UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE.

AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION

BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA

By NORMAN D. INGHAM.

BULLETIN No. 196.

(Berkeley, Cal., July, 1908.)

W. W. SHANNON,

SACRAMENTO

: : : superintendent state printing
1908

B \ DE WHEELER, Ph.D.. LL.D., President of the University.

EXPERIMENT STATION STAFF.

,- X. M.A.. Director and Horticulturist.
E. TV. HILGARD. Ph.D., LL.D.. Chemist.
W. A. SETCHELL. Ph.D.. Botanist.
ELWOOD MEAD. M.S.. C.E.. Irrigation Engineer. (Absent on leave.)

V ANDERSON, Ph.D., Dairy Industry and Superintendent University Farm.
JAFFA. M.S., Nutrition Expert, in charge of the Poultry Station.
a W, WOODWORTH, M.S., Entomologist.
R. H. LOUGHRIDGE. Ph.D., Soil Chemist and Physicist.

G. W. SHAW, M.A., Ph.D., Agricultural Technologist, in charge of Cereal Stations.
GEORGE E. COLBY, M.S., Chemist. (Fruits, Waters, Insecticides.)
RALPH E. SMITH, B.S., Plant Pathologist and Superintendent of Southern California

Pathological Laboratory and Experiment Station. Whittier.
A. R. "WARD. B.S.A., D.V.M., Veterinarian and Bacteriologist.

E. TV. MAJOR. B.Agr., Animal Industry.
H. M. HALL. M.S., Assistant Botanist.

H. J. QUAYLE. A.B., Assistant Entomologist. Whittier.

W. T. CLARKE, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist and Superintendent of University

Extension in Agriculture.
JOHN S. BURD, B.S., Chemist, in charge of Fertilizer Control.

C. M. HARING, D.V.M., Assistant Veterinarian and Bacteriologist.
HOPPER, B.S. A., Assistant in Dairy Husbandry.

NORTON, M.S., Assistant Chemist in charge Fertilizer) „., „
_ . ( Citrus Experiment

Experiments, > «**•"»• -^

HUNT, B.S., Assistant Horticulturist, j Statton> R™erstde-

BABCOCK, B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

SMITH, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

YEATS', B.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist.

RAMSEY, M.S., Assistant Plant Pathologist, \_ Southern California Patholog-

SMITH M.S., " " " ) ical Laboratory, Whittier.

MANSELL, Assistant in Horticulture, in charge of Central Station Grounds.
RALPH BENTON", B.S., B.L., Assistant in Entomology.
A. J. GAUMNITZ, M.S., Assistant in Cereal Investigations.
RACHAEL CORR, M.A., Assistant in Cereal Laboratory.
HANS C. HOLM, B.S., Assistant in Zymology.
P. L. McCREARY, B.S., Laboratory Assistant in Fertilizer Control.

F. E. JOHNSON", B. L., Assistant in Soil Laboratory.

M. E. STOVER, B.S., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.

D. R. HOAGLAND, A.B., Assistant in Agricultural Chemical Laboratory.
CHARLES FUCHS, Curator Entomological Museum.

P. L. HIBBARD, B.S., Assistant Fertilizer Control Laboratory.

M. E. SHERWIN, Field Assistant in Agronomy.

W. H. VOLCK, Field Assistant in Entomology. Watsonville.

E. L. MORRIS, B.S., Field Assistant in Entomology. San Jose.

HUNTER, Field Assistant in Entomology. San Mateo.
D. L BUNNELL, Clerk to the Director.

H.

A.

J.

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F.

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3.

E.

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F.

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TUOHY, I'ntron, > Tulare Substation, Tulare.

J. T l- "reman, )

J. W. ROPER, Patron,

I LLER, In chargi

A Foreman, \

CENT -I HUNTLEY Foreman of California Poultry Experiment Station,
Pi taluti a

University Forestry Station, Chico.
University Forestry Station, Santa Monica.

The Station publications (Eepoets and Bulletins), so long as avail
■frill be sent to any citizen of the Stale on application.

CONTENTS.

Page.

INTRODUCTION 29

EUCALYPTUS FOR TIMBER 31

EUCALYPTUS FOR FUEL 32

EUCALYPTUS FOR OIL 33

QUALITY OF SOIL FOR EUCALYPTUS PLANTING 34

METHODS OF GROWING EUCALYPTUS 35

Propagation of the Seedlings 35

The Flats 35

The Soil for Seed-bed 36

The Seed 36

Amount of Seed to Buy 36

Shade for the Young Plants 37

Time to Sow the Seed 37

Methods of Sowing the Seed 38

Care of Seedlings 38

Transplanting 39

Time to Set the Plants in the Field 39

Size of Plants When Set Out 39

Preparation of the Land 39

Distance Apart to Set the Young Trees in the Field 40

Setting of Plants in the Field 41

Care of Young Plantings 41

Thinning the Young Trees 41

Care of the Trees 43

Care of the Plantings After Cutting the Crop 45

Second Cutting Shows Increase in Quantity 46

Danger of Loss by Fire 46

Power of Sprouting 46

Natural Seedlings 47

SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS TO BE FOUND GROWING IN CALI-
FORNIA 51

EUCALYPTUS FOR PLANTING IN CALIFORNIA 57

Eucalyptus Botryoides 57

Eucalyptus Citriodora 61

Eucalyptus Corymbosa 63

Eucalyptus Corynocalyx 66

Eucalyptus Crebra 72

Eucalyptus Diversicolor 75

Eucalyptus Globulus 75

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon 79

Eucalyptus Polyanthema 81

Eucalyptus Punctata 83

Eucalyptus Resinif era 87

Eucalyptus Robusta 92

» Eucalyptus Rostrata 92

Eucalyptus Rudis 96

Eucalyptus Siderophloia 96

Eucalyptus Sideroxylon var. Rosea 101

Eucalyptus Tereticornis 106

Eucalyptus Viminalis 106

COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRESENT PLANTINGS 109

EUCALYPTUS ADAPTED TO SPECIAL PURPOSES 110

Species Most Durable in the Soil 110

Lumber Species 110

Species for Fuel Alone 110

Frost-Resistant Species 110

Drought-Resistant Species 110

EUCALYPTUS AS BEE PASTURE 110

STRENGTH TESTS OF EUCALYPTUS 11]

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EUCALYPTUS IN CALirORNIA.

By NORMAN D. INGHAM.

Introductory Note. — The importance of Eucalyptus culture in California from
a commercial standpoint has reached a stage which can no longer be overlooked.
The growing scarcity of hardwood fuel and lumber, poles, ties, and other forms of
timber makes certain an increasing demand and price for any material which can
supply this want. The almost incredible rapidity of growth of certain species of
these trees, their thrift and hardiness under conditions unfavorable to most cultivated
plants, and the general appreciation of their value as wood and timber, which is
rapidly coming about, have created within comparatively recent times a great interest
in Eucalyptus culture, amounting almost to a "boom." Many groves are being
planted on a greater or less scale, railroad companies are investigating the possi-
bilities of Eucalyptus as a supply of ties, poles and timber, lumber companies arc
taking up the matter and several stock-selling corporations have been formed for
planting and selling Eucalyptus groves.

Under these conditions there is a decided need of some comprehensive and reliable
information as to the possibilities and methods of growing these trees, the commer-
cial qualities of the different species, their adaptation to conditions in the various
parts of the State, and the quality and amount of the product which can reason-
ably be expected from them. The present bulletin by Mr. Ingham represents a
very complete and practical study of the subject, based on careful observation over
all the cultivated portions of the State south of Shasta County, and the facts pre-
sented may be taken as reliable and conservative.

The preparation of this bulletin has been undertaken by Mr. Ingham as a part of
the work of the University Forestry Station at Santa Monica, of which he is in
charge. For a number of years this Station has been growing and distributing
Eucalyptus seedlings of various species, and many of these have been planted in
various parts of the State. On the Station grounds some seventy different species may
be seen growing in mature form. At present it is possible to obtain all the ordinary
species of nurserymen at moderate prices, so that the necessity no longer exists
of an extensive distribution by the State, except by the sending out of seed, or
possibly a limited number of trees of uncommon and promising species. The greatest
field of usefulness for the Station at present, as regards Eucalyptus culture, is
along the line indicated by this bulletin, the investigation of the commercial and
economic side of the question. Following the present study, which is necessarily.
in large part, of a general or preliminary nature, we hope to continue with an investi-
gation of the commercial uses and possibilities of Eucalyptus timber, for the various
purposes indicated in this bulletin. Mr. Ingham shows the possibility of producing
this wood in California in almost unlimited amount. If statements appearing almost
daily in the public press are to be believed a hardwood famine is imminent in this
country. If, therefore, it be true that species of Eucalyptus are equal to our
native hardwoods as lumber, great possibilities are open in this direction. It will
be the purpose of the Forestry Station to demonstrate the quality and uses of the
wood of the most important species in a more definite manner than has hitherto
been done, in cooperation with users and handlers of hardwood lumber in this sec-
tion. In this manner great good may be accomplished for the State by aiding the
progress of a most important industry. — Ralph E. Smith.

Eucalyptus, a genus of trees of the family Myrtaceae, was introduced
into California from Australia and the adjacent islands, and several

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.

s] eies were planted in the district of San Francisco Bay previous to
I860. There are to be found growing in the central parts of the State,
both on the coast and in the interior, proves of considerable area which
are forty to fifty years old.

Since the introduction of the first species of Eucalyptus, the seeds of
other species have been imported each year by seedsmen, nurserymen,
and in many cases ranch owners, until at the present time there are
2 vino in the State nearly one hundred species. The University of
California has seventy named species growing on the Forestry Station
grounds at Santa Monica, Cal. ; there are specimen trees of nearly every
species over ten years of age, and bearing seed at the present time,
while there are young trees of all the promising lumber Eucalypts.

From this large collection there can be selected species that will grow
on nearly any soil in a frostless region, while there are a few that can
endure temperature as low as 18° F. without injury. There are a few
Eucalypts that can stand extremes of temperature from 20° F. to 120°
F.. and at different altitudes;' but with these trees it is as with any
other, there is one certain location best adapted to the greatest develop-
ment : it may be a situation near the coast in a foggy atmosphere, the
river bottom lands, the inland valleys or in swamps. Care should be
taken in selecting a species for any certain locality, that the conditions
there are the ones which will bring the species in question to the highest
point of development.

The Eucalypts were first set out as a curiosity, on account of their
rapidity of growth and as ornamental trees around gardens and build-
ings, with a possibility of their supplying the owners fuel and fence
sts. In these respects they have fulfilled the original planter's expec-
tations, and more, for in a few localities the sawmills are now sawing
the largest logs into valuable hardwood lumber.

Eucalyptus planting has now passed the experimental stage and
may be considered without question as a commercial proposition. The
value of the crop and the possibilities of growing it in California have
been sufficiently demonstrated to make judicious plantings even on a
large scale perfectly safe, with an assurance of sure and reasonably
]ar^- profits. It is important, however, for the planter to consider, in
the Light of the best information, the nature of the product which he
will produce, or. in other words, the market which he will attempt to
supply with his Eucalyptus trees.

Eucalypts may be used either for fuel or for hardwood lumber.

For the former purpose the prevailing prices of wood in most of our

hr\(] large towns during the past few years have been such as to

make the foe] proposition appear extremely attractive. Many glowing

pectuse* are being offered to the public on this basis. It should be

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 31

remembered, however, that the production and use of natural oil is
rapidly increasing; that gas and electricity for heating purposes are
cheap in the cities, and that all three are coming more and more into
use every day in the place of wood. In fact, wood as fuel is rapidly
becoming a luxury, and there is. in the mind of the writer no reason for
expecting any increase in its use as fuel by the general public. He,
therefore, believes it unprofitable and unwise to enter upon Eucalyptus
planting with the sole idea of raising wood for fuel. The profits to be
derived from Eucalyptus in the future will be found in hardwood
lumber for wagon work, farm and other implements, railroad, coach,
and house finishings, furniture, etc. ; ties, telephone poles and bridge
timber will also prove profitable. For any of the above named products
of Eucalyptus at least ten years' growth will be required, and of course
the older the trees the greater the profits in proportion.

