. like that of No.S'.insi |.ss(;j. Fi^. im. from Xuwnk. Though ImiH, hladeand liaiidle of this si.eeim.Mi are very old, and have been put toj.;-etlier in tliuched cleavage surfaces, hut the lower quarter is prett\- smoothly ground down to a semieircuhir cutting edge, which is somewhat uieked from use. Ill liAK'UdW KSKIMf apprars in liavc l..'.-ii iaivl,\ used. W.^ nl.taiiicd only tliivr (if tliis mate- rial. No. .S!l(!'.Ht|i;UI| is a tlinl kriilf liall.Ml witli a roii.ijli, ii rc.uular lump ofcoarso whalr's hone. Tln' lilailf is a rallicr lliin •• spall" ol li.ulit f;ray Mini, linked i-ouiid tli.- .-d-.s into 111.' shape of a inodeiii iiliin; blade. Willi a. verystroii-lyeiiived eiittin- ed-e. Tliou-h the handle is new, the llaUin-o|-the blade ,h.es n-it secMri fresh, so that it is possibly a ;:.-iiiiine old blad.' fitted with a new haft for the inaiket. A similar Hint blade, more neatly llaked. was brout^ht tVom Kotzelme Sound by laeul. Stoiiey. C. S. Navy, in 1S,S4. The otiiei' two tlinf knives are iu- terestintr from beiiii;- madi' for use without handles. Xo. SlliiOI [l;{i;i»], Fi.u. IL'7. from Sida-u. is an oblou.i;-. wed.nc shaped sjiall of -ray Hint, of which th.' ba<-k still iireserves the natural surface of the pebble. It is sli-htly sliap<'d by coarse tlakin.- alon.- the back and one eml, and the cdye is finely tlak.'d into a curved outline lound- n;,^ u|. at th.- .Mids. The siieciiin-n is old and dirty, and was probably om oraninlet. No. S'.tdDl' |n7S| is a similar spall from a i.mnd jiebble. Such knives as iIk'sc are evidently the first stejis in the de- velopment of the rouml knife. The shape of the spalls. ].roduced b.\- breaking a round or oval iiebble of Hinl.wouhl naturally sug- gest using th<-m as knives, and the nextstep ;ivater adaptability of slate, from its n... ij7,-w,„„.,, - i,„„ ,i,,i„,i softn.'ss and easy .■leavage, tbr making such knives woidd soon be re<-oguize(l. and we sln.n \p.Mt to lind. as w.. (h., knives like No. .-.IKmL' | Illl ]. The next step would naturally be lo provide such a knife with a haft at the point wh.M-e the stoiu- was grasped by the han \»i a \: (listinctivf tli;ni tin- nan tohar.-,,,-! knife.' A.hrs ,»,//„„«», — Kven at tl,- juvs..,,! daythr Kski r |.,„„l I'.ar- row use no toiil fur sliaiiinj; hw^c picci's of w IworU, cxcciii a slioit- liandlcd adz, liaftcd in tlic same manner as the old stone tools wlii.l, were eniidoyed liefore the introduction of iron. Tiiouj;ii axes and liatcli ets are trei|Uently ol.tained l.y tradin-. tliey aie ni'ver iis.'d as sii.-li, hut tlie iuMd is r.-inoved and reliafted so as to make an aeen loni; m eontaet with the whit. v. have learned to use axes. The ( ollei tion (oiit.iins two sm h ad/es made ti-om small iiat.h.'ts. X.,.V.Is7.![<(7l'[. Flu 1_'\ is the moi. t\ pi. al ol the t w,,. The blade Is the head ot a small hatehet o. tonnh lu k l,,sl„ d to Ih,. haft ol oak \Mtii a stout thonu ol seal hide The laslmm is pjc-e. and is i.nf on wet and shrunk ti-htly on. This tool is a little lon-er in the haft than those .ommonly used, and the shai..' ^nid material .,f th.' haft is a little miiisiial, it l.einu i;<'H<'rally elliiitical in se.-tioii and ma with a wooden idng. The halt is ].eeing a ],;(", Tin: I'OIM liAKKiMN i.^ivi.M". i,j,..-,' ofrfiiia.-rr aiill.-i wliic-li lias 1)c-.mi iviliiwd in thii-kness by sawing o'lit' ii slice for S inclics lioiii liii' hutt and brinj^inK the two parts together with tour stout wooden treenails about l.i inches apart. This is pref- erabh' to trimming it down to a proper thickness Ir.iin the surface, as the hitter process would remove the < ijtact lissu.' of the outside and exiH.se the soft inside tissue The whipiiing of seal thong just above th<' tiaii"e of the liuil helps to given better grip and, at the same time, to hold^thi! i>arts touethci. As before, there are two large holes for the hishiiig. Adzes of this sort are used for all large pieces of wood work, such as timbers foi- boats, planks, and beams for houses, etc. Alti'i- roughly dressing these out with the adz they are neatly smoothed ott' witli the crooked knife, or sometimes, of late years, with the plane. Tlie work of '-gi-fting out"' tlie large ].ieees of wood is almost always done where the drift log lies on the beach. When a man wants a new stem (u- stcrnposi for his umiak, or a plank to icpair his house, he .searches along the beach until he finds a suitable jiiece of driftwood. i-n he claims by putting a mark on it, and sometimes hauls up out way of the waves. Then, when he has lei.sure to go at the work, •s out with liis adz an is o blai shrinl > ti-ht. N, well a dapt.-d for 1 tling th tore the intro\' rather light olive, opa(!ue jaile and a tririe better linished than the ty].c. whih' No. S'.KKIl [ll.V.I. Fig. i:?I.also from I'tkiavwin. is a still hettei' piece of w.ukmanshiii. the curve of tiie faces to the cutting cd.ucheinu \ iMv gracclid. The inter- esting j.oint alioul this specimen is that a straight piece iias been cut otr from one side by sawing down smoothly from ea(di face almost to the middle and breaking the piece olf. \V<' were informed that this was done to |)ro.Mir<' rods of jade for making kinfe sharpeners. We were inlornu-d that these sKuics were cut ill the same way as marbh- and freestone are ut without tcftli. was used for this piui.osc. That such stone blades were used with a haft is shown by the only hafl.-d s|),M'iiiieii.No..'>fi"i:-'S |:.'l t]. Fi.u. l.!!'. IVoni Xnwfik. This is a rather small a.l/. The head of dark j;reen Jade ditfers from those already de- wide, and 1-7 thiek. like that of Xo. .-.(Iir.s ; is of the usual d |iul on in the usual fashion. No. SiMi;:; j 1 ll'.S| is an old black ad/ from Sidaru of the same pattern as those desci'ibed. but very snu.othly and neatly made. About one half of this specimen has lieen eul ofl' I'or whet- S^-r "" worked substauee for tlie {'•II' "I' the head woul.l naturally su.u-vst itself Fi-. l;!.-!. Xo. ,S!Mi.-„S [lUTi'l. from rtkiavwifi. has a Ion- blade of Idack stotie with the butt .slifilitly tap.Mvd olf and imliedded in a IxMly of whah--s bone, which hasachaunel ] inch wide, for the lashin- cut nmiid IMPOSITK ADZK 1(19 it iiiul a sliallow so.kct ..m rlic tacc to ic.-.-ivc tlic cikI of the h; heads (if this saim- type coiitimu'd in use till after the iiitici. iniii, -which was at tiist utilized l.y iiiscitiiij;- a tiat blade of Just siieh a body, as is shown in Fii;-. l.U (No. S!(S77 [7.".1.'1, fVoii eteiy at Utkiavwin). From this t.n^e to that shown in Fiu. 1.'..". (Xo. .sOSTt; \i\ """'' •-"• ■ "■>-"■'» i« -~ide of the head joined by tiansverse /^ | |l^ . hamiels (.n the iiiiper face. The fjif^ -peeiiiien ti.uiuedhasoneaehsidetw.. • .,l)lon- slots wirh a round eye 1.. . tween tlieiii. Tjie blade is of iron. ,,; \a^^^ li- i;!.;. No.5(;(;4(>ii^ii<)|hastwoeyes mr^ ?T^7r .,11 each si.le. and shows a different It"; ^ ll^"!/! ni.'thod ofattacliillj,Mhe blade, whi<'h i!,/ - IS countersunk Hush with the upper ^f \ -Ill-face of the l)o(ly and secuied with 1, 1, \,I/i, „i,i three stoutii-oiiri\cts. The next ste]) j.-,,, |.,,-_\,|~ ';,'i'i, ^;',"t',. '".l,"' " 1^ I" snl)stitiite hori/.onlaleycsforthe ';";';p';"\'" \ei-tical ones, so as to have only one "'""' "' M-f of liol< - t.p Ihi. id the lashinjis throiij;h. This is seen in No. [87^J. 1 u ' •' '""II N'liwiik. which in .liviieial i>attern closely rese Xo. >Si)">7(» |l>'H.' lint has three larp- lioiizontal eyes instead of tli tical oiiPs. IIh blade is of iron and tli.' halt of whale's hone. of li;inl. dark imri-l.' slat.', i n- nai in- has Ilu- slioit end A//.-//-'/ t" I nmn.l. iiislrad of Immm- slit to iv... tl,.' UMial i.attrni. 'I'lirsr <■ sit itdW i;sKiM( SITlill lavi d « lir^t i part after iiiakiii.i;- tlic first ■ latter. Otliorwisf it i.s of s of lioiH' and stone or iron tlic ]icrii>d wlicn stone was into use in small (luautities, uitil tlic niTscnt dav. We ill size and their sliai>e. They are usually broad and ratlier 1 narrnued to the Imtt, as is seen ill Fig. 139, No. noiiSo [71], a littl.'adz of hii-ht oreen jade L'-.S inches long- and -'•;! wide, kiavNvin. No. .'.CpCTO \'Mi'>\ also from rtkiavwin, is a similar l.lad.' of gre,.nisli jade slightly larger, being ;!-l inches long and 1.' inches wide. No. .S'.)(I7(» I KI'.lL'j is a tiny blad<' of hard, tine grained black stone. |n-obal)ly oil- soakcil ja.le, only 1-7 inches long and 1-5 wiilc. It isvi'iysinoothlygroiind. Sueli little adzes, we were told, were .■specially us.'.l for .■iitting boil.'. Th.> iiiipliMiieiit.' wlii.-h Xord.Miskjidd calls a --stone .■his.'l," Ibiiml in the ruins of an .)ld E.s- kiin.ili.>iisi'a(('ai(eX.)rtli,isevidentlythe ~ '""'"'' '" '" ^'"" i"i' iicadofoiicof thi'se little bone ad/,es,as is .i\r li-iuvd tw,, 1 ;■ .•.miposit,- adz.'s. which aiv .|ilit.' .liffereut ih.- i.'e for fitting to tlie hcail. Antler is besides easily obtained, not only when the deer is kill.-d for food, but liy pickiu.'; u|) shed antlers on the tnndia. and is coUMMiiuMilly cm|iloycd tor many purposes. The haft usually has a knol) at the lip to keep the hand from slip]iin,i;-. and thi' .i;rip is sometimes rou-hened with cross culs or wouml v, ith thon.u'. There are usually as many hol.-s for the lashin- as tlieie are eyes in the head, thoujih there are two holes when t he head has only oiu' larj^c .'ye. < )n the bone heads, the surfaces to which the haft is applied and the channels for the lash in;;s are roughened with cross cuts to i)i-event slippiiiji'. The lasliinj;- always foll,,ws the sanu' .uem-ral plan, thou-h no two adzes are lashed exa.'liv alike. The |)lan niav l>e summari/ed as follows: ()u«' end of the thonji makes a turn throu-h one of the holes in the haft, and around or lhi-..u,uh the head. This turn is then secured. Usually by passiuj;' the lonji end through a slit in the short en.l and Lauliug this looji taut, sometimes by knottini; the shoit end to the hmg part, or by catcliiug the slKiit end dnwii under the next turn. The long part then makes sc\( lal tuiiis round oithrou,i;h the head ami through the haft, sometimes also crossing around the latter, and the whole is then tini.slied oft' by wrapping tin- end two or thiee times around the turns on one side and tucking it neatly underneath. This is v.My like the method of lashing on the h.-ads of the mauls already described, but the mauls have only one hole in the haft, and there are rarely any turns around the latter. •lade ad/. blad<.s. like tluise already described, have been brought by Mr. Nelson fn.ni Kot/cbuc Sound, the Di.une.h.s, St. Michaels, etc., and one came from as far south as the Kuskoquim K'iver. r/,/.sW.s.-\Ve collect,.d a nund.er of snmll short handled ••hi.sels, re- sembling th.. nnidenuMits caUed -triidv.'t makers," of which there are .so •"='"•; '" ""■ ^"^'f ^'' ^h>s.uuu We never happened to .se.- then, in actual use. but were uitorm.Ml that they wie especially designed for working on reindeer antler. Of the einht siK'ciiiieiis cdll Fig. 143, has been selected as a tyiie of the ant I.t ,■ blade is of steel, and tlie halt is of r.'indcrr antl( sections, pnt toffetlicr at ii,i;lit an.ulcs to tlic pi; to^rethcr l.y a stout round hone ti tli.'liutt. Tlic s(]uare tij) of tlic hi fac.-s to a rou-h en; :■ ^ ^ '■1 ' 1 Ij ,if '\ ,1 ,' J. i /■| '' , < ^ No. s..;;(.- |ss4|. ki'iiniisa). Til.. wo loii-iludinal ' liie iiiadc, lield i -JA incli.'s from of tiic l)ia(lcis li."v<'l..donlM)tli l-c. Ki-. in laiil.iade witi an oldi(iuc tip not l)cvclcil I,, an ciluv and a haft of walrus ivory ycllowi^l fron i/ each with a dot in tlic center, all incise.l |#' and colored with red oc The two f® t,. -ether ii® parts of the haft arc fas by a stout w Icn treenail and a xflich of f 0 whalebone. The rest of the steel-liladed chisels. four in iiumbcr, are all of about the same si/e and hafted with antler. Tlu blades arc soniewhat iriv-tilar in shai.e. l-'it, )i:i .\utk; lint a uar 1)1 cdo-e. Thr( uc tips : theni h; tliesectier rivet, which also pi^^ -.thiou^li th. butt of th.'bhiil... and thr.-.. stout n n in- llu h ilt> of all th.'sc tools show si-ns ,if inn h I lliiu H" r.Miiaiiiin-twosp.M.iin.'iishav.-blail.s .1 1)1 n I tiiiit N.. S'.MI.iT |1L'()7|, has a halt .)f wall iis i\ oi \ ol tin usu il patt.-ru, fast.'ii.'d tof;..th..r by a b.n. ti..niil indtwo '% | i^ stitches, on., of siiicw brai.l ami on. ot s, ,] thoiu Thelashinn of s.'al twin.- n.-ar th. tip s, i \ . s to m. nd a cra.'k. Th.. Iiatt is ,,1.1 aii.l riist\ ib >ul lli. slot iiit.i which th,. bla.lc is titt.'d, shov iiu tint :t oii^in ill\ ha.l an iron bla,l... Th.' Hint bl i,l. w is pi, b ibh put in to make it s..,.m an,.i,.nl. a- th, i w i.. i sp nl in hi demand for i,r..|iistori.. aitich.s. No ^m 1_I(I| iu ll> is n tlmu but a fanciful tool ma. I., t,) m.-.-t this .|< m m 1 lli. hill is ol lulit brown mountain sh..,.p h,)rn. ami th, 1,1 nl. I 1 1 i, 1 Hint snhllmt bla.led t.).ds may hav,' l),.,.n us..,l ,oi,m-,l.N, b,„ .I,,-,.-.. „.. ,„,,.,! >h„. they were. Whiilt'lioiir sliiirrs.^Thcvr is ill us., at Point liarrow. ami a|>paivntly not elsewhere amonj;- the ICskim,), a sii,.,.ial tool forshavin- whah-bonc, a substance which is very much iise.l iii th,' tbriii ,if hin.-, thin strijis for fastening together boat timbers, whipping speai- shafts, etc. The 17 1 THK I'diNT i;.\i;i;()\v kskimc thin. I ij; sliaviii;,'s wliifli cml u\> like •■<■ iisrd forth.- l.a.ldiii- l).-luccii sloe (1 hair." arc .•aicfully saved • and IxMit. Whah-lMmc is als.. s.iim-timcs shaved lor this special piiipos.'. The tool is essentially a little spokeshave ahout I inches loni;, uhicli is held by the index and second tin;;el' of the lif;ht lian.l, one on each hamlle, with tlie thumb l>ivssed aj;ainst one end. and is drawn towaiil the workman. The col- lection contains three specimens of the ordinary form (savigi!), repre- sente^J. .S!l.!i)(i |S,S,-.| (ti-nred in Point Harrow Keport, Ethnology, I'l. 111. Fig.fi). This has a steel blade and a haft of walrus ivory. The npiier face of the haft is convex and the under llal, and the blade, which is bevele.l only on the upper face, is set at a sli-ht inclination to the Hat face of the halt. Thee.lge of the blade inoje.-ts U-J inch from the haft above and O-:', below. The hole at one end of the haft is for a lanyard to han^ it iii) by. Tin- other two are of essentially the same pattern, but have halts of reindeer antler. 'flic collection also contains six tools of this description, with stone blades, but they arc all new and very carelessly made, with hafts of SmW ["ll'i:!], from I'tkiavwih, which has a. rough blade of soft, light iire.'insh slate. The other five have blades of ilack or gray tiint, roughly flaked. All these )lad<'s are glued in with oil dregs. No. 89652 lL'i'.">] is like the others iu shape, but more Fiii. ui).-wii;ii.i...ii. <1kiv,,sI:ii,- neatl\ made, and is peculiar iu hiiviug a blade of hard, com])act bone. This is inserted by saw- ing a deep, narrow slit along one side of the haft from eud to eud. The blaose would naturally suggest itself to a savage, and the convenience of titling these flakes into a little haft would s 1 occur to him. No. 8!Mil() |117(i] is such an obhmg flint, llaked to an edge on oiw face, which is evidently old, and whiidi was said to have been used for shaving whalebone. The material is black Hint. Whalebone is often shaved nowadays with a eommou knife. The slab of l)one is laid upon the thigh and the edge of the knife pressed lirinly against it. with the blade peri.endicular to the surface of the slab, whi.-h is drawn rapiilly un.V -■arvin- and with incised patterns colored with red ocher.a- soot. The following ti„-,„,.,, are intn.du.'.Ml lo shou some of tli,. dilferent styles of oinainentalion. ViH- 1 •">•■!". No. .-,(M(||| I- ably luiide for a liaiulle to a (oo| lly hroad and flat and was prob- ''^uch handles, however, appear DEI .LS AND ws. Th,. BOW: is how iiimals, TlllIMT to be also used for drill heads, aud have good sized sky hliic ulass brads inst eyes. Therestoftlieornamciitatinii is incised and lihi Fig. 153h, :So. 89421 [12f!(»], from rtkiavwiu. is a simi which has iiieised on the hack tigures of iiu'ii and : which, perhaps, tell of some real event. Mr. I.. M. informs me that the natives of Norton Soun.l keep a rc-uiar record of hunting and other events engraved in tliis way nuon their drill bows, and that no one ever ventures to falsify these records. We ditl not learn definitely tiiat sucli was the rule at Point Barrow, but we have one l)ag liandle nuirked with whales, which we were told indicated the nundx-r killed by the owner. Fig. 1.5;5c, Xo. S!>42.j [IT.iL']. from T'tkiavwln, is a similar bow, ornamented on the back with simply an incised border colored red. On the other side are the figures of ten bearded seals, cross-hatched and blackened. These are per- haps a "score." Fig. 153^7, No. 89509 [914], from Xuwiik, is a bow of the common pattern, but ornamented by carving the back into a toothed keel. Fig. 153e, No. 89.510 [901], from TTtkiavwTn, is ornamented on one side only with an incis(-d ])attern, which is blackened. Fig. 153/, No. 89511 [961], also from Utkiavwin, has, in adcU- tion to the incised and blackened pattern, a small transparent sky-blue glass bead inlaid in the middle of the back. Fig. 153g, No. 89512 [836], from the same place, is a flat bow with the edges carved into scallops. The incised line along the middle of the back is colored with red ocher. The string is made of sinew braid. Fig. 154, No. 89777 [1004/>], which belongs in the '-kit" of Ilu'bw'ga, the Nunatanndnn, previously mentioned, is inter- esting from liaving been lengthened 3^ inches by riveting on ;i reindeer antler at one end. The two pieces are neatly Joined i si)lice" about 2 indies long and fastened with three iron riv< 177 seals piece ot n a Hap ts. Tlie udcd that his drill he was at home, in the interior, where li )uld The incised pattern on the back is <'oloied witli The mouth])iece (ki'hmia) consists of a l)lo( iron), in which is hollowed out a round cui> like s( ceive the tip of the drill shalt, inil)edd<'d in a able size to hold bi 9 ETH 1; ■tween the teeth. This bk btain n T liAlJlJiiW ESKIMO. list tli( (ImKs feiuh iiioutli])i(cos lie 111 11i( Vmldson Ri\n to ^()lto1l Sound, h tioii No sO>()0 [^0(»J fi^iiKd 111 J'oiiit II, 1 1^ { i> 1 t\iu ottlii flnif^td inouth- .,„,, Ill) 11 ,k is ol i)iii( ( ii\(d into 1 tliKk, hioid iidi, with i hn^i l)l(.(koiitli< uisidi liitotlii topottht luliisiiil lid i piu e of gri s^ ->cs^:^r- rtp...^«-----^'^ilpTI1^^ poi'iiliyry with IiImiIc spots, wliiidi is slightly convex on the surface, so as to iiioji'it ;i littlf iili(i\c till' surface of the wood. In the middle of the stone is a cup slia|ii'il cavity one-half inch in diameter and of nearly the same ili'iith. This is a rather large mi mthpiece, bein.i^ (i iuches across from one end of the arch to the other. Tlierc are two ntheispeciiiieiis of the same pattern, both rather smaller. No. ,S'.».-Ai;i |.S!)l |. Fi^r. i.-,(). (v,„„ Nuwfik, has the stone of black and white syenite. This specimen is very old a-nl dirty, and worn through to the stone on rme side, where the teeth lia\e come against it. No. 89787 [lOOtc]. Fig. I.j.5, is ahiiost exactly the same shape as the tjiK', but has I'RILL MOUTIiriEC 179 sua). for a socket a piece uf iron M inches s(|uarc. IkiHowcc Tbe outside of the wood has hccn ]iaintfd willi red <>cl mostly worn off. This iiiontlipicce lich)n-vd lo nri'l)w'"a Fig. 15G, No. 89505 [802 j, from Utkia\-M-tri, represents tlie pat- teru which is perhaps lather commoner than the ])rececling. The wood, which holds the socket of black and white sy- enite, is simply an elliptical block of spruce. The remain- *'" '''' ing three specimens are of the same jiatterii and of the saine mat the last, except No. .S!l,")(»7 |!tOS|, from Nnwilk, in whi
