THE

Eucalyptus
Hardwood Trees

OF

California

OHS:

Published by the Author

5456 Lexington Avenue
CHICAGO, ILL.

Price, 50 Cents Copyright Applied for

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PART I—THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT

Table of Contents oa: ee “ap es ee wi : a ~ Gover * :

Indorsements and Preface we ae is or = ie Beier te:
Commercial Planting of Eucalyptus .. : Se ES a Gi lee

The Hardwood Famine and its Effect on Pace ae ae a ee
Great Rapidity of Growth of Eucalyptus... pa oe aS rege
Business Men in Action — a es ss mt eae toe Seay
Extreme Statements to be Avoided .. a3 a a a ae
Present and Prospective Hardwood Supply ay ae se ee
Statistics of Neglect .. ee aa “A Ss an Ngee ee
The Broad Distinction in Cultiva tion. ae = gay ee Peta ce ° |
Details of Modern ‘Treatment . . se BS a sa es bi renee iste :
The Lumberman’s Point of View we So ease ee ae Cae. ee

Advantage of Large Operations ae a es es a oh Nigh Rae See
Californians Investing in Eucalyptus . . a Pe hesree x a Saeber se

Credit to a Well-Equipped Expert .. = ce es ai eee re,

PART IT, AUTHORITIES

The Timber Famine and its Results .. aA s BES ee ai Ts,
Rate of Growth bs Re pete es ee ee ede
Distinctive Points of Eucalyptus Se sy i S PM een

Overproduction Impossible — .. = ee be ae a feet:
Practical Uses of Eucalyptus .. be = a ae ee ok ep

Yield and Value of Eucalyptus 9 oe oe Ss pate eee eee
Points about Profits .. me oe aes ey E Satie AG kiey pe A
Manufacturing and Seasoning. . i ei SP ete fae
Municipally Planted Forests .. ie ee Spee ni See
‘The Business Point of View .. re mo ie See Dates se) Lg

Oks 3181s

INDORSEMENTS

We, residing in California, are thoroughly familiar with the Eucalyptus tree,
its growth, uses and value. We have read the original matter produced by Mr.
Heath, on the subject of Eucalyptus, together with the authorities he quotes,
concerning all of which we have intimate knowledge.

The ground he takes is approved by us, and we believe that his booklet is
a fair, impartial and reasonable presentation of this important subject, and should
be of service to those contemplating commercial planting of Eucalyptus.

Ge goss
WW. Z Cartes, — Ficriectry , ae 5 Puloeece 1 lane i aa

Professor of Horticulture, University California President ‘Leland Stanford” University

Lillie OH blu

Ex-State Forester of California
Ex-Asst. State Forester of California

ia LV4* SP eccctca ll

f Euclayptus Planter—Director and
Pioneer Eucalyptus Planter of California Ex-Pres. Drovers, Nat’l Bank, Chicago

PREFACE

The public interest in the commercial planting of Eucalyptus hardwood
trees in California is such as might be called clamorous in its demand for more
information of a reliable character upon this subject, especially from an invest-
ment point of view.

To partially meet this demand with a reasonable view of the possibilities
inhering in this subject, as based upon what has actually been accomplished, this
pamphlet has been compiled. It is offered, not as a complete treatise on the
subject, but more as a classified compilation of authentic data, combined with the
opinions of well recognized authorities—all in condensed form—and with refer-
ence to the government’s recent predictions of a coming timber famine and its
results, together with the official reports concerning the growth, uses, value and
profit of commercially produced Eucalyptus in California.

One further aim has been to set forth, as forcefully as possible, before the
prospective planter or investor the importance of the scientific, intensive twen-
tieth century methods of planting and growing Eucalyptus, and the attending
benefits. The results of these methods as seen in recent measurements, ate ©
unprecedented, and open up a new era in the cultivation for profit of this re-
markable tree.

Be eee BY ee z
Pe Bos Bie alee i ee

Watering nursery stock ready for planting.

Seed nurseries.

EUCALYPTUS“ HARDWOOD: EREES.: OF
CALIFORNIA

PART I—THE VALUE OF FORETHOUGHT.

Nature is ever generous, but in this remarkable tree she surpasses herself.

The commercial planting of Eucalyptus trees in California under correct
cenditions is a creative enterprise in which Nature produces an unfailing product
of the soil (the source of all wealth) a product as staple as wheat, in which
natural growth supplemented by scientific and intensive cultivation compounds
earnings at such a ratio as to make possible a high return with safety on the
capital invested.

Quotations.

Authorities quoted in support of Eucalyptus and its superior advantages as
an investment, are complete and convincing. The statements are from men in
a position to know, and having the highest standing. The figures are authentic,
and arrived at after scientific and exhaustive study. The best way to learn about
Eucalyptus is to study it for yourself.

Eucalyptus (U-k-lip-tus) commonly known as “Australian Mahogany,”
has been grown in California for about sixty years, but the now known useful-
ness and value of these trees has until quite recently been underestimated. We
have only just found that we need them, and are destined to need them indis-
pensably. They have come to our aid at a time when we are facing a grave crisis.

Hardwood Famine.

It is now well established that the supply of timber is very low. We cut
134 million board feet (approximately 30,000 acres) every day—three times the
rate of production. With hardwoods alone, the situation is even more alarm-
ing, the cut being ten times the rate of production. Thirty-one million board feet
of hardwood is cut daily, and no less an authority than the Forestry Bureau of
the United States Government is responsible for the statement that we now
have less than fifteen years’ supply.

This is a most serious dilemma, as amongst all our industries the timber
ranks fourth. Lumber manufacture employs approximately 1,000 millions of
capital, with an annual product exceeding that amount. To cut off the raw ma-
terial will be to deplete the pay envelopes of over 600,000 workingmen employed
directly in industries dependent for their very existence on a continuous supply
of hardwood.

“A general failure in crops may affect industrial conditions for a few years
—a failure in the hardwood supply would be a blight upon our industries through
more than a generation.” U. S. Forest Service Circular No. 116 adds: “We
have apparently about fifteen years’ supply of hardwood lumber now ready to cut.”

3

Deep plowing, preparatory to planting Planting crew setting out baby trees.
a Eucalyptus forest.

BUCALY PLUS “HARDWOOD “TREES* OF CALIFORNIA 5

What this industrial disaster would mean in the loss of trade by merchants,
manufacturers and farmers, and the consequent shrinkage in bank deposits, and
the unbalancing of trade and finance, is only too evident. A single year of hard-
wood famine will kill all our great wood-working industries and close their factory
doors, with disastrous results to the whole country.