EUCALYPTUS FOR TIMBER.

The wood of the different species of Eucalyptus varies from a wood
as soft as that of our pines, to very hard, close-grained, and variously
colored kinds equal to our native oaks and hickories. Among the large
number of species may be found some that can be substituted for nearly
all our present commercial woods, although the Eucalyptus wood is
harder to work.

The Hardwood Planing Mill of San Jose, Cal., has sawed up many
thousands of feet of Eucalyptus lumber during the past winter, the
bulk of which is from Eucalyptus globulus logs over thirty years old.
This company is filling orders for felloes of large wagon wTheels, poles,
singletrees, doubletrees, and reaches, haypress blocks and insulator
pins. The Eucalyptus lumber is being used in every place where great
strength is required, and the finished product is valued at the same price
as oak lumber. Other mills are also sawing this wood to some extent
in a local way, and its value for all hardwood purposes is becoming
more and more appreciated. Eucalyptus rostrata, the Red Gum, is
now finding considerable use for interior finish and furniture, and both
this species and the Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus, are becoming
established as commercial hardwoods. There is no doubt of their
greatly increased use if supplies were available.

Eucalyptus timber is more costly to cut and mill than any of our
native hardwoods; in planing, the lumber of many of the species has
a tendency to chip on account of the irregular grain, while that of
all of the species under the most careful handling season-cracks more
or less on the ends. This fault can be overcome by having the logs
sawed a foot or two longer than the finished product needs to be, so
that the season-cracked ends can be removed. Very little trouble is

6& UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

experienced in seasoning the lumber if the trees are cut down during the
winter months and sawed while green, and the lumber then piled in
high tiers to obtain weight, in some place protected from the wind
and sun.

Eucalyptus has been used in the last few years quite extensively for
pilings, which paid well until competition lowered the price; at present
a pile fifty feet long and ten inches in diameter at the small end is
worth between $10 and $12. Under ordinary conditions it requires
from eighteen to twenty-four years to grow a pile. The prospect for
the use of certain species of Eucalyptus for railroad ties and telephone
poles is also good.

. _ yT*'

pi'-m

Pr*

it

mfm§:" ;

!B#ife£

W.^'u^y' '-"'Ji

-

Fig. 1. Eucalyptus globulus, wood from 3-year-old sprouts; 20 cords per acre;

128 cubic feet per cord.

EUCALYPTUS FOR FUEL.
The wood of most of the Eucalypts makes good fuel. A grove of
Blue I rums five years old, set out 6 by 6 feet apart, under favorable con-
ditions should yield from 50 to 80 cords of wood per acre, while at
ten years of age 80 to 150 cords may be expected. Groves under irri-
on will undoubtedly do better than the above figures indicate
while the quality of the land will also, of course, have a great influence.
The eosi of working up the standing trees into fuel ready to burn
iea somewhal with the age and species of the trees. Two companies
ata Paula. CaL, recently Le1 out the cutting of their wind-breaks

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

33

around their ranches by contract. The trees on one ranch were twelve
years old when cut, and the contract was taken and completed by a
company of Japanese for $3.25 per cord, although they claimed to
have lost money. The other company's trees were thirty years old,
and the contract was taken for $3.50 per cord by a company that had
a power saw and splitter; although this latter company was well
equipped they were compelled to give up the contract and leave their
tools for the debts they had incurred. Most of the Eucalyptus grove-
owners figure that it has cost half the market price of the wood to cut
it, varying, of course, with the price and with the age of the trees.
In most instances the grove-owners are cutting down their trees for

Fig. 2. Eucalyptus globulus, 22 years old.

wood when from five to ten years old, nearer five than ten as a general
rule, and it is self-evident that it is much easier to cut up five-year-old
trees than thirty-year-old trees into stove wood, consequently it is less
costly.

EUCALYPTUS FOR OIL.

The leaves and twigs of the tree, when distilled, produce an oil which
has great medicinal properties, and is used quite extensively in medi-
cine at the present time. This oil is a non-irritant antiseptic, which can
be used without the slightest injury on all the tissues of the body and
internally in very small quantities. The amount of oil that can be ex-
tracted from a certain number of pounds of leaves and twigs varies with
the locality in which the grove is situated, in the different trees according
to their positions in the grove, and in the different species of Euca-
lyptus. The latter is also true in regard to its medicinal properties.

34

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

The leaves and twigs of the Eucalyptus globulus, or common Blue Gum,
are used exclusively at the distillery at Garden Grove, Cal. It is
claimed by Mr. J. C. Mitehel, in charge, to be the only species growing
in sufficient quantities in that locality and producing a sufficient
amount of oil per hundred pounds of leaves to make distilling profit-
able. The brush from cut-over areas is generally trimmed up. only
the smallest twigs and leaves being used. The leaves from the brush
of ten cords of wood, cut from trees five years of age, distill from one
and a half to two and a half gallons of oil. or two tons of leaves and
twigs will produce from three to four gallons. The cost of distilling

Fig. 3. Eucalyptus oil distillery.

the oil i> stated as a little over forty cents a pound, or $3 a gallon,
seven and ore half pounds to the gallon. The oil sells wholesale at
from fifty to sixty cents a pound, or from $3.75 to $4.50 a gallon. At
the presenl time the distilleries are having trouble in disposing of
their supply of oil from last winter's distilling.

QUALITY OF SOIL FOR EUCALYPTUS PLANTING.

The question is asked by many, "From what kind of land will the

Eucalyptus return the greatest profits in the shortest time?" The

Hirer is. the best land that it is possible to buy, with the grove under

the mosi correct treatment. The idea is too prevalent that Eucalyptus

ring is exclusively a proposition for* cheap, <\v\\ or poor land. It

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 35

is true that the trees, especially certain species, will live and grow fairly
well under conditions where no other crop could be considered, and if
the object is merely the utilization of such land to the best advantage
Eucalyptus planting may be wise and somewhat profitable. For one,
however, who is buying land for this purpose, or one who already has
fairly good land capable of irrigation or naturally moist, it is becoming
more and more apparent that good land, capable of culture and irri-
gation, will produce far more profitable returns on the investment
by reason of the enormously more rapid growth and greater wood pro-
duction of the trees. Under such conditions a crop of trees may be
produced and marketed and the land then either cleared for other pur-
poses or the stumps allowed to sprout for a second crop, when on poor,
dry land trees of the same age would not pay for cutting.

Eucalyptus planting commercially has a number of points in its favor
as an investment over the fruit industry, principally because the fruit
business is more or less of an uncertainty, while the timber proposition is
comparatively sure. A heavy rain during the blooming period of the
rruit trees checks fertilization, a small crop being the result ; this is
not the case with the wood crop, where the more rain the greater growth
and profits. The harvesting period of most fruits extends over but a
few weeks, and if it is not gathered at that time the crop is a total
loss; while on the other hand the harvesting period of the timber trees
extends over a lifetime. The price of labor may be high, or the value of
the wood much lower than usual ; if either is the case the trees may be
allowed to stand. The following year they will be larger and more
valuable.

METHODS OF GROWING EUCALYPTUS.

The Propagation of the Seedlings. — The necessary conveniences
for the propagation of the seedlings are as follows : seed boxes or flats,
a good soil, seed true to name, plenty of water convenient to all flats,
and in most localities a shade for the young plants from the sun is
required.

The Flats. — Boxes can be bought very cheaply from the grocery
stores, that will make, when sawed up, flats of varying sizes ; flats in
the shook sawed to any size can be bought from the box factories at a
very reasonable price. Flats 22 by 16 inches in size, outside measure,
will hold one hundred transplanted plants, although they can be made
larger or smaller and handled practically as well, but the depth should
not be over three inches, so that the roots of the young plants will have a
tendency to spread out, instead of forming a long tap root that is liable
to be either cut or broken off in transplanting.

I NlYKKslTY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Soil for Seed-bed. — It has been proven that Eucalyptus seeds will
germinate and grow in nearly any soil, from a clear beach sand to
adobe, but the best results are obtained if the seeds are sown in a light
loam, while a medium loam mixed with about one fourth well rotted
horse manure should be used in the transplanting flats.

The Seed. — When buying the seed, care should be taken to deal with
reliable seedsmen, for otherwise a season's growth may be lost by
so wnii! seeds not true to name. Eucalyptus seed can be bought at from
$4 to $15 per pound according to the species and the seedsman's repu-
tation. In many localities seed of a few species can be gathered, such

Fig. 4. Method of gathering Eucalyptus seed.

as the common Bine Gum, Eucalyptus globulus; the Manna Gum, Eu.
viminalis; the Red Gum, Eu. rostrata; the Sugar Gum, Eu. coryuo-
rnhj.i : the Swamp Mahogany, Eu. robusta, and a number of others
thai are scattered over the State.

77" Amount of Seed to Buy-. — The number of fertile seeds of any
species to the pound is very high; the average number of transplanted
plants raised to the pound is 12,000.

The seed of most species can be gathered at all times of the year,

although the greater a mount mature during the summer and fall. The

mould be gathered From the trees when the valves begin

to open ;jml placed on sheets of canvas or blankets in the direct rays of

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

37

the sun. which will open the valves, allowing the seed and chaff to fall
out.

Shade for the Young Plants.— Where a large number of plants are
to be grown, a lath house, with the lath spaced their own width apart
for the protection of the young plants from the midday sun, will be
found more convenient than lath or cheese cloth screens laid on small
frames above the flats, as tne labor required to move them each time
the plants are watered would amount to a large item of expense during
the growing season. The lath house or the screens will also protect
the seed flats from the ravages of the birds and the young plants from

Fig. 5. Eucalyptus seed-bed, in cold frames.

the frosts (if not too severe) during the cold weather of the winter
months, before the time for setting in the field.

The size of a lath house for a desired number of plants can be fig-
ured out, twenty-eight transplanted plants to the square foot, or an
area sixty feet square will hold one hundred thousand transplanted
plants and allow ample room to go among the flats to water them.

The Time to Sow the Seed. — The time to sow the seed varies some-
what with the locality, but as a general rule the seed should be sown
by the latter part of June or first of July, and the seedlings from these
sowings will be large enough to be set out in the field the following
spring, if they receive proper care while young.

38

NIVKKSlTY OF CALIFORNIA KXl'KR 1 M KNT STATION.

Methods of Sowing tin Seed. — The seed is generally .sown broadcast
in the seed flats and the young plants transplanted once before being
set in the field, but some persons take the trouble to sow one seed in a
place and spare them in the flats. By this method transplanting is
unnecessary, while others sow the seeds in hills and practice thinning,
instead of transplanting, before setting out in the field. This latter
method is used in some localities of the San Joaquin Valley with good
success, because of the great trouble experienced in transplanting
during the hot summer months in that region.

However, in the event of either of these methods bein^ used to sow

FU

6. Eucalyptus seedlings, rudis and viminalis.

the seed, till the flats to a depth of two and one half inches with the
prepared soil, pressing it down firmly in the boxes, then sow the seed
and '-over them to a depth of not over one fourth of an inch with
the same .-oil. sand or sawdust, pressing this covering firmly over
them. The Ix-st results have been obtained at the Forestry Station by
using sand, while the Experimental Forestry Company of Hanford,
CaL, have had better results with redwood sawdust as a covering and
mulch for the s i-rl flats than with any other material.

Care of SeedUngs. — The seed flats should be kept damp through the
beat of the day, until the young plants break the ground, then care
must be taken not to use too much water and that there is a good cir-
culation of air over the flats, or the fungous disease "damping off"

Bulletin 19G. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 39

is liable to occur. Damping off is most general on damp, cloudy days
and where the plants are watered late in the evening', as there is very
little evaporation from the earth's surface at night. This disease can
be prevented by using practically no water on cloudy days and only in
the mornings on clear days. Some species most susceptible to damping
off are as follows : Eucalyptus corymbosa, Eu, citriodora, En. calo-
phylla. Eu. fici folia, Eu. globulus.