  • rn iron ones. No. S<.I52() [1 182J lias no shaft, and appears to be an old uuliuished drill fitted into a carelessly made bone ferrule. IgQ TllK POINT liAKlfOW KSKIMO. iicscnt ilav is always woikcd witli a bow. wliidi allows I t'orsteadyiiii; IIk' iiicfCdC wdi k. We wfir iiitbmied, icrlv a cord was soiiictiiiK'S used without the bow, but little handles ofivor.v, carved into some ornamental , eye ill t lie iiiidille to wliicli a thong could be attached. wi' iie\cr saw tliciii in use. The first two were col- leiiod III' oniaci|uaintance with these people, and from iwledge of (he language we got the impression that to he attached to a harpoon line. ng, however in finding out that the harpoon Las no lage, and when the other four came in a year later, at a time when the press of other work pre- \ented careful inqiury into their use, \^ e supposed that they were nieantfor handles to the linesused •^ 1 . jr~3I3 I foi (!31!), fi-om Kashunuk, near Cape liomanzoff), still attached to the dull ( ord. These handles are al- most identical in shape with No. .S!>r).S |h$r)|, lioni I tkiavvMfi. This leJ7 ,j;i Horn 1 t ki i\ w Ml), is 4-3 inches long, and is vei\ .Kcuiateh i am d into ih, mi !!,« ol ,1 man's right leg and foot, (liesMd ill a ■-tii|Md d.( iskiii boot 1 ill ( lid opposite to the foot is the "™°°™1 DEILL-COUI) HANDLES. ISl head of some animal, perhaps a wolf, with bits of ilaik wodil inl;iid for eyes. The eye is a simple large transverse hole tlirou-h Die (hi.'li Fig. 158c (No. 89455 [020] from Nuwuk), is 5-0 iiiHu^s Ion-. 'I'h.. ,.y.., is drilled lengthwise through a huge Imiip jiroiccfing fidm n,,. middle of one side. Small blue beads are inlaid for (lie eyes, and one lo indi cate the male genital opening. Fig. 158(1 (No. 89-1.5G \m)] from Xiiwftk) is like No. -.(;.-,l'7 |l';i|, but represents the left foot and is not so artistically carved. It is .'.-T inches long. Fig. 15Se (No. 80457 [025] from Nuwfik) is 4-7 inch.'s l,m-, and re- sembles No. 894.55 [020|, but has instea.l of tlie seal's tail ainl lli|ipeis a large ovoid knob ornamented with incised and blackened rings. The "eye" is bored transversely. Fig. 158/ (No. 894.5S [835] from ITtkiavwin) diifers from No. .S!)155 [025 j in having a transverse eye, and being less artistically carved. Hits of lead are inlaid for the eyes. It is 4-4 inches h)ug. The name of tins implement is kfiTi-i. We obtained six specimens of an old flint tool, consisting of a rather long thick blade mounted in a straight halt aliout 10 inches hiug,of which we had some difficulty in ascertaining the use. We were at last able to be quite- sure that they were intended for drilling, or rather reaming out, the large cavity in the Itase of the ivory head of a whale harpoon, which fits upon tlui conical tip of the fore-shaft. The shape of tlie blade is well fitted for this i)urpose. It is not unlikely that such tools, worked as these are, by hand, preceded the bone drills for boring all sorts of objects, and that the habit of using them for making the whale harpoon was kept up from the same conservatism founded on superstition which surrounds the whole whale fi.shery. (See under "Whale fishing," where tlu^ sid)ject will be more fully discussed.) No. 80G2(! |87()|, (igured in I'o.nt Harrow Report, Ethnology, I'l. II, Fig. 4, is a typical implcmeni of tliis class (itatui, i'tugetsau'). The blade is of black flint, flaked, 2 iiicIk's long, indx'dd.'d in the end of a haft of spruce, l()-5 inches long. Th.' l)la(lc is held in place by whii>ping the cleft end of the haft with sinew l)raid. Two of the othei' specimens. No. SO(;27 |0;J7| and No. 80(528 |012], are of essentially the same pattern and material, but have rounded hafts. No. 80(120 |0(;()jan(l Xo. .S0(;;.!0 | l()(;s|. Figs. i:,'.)a, 150/;, have blades of the same pattern, but have hafts fitted for use with the niouth|iiece and bow, showing that somi^tinu'S, at least in later times, these tools were so used. No. 80G25 [1217] (Fig. ICO) has no halt, but the blade, which is rather narrow in proportion to its length (2-.'$ inches by 0-5), is fitted into a shortferruh^ of antler, with a little dovetail on the edge for attach- ing it to the haft. Of awls we saw oidy one si)ecimen, which, iit>rh;!]is, ought rathei- to be considered a little hand drill. This is No. SO.iO.S [1202], I-'ig. Kil, from Utkiavwifi. The jioint is the tip of a common three-cornered hie, 1S2 sliaipciicd down. 1 1 tuiiictl :i liylit \ flliiwi ;AKK0\V ESKIMO. ill a liaiidlc of fo.ssi] ivory -niiicb has im aac. Its total l, Ulibalti d \>i bbb sofc on \ciiMnl Nliapc \Mie aKo t iiiplou'd. No. .■".(.(>(il I-'TIJ is -il< ii a '^toiu it The ends ,11.. I. itt. i. d. -liouiiiu liou ir li id !»< ii u-id. It was bioii^lit from one (it iIk i i\t is in tlic iiili iioi 1>\ one ol llu iiatuts ol UtkiaN win. FiVcs'.— 1 lit s ,,i ,ill KiucK aie eageih s,,i,,lit iltd b\ the natives, who use tilt III with \ei V Kieat skill and jiatit m i , iltniii; in ai h all then nut il umk with these tools. J^)I iiistanee, out |i iitit 111 iih iiijit iiioiis nati\e eon \i iti i| his W lilt liestei Idle tioni a iini hre tti MtnliaHuewith iiothiiiffbutafile. To f thi tills he liad to make a new hiinjj jnii, .is .^^fed X tilt liiiii;; piiiof theiim tiiefiun is toosholt I If i< It h the he.id of the eaitiidge. He i ittt,iii|,lis|i<.(ltIiisbja((iiiate]jenttingoff^ I tiitht iiiopti I. iit;tli.ain>lil woiii outtlnee- t tittl lilt lit thtn lilt.] olf mouyh of t ith ttUt st, th it tht lotl littdl .\eiil.\ 111 tht t \liiitlii(,il hole wht ic fh. fiiiiiji ]>iii wtiiks ill,. \\,,ik was iloiit. s,, (.ii(.|iill\ Ih It tht lit w liiin- pin woik(. tiiitiiu titj histtnti il liiecaitiid-e sliells w'ttM,..',,',"' '" ■' 1""'"' '"'-"' •" *•> ""■ m;-2 [.i'.rS]. tVomUtkiavw ishc.l and 4-1 iiu'lies Idiiy. ■s arc (>r very imicli the same pattoni. I I show the slight variations. Fig. W2h (No. ) is (if light grayish green jade, smoothly jh)!- It is ( liaiiifcred only on the small end at right angles to tlie breadth, and lias tin' eye iiroloiiged into ornamental grooves on tlie two oi)])osite faces. The long lanyard is of common sinew l)raid. No. ."iiKic;; [I'l'li] (from the same village) is of olive green, siigliily Iraiishiccnt .ia(h'. (i-S inclics long, and elliptical in section, also chamfered only at the small end. The lanyard, which is a strip of seal lliong !• inches long, is secured in the eye, as described before, with two slits, one iu the standing part through which the end is i)assed and the other in tli{> end witli tlie standing jiart i)assed through it. Xo. 89017 |li'(ii'| (IVoni Sidaiu) is of olive green, translucent jade, 6-1 inches long, and si end. The ian.> knot in (me end. No. .Siini!) | translucent jade, .">-l incheslong. a elei- being 0-(i inch. Tlie ri]i is gr and it has urnaiiienlal grooves lu \:m]. No. .S!l(L'0[.S(r.|(IVoin Xiiwuk) i has the tip tapered olf almost to : translucent jade and is 7 inches h I'd only at the small ,\e by a large round of bright green, sually thick, its greatest diam- idually worked oft' to an oblique edge, iniiig thnmgh the eye like No. 50662 * shaiied very much like the type, but I point. It is of olive green, slightly ng. The lanyard is a piece of sinew WHETSTONES TOOI, I!OXE.« 185 braid with the ends kuott.-d toj;vtlier and the bi-ht \oo\H'd im,, tlic eve A large sky-blue glass bead is slipped on over both parts of the hinyard and pushed up close to the loop. Fig. l(j:5rt. (No. SDOi'l [T.-.T], ivoni Utkiavwiu) is very short and broad (3-G inches by O-O), is chaiiir.Ted at both ends, and has the ornamental grooves at tlie eye. The niaterial'is a hard, opaque, bluish gray stone, veined with blaek. A whetstone of similar material was brought by Lieut. Stoney from Kotzebue Souud. The long lanyard is of sinew braid. Fig. mm (No. 89622 [951], also fi-om Utkiavwm) is a very small, sleuder whetstone, 3-3 inches long, of dark olive green semitranslueeut jade, polished. The tip is not chamfered, but tapers to a blunt point. It has the ornamental grooves at the eye. These are undoubtedly the "stones for making . . . whetstones, or tliese ready-made" referred to by Dr. Simpson (Op. cit., p. 260) as brought by the Nuuatanmiun from the people of Flo. IM— Womlen tool boxes. the "Ko-wak Kiver." A few such whetstones have been collected on other parts of the northwest coast as far south as the northern shore of Norton Sound. The broken whetstone mentioned above is of a beautiful bluisli gieen f lansluceiit jade, liits of stone are also used for whetstones, such as No. S97Sti [1004/], which belong in Ilu'bw'ga's tool bag. They are two rough, oblong bits of hard dark gray slate, appar- ently split ofi" a liat, weathered surface. Tool boxes and hags. — We collected six si)ccimens of a peculiarly slia])e(l long, narrow box, carved from a single block of wood, which we were informed were fin-merly used for holding tools. They have gone out of fasiii(m at the present day, and there are but few of them left. No. 89860 [lir»2]. Fig. 164rt, represents the typical shape of this box. It is carved from a single block of pine. The cover is slightly hollowed on the; under side and is held on by two double rings of twine (one of seal twine and the otlicr of sinew braid), large enough to shp o\er the \Xi] TlIK POINT r.AIMJOW ESKIMO. iMid Kacl. riiis is made by donbliiiy a ]oug i-icie of twine so that the two parts are c-(iiial, passiiij;' one end through tin- bi-ht and knotting- it to tlie other. Tlie box and cover seem to have been painted inside and out with red oeher. On tlie outside this is mostly faded and worn off and covered with dirt, but inside it has turned si dark brown. Fig. 1046 (No. 89S,-)8 [i;Jl!t]. IVom Utkiavwin,) is a simOar box, 21-1 inches long. Tlie cover is held on by a string passing over little hooked ivory studs close to the edge of the box. There were origiuaUy five of these studs, two at each end and one in the middle of one side. The string started from one of these studs at the pointed end. This stud is broken and the string fastened into a hole close to it. To fasten on the cover the string was carried o\'(«- and hooked under the opposite stud, then crossed over the cover to the middle stud, then across to the end stud on the other side, and the loop on the end hooked onto the last stud. No. S98,5!» [VMS] is a, smaller box (19 inches long) of the same pat- tern, with only four s| ads. The cover has three large blue glass beads, like those used for labrets, inlaid in a line .doiig the middle. No. 89858 [11111, from Utkiavwifi, is the shape of the type, but has a thicker cover and six stud holes in the margin. No. 89861 [1151], Fig. lC5a, ft'om the same place, is shaped something like a violin case, 22-2 inches long. The cover has been split and "stitched" together with whale- bone, and a crack in the broader end of the box has been neatly mended '•.V pegging on, with nine little wooden treenails, a strap of reindeer antler of the same width as the edge and following the curve of its outline. Tliere are torn- studs, two at each end. The string is made fast tir ol tiion^ j) iss, d through th. nostnls ot th( two si,l, ii, „ls so ihii II . >ii spi, ,d „pni only ."bout If iiKh.s jiu 1, „„ii, ,sh,„Mi ni.l lliMnid. ot ^^allus ivory, Mid om iiM.nl. d Willi iiiin.is.dl 1, , „„ f,,,, One ( ml is broken and t Willi tohu wh ( 1). 11 h is 1 in ii\ )|ss,,l t and ViTT'.i [KHUrtJ); a drill bow (Fig. 154, No. 89777 |l()01/>j) • a iiionthplece (Fig. 15,-), No. S07S7 [1004c]); a large • rooked knife with a sheath (Fig. 114, No. ,S!I7,S(» |1"MI4,/]); afliutHaker (No.S!l7.-.2 flOOlrJ); a .•oiiib Ibr Ml d.'crskins (Fig. 1G9, No. .S«,I7S1 [100.5]); a haiivomb made of antler (No. .S!t7s5 [Kidfi]); a lishhook (No. 89783 [10(I7|); and a small seal hariM.on head (No! 89784 [1008]). No. 8979G [1118], from Nnwuk. is of rather unusual materials. The bottom is of brown reindeer skin and the sides and ends are the heads of two wolves and a red iilH I/rtIi fox. The wolf heads meet on one side, and the fox head is put in between them on the other. The fox head has no lower jaw, and one wolf head has unlythclelt lialf of the lower jaw. The Nacant spaees around the month are filled by triangnlar gussets of wolf and reindeer skin. The eyeholes are ^^^^ ioo_ron.i.f itched on the inside with deerskin. dc-.THkins m the Jt has no handle. No.S!)7!»5 ] i;](i!i], the '""' '"=■ lemaiiiiiig bag, is of the usual pattern, but earelessly made of small pieces of deerskin, with a handle of coarse-grained whale's bone. It was probably made for sale. I have figured four handles of such bags to show '^ the style of ornamentation. Fig. 170«. (No. 89420 Fio. i68.-Priii.s belong [1111], from Nuwuk) has incised figures of men and ing to tbo tool bag. j.^,i,),|y^.,. „„ the back, once colored with ocher, of which traces can still be seen. This is perhaps a hunting score. (vSee remarks on this subject under "Bow drills.") Fig. 170/; (No. 89423 [990], from Utkiavwifi) is a very elal>orate handle, with scalloped edges and fluted back, which is al.so oiiiaiiiented with an incised pattern colored with red ocher. The other side is (•(>\-ered with series of the incised circles, each with a dot in the center, so frefpiently mentioned. Fig. 170e (No. 89424 [890], fi-om Nuwuk) has on the under side two rows of figarres representing the flukes and "smalls" of whales. This is the specimen already mentioned, which the natives called an actual score. The series of frn-euty-six tails were said to be the record of old Vuksi'na (" Erksinra" of Dr. Simpson), the so-called "chief" at Nuwuk. All the above handles are of walrus ivory, and have been in actual use. Fig. 170c- (No. 50513 I'JO nil.NT ISAKKOW ESKIMO. l-i:;], from Utkiavwifi) is a handle of dittereut material (reindeer antler) and of somewhat ditfo'ciit pat tern. One end is neatly carved into an excet'diii^ily accurate iiiia^e of the head of a reindeer which has shed ^Hfiii^iifi^fg^ii^lif^i^^^a^MB Fig. 170.— Bag handles. II- mil. I- uilh Miull bliu III ads ml lid for the eyes. The back of the ii iiidit i> oiii nut iit((l with 111 iiiciMil pattern colored with red ocher. \\e\\(i( told th.it such h.iiidks \mic sometimes titted to the wooden lull k(ts. hut I IK M I sn\ one so us( d No s'lTMs |107".| I u ITl Is a h^y of rather unusual pattern, the oiiU oiii ol tin kind \\t siw lli( l)()ttom is a single round piece, 9 inches in diameter, of what seems to be split skin of the bearded seal, flesh side out, and the rest of the bag is of white- tanned seal leather. The sides are of five broad pieces (6, 4J, 4, 5i, and 5 inches broad at the bottom, re- sjiectively, narrowing to L'i, 1^, 1^, 2, and 2.J, respectively, at the top), alternating with five J / ^ V ^m straight strij)s, respectively IJ, \^»K-._^v^_ ,,^SB 1' -'^i' I4) ^'^^ ^h. inches bi'oad. The edges of these strips overlap the edges of the broad pieces, and are neatly stitched with two tine ids, as on tla soks ot (Ik w itd proof boots. The outer thread, will, h Is taught 111 the loop ..t L 1. 1, Mitch of the other, is a slender fila- int lit ol black w luik boiu 1 Ins juoduces a sort of embroidery. The ni.k 1-, stitched to thi bii,' with the same seam, but the hem at the iiDiith Is iiKuh iim" i„mi.l with smew. This ba ill tools iiidsiiiuhi uti.ks. hol.h was probably for CLUBS. WEAPON!^. 191 As would naturally l>c cxpiM'tcd iVoiii whar has peaceful character of these people, otieiisivi> \v(M|iiiiis, for use agaiust men, are exceedingly rare. In case of quarrels between indi\-iduals or parties tlic liows, spears, and knives intended for hunting or general use would be turned against their enemies. Even their rifles, nowadays, are kept much more for hunt- ing than as weapons of offense, and the revolvers of various patterns which many of them have obtained from the ships are chiefly carried when traveling back and forth between the two \illages as a protection against a possible bear. We, however, obtained a few weapons which were especially designed for tak- ing human life. One of these was a little club (ti'glun) (No. 89492 [1310], Fig. 172, from Utkiavwlfi) made of the butt end of an old pickax head of whale's bone, with the point cut down to a blunt end. It is (i-J: inches long and meant to l)e clenched in the hand Iikr a dagger, and used for striking blows, prob- ably at the f eMi])le. The transverse grooves for haft ing give a good hold lor the fingers. This was the only weapon of the kind seen. We tulltitc d I sjn^h spec imen of a kind of slung shot. No. 89472 1 90.". f^^ ^ in Greenland, (1 li, 17 >), nude of a roughly ovoid lump of In i\\ bont, the symphysis of the lo^\ti pw of i walrus, 3i inches long At tin sni ilh i end two large hoh s m bond in oblicjuely so as to mtt t undi i the sui faceandform achannt 1 thiou^h whuh is passedaslijx.f whiti m d skin ibout 1.") inches long, the ( nds of \\hi(h fasten together with two slits, so as to make a loop. This m i\ Ik tonipiKd with the strt, No. S!il7-"i [!l.s,s|, IVoiii Nuwfik, is made of a straight sitlinter fronrthesliartofone.,ftlie long bones. l. Ill 11 III, V ""^■""'"^"■l FIREARMS. 