Pinchot, Roosevelt, the several Conservation Associations, National and State
Forestry Departments, corporations and individuals—men of keen business fore-
sight and political economists have “sounded the warning of the coming hard-
wood timber famine.” Mathematicians have made miles of figures to show how
fast timber is disappearing. But no power can halt the headlong destruction,
for in this practical age men do not stop for sentiment nor for advance in cost,
but pay the price and continue their building. The situation is so alarming as
to have called for state legislation. It’s a timely subject. It’s in the air, and we,
the nation and individuals, are waking up when it is now too late. The utmost
we can do will afford no relief in this generation. The American Lumberman
(the leading journal of the timber trade) says:

“Tf reforestation were now to be undertaken in the most broad and efficient way, the
result could not be felt in the lumber markets for fifty years.”

We must begin reforestation now, for posterity’s sake. But what can we
do for our own sakes?

The fact confronts us that we face a severe shortage in ten years, and an
absolute famine in fifteen years, when commercial raw material can not be had
for love nor money, nor for fifty years to follow. How can we bridge this gap?

Hardwood Prices.

_ Meanwhile prices mount. One need go no further than the nearest lumber
yard to realize how prices have advanced. They have risen over fifty per cent in
the last ten years. With the return of normal business conditions, building and
manufacturing operations will boom, and as the hardwood timber famine grips,
prices must soar. In the American Review of Reviews for May, 1908, page
590, Guy Extiotr MircHe tt, of the U. S. Geological Survey, says as follows:

“The Nation’s Worst-Abused Resource—Of all the country’s natural resources,
the forests have been the most shamefully treated, with the result that we are nearer the
exhaustion of this asset than in the case of any other natural resource. At the present
rate of timber consumption, the price of every class of lumber ten years hence will be
about double the present figure.”

The plain business fact is that the demand will soon be desperate. This
view is not pessimism. It is merely a statement of the truth.
Wanted—A Remedy! An Escape!

Eucalyptus a Complete Hardwood.

The native sons of California who found it hard to cut and split the stub-
born Eucalyptus for fuel, had a new revelation when these famine prospects
were published by the Government. They got busy. They made tests. “Euca-
lvptus” was thoroughly tried out, underground, under water, in the manufacture
ef furniture, vehicles, veneers, agricultural implements and machinery, of in-
sulator pins (holding the thread perfectly), of telegraph, trolley and telephone
poles, piling, fence posts, railroad ties, and succeeded in all these uses, demand-
ing toughness under pressure, strength under strain, resisting power under blows,
and durability in weather, under ground, and in fresh and salt water.

First clearing and plowing

Planting: 8 mouths old,
conserve moisture.

2to3 feet high. Beans between rows to
Far hill planted but not in beans.

BUCAEY PLUS HARDWOOD TREES OF --CALIFORNIA 7

Eucalyptus has, moreover, a hard surface, a beautiful grain, and takes the
finest piano polish, and in the interior finish of homes, office buildings, and palace
cars, it has every quality of use or beauty of the ideal hardwood, and rivals the
most costly. The authorities on all the above points are official, complete and
impressive.

Rapidity of Growth.

The most notable quality of the Eucalyptus tree is its rapidity of growth.
No other hardwood approaches it in this respect. It absolutely matures ready
for use, under modern scientific intensive cultivation, within ten years. Authori-
ties cite many plantations which measure up to this statement.

How wonderfully this fits our need in the impending crisis! Nature has
kept her gracious boon hidden until now—at the very nick of time!

Why Business Men are Investing in Eucalyptus.

American shrewdness and “gumption” are quick to see and act. Numerous
clear-headed persons and chiefs of corporations who think ahead have already
set out about twenty-five million Eucalyptus trees in California within the last
few years. This, however, is but a drop in the bucket, hardly one-fourth of what
should have been and ought to be done every year. The cut of 125,000 acres,
100,000 board feet to the acre, would be required annually, in order to provide
for the time of need. The certainty of very large profits at a comparatively early
date has been the motive of this activity. The American Lumberman says:

“Timber investment, therefore, appeals to the intelligent citizen, whether he be a
lumberman or not. The result has been that multitudes of individuals, bankers, mer-
chants, men and women of all professions, and in all walks of life, having surplus capital,
have been investing in timber.”

The same journal says, on page 30 of its issue of March 20, 1909:

“Under proper conditions a Eucalyptus plantation should begin to pay after five or
six years, and within ten or twelve years should be yielding enormous profits, exceed-
ing anything that can be secured from a citrus crop, any horticultural crop, or even truck
gardening. The probabilities thus expressed seem like a dream, so tremendous are the
figures of yield and almost certain profit.”

This latter quotation has been widely circulated. It illustrates an unfor-
tunate tendency among writers, especially during the introductory stages of any
newly-discovered process or product, or values, to go to extremes as to results.
While it is true that perhaps seven years will produce some values in posts.
piling and the like, there are no facts to support the claim that any large per-
centage of the ultimate yield is reached at that period.

On the other hand, the records as herein quoted, are strong and clear as
tu the large values of the ten years’ product. Of course, the correct soil and
modern cultivation are understood.

It is to be remembered, moreover, that even the Lumberman’s optimistic
views do not take into consideration the enormous rises in hardwood prices
already begun in anticipation of the inevitable famine.

Standing timber is always a staple asset at any stage of growth, and naturally
prices depend upon supply and demand. America’s needs for hardwood grow
with the country’s growth. Hardwood is a prime necessity of life! It is a call
of our civilization at a thousand points. The shortage intensifies the demand,
and sends prices upward. Foresightedness means fortune! Shortsightedness
means misfortune!

Trees 5 months old—Man shown is 5 feet 6 inches tall.

Illustrating uniform stand of trees.

Planting: 16 months old, over 20 feet high.
Side hill in distance planted with
young trees.

BUGALYPEUS HARDWOOD TREES OF “CALIFORNIA 2

The Natural Appeal to Forethought.

The present supply of Eucalyptus is alarmingly small. There cannot be 10,000
acres now ready for cutting. The year’s cut of all timber in 1907 was 40 billion
board feet (U. S. Government Bulletin), while in 1910 it had grown to 55 billion
board feet (Moody’s, a leading statistical authority). If only one-fourth be cred-
ited to hardwood, then there should be provision every year, outside of the fuel
demand, for about 14 billion board feet of hardwood, on the present basis of
demand—and that demand is growing. A great number of hardwood factories
will undoubtedly move to California, for the necessity is to follow the base of
supply. The season of 1909-10 saw less than 23,000 acres set out to Eucalyptus
—‘the only hope of a hardwood supply.” The best commercial varieties of this
tree are very intolerant of drought, heat and frosts, and to succeed they require
special conditions. California is the only state where they prosper, and here in but
a limited area. Instead of 23,000 acres, we should set out 125,000 to 150,000
acres of Eucalyptus in California every year! Lumber is a subject which de-
mands a “long look.” Is it right to sleep, because we have a small supply ahead
just now? With every energy and available acre employed, the market cannot
be fully supplied. Business men as well as state and national authorities see
here a most serious and pressing call. Constructive action is the imperative
need—and is already being richly rewarded.

