L... ..O' ' V OF ILli..o»w library AT UR3ANA-CHAV.PAIGM /■ /-^/'Vt. I , / fiy/1 V r V ^ U-'t' l^ '_/ ? FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY A Continuation of the ZOOLOGICAL SERIES of FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY VOLUME 69 AUG 2 9 197b LIBRARV FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY CHICAGO, U.S.A. '~'l M/^ '.<^r 3 FIELDIANA ^ Zoology Published by Field Museum of Natural History Volume 69, No. 1 June 25, 1976 An Evaluation of Seth E. Meek's Contributions to Mexican Ichthyology ROBERT RUSH MILLER MUSEUM OF ZOOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Seth Eugene Meek pioneered in serious exploration of the fresh- water fish fauna of Mexico during April to June, 1901, and February to May, 1903. On the first expedition he was accompanied by F. E. Lutz who served as a volunteer assistant. Travel was by railroad since serviceable roads were non-existent for coverage of this topo- graphically diversified country. Meek early recognized the inherent interest Mexico holds for biology in the interdigitation of tropical (lowland) and temperate (highland) faunas, as well as the presence of elements unique to the country; he also reeilized the biogeo- graphic value of fresh-water fishes in deducing former hydrographic connections (Meek, 1903). His studies culminated in a book (Meek, 1904) treating the fresh- water fishes north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in which the 1901 and 1903 localities are fully listed and some are mapped. All of the material in his preliminary contribution (Meek, 1902) is included in the more definitive 1904 work. My purpose in reviewing this work is to update Meek's results, giving the reasons for my conclusions when they differ from his, as the necessary basis for the systematics of a book I am writing on Mexican fresh-water fishes. I have examined all of the type specimens ( most paratypes as well as holot3T)es) representing the new species that Meek described from Mexico. It is to be expected that during the nearly 75 years since his book appeared, changes in nomenclature and in species identifications would be inevitable. Meek did much of the spadework Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 76-1211 US ISSN 0015-0754 Publication 1232 1 NATURAL HISTORY SORVH JUL 23 1976 LIBRARY 2 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 that has enabled subsequent workers to expand and improve know- ledge of the Mexican fish fauna; many of his collections provide an invaluable resource because human-associated perturbations have since so modified the collecting sites that much of the fish fauna has been destroyed— through damming, diversion of water for irri- gation, excess pumping, mining of ground water, pollution from the oil and sug£ir cane industries, and elimination of native species by introduced (exotic) competitors and predators. I am much indebted to Loren P. Woods for loans of type and other material and for facilities and courtesies given me during an inten- sive period of study at Field Museum of Natural History. I am grateful to the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation for support as a Guggenheim Fellow while preparing this paper, and to Carl L. Hubbs for suggestions. Rainer Zangerl kindly x-rayed tjT)e specimens for me. In making these evaluations I have enjoyed the advantages of the great growth in knowledge of North American ichthyology since the work by Jordan and Evermann (1896-1900), of refined equipment and techniques, of my own field work in Mexico over a 25-year period ( 1950-1974), and of helpful information in the largely unpub- lished studies (begun in 1930) of the fishes of northeastern Mexico by Carl L. Hubbs and Myron Gordon. Even so, I am certain that some of my conclusions will be altered by future students (if not by myself) as more material and newer methods of approach become available. Unfortunately, at the time of his field work, southeastern Mexico was wholly inaccessible to Meek. In this area is the richest fish fauna of northern Middle America, that of the great Rio Usuma- cinta basin (Miller, 1966) and some of Meek's misidentifications of cichhds from Veracruz and Oaxaca resulted from his lack of famili- arity with this diversified fauna, which is especially rich in these fishes with as many as 10 species of Cichlasoma living together in a single small lagoon. The fishes treated here in detail are those whose specific identifi- cations are different from the ones used by Meek ( 1904), but I have also included changes in generic nomenclature. To simplify compjiri- son I have followed the sequence of families utilized by Meek, although this will differ considerably in my own book. No comments are offered here on Meek's introductory material (1904, pp. xxv- Ixii). Abbreviations used are: CAS-SU, Stanford University mater- ial at the California Academy of Sciences; FMNH, Field Museum of Natural History; UMMZ, University of Michigan Museum of MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 3 Zoology; and USNM, United States National Museum of Natural History. Petromyzontidae Lampetra spadicea Bean, a southern relict confined to the distinc- tive Rio Lerma basin of Mexico, has been placed in the genus Tetra- pleurodon (see remarks in Hubbs and Potter, 1971, p. 47), where Alvarez ( 1966) assigned it when he described a second, nonparasitic derivative, T. geminis Alveirez, that inhabits the same basin. The generic classification of lampreys has fluctuated considerably, the Mexican species having been assigned to three generic names (Entosphenus, in addition to the above two). What the final disposi- tion will be is uncertain; see for example, the discussion by McPhail and Lindsey (1970, pp. 52-54). Lepisosteidae Four species of gars occur in Mexico: Lepisosteus osseus (Lin- naeus), L. oculatus Winchell, L. spatula Lacepede, and L. tropicus (Gill). All but the last hve only in eastern Mexico (Rio Panuco basin northward). Meek's tentative inclusion of L. platostomus Rafi- nesque as probably inhabiting northeastern Mexico presumably refers to L. oculatus, which has been recorded from the U.S. portion of LagunaMadre(asL. productus) by Breuer (1962, p. 173) and also lives in the Rio Salado, Rio Alamo, and Rio San Fernando, Nuevo Leon (Contreras-Balderas, pers. comm., 1975). The gars at Tam- pico, referred by Meek to L. tristoechus are L. spatula (Darnell, 1962, p. 319; Resendez, 1970, p. 90). CATFISHES Meek's treatment of the catfishes, which he assigned to the Order Nematognathi (currently called Siluriformes), needs considerable modification. His Siluridae includes the Ariidae (his Tachysurinae), Ictaluridae (Ichthyaelurinae), and Pimelodidae (Pimelodinae). Ariidae The ariid Galeichthys aguadulce Meek is a valid species restricted to fresh water that should be placed in the genus Cathorops Jordan and Gilbert ( W. Ralph Taylor, pers. comm., 1974). Conorhynchus nelsoni Evermann and Goldsborough is an ariid and was assigned to a new genus, Potamarius, by Hubbs and Miller (1960). 