European Journal of Taxonomy 217: 1-19
http://dx.doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2016.217

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2016 • Kopalova K. et al.

Research article

Four new monoraphid diatom species (Baciliariophyta,
Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region

Katerina KOPALOVA 12 , Ralitsa ZIDAROVA 3 & Bart VAN DE VIJVER 15

1 Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology,

Vinicna 7, CZ-12844 Prague 2, Czech Republic.

2 Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Institute of Botany, Section of Plant Ecology,

Dukelska 135, CZ-37982 Trebon, Czech Republic.

3 St. “Kliment Ohridski” University of Sofia, Faculty of Biology, Department of Botany,

8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., Sofia 1164, Bulgaria.

4 Botanic Garden Meise, Department of Bryophyta & Thallophyta,

Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, Belgium.

5 University of Antwerp, Department of Biology, ECOBE,

Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Antwerpen, Belgium.

12 k.kopalova@hotmail.com (corresponding author)

3 zidarova. r@gmail. com
45 bart.vandevijver@plantentuinmeise.be

Abstract. Four monoraphid taxa belonging to the genera Achnanthes, Psammothidium and Planothidium
were found during the ongoing taxonomic revision of the freshwater and limno-terrestrial diatoms of
the Maritime Antarctic region. The present paper describes these four taxa as new based on detailed
light and scanning electron microscopy observations: Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova &
Van de Vijver sp. nov., Planothidium we tie lecto rianiim Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.,
Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. and Psammothidium
superpapilio Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. The morphology and ecology of all four taxa
are discussed and the species are compared with morphologically similar taxa.

Keywords. Achnanthes , Planothidium , Psammothidium , new species, biogeography, Antarctica.

Kopalova K., Zidarova R. & Van de Vijver B. 2016. Four new monoraphid diatom species (Baciliariophyta,
Achnanthaceae) from the Maritime Antarctic Region. European Journal of Taxonomy 217: 1-19. http://dx.doi.
org/10.5852/eit.2016.217

Introduction

The past 10 years, the non-marine diatom flora of the Marit im e Antarctic Region has been undergoing
a serious revision following a fine-grained taxonomy that has been widely accepted nowadays. Prior to
this revision, only very sparse literature existed on the diatom composition of the Antarctic region and
the reported diatom flora was based on a very broad species concept, making the use of this literature in
biogeographical and biodiversity studies less appropriate due to the many inconsistencies in the diatom

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217 : 1-19 ( 2016 )

identification. The revision resulted in the description of a large number of new taxa, predominantly
in biraphid genera such as Luticola D.G.Mann (Kopalova et al. 2011, Zidarova et al. 2014, Kohler et
al. 2015), Navicula Bory (Van de Vijver et al 2011), Pinnularia Ehrenb. (Zidarova et al. 2012) and
Muelleria Freng. (Van de Vijver et al. 2010, 2014).

Apart from the biraphid genera, monoraphid diatoms represent likewise a considerable part of the
diatom flora in the entire Antarctic region (including sub-Antarctica, Maritime Antarctica and the
Antarctic Continent), both in number of species and number of individuals. Five genera have actually
been regularly observed in Antarctic samples: Achnanthes Bory s.s., Achnanthidium Kiitz., Karayevia
Round & Bukht., Planothidium Round & Bukht. and Psammothidium Bukht. & Round representing a
total of 38 different species (Oppenheim 1994; Van de Vijver et al. 2002; Sabbe et al. 2003; Fe Cohu
2005; Ohtsuka et al. 2006). In 2014, Van de Vijver & Kopalova revised the genus Achnanthidium in the
entire Antarctic region describing two new species. Analysis of the types of Planothidium lanceolatum
(Breb.) Fange-Bert. (Van de Vijver et al. 2013) and Achnanthidium exiguum (Grunow) Czarn. (Taylor et
al. 2014), both often reported from the Antarctic region (Kellogg & Kellogg 2002), and comparisons of
the Antarctic populations earlier assigned to these two taxa, led to the justification of another three new
diatom species. The present paper continues the studies on monoraphid diatom species in Antarctica
and describes four new monoraphid taxa belonging to the genera Achnanthes s.s., Planothidium and
Psammothidium based on detailed light and scanning electron microscopy observations: Achnanthes
kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov., Planothidium wetzelectorianum Kopalova,
Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov., Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de
Vijver sp. nov. and Psammothidium superpapilio Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.