Transplanting. — If the seeds are sown broadcast in the flats, when
the young plants have reached a height of from two to three inches
they can be transplanted to other flats of prepared soil and spaced from
one and a fourth to two inches apart. The best results in transplanting
are obtained if the plants are hardened off for a few days beforehand
by checking the water supply, allowing them to become quite dry.
The soil into which the young plants are transplanted should be kept
damp, and the plants should be protected from the direct rays of the
sun for a few days.

The Time to Set the Plants in the Field. — The time to set the plants
in the field varies with the climatic conditions or localities and whether
the plants are to receive irrigation or not. In localities where frosts
are common through the winter months, it is advisable to set the trees
out a.s early in the spring as possible without endangering them to a
late frost and still have them receive the benefit of the late rains, so
that they will have a full season's growth to withstand the frosts of
the following winter. If the trees are to be irrigated, they can be set
out later in the season without danger of loss from want of moisture.

Size of Plants When Set Out. — To insure a good stand the plants
should not be under six or over ten inches in height when set in the
field ; to a certain extent the smaller the plants when set out the better
the results afterward, although the size varies somewhat with the
species and the locality.

Blue Gum seedlings have been found, in many instances, to make a
better stand in the coast regions if set out when they are from four
to six inches in height. Better stands are obtained in the San Joaquin
Valley if the seedlings of all the species are from ten to twenty inches
high when set in the field. In many species the roots are as long if
not longer than the plant's own height above ground, and this is a
family of plants that will not stand a large amount of mutilation to the
root system, consequently better results are obtained from setting out
small plants.

Preparation of the Land. — The land upon which a Eucalyptus plant-
ing is to be put out should be thoroughly plowed and harrowed. The

40

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

fields can be marked out in the check system by horses with cheaply
constructed wooden markers, although the rows probably will not be
as straight as in the fields laid out by hand, but the trees will be the
same distance apart in the rows in either direction and cultivation
can be carried on as easily as in the more carefully laid out fields.

The Distance Apart to Set the Young Trees in the Field. — The dis-
tance apart, in setting out the seedlings in the fields, becomes a problem
to the owner. The species of Eucalyptus, the soil, the distance to water,
and whether the trees are to be grown for fuel, ties, or lumber, all have
to be taken into consideration. Some species of Eucalyptus must be

Fig.

Natural seedlings of Eucalyptus globulus.

planted nearer together than others in order to obtain straight poles;
that is, some species are naturally straight growing trees, while others
. out of the perpendicular unless set in close plantings. If the
soil is heavy rich loam, the trees can be planted as close as 6 by 6
feet apart unless irrigation is to be practiced. In the latter case,
A by 8 feel would be the right distance, thus leaving an eight-foot
- \'(,r ploughing out the irrigating ditches each year. If it is
a lighter soil on which the planting is to be made, 8 by 8 feet is the
proper distance, or 6 by 10 feet if irrigation is to be practiced.

The f.\()<(- planting has a tendency to sacrifice the diameter growth in
. or of the height, also making more erect trees and forming a perfect

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 41

canopy with their crowns that will shade the soil, nearly preventing evap-
oration, as well as any vegetable growth on the forest floor. Close plant-
ing matures a greater number of perfect trees, as the struggle for
supremacy or the survival of the fittest is worked out as in nature. In
this way all the weaker are killed in a few seasons, and the food supply
allotted to them by nature is taken up by the stronger ones.

The Setting of the Plants in the Field. — After the land has been
prepared the young plants can be brought into the field on a low
truck, driven between the rows. The plants can be distributed directly
from the truck to the men setting them out on both sides, or the flats
can be placed at intervals along the rows. The plants should be blocked
out in the flats before being brought into the field, by drawing a sharp
knife between the rows. If care is taken to set out the young plants
with this small amount of soil around their rootlets, the shock caused
in transplanting is reduced to a minimum. Each planter should carry
a trowel, to make the holes that are to receive the young plants at the
intersection of the marked lines. These holes should be of a depth that
the plants can be set from one half to an inch lower in the soil than
they originally were in the flats. Each plant should have the soil
pressed firmly about it and receive a small amount of water, unless the
soil is moist from recent rains.

Care of the Young Plantings. — Thorough cultivation forms a mulch
that checks evaporation and kills the weeds that would necessarily take
up a large amount of the young seedling's food supply if they were
allowed to grow; therefore cultivation should be carried on as long as
possible without danger of injuring the young trees by driving a horse
between them. The plantings can generally be cultivated for the first
season and part of the second before the limbs of the trees spread out
and interlap so that it is impossible to drive between the rows. It is
an acknowledged fact that the only way to obtain a good stand, and give
the trees a start, is to cultivate and take care of the plantings from the
time of setting out. However, there are to be found in the State
a number of groves that have been set out on land that is too hilly
or rocky to cultivate and the trees have made fair growths, although
not great enough for similar lands to be recommended for commercial
purposes.

Thinning of the Young Trees. — It is a self-evident fact that to grow
large trees for lumber a greater space than 6 by 6 feet is needed for
each tree to reach a large diameter, but at the same time it would not
be good management to set out just the number of trees to the acre
which we expect to mature. Trees are killed by gophers and rabbits-

±2 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

others by extremes of temperature. It is practically impossible to
replant in the missing spaces after the young trees are one year old,
for the soil is full of the roots of the surviving trees. We have seen
- o iphered when two years of age and sixteen feet in height. Com-
panion trees of the gophered ones certainly had roots extending over an
area with a radius equal to their own height.

The chance of replants living and producing valuable trees is ex-
tremely small. To produce good poles, ties and lumber straight trees
are required ; very few trees will grow irregularly if they are started
straight the first year. Close planting produces straight growing trees.

■

:- If

Young grove of Eucalyptus globulus, end of first summer.

It is a known fact that however well the trees may be grown and planted
there will be a considerable number of weak, inferior ones in every
thousand set in the field. These can be easily picked out in a grove
during the first year and the contrast in growth will be even greater
the second year if they are allowed to remain. They not only have
little value in themselves, but they are an injury to the better trees
by their presence. Therefore, a planting upon any good soil may with
advantage be set out 6 by 6 feet apart (1,210 trees to the acre), and at
the end of the first year a rigid thinning should be started, removing
with a grub hoe al] weak, inferior or injured trees. This thinning
should be cMrr\cA on until only the strong and healthy trees, or a cer-
tain Dumber, remain to the acre. By this method which amounts to

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

43

helping nature work out the survival of the fittest, some trees will stand
at the original distance that they were planted while others will stand
at multiples of that distance. The extra cost of close planting will
never be noticed when the largest possible stand of healthy trees is
guaranteed, which is practically the case under this method. If thin-
ning is carried out as many planters contemplate, by a set plan, remov-
ing every other one or two trees, many strong and healthy trees will be
sacrificed.

Care of the Trees. — The value df a plantation when ten years old

Fig. 9. Eucalyptus globulus, 2 years old, under irrigation.

will depend most largely on the care that it received during the first
four or five years of its growth. To receive the greatest returns possible
from a planting necessarily means that the greatest possible number of
perfect trees must be brought to maturity. Consequently, one of the
most essential points in regard to the growing of perfect trees is that
they start to grow erect with clean trunks the first few years. Some
trees will naturally start in this way, while others fork, producing a
number of lateral branches on their trunks that nature can not remove
in the natural pruning of the trees ; therefore, men should be sent
through the plantations each year removing all limbs that have a ten-
dency to deform the trees. After the third or fourth year the trees
2— Bull. 196

44

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

will have grown to such a height that to remove the limbs may prove
impractical in most eases.

Fig. 10. Eucalyptus globulus, 4 years old.

A1 this period (the fourth or fifth year) there enters a new prob-

the remova] of the poorer trees for wood and stakes to allow the

remainder a larger area of soil to draw upon and a greater space

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 45

above ground to extend their branches. At this time the trees on an
acre can be reduced to a certain number, leaving these to grow for
telephone poles, ties, and lumber, or the entire grove may be cut for
stakes and wood. Each owner will have to figure out for himself the
time at which his grove will bring him the greatest returns, whether for
poles, ties, stakes, wood or lumber. At present in the Imperial Valley
it would be profitable to cut a five-year-old grove for stakes, while in
the northern part of the San Joaquin Valley or the lower part of the
Sacramento Valley it would be more profitable to let the grove grow
for from ten to fifteen years for ties, fence posts, wood or lumber.

The Care of the Planting After the Cutting of the Crop. — If the

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Fig. 11. Eucalyptus globulus, 10 months' growth of sprouts after cutting.

leaves are not to be distilled for oil, the brush should be piled and
burned as soon as the wood, ties, posts, or logs have been removed.
To obtain the best results and largest growth from the stumps in the
form of sprouts, it is absolutely necessary that the crop be removed
from the planting as soon as possible after it is cut and then the leaves
and brush be burned at once, or otherwise the sprouts will start to grow
and a large number will be killed or injured in removing the crop or
burning of the brush at a later date.

Sprouts will start out from the stumps in from three to six weeks
from the date the trees are cut down, in any month of the year. The
number of sprouts to the stump is generally large, as is recorded in
another part of this bulletin. To obtain the largest profits from the
sprout growth in the shortest length of time it is necessary to go

-±6 UNIYEKSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

over the planting when the sprouts are from six months to a year old
and remove all but from two to four of the largest and most erect
growing, leaving them well spaced around each stump. If all of the
sprouts are allowed to remain their growth is retarded, as there will
be a struggle to live. Finally, a number of the stronger ones is all
that remain, but Nature's thinning is an inferior one because she
allows too many sprouts to remain on each stump for all or any of them
to mature into trees of a profitable growth to the owner.

The Second Cutting Shows an Increase in Quantity. — That the num-
ber of cords per acre at the second cutting is greater for the same
length of time is due to the fact that where there was originally but
cne tree, there grows up a large number of sprouts, which should be
thinned out to from two to four of the strongest. These sprouts make
a more rapid growth than their parent tree, due to the fact that they
have a fully developed root system, which is capable of supplying
the food to a mature tree.

The Danger of Loss by Fire. — Every person who is looking into the
proposition of the growing of the Eucalyptus commercially comes at
some time to the question of loss by fire. The writer has seen a large
number of trees of the following species: globulus, corynocalyx (Sugar
Gum . cornuta and rostrata (Red Gum), standing but slightly scarred
about their trunks after the grass had been burned about them. A
few of the smaller trees were completely defoliated, but in most cases
sprouts grew out along the branches, and in cases where the trunks
were so damaged that the trees were killed above the ground sprouts
grew up from the roots.

The trees in danger from fire are those in wind-breaks around hay-
fields or in groves where the trees have been set at such distances
apart that their crowns are unable to form a canopy that will shade
the ground enough to check the native vegetation from growing. In
groves set 8 by 8 feet apart or less, it will be only a year or two, with
an ordinary groAvth, until their crowns will have formed a complete
canopy that will cast a dense shade, nearly eliminating the growth of
any native vegetation. Then the only material to be found on the
forest floor will be a small amount of weeds and leaves, over which a
fire could pass but slowly, causing very little, if any damage. How-
ever, in all cases precautions should be taken to keep fires out of the
plantings, as the least damage to the trees goes against the profits of
the grove'

The Power of Sprouting. — The question of whether a certain species
of Eucalyptus will send up sprouts after the seedling trees are cut off, is
asked by many prospective growers. We fail to know of a species that
will not sprout after being cut, or one that will not sprout at any time

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 47

of year after the trees are cut down; a stump sometimes dies without
sprouting, but it is an exception, not common to any one species.

On May 2, 1907, one tree each of ten species of Eucalyptus was cut
down, and on October 2, 1907, the number of sprouts to each stump,
diameter of stump, and the height of the largest sprout of each species
were measured. The Blue Gum sprout measured was not one of the
largest, as the stump had been driven over and many sprouts destroyed
during the latter part of the summer; the sprouts of the other species
had never been injured in any way.