4 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 Ictaluridae The ictalurids Ictalurus (Ichthyaelurus of Meek) and Amiurus (Ameiurus) have generally been placed in a single genus since Taylor ( 1954, p. 43) explained his reasons for combining the two. Al- though one could argue for generic recognition of Amiurus (based in part on distinctive osteological traits) that argument would fail to be convincing as long as we know so little about Mexican ictalurids. The only solution to this dilemma is vigorous collecting of catfishes with effective gear in all Mexican fresh waters that are known to harbor bagres. Until this is done and the material studied in depth, our ideas of the taxonomy of Mexican ictalurids will remain incom- plete and speculative. I suggest that perhaps there has been an undue preoccupation with (or overemphasis on) maxillary barbel length, anal-ray num- ber, and ornamentation of the pectoral spine. To be sure, these char- acters are very useful but new ones need to be found in order to over- come the parallelisms that seem to be represented amongst ictalurid (and other catfish) taxa. Preliminary study indicates that gill-raker number (heretofore virtually ignored) will be a useful character, but karyotypes and perhaps biochemical data should also be helpful in deciphering the relationships of this important autochthonous American family. Istlarius balsanus Jordan and Snyder is now generally placed in the genus Ictalurus except by Alvarez (1970, pp. 72-73). It has a three-chambered swim bladder like /. furcatus (Lesueur) and is a close relative of that species (Lundberg, 1975). Leptops olivaris (Rafinesque) is now referred to the genus Pylo- dictis. It occurs on the Atlantic slope southward to the Rio Panuco basin (UMMZ 180035). Pimelodidae Rhamdia oaxacae Meek, a member of the Pimelodidae, is not a valid species; probably it should be referred to R. guatemalensis (Giinther), as was done by Hubbs ( 1936a, p. 193). Not all of Meek's records p>ertain to guatemalensis, however. Specimens from C6r- doba and Motzorongo are, or include, R. motaguensis (Giinther) or a representative form, perhaps R. laticauda (Heckel) which has priority. Rhamdia brachypteras (Cope) may be the same Sls R. motaguen- sis ( or laticauda). I have examined the specimen (USNM 50483) collected by Nelson and Goldman from Frontera, Tabasco, that was recorded by Meek MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 5 (following Evermann and Goldsborough) as Rhamdia wagneri (Gilnther), and identify it as R. guatemalensis . All material of Rhamdia that I have seen from the lowlands of southeastern Mexico is referable to guatemalensis as currently recognized except, pos- sibly, R. houcardi Regan from Yucatan. Catostomidae Although he did not list Ictiobus in the synonymy of Carpiodes, Meek included the following valid species of that genus in his treat- ment of Carpiodes: I. meridionalis (Gilnther), /. bubalus (Rafin- esque), /. niger (Rafinesque), and /. labiosus (Meek). The first, second, and fourth citations given by Meek under Carpiodes tumidus really refer to /. bubalus; the third citation refers to /. niger (see Hubbs, 1930, pp. 11-13). Meek's nominal species Carpi- odes microstomus and Carpiodes elongatus are both referrable to Carpiodes carpio (Rafinesque), as determined by Hubbs and Black (1940). I have examined the holotype (FMNH 4492) of Carpiodes labiosus, 194 mm. S.L., and find that it agrees with the generic char- acters used by Hubbs (1930, p. 8) for the recognition of Ictiobus, al- though it appears to be an extreme representative in head shape and lip modification: the anterior fontanelle is virtually closed, the cheek is relatively deep and long, and the subopercle is subtrian- gular. The genus Pantosteus was synonymized with Catostomus (Smith, 1966, pp. 42-46), largely on the basis that two species, columbianus and plebeius, are intermediate between Catostomus (s.s.) and Pantosteus and that these two genera frequently hybrid- ize (and even backcross) when sympatric; hence the Rio Grande suc- ker is now called Catostomus plebeius Baird and Girard by many workers. Minckley and Deacon (1968) and especially Minckley (1973, pp. 167-169), however, believe that both genera should be recognized, and cogent reasons for this are given in the latter ref- erence. I am inclined to accept that conclusion. Examination of Meek's material (FMNH 3566) of Pantosteus ple- beius from Minaca, Chihuahua, on the Rio Papigochic ( a headwater of Rio Yaqui), discloses that 34 specimens are an undescribed spe- cies of Catostomus and five are presumably C. bernardini. Pantos- teus plebeius does occur in the Rio Yaqui basin (e.g., UMMZ 165027), although it appears to be rare there (Smith, 1966, p. 48, fig. 10). Examination of the types of Catostomus sonorensis Meek con- vinces me that it is a synonym of Catostomus bernardini Girard, a 6 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 69 very close relative of C. insignis Baird and Girard, from which C. bemardini was probably derived. Catostomus conchos Meek is also a geographic representative of C. bemardini and may not be specifi- cally distinct from it. The high lateral-line scale count (80) given for C. conchos by Meek results from an injury to the left side of the holotype that produced regenerated, small scales; the right side of the same specimen (FMNH 3557) has no more than 75, which is in- cluded within the known variation of C. bemardini (65-75; original data); the paratypes of C. conchos (FMNH 3558 and USNM 105090) have about 65 to 70 lateral-line scales (74 on right side of one). The proper name for the razorback sucker is Xyrauchen texanus (Abbott), as shown by Fowler (1913, pp. 54-55). Baja California records are summarized by Follett ( 1960, p. 216). Myzostoma for Rafinesque's spelling Mojcostoma is one of Meek's attempts to correct the spelhng of a generic name. "Daniel Giraud Elliot, then chief curator of the Zoology Department of the Field Museum, an English-bom purist and self-assumed classicist" pro- vided Meek with such emendations as Pimelocep hales for Pime- phales and Lepidopomus for Lepomis (Carl L. Hubbs, pers. comm., May 9, 1974). Moxostoma congestum (Baird and Girard) is now definitely known to inhabit only those streams in extreme northeastern Mexico that drain into the Rio Grande below Big Bend National Park, and from thence southward to Rio Soto la Marina (Robert E. Jenkins, pers. comm.. May 13, 1974); however, it did inhabit the Rio Grande at El Paso in 1891 (Woolman, 1894, p. 56; USNM speci- men checked by Jenkins). Meek's record of the species from the Rio Conchos basin (Santa Rosalia) is actually M. austrinum Beeoi (specimens checked by Jenkins), which also lives in the United States in Alamito Creek, Presidio County, Texas (USNM 212109, UMMZ 182360, 196771). Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur) was not listed in Meek's book but was later recorded by him (Meek, 1908, p. 154) for the first time in Mexico from Rodriguez in the Rio Salado basin of Nuevo Le6n (FMNH 5575). Cyprinidae In Mexico Campostoma comprises two well-marked species that are readily distinguished by scale size (large in C. anomalum ( Rafin- esque), small in C. omatum Girard). After examination of syntypes of Campostoma formosulum Girard, I agree with Regan ( 1906-1908, MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 7 p. 150) and Fowler (1924, p. 389) that it is a synonym of C. anomalum. Xystrosus represents a distinctive lacustrine adaptation of Algansea noteworthy for its numerous gill rakers, but it is regarded as only a subgenus of Algansea by Barbour and Miller (ms). In the above revision of Algansea, Barbour and Miller synony- mizeA. dugesi BeanandA. rubescens Meek withA. tincella (Valen- ciennes). The material referred by Meek to Hybognathus is regarded as per- taining to the genus Dionda by Hubbs and Miller (in press). Hybo- gnathus does occur in Mexico (as H. nuchalis Agassiz), but only in the lower Rio Grande basin (Miller, in press b). The species called Hybognathus rasconis (Jordan and Snyder) by Meek was briefly discussed by Hubbs and Miller (1974, pp. 2-4). Meek's material from Forlon, in the Rio Tamesi basin, represents/). erimyzonops Hubbs and Miller (1974) and D. ipni (Alvarez and Navarro); that from Valles, in the Rio Panuco basin, isD. ipni; and the specimens collected in Rio Verde near Rioverde, San Luis Potosi, are an undescribed species of Dionda (Hubbs and Miller, in press). Dionda rasconis appears to be restricted to upland tribu- taries of the Rio Frio (sometimes called Rio Gallinas), near and above Rascon, San Luis Potosi ( Hubbs and Miller, in press). Pimephales confertus (Girard) was assigned to subspecific status, Pimephales promelas confertus, by Hubbs and Ortenburger ( 1929a, p. 38) who noted that Meek's counts of lateral-line scedes for his Mexican material were too high (52-55 instead of 43-49, evidently because Meek often counted the scales along the base of the caudal fin), Meek's spelling Ame/ocep/ia/es has been explained above. Ptychocheilus lucius Girard, a species confined to the Colorado River basin, was listed by Meek from Sonora on the basis of Bean's (1898, p. 165) record from northern Sonora, Mexico (Locality 45, N Sonora, F. Robinette coll.). Diligent search by myself, Donn Rosen, and staff in the fish collections of the American Museum of Natural History (including checking all material catalogued as Gila), failed to disclose the two specimens (8% and 12!^ in. long) described by Bean. Five of the six species recorded in his paper were located, however, including AMNH 1225, Catostomus bemardini Girard ( 180 and 280 mm. long), which came from the same station as his Ptychocheilus. Careful comparison with specimens of P. lucius from Arizona, of the same size as Bean's materieil, strongly suggests that the species Bean had was Gila robusta Baird £ind Girard. The eye in 8 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 P. lucius is much smaller and the maxilla extends well beyond the eye, even in the smaller specimen, whereas the eye is larger in G. robusta (as in Bean's material) and the maxilla reaches barely beyond a vertical from the front of the eye in large adults and falls short of it, as described by Bean for the smaller of his two specimens of '^Ptychocheilus lucius." In addition, Catostomus bernardini is only known from south of the Colorado River basin. I am thus con- fident that the Sonora record of the Colorado squawfish was based on Gila robusta, a species known from the Rio Yaqui basin (see G. minacae, below). Baja California records of Ptychocheilus are discussed by FoUett ( 1960, p. 216). Mexican records of Gila elegans Baird and Girard (also called G. r. elegans in recent years) are summarized by Follett ( 1960, p. 216). Gila minacae Meek, from Mifiaca on Rio Papigochic, an upper tributary of Rio Yaqui, is the same as Gila robusta (Miller, 1959a, p. 215); examination of the holotype (FMNH 3573) shows it to have nine rays in the dorsal, anal, and pelvic fins, fine scales (about 89 in lateral line), and a moderately slender caudal peduncle— traits of the typical subspecies, Gila r. robusta Baird and Girard, according to Minckley ( 1973, p. 100). No North American cyprinids are now referred to the Eurasian genus Leuciscus. Meek included two species, L. nigrescens (Girard) and, hypothetically, L. intermedius (Girard). Both are now assigned to Gila (Miller, 1945). Three species listed in the synonymy of L. nigrescens are valid: G. pulchra (Girard), G. conspersa Garman, and G. modesta ( Garman) ( see Miller, in press b). The material listed under L. nigrescens from Minaca (FMNH 3564a), in the Rio Yaqui basin, is Gila pulchra, which also lives in the Rio Conchos basin of Chihuahua. G. conspersa lives in the Rio Nazas basin; G. modesta in the Rio Salinas basin near Saltillo. Gila intermedia (Girard), recognized as a full species by Minckley and Deacon ( 1968) and by Minckley ( 1973), was taken in Rio Santa Cruz in extreme northern Sonora by John H. Clark in 1851 (Girard, 1859, p. 64, as Tigoma gibbosa). It no longer lives there. Abramis is now regarded as an Old World genus. Although A^otc- migonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) was recorded by Jordan from Brownsville, Texas (not now verifiable from preserved material), many of his records attributed to that locality have been shown to be erroneous (Clark Hubbs, 1954); moreover, Robinson ( 1959) failed to take the species during extensive collecting in the lower Rio Grande. Since there is no evidence that this species has ever been collected in the Rio Grande (Clark Hubbs, pers. comm.. May 8, MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 9 1974), it should be excluded from the Mexican fresh-water fish fauna. Cochlognathus ornatus Baird and Girard was shown by Hubbs and Ortenburger (1929a, p. 36; see also Hubbs and Black, 1947, p. 31 ) to be a synonym of Ceratichthys vigilax Baird and Girard, a spe- cies now referred to the genus Pimephales (Bailey, 1951, p. 193; Cross, 1953). The species now generally known as Hybopsis alta (Jordan) has had a tangled nomenclatural history. Meek referred it to Falcula Jordan and Snyder, calling it F. chapalae, but that species is a syno- nym of Hudsonius alius. When Falcula was found to be preoccu- pied, Jordan ( 1903, p. 360) renamed it Falcularius. Earlier, however, Jordan and Evermann (1896, pp. 314, 315, 321) erected the sub- genus Yuriria for Hudsonius alius ( on the basis of dentition and a large, terminal mouth) and this name was subsequently elevated to full generic status (Jordan et al., 1930, p. 137). Meek (p. 80), how- ever, synonymized Yuriria with Hybopsis, a logical action. Falcu- larius was thought not to have a barbel and hence was regarded as not closely related to Yuriria, in which the small barbel was noted (for example. Meek treated chapalae on p. 58 and alta on p. 81). But F. chapalae also has a small barbel, sometimes missing on one or both sides, and, in fact, the two nominal genera represent the same species (as first determined by Carl L. Hubbs, unpublished). Whether or not Yuriria is a valid genus is still debatable but for the present I choose to retain alta in Yuriria (see also Alvarez, 1970), rather than shift from one uncertainty to another. As worked out with Ted Cavender, Yuriria differs from Hybopsis in having: ( 1 ) the supraorbital canal with extensions onto the parietal bone, (2) the laminar part of the preopercle broadly expanded, the vertical and horizontal limbs of this bone equal, (3) numerous pores in the ce- phalic sensory canals, and (4) the sensory canal