193 riiOJECTILK \VEAP(.1NS. Fir ear 7ns. — W hi w Ih isi mil siinps m in si mi i ihisi they had no tin mils hnrili. m \t p iit\ ot u hm s « h,, with them (I'lilli II mil I1|m i in Isl'i) toiiml i In < lii< of an old 8haK\ niiisk, t ot I lulish nnlu witliih, n mi the lock.' Hoop. 1 1). lit \.il this to l)( tlu gun li st 1,\ lin's party in Isjf)'' Tins ^miii ^^ is, llo^^( voi oih n s, , ofthe P/om- (in f Kt Cipt M uniic k. pt it on I.oikI, some time^), ami w is found tohm on tin jo, k Ixsnhs nett," also tin d iti lsl{ so tint ot (onisi it u |s Armstrong'' also nu ntioiis si . in„ tins ^iin, wlm h, tin iiitiM they had proi und "from tht otlu i tiibis to tin south ward." In the siimnu r of ls")i tin \ Ix gan to ]mi(hase guns and ammunition from tin ( isti in n iti\Ls \ uksina and two othei nun ( ai h l)oin,lit i ^iiii this \( n ■> Asthewhaliis bt ^ iii (o goto Point J5uI(n^ in ls")4, the opportunitv foi obtaining iiu iiins has bun atlouUd the natives e\( i\ m ir sunt thtn, so th it tlii\ ait now well supplied witli<,iiiis dm th of Vhhik uuninutiituK That all their fiHaims h u, n, i h, i n obt iiiu d iiom tins source is probabh f-om tin f n t th. \ lii\t still in th. ii j possession a immbt r .»( smootliboi. ptniission giiiis , double and single bui.hd ot Kiissi m in inufK tin. ^ They are all stimixd m IJiissi in with tin n iiir ol Tul i, | atownontli. ( »op i lo > mil. s .onth ot Mos.ow, win. h \ "^ has received till n nil. ol th. ^h. tin Id iiid r.iiniingham ^ ^3 of Russia," fi.iiii lis \ast m mill n toi \ ot iims .stibhshul Xi^J^ by IVtfrtli.-(.n it 1 in s, ^uiis must lin. , om. tiom pio re -socHid the "Xiinataiimiiin who obtiiind th. m dtlui fiom ''v^, ■ ^f ni tinr SilMMJan ti id. is .,i iioni th. Uiissi ins at ISwUm S.miid fhioiigh the Mal.'iniiit, Hith sinooihbiu and iitled guns aie in gent lal use Tliesiiio.)tlil)oits lit ot illsoits iml d(s, ,i],ti(ins tioiii in old lliiitl.>. k musket to inoie or Itss \ ilinblt siiuh mid nl li p. i< iissi.m t.)w]iiig ])ieces. Threeof the n itut s now (Iss^jhn. . h. ip .jonblt bit t.( hloidus and one a .singlt biet. lilo i.l. i (mid. b\ [olm 1' Lo\tll, ot Hoston) Guns in genei il ir. t illtd '.upiin,' iii onom ito[)oii of tli.' ivlit-l Hocrs in South Africa: Hie i'calioily Martini, made in Aiiicrica for the Tiirkisli (lovcrniiifiit. markrd on tlir rear siglit with Turkisli figures, and. cxposc-d Willi a coiiise at tlie (■cmetery, one English Snider. The regulation .Spriii.-field rilles hi'Ioiiging to the post, which were often loaned to the natives for the i.urpose of hunting, weie called mukpa- ra'lin (from mtikjuim'. 1 k. referring to the lireeeli action, which opens like a book). They formerly had very U'w iimz/,le loading rifles, lint of late years, since the law against trading arms t.i the natives has been eoiistnied to refer solely to breech-loading rilles, llie whalers have sold them yiiger ritles, of the olil I'. S. Army patlern. fhitleld rilles, ship's mus- kets with the Tower mark on them, and a, sort of bogus ritleinade esp.'chiUy for trade, in imitation of the old-f ishioned Kentucky rifle, but with grooves extending only a short distance from the muzzle. They of course deiiend on the shi]is for their su]iplies of ammunition, though the Nuuatariniiun soinetimes lning a few cartridges .smuggled across from Siberia. They naturally are most desirous to ]n'ocure cartridges for the rim tire Winchester guns, as these are not intended to be used more than once. They have, however. inviMiled a method of priming the.e rim-tire shells so that they can be reloaded. A common ••(I. I)." perciLssion cap is neatly htted into the rim of the shidl by cutting the sides into strips which are folded into slits in the .shell, a little hole liejiig drilled under the center of the cap to allow the flash to reach the powder. This is a very lab,, i ions process, liiit enables the natives to use a rille which would otherwise be useless. Such ear- t ridges reloaded with powder ami home made bullets— they have many bullet molds and know how to use them— are tolerably eliective. Great care must be taken to insert the cartridge right side up, so that the cap shall b.' struck by the liring pm, w hich interferes with using the gun as a repeater. They are very careless with their ritles, allowing them to get rusty, and otherwise niisiising them, especially by tiring small shot fr.uii them 111 the duck sh,,oiiim seas.m. As a rule they are very fair shots with Hh' rille. but extremely lavish of aniiniinition when they have a .sup- !''>• ■'■'" lyei'onomy is shown in reloadinu cartrid-es and in loading their .shotgiuis, inio which they seld ml a suflicieiit charge. In Kliiteof this someof Iheiii shoot very uell with the .shotuun, though unmy of them show great stupidity in judging di.stauee, tiring light FIKKAKMS lioWS. 1 <)r, harges of shut at sliort rillc niii-c (I()(i f,, l'oo yards). Tli.ai-li tli.'v mold their own Imllcts, I liasi making shot or slii-s. Tliis. wii from kri'kni, oriiiinalh- lucaiiin-- k "rand now us.., 1 for /,«//r^ as well) is always oljtaincd fioni flic wliitcs. Tin' -iin is MaiiitiialU cairii'd In case or holster Ion-- enou^lL to rove (l.'serihL'.l a numh.'r of the natives have procured fr..m the whalemen, eith.'r liy imrclias.' ,)r li-om wrecks, whaling guns, such as are used by th,' Am,'ri<-an whah'rs, in place of the steel lance for dis- patching the whah' alt.'i- it is haip.i.m.'.l. These are ..f vari.ms ])at- terns, both mu/./l.' an.l lir.'.'cli l.ia.ling, ami th.'v ar.' able t.) procure nearly every year a small supply .)f th,- explosiv,' laiu'cs t.. be sh, it from them. They use fh.'in as th.' wliil.' m.'u .lo Ibr killing harpooned whales, and also, when th.' h'ads uf op.'u wal.'iare narrow, for shooting them as they iiass.'l.ise (., th.' .'.Ig.' of the ic,'. iioirs (in:i'l.-sr).— \u Ibnn.'r tim.'s fh,' b.iw was th.- ..nly pr,.i,'.-file weap.in whi.-h these p,'opl.' p,>ss.'ss.'.l I hat .'laihl be use.I at a l.>ng.'r range than the "dart" of a harp.i.m. Il was a.<'.)i-dingly nse.l f.wr hunting the bear, the w.df, ami the ri'imh'.'r, Ibr sh.ioting birds, anil in case of necessity, for warfar.'. Il is w.nlliy .if n.)t.', in this connecfi.in, as sh..wing that th.' us.' of th.' b.,\\ tbr lighting was only a scc.in.lary con- si. 1. 'ration, that non.'.ifIh.'iran-.)\\sai-.'r,'gular -war arrows" liketlL.se ma.lc b\- the Si. MIX or otli.'i- In. Hans; that is, arr.iws t.) b.'. sh. it with the bi-eadlh .if 111.' Ii.'a.l h.iiizontal, so as to pass b.'tw.'.'U the iioriz.infal ribs of a man. Kir.'arms liav,' n.iw alnmst ,',iin]il,'t.'ly supcrse.l.'d th.' b.iw for a,'tual w.irk. though a few men, t..o po,.r t.i ..btain guns, still use tli.'in. bii-.ls ami pra,'ti,','s al marks. \','i\ f,'W buys, li.iw.'ver, show any great skill with it. \V,' ii.'N.'i- ha.l an .ipp.irtuiiity .if s.'.'ing an a.lidt sh..ot with the b.iw ami airow: but th.'y liav.' not yet lost the art .if bow- making. The n.'wcst b.iys" li.iws ar.' as skilltidly and ingeiii.iusly con- structed as th.' .ilil b.iws, liiif are illt is held t.i.uetlicr uliol We never saw hows of this | \ h\ tl itti ill . hnkiiu f 11 1.1. ind<..n f" / se(|uently did not learn how th hUKll u " i'^ i..om r t // pli.shed. Tlie method is jnoh hl\ th. sun. isthit i 7 seen by Cajit. lieechey in ls_'( It W> t/. hii. s.iiin.l i (Voyage, p. r,7.".). The liow \ \ IS Wl ipp..l 111 W.t F„i i-I 11 1 «fr ni shavings and held over tin 1 u ind th.n iM.^t.l \ ( il th)wnon the ground (]irohahl\ i n OIK s .1. 1 Illt.l shllX \ stiijiol law llide (thes|)lit skin of the h( il hds, , With th. ^1 nil SI h'.Mit), 1 imli wide, runs along the hack tioni iMlld t ) h( 11.1 nndd the 1 i.ukiiii;. The ciiief pecnliarily of this how is t lu thlK 1. ihl. ih.,\, til. < )tlKi two, and the great and aiijiarently unnccts&aij eomplicatiou ot the hitthtb. igg Tlir. rOINT ISARROW ESKIMO. No. TiTTl [2.31 1. I'loiii Si(hini (I'iii. l.^Ort and li). is ;i liow witli Ix'iit eiMl.s'lila. the last, hut all in oiw picci. ami sinall.T. Its Icu.-tl. is l.i^, mchfs ami its j;icatcst bicailtli I;\. The baddii,';- has only two <-ahlfs, aii.l its rhicf pc.-uhaiity is in haviii- tii.- loos,. .-n-I of the last strand ),„„„„.■ of Ilir .'allies, uliih' tlie seizin- of the same jiatteni as ,. of a sepal ate pieee. Tiie workmanship of this how is partieularly neat, and it is furtlier ij ^\ stren.ulheiied with strips of rawhide (tlie skin 1 \\ of the I.earded seal, sjilit), under the baeking. '' '^-^ The method of making the string- is very inge- nious. It ajiiiears to have been made on the IS follows: llaviiii; th,. bow sprung back 11,1 of a long jiiee,- of sin,-w twin,- was fast t.Miiporarily t, I th,' iqiper iio,'k, leaving 1 long ,Miough to liiiish od' the bowstring, tliereml was carried roiinil the lower noek and the returning straml iialf-hitched round the first snugly up to tii,' n,i,'k, and then carried round the ujiper no,'k anil back again. This was reii,'at,'d. ea,h stran,! being half-hitched round all tli,' ]ii,'e,',ling at th,' lower nock until there were eight parallel strands, and an eye fitted snugly to the lower nock. Th,- bight was then slipped off the upper no,'k, the end untied and the whole twisted tight. This twisted string is now about 2 inches too long, so the uiiiier eye is made by doubling over 2 inches the enil and st,ipiiiiig it down with the free iitiiiiieil all, IV,'. thus making a long eye of seven strands. With the end, six similar strands ■.m- ailde.l to the eye, each being stoiiiied to th,- twist with a half hitch. The end is ni'atly tiu'ked in and the strands of the eye twist, mI tigiitly tog,.ther. In my jiajier on Kskimo bows, already men- tioned, I cam,' to th,' I'oiM'lusiou that the bows formerly us,',l by the Eskimo of western North America an,! the (ijiposite ,'oast of Asia were eonsti'ucteil iiiMiii thre,' well defined tyjies of definite geographical distribution, ami lach easily recognized as a deveh.pment of a simple original type still to be found in liatlin Land in a .slightly modificl tbrm. Tlies,. three types are: I. Th,' SoiHh,'rn typ,'. whi.'h was th,' ,iniy form uscl fn.m the island of Kadiak to Cap,' I'oman/otV. ami continued in freipient use as far as N.irton Sniuid. Ilioiigli s.'para,t,'(l by m, l,ar,l ami fast line frnm II. The Arctic type, t,i which the bows just described belong, in use -Large bn MURDOCH.] BOWS. I no from tlic Kaviak p.-iiinsuhi tn the Mackon/.ir an.l Ainlnsoii nvcis; an.l HI. TIm- Western tyi)i-. cimtiiit'd to St. I.awrciirc Island and llir main- land (d'SilM'ria. I liavf shown liow tln-sr thn'c tyi)rs dilVcr IVom carli odi.a- and iVom the orij;-iual type, and have cxprcssi^d tlic opinion thai tliesi> ilinricnccs result from tlie dittereiit resonn-e^ at the c mand of the people ofdif ferent rei;-ions. I ha\'e also enih-a\iired to areoiuit foi- the laet that we find sporadic exaniiiles of the Aivtie type, tor instance as far soutii as the Yukon, by the well known habits of the Eskimo in rc.uaid to tiad inj;- exiieditions. Outside of the re-ion treated in my itajier above ref.ared to, there is very little mafiaial for a comparative study of Eskimo bows, either ill the .Museum or in the writin-s .,f travelers. Most writers have eoie tented themselves with a casual reference to some of the iv salient peculiarities of the weapon without j;ivin,u any detailed intbrmation. rH-iniiin.u- at tlie extreme north of (ireeidand. «e lind that Ihcso-calh'd "Arctic Ili-hhiiiders" have hardly any knowled-,. ,,f tlie bow. Dr. Kane saw none dnrin.u his inleicoiirse with them. Imt Dr. Kessels' men. tioiis .seein-- one bow. madi' of iiieces of antler spliced together, in the liossessi f a man at Ita. In Danish (livenland. the use of the bow has been aband mI lor many \cars. Wlien ( 'rantz- wrote it had already .i;-one out of us.., thon-h ill lyued.'-s^ time it w.is still employed. It ap- liears to have been lon-erthan the other Eskimo b,,ws. IS'ordenski.ihH re|.roduc.-s a pictured' a -r.,np of (ircailandcrs from an ,.ld paintiii- of the date of K;.-. I in the EtI -raiihical Mns.mm of Copeiiha-en. The man holds in his left hand a strai-ht bow. which apiiears to have the the end (-allies, and yet twiste.i into two caldes. If this representation be a correct one, this arran-cmciit of tli.' backin,;;-, taken in cr, twisted, but secured with a sjiiral wrai>pinji-,as()n soul hern liows. The backin.ii' is stoiijied to theliandle, hut not otherwise seized. It ajijiears to have been rather a larj;e bow, as I'arry i;ives the length of one of their best Iiows, made of ii single piece of lir, as ■• 1 feet S inches" (p. ."ilO). "A bow of One piece is, however, \'i'r\- rare; they neiH'rally consist of from two to five pieces of hone of uneipud lengths, fastened together by rivets and treenails" (p. .".II). I'arry also speaks of the use <,f wedges for tightening tlie backing. Schwatka' sjieaks of the Netyillk of King Williams Land as using l)ows of spliced jueces of mnsk-ox horn or driftwood, but gives no further description of tliem. Ellis^ describes the bow in use at Hud- .son's ytrait in 1740 as follows: Tlii'ir Kreatest Iiif;i-niiity is sli.uvn in tlio .Strmturp oftlicir I'.nws. m.iilo commonlv artli.coric,vsor\V,KKl. ,-;i,1m,i ^ l,, ■ ., ,,,,i ..(>]„ .:,uu- a,-.],. ,rv, in.rlv.-UHl.-xiictly .jcincl t..-..tl,l-r. Tl.ryalv ,,,::: :,! , ,,, |.;,,,1,. ulurl, ll„. Kll^l'isl, t ll.TC rail .lm,ilM.,-.:„Hlastlus«a„I.S,,,. ^i', unM.l.^inMN. 11,,^ su|,pl> Ih.iI, l.yl.rariui^tlie liack.it'tlu. How Witt, a kih.l ,.i li,,, ,,,!„. Lun- i,.a,l.- „r tlic .Siu.-w .U thi-ir Deer, .aud the liowstriu^'oftlir saiiir matirial. To make them draw more stiffly, they (lip them into Water, which ^au^,■^ l.,,tli tlic- liack of the Bow aud the String to contract, and Ellis's figure (plate opposite p. 132) shows a bow of the Tatar shape, lint gives no details of the backing, except that the latter appears to be twisted. We have no |iuhlished descri]itions of the bows used in other regions. As f-ar as I have heeii al.le to ascertain, the practice of backing the bow with cords of sinew is peculiar to the Eskimo, though some Ameri- can In.hans stiffen the liow by gluing flat pieces of sinew upon the One tribe of Indians, the '-Loucheux" of the Mackenzie district, however, used bows like those of the Eskimo.s, l)ut Sir Alexamler Mac- kenzie' expressly states tliat these were obtained from the Eskimo. ' riatsluyt's Voyivgcia. 1589, p. 62«. ^SciiMi.-o, vol. 4, 98, p. 543. ' Voy.-i^'f to Iludsou'a Hay, p. 138. •CoMiparo what I hav,. alntaily s.iid ahnut tl„. l,a.kin<' bcin^' p.it on wet •Voyages from Montreal . . . to tht- l.-n,.ou and Pacific^Ocoans, p. 48. sirHDocH.] ARROWS. 201 ,4,vvwr.v.— Witli these bows were used arrows of various patterns ada]iteil for diliereiit kinds of name. Tiierearein llie collection lifly-oiie arrows, Avliich are all about the same len.utli, 'St to.".(i indies. In describ- ing these arrows I shall em]doy tin- terms use!r^rr till > inxk b( iiu oliMi \\(n;"and Kun.lien, Contrihutions, p. 37, "The feather-vanes were nearly .always ni.-ide from the primaries ..f Strix >^canduica or Cracuhis carbn." The last is the only mention I tind of using 'Op.cit.,p.260. ;iMO. live kinds, ill! haviii.ii a broad, sliai'i) pile, .a pil.M.fllak.Mltliiit,caIl.Mlkrd^ic-,-law" ki'ksaiUin ("provided or titled witliclaw ivrei-lit,-oin]ilctc arrows and on.- shaft. No. SOLMO |l'.">]. FiJ,^ 1^2, will srr\c as tlir type. The pile is ,,f hla<'k Ilinl.doal.le.Ml-ed ami sharp |M,inle], from n kiavwh-i, newly ma id Cll de lo rveil r sale edges (Fig. 185, No. 5C7026 ). ARKOWS 203 No stoiio arrow I ir dart lic;i(ls made by ilicsc iicdplc h; like barbs except tlie siiuare slumlders at lli.' lias( . Tlie, to have attained to tlie skill in Hint-workin.i; wlii.-li enabled many otlier savages to make the lieautiriM .- barbed heads so often seen. To keep the Hint !iea(h'(l ^ arrow ft-oni droppin.ii out of the wounart of the stele. (Jousideriuf-', however, that its sole function is to furnish the pile with barbs, it evidently must lie considered as part of the latbM'. I shall designate it as ••after-iiile.'' Arrows with this barbed '•after-pile" form Fio. lS6.-Anow3: (a) Annw witli -afli- (cl :iiT(iw Willi iriiii \>\\k (saviclUu) ; (J) an h) urn.w -n-itl. iron pit.- (saviilliD; .i.lllfil; (.XlnT-arn.M (nutl.,.,llin). (1 iimdli'-adlii-i ("havin- the secoiiil kiiul of bear arrows, winch a: iron tiii|). Alter the iiitiodiiclioii of iimi. metal piles soiuetimes le- placcd the Hint in arrows of this kind. We collected eiolit with fiuit and two with metal [.iles. No. IL'TST [L'.lb/j. Fi.i;. 1S(;«, has been select e], from Utki- avwin, is of the same form. No. 727(30 [105], Fig. ISGc, from Utkia-vwiii, has a similar pih^ 3-3 inches long, but has each of the under edges cut into four sharp, backward-pointing teeth. No. 7277S [234/*], Fig. ISGd, hasa pile of sheet eo]ii)er 2-.> inches long, of the saiiK^ shape, but with six teeth. This arrow eanie from Sidarn. No. 7270.") ['2')]. from Nuwuk, isa long, narrow iron pile with three bilateral liarbs, all simple. Nos. 727.").") [2.-)], from Nuwuk, 727.")!! [2.'