Eucalyptus globulus (common Blue Gum) ; the stump measured
seven and one half inches in diameter, it had twenty-one sprouts, and
the largest was forty-five inches in height.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx (Sugar Gum) ; the stump measured five
and one half inches in diameter; thirty-five sprouts were growing
around it, and the largest one measured fifty-two inches in height.

Eucalyptus leucoxylon; the stump measured five and one half inches
in diameter; fifty-two sprouts were growing around it, and the largest
one measured forty-one inches in height.

Eucalyptus polyanthema; the stump of this species measured three
inches in diameter; fifteen sprouts were growing around it, and the
largest one measured seventy-one inches in height.

Eucalyptus punctata; the stump of this species measured five inches
in diameter ; forty-two sprouts were growing around it, and the largest
one measured forty-five inches in height.

Eucalyptus rostrata; the stump measured five and one fourth inches
in diameter; eight sprouts were growing around it, and the largest
one measured forty-one inches in height.

Eucalyptus siderophloia; the stump measured four and one half
inches in diameter; fifty-five sprouts were growing around it, and the
largest one measured forty-seven inches in height.

Eucalyptus Stuartiana; the stump measured five and one half inches
in diameter; fifty-nine sprouts were growing around it, and the largest
one measured seventy-one inches in height.

Eucalyptus tereticornis; the stump of this species measured four
and one half inches in diameter; two sprouts were growing from it,
and the largest one measured forty-two inches in height.

Eucalyptus viminalis; the stump of this species measured eleven
inches in diameter; sixteen sprouts were growing around it, and the
largest one measured sixty-five inches in height.

There are a large number of other species on the Forestry Station
grounds that have been cut down, all of which sprouted.

Natural Seedlings. — Many plants growing in countries far from
their native homes will not reproduce themselves from seed naturally

4>

N1VKKMTY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION,

in the soil. The Eucalyptus produces seedlings naturally to a con-
siderable extent in California, along the southern coast. At the present

Fi%. 12. Eucalyptus globulus, 10-year-old sprouts.

there are to be found on the bluffs near Port Los Angeles, one
and one half miles northwesl of Santa Monica, thousands of Euca-

Bulletin 190.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

49

lyptus globulus (common Blue Gum) plants and seedlings ranging
in age from six months to three years. There are seedlings of the fol-

■, ■

Fig. 13. Eucalyptus citriodora.

lowing species in large numbers on these bluffs: Eucalyptus coryno-
calyx, cornuta, leuco.rylon, and Gunnii.

50

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

In the old grove on the Forestry Station grounds a large number of
seedlings come up every year after cultivation is stopped in June.

Fig. 1

Eucalyptus diversicolor.

Some of the species recorded as having volunteered are as follows:
Eucalyptus citriodora, one specimen now three years old; punctata.

Bulletin 19(3. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 51

five and six feet in height at the present time; leucoxylou, corynocalyx,
globulus, polyanthema, and siderophloia.

There are a few small plants among the Eucalyptus street trees
on Seventh street and Nevada avenue, Santa Monica.

Fig. 15. Eucalyptus rostrata, 22 years old.

THE SPECIES OF EUCALYPTUS TO BE FOUND GROWING IN

CALIFORNIA.

This list does not purport to be absolutely complete for the localities mentioned,
but is sufficient to give a good idea of what species are growing in the State.

At Chico, Butte County, in the Sacramento Valley, the climate is
too severe for planting as a commercial enterprise, though the most
resistant species like Eucalyptus globulus, rostrata, and viminalis

02 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

grow fairly well. The following species were tested at the Chico For-
stry Station ten years ago and found to be too tender for that region:

Fig. 16. Eucalyptus rudis.

Eucalyptus cosmophylla, cinera, Lehmannii, acmi nioides, andreana.
botryoides, decipiens, floribunda, citriodora, ficifolia, and calophylla;

Ill LLETIN 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

53

while the following, although they made a small growth, are too tender
for the locality: rudis, tereticornis, resinifera, and diversicolov.

Fig. 17. Eucalyptus sideroxylon, 26 years old.

The Eucalyptus trees around Yuba City and Marysville are of the
species globulus, or common Glue Gum, and viminalis. Mr. B. F. Wal-

54

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

ion has a fine grove of Eucalyptus viminalis thirty years old situated
some three miles southwest of Yuba City.

Mr. H. A. Alspaeh, Superintendent of East Lawn Cemetery, Sacra-
mento, received a shipment of twelve species of Eucalyptus from this
Station in the spring of 1906, and in January, 1907, the only surviving
species were as follows: tereticornis, rostrata, rudis, and diversicolor.

Fig. 18. Eucalyptus viminalis.

In the vicinity of Elmira there are growing the following species :
globulus, rostrata, viminalis, paniculata, and melliodora. Although
there are a number of species growing in the north, Eucalyptus globulus
forms the bulk of all the plantings over ten years old; in fact, as well
in the southern part of the State as in the northern part.

On the grounds of the University of California, at Berkeley, the
following species are growing: Eucalyptus viminalis, rostrata, glob-
ulus, resiwifera, amygdaUna, Eugenioides, paniculata, pilularis, obliqua,

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 55

citriodora, Gunnii, and others. There are large groves of the common
Blue Gum, globulus, growing on the hillsides at North Berkeley ; and a
small grove of very fine globulus trees at the entrance to the University
grounds from the Berkeley railroad station.

At San Jose the following Eucalypts are found: globulus, rostrata,
viminalis, Stuartiana, corynocalyx, rudis, poly antli etna, and tereticornis.

At Salinas Eucalyptus rostrata and globulus are to be found in small
numbers.

At San Luis Obispo Eucalyptus globulus has been the only gum set
out to any extent, although at the present time there are a number of
persons contemplating the setting out of large plantings of rostrata
and tereticornis.

At Santa Maria, northern Santa Barbara County, the following
Eucalypts are growing: corynocalyx, citriodora, cornuta, cornuta
var. Lehmannii, rudis, rostrata, robusta, sideroxylon var. rosea.

The Hon. Ellwood Cooper has one of the largest collections of Euca-
lypts in the State at his ranch, twelve miles north of Santa Barbara at
Ellwood; some of the species are as follows: citriodora, globulus,
diversicolor, hemiphloia, rostrata, tereticornis, and viminalis.

In the vicinity of Santa Barbara are to be found groves of robusta
and globulus, and specimens of botryoides, microtheca, sideroxylon var.
rosea, corymbosa, and amygdalina var. angustifolia.

At Ventura there are trees of globidus and robusta.

From Santa Paula to Piru there are trees of globulus, rostrata, vim-
inalis, robusta, and polyanthema; all of these species have made good
growths in this region.

From Port Costa to Fresno, on the Valley railroad line, there are but
few groves of Eucalyptus, practically all of which are of the species
globulus, or common Blue Gum.

In the city of Fresno and vicinity there is to be found quite a large
collection of Eucalypts, some of which are as follows : rudis, robusta,
rostrata, crebra, viminalis, polyanthema, paniculata, and globulus.

At Hanford, Cal., the Experimental Forestry Company has tested
a large number of Eucalypts and have found that the following: tere-
ticornis, globulus, rudis, rostrata, siderophloia, resinifera, viminalis,
crebra, and Stuartiana will withstand the climate of that region and
make a good growth. The Sugar Gum, Eucalyptus corynocalyx, punc-
tata, diversicolor, ficifolia, calophylla and citriodora all succumb to the
frosts.

There are six different species that have made a fair growth at Tulare,
as follows : amygdalina, Gunnii, rostrata, viminalis, globulus, and
resinifera.

56 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

The largest grove o£ Eucalyptus sideroxylon known to the writer is
situated at Garden Grove, Cal., and is twenty-six years old. The other
species in this loealty are rostrata, globulus, corynqcalyx, and viminalis.

In the vicinity of Orange, CaL. there are the following species
in wind-breaks and street trees: Eucalyptus sideroxylon, robusia, coryn-
(■•calyx, rostrata and globulus.

On the Bixby Ranch, northeast of Orange, there has been set out this
last spring over seventy acres of land in the foothills to the following
species: Eucalyptus tereticornis, crebra, corynocalyx, and globulus.

Eucalyptus globulus predominates in the country around Santa Ana
and Tustin, with a few trees of rostrata, corynocalyx and robusia.

There is a large planting of Eucalyptus corynocalyx near El Toro
on the Santa Fe railroad line.

From Santa Ana to Del Mar, practically the only species growing
is the Sugar Gum, Eucalyptus corynocalyx. At Del Mar there are a
large number of trees of the species globidus set out some ten years ago.
and nearly all of these trees show the effects of the ocean winds.

The Sugar Gum is in the largest numbers of any of the Eucalypts
around San Diego as a street and shade tree, while there are other
trees of the following species: citriodora, cornuta, robusta, and cal-
ophylla.

The Santa Fe Railroad Company has purchased a ranch at Del Mar,
San Diego County, which covers nearly 8,000 acres, which they eventu-
ally expect to cover with Eucalyptus trees for ties, bridge timbers, etc..
to be used along their roadways and in their coaches. This last spring
a start was made on the planting. Eucalyptus rostrata, resinifera, and
tereticornis are thought of very favorably by the company.

The company has sent one agent to southern Europe to make a
study of the methods employed there in the growing of the Eucalypts
commercially, and another has been sent to Australia to make a study of
the trees in their native country.

At Charter Oak and San Dimas are found a large number of trees
of the species Eucalyptus citriodora, globulus, viminalis. rostrata, and
I oh ust a.

Pomona has many groves of Eucalypts, one of which is situated about
four miles southwest and is composed of the following species: Euca-
lyptus viminalis, rostrata, diver sicolor, resinifera, and globulus.

Prom Pomona to Riverside there are many groves, wind-breaks
and short avenues of corynocalyx and globidus.

At Riverside on the different drives and streets are to be found the
following Eucalypts: globulus, rostrata, viminalis, punctata, robusta,
and corynocalyx. There are two specimens of popxdi folia at Arlington.

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 57

At Colton the following Eucalypts are found: robusta, globulus,
viminalis, and corynocalyx.

In San Bernardino the following are growing : Eucalyptus globulus,
corynocalyx, robusta, rostrata, and polyanthema.

At Redlands as street trees and in the Smiley Heights Park are to
be found the following: corynocalyx, robusta, virriinalis, ficifolia,
globulus, rostrata, sideroxylon, and citriodora.

At Imperial, in the Imperial Valley, there have until the present
time been only three species tried that can withstand the heat ; these are
as follows: Eucalyptus rostrata, tereticornis, and rudis. The common
Blue Gum, globulus, has succumbed to the heat in every instance where
it has been set out in that region.

The following is a list of the different species of Eucalyptus growing
on the University of California Forestry Station grounds at Santa
Monica :

Eucalyptus amygdalina, amygdalina var. angusti folia, Andreana.
acmenioides, botryoides, citriodora, calophylla, cornuia, cornuta var.
Lehmannii, corymbosa, corynocalyx, cosmophylla, coriacea, cordata,
dicipiens, diver sicolor, Eugenioides, eximia, ficifolia, globulus, gonio-
calyx, gomphocephala, Gunnii, haemastoma, incrassata, jugalis, leu-
coxylon, longifolia, leptophleba, largiflorens, macrocarpa, macrorhyncha,
marginata, McArthurii, Mulleriana, maculata, microcorys, megacarpa,
obcordata, obtusifolia, occidentalis, paniculata, pilularis, piperita,
polyanthema, platypus, punctata, populifolia, pulverulenta, redunca,
r eg nans, rostrata, rudis, resinifera, robusta, resinifera var. grandifolia,
rubida, raver entiana, siderophloia, sideroxylon, sideroxylon var. rosea,
Sirberiana, Stuartiana, salmonophloia, stellulata, tereticornis, viminalis.

EUCALYPTUS FOR PLANTING IN CALIFORNIA.