pores enlarged (see also Smith et al., 1975). If the species were to be assigned to Hybop- sis, then the recent proposal to combine Hybopsis with Noiropis (Cortes, 1968) would make it still uncertain whether to call the fish Hybopsis alta or Noiropis alius. (See also discussion in Hubbs and Miller, 1974). Whether //y6opsis and Noiropis should be combined or not is under study by Robert E. Jenkins. The nominal genus Aztecula Jordan and Evermann, with type species Noiropis aztecus Woolman {=Codoma vittaia Girard) from the Valley of Mexico, has had a similarly tangled history, as fol- lows: Leuciscus vittatus DeKay, a synonym of Noiropis comuius (Mitchill), has priority over Codoma vittaia, so if Aztecula is not 10 FIELDIANA: ZOOLCX5Y. VOLUME 69 recognized and the species is referred to Notropis, then N. aztecus is the proper name of the type species of Aztecula. Moreover, Cer- atichthys sallaei Glinther, from Cuernavaca (in the Rio Balsas basin), erroneously referred to Algansea by Jordan and Evermann ( 1896, p. 212) and others, may be specifically indistinguishable from that species. Meek (1904, p. 45, ftn.) was properly concerned about an Algansea inhabiting the Rio Balsas basin (where that genus is unknown today) and suggested that Glinther 's fish actually came from the Valley of Mexico. However, this type of cyprinid does inhabit the Balsas system near Puebla (UMMZ 191695). Until I have examined the types of C. sallaei, I tentatively refer the com- plex of species included by Meek in Aztecula to a single species, No- tropis sallaei. Aztecula, if valid, has the reduced dentition typical of so many Mexican cyprinids (0,4-4,0), small scales (50 or more in lat- eral line), head rounded and snout very blunt, small upturned mouth, small fins, small eye, generally plain coloration (except that nuptial males are strongly bicolored), small, profuse nuptial tuber- cles over head and most of body, and intestine with a single, simple loop (Type 1 of Kafuku, 1958, fig. 7). The genus Notropis is represented in Mexico by at least 20 species (Miller, in press b), including several still undescribed. Some Mexi- can cyprinids assigned to Notropis by Meek and others likely will be placed in other genera, but in the present confusion regarding the generic classification of the Cyprinidae a concept of the genus Notropis and its subdivisions is not yet clear. One species that I feel should be removed is Notropis omatus (Girard), which I tentatively retain in Codoma for reasons given later ( see also Miller, in press b). Of the remaining species placed by Meek in Notropis, N. robustus (Meek) is probably not distinct from A^. braytoni Jordan and Ever- mann. It was synonymized with that species by Hubbs and Hubbs (1958, p. 300); the dorsal and anal rays are 8 and 7, respectively, in both robustus and braytoni, not 9 and 8 in robustus as recorded by Meek. Meek's records of braytoni from Garza Valdez, La Cruz, Santa Engracia, and Victoria all refer to A^. aguirrepequenoi Con- treras-Balderas and Rivera-Teillery (1973), since they are in the basin of Rio Soto la Marina where that species but not braytoni lives (Contreras-Balderas, pers. comm., 1975). Notropis boucardi (GUnther) has generally been treated as a species of Hybopsis, except by Cortes ( 1968); some trait other than the presence or absence of a maxillary barbel will be required to dis- MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 11 tinguish Hy bop sis if that genus is to be separated generically from Notropis. Notropis orca Woolman is a synonym of Notropis simus (Cope), which was erroneously transferred to Hybopsis by Jordan et al. (1930, p. 135). Both species were described from the Rio Grande, and comparison of the type series of each (CAS-SU 2278 and USNM 16982, respectively) reveals no basis for specific separation, despite the assignment of orca to a separate subgenus, Orcella, by Jordan and Evermann (1896, pp. 254, 289). There are differences between the type series (from San Ildefonso, New Mexico, and El Paso, Texas), for example, in number of anal rays and position of dorsal fin (9 fs 8 and fin more posterior in simus), but intergradation of these features occurs within the drainage. Clark Hubbs (1957, p. 6) recognized only N. simus from Texas, thereby tacitly synonymizing the two. Notropis forlonensis Meek has been aligned as a subspecies of N. lutrensis (Baird and Girard) by C. L. Hubbs (1954, p. 293); Meek recognized its close resemblance to that species. Notropis rutilus (Girard) is a valid species confined to northeas- tern Mexico (see, for example, Minckley and Lytle, 1969). Notropis macrostomus (Girard) is a synonym oiN. amabilis (Gi- rard), as determined by C. L. Hubbs who compared the types of both species in the U. S. National Museum. My examination of this material (USNM 129 and 72, respectively) supports his conclusion. Both species were described from Texas but only N amabilis is recognized from that state by Clark Hubbs ( 1957, p. 6). Notropis garmani Jordan is very close to, and perhaps only a sub- species of, A^. lutrensis; this is true also of A^. santamariae Ever- mann and Goldsborough and A^. formosus (Girard), closely related taxa, Minckley (1973, pp. 138-139) recognized formosus as a sep- arate species and I (Miller, in press b) followed his action. Notropis frigidus (Girard) is a synonym of A^. /. lutrensis (Hubbs and Ortenburger, 1929b, p. 74). The small, mutilated specimen from a pool near Lago Santa Maria, Chihuahua, referred to this species by Evermann and Goldsborough (1902, p. 148), should be assigned to N. santamariae (see above), which was described by them on the previous page from the lake of that name. Notropis santarosaliae Meek is a synonym of Notropis jemezanus (Cope), as shown by examination of the types (holotype, FMNH 12 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 69 3535, 17 paratypes, 59532) from Rio Nonoava at Santa Rosalia (now called Ciudad Camargo), Chihuahua. Included by Meek and others as a synonym of Notropis is the monotypic genus Codoma, type species Codoma omata Girard, 1856 (see Girard, 1859, p. 53, pi. 29, fig. 22), This species, currently as- signed to Notropis, was included in the subgenus Cyprinella by Gibbs (1957), who stressed the naturalness of this group of Notro- pis. I (Miller, in press b) have pointed out that A^. omatus lacks some of the characters used by Gibbs to diagnose Cyprinella, and have noted other features that seem to set this species apsirt from others referrable to Notropis. Moreover, according to observations of spawning behavior by W. L. Minckley (pers. comm., 1973), this species spawns upside down under rocks, a behavior unknown for Cyprinella but characteristic of Pimephales promelas. Hence Codoma omata is tentatively adopted as the name for this fish until generic relationships among American cyprinids are better under- stood. C. omata looks more like a Pimephales than a Notropis; it may lie near the basal stock from which the Pimephalini sprang. The genus Phenacobius does not occur in Mexico. Its inclusion (as P. scopifer = P. mirabilis) by Meek was on the supposed basis of its occurrence at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Clark Hubbs (1954, p. 279) showed this