Material and methods

During several austral summers (2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2013), material for diatom analysis has been
sampled from James Ross Island and the South Shetland Islands (Fivingston Island, Deception Island).
In order to obtain a broad overview of the diversity and distribution of the diatom communities on the
island, samples have been taken from different habitat types: freshwater lakes, seepage areas, wet rocks,
rivers and mosses (ranging from aquatic to dry terrestrial). Samples were fixed in the field with 3%
formaldehyde. Diatom samples for FM observation were prepared following the method described in
Van der Werff (1955). Subsamples of the original material were oxidized using 37% ffCf and heating to
80°C for approximately lh. The reaction was further completed by the addition of KMn0 4 . Following
digestion and centrifugation (three times 10 minutes at 3700x g), the material free of organic matter was
diluted with distilled water for sample mounting to avoid excessive concentrations of diatom valves on
the slides. A subsample from the organic-free material was mounted in Naphrax® for diatoms community
studies. The slides were analysed at BR using an Olympus BX53 microscope, equipped with Differential
Interference Contrast (Nomarski). FM micrographs were taken using Olympus UC30 camera connected
to the Cell Sense Standard program. For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), parts of the oxidized
suspensions were filtered through polycarbonate membrane filters with a pore diameter of 1 pm, pieces
of which were fixed on aluminium stubs after air-drying. The stubs were sputter-coated with a Gold-
Palladium layer of 20 nm and studied in a ZEISS UFTRA SEM microscope at 3 kV. Terminology
follows Hendey (1964), Barber & Haworth (1981), Round et al. (1990) and Fange-Bertalot (1993).

For the typification of the new species, we chose to use the entire slide as the holotype. In monoraphid
diatoms, both valves of the same frustule show a different morphology, so two valves should be chosen
to represent the holotype. Moreover, diatoms show a broad variability along their cell cycle making the
choice for the entire population on the slide more obvious.

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KOPALOVA K. et al., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

Results

Class Bacillariophyceae Haeckel emend. Medlin & Kaczmarska (Medlin & Kaczmarska 2004)
Subclass Bacillariophycidae D.G.Mann in Round et al. (1990)

Order Achnanthales PC.Silva (Silva 1962)

Family Achnanthidiaceae D.G.Mann in Round et al. (1990)

Genus Achnanthes Bory (Bory 1822)

Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.

Figs 1-24

Etymology

The species is named after our friend and colleague Dr. Tyler Kohler (Charles University in Prague and
University of Boulder, Colorado, USA) in recognition of his diatom ecology work in the Dry Valleys of
the Antarctic Continent.

Type

Deception Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, sample D13 (62°58'24.5" S 60°43'03.2"W)
(leg. R. Zidarova), coll, date: 21 Jan. 2013 (holo-: slide no. BR-4436; iso-: slide PTP-292, University
of Antwerp, Belgium).

Description

Light microscopy (Figs 1-13)

Frustules in girdle view bent, with concave raphe valve and convex rapheless valve (Fig. 13). Valves
linear to linear-elliptic, with almost straight to wealdy concave in the middle valve margins. Valve
apices broadly rounded, not protracted. Valve dimensions (n = 24): length 38M5 pm, width 9.0-10.5
pm. Raphe valve (Figs 1-6): raphe distinctly lateral, curved. Proximal raphe endings deflected to one
side terminating in drop-like expanded pores. Distal raphe fissures elongated and hooked. Axial area
1/4—1/5 of the valve width, almost linear, following the curvature of the raphe, not or only slightly
widening toward the central area. Central area forming a rectangular to bow-tie-shaped fascia, lacking
any striae near the margins. Transapical striae weakly to moderately radiate in the middle, becoming
more radiate toward the apices, 11-12 in 10 pm. Areolae well discernible in TM, rounded, c. 14-18
in 10 pm. Rapheless valve (Figs 7-12): rapheless sternum narrow, located close to the valve margin.
Striae parallel at the valve middle, becoming radiate toward the apices, 10-11 in 10 pm. Areolae well
discernible in TM, rounded, c. 14-18 in 10 pm.

Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 14-24)

Raphe valve (Figs 14-19): valve face weakly concave in the middle. Apices presenting a rather larger
hyaline zone (Figs 14, 16). Raphe slightly curved with tear-drop-shaped, weakly deflected proximal
raphe endings, not extending in the central area (Figs 14,17). Distal raphe fissures running a deep groove,
hooked, elongated, continuing onto the mantle, terminating beyond the last striae (Figs 14, 16). Striae
uniseriate, composed of almost rounded areolae with slightly recessed foramina, occluded by cribra with
rounded perforations (Fig. 15). Small pseudosepta present near the valve apices (Fig. 19). Internally,
proximal raphe endings strongly hooked backwards toward the poles (Fig. 18). Distal raphe endings
straight, finishing onto small helictoglossae (Fig. 19). Striae separated by strongly thickened virgae
(Fig. 19). Areolae with rounded foramina and recessed cribra (Fig. 19). Rapheless valve (Figs 20-24):
valve face weakly convex (Fig. 20). A strongly thickened hyaline marginal ridge present at the valve face/
mantle junction (Figs 20, 21). Spines absent. Rapheless sternum narrow, located near the valve margin
(Fig. 21), internally well discernible as a narrow hyaline line close to the valve margin (Fig. 24, arrows).
Terminal orbiculi present on the valve mantle near the apices, occluded by a single, structureless silica

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217 : 1-19 ( 2016 )

Figs 1-13. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light micrographs of
the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 1-16. LM views of
raphe valves. 7-12. LM views of rapheless valves. 13. LM view of a girdle view. Scale bar represents
10 pm.

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KOPALOVA K. et al.. New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

Figs 14-19. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Scanning electron
micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 14. SEM
external view of an entire raphe valve. 15. SEM external detail of the areolae with the typical cribrate
structure. 16. SEM external view of the distal raphe ending. 17. SEM external detail of the central
area. 18. SEM internal detail of the central area showing the hooked proximal raphe endings. 19. SEM
internal view of an entire raphe valve. Scale bars represent 10 pm for Figs 14 & 19, 1 pm for Fig. 15
and 5 pm for Figs 16-18.

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217 : 1-19 ( 2016 )

Figs 20-24. Achnanthes kohleriana Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Scanning electron
micrographs of the type population from Deception Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). 20. SEM
girdle view of an entire frustule. 21. SEM external view of a raphe valve. 22. SEM external detail of the
areolae with the typical cribrate structure. 23. SEM external detail of the apex with the typical terminal
orbiculus. 24. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Arrows show the rapheless sternum. Scale
bars represent 10 pm for Figs 20, 21 & 24, 1 pm for Fig. 22 and 5 pm for Fig. 23.

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KOPALOVA K. et al., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

flap (Fig. 23). Striae uniseriate on the valve face, becoming bi-seriate on the valve mantle (Fig. 23). Each
stria composed of recessed rounded areolae, occluded by cribra with rounded or irregular perforations
(Fig. 22). Internally, striae separated by strongly thickened virgae (Fig. 24). Areolae with rounded
openings with noticeably recessed cribra (Fig. 24). Girdle composed of several open copulae, bearing a
single row of rounded areolae, occluded by cribra (Fig. 20).

Ecology and distribution

So far Achnanthes kohleriana sp. nov. has been observed with certainty on several islands of the
South Shetland archipelago (Livingston Island, Deception Island and King George Island). The largest
population was found on Deception Island among wet mosses growing on a rock, located inland and
far from the influence of sea sprays and with no nutrient input from sea birds or seals suggesting that
the species is typically aerophilic. Other taxa present in the sample include Humidophila keiliorum
Kopalova in Kopalova et al. (2015), H. deceptionensis Kopalova in Kopalova et al. (2015), Stauroneis
pseudomuriella Van de Vijver & Lange-Bert, in Van de Vijver et al. (2004), S. pseudoschimanskii
Van de Vijver & Lange-Bert. in Van de Vijver et al. (2004) and several Luticola species.

Genus Planothidium Round & Bukht. (Round & Bukhtiyarova 1996)

Planothidium wetzelectorianum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.

Figs 25-57

Etymology

The species is named after our dear friends and colleagues Dr. Carlos Wetzel and Prof. Luc Ector
[Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST)] in recognition of the long and fruitful
collaboration we had (and have) with these two excellent diatom scientists.

Type

Monolith Lake, James Ross Island, Antarctica, sample JRI-011 (63°53'52.3"S 57°57'29.0"W)
(leg. L. Nedbalova), coll, date: 1 Feb. 2008 (holo-: slide no. BR-4437; iso-: slide PLP-293, University
of Antwerp, Belgium).