Conservation.

Added to the above considerations, the claims of conservation require at-
tention. To plant trees means the prevention of floods and drouths, the preser-
vation of soil fertility, the modification of climate, the betterment of health, a
fine increase in population and great prosperity alike to growers and manu-
facturers. This is more than sentiment—it is intelligent self-interest.

Evidence is clear that he who plants Eucalyptus properly now, and culti-
vates well, can have mature trees in ten years to sell to an urgent and clamorous
market, at top prices. '

The valuable by-products of Eucalyptus, as slabs, posts, fuel, oil, food for
honey bees, etc., serve in many cases to meet all expense of opération.

Most Important Factors.

Little was expected of Eucalyptus under former conditions. It was dis-
tinctly subordinate, grown merely for shade, fuel, or as windbreaks, and if it
served these humble uses in fifteen, twenty or thirty years, no more was ex-
pected. Naturally, this called for little or no cultivation. Cheap uses implied
cheap treatment.

But now, with an impending timber famine, and with the superiority of
Eucalyptus proven, all is different. Eucalyptus has become king, and his busi-
ness requires haste. The present-day method of scientific intensive cultivation,
producing, as it does, over three times the result, is truly impressive.

To be Borne in Mind.

Here is a point to be remembered about statistics. Records of trees already
mature are in almost every instance the statistics of neglect and of tree-starvation.
This is necessarily true, because at the time these trees were set out (the critical

wacale

Chittenden

a State record at

15 feet in 9 months

BUC AL YP rUS HARDWOOD TREES “OF CALIFORNIA 11

time of youth when cultivation would have given the most benefit) no one knew
of the hardwood famine, or that Eucalyptus would be proven a perfect substitute
for oak, ash, hickory and mahogany, and for practically all commercial hard-
woods. As already stated, no pains were taken in planting and care. These old
trees simply struggled along, and had to take their chances. That they matured
at all is proof of the tremendous vitality of the tree.

No reasonable man will accept these “statistics of neglect” as a standard
of the growing possibilities of an Eucalyptus tree. Right here is the pessimist’s
fatal error, and the average lumberman’s error as well. It is a case of using
false measures—of comparing things not alike, which any professor of logic
will declare a crime against reason. It is natural, but still an error.

For it is the broad distinction between the two systems of treatment—the
old and the new—which is the most vital factor in the Eucalyptus-growing situa-
tion today. He who overlooks it, misleads himself.

The New System.

The New System is an economic necessity. The growers and manufacturers
want more of these precious trees—and want them quickly. Every energy comes
in play right here. In the first place, the best land is none too good, with good
moisture conditions and sub-irrigation. A close examination of the soil, to
avoid hostile chemical elements, is required. No more planting on waste land,
or on hill-crests of shallow soil, with water draining away. Sheltered valleys
and friendly fogs are sought.

So much for location.

Then, in the planting season, careful preparation is made to receive the
seedling. The plow, the disk, the harrow, the roller are all to do their needful
work, and shovels further pulverize the ground where the trees are to be planted.
The soil is upturned from depth, cut, harrowed, cross-harrowed and rolled, until
made the finest possible. Every obstacle to the quick growth of the rootlets is re-
moved.

Here, preparation is seen at its best.

Next come men with skilful hands to transplant the seedlings to their new
home. Every shock is avoided. The roots are still kept surrounded by their
original soil and saved from exposure. The right distance for forest growth
is observed. Then the seedlings are tucked up in their beds, and Nature
nurses them.

So much for transplanting.

Then comes the watch-care. A weed is like a lamp wick, the sun being
the flame. Millions of weeds are millions of wicks, sucking moisture and rob-
bing the tender seedlings of their chief need. If the thieving weeds are rooted
up, over and over, the ground is kept mellow and rich and the moisture is
conserved by capillary attraction. This is intensive cultivation.

It makes all the difference in the world—a great and profitable difference.
Care pays better than neglect. The trees grow faster, simply because they must.
Ten-year trees under such stimulus are many-fold more mature than older
trees under neglect.

Cultivation versus Old-Style Figures.

Practically all the figures at our command are records under the “system of
neglect.” Nobody at that time realized the tree-value, as now understood. In
fact, it is only within the last three or four years that the superior quality and
beauty and marketing points of the timber have been proven and appreciated.

Cer ow oer weoeme rere

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‘“Coppicing”’ or second growth—peculiar to

BOUGALYPTUS. HARDWOOD TREES OF -CALIFORNIA 13

Yet, even under old conditions, the figures show, in favorable locations, a good
maturity in ten years. Had these same trees been scientifically cultivated, it must
be conceded that the showing would have been much greater. Hence the old
figures, (which are necessarily the only existing statistics of today,) are to be taken
subject to expansion, in order to give due credit to the new methods.

It may be asked:—“Can you give examples of mature growth in, say, ten
years, even though the grower did not know the tree’s value at the time of plant-
ing? ” Fortunately, it is not only possible to do this, but also to show a vivid con-
trast under conditions that are entirely fair. Mr. C. H. Sellers, of Sacra-
mento, California, an expert who has been commended by the former State
Forester as a well equipped forester of eight years’ experience in direct contact
with the growing Eucalyptus trees, while in the state and national Forest Service,
cites a number of cases of this kind, and also emphasizes the great need of
cultivation.

The Bailey Groves at Santa Ana, California.

Grove No. 1 has been left to shift for itself, with no cultivation whatever.
At nine years of age, only 32 of its 666 trees reach 12 inches in diameter. The
whole acre shows but 39,040 feet board measure. These are the statistics of
neglect.

Grove No. 2, 1,000 feet away, eight years old, 474 trees, has been cultivated
five years, and shows no less than 270 trees exceeding 12 inches in diameter, as
against 32 in No. 1, a year older. As a financial comparison; No. 1, with 39,040
feet, at $25 per M., the accepted stumpage value, shows $975 at nine years; while
No. 2, with 87,960 feet, shows value of $2,199 at eight years.

These measurements were taken over a year ago, and if measured when ten
years old, Grove No. 2 will undoubtedly show largely in excess of 100,000 board
feet and $2,500 value for the acre.