record to be most improbable, and Robinson ( 1959) confirmed that conclusion by failing to collect this genus anywhere in the lower Rio Grande. The distribution of P. mirabilis (Girard) has been mapped by Trautman ( 1957, map 71 ). Rhinichthys simus Garman is a synonym of Rhinichthys atrat- ulus (Hermann), as pointed out by Hubbs (1936b, p. 125), who showed that the type came from Coahulla Creek, Georgia (not Coa- huila, Mexico). Meek's material (FMNH 4420) from Montemorelos, Nuevo Le6n (in the Rio San Juan basin), was reidentified as Rhin- ichthys cataractae (Valenciennes) by C. L. Hubbs; another lot (FMNH 3531), collected by Meek and Lutz at Santa Rosalia (=Cd. Camargo), Chihuahua, but not listed in Meek, also represents R. cataractae. Meek treated Apocope as a synonym of Agosia but Apocope is now interpreted as congeneric with Rhinichthys (see review by Hubbs et al., 1974, p. 97). Agosia is represented byi4. chrysogaster Girard, whereas Agosia oscula is Rhinichthys osculus (Girard), which barely enters the Mexican fauna in that part of Rio Santa Cruz which swings through northern Sonora on its way to Gila River, Arizona. MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 13 The reported occurrence of a species of Couesius in Mexico remains an enigma, for this genus is otherwise essentially Canadian in distribution (McPhail and Lindsey, 1970, p. 242; Scott and Cross- man, 1973, p. 403). Examination of the three syntypes of Couesius adustus Woolman by Robert E. Jenkins and Clyde D. Barbour (pars, comm., 1973) revealed that at least two genera (one of which is Algansea) are involved. The possibility of a mixup in the locality and association of the specimens must be considered. No fish con- forming to Woolman's description has been taken in the Rio Con- chos basin since 1891 despite much collecting there during the past 75 years. Plagopterus argentissimus Cope was included by Meek in the Mexican fish fauna probably because the records from Yuma, Ari- zona, so closely approach Mexico. However, all known occurrences of this species are in the United States (see Miller and Hubbs, 1960, fig. 1). Characidae Myers ( 1949) has shown that the proper spelling for this family of fishes is Characidae (not Characinidae). Both Tetragonopterus and Astyanax are now regarded as valid genera, but species of the former genus are restricted to South America (Eigenmann, 1917). Astyanax mexicanus (Filippi) and A. aeneus (GUnther) have been assigned to the same species, A. fasci- atus (Cuvier), although the full supporting data for this action have never been published. This explains why >1. mexicanus is frequently used (e.g., by Bailey et al., 1970) and why I have used it in a recent paper (Miller, in press b). The complex of forms of Astyanax through Middle to South America has received innumerable loced names; a comprehensive treatment of these highly variable chara- cins has yet to be presented. Hemigrammus compressus Meek was made the type species of the genus Hyphessobrycon Durbin (in Eigenmann, 1908, p. 100), a name in current use. This is the only Mexican species (Miller, 1966, p. 785). Synbranchidae The above modified spelling of this family name has been in use for some time. Donn E. Rosen and P. H. Greenwood are currently revising this family and their paper is expected to result in modifica- tions regarding the number of genera and species occurring in Mexico (Rosen, pers. comm., 1974). Synbranchus marmoratus 14 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 Bloch lives in Mexico only on the Pacific coastal plain of Oaxaca and Chiapas. Anguillidae The American eel is now called Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur). It occurs from southwestern Greenland to Colombia, including the West Indies, entering rivers along the Atlantic slope (Miller, 1966; Scott and Crossman, 1973). Clupeidae The gizzard shads, placed by Meek in a separate family, the Doro- somatidae, are now generally included within the Clupeidae ( Hilde- brand, 1963, p. 262). Dorosoma exile Jordan and Gilbert is a syno- nym of D. cepedianum (Lesueur) and Signalosa is now generally treated as a synonym of Dorosoma (Miller, 1963); the Mexican species is currently called Dorosoma petenense (GUnther), as by Miller (1966, p. 794). Meek's second citation under Dorosoma exile (the reference to L. Catemaco) also refers toD. petenense. Salmonidae Salmo irideus Gibbons has long been treated as a subspecies of Salmo gairdneri Richardson, as by Miller (1950, p. 4). The four specimens from Arroyo San Antonio, tribut£u-y to Rio Santo Domin- go, Baja California, mentioned by Meek, could not be found. This is the population described by Evermann (1908) as Salmo nelsoni Evermann and discussed recently by Follett ( 1960, p. 215). TOECILIIDAE" Meek (1904, pp. 98-159) placed all cyprinodontoids in the Order Haplomi and in the Family Poeciliidae. This classification has long since been abandoned. His Poeciliidae actually represents four fami- lies: Cyprinodontidae, Goodeidae, Poeciliidae, and Anablepidae. The following list uses the modern family terminology, with Meek's genera and their presently accepted names, if different, in parenthe- ses: Cyprinodontidae— Cynoctomc/itAys (Rivulus), Fundulus (Fun- dulus, Pro fundulus), Lucania, and Cyprinodon. Goodeidae— Zoogoneticus {Zoogoneticus, Pro fundulus, Allo- ophorus), Girardinichthys, Characodon {Characodon, Girardinich- thys, Xenotoca, Ilyodon), Chapalichthys, Goodea (Goodea, Ilyo- don, A taeniobius ), and Skiffia. Poecihidae—Pseudoxiphophorus {Heterandria), Gambusia {Gam- busia, Poeciliopsis, Priapella), Paragambusia (Gambusia), Glar- idichthys (Poeciliopsis), Belonesox, Platypoecilus (Xiphophorus, MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 15 Poecilia), Heterandria (Poeciliopsis), Poecilia (Poecilia, Poeciliop- sis , Xiphophorus ), MolUenesia (Poecilia)^ andXiphophorus. Anahlepidae—Anableps. Cyprinodontidae The distribution of Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek, now referred to Rivulus, has recently been treated by Miller and Carr ( 1974, p. 122). Fundulus guatemalensis Gunther, F. punctatus Giinther, F. labi- alis Giinther (pp. 103-107), and Zoogoneticus pachycephalus (Giin- ther) (p. 112), extralimital species included in Meek's book, are members of the genus Profundulus (Miller, 1955b), as is F. oaxacae Meek. Fundulus vinctus Jordan and Gilbert and F. extensus Jordan and Gilbert, said to have come from Cape San Lucas, Baja California, "were apparently based on specimens of the common Atlantic Coast species, F. heteroclitus (Linnaeus) and F. diaphanus (Le Sueur), respectively" (Miller and Hubbs, 1954). Meek's records (Linares, Victoria) of Fundulus similis Giinther pertain to F. grandis Baird and Girard (Hubbs, 1926, p. 7). F. heteroclitus (Linnaeus) does not occur in Mexico, but is represented in its northeastern part by F. grandis (Miller, 1955a, p. 8). Meek's reference to Yucatan material of grandis refers to F. grandissimus Hubbs (1936a, pp. 209-210, pi. 2, figs. 3-4). Fundulus zebrinus (Jordan and Gilbert) is one of a number of spe- cies erroneously recorded from the mouth of the Rio Grande at Brownsville (Clark Hubbs, 1954; Miller, 1955a). Lucania venusta (Girard) is a synonym of Lucania parva (Baird and Gireird) (see Hubbs and Miller, 1965). Under the synonymy of Cyprinodon eximius Girard, the record of C. elegans from "lagoons near Tampico" refers to C. variegatus Lacepede; thus this species does not inhabit the Rio Panuco basin (Darnell, 1962). Cyprinodon elegans Baird and Girard is confined to Texas (Miller, 1951). Meek's records refer to an undescribed species of Cyprino- don, but his reference to Bean's material from Chihuahua should be referred to C. eximius. Mexican records for Cyprinodon macularius Baird and Girard have been given by Miller ( 1943) and Follett ( 1960). Cyprinodon latifasciatus Garman was confined to the Parras basin, Coahuila, where it is now extinct (Miller, 1964). Meek's rec- ords from Rio Nazas and headwaters of Rio Mezquital pertain to undescribed species of this genus ( Miller, in press c). 