Description

Light microscopy (Figs 25-52)

Frustules in girdle view nearly straight to weakly curved (Fig. 25). Valves linear-elliptical becoming
elliptical in smaller specimens. Valve margins convex with broadly rounded, never protracted apices.
Neither cavum nor sinus present. Valve dimensions (n = 25): length 5.5-10.0 pm, width 2.6-3.2 pm.
Raphe valve (Figs 26-38): axial area very narrow. Central area absent or weakly enlarged due to
shortening of two central striae. Raphe straight, difficult to see in LM. Proximal raphe endings indistinct,
straight. Distal endings not discernible. Transapical striae weakly radiate throughout the entire valve,
clearly broader than the virgae, 14-15 in 10 pm. Areolae not discernible. Rapheless valve (Figs 39-52):
axial area very narrow, linear. Central area asymmetrically enlarged due to shortening of one central
stria, never forming fascia. Striae radiate throughout, more radiate near the apices, as broad as or broader
than the virgae, 16-18 in 10 pm.

Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 53-57)

Raphe valve (Figs 53-55): raphe branches almost straight terminating in indistinct straight pores
(Fig. 53). Distal fissures absent (Fig. 54). Raphe terminating immediately beyond the last stria (Fig. 54).
Striae composed of 3-5 rows of small, rounded areolae (Figs 53, 54). Near the axial area, each stria
composed of usually 4-5 rows of areolae, towards the valve margin only 3 rows of areolae present in the

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217 : 1-19 ( 2016 )

Figs 25-57. Planothidium wetzelectorianum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light and
scanning electron micrographs of the type population in Monolith Lake (James Ross Island). 25. LM
view of a girdle view. 26-38. LM views of raphe valves. 39-52. LM views of rapheless valves. 53. SEM
external view of an entire raphe valve. 54. SEM external detail of the areolae. 55. SEM internal view of
the raphe and the striae. Note the hymenes on the areolae. 56. SEM external view of an entire rapheless
valve. 57. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 pm for Figs 25-52,
1 pm for Figs 53-57.

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KOPALOVA K. et al., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

stria (Fig. 54). Virgae clearly narrower than the striae (Fig. 53). Striae only shortly continuing onto the
mantle (Fig. 53). Internally areolae covered by star-shaped hymenes (Fig. 55). Virgae clearly thickened
and raised. Proximal raphe endings short, deflected (Fig. 55). Distal endings terminating onto small
helictoglossae (Fig. 55). Rapheless valve (Figs 56-57): axial area wealdy lanceolate. Striae always
composed of 3 rows of small, rounded areolae (Fig. 56). Towards the axial area, striae becoming narrower
(Fig. 56). Virgae usually as broad or slightly narrower than the striae (Fig. 56). Asymmetric central area
clearly observable. Internally areolae covered by hymenes (Fig. 57). Virgae clearly thickened (Fig. 57).

Ecology and distribution

Planothidium wetzelectorianum sp. nov. was only found on James Ross Island in the epilithon and epipelon
of Monolith Lake on the Ulu Peninsula. This relatively large lake has an almost circumneutral pH (7.2),
a rather lower conductivity value (120 pS/cm) and low nutrient and sulphate values. The samples are
dominated by several taxa from the N. perminuta complex [N. kleinteichiana Hamsher et al. (Hamsher
et al. in press), N. velazqueziana Hamsher et al. (Hamsher et al. in press) and N. annewillemsiana
Hamsher et al. (Hamsher et al. in press)], Humidophila australis (Van de Vijver & Sabbe) Lowe et al.
(Lowe et al. 2014) and Achnanthidium australexiguum Van de Vijver in Taylor et al. (2014).

Genus Psammothidium Bukht. & Round (Bukhtiyarova & Round 1996)

Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.

Figs 58-85

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the possible confusion with Psammothidium confusum (Manguin) Van de
Vijver.

Type

Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, sample BYM-051 (62°38'20.1 "S
61°06'44.2"W) (leg. B. Van de Vijver), coll, date: 15 Jan. 2009 (holo-: slide no. BR-4438; iso-: slide
PLP-294, University of Antwerp, Belgium).