Cultivation makes the difference!

These were fair average sample acres, as stated by Mr. Sellers on page
60 of his recent publication. Many other cases could be quoted along the same
general lines, affording similar lessons.

The Lumberman’s Point of View.

Lumbermen outside of California, are unaccustomed to think of hardwood
stumpage running over 5,000 to 15,000 board feet per acre, as most native hard-
woods grow largely in scattered clumps of more or less irregular and crooked trees.
The contrast, therefore, with the same number of planted, cultivated acres, with
trees in regular rows, of more uniform size, 8 or 10 feet apart, and with all the
growing power cf the tree concentrated in one straight bole (because of forest
conditions), is very great. Under these conditions the production of 100,000
board feet per acre of the quick-growing Eucalyptus in ten years would be more
natural than to reckon 5,000 or more feet stumpage of native hardwood of spon-
taneous and crooked growth.

The economy of lumbering such a condensed large body of 100 feet tall,
straight timber with little waste, would more naturally command $25 stumpage
and be actually cheaper at that figure than might be $5 or $10 stumpage for
scattered, deformed growth of great waste, requiring lopping and piling (to

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BUCAZEYPLOS HARDWOOD: TREES. OF CALIFORNIA 15

conform to federal forestry laws) and the superfluous handling required of trees
which seldom produce clear logs of over 10, 12, or 14 feet. Bear in mind that the
$25 stumpage value does not take into consideration the enhanced value ten years
hence.

The Standard of Measurement.

_ A further point is suggested by Mr. Sellers. In a recent letter to the
writer he states:

_“The Doyle and Scribner Rules of measurement only apply to the southern pines
or similar sized logs; but the Eucalyptus is entirely different from any other tree grown,
as it is a well known fact that the Eucalyptus forms long, clear boles anywhere from
40 to 60 feet on trees having a height of perhaps 90 feet. . . . I have known trees
to measure 15 inches in diameter at 414 feet from the ground and have 12 to 13-inch
diameter 50 or 60 feet from the ground. This shows conclusively that the tree tapers
very slowly, while all the other trees that the Scribner and Doyle rule applies to usually
cut one to three logs and taper very rapidly after the second log is cut.”

In this attitude Mr Sellers would seem to be sustained not only by his
own experience and observations, but also by the authority of Forest Service
Bulletin No. 35, where at page 26 we are told:

“In the majority of species the trunk diminishes in size upward very gradually, be-
ing long and cylindrical. It is this characteristic that makes many of them so admirably
adapted for masts, piles, bridge timbers and telegraph poles.”

The government joins with Mr. Sellers, also, in calling attention to the
inaccuracies of both the Doyle scale and the Scribner scale, as seen in the
following quotations from U. S. Forest Service Bulletin, No. 36, “Woodman’s
Handbook,” page 20:

“In sound logs the saw cut has been known to overrun the Scribner scale from 10
to 20 per cent.”

This is said concerning logs of timber in general.

“In general the mill cut overruns the Doyle Rule log scale by about 25 per cent for
short logs 12 to 20 inches in diameter; and for long logs with a small top diameter the
overrun is very much higher.”

Here, again, the reference is to timber in general.

The objections to the present statistics, as thus indicated, by the govern-
ment and by this experienced forester, are:

1:—They are statistics of neglect, and do not cover the modern methods
of cultivation.

2:—The measurements are applicable to an entirely different class of
trees, and underestimate the tall, straight Eucalyptus trees of remarkably
uniform diameter.

3:—Even as applied to general timber they are confessedly inadequate.

Security and Profit.

With no known enemy nor disease, with no possibility of over-production,
with the feasibility of every protection from loss by fire in these cultivated groves,
of evergreen trees, and with every assurance of unprecedented high prices of
hardwoods in a few years, who can doubt the security and profit of the busi-
ness? The worst that investors have to figure upon is the element of time. The
longer held the greater the profit.

Two years and nine months growth
near
Watsonville, Cal.

E. Globulus.

Groves on lines of railroads afford easy access te mills, with commensurate profits.

mUCALYPTLUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 17

Equal Benefits for Large and Small Investors Alike.

The larger Eucalyptus planting investments are being made by men of large
affairs, as prominent officials of Railroads and other corporations, who are com-
pelled to look ahead, by Bankers, Capitalists and Business Men of judgment and
foresight, and by towns, municipalities, etc., etc.

Smaller investors, among whom might be classed the professional men, mer-
chants and their clerks, farmers, superintendents, foremen and mechanics, etc.,
etc., are fortunately able to participate in these large and certain profits by joining
well managed corporations who are planting large acreages for themselves and
their associates under co-operative plans.

How Large Operations Help All Investors.

These larger acreage operations are more feasible and profitable, commanding,
as they do, the brains and experience of the lumber world, with added profits
through logging and milling operations (not warranted in tracts under 1,000
acres), and many other salient features which with limited acreage and capital
would not be warranted. All these great benefits assure maximum profit at a
minimum cost.

Californians Investing in Eucalyptus.

Perhaps nowhere else in the world has there been so high an order of intel-
ligence, or so much time and money utilized in bringing products to perfection,
as in California.

It should be remembered that California is a country of small farms, where
five or ten acres under intensive cultivation often provide a competency.

That thousands of Californians in all walks of life, accustomed to these
high returns, are planting Eucalyptus, even in many cases uprooting orange
groves and other orchards (which have possibly seen their best days) and plant-
ing same with this remarkable tree, should be sufficient evidence to substantiate
the claims made for Eucalyptus. The more timid investor may wish to inquire
through the many California authorities on this subject, and of bankers, business
and professional men, or almost any person of standing throughout the central
and southern portion of the state where the many virtues of the Eucalyptus tree
are so well appreciated as to be a matter of common knowledge.

Great credit is due to Mr. C. H. Sellers, (formerly in the Forest Serv-
ice), land and timber expert, Sacramento, California, for his researches in the
field for the past eight years in direct contact with Eucalyptus trees. His books
have already thrown valuable light on the subject, and his new writings will be
welcomed as the product of the well-stored mind of a recognized Eucalyptus
expert fully endorsed by the highest authorities.

SG:
i a

Grove of young Eucalyptus under superior cultivation. .

The same grove one year later to the day.

AUTHORITIES

PART II—AUTHORITIES.

(In giving quotations brevity is served as follows: All United States Forest
Service Bulletins, Circulars, etc., will be referred to by number and page, as
Bees e594. 0; or U.S. 1165p." 15,’ ete:

All quotations from the California State Board of Forestry will be referred
to as follows: ‘Cal. Bd. 2; p. 33,” etc. Names of newspapers will also be
abbreviated, where possible. Other authorities will be indicated more fully.)