.], alsoli'om Nuwuk, and 72704 [lO.")], from rtkiavwin, show the shanked form. The first is triangular, with a Hat shank and a simple barb at each angle of the base. It is of steel (])iece of a saw) and 2-.S inches long. The .second resembles No. 727(iO [10."")], with more teeth, mounted on a slender cyliiidiical shank 1| inches long. It is of iron and .Ml inches long. The third is a long pile with a sinuate outline and one pair of simple bilateral barbs, and a flat shank one-half inch hmg. No.s. 72757 [25] (Fig. 1806) and 72762 [25], both from Xinvtik, are i)eeiiliar in being the only iron-pointed arrows with un- ilateral barbs. The piles are made of the two blades of apair of large scis- sors, cut olfat the piiiiit, with enough of the handle left, to make a tang. The uuilatcial barb is tiled out on the back of the blade, which has been beveled ilown on both faces to a sharp edge. All of these broadheaded arrows iiave the breadth of the pile at right angles to the i)lane of the nock, sho\nng that they are not meant to tly like the Sioux war arrows. -Mthough iron makes a better material lor arrow i)iles and is more easily worked than Hint, the quivers which some men still carry at Point lian-ow c(Uitaiu fiint as well as iron headed arrows. Thev are' probably MUEDOCH.] arrow; 'JO.') kept in use from the superstitions eoiiservatism nhcaily inciiiimicii. it is certain that the man wiio raiscil a eoiiiiic cil" wolfnilis ini ihc sal^c df their fur was obliged l)y tradirion to liavc a Hint licailcd arrow to iiilj them with. These arrows, we were iiiformcd, wnc es|)cciall,v desi-ncd for hunting " nii'uu," the pohir l)ear, but of (((uise tliey also served lor use against other dangerous game, hive the wolf and brown Iji'ar and '/. Fig. 1X7.— rile of deer arrow (nfttkau). there is no reason to l)elieve that they wexe not also shot at reindee though the hunter would naturally nse his deer arrows first. Deer arrows have a long trihedral pile of antler from 4 to s inclK long, with a sharj) thin-edged point slightly concaved on the faces HI. the point of a bayonet. Two of the edges are rounded, but the third sharp and cut into one or more simple barbs. Behind the barb the pile takes the form of a rounded shank, ending in a shoulder and a sharp rounded tang a little enlarged above the point. No. 72768 [162], Fig. ISOefrom Utkiavwin, has a pile 3J inches long with two barbs. The pile of Xo. S!)2:1S [162] from the same village is Ah inches long and has but (.n«' barb, while that of No. .S!»24b( [162] is 7-S inches long and has three barbs. The rudely incised tiguiv on the shank of No. 8t)2oS [I6l'[ re|.rescnts a wolf, i.robably a talisman to make the arrow as fatal to the deer as the wolf is. No. .-.6.>SS [13], Fig. 187, is a pile for one of these arrows slightly iieciiliar in shape, being elliptical in sec- tion, with one edge sharp and two-barbed and a four-sided point. The figure shows well the shai)c of the tang. The peculiarity of these arrows is that the ])ile is not fastened to the shaft, but can easily be detached.' When such an arrow was shot into a deer the shaft would easily be shaken out, leaving the sharp barbe.l pile in the wound. " The Ivskimo told us that a deer wounded in this way would "sleejt once and die," meaning, apparently, that death would ensue in about twenty four hours, probably from peritimitis. The bone pile is called iiu'tkriri. wheiiee comes the name of the arrow, niVtko'dliu. ^^■e collected ten arrows and three i>iles()f this pattern. No.8!l4(;(l 1 12(;;!), Kig. ISS. isa iicculiar bone arrow l)ile, perhaps intendc()f) e\v ivSKiMu he middl .Muse No>. the pile. This was the i)W, and (he native who was pleased 'to hnd the lection. There are two d liKKi) with bone piles in a somewhat obtuse polyy'oual al barbs. These piles are fi'euer- ■dral, and have, a Ions', rounded lift. Kiy. ISilrr (Xo. SO.'Uil [11!>] rnts oiu' of these arrows with a tive sided pile .")•■") inches lon.n', with four simple barbs. The rest of the arrow does not ditfer from the others de- scribed. No. S'.ILMS [i.'.-,|, from Xuwfik, has a trih.-dral jiile (Hi inches lon^, with a siu-le barb. Another from Nnwiik (No. SDiiil |:i.-.]) has a trihedral pile :,■:; inches long, with two barbs, an.l on.' IV.mi Itkiavwln (N... S!)i.'41 fll'.l]) has a liv.' si.l.Ml pil.' with Ihri'e barbs. The remaining- three, fr.mi Si.larn.all hav.^ liv.' si.l.'.l pii.vs with .in.' barb. Arr.)Wsof this ],atti'rn are .-all.'.l tuga'lii-i (from tn'ga, walrus ivory). Th.'r.' ar.- also in thi' .-.illeeti.m tw.. small arrows of this jiattiTii suit.Ml tbr a b.iy's b.nv. Th.'y art- only •-'.-. in.'h.'s long, an.l liave r.mghly trihedral sharp- p.iint.'.l iv.>ry pil.'s ab.mt t in.di.'s l.mg, witln.nt barbs. (N...s<)!l(ib/ |:s(i| from Ttkiavwin). Th.'s.' arr.iws are new an.l rath.'!- .-arel.'ssly mail.', ami wi're int.'n.le.l tbr th.' .s!t'.Mi4 |7S(;|) r.lrea.ly il.'s.a-ib.'.l. The thr.'." \s whi.-h hav.' b.-.'u .l.'s.-iib.Ml all have the il of the iait.a-, whi.-h is k.'])t fr.un splitting by whipping it with sin.'w f.ir ab.iut .in.' half ini'h. The fourth kin. I. th.' bbiiit liir.l arr.iw (ki'x.i.lwain), .m the .ither haii.l. has th.' pil.' .-I.'ft t.i i-.'.'.'iv.' the we.lge- shap.'.l tip. if the St. '1. 'an. I s.'.-ur.'il by a whipping f Eskimo arrows, which [ hope some day to be able to nndertake. wImmi the material is jn a nunv available condition. One or two references to other legions will not. howi'ver. be out of place. The arrow with a barbed bone after-iiile seems a verv geueral form, being represented in the Mnsenm from most of tiie Alaskan regions, as well as from the .Mackenzie. 8coresby mentions finding the head of (me of these at the ancient settlements in east Greenland.^ The. arrow, however, desciibcil by ('apt. I'arry ' has a real foreshaft of bone, not a liarbed after pile. One of these arrows from the ,Macken/,i.- has the after pile barbel on b,>th sides, the onlv instance, 1 beli.'ve. in iUv .Mn.s.mm of a bilaterally-baibcl Eskimo arn.w where the i)ile is iH.t wholly of metal. Bote cases uikI (lid rcrx. — TIm^ bow and arrows were carried in a l)ow case and (piivcr of black .sealskin, tied to.-ct licr siil.' by side ami slnng across th.' back in the same manner as thi> gun liolstci- alread\- de- scribed. We obtained one case and (|iiivc|- wliich belong with the bow and arrows (No. i'.">, troin Nnwnkjand a single i|uivcr with the bow and arrows (No. I'.'Jf, from Sidarn.) Tlic case. No. s!ii;4.". |i'.".|. I'ig. l!Mi,r (pizT'ksT/.ax), is of snch a shape that the liow can be cairicd in it Strang sealskin with the tiesli siijc in ami .sewing np one sid ver and o\ci'" from the ontside. The bag is wide cnoiigli— fi inches at the widest [.art— to allow the b.,w to slip in easily when strnng. and the small end right Imnil." (Ivuinli.].. Ciiti ilputioii., p. :i7.) "BL-imSpaiini'ii winl rhi- I'l.il ni.lit zwis. li.ii Daiinii-n unit Z< MittflttngCTKclialK-li," Krau.-r r.n.nni.s, Oi'L^rajihlsc-liK Uliitli- '2(1 Voyage, p. OU, and liyuivil with thi- buw C'l;) uu I'L npixi^ 208 I'dIXT HARROW E.SKIMO. i. l,..„t up int.. tl... slu.,..' ..f III- vu,\ of tin. iK.w. Alons the I0I.I..I e.lf;c .>,,.,l.,r,Tonn.l 1...1.-S about K. iiuhcs upart, tlaougli wl.k'h a round st'ck WIS foiinci-lv lliiust, couiiu.u /„ ,s , h,ug. straight bag .. he same material, ..pen at oiu ( nd, w ith a s. iin down one side, and tlie :1 .fe._^ edge of tlie month opjiosile long. 'I'iie oilier end is elo skin, turned \\\, about ■_' in like a boot sole. Itsextrei 1 foot. Inside along tlie s. i ineh in diamet<-r. \miIi .11 inehes through a hole in 1 I byau elliptieal.'ap of white tanned s.mI rs ;ill round, and eriniped round tlie ends leiii;th is ."lO inches, anil its eireumferenee II is a i-ouglily rounded rod of wood about ■11(1. which is iiointed, luojecting about l.J • bottom, ;ind the other projecting about 1 MUEDOCH.J QUIVERS. inch beyond the mouth, v,hovo it is >iccn thiouj^Ii a couph' of siiiiill liolcs in tlie 1 in.n" round a notcli on tin; stick. Tiic >(i when there are no arrows in it. A bit 209 .r ti ini(hlh-, one en for tijilitcninu i Thc(|ni\..rfi like the pivcdin;:. Nil nic.iilli. Tiic hitfr i-; former IL'^, and the -. from the niontli to l';ic stiireninj;i.Mia.l.M the h.ittom HI- icM.h tl by two pieces ot" timn IMPtt.^d '■1.>M. t„ni,.e,ke;,nd |,;iss- tlion- is kn..tl.-(l ronnd the U- hll.'hed into:. hM.pon the ..fher, Miii\er ;ind conliniii;;- the ;irr.>\\s. d;ini ,N,,. 7-J7SS |l';U1 Ki.^. 1!I0,.) is II i;iiuer :it the l)oltc.ni th;in ;il liie .^A inch.'s in ciicnMileienc-<-;ind liu' ■iiit;ile lictlin- ;it lh<' allows. The 'fl'iiH>.,ui i"i'ii>iv, i IVoni J'oint IIoix' (No. (i;!(;ii). Nordeii.skiiijd. however, li^iires a \eiy ehil)c>iate tiat ,itl iii the loui ht)l( iiouiid the (ditir m tin foiuitit moss Ml N(l tm(olI((tcdst\(i d jik imensof lu ueis lioin kot/(but S niiitl iiid St I n-iuini I 1 uid ' I'l • >i< ill li^hth lii^ti thill oiu pKiiiitns mil btiit I )iintl t lit tin wii t llit\ III ot btnic oiiopim Win 111 h \ \i itttlKot/t bin Sound iiil^-t l'< t'uml th h ^iiKidu c ' Ihnd ''' ' '"" no other mention of this implement iu the wTiters who have described the E.skiiiio. Bird r/rn-/.s'.— For cajituring large birds like ducks or geese, sitting on the water, esjiecially when they have molted their wing feathers so as to be unable to escape by tliglit, they use the universal Kskinio "•'"'1 <<""iil from (irccnlanil to Siberia, namely, a dart with one or more points at the tiji, Intt carrying a second set of three ivory prongs ' •• They l.m-lilf m :i pi. , , ..( iv.,r.v. ,m1I,-,1 „i5]. Fin-. I-).-,, from rtkiavwih, has been selected as the type of this weapon. The shaft is of spruce, t;i.^ inches long- and (1-7 inch in dianu'ter at the head. The eml of the butt is hollow.'d ont to tit the catch of the throwing- board. The head, of white wal rns ivory, is fitted into the cleft end of the shaft with a wedge-shaped tang as Inoad as the shaft. The head and shaft are held together by a spa<-ed lashing of braided sinew. To the enlargement of the shaft, L'L' inches from the butt, are fastened tlir.'e curved prongs round the shaft. The inner side of eacii i.r.n iir. ilH|Uely t( applied t, , tlie latte las two li hI and til. I'S. s.) tl ift, with lit I iii.'l are s.'.aircil to tli.' shaft by sinew brai.l. two narrow oi menfion.'.l aii.l on.- broad making this the liii.' is knoll .•arri.'.l .m.'-thir.l of th.'.lista pr.Mig: half hit.died roiin.l tl th.' ii.'xt i.roug; half hitch. r.Miiid to the starting point ;■ is cut en this tli.'ii.)int of thepr.)iig fnuiith.' shaft. Ka.-h he oiitsiih". one at th.' ii.'hab,,v.'this. Th.-\ ■e s.'parate lashings ol ihovi' the ridges Just ;t b.'h.w the barb. In •..uii.l ..n.' prong, th.'ii rouiiil the Shalt to th.' n.l.-arri.'d round ne\t mild tliis. aii.l .-arri.'d d half hit.'h.'.l rouii.l 'Tills word appt^.irs to be a iliminutivfi of tlin Crcenlaiiilic nuek- uscrt only in tlio plural, niigflt, for tlio spcir. These clLinses of iirm resout corresponciing clian^cs iu the weapon in former times, sinre may suppose tliat the bird dart w.-w made small .liid eall.il llii- ' li and onlarp-d .-igain after the meaning of the name was icrnoii; u, present name, "big little uuik." \4 THK POINT BARROW ESKIMO. It goes anmiid in this way sfvcii times, ami then is carried one farthev, half hitclieil a.uaiii. and the end taken down and made I the first narrow hisliinj;-. Tlie shaft is painted with red oeher lin i;U inches (the h'listh of the throwius board) from the butt, s an old sliait and head fitted with new prongs, and was made ;awa'alu. wiio was anxious to borrow it again when getting ready ■t on his suMinier t rip to the east, where he wouUl find yonng ducks olting fowl. fDiin of head seen in this dart appears to be tlie commonest. Ulfd by the same name, nii'tkau, as the boue head of the deer arrow. There is considerable variation in the number of barbs, wliieh are always bilateral, except in one instance, Xo. 56590 [122J, Fig. 190, from Utkiav- w i fi. whicli has four barbs on one side only. It is 7j inclies long exclusive of the tang. Out of eight specimens of such heads one has one pair of baibs. r . No.Sii;; -:;i!ti,s|. ram o,„l typu- ll shape has sibk' that this patten foriiotteii what thisol a seal spear. One of the eight lieads i.f the 56592 [284], a gemiiiie one, old whale's l)one, an unusual niateri; Utkiavwiii, an ivory head of a : been figured (Fig. 108) to show a common style of onia- nieuting these heads. A narrow incised line, colored with red oclier, runs aloug the base of the barbs on each side for about three-fourths the length of the blade. Tliese heads are sometimes secured by treenails as well as by a simple lashing, as is shown by the holes through the tang of this specimen. An imin-ovenient on this style of dart, which appears to be less common, has two prongs at the tip instead of a sharp head, so that the bird may be caught if struck on the neck with the point of the spear. No. SD! )(),") [132(;], Fig. l!l!», from Utkiavwifi, is one of this i)attern. The two prongs are fastened on with a lashing of fine sinew braid. The rest of the dart does not differ from the one described except in the method of attaching the three jjrongs at the middle (Fig. 199^). These are tltted into slight grooves in the wood and secured by two neat lashings of narrow strips of whalebone, one just above a little ridge at the lower end of p'oLQtfor «iich prong and one through little holes in each bird dart, prong at the top of the oblique edge. Each lashing consists of si!V(^ral turns with the end closely wi'apped around tlnun. Tluu-e is one specimen, No.89242 "I [520], in the collection which not only has not the prongs "■ at the middle, bnt lacks the enlargement of the shaft to fiu v.io -iiini dart receive Ihcm. The head is undoubtedly old and gen- "'""' '' i"'"" nine, bnt the shatt and tittings, though dirty, look suspiciously Iresh. I am inclined to i)elieve that this head was mounted for sale by a man who had no prongs ready made, and was in too much of a hurry to get his price to stop to make them. Imperfect or unfinished objects were freipiendy otVered for sale. The bird darts used at Point Barrow, and by the western Eskimo generally, are lighter aiul better finished than thosi- nsed in t!u> east. The latter have a heavy shaft, which the prongs are crooked and clumsy.' mr-sided in Hafli d. and 'See Crantz's figure referred to abovi 19, and Kink, Tales., etc., Fl. opposite ] also one in Parry's second voyage, PI. opposite p. 550, Fig. 211 iOW ;.L'IM), No. S!»;!S(»|.;i.! lu-ad. (lark brown li ESKIMO, vcrvancioiit i '^f^ r.'sctiilil.' I.. .Msl an. I lolx wiial ivory 1 shiny from much liamllinj;-, which ninlct. It was said to liave come i,o- t:) a bird dart, thou,i;li it does m)t ■ at the i)rcs«'ntdayin tliis region. It is a (id, havint;- on one side three short oblique liarbs. The resemblaiiceof this specimen cads from Scania figured by Dr. Eau' is Snil ihuis.—Thv Eskimo ot nearly all localities use a dart or small harpoon to ca])tnie the smaller maiine animals, with a loose, harhed head of bone fitted into a socket in Iheendof the sliafl. to which it is attached by a line of -reatei- or less length. It is always <-ontrived so that when the head is struck into the quarry, the shaft is detached from the bead and acts as a drag upon the animal. This is effected by ' dinrh^^" iittaehing an inflated bladder to the shaft, or else by attacli- d,-irtiiMd. j,)o- thi; line with a martingale so that the shaft is dragged .sideways through the water. Nearly all P]skimo except those of Point liarrow, as shown in the National Muscnm collections and the figures in Crantz- and Kink-', use weapons of this kinreg nated with oil. S-l inches long. The flat shank is evidently intended to tit into a socket. The two holes through the widest Itart of the shank are for attaching the line. This is very like th<' hca whole was then secured to tlie shaft |li by a lashing thn.ugii the sl.pt. and could iM-intlatedat jil-'as- ure and corked up witii Ihe wooden plug. As 1 iiave already said. Ihe oidy har|)oonof this kind now used at I'oint Mairow is a small one intended only for the captui-e of small s.'als. It has no bladder, but the rather long line is attached to the shaft by a martingah' which 'J makes the shaft drag sideways '"^ jn; -s,ni ,i.,rt through the water. Three of these little darls. whieli an a handboard like the bird dart, make a s.'t. The resistauc. 9 1,5 atl( hi rn d 1 )r \\a \t I h,. ('apt. 216 THE POINT BARROW ESKIMO. oC tlifsc tlircp s)>(':ns darted into the seal iu succession is said to be siif- liciciil to fatiffiu- the seal so tliat he cau be easily approached and dis- ])atclic(l. We never saw these weapons used, though they are very com- II ,as they are intiMided only (iiruse from the kaiak, whieli these jieople seldom use in the nei.uhliorh 1 of the villages. Wlien in the iimidl; si tins "'tl' tl'*' 'i'lt' ■'^ " """■'' exiiedirious means of taking seals. We collected three sets of these darts (kukigii). No. S'.)-2i'Jb \:>-S.i\, Fig. 203, has been selected for desori])tion. The shaft is of si)ruee. •-)4i inches long, ami O-S inch in diameter at the tip, tapering slightly almost to the hntt, which is hollowed on the end to fit the catch of the throwing hoaiil. The foreshaft is of white walrus ivory 5 inches long, and is tilted into the tij) of the shaft with a wedge-shaped tang. This foreshaft. which has a deej) oblong slot to receive the head in the middle of its Hat tip. serves the double purpose of making a strong solid scickit for tlie head and giving sufficient weight to the end of the dart to make it lly straight. The head is a simple iiat barl)ed arrow-head of hard Ihiiic L'-.'