Description

Light microscopy (Figs 58-82)

Valves broadly elliptic-lanceolate with clearly convex margins gradually tapering towards the broadly
rounded, non-protracted apices. Valve dimensions (n = 30): length 9-12 pm, width 3.8-4.5 pm. Raphe
valve (Figs 58-70): axial area narrow, linear, not widening towards central area. Central area forming
a rectangular to bow-tie-shaped fascia with occasionally one to several shortened striae near the valve
margins (Figs 62-64,68). Raphe straight with almost indistinct, straight proximal endings. Distal fissures
not discernible in LM. Transapical striae wealdy radiate near the central area, becoming more radiate
towards the apices, 30-34 in 10 pm. Areolae not discernible in LM. Rapheless valve (Figs 71-82):
axial area very narrow, linear distinctly widening towards the central area. Central area rounded to
apically elliptical, bow-tie shaped widening towards the valve margins, almost forming a fascia.
Regularly, shortened striae present near the valve margins. Transapical striae weakly radiate throughout
becoming more radiate towards the apices, 33-36 in 10 pm.

Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 83-85)

Raphe valve (Fig. 83): striae uniseriate, composed of small, rounded to rectangular areolae, the largest
areolae located close to the axial area. Number of areolae per stria diminishing towards the axial area.
Near valve margins, last areola transapically elongated, slit-like. A row of slit-like areolae present on the

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217 : 1-19 ( 2016 )

Figs 58-85. Psammothidium confusoneglectum Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light
and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island).
58-70. LM views of raphe valves. 71-82. LM views of rapheless valves. 83. SEM external view of an
entire raphe valve. 84. SEM external view of an entire rapheless valve. 85. SEM internal view of an
entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 pm.

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KOPALOVA K. et al ., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

mantle. Raphe branches almost straight. Proximal raphe endings straight, drop-like expanded (Fig. 83).
Distal endings short, weakly drop-like expanded. Rapheless valve (Figs 84-85): central area slightly
depressed, forming a weak pseudoraphe (Fig. 84). Striae uniseriate composed of small, rounded to
rectangular and transapically elongated areolae (Fig. 84). Slit-like areolae present near the valve margins
and onto the mantle (Fig. 84). In the central area, several slit-like areolae visible near the valve margin.
Internally areolae transapically elongated, covered by individual perforated hymenes (Fig. 85). Virgae
slightly raised. Small silica bars separating the areolae (Fig. 85).

Ecology and distribution

This new species was up to now only observed on Livingston Island. The largest population was found
living in mosses submerged in a large lake showing a circumneutral pH (7.3) and a low conductivity level
(< 100 pS/cm). The sample was dominated by several Psammothidium taxa such as P. subatomoides
(Hust.) Bukht. & Round (Bukhtiyarova & Round 1996), P. abundans (Manguin) Bukht. & Round
(Bukhtiyarova & Round 1996) and P. papilio (D.E.Kellogg, Stuiver, T.B.Kellogg & Denton) Kopalova
& Van de Vijver in Kopalova et al. (2012).

Psammothidium superpapilio Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov.

Figs 86-109

Etymology

The specific epithet refers to the similarity with P. papilio and the larger valve dimensions.

Type

Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, sample B YM-008 (62°40T 1.3 "S
61°08'45.3"W) (leg. B. Van de Vijver), coll, date: 9 Jan. 2009 (holo-: slide no. BR-4439; iso-: slide
PLP-295, University of Antwerp, Belgium).

Description

Light microscopy (Figs 86-105)

Valves lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic with convex to sometimes more straight margins gradually
tapering towards the broad cuneately rounded apices. Valve dimensions (n = 40): length 15-20 pm,
width 4.5-5.5 pm. Raphe valve (Figs 96-105): valves clearly convex. Axial area narrow, linear,
almost not widening towards the central area. Central area forming a broad rectangular to bow-tie-
shaped subfascia with several (3-5) shortened striae present near the valve margins. Raphe straight with
indistinct, straight proximal endings. Distal fissures not discernible in LM. Transapical striae weakly
radiate near the central area, becoming more strongly radiate towards the apices, 28-30 in 10 pm.
Areolae not discernible in LM. Rapheless valve (Figs 86-95): thickened marginal crest clearly visible in
LM. Axial area very narrow, linear-lanceolate, clearly widening towards the central area. Pseudoraphe
clearly present as a series of irregular depressions in the axial area. Central area rounded to rhombical,
bordered by several shortened striae. Fascia never present. Transapical striae weakly radiate throughout
becoming more strongly radiate towards the apices, 26-29 in 10 pm.