Eucalyptus is brought into great prominence of late by reason of certain
conditions in the timber world, and in the financial world, as will be gathered
from the following quotations from authorities: (Apart from the necessary
headings, it is the aim to let the quotations tell their story without comment,
save where a word of explanation may be deemed necessary).

The Forest a Perpetual Resource.

“Forestry is both misunderstood and underrated in this country. When these mis-
conceptions are dispelled, the American people will handle the subject with true American
spirit. The main point, which is not generally understood—in fact, the pivot on which
the whole system rotates—is that we fail to rate the forest as a living, perpetual resource.
Coal, copper, and other resources become exhausted, but the forest, if properly treated,
will yield an income forever. It will supply labor and feed other industries for all time,
if the rules of silviculture are rigidly practiced. In agricuture, fertilizers must be used
to replace what the plant removes; in forestry, the soil actually improves and yields
ever-increasing returns until the maximum is reached, when under good management it
remains the same for all time, ever yielding a crop of useful material.’—Practical For-
estry, by JoHN GrrrForD, assistant Professor of Forestry, Cornell University.

The Impending Hardwood Timber Famine.

Seriously Depleted; Situation Grave—Roosevelt:—‘“As all of you know, the forest re-
sources of our country are already being seriously depleted. . . . The United States is
exhausting its forest supplies far more rapidly than they are being produced. The situation
is grave, and there is only one remedy.’—U. S. 25; p. 6.

Dangerously Near—Pinchot:—‘This much is true beyond doubt, that we are danger-
ously near a hardwood famine and have made no provision against it.”

Results of the Hardwood Famine.

Will Strike at the Very Foundation:—‘There is sure to be a gap between the supply
which exists and the supply which will have to be provided. . . . The present indi-
cations are that in spite of the best we can do, there will be a shortage of hardwoods
running through at least fifteen years. How acute that shortage may become and how
serious a check it will put upon the industries concerned cannot now be foretold. That
it will strike at the very foundation of some of the country’s most important industries
is unquestionable.”—U. S. 116; p. 14. :

19

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EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD: TREES OF CALIFORNIA

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Substitutes:—(Softwood, metal, concrete.) “Yet, prominent as these materials have
become, they seem not to have reduced the demand for hardwood which besides being for
the greater number of its original uses, has also found new ones.”—U. S. TGs ps 16:

“House Document” 128, p. 384, contains a statement by Frank H. Lams,

Washington State Forest Commission:

“The various substitutes for lumber have not decreased the per capita consumption,

which shows a constant gain, from 342 feet b. m. in 1870 to 499 feet in 1906.”

Total Lumber and its Products Manufactured in 1905

NimiberonHstablishments: scecet sacs sehen eaee oe

BE CpircH eee TODA hci ce sean cie) cee eect ccsie eye etm eee ie Call eat gl a

Wage Earners, (Greatest: number)....0.5..02....0. 0%
"Wage Earners (Average number)..................--

OCR Ole NEALCRIAIG = 2 acts i Fc skeet .am ose ceria oo
Weren Or OTERO CLS hs Je cian 6c idiaiateidies.. ble salWaeane eat et $1, 223,730,336
—Census of Manufactures 1905, p. 32.

Hardwood Prices Strongly Advanced.

1887
VANCE OD ee ok. ise ste, acts ce Soe Waste SR Oe $52.00
15 IVE Coy Sy aN a nen Oe ST? 38.00
TSIGWi04 JC 0} CORR A ier eet isi eee ee 20.00

1898
$55.00

45.00
20.00

Timber of Fixed Quantity.

32,726
$1,013,827,138
1,047,442
735,945
$518,908, 150

1907
$80.00

65.00

32.50

—U. S. 116; p. 9.

Every Acre Inspected :- “Practically every acre of standing timber in the United

States outside of government holdings has been inspected by the cruiser.

The amount of

available timber is a fixed quantity, and the end of it, under present conditions, is not far

away.”’—American Lumberman.

Approximate Average Growth of Trees.

Species Locality Age, 50 years. Age, 100 years Age, 200 years
Diameter 4.5 feet Diam. Height Diam. Height Diam. Height
from ground In. Ft. In Ft. In. Ft.
Birch, Yellow..... New York.... 4.5 35 9.4 59 19.4 75
IREGClN) 5 peo eeee Michicvane: 2) 339 35 10.2 73 16.6 75
Maple Sugar...... Michigan..... 3.8 35 Se 64 Seat
EINCKOFY: Paes eas 3 Mississippi... ... : 13.3 ay 26. te
Oak, white. ..... Tennessee.... 8.7 57 ibe 65 22. 92
Ash, white....... Arkansas..... neat 90 20.3 106 siete oe
Pine, long leaf ....So0. Carolina.. 6.7 52 15.5 86 23.6 100
Pine, loblolly..... So. Carolina. .15.9 86 24.5 111 ee Bae!
Kir; Douglas:..... Washington...13.7 80 24.3 138 37.4 208

—U.S. 36; Tables 58, 59, 60, 61

Rapid Growth of Eucalyptus.

Fastest Growing:—‘The Blue Gum (Eucalyptus globulus) is, without doubt, the

fastest growing tree in the world.’’—U. S. 35; p. 61.

Six Inches a Day:—“In the height of the first growing season, seedlings (Blue Gum )
have frequently been observed to make an average height growth of six inches a day.”—

Sali -Bd. 2: p. 33.

12-year old E. Globulus trees near San
Jose, Cal., showing regular rows
and large growth.

10-year old Eucalyptus
Globulus trees, 100 feet
high, near Monterey
Bay, Cal.

Eucalyptus piles on barge for ferry slip, San Francisco.

EUCALYPTUS. HARDWOOD @. KEES OF CALTEORNIA 23

Over 16 Feet a Year:—“Under favorable conditions, seedling plantations have reached
a maximum development of five inches in diameter and sixty-seven feet in height in four
years.”—Cal. Bd. 2; p. 33.

A Foot in Diameter Every Five Vears:—“The Blue Gum is one of the largest and
most rapid growing trees in the world. In California under favorable conditions trees have
seeracd a height of 175 feet, and a diameter of five feet in twenty-five years.’”—U. S. 59;
Dp.

Averaging 100 Feet in 10 Years:—“Seedling (Blue Gum) stands will average a height
growth of fifty feet in six years and 100 feet in ten years. Under favorable conditions, in-
dividual trees have reached a height of 125 feet, and a diameter of thirty-six inches in
nine years.”—U. S. 59; p. 3.