Of these many different species of Eucalyptus, the majority of which
are unknown save to the specialist, we select the following eighteen for
special consideration, as being the most promising for commercial plant-
ing in California on the basis of present knowledge. The order of
arrangement is simply alphabetical.

EUCALYPTUS BOTRYOIDES. BASTARD MAHOGANY.

(Figures 19, 21, and 22.)

The trees of this species are very erect in growth, but branched; the
bark of the trunks of the old trees is reddish brown in color, rough and
nearly persistent; the limbs are generally smooth, shedding their bark
in long strips.

The leaves are lance-shaped, leathery in texture, in color the upper
surface is a dark green, while the lower surface is much paler.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

The flower clusters are borne laterally on compressed stalks. The
seed cases are five to seven in number, deep, cup-shaped and stemless.

Eucalyptus botryoides.

Fig. 20. Eucalyptus citriodora.

The timber of this species is considered by the Australian writers
to be one of the best of the Eucalypts, when it is grown where there is
plenty of water.

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

59

This species is growing around Santa Barbara and Montecito, also
south along the coast.

The young trees at the Forestry Station, fourteen months old, made

Fig. 21. Eucalyptus botryoides.

an average growth of nearly 13 feet, and a tree six years old has a
height of 38 feet ten inches and a diameter of iy2 inches.

This species makes the best of wind-breaks and is also one of the best
Eucalypts to use as a shade tree.

3— Bull. 196

60

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 22. Eucalyptus botryoides. Natural size.

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

61

EUCALYPTUS CITRIODORA. LEMON SCENTED GUM.
(Figures 13 (p. 49), 20 (p. 58), and 23 and 24.)

Eucalyptus citriodora is of an erect habit of growth (see page 49) in
protected places, but branches more or less in unprotected situations.
This species has a tendency to put out most of its limbs on the windward
side. Figure 13 shows a typical specimen of the species standing in an
unprotected situation.

Fig.

Eucalyptus citriodora.

The deciduous bark of the old trees is of a cream color, mixed here and
there with dark shades of lavender, due to the unequal flaking off of the
bark, which generally occurs in June and July, while the trees are in
bloom.

The drooping branches with their long, narrow and slightly curved
leaves, which are dark green on both sides, give to the trees a weeping
effect. The leaves when crushed give off a very fragrant lemon scented
aroma, from which the species derives its name.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

The buds with their deciduous calyx caps are nearly egg-shaped,
while the matiuv fruit is nearly spherical, with the valves, four in

i-'i^. 24. Eucalyptus citriodora. Natural size.

number, enclosed. The seed ripens during the summer months. It is
flal in shape, nearly the size of the Blue Gum, but has a yellowish
colored center.

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 63

The range of this species is limited to the warmer parts of the State,
because it is not able to withstand frost. It thrives best along the coast,
from Ellwood, Santa Barbara County, to Coronado, San Diego County.
Trees of this species can be found in many of the towns, if there are
parks or wealthy residents. Some fine specimens are to be found in
West Lake Park, Los Angeles; at San Dimas, in the citrus region, a
large number of these trees has been set out.

Mr. J. B. Neff, of Anaheim, has two fine specimens of this species,
twelve years old, in front of his house; the trees have made a growth
of a little over sixty feet.

This species can be grown on any tillable soil, free from alkali, where
the temperature does not fall much below 32°F. The average growth
per year of trees of this species, for from ten to sixteen years, is between
five and six feet. There are, however, a few specimens which have,
under irrigation, made a greater growth.

The wood of this species when sawed is light colored, and has a
very close grain ; it is a wood that undoubtedly can be put to many prac-
tical uses, although there are many others of a more rapid growth with
as good if not more valuable wood. It is a wood that splits very readily.

EUCALYPTUS CORYMBOSA. BLOODWOOD, N. S. W.
(Figures 25, 27, and 28.)

This species has an erect habit of growth, forming straight poles with
but few limbs.

The bark of the old trees is rough, but not deeply furrowed. It is
persistent and of a dark gray color. The bark of the limbs is smooth
and brown in color.

The leaves are long, lance-shaped, dark green on the upper surface,
while the under surface is several shades lighter. The young foliage
is very light green in color and waxy. The petioles of the leaves are
red in color.

The buds are borne on long stalklets, in clusters of from two to
seven, in paniculated umbels. The mature seed cases are somewhat
similar in shape to those of the Sugar Gum, but much larger. The
valves are deeply enclosed.

The wood of this species varies in color from a brown to a red and is
full of gum veins, which make the lumber for building purposes or
wagon work valueless. However, it is recommended by the Australian
writers as very durable and valuable as piles and ties, especially for
work in the water.

If the bark is injured an exudate appears, which is red in color, but
soon hardens, forming a very dark colored, resin-like substance.

64

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — KXPKKIMKNT STATION.

* ■ '■ ' '

1

EHMHHi . (

i

%

■Bp^ '

§sWi->i '

fl 1

*

:.

Wi'i r, «ij*J

Hi V

J/ • ff ^

Pig 25. Eucalyptus corymbosa.

Fig. 26. Eucalyptus corynocalyx (p. 66).

Bulletin 196. eucalyptus in California.

65

Fig. 27. Eucalyptus corymbose. Natural size.

66

IMVKKsirv OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Trees of this species are growing at Santa Barbara and in that
vicinity, also along the coast south of there in a few places. To reach
its greatest development it requires a moist locality, where heavy frosts
are uncommon.

A tree on the Forestry Station grounds has made a growth of 82%
feet and a diameter of ll1/^ inches chest high in eighteen years.

Fig. 28. Eucalyptus corymbosa.

EUCALYPTUS CORYNOCALYX. SUGAR GUM.
(Figures 26, 29, and 30.)

Trees of this species in close planting grow erect, having a very open
crown, while individual specimens branch low, with the branches scat-
tering. The bark of the trunks of the old trees is deciduous, and of a
scaly appearance, due to the unequal flaking oft' at different times of the
y<;h.r. In color it varies from a cream to a dark gray.

The branches are smooth, shading off in color to a light green, while

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

67

the twigs, young seedlings and sprouts are of a reddish hue. The leaves
of the young plants are ovate, dark green in color on the upper side
of the leaf and several shades lighter underneath. Those of the old

Fig 29. Eucalyptus corynocalyx.

trees are long, slightly curved and sharply pointed, somewhat leathery in
texture, dark green on the upper side and lighter in color beneath.
The buds are borne laterally and bloom during August and Septem-
ber; umbels alternate, solitary, pedicels short, the buds with their
deciduous calyx caps are dumb-bell shaped, while the mature fruit is

68

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 30. Eucalyptus corynocalyx. Natural size.

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

69

!::; *

Fig. 31. Eucalyptus crebra (p. 72).

Fig. 32. Eucalyptus diversicolor.

'0

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

egg-shaped, with the valves three to four in* number, generally three,
enclosed. The seed ripens during* the summer months and is brown in
color and the size of the Blue Gum seed, but not so angular.

The lumber of the Sugar Gum is of a yellowish white color, easy to
work when green but very hard if allowed to dry. This wood is very
close grained and hard, and tested very high at Berkeley in the tests

Fig.

Eucalyptus crebra (p. 72).

carried on by the United States Forestry Service. The wood can be
used for the same purpose as the Blue Gum wood, and is durable under
ground.

Trees of this species reach their best development in the southern part
of the State. The Sugar Gum has been given a thorough trial in both the
San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys, but in every case known to the
writer they have been killed by frost. Some of the best growths of
this tree can be seen at Riverside, or in the towns along the coast from

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

71

Fig. 34. Eucalyptus crebra. Natural size (p. 72).

i- UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

San Diego to Santa Monica. This is one of the trees much used in
southern California as a street tree, especially at and around San Diego.
It is to be found growing as wind-breaks around Riverside, San Bernar-
dino, Colton, Ontario, Pomona, and San Dimas.

This species is one of the most drought resistent and valuable Euca-

Fig. 35. Eucalyptus diversicolor (p. 75).

lypts that can be set out commercially, but it succumbs to frost. It
is of a much slower growth than the other commercial Eucalypts, coming
after rostrata, as a rule.

EUCALYPTUS CREBRA.
(Figures 31, 33, and 34) (pp. 69, 70, 71.)

This species is of an erect growth and has a very rough, persistent
bark of a Light grayish color, the rough bark extending to the limbs-.
and small twigs, which are smooth.

Bulletin IDG

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

73

Fig. 36. Eucalyptus diversicolor. Natural size (p. 75),

<4 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

The leaves are long, narrow, equally dark green on both sides and
pendulous, giving the trees a weeping effect.

The mature seed cases are borne in paniculated umbels, and are small,
cup-shaped, with the valves, generally four in number, enclosed.

The wood is hard, durable and of a reddish color, considered very
valuable.

Fig. 37. Eucalyptus globulus.

This species has the power to resist frosts and is found growing at
Fresno and in the southern part of the State.

It is being set out in great numbers at the present time by companies,
in commercial plantings.

\r\ rapidity of growth this species ranks near the Eucalyptus rostrata.

Bulletin 196. eucalyptus in California. 75

eucalyptus diversicolor.

(Figures 11 (p. 50), 32, 35, and 36.)

The natural growth of this species is erect, with branched, open
crowns; isolated specimens, as well as those in close plantings, have
straight trunks suitable for poles. (Fig. 14.)

The bark of the old trees is nearly persistent, only small areas
flaking off at irregular intervals of time. The color varies on the same
tree from a light to a very dark gray, almost black in some instances.

The leaves are lance-shaped, of medium size, leathery texture, the
veins being parallel and at nearly right angles to the mid- vein. In
color the upper surface is dark green, while the under surface is sev-
eral shades lighter.

The buds are borne in solitary axillary umbels in clusters of from
four to nine, on one-fourth inch stalklets. The mature seed cases are
similar to those of the Eucalyptus citriodora and maculata, egg-shaped,
with the small end cut off; the valves, four in number, are enclosed.

The wood is very hard, durable and of a very light red color. It
is valuable as ties, lumber for building purposes, wagon work, and
in the manufacturing of furniture, as it takes a fine polish.

This species was set out at. Hanford, but it succumbed to the
frosts. The Hon. Ellwood Cooper has fine specimens growing at Ell-
wood, north of Santa Barbara.

The trees on the Forestry Station grounds, set out four years ago,
have made a growth of 32 feet in height and 3y2 inches in diameter.
The eighteen-year-old trees have a growth of 72 feet in height and 14%
inches in diameter. This species makes its greatest growth along the
coast, where water is plentiful.

EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS. BLUE GUM.
(Figures 9, 10, 11, 12 (pp. 43-48), 37 and 38.) ♦

Individuals of this species grow erect as a rule, branching low in
isolated specimens, while those in close plantings have small crowns
and are practically free from lateral branches. The bark of the seed-
ling is light bluish green in color, while that of the trunks of the old
trees varies from a light brown to a gray or greenish color due to
the flaking off of the bark in long strips. The limbs are generally
smooth.

The stems of the seedlings are rectangular in shape, while their
i eaves and those of the sprouts of the old trees are opposite, oblong,
bluntly pointed, and of a light bluish green color, darker on the upper
side of the leaf. Those of the old trees are elongated, sickle-shaped,
leathery in texture, and equally dark green on both sides.
-Bull. 196

re

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 38. Eucalyptus globulus. Natural size.

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 77

This species is in bloom from January to May, the flowers being
white in color, generally solitary, axillary and borne --on short
stalks. The whitish buds are angular, with a bluntly pointed saucer-
shaped deciduous cap, while the mature fruit is dark green in color,
with from three to five valves, generally four, barely enclosed.

Trees of this species endure the frosts of the Sacramento Valley as
far north as Red Bluff, Tehama County, and the dry heat of the San
Joaquin Valley. It is found in nearly every town south of San Fran-
cisco to San Diego, and out to the edge of the Imperial desert region.
A large number of Blue Gum seedlings have been set out in Imperial
Valley, but nearly all have died on account of the intense heat, while
the trees of the species rostrata and rudis have survived the heat and
are making wonderful growths under irrigation.