> inches long and one-half inch broad iicross the barbs, with a Hat tang, broadest in the middle, where there is a hole for attach- ing the line. This head simply serves to attach the drag of the shaft to the seal as it is too small to inflict a serious wound. It is fastened to the shaft by a martingale made as follows: One end of a stout line of sinew laaid 5^ feet long is j)assed through the hole iu the head and se- emed hy tying a knot in the end. The other end of this line divides mio i\M> parts not i|uite so stout, one 3 feet long, the other 2 feet 8 inelK's. The latter is fastened to the shaft ISJ inches fi-om the butt by a sin-le marling hitch with the end wedged into a slit in the wood and seized down with tine sinew% The longei' ))art serves to fasten the fore- shaft to the shaft, and was probably put on separately and worked into thi' braiding of the rest of the line at the junction. The foreshaft is kept from slii>])ing out by a little transverse ridge on each side of the tang. When the weajion is mounted for use the two parts of the bridle are liroiight together at the nnddle of the shaft and wrapped spirally around it till only enough liiu' is left to iiermit the head to be inserted in the socket, and the bight of the line is secured by tucking it under the last turn. When a seal is struck with this dart his sudden plunge to escape unshijis the head. The catch of the martingale immediately slips; the latter unrolls and drags the shaft through the water at right angles to the line. The shaft, besides acting as a drag on the seal's motions, also ser\ es as a float to indicate his position to the hunter, as Its bno.van.y l)rings it to the surface before the .seal when the latter rises for air. The shaft is usually painted red exeejit so nmch of the end as lies in the groove of the tlirowing boar.l, in the a\\ii by means „{ a hand board or thi.)\\iiit, b.i iid I lns is i flat, narrow board, from 1.5 to 18 inches hmt;, w .tli i li ni.U. at one end and a groove along the upper surface in which the spear lies with the butt resting against a catch at the other end. The dart is pro- pelled by a quick motion .)f the wi'ist. as in casting with a flyrod, which swings up the tip of the board and launches the dart forward. This con trivauce, which practically niake.s of tlie hand a lever 18 inches long, enables the thrower by a slight motion of the wrist to impart great ve- locity to the dart. The use of this implement is universal Fig. 2(M.-Forf among the Eskimo, though not shaft of seal dart, peculiar to them. The Green- landers, however, not only use it for the two kinds of darts already mentioned, bat have a(lai)tcd it to the large hai]i.)oii.' This is undoubtedly to adapt the large harpoon for use from the kaiak, which the Greenlanders u.se more habitually than most other E.skimo. On the otlierlian.l, the peopleof Baffin Land and tlic adjoining regions, as well as the inhabitants of n.)rtheasteiii Siberia, use it only witli the bird dart.^ Tlirough.mt west- ern North America the throwing-board is used essentially as at Point Barrow. Prof. O. T. Mason has given' an interesting ac- count of the diflerent forms of throwing-board used by the Eskimo and Aleuts of North America. ' Cr.intz. vol. 1, p. 14.!. Pi. V. Vi<:a. 1 ami 2. an.l Rink as i ' Parry, Si-coud Voyage, p. 508 (Iglulik) : and Xordenski 'Smithsonian Keport for 1884, part ii , pp. 279-289. ted aliove. also Kane. Fir.st 1 , Vega, vol. 2. p. 105. Fig. 5. l.NT liARKdW ESKIMO. We olilaincd IUm ' ^I"'-'" S!»u';i:{ |r)L>;5|, V\<^. -'< same rollcctoi's in unlici'. of si)iii<'c, and tlif hole i: ivorv. sliaiicd like a tiat 1] tl,.- tip so thai Ili.'( •d-.'or of the foiiii used at Point Barrow. No. iiu to the set of seal darts beariug the been scle()], differs ■iiive instead of being flat. A slight ad- II a crooked lever. The catch is a small the same as the t\qie. No. 89234 eatcli, and No. .Silil(l2 [1.320], has lilfeiviit shape, the head having only a pro- riiey are generally iiainted with loove. There appears throwing hoards nieaut for seal iart. I liad no ojiiioitninty of observing accu- s])e(l,l)nt it is probably held as Ksclischoitz liay,' namely, with the fore- e thninhand iiiiddl.' finger clasped round the third and little fingers clasping tiie handle r. 'I'liis seems a very natural way of holding lease the spear at the moment listing. All tiie throwiugboards from Point Barrow are igiithandcd. IIIi(ilc slit. Mi secured by a single nirdiaii rivet blade of metal (brass in this case curved edges, narrowly licveJeil on long and 1 broad. The body is sometimes cnt into laces so as to lie hexagonal instead of elliptical in section as in Fig. 2(17 (No. SDTill [S7;i]),>'3 and intermediate forms are cominoii. Wiien sucli a liead is Fig. 2117. — mounted for use a bight of the li v li-ailrr. -.i short line for Hiinm.m connecting the head witli the main line, runs througli the line '""'^' hole so that the head is slung in a loop in tl nd of the line. The tip of the shaft is then fitted into the siiaft socket and the line brought down the shaft with the parts of the loop on eacli side resting in the line grooves and is made fast, usually so tliat a slight luill will detach it from the shaft. When the ainmal is struck the blade cuts a wound laige enough to allow the head to pass in beyond tlie barb. The struggles of the animal make the h.'ad slip oft' the tip of the sliaft and the strain on the line imme- diately toggles it across the wound. The toggle head of the whale harpoon is called kia(|;ron, of the walrus harpoon, tuku, and of the seal haipoon, nauli;. They are all of essentially the same pattern, differing chiefly in size. There is in the collection an interesting series of old harpoon heads, showing a num- iifstcps in the development of the modern crn of hariioon lieadfronianancientform. These heads seem to have been ])reserved as amulets: in fact oneof them is still attaclicd to a belt. They arc not all of the same kind, hut since the difterent kinds as mentioned ly in size, their development was probably ri'n in the c.,llection is No. S0382 [1383], Fig. above practical! the same. Tlu^ itJN 208, fi-om Nuwuk, which is evidi weathered. It is a single flat ]iiccc of pointed at the end and providetl with ..Id, a single is much worn and bone 3 inches long, ilateral barb. Be- SAHKOW K? rMO. liiii.l this ir 1 iniun\( aiucdoiKiiM -i'l< llllo U llU ll 1 sl.l( lIUlll 1 Ot I -1 s|,l( I tiMlmil li(liu-l.v to tli( otlid -^ii sliallow dcpii Nvioii 1 1 lltl't] iiid Leads I'loiii ''2 ^ body. Tin Fio.2n.-i!,m.- instead of ban>iion hiad. xiiis is sho' wliicli is Just liki' No. grooves tiist appear at 111(1 lilt 11 widdinl lilt.) 1 bioldrtlf bT.( pro I, iipl>iil>, 111 tilt '^iiiu plii't ibtUcotlui bub, , pi.M iit^tliLblukjbiitoutlaoppoMte IJM hiK liolt islu^c iiidiiugiihih til I iiidtluu IK iiolmi f,ioo\Ls lusteid 1 111 MM 1 ( I bond 111 till solid bod\ one iIk 1)( d\ I'M \( i\ ittd into I (1(( p Icpiui _i(, \( uliidi w 1st Mdtnth i"ii\t ittd 111, I . M 1 c I b\ I ti iiisMiM bind piobiblj it M ll I III iiiiiiim- loundtlit bod>, md kept III pi IK li\ I sli ill w ti lns^^^st {];ioo\e on the ii\,\ nil cii it V hiipoon he id with the - ,1,1 III i(l< 1>\ iiitlosiii^ I ^ioo\e with thongs w i^ M. 11 b\ 1)1 kiiK it Siiiitli Souiitl ' Ihciitxtioiiii N" ^'» >1 |Jl I itr -(•'•' Ins t«,) bllitti llbiibst til. 1 lull J) lit thus nil It isiiu lis holdlll^p.Wtl Iiistt idot 111 opt II tl lllsM ls( ^l()0\e t.. ImM till thoiu It his tuo s|,,ts pn ill, 1 to tilt ■~ ), 1 , t ^loiiM luiimiu ol> \\]\> 1. til. \ o|M u into 1 , .0 1/; iiieiliaiis not general, as it has left lilts aiiKiii.u the modern harpoon. Instead of the ■.\i\v barbs if lias an irregular slot Oil each side, iiilly servid t.) hold a blade tif stone, and the ) ol' til.' b.iily is r.']ilaeed by a cluster of four, ii.'ith.M- ill the plane of the blade nor at right t, but Ijetweeii the two. Xo modern harpoon I'oiut Barrow have more than two barbs on the '. next iiiii)rovemeut was to bore the shaft socket making it by inclosing a groove with thongs, rtii in Fig. 211 (Xo. 8937!) [795], from XJtkiavwih), SO.jii [1419] except in this respect. The line this stage of the development. rir 'lO —Bono harpoon ' Second GrinneU Exp., vol. 1, Figs, on pp. ^Vega, vol. I Fig. 5. MTBDOCH] HARPOONS. 221 The next step was to obtain greater penetration by substitutiuir a triangular blade of stone for the barbed bone point, willi its hicadtli still in the plane of the body barb. This blade was citli, r of .slate (Xo.8974i [iHiO] from Xu^Tik) or of flint, as in Fi..- 212 (Xo. S9748 [928], also from Xuwuk). Both of these aiv whale harpoons, such as are sometimes used even at the present day. Before the introduction (tf iron it was discovered that if the blade were in.serted at riglit augl.-s to the jilane of tlic body barb the harpoon woul>les to the length of the wound cut by the blade. This is shown in Fig. 213 (No. 5 [I'.MI], a' walrus harpoon head from Utkiav-win), which has the slat.- blade inserted in this posi- tion. Substituting a metal blade tnr the stone one gives us the modern toggle head, as already described. That the insertion of the stone blade incceded the rotation of the plane of the latter is, I think, conclusively shown by the whale harpoons' already mentioned, in spite of the fact that we have a bone har- poon head in the col- lectioii. No. 8937S [I2()l], figured in Point Barrow report, which is exactly like ,„, „, , ,,.j^ cept that it has the ""'^"■"'• ide ((t r'Kjht (uu/lcs to the iPJaiie Of the bod'ybarb. Thi- i>. how- ever, a ne\\l\ made model in rein- deerantlei-ofiheancient iiai] n, and was evidently made by a man Ml used t o the modern ])attern that he forgot this imj)ortaiit distinc- tion. TIk' development of this spear head lias been carried no therat Point Barrow. Atone or two ]ilaces, however, namely, at <'und)erland (iulf in the east- aud at Sledge Island in the west (as shown in Mr. Nelson's collec- tion), they go a step further in making the head of the seal harpoon, body and blade, of one piece of iron. The shape, however, is the same as those with the ivory or bone body. 'Compare, alao, the walrus harpoon figured by Capt. Lyou, Pan'y'a Secuuil , Voyage. I'l. opposite p. 550, Fig. l.-i. 'See Kiuulien. Contributions, i). 35, and Boas. ■■Central Eskimo," p. 473, Fig. 393. Fig. 213. — Harpoon head. 22-2 Tin: point barrow eskimo. All of the Eskimo race, as far as I have any definite information, use tojr^'le harpoon hcails. There are specimen.s in the National Museum from (Ireenland, ("umherlaiid Gidf, the Anderson and Mackenzie region, and from the Alaskan coast from Point Barrow to Kadiak, as well as from SI. Lawrence Island, which are all of essiiitially the same type, hut sli^;htly iiiodificd in dillerent localities. The harpoon head in use at Siiiii'i Sniiinl is of tlie same form as the walrus harpoon heads used at i'.ihii Karrow. hut appears always to have the shaft socket made by a jiroo\e closed wiili tlioiius.' in Danish Greenland, liowevex, the body lias an extra i)airor hilateral barbs below the blade. The Greenlanders have, as it were, siibstitiilcd a metal blade for the point only of the barbed blade portion of sncli a bone head as No. 89379 [795].^ (,"uriously enonf^h, tliis Ibrm of the toj^glo head apjjears again in the Mackenzie, and Anderson region, as shown by the extensive collections of Ross, Mai-I''arl;iiie, and others. In this region th(>. metal blade itself is often cut into one or moic|iaiis of bilateral iKirbs. At the Straits of Fury and Ilecla, i'arry found the liarpo,u) head, with a body like the walrus harpoon heads at Point I'.aiidw.' but with the blade in the plane of the liody barb. Most of the pictures scattered through the work represent the blade in this position, but Fig. P.) on the same plate has the blade at right angles to the barb, so that the older form may not be universal. .\t (lumberlaiid (Julf the form of the body is considerably modified, though the bhide is of the usual shape and in the ordiuary iiositiou. 'I'hc ImiiIv is ihitteiK'd at right angles to the usual direction, so that the thickness is nnu;h greater than the width. Tt always has two body barbs. On the western coast the harpoon heads an- much less modified, though there is a ten(h'ncy to increase the number of body barbs, at the same time ornamenting the body more elaborately as we go south from I'.eriug Strait. Walrus harpoon heads with a single barb, hardly dis- tinguishable from those used at Point Barrow, are in the collectiou from tiie Diomedcs 1 all al(uig the uortheru shore of Norton Sound, and one also tVoui the iiioiiih of the Kuskoquim. They are probably also used from Point liai-row to Kotzebue Sound. At St. Lawrence Island and on the Asiatic shore they are the common if not the universal form." The seal harpoon head (nauli;) at Point Harrow aj.pears always to have the body barb split at the ti|. into two, and this is the case rarely with the tii'ki!. This form, wiiicli appears occasionally north of Norton Sound (Port ( 'lareuce, Oape N(Hue), appears to be more c(unnion south of this locality, where, however, a pattern with the b;irb divided into three points.seems to l)e the prevailing form. I will now proceed to the (h'- •scription of the dilferent forms of hari n with which these toggle heads are used. 'K;.n.-, M Ciiimi.n Kx].,. vuL l, pp. 4r: ;iii,l 41 809. Fifja. «-I2. 'Craiitz. vol. I, p. 140, ami IM. v, I.-i<;.s. 1 mi\ 2, ; '2.1 Vnyuso, IM. uppiwil,, p. Mil. Vvs. l.i. . ami r.Lvsj ..■U.S. Naturalist, vol. 18, pt. 9, Tales, ftc. , PI. opposite p. 111. 111.".. Fig. I . Tlii.s figiiro all uw.s tlie blade "'^'"'°^"1 HARPOONS. 223 Tlirowhiff-harpoons are always tlnowii rr,,ni tli.- lian.I witliuiit a throwiug-board or other assistance, and are of two sizes one lo ■ d'. walmsaiidbeardedseal, and one for tlie small seals, liolh h i\ i- • |,> ..■ shaft of wood to the tip of which is attached a hea\y lionc or i\,,i'\ tor" shaft, iLSually of greater diameter than the shaft and sonicw hat cluli- shaped. This serves the special imrposc of -ivim; w.'ii^ht to tlie head of the harjioon, so it can be darted with a snre aim. The native name of this part of the spear, nkuniailnta (dreenlandie. .ikimailiitaK, /rr/y,/), indicates its design. This coTitrivanee of weight in-- the head of tin' harpoou with a heavy foresha ft is pecniiar to the western I'IsIumio < »n all the eastern harpoons (see tii^nres rcfcired to alio\c and the Alnsenm collections) the foreshaft is a sinijile cai)of bone no laiycr than the shaft the tip of which it protects. Between the foreshaft and the tousle head is interposed the loose .shaft (i'giinu), a slender rod of bone wliose lii) fits into the shaft socket of the head, while its bntt tits hxtsely in a socket in the tip of the foreshaft. It is secured to the shaft by a thong jnst long enongh to aUow it to be unshipped from the ftn'esliaft. This not only prevents the loose shaft from breaking under a lateral strain, but by its play facilitates unshipping the head. On these harpoons intended for throwing, this h)ose shaft is always slioit. This brin.^s the wei-ht of the foreshaft close to the head, while it leaves space enongh for the head to iieuetrate bcyoinl the barb. The walrusharpoon varies in size, being ada|)ted to the streni;tli and stature of the owner. Of the si\ in our collection, the lon-cst, when mounted for use, is !) feet (i inches long, and the shortest 5 feet S inches. The ordinary l(>ngtli appears to be about 7 feet. It has a long, heavy shaft (ipna) of wood, usually between r, ami 0 feet long and tapering fred together about 1' inches from the head with a bit of sinew braid. The ends are Joined and made into a bedcet as follows: The longer end is doubled back foi 7 inches ami a slit cut through both parts about L' implies \y the end. The shorter end is pa.ssed thr(mgh this slit, and a slit is .ait .'. implies from the end of this, through which the loop of the other eml is iiassed and all drawn taut'. The whole joint is then tightly seized with .sinew braid so as to have a beeket ;! inches ami a free end 4 iuehes long. This becket is looped into an eye U imdies loug at the end of the main line, made by doubling ovi-r .") inches of the end and stojipini; tlu' two parts tirndy together with sinew braid. The line is of the hide of the bearded seal, .about the same diameter as the leader, and 1.'7 h-et loug. It is in two neaily e.pml I)arts, sjiliced together with double slit.s, rtrmly seized with sinew- braid. There is a be inches long. Their proi.ortious are usually about as in the types figured, but the longhead Just tigured (.No. .".(;77:.' |.');:»j) is also unusually slendel'. Sheet iirass is the com inonest material for the blade (thirty blades are of this material), though iron or steel is sometimes used, and rarely, at iircscnt. slate. There is one slate bladeil head in the seiies (No. .-.(ilil'O |l!l!l|i tignred above, and four blades for such heads. The blaih' is commonly of the shape of the !AKi;0\V EISKIMO. ;. vaiyiiig I'roiu a rather long .slate l)Ia(lc Just mentioned to a IK" u ith \ crx stiouyly curved edges iNo.SDTnd [l();jS]),wliieli is peculiar il.\ walrus harpoon head with a body of •■/r| rciiKiccr antler. It also has an iron blade and a ^M '■'^'■'^ "' ''""' ""'^ sehloiii with rounded hasal an- " '"" -lesMias I" Ih' almost heart shaped, like Fig. 2156 (N(>..")(i(H'l |i.'s;i| 1. A lesscDiuiiKin shape of blade is lanccdlate, with the iiase eat off s(piare as in Fiii. l.'l(;<( ( No. S'.iTfU ['.M()| ). Oidy eight blades ' of tills shape. A still more iliai shape iit blade, of which We saw only si.eeiMieii, i,s shown in Fig. 2106 (No. S9700 I'.U;!]). This is made of brass. It was perhaps neantfoi an imitation of the barbed blades used It tlie MaeUeii/.ie, of \\ hieh 1 have already sicken. The blade, w hen of metal, is .generally fastened 11 with a sinule rnct. One only out of the whole and three are sinijily wedged into the blade sUt. The si to have been riveteil: Xordeiis- kiiild, however, tij^ures a walrus harpoon from Port (Mareiiee' The rivet is generally made of whalebone, but oilier materi; are sometimes iis.-d. For stance, in the Maries eollect two have ri\etsotiro]i. two of wood, and live of raw hide. The liodyis-eiieiallv made of white walrus i\or.\, ( live of those col- lected ariM.f hard hoiie.aiid one already mentioned and ligured. No. S'.IT.-.o \W.