Scanning electron microscopy (Figs 106-109)

Raphe valve (Figs 106-107): axial area weakly raised and more heavily silicified (Fig. 106). Striae
uniseriate, composed of long series of very small, rounded to rectangular areolae (Fig. 106). Number
of areolae per striae diminishing towards the axial area (Fig. 106). On the valve face/margin junction,
one transapically elongated areola present. Raphe branches almost straight (Fig. 106). Proximal
raphe endings straight, simple, never expanded (Fig. 106). Distal endings short, terminating near the
last striae at the apices (Fig. 106). Internally, areolae rectangular, covered by perforated hymenes

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217: 1-19 (2016)

Figs 86-109. Psammothidium superpapilio Kopalova, Zidarova & Van de Vijver sp. nov. Light
and scanning electron micrographs of the type population on Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island).
86-95. LM views of rapheless valves. 96-105. LM views of raphe valves. 106. SEM external view of
an entire raphe valve. 107. SEM internal view of an entire raphe valve. 108. SEM external view of an
entire rapheless valve. 109. SEM internal view of an entire rapheless valve. Scale bars represent 10 pm.

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KOPALOVA K. et al., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

(Fig. 107). Proximal raphe endings bent into opposite directions. Distal endings terminating onto small
helictoglossae (Fig. 107). Rapheless valve (Figs 108-109): Valve clearly concave. Thin, raised marginal
crest bordering the entire valve. Axial area with irregular depressions, forming a clear pseudoraphe
(Fig. 108). Striae uniseriate composed of small, rounded areolae. Internally areolae covered by individual
perforated hymenes (Fig. 109). Virgae not raised.

Ecology and distribution

This new species was up to now only observed with certainty on Tivingston Island. The largest
population was found living in a terrestrial moss vegetation, at the edge of a shallow lake. The sampling
site was clearly influenced by animals with remains of penguins present on the mosses. The sample was
dominated by several Psammothidium taxa such as P. germainii (Manguin) Sabbe (Sabbe et al. 2003),
P. aretasii (Manguin) Te Cohu (Le Cohu 2005) and P. incognitum (Krasske) Van de Vijver & Beyens
(Van de Vijver et al. 2002).

Discussion

Although the Antarctic Region is characterized by a large number of Achnanthes , Psammothidium and
Planothidium taxa, the new survey nevertheless resulted in the description of four new taxa. When
separating these new taxa from all similar taxa known so far worldwide, the entire combination of
features of each taxon has been taken into account to justify their status as independent taxa. Valve
outline, raphe structure and striation pattern and structure are the main features that are investigated and
compared between species.

Recently Tofilovska et al. (2014) revised the type material of A. coarctata (Breb.) Grunow in Cleve &
Grunow (Cleve & Grunow 1880) and some of its varieties. Based on their and our observations, it is
clear that Achnanthes kohleriana sp. nov. belongs to the group of species around A. coarctata : both taxa
present a similar position of the rapheless sternum, a comparable orbiculus, a similar raphe structure
and similar cribrate areolae. Achnanthes kohleriana sp. nov. can however be easily separated from
A. coarctata , often found in aerial habitats in Antarctica (Kopalova et al. 2012), by its valve outline,
lacking the prominent constriction in the valve middle, typical for A. coarctata , by the marginal ridge
which is less developed in A. kohleriana , and the lower stria density (10-11 in A. kohleriana sp. nov.,
12-14 in A. coarctata). Achnanthes sinaensis (Hust.) Levkov et al. (Tofilovska et al. 2014) shows a
comparable valve outline, although the valve middle is slightly more tumid (Tofilovska et al. 2014) and
the apices are weakly protracted and more truncated and less broadly rounded, compared to A. kohleriana
sp. nov. The marginal ridge in A. sinaensis is more developed (see for instance Tofilovska et al. 2014,
fig. 13c). Moreover, the striae on the mantle in the latter are uniseriate, contrary to A. kohleriana sp. nov.
which has biseriate striae on the mantle.