Practical Testimony:—“On the ranch of Hon. Exrtwocp Cooper, near Santa Barbara,
California, trees of this species (Blue Gum) twenty-five years old are as large as oaks
whose rings show them to be 200 to 300 years old. It is this rapidity of growth, enabling
them to reach the stature of trees in a few years, that has been the principal cause of the
popularity of the eucalyptus where they have been introduced.”—U. S. 35; p. 36.

Distinctive Points of Eucalyptus.

Different Species of Eucalyptus:—There are six or eight recognized commercial
varieties, of which the most widely used are the Globulus, or Blue Gum; the Rostrata, or
Red Gum; the Tereticornis, or Gray Gum; the Corynocalyx, or Sugar Gum; the Resinifera,
or Red Mahogany; the Viminalis, or Manna Gum, and others. These are usually written
“E. globulus,” “E. rostrata,’ etc. Each has its special uses and best habitat. The E. globu-
lus has been planted most extensively. Experts have determined which species is best
adapted for a given locality.

Detailed information will be given to enquirers so far as possible by the
author of this booklet, upon request.

Hard, Tough and Durable:—“The matured wood of all species is hard—of some
species very hard. Of many species it is tough and durable, resembling in this respect the
wood of American oaks and hickories.”—U. S. 35; p. 26.

Freedom from Insects and Diseases:—“Their dissemination throughout the world hav-
ing been by seeds alone, the insect enemies and parasitic fungi of their native home have
been left behind. In America they have few insect enemies and they are remarkably free
from disease.”—U. S. 35; p. 36.

As Strong as Second Growth Hickory:—‘A comparison with Forest Service tests
on hickory shows that 30-year-old E. globulus is stronger than XXX hickory, and that 15-
year-old E. globulus is nearly as strong as second-growth hickory.”—U. S. 8.

Seasoning :-—“It is no more difficult to season than oak, hard maple and many other
hardwoods which:are annually cut and seasoned by the million feet.’”—Cal. Bd. 2.

Pinchot on Seasoning:—“It is believed, however, that in the seasoning of gum no
greater difficulties will be encountered than in the seasoning of any other hardwood of
similar density and strength.’—U. S. 59; p. 5.

(Particulars about seasoning will be found in the statements of manufac-
turers herein).

Overproduction of Eucalyptus Is Impossible.

Only a Beginning:—“California can plant ten thousand acres each year for one hun-
dred years, and then it would be only a beginning toward supplying the increasing demand
for hardwood timber. . . . It is at once apparent that the need for development of this

remarkable industry is great.’—San Francisco Examiner, Nov. 13, 1909.

As an Acorn to the Oak:—“Millions of trees are being propagated, many millions
will be planted each season, but as yet all these efforts are but an acorn to an oak as com-
pared to ultimate necessity.”—Sunset Magazine, closing a long article.

Practical Uses of Eucalyptus.

Comprehensive:—“It enters into the construction of buildings, ships, bridges, rail-
roads, piers, telegraph lines, fences, paving, agricultural implements, barrels and a great
variety of minor articles.”—U. S. 35; p. 36. j

Serves Many Uses:—“To these varieties is due, largely, the great variety of uses that
the timber of these trees serves.”—U. S. 35; p 36. ;

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BUCAEVETUS HARDWOOD TREES OF. CALIFORNIA 25

Yield and Value of Eucalyptus.

The latest revision of Bulletin 5 of the Forestry Society of California says:

$25 per M Stumpage is Fair:-—‘The product of one acre containing 500 trees of the
rapid growing species averaging 12 inches in diameter and having the usual proportions of
14 inch, 16 inch and larger trees will not vary much from an average of 100,000 feet, board
measure, of merchantable lumber.

“The stumpage price now being paid for standing timber varies in accordance with
location and shipping facilities. Lumbermen concede that $25 per thousand feet is fair
unless the timber be a long distance from the mills or inferior in size or shape. . :
Hardwood prices are constantly advancing and will undoubtedly be much higher in a few
years, but at the present time $25 per thousand is a safe, fair average. The grower who
by proper planting and care produces 100,000 feet of timber on an acre in ten years’ time
can safely expect a net return of $2,500. This is not unreasonable and may be accepted
as the standard of stumpage value per acre of first class eucalyptus of marketable size.”

The Same Price as Oak Lumber:—“The Eucalyptus lumber is being used in every
place where great strength is required, and the finished product is valued at the same
price as oak lumber.”—University of California, Coll. of Agr., Berkeley Bull. 196.

High Rates for Oak Stumpage—The following information is condensed
from a recent extended letter from Crark L. PooLre & Co., Bankers, Chicago:

Kentucky is now the leading state in the production of oak lumber, where white
oak stumpage values of $9.62 exist in the western part of the state, * * * $16.30
in Indiana, * * * while nearness to ready markets caused the maximum price of $30
per M in New York.

Eucalyptus Profits Merely as Fuel; Returns from Six Acres Near Los Angeles in
6% Years Show $1,437 per Acre, or $221 per Acre per Annum:—Mr. L. MicHeaux, of
Compton, is one of the oldest growers of Eucalyptus in California. He says:—‘“I have
kept careful records of the proceeds of my various cuttings as a guide to future care and
sale. Last year I cut six acres of cord wood (sprout growth) at six and one-half years
of age, and sold the same for $3,726 net. I left 500 choice trees for telegraph poles stand-
ing, and sold them to the Los Angeles and Redondo Ry. Co. for $2,800 cash; they to do
the cutting and hauling. This averaged me $5.60 per pole on the stump. In addition to
the. foregoing, I cut about 300 cords from this six acres when thinning my trees, real-
izing $7 per cord net.”’—Western Empire.

Points About Profits.

Better Than Orchards:—‘The returns on investments in eucalyptus plantations have
been generous, in many cases exceeding those received from equal areas under cultivation
in orchards or agricultural crops.’—Cal. Bd. 2; p. 37.

Profits to be Derived:—‘‘The profits to ‘be derived from eucalyptus in the future
will be found in hardwood lumber for wagon work, farm and other implements, railroad
coach and house finishings, furniture, etc.; ties, telephone poles, and bridge timber will also
prove profitable.’—U. S. 196; p. 31

Reaping the Reward:—“Hon. Ertwoop Cooper, of Santa Barbara, was one of the first
Americans to recognize the prospective value of eucalyptus as forest trees. a acted upon
his conviction, and has for a score of years been reaping the reward.’—U. S. 35; p. 31.

California and Gificana Market Prices.