\S\. rig. ij'l.w. is of reindeer antler), and the hexagonal shape, olten with rounded edges, ami I he line grooves coiitiniK asiiiFig.l>17«. No.S'iT.-.T [!I4T|, apj.ears to be the c.mnioiiest. Three out of the forl.v eiulil liave four-sided bodies. Ir js ' "■ unusual for the bod.v barb t,, be hifunat b I'lial w.ilnis -harpoon lieuds. is couiiiion fiirtlier south. Only three out of tlic tint 56013 [53], Fig-. 1.'17/;. is an . The specinieus tiiinifil s which always consist <>f iiui with soot. These never reit resent natural objects, \m\ are alwaysconventioiial pat- terns, generally a single or double border on two or more faces with short ob liquecross-liues and branch es. Harpoon heads at i'oiiit Barrow are prol)abl\ ihmi ornamented with tiie --(n cles and dots," so common on other implements and on the harpoons of the soutli ern Eskimo. Twenty-eight of the lieads still have the leadeis at tachedtothem. Tiie object of this short line is to en i blethe hunter to readd\ di tach a broken head and put on a fresh one without going to the trouble of undoing a splice, whicii must be made strong to keep I he head from separating from tlic Hne. I the skin of tlie walrus . 217.— Typic:il walrus-harpoon lu'aUs. f a stout piece of rawhide thong, seal, about one-third inch in diameter, and usually from '2 to 3 feet hmg. It is al- ssed through the line hoh', as in the specimen describetl, and the ends are made into a becket forattachingtheliiie, with an end left to serve as a handle for Fli., L'l,'<, -W:.lrus-h:,rpo„nli..:„l, Kithkader. ,„;,iu Jinecuds ill a becket. Occasionally (two are made tins way) the longer end is simply doubled in a bight, and the thice i)arts are then seized together with sinew braid, but it is genera]l,\ made with a si)lice, the details of which differ slightly on the different leaders. 22.S rilK I'Ol.NT BAKKOW KSKIMO. is tl il)e(l. V slit ilthis When the longer ■mnili lioth parts close to the eud of iiiiuli w lii( li tlic shorter end is passed. s then cut a lew inches from the tip cut, the bight of ihe becket passed tiir(Mi,uli tliis slit and all drawn taut. This iiiale almost roun.l. It i> alnrnt 10 yards Ion-, It is fastened into tin- becket of the leader will, a becket hitch tied upside down (No. -,(!771 [.W)J, I "iMde cither as on the spccimei Spliced with double slits. The bed, Xo.. -.(1770 [-,;j(lj. Fig. L'l'.t),. ■(du't at the other end for attacl MFRDorHl WALET'S IIAKI m772 [536], or b\ uu isul pittnn- i- m s| , Fig. 21'2, No. 5(.J5s [Ms] uid _. m i iil\ li is '^A one or two deep loniiitudiii il notchts in tin \\^ thickest part, in wliidi tli. I drawn snugly down It iisn i]l\ i^ loiiied to the shaft I'.y i siont nm d,. shipultmo ^^ which tits iiiio i < oi k -poiidnu i lett m the tieeu Ills ami a w lapjiing of si d ilion_ oi •~in( v. In iid .sometimes mad( iiiok s( < uk 1)\ i)issiu_ 230 Til one I'lid tliioitjili li(tlcs lllMlU tli< tuv "II til bllllt 111. sllllt Its. I rmNT BARR.lW ESKIMO. ■sliiift. N.I. .")()7 ifiTTl ["■> .i| h IS this mi.k ot iliiiiiiih < iiMil iiitii I seal'h head siiit.il In iinnid bits of ivoiv 'with III ml ml 111 th. li. id This is evi SI il ih 1^ (si I below ) as thelongitiid ( Inn to n ip. now sii\es no puipose I lisliin^ ot wh lit bont, whuh luns ou_li I tians\eise holem the knob .. iiiblin^ these m type are used by \oirli ViiRiK 1 w lu 1 evei they habit Ills i(k of ivoi\ like II II luoot thes. 1 lu. liuiiooiis 1], ilh toi tht imisiiit ot til. b. ii.liil «lii. h au ot pu.is. h tin sum III sill ill seal haipoous lu tht < ol Ills line lanceolate iron blades, lioilii s with double biibs, and aie luoie I Ills No -)(.770 [-.34], Fig 219, .1 It th. widtstpait and fastened (1^' tirlioinshiiu) without ileidd th. < iid bdiu siiiipb pissid till mull till bill hob iiid si i/i d down to th. st mdiiu jiiit witii sill, w 111 ml 1 Ins is tin in, tlmd (It itti, liiiu till ill 111 ol till sill ill s, il linpooiis lliislni, is so loiu tint It nii\ iini bun In Id in tin bint mil not attiilnil to 1 lloit \o it.Tos I I. -I liowMei his i k id.n NMth ill.. ill ol lln oidiiiin st\l. I 1^ J2H, No 5li()ll |VM IS I In nl siiiiilii (otlios, lusi dis, iib.d aiidpiobibh fioni Its SI/, lilt, ml, il tin 1 u,, si iK It is hishh oina 1. lid. in. I ill. is, d pattein on loi siinll SI lis IS 111 exa. t top\ in isliiipoon with tin iddition of a long SMT 2 t i\oi.\ .It till liiitt. The line, however, ^10223- -^ l"n,u, ami tiie .'inl never leaves the wdZLrgo hand. 1 he lin.' is iiii,l,ril loimd the shaft back of the line ^eais. catch, which now only snvcs to keen the line from slipping forward, as line. This harii.ion is used cxclii- ni. iitid with tin us 111. tliiowuu llll nuniatiii. ol tin w ba,\oin t sii ip, il pii is upwards ot .".0 y; tin- shaft is i-tai'li,'il IVoin th ■SEAL HAHPOON!- 231 S1\P1\ U)\ 1( tlK \11U s( ll-« 111 It ll l\< 1m I II shol III iipi II holes oi leads lit « it< i w itliiii i| ii tiiu disi m, , Ikhii tin edsjt ot tlie solid k i md is tliuiwn imiisih i^ iIk w.ilius licupoou is txKjl thittlH ( lid III till Inn IS held in tlu kfthnid In ti i\( liiu ,,\ , i (Ik i. . Ih. hue with the htdd itti. Ii line up to the solid tiot It < in dsosii\( is i ba\omt in < ise ot lutcssits lliis pi i uli n loim ot haipoon I'M conliried to tin loisttiom I'omt liiuow to Beiiua Stiait, theoiih ic_ wlni. tin s, d is Inuiti d with tin iifli III tin SMI ill opi II liol. s ot « it( 1 ' Mm ( iii\ iiol. Ill tin \ iliii ilist w IS wiittdi Ihn( h iiind tioiii Ml Ildin l.ilioiii ottln mils, inn it ()\ fold til It llnii (olli. lion tout mis t\^ooi tlii.i sp. . i IIK lis ot tills \(M pittdll ot ll npooli liiidoillitcdh ,ol l<(t.dl.\soi t tlu otin. Is ot tl ( ///ss/» (oils, ^ nioil. Ill iii\, ntioii dm totin mtiodii, ti,,n ollii, inns Ma. biionus niittuilil, istli, /./«ss,)/» \ isit, d this i, ^nm /w bitoK hi< inns \\,i, known to tli, 1 skiino It was'O^W pioliiblv oiuiiiilh lilt, 11(1,(1 t,)i tin , i|)tiu( ot s( lis ' liiiil,,l out on tin i, , in tin , iih sumnu , llm, is no doubt lio\\,\(i th ll II is It tin j.ks, nt.lix used t'oi iiothiiij, hilt 1, tin \ 111^ Ihoufih tills \\( ipoii w IS iiiin, is ill\ us, d it I oiiit Baiiow, \vt liijtp, md to obi iiii oiih two sp, , im, ns possibly bt< Ills, t lai-y an ini])!, m, nt lo put willi lulith \o s'l'io; «) ,' 1('], ^'''jj K.O-)] Pus _'_'! _'_', his I 11, w sliilt , t, but WIS ixAV-'iLfc tin. It w IS, ,11, fol Sll, SiHll I l.t, Tin shilt (i|.ii 1) IS ol ill, ll in di iiiK t, I t 1 Tin i(, jmk (tun) ol 1 imli wid, h IS I loi butt ol 111, sli itt ( , uon I 1 in. Ins loiu md U httiiu iiifo I liol( 111 th, i III, sh itr I sill ill ho], IS diillid m ,,L, o tin pi, I md Thioiuh this is liiss, (I 1 Int ol s, ,1 thoiu tin ,nds ol whidi 11. 1 lid \| aloiii;- the slnitt and iieatlv whip|,cd down with sinew ^ ^ , . braid, with the end wedji'cd into a slit in the wnod. si-ui harpuon. ■ the 1 Wfupou. Aiue 1), 42a. TIIK PdIXT HAKKOW ESKIMO. \ The lorcshiift (ukumailuta) is of walrus ivory. 4.i, inches loug' aud li inches in cliam- (•rcrat tlie tliii'ke.st part, aud seomred to the shair liy a wliipping (iii'mxa) of seal thoug. '{"he Idosc sliaft (iijiiiifi) is also of ivory and 2 iiiilics loiii; and secured by a thong (ipiuta) spli<('(l inti) a ](«)]i through the hole at the liiifl, as ]ireviously described. The end is hitclicd r.miid the tip of the shaft with a iiiailiiii; liitih. followed by a clove hitch be- low the wliipping. The ivory finger rest ( ti'lia) is fastened on with a lashing of whip cord (white man's) passing roimd the sliaft. The line catch (ki'lerb^viii), which was of ivory and shaped like those on the walrus hari)oons, has been lost in transportation. The head differs only in size from those just described as intended for the beai'ded seal, I e.\cei)t in having a hexagonal body. It is I .'}-;j inches long and has a blade of iron fas- ^ tened into a body of walrus ivory with a fj .single woo(h'n rivet. While there is no I detaclial)lc leader, tlie head is attached by 5 a separate piece of the same material to the I Ihie (tukaksia). wliicli is SO feet 10 inches I long and made of a single piece of fine seal I thoni; alioul one-ei-htli inch thick. This ' slioitii pii < I 1-, ihont J7 inches long and isp i->s( il tlniMuh till lint hole and doubled - so tint oiii p litis ilitth the longer. Itis tistimd Nti(in,l\ to the end of the line b\ I (oiiijiIk it(d spli( e made as follows: V sht K ( nt 111 tlie end of the main line tliioiuli wlinli tie passed both ends of till sli,,it hn. Tin lon!,ei part is then >lif ihoiit _• Indus fiom tlie end and the shoitii pur i)iss, d tluoiuli the slit, and 1 sht lilt ilosi to tli< .nd of it, through Willi li til. loiun . nd IS passed. The ^^llol( IS thin di iwn t iiit iiid th<' longer nid(lo\( liitdit d lonnd th( mainline. No vi'His [l(r,s] IS on. ot these spears lU^wl K id\ toi diituu The line is se- (iiicd at ibont tli« middle of the shaft ^^]th a «on|ih ot in uhng hitche.s. This spei imt n. t \( i pt tht head, is new and was 1 ither ( lulessh midc foi the market. It Ims neithei line i at( h noi finger rest. The M II \l I II] wirl iikI Mki foresliair .md k < pn k ik knotted iouihI tlK'tijn)! tlr a series of lift liaiuUd M>l(li( 1 V |iir( li, ., Hi, , ,|,i mi,, h _^ which holds till lousi -.li iH i^ |, ,^^, ,] tliioiuli ili. Ii. ibuut tin saiia si/c is the ])iuidiiij, Thisi \\( ipons an all of tin siini> <,eiiiial ])ittiin, but ^ m in liiif,tli ai< online to tin In ij>lii nt tin oNMiii rin hi ids |(,i this, h nix.oiis as Mill ist-.l tin ntlni tolllinf s, d h 11 ])ooii 111 iisiulh il)onr > UK In s loii^, and Is I mil li im liiiiioliti hlidis III! bod\ is .,1111 ilh loiioidal, ottiii in nil ot uiiidiii iiitli 1 mil ahr i\s il>]niiiirl\ with 1 d..iil)l« bub It is FlO. 226 ,Iil III 1 ir-, 1 ^fllnlllh ]ll Mil but SOUK tlllll s OIUI '"H ' itid Iik< tin w ilnishaii»noii Inads No. .Sl)7s4 I i()()N| w IS III nil b\ Ibi'bw a i, tin Nun it iniin uii when tliiiikiiu lit coiiiiiu f<> wiiitn it I tkiiwMn He h id had no expi m in ( m s, dm, lii\iii_ ipj) ninth ^i>i nt all liis winters on tin iixtismlmd md I Ins h u pooii hi id si » iiis to have be, 11 Innind is ims itisi n toi \ b\ his m \\ tin mis it TJtkiav\Mii Jt hioks ilk. 1 \ii\ toll I il.li iiiiili liiir is nun suall.v small, b,iiij,oiil\ _" m. h. s l,,iu We saw oulv on. sion, Mni. t, i , m il Imp. on No s'li _> , [MIS], ris -:!-'<> Nils is 1 li_lil olu. _i..ii ml, 111,1 turn giilar, with pii nil iih dull I . Li s 111,1 point I i< h t i< , is.ou caved d tin i. is i liol. Im i ii\,t ( pm tin i id. bladedlmi iifi,iiiiilb\ N,.i.l. iiskiol I m I i.t.ii..lto i1m,\. It is 2 nil lies loiij; ;>4 Tin: I'OINT liAIJKOW KSKIMO. till- ■ieces will not be -t;t]_L_ 7" (iroiiped. It is a long piece of seal thong, of which one 171 ^T*' end nudces a turn round the loose shaft between the J holes; the other end is ])assed through the lower hole, ofhishmgonsi'urit'. tlieu through the upper and carried down to the tip of tiie shaft, where it is hitched just below the whalebone whipping, as fol- lows: three turns are nnnle loniid tin' shall, the lirst over the standmg l)art, the second ninlci. and tiie third oxer it; the end then is passed under 3, over 2, and undei- I (Fig. 22S), and all drawn taut; it tlien runs down the shaft ahnost to the buttlashing and is secured with the same hitch, and the end is whip])ed around the butt of the ice pick with &ve turns. The head (nauln) is of the oidiuary pattern, 2-8 inches long, with a copper blade and antler body. The hue (tiikaktin) is a single piece of seal thong (I feet long, and is fastened to the head without a leader, by simply ijassing the end through the line-hole, doubling it over and stoi)i)ing it to the standing part so as to make a becket 21 inches long. The other end is imide fast round the shaft and assembling line just back of the nihhlle. as folh.ws; An eye is nmde at the end of the hne, by cutting a slit close to the tip ami pushing a bight of the Hne through this. The end then makes a turn rouiul the shaft, an.■ cnsily slip,,,.,!. | sliaft by rlic rii,] ,,rili,' ass or two IdMsc tmiis naiiiii .l(.nh!(..l int.. ft and ass The otlicr siM-cimcii is< sli-litly (litrcivnt i.rn],(.rt iiiclies Idii.u and a jiirk I'.f inrlics l(,n,--. TL sliaft is of ivory, and tliciv arc lasliin-s of wiiil( W'lialebonc at cadi end of tlic shaft. Tl bliiiji- line is hitched as round the two ends of the sh tted round the pick. The Hue is, .f very stout |i:i: sinew braid, and has an ey neatly spliced in the |' end for looping it round the sliaft, Im-, i'l'!», N. S'Jaol [l(ISL'|,isa tnodel of made for .sale. It is Kij ii ill all its j.arts, cxcci.t that the whole head is PSi of ivory, even to liaviuf;- the ends j to a lail's spi'ar. Th,> ,,tlier thre.. aiv loni;-. 20 to shown by tli,> spiral twist in tli,' .main. 'i'he harpoon iiscl tor the whali' fishery is a liea\y. linlky wcaiion, whiidi is ne\ cr thrown, but thi'ust with lioth hands as th,' whale risi's uinler in a lar^c i\,iiy ,-roti'li, sliap,',! like a rowl,i,'k, in the bow, Th.' shaft is ,,f w,,o,l au,l S ,,r !l teet hill--, an.l th,-iv is 11,, I,, OS,. Shalt, the b,,iie ,ir \. ivory foreshatt. Immii.^' taiH^reil off t,. a shMiilci' point of such a shape that the ImmiI easily iin Fk. -).- ships. This tbre.shaft is not w.M-hted, as in tli,' I'nL '■" w.Mpon wlii,-h d,M.s i„,t h^av,. tin- lian,l," The liarpoon line is fitted with two intiateil sealskin tloats. No eoniplct,-. -ennine whalili- liarpo,iiis u.'iv ,-ver of- '^Z fered for sale, but a man .-it Nuwfik ina,i,- a v.'ry ''xci-b ,_,, j,';;,,™, lent re,lu,.,Ml hd ab,iut two tliinls the usual .size (No. p™',,!. " ' 8'J!M)!l 1I(I2;'.|, Im,u, •S.'.O), whiidi will serve as the type of this w. \Ri;i)\V ESKIMO. in Iciiizili wliiMi liiiK'-Ml I'or use. The slialt is (pliiiiic. ."> Ifct Si iudie.s long, with its jiTcatrst iliaiiictcr (li inches) well forward of the middle and ta- ]nTed more toward the bntt than toward the tip, which is chamfered off on one side to lit the butt of the toresiiatt (ij;imu). and shouhlered to )thc ]ashin,-in place. Thefore- 1 is of whale's iionc. 11.^ inches ;. three -sided witli one edge rouniied 1 lit. and tapers from a diam- etei- of I inch to a tapering rounded l)oiut Ih inches long, and slightly- curved away from tlie tlat fac.. of the foreshaft. It will easily he seen that the shape of this tip lacilitates the unsiiipping of the hca(L The hutt is clianifered off on the thit face to fit the chamfer of the shaft, and the wiiolc foreshaft is slightly curved in the same direction as the tip. It is secured to the shaft by a stout whip- ping of seal thong. The head is 7 inches h.ng, and has a 1)ody of wal- rus ivory, whicli isornaniented with iH<-ise,l iiatterns colored led with oeher. and a blade of dark reddish In-own .jasper, neatly tiaked. This blade is not unlike a large arrow head, being triangular, with curved edges, and a short, broad tang im- liedded in the tip of the body, which is seized round with sinew braid. Tiie body is unusually long and slen- der anil is lour sided, with a single Iiui-. sharp barb, kei'led on the outer face. The line hole and Hue grooves ■AVf ill the usual jiosition, but the peruliarity of the head is that the hlade is inserted witli its breadth in tliei,lane<,ftluO.,)dy barb. In other words, tliis head has not reached the last stage in the development of the toggle head. The line is of stout 1 about Si feet long. It is passed ""-■"'""'"■I WIIAI.E HAIM'OONS. 237 through the lint' hole, (Idiihlcd iu flic iiiiddl.', the two pnits ;iiv linrilv stopi)ecl together with sinew in lour Jibires, ;nid in (he ends me eiit l.iu" slits for looping on tlietioats. When Ihe head is lifted on the I'oresji iH the line is secured to the tlat laec of Ihc roieshalt by a. Ill tie stoii aeide of a single strand of sinew, easily laoken. About, L'S ineiies fr tlie tip of the shaft the line is doubled t,,iwanl and the bight slopped to the shaft witli six lurus ol seal thong, so that the line is held iu jdace and yet can lie easilv de- /^^ tached by a straight pull. Tlie ends arc then '^ V',^ doubled back over the lashing and sfojijied to / the shaft with a single thread of sinew. Fig. 231 is a toy model of the whale harpoon, No. 3(;o«2 [233], ISi inches long, made of pine and ivory, and shows the nranner of attaching P' the floats, which are little blocks of sprace -"^ •.^■-sf roughly whittled int.. tli<- shajie of inflated seal- ^' * '^ ' ' skins. A piece of seal thong i;;.i, inches long f ' r has its ends looped round the neck olllie floats and the harpoon -line is looped into a slit in the middle of this line. ,. ,„. , , , , I'll; L'.i2.— I'liiit lilaile fur whiilt' WecoUected thirteen heads for such harpoons, i,;,ri,,„.„. which have been in actual use, of whiili two have tlint blades like the one described, two ha\e bra>s lilades. and the rest either blades of slate or else no blaiies. 'flic tlint blades are either friangidar like the one described or lanceolate and arealxmt ;; iiickes long exclusive of the tang. The three separat.' tlinl blades which ue obtaine p.-rhaps int.ai nearly f...-wl'ial.3'imnn...n. heart shajic.l. 'fh.'v.'blaih's an- usually about L'^J-in.'hes long and 2 broad ; tw.i nnusnally hug.' on.'s are .'. inches l.mg and nearly 2J broad,an(l. small .m.- L'- 1 b\ l-tl in.'h.'s. an.l aiv simpl\ we.lged into the blade slit w ith.mt a rivet, 'f h.' b|-a>s bla.les ar.- ..f th.' sann- shap.'. Tliecouuu..n material tbr th.' b.Mly s.-cnis f,, hav.' b.^ai rath.-r carse iv..ry bodi.'s. and th.'s,. are b.ali ..f th.' new.-r brass-bla.h'.l palt.-rn. The b.i.ly is very l.mgaml sh-nder, being usually ali.mt S .,i- SJ, ini'hes huig (one is !)i inches long) and n.it over \k inches broa.l at the widest part. >3s It is;.l\v; til.