The Blue Gum reaches its greatest development along the coast and
river bottoms, where the annual rainfall is fifteen or more inches, and
foggy days are common; although trees of this species are to be found
growing on lands varying from an alkali to a rich loam, and at varying
elevations from river bottoms to hilltops. On the east slope of a num-
ber of small hills near Santa Monica, Cal., this species volunteers
readily from its own seeds.

The lumber of this species is durable above ground, and is being
sawed at San Jose, Cal., for the felloes, poles, reaches and singletrees
of wagons, and flooring, insulator pins, and, in fact, anything that
requires strength. It is valued at the same price as that of oak lumber,
which it is slowly replacing. The wood is yellowish white in color,
close grained and easily polished. It has a tendency to chip when
planed, on account of a wavy grain.

The leaves from the Blue Gum furnish practically all the Eucalyp-
tus oil in this country, as it is claimed by the distillers that it is the
only species producing a sufficient quantity of oil per hundred pounds
of leaves to make distilling a profitable business.

This species, Eucalyptus globulus, is undoubtedly better known than
any of the other Eucalypts in this State, and is recognized generally
in the State as one of the fastest growing trees in the world. Following
are some of the growths recorded in different localities: Rev. Jewett
of Vacaville, Cal., has a grove of 319 trees, set out 8 by 8 feet apart
on a medium loam, that are twenty-five years old. The average height
is 125 feet and the average diameter is 14*4 inches chest high.

Mr. Blanchard of Santa Paula, Ventura County, recorded 143 feet
in height and 3 to 4 feet in diameter at the base of the trees in a thirty-
year-old wind-break that was cut down during the winter of 1906 and
1907. These trees had always been irrigated with the orange grove
which they protected from heavy winds.

I 8

fNIVERSITV OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Mr. Cory of the same place recorded growths of 124 feet in height
and 3 feel in diameter at the base of the trees, which were twelve years
old when cut on the Limoneira Ranch at Haines, Ventura County,
These trees had always been irrigated with the lemons.

Fig. '■'.'.). Eucalyptus leucoxylon.

Fig. 50. Eucalyptus polyanthema (p. SI)

Mrs. Copely, of Riverside, has a live-acre grove, under irrigation.
sel out 4 by 8 feel apart, on a sandy soil at Bloomington. They are
two years old and have an average height of 25 feet. (Fig. 9.)

We have a one- fourth acre grove on the Forestry Station grounds

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

79

at Santa Monica. The trees were set out 4 by 4 feet apart on a mesa
two hundred feet above the sea level, and never have received any
irrigation except a small can of water per tree when set out. (The
rains average nearly twenty inches.) These trees at four and one
half years old average over 40 feet, and two of the specimens measure
53% feet in height, and have a diameter chest high of 7% inches.

Pig. 41. Eucalyptus leucoxylon.

EUCALYPTUS LEUCOXYLON.

(Figures 39, 41, and 42.)

The trees of this species grow branched and out of shape, both in
isolated specimens and close planting. In individual specimens they
are very ornamental.

-

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA— EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 42. Eucalyptus leucoxylon. Natural size.

Bulletin 196. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 81

The deciduous bark of the trunks of the old trees varies from a
cream to a very dark gray, in some instances a brownish color. The
bark is generally smooth, flaking off in irregular strips.

The leaves of the young plants and the sprouts of the old trees are
opposite, while those of the old trees are long, narrow and slightly
curved, equally dark green on both sides.

The buds are nearly spherical and beaked, borne in solitary, axil-
lary umbels, in clusters of from two to four, generally three, on long
stalks. The trees are in bloom during the late spring and fall of the
year.

The mature seed cases are goblet-shaped, with the valves, generally
five in number, deeply enclosed.

The wood of this species saws easily when green. It is light colored,
strong, fairly durable and undoubtedly can be used in carpentry and
wTagon work.

There is a variety of this species, Eucalyptus leucoxylon var.
rosea, which has been recognized of late as a promising ornamental;
it has a pinkish bloom and a cream colored bark.

This species reaches its greatest development along the coast in local-
ities where there is plenty of rain, but will withstand drought condi-
tions and low temperatures. It makes a favorable growth, compared
to many of the others. Young plants 14 inches in height, set out in
March, 1906, averaged in height on June 20, 1907, 8 feet 9 inches;
wThile trees eighteen years old averaged 60 feet in height and had an
average diameter of 15 inches.

This tree sprouts very readily after cutting, and in many instances
natural seedlings have been found.

EUCALYPTUS POLYANTHEMA. AUSTRALIAN BEECH.

(Figures 40, 43, and 44.)

The trees of this species are generally of a much branched and irreg-
ular growth, although in some cases erect growing trees are found.

The bark of the trunks of the old trees is slightly rough, fibrous,
persistent and of a light gray color. The branches are generally
smooth, varying from a greenish to a bluish white color at the tips
of the twigs.

The leaves of the young plants are oval in shape and of a bluish
white color, while those of the old trees vary from oval to lance-shape,
and in color they are bluish green on both sides.

The umbels are paniculated and the whitish buds are borne on
stalklets of medium length, in clusters of from four to seven. The
mature seed cases are very similar to those of the Eucalyptus crebra,

B2

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

goblet-shaped and small, with the valves, from three to five in number,
generally four, enclosed.

The wood of this species is of a light color, hard, and easily polished.
It is said by Australian writers to be durable.

This tree is drought-resistant and one that can be grown on th<j dry

Fi£. 43. Eucalyptus polyanthema.

mesa laud in the soul hem part of the State, where heavy frosts are
uncommon.

The growth of this species is very slow in comparison with some
of the others of the family. Ten-year-old trees on the Forestry Sta-
tion grounds, on a mesa without water, made the following growth:
average height, 36% feet, diameter chest high, 5% inches. This species
is growing as wind-breaks near Piru, Ventura County, also as orna-

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

83

mentals, wind-breaks, and for fuel in the vicinity of Los Angeles, and
south along- the coast.

EUCALYPTUS PUNCTATA. LEATHER JACKET.

(Figures 45, 47, and 48.)

The trunks of this species are erect in growth, both in isolated speci-
mens in close planting. The bark of the trunks of the young trees

Fig. 44. Eucalyptus polyanthema. Natural size.

is smooth and of a reddish brown color, while that of the old trees is a
dark grayish brown, changing to a light brown directly after the old
bark flakes off, which generally is only in small areas at different times
of the year.

The buds are borne in clusters of from five to seven, on short stems ;
the umbels are solitary and axillary; this gum is in bloom during

84

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

.■■'... ■ .'C

'lg. !." Eucalyptus punctata.

Fig. 46. Eucalyptus resinifera (p. 87).

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

85

August, September and October. The deciduous calyx cap is sharply
pointed, while the mature seed cases are goblet-shaped, with the valves,
four and five in number, barely enclosed.

The leaves are of medium length and width, dark green on the

Fij

Eucalyptus punctata.

upper surface, with a pale lower surface; the veins are similarly
placed to those of Eucalyptus resinifera.

The wood is of a light brown color, very hard and durable; valua-
ble in wagon work, carpentry, as ties, posts, and fuel. The wood is
very hard to saw when dry, but comparatively easy when green.

Trees of Eucalyptus punctata are making a good growth on the
Forestry Station grounds at Santa Monica, and at Riverside.

86

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

87

This species has failed to withstand the cold weather of the San
Joaquin Valley at Hanford, CaL, where it was tested by the Experi-
mental Forestry Company.

EUCALYPTUS RESINIFERA. RED MAHOGANY.

(Figures 46, 49, and 50.)

The trees of this species are the most erect growing of the Eucalyp-
tus family. A grove of Eucalyptus resinifera always causes people to

Fig. 49. Eucalyptus resinifera.

stop and wonder at the erectness and uniformity of growth. The
bark of the young trees is a reddish brown, changing to a light gray,
mixed with brown in the old trees ; it is rough, fibrous, or stringy, and
persistent.

The leaves are of medium length and width, slightly curved, of a
leathery texture, dark green on the upper side and several shades
lighter on the under surface.

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 50. Eucalyptus resinfera. Natural size.

Bulletin L96.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

SO

**

W\-:j\

M

'•v,

Fig. 51. Eucalyptus robusta (p. 92).

Fig. 52. Eucalyptus rostrata (p. 92).

90

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA FXFFRIMENT STATION.

The buds with their long, conical, deciduous calyx caps are borne
in clusters of from five to seven, on short angular stalklets. The
solitary umbels are axillary and borne on slightly compressed stalks.
The mature seed eases are goblet-shaped, with the valves, three and
four in number, protruding.

The wood of this species is of a reddish brown color, varying some-
what. It is very hard, but easily worked, and is capable of taking

Fig.

Eucalyptus robusta (p. 92)

a high polish. The wood is recommended by Australian writers for
and other uses in the soil; also for carpentry, shipbuilding, etc.

This tree can endure low temperatures as well, if not better, than the
Blue Gum. A few young trees are growing at Ilanford. There are
also one or two trees ?it Berkeley on the University campus.

At. Santa Monica, on the dry mesa near Port Los Angeles, this
species has made a growth in the last five years that compares very
favorably with that of the foremost species.

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

91

Fig. 54. Eucalyptus robusta. Natural size.

5— Bull. 196

VZ UNIVERSITY OV CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

EUCALYPTUS ROBUSTA. SWAMP MAHOGANY.
(Figures 51, 53, and 54.)

The swamp mahogany is one of the erect, but slow growing Euca-
iypts. The trunks of the young trees are of a reddish gray color,
slightly rough or stringy, while the limbs are smooth and dull red.
The bark of the old trees is very rough, stringy and persistent.

The leaves are of a leathery texture, broad and lance-shaped, with
the veins parallel and nearly at right angles to the mid-rib; in color
they are dark green on the upper surface, while the under surface is
several shades lighter.

The buds, with their deciduous calyx caps, are club-shaped and are
borne in clusters of five to eleven. These clusters, or umbels, are axil-
lary and their stalks are flattened. The mature seed cases are deep
cup-shaped, with the valves enclosed.

The wood is not very valuable to work, as it is very brittle, but it
is durable in the soil. The trees, if grown in a place exposed to the
wind, are liable to break off when they have reached a height of from
15 to 30 feet.

Eucalyptus robusta is much used for street planting, and makes
one of the best street trees to be found among the species of Euca-
lyptus, except for its tendency to break down.

It will withstand low temperatures, and is found growing at Han-
ford, in the San Joaquin Valley ; also at Fresno and in groves at Santa
Barbara on the coast, where the following growths were recorded:
Trees twelve years old had an average height of 45 feet and diameter
of iy2 inches, while another grove sixteen years old had an average
height of 65 feet and diameter of Sy2 inches.

This species is to be found growing all through the southern part
of the State along the coast to San Diego; in the latter locality its
growth is an inferior one. It reaches its greatest development where
there is plenty of water, as in river bottoms, swamps and depressions
in fields where the winter rains settle.

EUCALYPTUS ROSTRATA. RED GUM.

f Figures 15 (p. 51), 52, 55, and 56.)

Trees of this species are of a slower growth than the Blue Gum and
grow \<-ry crookedly even in close plantings.

The bark of the seedlings and the twigs of the old trees have a red-
dish hue, while that of the trunks of the mature trees is a very dark
gray, varying from smooth and non -persistent in some trees to others
where it is deeply furrowed and persistent. The limbs are much
lighter than the trunk and smoother.

Bulletin 190.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

93

The leaves of the seedlings are broad lance-shaped, darker in color
on the upper side, while those of the older trees are elongated, narrow,
sickle-shaped, and equally green on both sides. The umbels are soli-
tary and axillary. The flowers are borne in clusters of from three
to fourteen, generally seven, on one-fourth inch pedicels.

Fig. 55. Eucalyptus rostrata.