Most other Achnanthes s.s. taxa showing a similar valve outline to A. kohleriana sp. nov., are usually
typically marine or brackish taxa such as varieties of A. brevipes C.Agardh (Agardh 1824) or A. parvula
Kutz. (Kiitzing 1844). Achnanthes parvula has smaller valves with a length not exceeding 30 pm and
coarser areolae (Witlcowski et al. 2000). Achnanthes parvula also shows a more laterally located rapheless
sternum (Mclntire & Reimer 1974, figs 4a, b), compared to A. kohleriana sp. nov. where the sternum
is situated close to the margin. Achnanthes brevipes var. intermedia (Kutz.) RT.Cleve (Cleve 1895)
has a similar valve outline but a slightly coarser striation usually having 3 areolae per stria with much
coarser areolae. Additionally, A. brevipes var. intermedia has square-shaped areolae and not rounded as
is the case in A. kohleriana sp. nov., Fig. 22 (Toyoda & Williams 2004). Achnanthes subsessilis Kutz.
(Kiitzing 1833) has a similar valve outline, but narrower valves with a width of around 7 pm (Hendey
1951), and not above 9 pm as in A. kohleriana sp. nov. Internally the central area is clearly panduriform
and elevated from the rest of the valve (Blunn & Evans 1981, fig. 4). Several (poorly known) varieties

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European Journal of Taxonomy 217: 1-19 (2016)

of A. subsessilis also show some resemblance. Achnanthes subsessilis var. angusta Cleve & Moller
(Cleve & Moller 1878) has a very narrow central area (contrary to the relatively broad central area in
A. kohleriana sp. nov.). Achnanthes subsessilis var. multiarticulata Kutz. (Ktitzing 1844), (illustrated
by Cox 2006, figs 6, 7 from type slide BM 18469) has a different valve outline with more lanceolate
valves with less radiate striae and much smaller central area, as well as a lateral position of the sternum.
Moreover, all A. subsessilis varieties are only found in marine conditions whereas A. kohleriana sp. nov.
is a typical terrestrial taxon. Of the known aerophilic Achnanthes species, a few share similar features to
A. kohleriana sp. nov. Achnanthes prominula Levkov & Tofilovska (Tofilovska et al. 2014), a recently
described species from Osogovo, Macedonia, differs in having lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate valves
with narrowly rounded apices (and not linear to linear-elliptic valves with rounded apices), and with
slightly coarser striation of 12-13 striae in 10 pm with only 5 areolae per stria (Tofilovska et al. 2014),
opposite to A. kohleriana sp. nov. where the number of the striae in 10 pm does not exceed 12. Several
other Achnanthes s.s. taxa are present in the Antarctic Region such as A. muelleri Carlson (Carlson
1913) and A. taylorensis T.B.Kellogg et al. (Kellogg et al. 1980). Although the latter was described
from the Antarctic Continent (Kellogg et al. 1980), it was recently observed on James Ross Island in
the Maritime Antarctic Region (Kopalova et al. 2012, figs 5C, 5D). Achnanthes taylorensis has smaller
valves (length 31-33 pm and width of 8.8-9.3 pm) with a more lanceolate outline. Achnanthes muelleri ,
described from South Georgia in (Carlson 1913), has a different valve outline with larger, more rhombic-
lanceolate valves with clearly convex margins, making confusion with A kohleriana sp. nov. that shows
more linear-elliptic valves less likely.

Planothidium wetzelectorianum sp. nov. can be confused with several small-celled Planothidium taxa
that all lack the presence of a cavum or a sinus. Several of these species co-occur in the Maritime
Antarctic Region. Planothidium renei (Lange-Bert. & Rol.Schmidt) Van de Vijver in Van de Vijver et
al. (2002) has a similar valve outline but differs in having typically only two rows of areolae in both
rapheless and raphe valve (Schmidt et al. 1990; Oppenheim 1994). Moreover, P. renei has elongated
external distal fissures continuing beyond the last stria whereas P. wetzelectorianum sp. nov. has only
short distal fissures. The other Antarctic species, P. quadripunctatum (Oppenheim) Sabbe in Sabbe et al.
(2003) has typically four rows of small, equally sized areolae per stria separated by very small virgae
whereas P. wetzelectorianum sp. nov. has 3M areolae per stria, separated by rather broad virgae, with the
largest areolae in the outer rows and the smaller areolae in the inner rows. Planothidium werumianum
Lange-Bert. & Bqk in Bqk & Lange-Bertalot (2014) is also quite similar but has a more elliptic valve
outline and typically has only 2-3 rows of small rounded areolae, separated by very large virgae, both on
the raphid and rapheless valve. The axial area is usually broader (Bqk & Lange-Bertalot 2014). Finally,
Planothidium granum (Hohn & Hellerman) Lange-Bert. (Lange-Bertalot 1999) has a different valve
outline (elliptic-lanceolate with slightly rostrate apices), narrow virgae separating striae with 4 rows of
very small areolae on the rapheless valve and strongly hooked external distal fissures.