1909 Prices of Telegraph Poles:—Eucalyptus Poles, six inches across the top :—

SomlectlOnps) «422-6 $6.00 each 50 feet long........... $ 9.25 each
NG). SES hoe SRL ok a a a TAO). 8% DD epeeaee coke eee IS eke noe 75, 8
A ig Mb ar coe oa At 8:00) GO peri Seite eS Mees. 12250 ee

PEopLe’s Exectric Co., of Los Angeles.

1911 Prices of Poles, Chicago Market; Idaho Cedar Poles, prices furnished Nov., 1911,
by Grorce P. Benton & Co., Chicago:—Yards, Hope, Idaho, and Newport, Wash., deliv-
ered f. o. b. cars, Chicago, II] :—

8-inch, 50’s, $13 each; 8-inch, 60’s, $17; 8-inch, 70’s, $21.50 each.

(It is understood that Chicago is the cheapest large market for poles on the
continent. Eastern and European markets are higher, being more distant.)

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EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 27,

The effect of the opening of the Panama Canal upon prices will be marked.
The Panama Commission have made known that freight from California to the
Atiantic seaboard, now costing $20 by rail, will for the same class, be about $6
per ton via the Canal.

Continuous Income Assured. ee

_. The Repeated Sprout Growths:—‘When cut down, Eucalyptus sends up shoots that
will reach a height of 75 to 100 feet in six to eight years. The cutting may be repeated
every few years for an indefinite period.”—U. S. 35; p. 25.

Eucalyptus Oil.

Valuable Product:—“The manufacture of Oil may well be considered as a source
of revenue upon the exploitation of extensive Eucalyptus plantations. It is obtained by a
process of distillation, in which the leaves and small brush are utilized. There are a
number of manufacturers located at different parts of the state, the chief producers oper-
ating in Los Angeles, Garden, Cove and Santa Monica. Their output varies from a few
hundred pounds to one or two tons per year, but that of the largest manufacturer annually
reaches the neighborhood of nine tons. Eucalyptus Oil is recognized in the U. S. Pharma-
copoeia as a valuable drug, and is recommended for the cure or relief of a considerable
variety of complaints, notably throat and bronchial troubles.”—SeEtier’s “Eucalyptus,” p. 37.

What Experienced Manufacturers Say.

Have Found a Practical Method of Seasoning:—“We have found a practical method
whereby we can dry Eucalyptus about the same as plain oak, and when dry, use it for
manufacturing all kinds:of cabinet work. We saw the logs up to about 3-inch or 4-inch
planks, and place them in water for four or five days, gradually letting the water get hot
and gradually letting the same water cool; then we pile the lumber to air-dry for several
months, and before we use it for cabinet work we kiln dry it. . . . The wood is very
hard and, takes a high polish. When the lumber is thoroughly dry we do not have any
trouble with warping or cracking, and we see no reason why it should not take its place
in the~commercial world as one of the most beautiful cabinet woods. During the
last four of five years we have used this wood for the manufacture of bank and office
fixtures, furniture, interior house finishing, decoration work, flooring and for various other
sises where a high polish is needed, and also find it very satisfactory for construction
and wagon work.’—Hughes Manufacturing and Lumber Company, )\ A. Souter, Sup’t.
Los Angeles, Cal., March 26, 1910.

(Other manufacturers whom we quote, and still others not here quoted, are clear in
stating their successful methods in seasoning. For brevity, we omit further details, but
the author will be pleased to furnish them to enquirers).

Manufacturing Nine Different Species: —‘We are manufacturing all kinds of finished
samples of nine different species. We have done this for several years. We have made
tables, chairs, checkerboards, canes, flooring, wagon material, etc. . . . For wagon
material in my estimation, the eucalyptus has no superior, if equal, for strength and
durability. . . . There is no question in my mind but what eucalyptus will take the
place of any other hardwood to a very large extent.”—California Souvenir Company.

A. H. Scuwan, Manager.
Los Angeles, March 27, 1910.

Worked Eucalyptus for 20 Years:—‘We have been handling Eucalyptus for 20 years
or more, and for 15 years we have worked with it almost exclusively. We are using it
for all kinds of wagon work, such as poles, reaches, felloes, bolster, double trees, single
trees, neck yokes; also for plow beams, harrows, pruning shear handles, insulator pins and
anything that any other hardwood is used for.”—Hardwood Planing Mill Company,

P. T. Porter, Foreman.
San Jose, Cal., March 28, 1910.

Market for Eucalyptus Products Is Unlimited—In an address before the
Forestry Society of California, A. C. Rumete, President of the large furniture
factory at San Jose, Cal., said:

“We began manufacturing furniture, tool handles, farm implements from eucalyptus

two years ago. . . . As we put out furniture for the richest homes, or store fixtures, it
created a demand which we have not yet been able to catch up with. At the present time

mUCHEYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF . CALIFORNIA 29

we are buying cured Eucalyptus lumber, from Gillespie mill, for $100 per 1,000 feet ‘The
market for the products of the Eucalyptus tree is unlimited in this state. Such houses as
Wuite BrotHers, San Francisco, and others want large quantities of our supplies, but can-
not be accommodated. We have found an unusually heavy demand for the timber worked
up into plow beams and other farming implements, but we take nearly double the profits
by manufacturing the limited supplies we can obtain into furniture and articles of rich
value. The smaller stuff we use up in tool handles and the results of my two years’ work
in this wood may be summed up briefly that in its various varieties Eucalyptus timber is
as strong as hickory, as durable under ground as cedar or locust and as handsome for
furniture as Circassian walnut, oak or mahogany. We have been unable to fill an order
for 50,000 plow beams for the OLIver CHILLED Plow Works because we use only a portion
of our left-over stock in our implement department, the average fine-grained specimens
going entirely into our cabinet work. We are preparing ahead with a supply of lumber
and have paid as high as $30 stumpage on 400 trees located near mill facilities.”

The Government Has Educated the People.

Rapidity and Profits:—“The government has given out its findings through official
bulletins, and it is well that the education of the people has been undertaken in this way,
for the statements of the rapidity with which the Eucalyptus matures and the profits await-
ing the grower are so surprising that they might not be accepted as truthful without thie
government's stamp.”—San Francisco Call, Feb. 13, 1909.

The Wage Earner’s Opportunity.

J. W. Assott, formerly with the United States Department of Agriculture, says:
—T have been aware for some time that there was no way in which a man could provide
for his family so effectually as to start a Eucalyptus investment. It is the most wonderful
dead-open-and-shut method of provision ever devised. A man does not have to die to beat
it. A little money, within the means of a man on salary, will not only fix his children in
case of his death, but will make him independent in the course of a few years.”

Importance of Eucalyptus to the United States.