The buds, with their hemispherical, sharply pointed lids, are nearly
round and a little larger than a BB shot, valves three to five in num-
ber, generally four, very much protruding on the mature fruits.

The wood of the red gum is very durable both above and below
ground and can be easily worked when green. It is possible to saw the

94 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

wood up into the thinnest of lumber and veneers. In color the wood
varies from a very light to a dark blood red. This is very heavy and
takes a fine polish, but according to the strength tests it is inferior
to both Sugar and Blue Gums.

The present range of Eucalyptus rostrata extends south from Chico,
Butte County, in the Sacramento Valley, throughout the San Joaquin
Valley, into the southern part of the State, and this species has shown
its ability to stand the intense heat of Imperial Valley throughout its
entire length to Calexico, on the Mexican border.

The Red Gum makes a good growth on alkali soils in the San Joaquin
Valley and withstands the extremes of temperature of that region.
It withstands frosts better than Eucalyptus globulus, although its
present range is smaller than that of the latter species. Undoubtedly
the reason of its range being smaller than that of the Blue Gum is due
to its more recent introduction into this country.

The Red Gum is one of our most drought resistant trees of any com-
mercial value, other than the Sugar Gum. It is a slow growing species
in regard to height, but one of the first in regard to diameter growth.

Mr. A. Burns, of Batavia, Cal. (in the lower part of the Sacramento
Valley), has one of the oldest groves of the Red Gum in the State.
The grove is twenty-two years old, set out 6 by 6 feet apart, on a
rich, soil ; the average height is 80 feet, with an average diameter of
ll1/^ inches chest high. (Fig. 15.)

The Experimental Forestry Company, of Hanford, Cal., have a
young grove of this species, set out 5 by 5 feet apart, on a slightly
alkali soil. All of the trees are growing well and have withstood the
frost better than the Blue Gums which are planted beside them.

Mr. Whiting of El Centro, Imperial Valley country, has a two-
year-old grove of nearly one-half acre set in rows, but of no measured
distance, ranging from three to eight feet apart; these trees have
received irrigation ever since they were set out and their average
height is 25 feet, with an average diameter of a little over 3 inches
chest high.

Mr. Whiting also has a row of trees belonging to the same species
four years old, growing on the bank of an irrigating ditch which
always has water in it. The largest tree in the row measures in diam-
eter fJ1/} inches chest high, with a height of a little over 30 feet.

In every instance where this tree was found in the Imperial Valley
it whs making a good growth, with the proper care, and withstanding
the heat. \r\ one row of trees along an irrigating ditch, originally there
had been set. out the Red Gum and Blue Gum together; the rostrata
averaged in diameter, chest high, 7 inches at four years old, while
all that, remained to show that there ever had been any Blue Gum set
out were a few dead stems.

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

95

Fig. 56. Eucalyptus rostrata. Natural size.

96 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

EUCALYPTUS RUDIS.

(Figures 16 (p. 52) and 57.)

Trees of this species are erect, branching low in individual speci-
mens, but having clean trunks in close plantings.

The bark of the trunks is persistent, slightly rough, but not deeply
furrowed ; in color it is gray.

The leaves of the young plants are oval and of a purple hue, while
those of the old trees vary, oval to lance-shaped.

The buds, with their blunt, cone-shaped deciduous calyx caps, are
borne on medium length stalklets, in clusters of from five to nine.
The solitary umbels are axillary.

The mature seed cases are broad cup-shaped, with the valves, from
four to six in number slightly protruding.

There are two different trees in the State recognized as Eucalyptus
rudis: the tree called rudis local in the southern part of the State
has a smooth-barked trunk, as a rule, and the wood is inferior, dark
brown in color and light.

The species described grows in the vicinity of Fresno and is a
superior tree, with wood of a light brown color, hard and easily pol-
ished. (Fig. 16.)

The wood of this latter tree is very durable; Mrs. Sherman, of
Fresno, has records of posts standing in the ground for eleven years
without signs of decay. This tree has volunteered freely around Mrs.
Sherman's home.

Eucalyptus rudis is capable of enduring low temperatures, as well
as globidus.

EUCALYPTUS SIDEROPHLOIA. BROAD LEAFED IRONBARK.

(Figures 17 (p. 54), 58, 60, and 61.)

This ironbark grows erect? straight trunks with small crowns both
in isolated specimens and in close plantings. The bark of the trunk
of the old trees is similar in appearance to the southern pine : rough,
dark brown in color, and persistent, while that of the young trees and
the limbs of the old trees is light brown and smooth.

The leaves of the old trees are long, broader at the base than the
average Eucalyptus leaf, slightly curved and of a leathery texture,
while those of the young seedlings are very broad at the base, short,
and of a greenish blue color.

The buds, with their long horn-shaped calyx cap, are borne in panic-
alated umbels in clusters of from five to eleven; the mature seed cases
are top-shaped, with the valves, four in number, protruding.

The wood of this species is yellowish white in color, strong and dura-

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

97

Fig. 57. Eucalyptus rudis. Natural size.

98

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig E>8 Eucalyptus siderophlola.

Fig. 59. Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. rosea.

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

99

ble. It can undoubtedly be used for building, wagon work, posts and
poles.

In rapidity of growth and resistance to extremes of temperature,
it ranks very favorably with Eucalyptus rostrata and Eu. tereticomis.

Fig. 60.- Eucalyptus siderophloia.

The present range of this species is small, due primarily to the fact
that its commercial value has been little known till recently. It has
proven itself capable of withstanding the frosts and heat of the San
Joaquin Valley at Hanford.

100

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 61. Eucalyptus siderophlola. Natural size.

Bulletin 19C>.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

101

Two trees of this species on the Forestry Station grounds, nearly
twenty years old, measure 75 feet in height and have diameters chest
high of over a foot.

Fig. 62. Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. rosea.

EUCALYPTUS SIDEROXYLON VAR. ■ ROSEA. VICTORIA IRONBARK.
(Figures 17 (p. 53), 59, 62, and 63.)

This variety has made fair growths in a number of localities in Cali-
fornia. It has a tendency to grow crooked and branched. The black
bark is deeply furrowed and persistent, giving to the trees a burned
appearance, which is characteristic of this variety.

The foliage of the tree is beautiful, of a bluish tint and pendulous,
producing a weeping effect. The leaves are of medium width and
length, of light bluish green color.

102 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Fig. 63. Eucalyptus sideroxylon var. rosea. Natural size.

Bulletin 196.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

103

:

Fig. 64. Eucalyptus tereticornis (p. 106). Fig. 65. Eucalyptus viminalis (p. 106).

104

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

The buds are borne in solitary axillary umbels, in clusters of gener-
ally seven on one-fourth inch stalklets. In shape they are cylindrical,
with a conical calyx cap. The flowers pinkish in color and in bloom
from March to June.

The mature seed cases are deep cup-shaped, with the rim compressed,
and the valves, which vary from four to six, deeply enclosed.

Fig. 66. Eucalyptus tereticornls.

The wood of this species is of a dark brown color and particularly
hard, heavy and durable.

The largest grove of this variety of Eucalyptus is at Garden Grove,
Cal. The trees are twenty-six years old and vary in size from six inches
to over one foot in diameter while in height one is nearly 100 feet,
although the average is near to 80 feet. (Fig. 17.)

One of the old trees on the Forestry Station grounds eighteen years
old measures 541/} feet in height with a diameter of 20 inches chest high.

Bulletin 19G. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

105

Fig. 67. Eucalyptus tereticomis. Natural size.

106 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

EUCALYPTUS TERETICORNIS. FOREST GRAY GUM.
(Figures 64, 66, and 67.)

This species is of a very erect habit of growth, both in close plantings
and isolated specimens. The branches are few and scattering, leaving
the crown open. The deciduous bark of the trunks of the old trees is
generally smooth and of a mottled color, from light brown to cream,
directly after the bark has been shed.

The buds are in bloom during May and June, and are borne laterally
in solitary umbels, in clusters of from five to nine, on short stalklets.
The deciduous lid is horn-shaped; reddish brown in color, just before
blooming time.

The seed cases are slightly larger than those of Eucalyptus rostrata;
with the valves, three to five in number, generally four, protruding
and hemispherical.

The leaves of the young plants are broad lance-shaped, while those
of the old trees are long, of medium width and light green on both sides.
The pendulous branches with their long leaves give to the trees a
weeping effect.

The wood of this species is close grained^ and durable, varying in
color from a white to a light brownish red, and can be used in wheel-
wrights' work, etc.

The Forest Gray Gum's range is small at the present time, primarily
because of its value only coming to light recently. The Hon. Ellwood
Cooper has the largest number of old trees of this species in the State
at the present time, although this past spring there has been a large
acreage of young trees set out in different parts of the State.

The Experimental Forestry Company, of IJanford, Cal., has a grove
two years old, which has made a more rapid growth than Eucalyptus
rostrata, and has withstood the heat and frosts fully as well if not
better than the latter species.

Undoubtedly En. tereticornis can withstand as wide a range of tem-
perature and variation in soils, over as large a range of the State, as
the Red Gum.

EUCALYPTUS VIMINALIS. MANNA GUM.

(Figures 18 (p. 54), 65, 68, and 69.)

There are two varieties of this species, both erect growing trees.
The trunks of one variety have a bark not dissimilar to that of Euca-
lyptus globulus, while 'that of the other has a smooth bark, white in
co J or and deciduous. The bark is shed each year just as the trees are
entering the blooming period.

The Leaves of the young plants and the sprouts of the old trees are

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

107

from two to three inches long, narrow and opposite; while those of
the old trees are long, narrow, slightly curved, of a dull green color,
pointed and pendulous, giving to the trees a weeping effect.

The stemless buds, with their conical, deciduous calyx cap, are borne
in threes, on slightly flattened stalks. The mature seed cases are
goblet-shaped, with the valves, four in number, barely protruding.

The wood of the species is inferior to that of the Red Gum, both in
strength and durability, although it is useful in rough carpentry and

M

Fig. 68. Eucalyptus viminalis.

in making fruit boxes, or any other light shipping boxes. In color the
sap wood is light brown, changing to a yellowish white in the older
wood.

The Manna Gum withstands low temperatures equally as well as
the Red Gum or the Blue Gum, and is growing at Chico, Butte County,
in greater numbers than any other Eucalyptus. This species, with the
Blue Gum, forms the bulk of all the plantings north of San Francisco.

Mr. B. F. Walton, of Yuba City, has a grove of Eucalyptus viminalis,

6— Bull. 196

108

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

Bulletin 190. EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA. 109

thirty years old, with many trees over 3 feet in diameter chest high,
and over 80 feet in height.

There are many specimen trees in the State that have made larger
growths than the above mentioned trees, as this gum ranks next to the
Blue Gum in rapidity of growth.

Although this species is not a very valuable timber tree, it makes an
average wood for fuel purposes and can be grown on land and under
conditions where many of the other and more valuable species would
barely live and make only an inferior growth.

COMMERCIAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRESENT PLANTING.

The most prominent commercial species of Eucalyptus in California at
present are four: globulus, corynocalyx, tereticornis, and rostrata. Of
these four tereticornis and rostrata have been set out in large numbers
during the past year. The wood of each is durable in the soil and of
varying shades of red in color, but inferior in strength to either of the
other two species. On account of the supposed very dark color of the
wood these two are being set out for the purpose of growing finish lum-
ber. As a matter of fact most of the lumber of either of these species
will have to be stained to use it for interior finish, and the question arises
if it would not be more profitable to plant the faster growing species,
globulus, provided it is adapted to the region where the planting is to
be made. Eucalyptus globulus has such remarkable all-round qualities
as compared with the other species tested in California as to make its
exclusive planting for timber purposes worthy of serious consideration
in all regions where it grows to advantage. Its combination of rapid-
ity of growth, straightness of trunk, great strength of wood and its
known ability to flourish over a wide range of conditions in California,
give it a great advantage over any other species. It is a stronger wood
than rostrata or tereticornis, yellowish white in color, with a very good
grain in most cases, and is easily stained. It can be used in many places
where a colored wood could not and in all places where the colored
lumber could be used. If, then, it is simply an issue of staining one
wood more than another the superiority of globulus in other respects
should cause it to be selected as the principal species for planting.
It is not durable in the soil, so that for telephone poles tereticornis or
the straight growing corynocalyx may be chosen for localities where they
are adapted, while for railroad ties the same species or rostrata may be
used. Tereticornis and rostrata have a much wider range of growth in
the State than the Sugar Gum.