16 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 69 Goodeidae Much of the generic classification of this family that is adopted here was proposed in the revision by Hubbs and Turner (1939), to which the reader is referred. Modifications of that classification have been made recently by Miller and Fitzsimons ( 1971 ). Zoogoneticus dugesi (Bean) is assigned to the genus Allotoca; Z. robustus (Bean) and Z. maculatus Regan, its sjoionym (Regan, 1906-1908, p. 87), are assigned to the genus Alloophorus; Z. mini- atus Meek is a synonym of Z. diazi Meek and did not come from the Valley of Mexico ( see Alvarez and Navarro, 1957). Girardinichthys inominatus Bleeker is preoccupied by G. vivi- parus (Bustamente) (see Alvarez and Navarro, 1957); it is the only goodeid inhabiting the Valley of Mexico. Characodon multiradiatus Meek, made the type of the genus Lermichthys by Hubbs and Turner (1939, p. 68), was synonymized with Girardinichthys by Miller and Fitzsimons (1971). C. eiseni Rutter is a species of Xenotoca (Fitzsimons, 1972); it does not occur in the lowlands of Jalisco. C. variatus Bean is also a Xenotoca, but C. garmani Jordan and Evermann is a synonym of Characodon lat- eralis Giinther (Fitzsimons, 1972), a species now known only from the basin of the Rio Mezquital in and near the city of Durango. C. furcidens Jordan and Gilbert is a species of Ilyodon ; all of the Cape San Lucas records are erroneous (Miller and Hubbs, 1954) as is the one from Rio San Pedro, Jalisco. Goodea whitei Meek is a member of the genus Ilyodon, and G. toweri Meek is the only known species of Ataeniobius. Skiffia variegata Meek was synonymized with S. lermae Meek by Miller and Fitzsimons (1971). Examination of the type material of each confirms this action. Body depth ( supposedly a distinguishing feature), coloration, and markings (dark bar at caudal base) are all too variable to suggest that these two are full morphological spe- cies. Poeciliidae Pseudoxiphophorus is currently referred to Heterandria, with two species in Mexico—//, bimaculata (Heckel) and H. jonesi (Giin- ther). P. pauciradiatus Regan is a synonym ofH. jonesi. Meek's ac- count thus includes both species (Miller, 1974a). Gambusia fasciata Meek is a valid species of Poeciliopsis , as are G. gracilis (Heckel), G. infans Woolman, and Glaridichthys latidens (Garman) (see Hubbs and Miller, 1954; Miller, 1960; Rosen and Bai- ley, 1963). Meek was correct in suspecting the locality. Chihuahua, MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 17 for p. latidens, as this species occurs only along the Pacific coastal plain of Mexico from San Bias, Nayarit, to Sonora. Meek's records of G. gracilis from the Rio Balsas basin (Cuautla, Yautepec, Jojutla, Chietla) all represent Poeci/iopsis balsas Hubbs (1926, p. 66), Included in the synonymy of Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) are two valid species of Gambusia: G. nobilis (Bfiird and Girard), which lives only in Texas and New Mexico, and G. senilis Girard (Hubbs and Springer, 1957). G. bonita Meek is a species of Priapella Regan ( 1913) (see also Rosen and Bailey, 1963, p. 60). Paragambusia nicaraguensis (Giinther) is a species of Gambusia but it does not inhabit Mexico (Rosen and Bailey, 1963, pp. 90, 94). Meek's records from five stations in Veracruz and Oaxaca all refer to G. sexradiata Hubbs ( 1936a). Platypoecilus is a synonym of Xiphophorus. Meek's record of P. variatus Meek from Rasc6n, San Luis Potosi, represents X. monte- zumae Jordan and Snyder (see FMNH 4514, referred to in last p£ira- graph of p. 159). P. nelsoni Meek is Poecilia butleri Jordan; the type locality is along the coastal plain of Guerrero, not in the basin of Rio Balsas (Schultz and Miller, 1971, p. 284, ftn. 1). Heterandria pleurospilus (Giinther) has been identified as Poecili- opsis gracilis (Heckel) by Rosen and Bailey (1963, pp. 131, 136), with H. lutzi Meek listed as a synonjnn. The latter may be a valid form, however. Poecilia occidentalis (Baird and Girard) is also a species of Poe- ciliopsis (Hubbs and MiUer, 1941), as is P. presidionis Jordan and Culver (Regan, 1913). Poecilia couchiana (Girard) belongs in Xipho- phorus (Rosen, 1960). Poecilia sphenops Valenciennes, as treated by Meek, is a mixture of two species, P. sphenops and P. mexicana Steindachner (see Schultz and Miller, 1971; Menzel and Darnell, 1973). All material from northeastern Mexico (the first 10 localities listed), involving collections from the Rio San Juan southward to the Rio P6nuco basins, are mexicana, whereas those from San Jer6nimo, Tehuan- tepec, and Jojutla (on the Pacific slope) are all sphenops. Material from Veracruz, Perez, La Antigua, and San Juan Evangelista (FMNH 4574 and 72573, 4689 and 74074, 3737, 4707) is mexicana, although sphenops also lives at or near these places; P. sphenops is in the El Hule coUection (FMNH 4645), but both species are present in Meek's collections from Obispo, Otopa, and Boca del Rio. Figure 49, labelled P. sphenops and representing the holotype of P. liman- touri Jordan and Snyder, is P. mexicana (Menzel and Darnell, 1973, p. 227). 18 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 MolUenesia is now assigned to Poecilia. P. latipinna (Lesueur) occurs only in northeastern Mexico, from about Laguna de Tami- ahua, Veracruz, northward, chiefly in brackish water; Meek's record of it from Yucatan represents P. velifera ( Regan) ( see Hubbs, 1936a, pp. 246-248, pi. 9, fig. 4). Xiphophorus jalapae Meek is a synonym of X. helleri (Rosen, 1960, p. 117). Belonidae Tylosurus marinus (Walbaum) is currently called Strongylura marina. Meek's statement that this species often ascends rivers into fresh water refers to two other species: S. timucu (Walbaum), re- corded from San Francisco, near Veracruz City (FMNH 4568, as determined by Bruce B. CoUette), and the fresh- water species S. huhhsi CoUette (1974) recorded from Rio Tesechoacan at Perez, Veracruz. S. marina does penetrate into fresh water in the United States (in Florida and along the Gulf Coast) but there do not appear to be any valid fresh-water records for Mexico. Syngnathidae Siphostoma brevicaudum Meek is a synonym of Oostethus line- atus (Kaup), as determined by Herald (1942, p. 131). S. starksi Jordan and Culver is the type species of Pseudophallus (Herald, 1940), recently reviewed by Dawson ( 1974). Atherinidae The genus