- liiu- liAIMJOW ESKIMO. ol)li(lucly at tlie liiise, and the part iu front of (cd to ii sort of shauk, as iu Fig. 234 (No. 7 17 [1044]), a head with slate blade (brokeu) and ])ouc bo.ly. Tin in whicli the (jhai middle tlie outer J this part f the shank arc lake this ])art i , icpresciits a very couunou form k is leiu-sid.'d, wliile back of the ace of the barb rises into a ridge, )f the body live-sided. The edges soiuetimes rounded off so as to lliptioal iu section, and all the ed-es of tin faeeof thel b<)dy except the keel, on the outer arb, aie frequently rounded ofi' as iu K Si)745 [1044], whieli has a slate blade the l)one body with a bit of old cloth n wedge. Fig. 2;W/;, No. 56602 [157], wiii, is a liead of the same shape, but lade and a body of ivory. This blade with deer hair, but the other brass- )on, No. 56601 [137], has a single rivet oni LTtk liasabra.' is w.'dged in bhidedharpcM ot' whalebone. The blade sUt, and (•onse(piently tl always iu the plane of tlie barb, wliich position. blade. b<. nielit oftiiii These b. incised li ill the di s,.iii..wh: L'.-.l. NO. ll.iipooii-hcads,,r Hii lie found ill the MilS(^ h.ralities. Aswcslm, have b,-eii found at t [.awiciice Ishui.l. and interesting, liowever.l cisely tile same tyjic li modern harpoons are used ill (he west. That th.' liiiec I,. \V^ I St stei evelop ill! a tang, the tip of tlie d with sinew braid, as in 2.S], from Nuwtlk. This le as being tlie only one 'iihlc point to the barb. eliiiies ornamented with itioiial patterns, as shown <. .V sliort incised mark an arrow , see alio ve. Fig. 1 may liavr s,mie signiti (.11 several oIIIh. heads. < 1 uliar iiatteiii are to mil .•oll..cti,ii. IVoni oth. dd naturally expect, thev he hioiiu'de Islands. Si. I'luver i!ay. It is very "liiid a spe<-imeii of ],re oiii <; ivei, land, where th. ctiiig the hi'Ml with the float line is not always S( .^?^:>£ '^''"°''"- WHALK HAKPOOXS. long- ill proportion i- u pn ^nhd < n tl,, tu.. hhh,. Ki 236, Xo. S1I7W [<>(<»] tlu onl\ >|mi<(< nid Jit ot th. •J 3 9 '.V Fig. I 111- loiin ot lousli lit I- \« 1 \ well adapti'd 1 iiiishippin^of tin to^^l. li. 1(1. lit ui ot tJK looM sh 111 n iiiiely. tliat 1 \ iol( lit 1 it4 1 il sti III! It iiiisnip-.w ilhout lu'eak- I lit (pitvtioii It OIK ( Ml < >.ts itMlt; why Mas < iinpi i\. nil lit tint !■- iim.1 on ill the other II-- ipi ill il t I tliiv DIM In ni\ iipiiiimi. the -on I II till- I- lilt siiiK 1-1(1 It r iiiiiiig thf fcirm I i,-,It lit 111 will. Il I- I Inst -ht.wii 1 t,r an an- It I- It) s i\ tilt iikmIi inttt III th It w I- tint i'nnsii:irt I pit^'iiMd Itii -apt I -titiKir '■'■■P ' 1 IliiWII f It t til It IIIloIU III il laiij II ut II i\ lit t 11 pit -t i\id III Ji ik li ii))oon IS the t tl toi til harpoons, i-(iii- It is a well 1)1 tiiilt - )in]ileiiieiits, Kctioii v.Hh religious 240 0 liAKUOW ESKIMl '• rtakiii.u iu tlu' lil 1 of use iu overyday i\\. Ill many ri'spccts ■ III' the uativcs, is so )us observauoes, ceieiiiouies to be per- Inllll. '1 lial Ilii.^ is 1 hav a rca I> ^ IO\ I'dicsliart . \vl icll ■ol i-nliatc'il. is : Isn Ik \Vii.\ I cvcl 'P licularsl a,u( isn ll 1 Wnllld ll. <1 It 1 lis (•est (lis \\ hcl lli( \ 1 Tiiar 1 lic\ con IC( Now. till oinu'd.and oilici liiinus of Ihe same nature as really to assiuue I (lisiinctly ivliuioiis cliaraclci-. Heuce, we should naturally • Micct (o lind ihc iniplciiicnis used in it more or less archaic in ■ case ill rcijard to the toggle-head I think 1 1 sciiiis to nie ecpnilly evident that this ins I lie loose slialt and t'oreshatt, undiffer- nt of tlic liarpoon was arrested at this par- I'asily dcteriniued. A natural supposition IS tlic form of harpoon used by their an- lirst licuaii to be successful whalemen. tlic idea of ,uo()(l liu-k with these ancient stone liar|iooiis is siiown by what occurred at Point Barrow iu iss.i. Of laic years they have obtained from the ships many onlliiaiy ■• wliale irons," and s(jme people at least had got into I he habit ol' iisin.u tiicm. Now, the bail liiek of the sea.s(m of 1882, when the boats of both villa.u'cs toj;ether cauiiht only one small whale, was attrib- uted to tlic use of these - irons." and it was decided by the (^Iders thai Uw Jirnt liai]ioon struck into the wlialc must be a st()ue- bladcd one such as tlieir forefatliers used when they killed many whales. In this connection, it is interesting to note a jiarallel custom observed at I'oint Hope. Hooper' says that at this place the beluga must always be struck witli ■.\j!i)it spear, even if it has been killed by a rifle shot. /,((/((■(. s.— As I have said on a preceding page, some of the na- fi\cs now use boiiili-guns for dispatching the liarpooned whale, and all the whaleboats are provided with steel wliale lances the ships. In former times they used a large and c with a broad Hint head. They seem to havecon- •e of this weapon, jirobably for the same reasons I to retain the ancient harpoon for whaling until I heir |ireseiit su]>ply of steel lances, as we found are found in (licenland and elsewhere. \Vc obtained nine heads for stone lances (kaliiwii:) and one complete lance, a very tine specimen ( Xo. .".(ITC.') |.V">7j. Fig. J38), which was brought down as a |ircseiit from Xuwilk. The broad, sharp head is of li.uht <;ray Hint, i iited on a shatt of siu'uce 11' feet G inches long. II has a broad, stout tang inserted in the cleft end of the iCirwiiilCi-purt. p. 41. obtained from powerful lanc( that led then they obtained MURDOCH.] ■\VIIAT.E LAXPF,. Miiilal ill scciiou witli rounded 2-n a shaft. The sliaft is rli tapers from a lucailtli of L' inches and a thickness of 1 at tlie tip tn a Imtt ot'()-7 inch broad and 1 tliick. The ti]. of tlie sliaft has .' "kaclded" down on l)oIh ed-cs, oin^ end of *'" / the twiue on each ed-e, so tliat the iiitcli I made by one end crosses the round turn of f the other, nnikin.i;- in all twenty six turns. ^'- / The shaft has been painte.l red h.r IJ, inches h'^J below the whippin-. f \ \. Xo. S'Xm I I«;!lJl is the head and :. in.dies V of the sliaft of a similar lance. The head is {. of black Hint, and the sin.'w l)raid lornis a simple whippin-. The remainin- heads are ' all unmounted. I have li,-ured several of them to show the variations of this now |_ obsolete weapon. Fi-. U;!!), No. ."".(itiTT [4111, ^Z from rikiavwin. is of ;;ray tlint (diijijied in f < i larfi-e Hak.'s. The total len-th is (i-!t inches. The small lii.i^s on the ed-es of the tan-- are to lu'cp it fromslippin.iiontof the whijipiiii;-. No. r>r,r,l'.) |L';1!I|, also from I'tkiax win, is ol black tlint and broader than the preceding Its l(n,tli IS (, ; in42 THK I'OINT UAKKOW IISKIMO. h.-a,l ..f bla.k II. MI, •; iM.lu's Uma. FifJ. 2i0«, No. S«.5!)7 [WM], from Nuwfik. is (.!■ black Hint, and unusually long in ]m)|Mirti .i head of gray liint 3J inches hmg, exclusive o1 tang, roughly convex on one face, but flat merely beveled at the edges on the other. The edges are finely serrate. The shaft is of spruce, (i feet S inches long, rounded and somewhat flat- tened at the tip, which is 1 im-h wide and taper- fio, 242.-Fimt ing to adiameterof 0-7 at the butt, and is i.ainted lu™! f„r i,™r kme. led with ocher. The tip has a slight shoulder to keep the whip- j.ing ill place. The tang is wedged in with bits of leather and scciucd by a close whipping of sinew braid IJ inches deep. Fig. -'42,No. .S'.ICII I HK'.t], tVoiH Nuwuk. was prol)al)ly the head of such a lance, although it is somewhat narrower and slightly shorter. Its total length is .Vt inches. The other two large lance-heads. No. .j(i70S,( |lll((| and No. r>inOSh [114/;], are both new, but were j.robably meant for the bear lance. They are of gray flint, 3J inches lonu. and lia\c the edges regidarly si'rrate. head, and a li,;;lit wooden shatt about 0 feet long. It is used in _tlie kaiak for stabbing deer swimming in the water, after the manner frc(p[enlly noticed anumg other Eskimo.' A pair of these spears is carried in beckets on the forward deck of the On approaching a deer one of them is slipped out of the t and laid on the ,,int itarrow dialect exactly coiTesjionds to the < licenlandic woid ka|.iit. which is ajiplied to the loii-.hlad.'d spear oi' Inn-- knife used tor disiiatchin- a ha (Is, r-ed) No. 7;u,s;{ [,-,-4J, Fiiis.2i:u,,2i:\h (head [serve as a type of tlii.s weapon, of wliic ■ciniens. All that we saw weie essentially like Thelieadisiron, 4^3i,„.l„.s Ion- exclusive of the and lA inches broad. The ed-es are narrowly he- on botli faces. The shaft is C feet L' inches' hmg, and ta[)ers from a diameter of (l-S uk h about the middle to about one half inch at each end. The tip is cleft to receive the tanu of the bead, and .shouldered to keep tlie wliijt ping- from slip])ing off. The latter was ,,t sinew braid and _' inches deep. The shall is painted with red ocher. The other ha.s a shaft C feet 4 inches lonu, but otherwise resembles the precedini;. 'I he heads for these lances are not always made ol iron. ('o]ii>ei-, brass, etc., are sometimes used. No.oCdit'.lfKKIJ isoneofai.airofneatlymade copper laiu-c heads. It is .V.i implies hm,-- and U wide, and .uround down on each f ice to a ■sharp ed.ue without a bevel, except Just at the point, iietbre the introduction of iron these ^ lances had stone head.s, but were otherwise rm.-ni- of the same shape. Fifi. 2-t-t represents the ^,'',','i!,'''„''i',i,' head and (J inches of the shaft of (me of these lUntiHa.r (No. .SOilOO [ll.-,7| from Nuwfik). The shaft is new and rather carelessly made of a rou-h, knotty |iieci. ot spruce, and is ."> feet ."i'l inches Ion--. The head is ol black flint and L' inches lonj;-, exclusive of the taii.i;, and the tip of the shatt is whipped with a narrow stri]. ot light-colored whalebone, the end of which is secured by passiu},'- it through a slit in the side of the shatt and wedgiujj it into a crack on the opposite side. This is an old head newly mounted for the market, and Fui. i43.—i)..LT lance, the head is wedged in with a bit of blue tlannel. No. 898!)7 [13:i4], Fig. 245, from Utkiavwiu, on the other hand, is an ohl sliaft r. feet 7.^ inches long, litted with a new head, which is very broad, and shaped like the head of a bear lauce. It is of variegated I Crantz, vol. 1, p. 147, PI. v, Fig. 5i and ] t (Jrinnell Exp., p. 479 (tig. at bottom). •244 Jaspor. Tin: I'oi: brown and ixr.iv. anil 1 Il„. .-l.-ri ..fth.'sliaft ;akk<)W eskim( pcd over Tlicyaroscciuvd s shaft, wliich is p;ii,'ih7l"nVl. cvi/lriith lia.l a broad head Connelly, as it is (■\pandrd al llir lip. No.sh.S'.m; [ i;ii'4J is the mate to tliis, evi- denil\ made lo nialrli it. NN'e also obtained one otlier flint- 1„..„|.'.,| hnire. Tlie mate to No. SiMlOO [1157], No. 80898 [11.57], has a liea.l of dark -lay slate L'-:! inelies Ion- This spear ap- l„.ar> lo hexNholh old. ex.i'i.l the wliiiipin- of sinew braid. The Shalt is of sp.iK'e. .-. t.'et 1 J in. 'lies Ion-, and |,ainte(l red wilho.-her. \V..alsoeolleeted I h ive slone In'ads tor such laiiees. Fi". L'li;. No. .-ISTII |ltS|. iKiHi llkiavwln. shows the sha]>e of the tan- It is of -ray Hint, and ;;-7 in.-hes h,n-. No. S'.MIIO |ll.-,l|i'sal.eanfiful lane,' h.'ad of polisii.'d ,dive -reeii Jade, -l-S inehes Ion-. Th<' hide in the Ian- is probably not intended for a rivet, as noiii' of the lanee heads winch we f~r";^.-> II is orated Ibrattaehin- it to the belt '^%, We w. ■retold that this lanee iH.ad ^^ ^ lar-e slate latf.' ^ fonndby Nordeiiskidld' in tlnudd ■■( )nkilon" BfJ-N.^t*!- .ameshapi- \t^ , jt lehed to a strin- about o(l inehes loii"', the )-ether to a tnft of feathers, whieh lie and perhaps directs the tll.uht of the missile. shortened lip. as in Fi- l.'47, 1-, by tyiii- them into slip knots, as lollows: All i-hteiied out and laid ], ither, they are .hmldi'd in a hi-ht, with tlie end under the stamlin- oart. the bi,-lit of the end jiassed thr,m,i;h the preced- , and so on, tisiially tive or till the strin-s are siifiiciently shortened.' A pidl (Is slips all tlii^s,' km>ts and' the .strin-s eoiiie out ;■ round the \iii,- se\ eral sets. When a tloek lie is grasped iu tlie right Iiaii(l,tl,(. balls ,„ tl„. I,.|t, ,.11,1 ri,.- sfini... quick iMill. Li-ttin^ o,, „|f|, j,,, ,,,,, |^ ^^ ~ the head au.l h t fh ,it thr i,,,ssini. fj,„ i ' r balls spread ,i]Mit m Hmhu tln.Mi..| 1-/ s.. .,sto.,n,., .„ns„l,.,al,|, s, ^ Ilk.. tncssaid t MlJticu-lit f(,; 1)1 (Mk peiicd to sc(. aii\ tak the -K-a.N |ust d) s, iihcd. V ',\,ul is occasioiiall.N h'tf with siiilKiciit ft'eedoiii (it Tridfiiiii to cs. ipc with the bolas haii-nm 1o liini. The / "w 1 weapon is ctte. tiN c up t.. .Ul ,,i 4<» ( 'I 4 yards, but the natives „ttvu thiow }11. '^ it to aloiijrer distance, tre.pienth niissino- their aim. I( is nun,.] win. have n., unns. and a -'o. S'.».',,',T |1-;')I! from Itkiavwin is a very old ball, which is sMiall 1 1-1 inches lon.u) and unusually Hat. It ai)pears to have I n kept as a relic. There is very lit ill' infornmtion to he found ctu 1 i)nn) ot mtlated d I I I HI (i|luiin_ th whil imlwdius \\ (. obt inu d one < 1 1 N ^ I s| I 1^ n lliM^fh. ^\lioh skin, (\cii)t the head, of a male rough se; <-ass was carefully remov the neck and a few inch. ' T. Siiiipsoii'u Narrative!, p. \r>it. 'Vi.yujr,., ,,. 574. nvpi. vol. 2. p. 1.19. ami Ki-. :i, ,, •Gcugniiiliiwlio liliitlir, vi.r r.. pi Fin. 249. -Seal akin (ioat. I ( Phoca hetida), with the hair out. The car- d without making any iiu'i.sion exeejit round ; down the throat, and skinned to the very Arctic Cruise of I ho ( MtjRDocH.] FLOATS TOdfJl.ES. 947 toes, leaviuy the claws on. All iiutnral or afcidoiital apeit iiirs aiv .'are fully sewed up, except the genital opening, into which isinscilcd a ring of ivory, which serves as a mouthpiece for inflating tli(^ skin and is corked with a plug of wood. The cut in the throat is caiclully sewed up, and the neck puckeicd togctlier, aiul uiapiicd witli seal liiong into a slender shank al>ont 1 inrii long, leaving aliaiiotskin which is wiaiiiicd round a rod of l.oiie 1 inciics long an skin of the rough seal though skins of tlie harlior seal ( T. vilniina) are sometimes used. One of these floats is attached to tlie walins harjioon, l>nt two are used in whaling.' Five or si^ floats are carried in each boat, and are inflated before starting out. I liaxc seen them nsed for seats during a halt on the ice, when the boat was being taken out to the -lead." The use of these large floats is not i.e( iiliar to Point Harrow. They are employed by all Eskimo who luirsue the larger marine mamnials. Flipper toggles.— Wo collected two i)airs of iieeuUar imi.lemcnts, in the shape of ivory whales about o inches long, with a perforation in the belly through which a large thong could be attaclied. We undeistood that they were to be fastened to the ends of a stout thong and used when a wliale was kiUed to toggle his flijii.ers togetlier s.. as to keep them in i.lacc wliile towing him to the ice, by laitting holes in th<' flip- pers and passing the ivory through. We unfortunately never had an opportunity of verifying this story. Neither jiair is new. Fig. lioOa represents a pair of these im])lements (ka'gotin) (Xo. niir.so |L'-;7]). They are of white walrus ivory. In tlie middle of each belly is exca- vated a deep, oblong cavity about three fourths of an inch long and one- half wide, acros-; the middle of which is a stout transverse bar for the attachment of the line. Oiu' is a -bow head" whale (Bahcna mys- ticetus), 4i inches long, and the othci- evidently intended for a "Cali- fornia gray" (Khachinectes glamais). it has light blue ghiss beads inserted for eyes and is the same length as the other. Fig.250(No.56r.flS[407|) is a similar pair, which are both "bowheads" nearly 5 inches long. I'.oth have cylindrical jilugs of ivory inserted for eyes, and are iiuide of a piece of ivory so old that the surface is a light chocolate color. The name, kagotin, means literally "a pair of toggles." HarpiKtH hii.trs ( ii'dhni or n'hliui, litcrdlli/ "<( iiesf.''') — The slati^ har])oon blades already described wen^ very apt to be lost, or broken, so they always carried in the boat a sMp].ly of spare Idadcs. These were kept in a small box carved out of a block of soft wood, in the shape of the animal to be pursued. ' I le.im from our old int*?rprct('r, Capt. K. P. Herendeen, who has spent three years in whaliii;^ at Point Harrow since the retnni of the e,xi)iMliti(in, that a third float is also used. It is atlaehed by a lonsiM- linn than the others, and serves aa a s loui;', wliich are tied to^cilicr. Tl can be lifted wholly off and then drawn bark into iis place hy the stiiui;-. 21!) We collected seven such whal.'-harp boxes, usually about !1 to it} clies long. Nearly all have bits of crystal, aiiibcr. oi' pyritc, inlaid r the eyes ami in the middle .,f the back, and the cover is generally ggvd in the way described. Xo. -.(mIIi.' [1'IS|. from I'tkiavwin. is a 2r)0 THK POINT IIAIMMW KSKIMO. lars"' whale, :i foot loiii;. and lias tlu- tail bunt up, wiiilc tin- aniinal is usiuilly lepiesciitfd as if lying- still. It has good-sized sky-blue beads inlaid for the eyes. Fig. l'.")Ii (No. .S!"T-^! [IKH], from Xnwfik) represents a small box 4J inciu'S long, protiably older than the otln is, and tlie only one not carved Into the .shape of a whale. It is nmgldy egg-sha))ed and has no wooden cover to the cavity, which i.s covered with a i)iece of di^erskin, held on by a string of seal thoug wi-ajiped three times around the body in a i-ough, deep groove, with the end tucked under.. In this box are five shite blades for the uiiah' liarpoon. \\'rought up and fastened round the body with a marling hitch. Tiie otlier (No. .">(!4.S!t [li^T], is new and rather roughly made, 5 inches long and painted all over with red oeher. It has a cover, but no strings. Xo. uCjOI [142], F^ig. 2.J1(7, fnuu Utkiavwiii, is for carrying harpoon blades for the chase of the bearded seal (Erignathus barbatus), and is neatly carved into the shape of that animal. It is 7*4 inches long and has ivory eyes like the walrus box, No. 89732 [860]. The cover is fitted to the cavity like those of the whale boxes, but is held on by one string oidy, a piece of seal thong about 3 feet long passing through the mid- dle of the cover and out at a hole on the left side, about one-fourth inch from the cavity. The box is filled with raveled roi)e-yarus. Fig. 251e (No. S!t7.S() [981], from Utkiav-n'ih) is like this, but very large, 9-3 inches long. The cover is thick and a little larger than the cavity, beveled on the upper face and notched on each side to receive the string, which is a bit of sinew luaid fastened to two little ivory hooks, cue on each sideof the body, it is fastened to the right hook, carried aero.ss and iiooked around the left hand oiu% then carried over and hooked round the other, and secured by tucking a bight of the end under the last Iiart. The box contains several slate blades. We also collected one other large seal box (No. 89731 [859], from Nuwiik), very roughly carved, and 9-8 in(!lies long. The cover is fitted into the cavity and held on by a narrow strip of whaleljone running across in a transversegroove in the cover and through a hole in each side ofthe box. Nets (A-H'&m).