Prospective planters are particularly enjoined to use caution in
selecting species of Eucalyptus on the basis of their reported behavior
in Australia or other distant regions. The limited plantings now exist-

110 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA — EXPERIMENT STATION.

ing this State are sufficient to show that some of the species most
highly recommended in Australia do not behave in the same manner in
California. It is therefore better for the planter to stick to those kinds
which have shown the most good qualities under our conditions than to
experiment too largely with new species.

EUCALYPTS ADAPTED TO SPECIAL PURPOSES.
The Species Whose Wood is the Most Durable in the Soil.

Eucalyptus rostrata, tereticornis, rudis, diversicolor, sideroxylon var.
rosea, corynocalyx, citriodora, and crebra.

The Lumber Species.

All of the species described herein are valuable as lumber trees,
although the four following are considered the best among the Euca-
lypts as commercial lumber trees: Eucalyptus globulus, rostrata, tere-
ticornis, and corynocalyx.

The Species for Fuel Alone.

All of the species are of more or less value for wood, but the following
two species will produce more wood than any of the others on any good
land. These two are the common Blue Gum, Eucalyptus globulus, and
viminalis, the two most rapid growing gums we have in this country.

The Most Frost-resistant Species.

Eucalyptus rostrata, globulus, viminalis, tereticornis, sideroxylon,
crebra, rudis, robusta, resinifera, and Stuartiana.

Drought-resistant Species.

Eucalyptus corynocalyx, microtheca, polyanthema, and cor nut a.

THE EUCALYPTS AS BEE PASTURE.

All of the Eucalypts have more or less value as bee pasture when in
bloom, and from the large number of species growing in the State it
is possible to select a group that will furnish bloom for the bees to work
on the year round. If the natural pastures are good for all but a short
period each year, it is possible to select one or two species of Eucalyptus
that will fill in that time.

The list given below is made up from the data collected from two
years' observation of the blooming periods of the Eucalyptus species
on the Forestry Station ground. The names of the species are put
down for the months when the most of the trees of that species are in
bloom, although there are instances in every species where some one
individual specimen will be found blooming at an entirely different
period, or perhaps twice during the year. Some of the species have
been considered injurious to bees, but we have never been able to find
dead bees under the trees. The bees seem to have a preference for the
white or greenish white flowers.

Bulletin 19G.

EUCALYPTUS IN CALIFORNIA.

Ill

January : globulus, leucoxylon, siderophloia, robusta, and melli-
odora.

February : globulus, robusta, polyanthema, leucoxylon, and mellio-
dora.

March: globulus, robusta, leucoxylon, polyanthema, melliodora, and
sideroxylon var. rosea.

April: leucoxylon, melliodora, Gunnii, polyanthema, and Stuartiana.

May : melliodora, Gunnii, maculata, cornuta, rostrata, and tereti-
cornis.

June : melliodora, maculata, cornuta, tereticornis, rostrata, and citri-
odora.

July: citriodora, tereticornis, rostrata, viminalis, cornuta, and eugen-
ioides.

August : viminalis, cornuta, Lehmannii, eugenioides, calophylla,
corynocalyx, and resinifera.

September: Lehmannii, corynocalyx, calophylla, and resinifera.

October : calophylla, corynocalyx, and siderophloia.

November: corynocalyx, siderophloia, leucoxylon, and robusta.

December: globulus, robusta, leucoxylon, and sideroxylon var. rosea.

STRENGTH TESTS OF EUCALYPTUS.

We reproduce the following, bearing on the strength of several
species of Eucalyptus timber :

Trade Bulletin

United States Department of Agriculture,
forest service.

October 8, 1906.

EUCALYPTS FOR TIMBER.

The wood of the Eucalypts has not been extensively used by manufacturers in the
United States, because the supply has not been sufficient to establish a market. Blue
gum, the most common species in California, has, however, competed with black locust
for insulator pins, has given satisfactory service in chisel and hammer handles, and
has been used locally for wagon tongues, axles, spokes, hubs, and felloes. It is hard,
strong, and tough.

In cooperation with the State of California, the Forest Service recently com-
pleted a study of the mechanical and physical properties of the common Eucalypts.
The tests, made at the State University at Berkeley, were to determine whether
Eucalyptus can be substituted for some of the hardwoods that are becoming difficult
to obtain.

Blue Gum is by far the fastest growing species. The height and diameter of trees
from which the test pieces were taken is given in the following table. All the trees
were about fifteen years old :

Species.

Diameter,
Inches.

Height,

Common Name.

Botanical Name.

Feet.

Blue Gum

Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus corynocalyx

Eucalyptus diversicolor

Eucalyptus viminalis

Eucalyptus rostrata

Eucalyptus punctata

Eucalyptus resinifera

30
15
16
12

9

10

8

101

Sugar Gum _ _ _ _

73

Karri _

72

Manna Gum . _

60

Red Gum

47

Leather-jacket ....

43

Red Mahogany _ .

38

112

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA EXPERIMENT STATION.

An important point in considering the value of commercial plantations of Eucalypts
is brought out in the second table, which shows that the fastest growing species are
also the strongest. The tests were made upon kiln-dry material.

Species.

Bending.

Age

in

Years.

Number
of

Tests.

Modulus of

Rupture,

Pounds per

Square Inch

Compression Parallel
to Grain.

Number

of

Tests.

Crushing

Strength,

Pounds per

Square Inch

Sugar Gum

Blue Gum

Leather-jacket.

Karri

Blue Gum

Red Mahogany

Red Gum 1

Manna Gum

15
30
L5

15
15
1.-)
15
15

5

12

3

8
28

4
9

1'2

25,344
23,265
19,267
18,386
16,900
14,550
14,380
13,093

11,290
12,310
10,908
8,795
8,190
7,920
7,723
7,309

A comparison with Forest Service tests on hickory shows that 30-year-old Blue
Gum is stronger than XXX hickory, and that 15-year-old Sugar Gum is nearly as
strong as black hickory and 91 per cent as strong as second-growth hickory.

The wood of very young and sappy trees is apt to warp, but that from more
mature growth can be easily handled to prevent warping. Early seasoning should
proceed slowly. Open piling is desirable ; the stacks should be high to secure
weight, and should be covered.

Several of the Eucalyptus grow rapidly in California, and, under forest conditions,
form straight, tall poles free from branches. They have, therefore, especial value
as timber trees.

STATION PUBLICATIONS. 113

STATION PUBLICATIONS AVAILABLE FOR DISTRIBUTION.

REPORTS.

1896. Report of the Viticultural Work during the seasons 1887-93, with data

regarding the Vintages of 1894-95.

1897. Resistant Vines, their Selection, Adaptation, and Grafting. Appendix to

Viticultural Report for 1896.

1898. Partial Report of Work of Agricultural Experiment Station for the years

1895-96 and 1896-97.
1900. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for the year 1897-98.

1902. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1898-1901.

1903. Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1901-1903.

1904. Twenty-second Report of the Agricultural Experiment Station for 1903-1904,

TECHNICAL BULLETINS— ENTOMOLOGICAL SERIES.

Vol. 1, No. 1 — Wing Veins of Insects.

No. 2 — Catalogue of the Ephydridae.

BULLETINS.

Reprint. Endurance of Drought in Soils of the Arid Region.

No. 128. Nature, Value and Utilization of Alkali Lands, and Tolerance of Alkali.
(Revised and Reprint, 1905.)

133. Tolerance of Alkali by Various Cultures.

140. Lands of the Colorado Delta in Salton Basin, and Supplement. *

141. Deciduous Fruits at Paso Robles.

142. Grasshoppers in California.

147. Culture Work of the Substations.

148. Resistant Vines and their Hybrids.

149. California Sugar Industry.

150. The Value of Oak Leaves for Forage.

151. Arsenical Insecticides.

152. Fumigation Dosage.

153. Spraying with Distillates.

154. Sulfur Sprays for Red Spider.
156. Fowl Cholera.

158. California Olive Oil ; its Manufacture.

159. Contribution to the Study of Fermentation.

160. The Hop Aphis.

161. Tuberculosis in Fowls. (Reprint.)

162. Commercial Fertilizers. (Dec. 1, 1904.)

163. Pear Scab.

164. Poultry Feeding and Proprietary Foods. (Reprint.)

165. Asparagus and Asparagus Rust in California.

166. Spraying for Scale Insects.

167. Manufacture of Dry Wines in Hot Countries.

168. Observations on Some Vine Diseases in Sonoma County.

169. Tolerance of the Sugar Beet for Alkali.

170. Studies in Grasshopper Control.

171. Commercial Fertilizers. (June 30, 1905.)

172. Further Experience in Asparagus Rust Control.

173. Commercial Fertilizers. (December, 1905.)

174. A New Wine-Cooling Machine.

175. Tomato Diseases in California.

176. Sugar Beets in the San Joaquin Valley.

177. A New Method of Making Dry Red Wine.

178. Mosquito Control.

179. Commercial Fertilizers. (June, 1906.)

180. Resistant Vineyards.

181. The Selection of Seed-Wheat.

182. Analysis of Paris Green and Lead Arsenate. Proposed Insecticide Law.

183. The California Tussock-moth.

114

STATION PUBLICATIONS.

154. Report of the Plant Pathologist to July 1, 1906.

155. Report of Progress in Cereal Investigations.

186. The Oidium of the Vine.

187. Commercial Fertilizers. (January, 1907.)

1SS. Lining of Ditches and Reservoirs to Prevent Seepage and Losses.

189. Commercial Fertilizers. (June, 1907.)

190. The Brown Rot of the Lemon.

191. California Peach Blight.

192. Insects Injurious to the Vine in California.

193. The Best Wine Grapes for California; Pruning Young Vines; Pruning

the Sultanina.

194. Commercial Fertilizers (Dec. 1907).

195. The California Grape Root-worm.

CIRCULARS.

No

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
9.
10.

11.
12.
13.
15.

16.
17.

18.
19.
20.
21.

22.

23.
24.
25.

Texas Fever.

Blackleg.

Hog Cholera.

Anthrax.

Contagious Abortion in Cows.

Remedies for Insects.

Asparagus Rust.

Reading Course in Economic
Entomology. ( Revision. )

Fumigation Practice.

Silk Culture.

The Culture of the Sugar Beet.

Recent Problems in Agriculture.
What a University Farm is For.

Notes on Seed-Wheat.

Why Agriculture Should Be
Taught in the Public Schools.

Caterpillars on Oaks.

Disinfection of Stables.

Reading Course in Irrigation.

The Advancement of Agricultural
Education.

Defecation of Must for White
Wine.

Pure Yeast in Wineries.

Olive Pickling.

Suggestions Regarding Examina-
tion of Lands.

No. 26.
27.

28.

29.

30.
31.

32.

34.
35.

36.

Selection and Preparation of
Vine Cuttings.

Marly Subsoils and the Chlo-
rosis or Yellowing of Citrus
Trees.

A Preliminary Progress Report
of Cereal Investigations, 1905-
1907.

Preliminary Announcement con-
cerning Instruction in Practi-
cal Agriculture upon the
University Farm, Davisville,
Cal.

White Fly in California.

The Agricultural College and Its
Relationship to the Scheme of
National Education.

White Fly Eradication.

Packing Prunes in Cans. Cane
Sugar vs. Beet Sugar.

California State Farmers' Insti-
tute' at the University Farm

Southern California Patholog-
ical Laboratory and Citrus
Experiment Station.

Analyses of Fertilizers for Con-
sumers.

Copies may oe had on application to Dibectob of Experiment Station, Berkeley, Cal.