. . . “At the present time there are six manufacturing plants in California sawing
and maunfacturing Eucalyptus. All of them have difficulty in obtaining logs in sufficient
quantity. The prices paid, at the present time, average $25 per thousand on the stump.
There is a good margin of profit for the lumberman between $25 and $75 per thousand.
Desirable Eucalyptus lumber cannot be imported at a less cost than $70 per thousand. The
HucHes MANUFACTURING AND Lumber Company of Los Angeles state that it is impossible
to cure the lumber fast enough to fill their orders.”,—Out West Magazine.

Municipally Planted Forests.

The following statements are quoted from an article on “Wealth in Wood,”
by Ropert SHACKLETON in the Saturday Evening Post.

“Tt is not only interesting, but really extraordinary, knowing how little we make of
the forests of our own country, to find towns in Germany that meet their taxes out of the
income of their forests and actually have money left over. ‘We treat our forests,’ as a
German official expressed it to me, ‘as national wealth, of which we permit ourselves to
use only the interest.’ In Germany twenty-six per cent of the land is forest land. To
conserve a forest means, properly, to hold it as an income-giving capital. Take the town
of Forbach. It is wealthy; for the people own great forest stretches as a community and
as individuals own other forests as well. Or, take certain villages in Germany in which
community forests pay the taxes and give each citizen forty or fifty marks a year in addi-
tion, besides his firewood. In Germany, forests are cultivated just as carefully as farms.

“England, with the national trait that forbids her to see her own faults till the sight
is actually forced upon her, has blindly continued tree destruction, and has also continued
to put off the time of reforestation. . . . In the British isles barely four per cent of
the land is forest land.” (In the United States, about 25 per cent.)

ALIFORNIA

TREES IN C

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UCALY

E

ESTIC

Maj

EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 31

“Eighteen per cent of the area of France is forest land; and the French policy is
very liberal. At the present time France is planning such an extension of her forestry
system as will take two centuries to complete.”

The San Diego City Forester’s Statement—In San Diego the city will have 250 acres
in all of Eucalyptus set out this spring for municipal. profit. Max V. Watson, the “Pueblo
Forester’ of San Diego, is quoted by the San Diego Union of Nov. 13, 1910, in an extended
article, as saying: “The Eucalyptus is the one tree that will produce hardwood of commer-
cial value in a space of time short enough to meet the coming crisis.”

The Western Empire states that the 50 acres planted in April, 1911, by the
city of San Diego, were from 5 to 8 feet high in the following December. It also
quotes Forester WATSON as saying:

Lhe growth that the tree will make is one-third more than in Australia under similar
conditions.”

Other Varieties.

While the great preponderance of available testimony on Eucalyptus refers
to Blue Gum, yet there is considerable attention being paid to two other varieties
—Rostrata and Tereticornis.

Business Views by Business Men.

The Santa Fe Railroad is probably the “pioneer” in the commercial planting
of Eucalyptus trees on the largest basis ever undertaken. The vast sums being
expended in their operations are the result of more than two years of exhaustive
investigation.

PRESIDENT Rrpey, of the Santa Fe R. R., says:

“In my opinion there is no safer investment than the planting of Eucalyptus in terri-
tory to which it is adapted, as proven by the experience of the last half century. . . . This
Company has already demonstrated its belief in Eucalyptus in the fact that it has already
planted 1,500 acres, and proposes to plant 4,500 more.”

Santa Fe Forestry Chief Reimers says: “There is a future in the planting of Euca-
lyptus for the men who go into it now. I know of no better investment in an agricultural
line than this. I believe that the uses to which the timber of these remarkable trees can be
put in house-building, railway ties, piles, implements, plow beams, wagon material, fence
posts, furniture, telegraph and telephone poles, will secure for this wood an unlimited market
in the United States, as soon as Eucalyptus can be (and will be) produced in marketable
quantities. With the hardwood famine which America is facing there can be no doubt
as to enormously profitable foresting of Eucalyptus in California, which is practically the
only State in the Union where the tree will grow.”

Eucalyptus Compared with Orchards.—‘Eucalyptus planting commercially has a num-
ber of points in its favor over the fruit industry, principally because the fruit business is
more or less of an uncertainty, while the timber proposition is comparatively sure. A
heavy rain during the blooming period of the fruit checks fertilization, a small crop
being the result; this is not the case with the wood crop, where the more rain the greater
growth and profit. The harvesting period of most fruits extends over but a few weeks,
and if it is not gathered at that time the crop is a total loss; while on the other hand the

harvesting period of the timber trees extends over a lifetime. The price of labor may be

high, or the value of wood much lower than usual; if either is the case the trees may
be allowed to stand. The following year they will be larger and more valuable.’’—Coll. of
Agr., Univ. of Cal. Bull. 196; p. 35.

_ One of the largest banking houses in the world dealing exclusively in
timber securities says:

“Why Timber Values Must Increase. Climatic conditions of this and other civilized
countries necessitate that we be housed to protect life and health. No matter how de-
pressed business conditions may be, there exists always, therefore, a large and certain
consumption of building materials, particularly lumber. It is not difficult to appreciate the
source of this demand when one stops to figure that the United States is increasing at

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_ EUCALYPTUS HARDWOOD TREES OF CALIFORNIA 8

“the rate of a town a day—over 4,500 daily—it is as necessary that lumber be manufactured ~~
as that crops be grown. If the source of timber were hidden like coal, gold, silver, etc.,
‘timber values would be largely speculative and would be an unstable basis of security for
loans. But every acre of timber in this country is known and mapped out and the supply

is practically measured, and the present annual demand exceeds the annual supply by over

_ 300 per cent. As a result of this condition, there is probably no type of property in exist-

-. ence more stable in value than timber lands or against which bonds can be more safel
_issued. During the past nine years we have loaned over $50,000,000 in the form of 6%
first mortgage bonds secured by timber lands. There has not been a single instance of loss
- or default of interest or principal in any of these loans, and they have all without excep-
tion greatly increased in security—Crark L. Poort & Co., Chicago.

California Business Men Take a Strong Interest—One hundred of the lead-
ing Bankers, Officials, Business and Professional Men of a district in Southern

California, voice what. seems to be the general opinion concerning a 1,000-acre

~ commercially planted Eucalyptus grove in their district, as follows:
aS “Eucalyptus: planting in California is recognized by the highest authorities as a safe,

_ conservative and extremely profitable enterprise. Some of our largest institutions, rail-
Toads, banks, capitalists and hardwood manufacturers are planting for investment and for

the purpose of assuring a continuous supply of hardwood for their future needs, and judg-
ing by the manner in which you have carried out your operations to date, we feel thoroug

~ confident in commending you.” :

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