Psammothidium confusoneglectum sp. nov. belongs to a group of small Psammothidium species that
are widespread in the Antarctic Region. Similar species include P. confusum (Krasske) Bukht. & Round
(Bukhtiyarova & Round 1996), P. stauroneioides (Manguin) Van de Vijver & Beyens in Van de Vijver
et al. (2002), P. papilio and P. abundans. Psammothidium confusum is the most similar based on valve
outline but the latter has a very different rapheless valve morphology with striae composed of maximum
three transapically elongated, slit-like areolae (the longest ones being near the margin) and the absence of
a clear central area whereas P. confusoneglectum sp. nov. has a typical fascia bordered by a series of only
one areola. The raphe valve in P. confusum has a rectangular central area contrary to the wedge-shaped
central area in P. confusoneglectum sp. nov. (Van de Vijver et al. 2002, Le Cohu 2005). Psammothidium
abundans , present in the same locality as P. confusoneglectum sp. nov. has an almost linear valve
outline with broadly rounded, slightly protracted apices contrary to the lanceolate valve outline in
P. confusoneglectum sp. nov. The striae in P. abundans are more or less parallel in both valves whereas

14

KOPALOVA K. et al., New monoraphid species from Marit im e Antarctica

they are clearly radiate in P. confusoneglectum sp. nov. (Van de Vijver et al. 2008). Psammothidium
papilio , widespread in the Maritime Antarctic Region has a more elliptic valve outline with a typical
marginal crest on the rapheless valve, which has never been observed in P. confusoneglectum sp. nov.
Moreover, P. papilio has a larger, more rounded, never wedge-shaped central area on both valves and
a much lower stria density (26-28 in 10 pm vs 33-36 in 10 pm in P. confusoneglectum sp. nov.). The
last similar species, Psammothidium stauroneioides has a broad lanceolate valve outline, larger valve
dimensions (width 4.5-6.5 pm vs 3.8M.5 pm) and a large, lanceolate axial area on the rapheless valve.

Finally, Psammothidium superpapilio sp. nov. can be separated from P. papilio in having larger valve
length (15-20 pm vs 9-12 in P. papilio ) giving the valves a more slender outlook since the valve width in
both species is the same. The valves of P. superpapilio sp. nov. have a more lanceolate outline with wealdy
protracted apices whereas in P. papilio valves usually are elliptic even in the longest valves lacking any
protracted apices (Schmidt et al. 1990). The raphe valves of P. superpapilio sp. nov. have a larger, more
rectangular to even wedge-shaped central area, often forming almost a fascia. Psammothidium papilio
on the other hand has a raphe valve with a more rounded to rhomboid central area with several shortened
striae, always bordering the central area. Although both species co-occur in some samples, a continuum
between P. papilio and P. superpapilio sp. nov. has never been noticed, justifying the separation of the
two species. Other Psammothidium species such as P. abundans or P. stauroneioides differ sufficiently
in valve outline, striation pattern and dimensions to exclude conspecificity.

Conclusions

The description of these four new monoraphid species once more confirms the unique character of the
Maritime Antarctic non-marine diatom flora. The new data improve our knowledge of the biodiversity
and biogeography of the Antarctic diatoms.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported as a long-term research development project RVO no. 67985939. Samples on
Byers Peninsula were taken in the framework of the 1PY-I imn opolar Project POT2006-06635 (Ministerio
de Ciencia y Tecnologia, Spain). Sampling and observations on Deception Island were done within
JIMY 03/63 Project (Science Fund, Bulgaria) and logistically supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic
Institute. Dr. Blagoy Uzunov (University of Sofia) and the staff of ‘Decepcion’ Base are thanked for
their help during the field workPart of this research was funded within the BETSPO project CCAMBIO.
Dr. Alex Ball and the staff of the IAC laboratory at the Natural History Museum are thanked for their
help with the scanning electron microscopy. The authors would like to thank the members of expedition
to the Czech J.G. Mendel Antarctic Station for field support and assistance.

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Manuscript received: 22 December 2015
Manuscript accepted: 5 March 2016
Published on: 29 July 2016
Topic editor: Koen Martens
Desk editor: Natacha Beau

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Printed versions of all papers are also deposited in the libraries of the institutes that are members of the
EJT consortium: Museum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France; Botanic Garden Meise, Belgium;
Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren, Belgium; Natural History Museum, London, United
Kingdom; Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium; Natural History Museum of
Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark; Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.

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