Chirostoma has been revised by Barbour (1973) with the following changes from Meek's presentation: C. mezquital Meek is a synonym of C. jordani Woolman; C. zirahuen Meek is a synonym of C. attenuatum Meek; C. lermae Jordan and Snyder is a synonym of C. sphyraena Boulenger (as first pointed out by Regan, 1906-1908, p. 63); and C. ocotlanae Jordan and Snyder is the same as C. lucius Boulenger. Menidia sallei (Regan) was made the type species of Archome- nidia Jordan and Hubbs (1919), and Menidia lisa Meek of Xenathe- rina Regan ( 1906-1908, p. 64). (The six specimens recorded by Meek from El Hule, FMNH 4651, are A. sallei. ) Thyrina evermanni Jordan and Culver and T. crystallina (Jordan and Culver), which may not be two distinct species, are here referred to Melaniris Meek. Thyrina is preoccupied in insects (Myers and Wade, 1942, p. 138) and Melaniris is the next available generic name. Schultz (1948) recognized Melaniris and Thyrinops as separate genera, but I do not feel that the characters used by him MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 19 warrant generic separation and hence have used only Melaniris (MiUer, 1966, p. 796; Miller and Carr, 1974). Mugilidae Neomugil digueti Vaillant is a synonym oi Agonostomus monti- cola (Bancroft), a species discussed by FoUett ( 1960, pp. 220-221). Centrarchidae Lepidopomus is an unwarranted emendation for Lepomis. L. cya- nellus Rafinesque may not be native to Mexico (Miller, in press b); the record for Brownsville is definitely erroneous ( see discussion of Notemigonus crysoleucas, under Cyprinidae). Meek's record (in the synonymy of L. cyanellus) of Pomotis aquilensis Girard, from Eagle Pass, Texas, refers to Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque), as Girard's figures clearly show. L. occidentalis Meek and L. haplognathus Cope also are synonyms of L. megalotis. L. pallidus (Mitchill) and Eupomotis heros (Baird and Girard) are synonyms of Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque (Bailey, 1938*). Micropterus salmoides (Lacepede) is misspelled salmonoides. In Meek's general range statement, the largemouth bass is listed from Tampico, but it does not inhabit the Rio Panuco-Tamesi basin (Dar- nell, 1962); as Meek correctly indicated at the end of his account, M. salmoides is not native south of the Rio Soto la Marina basin. Percidae Etheostoma lepidum (Baird and Girard) is unknown from Mexico (Miller, in press b); the Brownsville record is erroneous (see discus- sion oi Notemigonus crysoleucas, under Cyprinidae). Centropomidae Centropomus mexicanus Bocourt is a synonym of C. parallelus Poey, an Atlantic-slope species (Regan, 1906-1908, p. 48). This and other Mexican species from the Atlantic slope have been treated by Chavez (1963). Pomadasyidae Meek called this family Haemulidae, once a common practice. Pomadasys starri Meek is a synonym of P. crocro (Cuvier) as determined by Regan (1906-1908, p. 44) and confirmed by my examination of the holotype. P. templei Meek is also a synonym of ' Bailey, Reeve M. 1938. A systematic revision of the centrarchid fishes, with a dis- cussion of their distribution, variations, and probable interrelationships. PhD thesis, Univ. Mich., 256 pp., 10 pis. aO FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 P. crocro (Meek and Hildebrand, 1925, p. 559); holotypje examined. P. bay anus Jordan and Evermann and P. crocro are very closely re- lated, geminate species (see Follett, 1960). Sciaenidae Haploidonotus is an improp)er emendation of Aplodinotus , a strictly fresh-water, monotypic genus, widely distributed in eastern North America. Cichlidae Meek recognized three genera of cichlids in the area of Mexico treated by him, Cichlasoma, Neetroplus, and Thorichthys. Al- though Thorichthys is one of the distinctive, natural groups of Cichlasoma (Miller and Nelson, 1961; Rivas, 1962), it has not been ranked higher than a subgenus (as indeed by Meek, 1907) in recent years. Neetroplus is currently retained as a genus, but it does not occur in Mexico; N. carpintis Jordan and Snyder is a member of the Herichthys group of Cichlasoma and is very close to, if not identical with, C cyanoguttatum (Baird and Girard), as determined by Regan ( 1905, pp. 434, 445). Cichlasoma mento (Vaillant and Pellegrin) is evidently confined to the upper Rio Grijalva (Rio Grande de Chiapa) basin in Chiapas and adjacent Guatemala (Miller, in press a). Cichlasoma hedricki Meek was synonymized with C. octofasci- atum (Giinther) by Regan (1905, p. 445), an action with which I fully concur (Miller, 1966). Cichlasoma pavonaceum (Garman) is a representative of C. cyanoguttatum. Cichlasoma steindachneri Jordan and Snyder appears to be re- stricted to upper tributaries of Rio Frio or Rio Gallinas, as at Rasc6n and Tamasopo, San Luis Potosi (fresh collections at UMMZ). Meek's records of it from Forl6n and Valles represent an undescribed species, and even his collection (FMNH 4516) from the type locality, Rasc6n, includes two species, of which one is the true C. steindachneri, well portrayed in the illustration of the holotj^pe on page 211. Meek placed Cichlasoma labridens (Pellegrin) in the synonymy of C. bartoni (Bean), but both are valid species (Regan, 1906-1908). Among other differences, the lower pharyngeals bear molariform teeth in labridens but not in bartoni. Meek's description of C. bar- toni is thus a composite of the two species. All of the specimens examined by Meek from Rio Verde at Rioverde, San Luis Potosi, are C. labridens, as Regan ( 1905, p. 443) previously concluded. MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 21 Cichlasoma evermanni Meek (FMNH 4727, holotype examined) is a synonym of C. heterodontum (Vaillant and Pellegrin), as deter- mined by Regan ( 1905, p. 241), and that species in turn is the ssime as C. macracanthum (Giinther) (see Miller, 1966; in press a). Regan (1906-1908, p. 25) commented further on Meek's species. C. macra- canthum typically has an anal-fin formula of V,9. In Meek's range statement for Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum, the reference to Tabasco is based on a misidentification, as shown by Hubbs ( 1936a, p. 255); the Tabasco specimen is now the holotype of C. heterospilum Hubbs. Cichlasoma rectangulare (Steindachner) was synonymized with C. intermedium (Giinther) by Regan (1905, p. 232), an action with which I concur. Cichlasoma mojarra Meek is a synonym of C. trimaculatum ( Giin- ther) (Miller, 1966), not of C. salvini (Giinther) as Regan (1905, p. 335) thought; C. salvini is from waters draining into the Atlantic, C. mojarra the Pacific. Meek's reference, under Cichlasoma octofasciatum (Regan), to the record oiHeros cyanoguttatus by Evermann and Goldsborough was shown by Hubbs ( 1936a, p. 255) to represent his new species, C. heterospilum (see above). Cichlasoma parma (Giinther) was synonymized with C. fenestra- tum (Giinther) by Regan (1905, p. 228), an action with which Meek (1905, p. 245) subsequently agreed. I have examined Meek's Vera- cruz material from San Francisco (FMNH 4570, two large adults, of which the male is iUustrated as Plate XV), Obispo (FMNH 4671), Perez (FMNH 4696), and El Hule ( =Papaloapan, FMNH 4655), and refer all these 23 specimens to C. fenestratum. The