— The. snialh-r seals aic cai.turrd in large-meshed nets of rawhide. We brought home one of these, No. .-.(;7.5G [109], Figs 252a- 2.".2/^ (detail of mesh). This is a rectangular net, eighteen meshes long and twelve dee)), netted of fine seal thong with the ordinary netting knot. The length ofthe mesh is 14 inches. NET FOR SEAl 251 iSucli nets arc set uikI.t the ice ; shore by means of stakes in snninic the net luuler the ice two small ho of tlie net apart, andlyctwccii then wmtcr, or in sluial water aluiii,' In the ordinary inetlM«l of set I s are ent fhronoh (he ice the leu n the same straij^iit liiieiseiu a ti . 252.— Seal net. large enongli to permit a seal to he drawn uj) through it. A line with a plummet on tln^ end is let down through one of the small holes, and is liooked through the middle hole, with a long slender pole of willow, often made of several iiieees siilieed foucther. with a small wooden hook on the 252 Tin; I'OINT liARKoW KSKIMO. fiul. The liiii' is Ihcii ilriaclicd from llic ]iluiiiiii('t luid fiistciipd to one ill)pci-.-.)nicriifllir iH-I. aii.l a srcoiid line is l.-l ,l,,\vii llinm-h tin- otiicr siiKill iHilcand Mia.lc last in the same way (o tlir otlirr iii)pr|- .-nrncr. I!y ia,llin-..n 11i.'M' linrs ih.-iu-t is dnnvn .lowii lhiou-1, tlic luiddh' and ,., |,;,ul It lip a-aiii. Thr .•lid liii.'S aiv hut loosely made, fast to lumps otiiv. so that uli.-ii a seal strikes llie net iiotliiii- binders liis wrappin-- il eoiiiplelely around liiin in his strii-'.^les to eseape. When theliiiiiter, uho is iisiialh uali-hin-his net, thinks the seal is siittieienrly eutaugk'd 1„. hauls hiiii'iip through the lar-.- iiole and sets the lu't a.-aili. 1 had no opporliinil\ of oliser\ iii^ w li<4her any wei.nhts or pluiuuu'ts were used to keep down the low er ed.uc of t he net. These nets are llOW universally eiiiplo\ed. lint oiii^ iiati\ !■ spoke of a tiuus "long ago" when thia-e were no nets and they captilled seals with the. spear (u'ln;) alone. The net was iiser. Simpson's time, tliou-h lie makes hut a casual retereiiee to it,' and l!<>eehey found seal nets at, Kotzel.ue Sound ill ISL'tl.-' The m^t ;,> very -,aierall\ used for sealing aiMoiig the l-skiino of western Ameriea ami in Sil.eria. We observed seal nets .set with stakes aloni;- the shore of the saiidspit at Plover Bay, and Xordetiskiiild sjieaks of seal nets '-set in suiumer among the ground ices along the shore." ' and at open leads in the winter, but gives no description of the method of settin.^' these nets beyond mentioning the "loliu pole which was used in setting the net. '"'as none of his party (■\ei witnessed the seal tisheiy.'' I am infoi'iued by Mr. W. II. Dallthat the winter nets in Norton Sound are not set under the ice as at Point P.arrow. Init with stakes in shoal water wherever there are open holes In the ice. "Ice nets" are spoken of as in use for sealini;- iu (.Treenland, but I lia\e 1 n able to lind no description of them. As they are not spoken of b\ .'it her IC-edeor ('rant/. I am inclined to believe that they were intiodnced by the iMirojieans.'' Mr. L. M. Turner informs me that such Is the case at l'u;;a\a Pay ou the southern slun'e of Hudson Strait, where they use a \rv\ loin;- net set under the iei^ very much as at Point P.arrow. 1 can tind no mention of the use of seal nets ainoin;- any other of the .■astern Eskimo. It is well known that seals liav<- a great deal of curiosity, and are easHy alliacled by any unusual sounds, esp(>cially if they are gentle and Ion;; conlinned. It is ther.dore easy to entice them into the nets by makinji such noises, for instance, gentle whistling, rattling on the ice with the pick, and so forth. Two special imiilements are also used for this purpose. The first kind I have called: SEAL CALLS. 253 ,Ver(?w//.v(aclri.o-antini.-Tliisiin,,l,.,,i,.nt(-..nsists,,rilnvr„ironrcrnv. momitc.l un tl„. ,.,h1 of a sli,„r w {,.,, |,aii.ll,., and is iisrd I,, inakc a yciitlc noise l.y sci-atrliiiij;- on tl,,' ice. It is a ro.iii iiuplfiucnl thoUKll 1 never liaiipcncil lo sec ir in usr. Wr ohlaincd six spccirncirs' of whk'.ll No. .'■)(;.-);-).'-) [il(»| Ki- L'.-.;;,,, is tl„. I ypc. If, is I lA inrh.'s l,,ii- T]ic rouM.l liandl.- isof as],. (]„. rlaws aiv lliose,,f the "hraidcd sraT s.'cnrcil l.y a lasl.in.- of siiirw luaid, will, lli.. vu<\ hnapdil down on tin' under Sid., to a littl.' Idnnt. ha,-kward-|,ointin- 1 k ol' ivory, set into the wood about i inch from tin- liasr of the arms. Fig. 2536 (No. 5G.V.7 [!».■■, I from I'tkiavwif,) is iij, inches Ion- and has four prongs. The haft is of si>ruee, and instead of an ivorv hook (here is a i-onml headed stud of the same material, wliirh is di'iven whollv through the wood, having the point •■nt off Hush with the nnoer sur- ^^^^^^ face. It lias a lanyard of seal twine knotted into tin- hole in IIh' liaft. |:.1| have eaeii Ihiee elaws, an.l hafts of soft w 1, painted with red ochei-, Willi lanyards, and are resi.eetively Id-l and l()-7 inehes long. One has an ivory hook. 1ml tlie other in plaee of this has a small iron nail, and is oniainenled with a medinm-si/ed sky idue glass bead iidaid in the ba<-k. The other two are both new and small, being resju'ctively 7-.'. and 7-(i imdies long. The halts are made of leindeer antler and have only two jnoiigs. No. S!)K;7 [1;;11.'| li-oni Ktkiavwin, has the halt notched on eaeli side, and has aa irreguhir stud of bone for securing the lashing. No. SDKIS [ i;;:.!). Fig. 2.".:!r, from Utkiavwifi, has no stud and the claws are simply held on by a slight lashing of twist, ■(! sinew.' Koth of these were made Ibi- the market, but nuiy be models of a tbrm once used. There are two ohl seal calls in the .Museum from near St. Mieliaels, made of a jiieee of icindeer antler, apparently the spreading blow luitler, in which the sharii points of the antler take the place of chiwvs. I liave Tlio ueat be end wrapped 254 THE POINT UAKKOW ESKIMO. The use of this iiniileiiient. as shown by Mr. Nelson's collection, extends or extended fioni Point liairow to Norton Sound. He collected speci- mens from St. Lawrence Island and Cape Wankarem in Siberia. Nor- denskiold speaks of the use; of this implement at Pitlekaj and a specimen.' The other instrument appears to be less common, called it a seal rattle. iSial rattle— Wi: obtained only two six'cimens, No. 50533 [409], which seem to be a pair. Fig. 254 is one of tlicse. It is of cottonwood and 4 iiurhes louf^r, rouf;ldy carved into the shape of a seal's head and painted red, with two small trans])arent blue glass beads inlaiil for the eyes. g co7isists of three or four tuins with the (1 them. The staple on which the ivory lants liang is of inm. This is believed to be a rattle to be shaken on the ice l)y a string tied to the becket for the purjiose of attracting seals to the ice net. It was brought in for sale at a time during our first year when we were very busy with zoological work, and as some- thing was said about "netyi" and "kubra" ("seal" and "net") the collector concluded that they must be floats for seal nets, and they were accordingly catalogued as such and laid away. We never happened to see another speeinien, anil as these were sent home in 1882 we learned no more of their history. The late Eniil liessels, however, on my return called ittention to the fact that in the museum at euhagen there is a single specimen very lar to these, which was said to have been 1 in the manner (lescril>ed above. It came I soinewhi'rc^ in eastern America. There is Fill. i::i4._s«iiratii.'. ,,in,^ In. f„],j jin.^ j,i i\^q lUitish Museum from iiering Strait. The, National Museum contains several specimens col- lected by Mr. Nelson at Point Hope. It is very probable that this is the correct exi)lanation of the use of these objects, as it assigns a ftinc- li"|| '" 111!' i\(>ry pendants which would otherwise be useless. They have been .-ille.l "(l,,g bells,"l)ut the Eskimo, at Point Barrow, at least, are nut in the habit of marking their (h)gs in any way. watching for a seal at his breathing hole a , slender rod of ivory, which is held loosely in plaee by a cross ]iieee ,,r a bunch of feathers on the end. When the seal rises lie jmshes up this md, which is so light that ho does not no- tice it, and thus wains tli.' hunter wIk'ii to shoot or strike with Ms spear. .Most of (he .seal limiting was done at such a distance from the Dr. -/ nulirafo, -\Vb station that 1 ly one >n when this implement was ' Vosa, vol. 2, p, 117, Fig. 3. SEAL INDICATORS — STOOL. 255 seen in use. We collected two specinLMis, of ujij,], \,,. .-.c.-.o; [1041 Fig. 255a, will serve as the type. It is .il' wnli us ivoi v, I ij, indies Ion'' ami 0-3 in diameter, with a small lanyard ol' sinew, 'i'hc nir\ cd cniss piece of ivory, IJ inches loiif^-, is inserted into ;, slo( one lourtii of m inch from the end and secured by a little treennil of w I Fig. 2556 (Ko. 804,^.4 [1114], from Xuwfik) is a similar indicator. i;U iaches long and flat (O-o inch wide and ill thick). The uniier end is carved into scallops for ornauieiit and has a small eve i,,t,, wi,i,.i. Fig. 25.i._SoaI iudiL-aturs. was knotted a hit ol whalebone fiber. The tip is l.e\eled oil uuh a conca\ e l)e\ cl on both faces to a sliarj) edge, so th.it it can be used lot a "feather settei " (tjiugwau) in featheiing arrows. Such iiiiplcmcnts are mentioned in most ])o])uhir accounts of the Eskimo of the east, and Capt. Parry descnbes it fioin jieisopal observation at lylidik.' I have been unable to liml ,iii\ mentioii of its u^' m uestein .Vnieiica, and have seen no --peeiinens m the \ati il 3Inseurn. Soil !)i!i stools.— \\\u-n a native is watch has to stand for 1 s mo tionlessoM the ice. His feet .--._ would be, oine e\.<-edinul\ cold, ill s leiice of his toot co\eiini;. were it not for a little thiee legged stool about H» mch.-s high upon which h.' staiuls. This sto.,1 is made nf woo acomnio- d:i ■ntlv ma consistent with strength. hunter, .slung on the gun heels together over one leg of the stool, and the otli.M- two legs sup|)orting the toes of .■aeh foot, ies|,ectively. The slool is neatly made, and is as light It is universally employed and carried b.\ cover with the legs projecting behind. When the hunter has a long time t. .S'.tSST |1U1|, Fij;-- -■"''N will serve as tlic type. The top is .if spruce, S^i iiiclies loiii; and 10^ wide. Tiie iipi)er siirfaee is flat and siiiodtli." tllr lowrr lir..:idly Leveled otf (.11 tlie^ edi;-es and deejdy i-xeaval.'d in llie nnddle. s,i lliat tlieiv are three stiai.ulit ridges joiii- iii-' the tliree leu>. earli of whicli stands ill the middle of a slight proliiilieiiee. Tlie nhjret of eiittilig away the wood ill this way is to make til.' sKiol h-liter. leaving it thick only at the jioiiits where the pressure coiucs. The lar-e round hole in the middh", near tiie front, is lor .•onveuieiice in pi.-kingit up and lianging it on tlie cacli.' frame, xvli.-ivil IS generally kept. The three legs are set into lioh'S at each coiner, spieadinu out so as to stand on a liase larger thau the top of the stooL Where the.\ lit into the holes they are 0-7 inch iu diameter, tapi'i-ed slii;hlly to lit thi' liole. and then ta|iering down to a diameter of one third inch al the tip. On the under side of the top they are edge of the lop haslieeii mended, as usual, with a stitch of whalebone. No. ,St)88S (lir-'l. rr neatly carved mittens. rcs|)C( wrist to \n-ist with the pain littleseulHincheslong.be and tlirough th.> belly of th. back with a bhK'kcncd incise for eyes and blackencil incised spots on the back. The longer end of the thong runs u]! tlirongh tin' right mitten, across tlu'ough the seal, and down throui:h the l.tr mitten. It is then passed through a slit 1 inch from the ciid of the shorter |iart and slit itself. Through this slit is iiassed the bight of the thong, all drawn up taut and seized with sinew braid. No. S04(>7 IT")")], from rrkiav win, is a similar drag, put together iu much the same way, but it has the mittens doweled together with two wooden pins, and a seal's head with round bits of wood inlaid for eyes, ears, and nostrils, in place of tlic seal. The longitudinal ])erforati()n in this head shows that it was > a tube of ivory I inch long, oriumiented with deeply incised pai h i ii~. I'l.;. •-'•"m/' is the upper part of a line (No. .50021.' (30], fi'om l'tkia\ » in , nmiIi a similar tube IJ inches long, and a handle carvcil from a single pn'ic into a pair of mittens like the others. ll.also similar to the one tirst described, but has the seal b.'lly ui-. Kig. 2.-.7c (No. S947(> [i;i;i7|, from the same village) has a .seal I'-:! inches long for the handle, and >io..5(;OliO [■JV2\, from i:Ttkiavwli~i, is like it. No. SWOOrf [7.55«] Fig. 257//, from Itkiavwii^, has for a handle the head of a bearded .seal 1-6 inches long. ncatl.N caiveil bom walrus i\()ry, with round bits of wood inlaid for file eyes and cats. It is |)crforated longitudinally ft'om the chin to the back of the head, ami a large hole at the throat opens into this. The longer cm! of The fliong is i)assed in at the chin and out at the l)ack of the |]cati027 [4.")), I"ig. 2.')7(, has a handle made of two ivory bear.s' heads, vciy neatly carved, with circular bits of wood inlaid for eyes, and per- forated like the seal's head just described. The thong is doubled in the middle and each end passed through one of the heads lengthwise, so as to pKitindc alioul 7 itiches. About 4 inches of end is then doubled o\ci. tluiisi ilirougli the throat hole of the oppo.site head, and brought down along the standing parts. All the parts are stopped together with sinew briiid. This makes a small becket above the handle. We I'ollecied seven knobs for these drag lines, of which six are seals' heads ami one a bear's. 4'hey are all made of walrus ivoi\y, apparently each a single tootii. and not a piece of tusk, and are about IJ inches to 2 inches long. They are generally carved with considerable skill, and MURDOCH.) -KILLERS. often have the ears, vuuts mouth inci.sed and Itlackci wood are inhud for the eyi use among Eskimo gener; lie whi.skers, nostrils, and ou tinplenients ol' tliis .sort are wherever tliey arc so situat )llection con able to engage in seal-hunting. Mr. Nelson' mens from as far south as Cape Darby. Whalehiini' icolt'-l-iUeis (i.vhni). — Before the introduction trajis. which they now obtain by trade, these people used a i trivanee for catching the wolf. This consists uf a stout ro( bone about 1 foot long and one-half inch broad, with a sha each end. One of these was folded lenutliwise in the ( wrapped in blubber (whale's blubber was used, according to ant, Nikawaalu), and frozen solid. It was tlien thrown out ^ where the wolf «-ould tind and swallow it. The heat of the an would thaw out the blubber, releasing the whalebone, w straighten out and pierce the walls of the stoniaeli. thus ( 1)111 t at 1 Z ' iiii; >rui now •s 1 hmU- Ul i.uld llg the It go f;i iftcr animal's death. Nikawiialu says that a wolf wouhl swallowing one of the.se blabber balls. We collected four sets of these contrivances, one set containing seven rods and the others four caili. b'ig. -'>>^ii gixcs a good idea of the shape of one of these. It belongs to a set of seven. Xo. S9.").3S fl229|. Fig. 2.5Sft, from TTtkiavwin. wliich are old and show tlit^ marks of having been (h)ubled u|(. It is ll'i inches long, 0.4 broad, and O.li thick. The little notches on the o])|)osite edges of each end were probably to hold a lasliiug of sinew which kept the folded rod in shape while the bhddier was freezing, being cat by thrusting a, knife thi-ough the i)ar- tially frozen blubber, as is stated by Schwatka.- Two of the sets are new. but made like theutiieis. This contrivance is also used by the Kskiino of Hudson Bay' and at Norton Sound, where, according to retrotf.^ the rods are 2 feet long and wrapped in seal blubber. Tlie name isi'bru appears to be the same as the (Ireeiilandic (isa\'ssok), found only in th(^ diiuinutive isavssoraK, a provintiial name for the somewhat similar sharp-pointed stick baited with blubber and used for catching gulls. The diminutive form of this 'U i.i twisted into 'u compact lu-lic:U ma.- Schwatlsa. "Nimrod in tlm North." p. 133. See ; "■'Nimrod in tlic Nortli." p. i:i3. "See Gilder, Schwatlia's Search, p. l'-,".: si-.^ also, KJutscliali, "Als Eslsij ■whalebones are .said ti> liav.- little knives on the ends. •Heport, etc., p. 1U7. 2g0 THE POINT HARROW ESKIMO. word ill CVicciiliiu.lic may iii«lii-at.- that their ancestors once used the Iir"f wolt'-kiUcr, when tlicy li\<'(l where wolves were found. The defi- nitr»n<.fuiu'kiiaK.theonlinaiyw..nUortliej>nll-cuteher{seebelow)— in tliedrouhiiidskeOnll.oi;— istl nly eviiU'iice we have of theuseof this cimtrivaiice in Creeiiiaiid. This is (iiie of the several cases iu which we oidv h-arn of tlie (Hcurrciice of ciistoiiis, etc., noted at Point Barrow, in Greenhind, hy liudiiii;- llie name of the tiling in (luestion defined in the dictionary. TrnpK.—Voxi'n are caught in the winter by deadfalls or steel traps (iiiinori'a). set generally along the beach, where the foxes are wander- ing about in searcli of carrion thrown up by the sea. In setting the deadfalls :\ little lioiise :d»iut - feet high is built, in which is placed the bait