distribution of this species has been given by Miller ( 1966, p. 791); it does not occur at Montecristo, Tabasco (the Evermann and Goldsborough record cited by Meek). Cichlasoma melanurum (Giinther) is an Atlantic-slope species that does not occur north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (Miller, 1966, p. 791). Meek's material may represent a complex of two species (if both are valid), C. gadowi Regan and C. fenestratum (see Regan, 1905, pp. 442-443), but Meek (1905, p. 245) later concluded that Regan's species was not distinct from melanurum (=fenestra- tum), an action that I am inclined to accept. I believe that FMNH 3720 and USNM 55797 (CuicatlAn), FMNH 4614 (Otopa), FMNH 4695 (Perez), and FMNH 4624 (Motzorongo) are edl clearly C. fene- stratum. FMNH 4718 (San Jerdnimo, Oaxaca and Ixtepec, Pacific 22 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY, VOLUME 69 slope) is Cichlasoma zonatum Meek, which was synonymized with C. guttulatum (Glinther) by Miller (1966, p. 791) but later was re- garded as a valid species (Miller, 1974b, p. 470). Cichlasoma nebulifer should be written Cichlasoma nebuliferum (Giinther) since the original designation by Giinther was Chromis nebulifera. Cichlasoma deppii (Meckel) and C montezuma (Heckel), both attributed to Mexico, were synonymized with Cichlasoma sieboldi (Kner and Steindachner) by Regan (1905, p. 235). That species, however, is unknown north of Costa Rica. Without an examination of the types of these two nominal species I am unable to identify them; if Regan is correct, the locality data must be grossly in error. As mentioned above, Neetroplus carpintis Jordan and Snyder be- longs in the Herichthys group and is close to, if not the same as, Cichlasoma cyanoguttatum. The Thorichthys group probably contains more species than are currently recognized (Miller and Nelson, 1961; Rivas, 1962). Regan (1905, p. 320) synonymized C. hellen (Steindachner) and C. ellioti Meek with C. aureum (Giinther), but after recent study of this group of cichlids I believe that all three species are valid. C. aureum,, with molariform teeth on the lower pharyngeals, is confined to Guatemala and Belize. Meek (1906) described Cichlasoma tenue from Achotal, Veracruz (Rio Papaloapan basin), based on five young- to-juvenile fish. Exam- ination of this material convinces me that Meek ( 1905) was correct in his original determination of them as C. trimaculatum. The nature of the spotting on the side of the body (see Meek's figure of C. mojarra) is characteristic of this species, the variants of which have received at least four other names (Miller, 1966, p. 793). Meek's specimens appear emaciated like those from the Rio Tehuan- tepec basin (UMMZ 161489, 161499, 161513), leading to his choice of the specific name; this species is usually more deep-bodied. Regan's (1905, p. 333) description of C. trimaculatum fits Meek's material well. Meek's five types have dorsal- and anal-fin formulae of XVI-XVII, 9-11 and VI-VII, 8-9 (not 7 as in the original descrip- tion). Since C. trimaculatum is a Pacific-slope species, the types of C. tenue could not have come from Achotal. Further evidence for a locality mixup comes from an examination of FMNH 3780, orig- inally determined as Cichlasoma parma and labelled "Achotal Heller and Barber 1904." In this jar are eight specimens of C. fene- stratum (see above) and seven of C. macracanthum which also is a MILLER: MEXICAN ICHTHYOLOGY 23 Pacific-slope species. Perhaps the type locality of C. tenue was somewhere near Tehuantepec, Oaxaca. GOBIES Meek placed all gobies in one family, the Gobiidae (as also has been done by some recent workers), but I prefer to retain the Eleo- tridae (Meek's Eleotridinae) as a separate family. Eleotridae Gobiomorus has long replaced Philypnus on the basis of priority. Two species are included in Meek's account of P. dormitor: G. dor- mitor Lacepede, from the Atlantic slope, and G. maculatus (Giin- ther) from the Pacific. The three Mexican species of Gobiomorus have been treated by Miller ( 1959b). Dormitator comprises two species: D. maculatus (Bloch), from the Atlantic slope, andZ). latifrons (Richardson) from the Pacific. All of Meek's records are of the Atlantic form. The two species are distinguished by Hildebrand (1938, pp. 341-344). The population at Cape San Lucas, Baja California ( misidentif ied by Rutter as D. maculatus) was described as D. latifrons mexicanus by Ginsburg ( 1953) and said to range along the Pacific slope of Mexico. Northern Mexican records have been summarized by Follett ( 1960). The correct spelhng of the Pacific species of Eleotris is E. picta Kner and Steindachner. This species ranges as far north as the Colo- rado River, California (Hubbs, 1953). Gobiidae Gobius parvus Meek (FMNH 3738, female holotype examined) is identical with Evorthodus breviceps Gill, as described by Meek and Hildebrand ( 1928, p. 870). That species, in turn, is the same as Evor- thodus lyricus (Girard), described from Texas. The name breviceps is based on the female, and lyricus on the male, of this strongly sex- ually dimorphic goby (Ginsburg, 1931). The species oi Evorthodus, two of which occur in Mexico, were distinguished by Dawson ( 1967). Gobius claytoni Meek (FMNH 3740, holotype examined), is a brackish to fresh-water species of Gobionellus (Ginsburg, 1932, p. 15). Robins and Lachner (1966) synonymized G. claytoni with Gobionellus fasciatus (Gill) but unpublished studies by Gilbert and Randall (Gilbert and Kelso, 1971, p. 44) indicate that G. claytoni and G. fasciatus, though very closely related, are valid species sepa- rated by a wide distributional gap. Gobius microdon Gilbert is also a species of Gobionellus (Gins- burg, 1932, p. 34). This goby appears to have greater predilection 24 FIELDIANA: ZOOLOGY. VOLUME 69 for brackish or salt water than the preceding one, although it does invade fresh water just above river mouths. Chonophorus is a synonym of Awaous, as explained by Ginsburg ( 1933, pp. 20-21). Two species occur throughout Middle America: A. tajasica (Lichenstein) of the Atlantic slope, and. A. transandeanus (Giinther) of the Pacific. A. nelsoni Evermann is a synonym of i4. transandeanus. Baja California records of A. transandeanus have been summarized by Follett ( 1960, p. 225). GilUchthys detrusus Gilbert and Scofield is a synonym of G. mira- bilis Cooper (Barlow, 1961 ). Soleidae Two genera of soleids are currently recognized from Mexico: Achirus and Trinectes (see discussion and references in Hubbs, 1932). Achirus fonsecensis (Giinther) and -4. fasciatus Lacepede are valid species of Trinectes, but the correct specific name of the latter is T. maculatus (Bloch and Schneider) as shown by Hubbs (1932). Meek's material from Perez (FMNH 4702) has been identified as T. m. fasciatus (Lacepede) by C. L. Hubbs (pers. comm., 1974). REFERENCES Alvarez, J. 1966. Ictiologica michoacana, IV. Contribuci6n al conocimiento biologico y sis- tematico de las lampreas de Jacona, Mich., Mexico. An. Esc. Nac. Cienc. Biol.. 13 (1-4), pp. 107-144. 1970. Feces mexicanos (claves). Inst. Nac. Inv. Biol. Pesq. Ser. Inv. Pesq., Estudiol.pp. 1-166. Alvarez. J. and L. Navarro G. 1957. 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