if.*-n'. ^ers-x^* UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS LIBRARY SPbCiAL COLLECTIONS SB 97 A2 so u Rc E _ _Gd Jiege^ — :f ULiXcU- . THE GARDEN VADE MECUM, () R Compendium of General Gardening; AND DESCRIPTIVE DISPLAY or THE Plants, Flowers, Shrubs, Trees and Fruits, AND GENERAL CULTURE: COMPEISING A fyftematic Dlfplay and Defcription of the feveral ■ DiilritSls of Gardening and Plantations, under feparate Heads; giving Intimations of the Utility, general or particular Plans, Dimenfions, Soil and Situation, &c. and of the various refpeftive Plants, Flowers, Shrubs, Trees and Fruits, proper for, and arranged in each Diftrift ; with general Defcriptions of their Nature of Growth, Temperature, principal and particular Ufes, Methods of Propagation and general Culture, in their rcfpeftive Garden Departments : CONSISTING or THE FLOWER GARDEN, P LE AS URE G ROUND, SHRUBBERY AND PLANTATIONS, FRUIT-GARDEN AND KITCHEN-GARDEN, GREEN-HOUSE AND HOT-HOUSE. By JOHN ABERCROMBIE, Upwards of Forty Years Pradicai Gardener, and Author of ** Every Man his own Gardener." LONDON: fHINTED FOR JOHN STOCKDALE, PICCADILLY* 1789. [ Price 39. 6d. Boards, 4s. bound. J Entered at Stationers-Hall. f;i£ASURtROOM PREFACE. TH E Defign of the prefent fmall Work, on Gardening, is intended as a General Introduction to the fyftematic Knowledge of the feveral different Diftrids, and that of the various Plants, Sec. rela- ting thereto; each Diftri6l being difplayed under a diftindl Head, confifting of the Flower -Garden and Pleafure- Ground, Shrubbery and Plantations, Fruit-Garden and Kitchen-Garden, Green-Houfe and Hot-Houfe, &c. not in the manner of a Monthly Calender; but each Divifion is fyftematically defcribed throughout, in re- gard to its refpeftive Utility, Plan, Di- menfions, proper Soil, Situation, &c. and under each is a full Diiplay of all the dif- ferent Species and Varieties of Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Flowers, and Fruits, as are generally, or occafionally cultivated therein, all fyftematically arranged, de- fcribing their Nature and Temperature of Growth, particular, and general Ufes, A 2 difFerent. IV PREFACE. different Methods of Propagation, Sowing, Planting, and general Culture, with that of the feveral refpedive Diftricls ; the whole comprifing a compendious Syftem of general Gardening, aud the different Tribes of Plants and Trees, for Ufe, Or- nament, and Variety ; difplaying each fe- parate Diftri6^, and its refpedive Plants in one point of View ; and the Culture there- of, all under the fame Head. In the Flower-Garden and Pleafure- Ground, is defcribed the general Plan^ with the arrangement of all the mofl efteemed ornamental Flowers in different Divifions, or Tribes, according to their Nature of Growth, Duration, &c. fuch as Annual Flowers, Biennials, Perennials, and Bulbous and Tuberous-rooted Kinds, — the Annuals, or one year Plants, being of different Temperatures, as Hardy, for fowing in the open Ground, and Tender for raifing in Hot-Beds, are difplayed in feparate Tribes accordingly ; and the Pe- rennials and Biennials of the Fibrous and Bulbous- rooted Tribes, are alfo each dif- played played under its feparate Head j explaining the general and particular Ufes, Methods of Raifing, Planting, and Culture in the feveral Compartments of the Flower aod Pleafure-Garden, The Shrubbery and Plantations are de- fcribcd, general and particular Plans ; with a Difplay of all the Species of Shrubs, and Trees, both for ornamental and ufeful Planting in thofe Diftri£^s, defcribing their general and particular Merits, Propagation, Raifing, Methods and Order of Planting, and general Culture. The Fruit-Garden is alfo fully difplay- ed, with the difFerent Species of Fruit- Trees, and their refpeftive Varieties o^ Fruit; particular and general Merits of the difFerent Species, Methods of Raifmg, Training, Planting, Pruning, and general Management — to obtain plentiful Produc- tions of Fruit of the different Kinds. The Kitchen-Garden is alfo defcribed, and that of the different Plants, and various Crops, with the Methods of Sowing, Planting, VI PREFACE. Planting, Sic. to obtain them in the fulleft Ferfe^tion and abundance in the different Seafons. ' ^^^-^ •«***' •;it»**^- Alfo the Green-Houfe and Hot-Houfe are fcparatcly difplayed, their principal, or general Utility, proper Plan, and Dimen- fions ; and the various Species of Plants of each Diflrift are fyftematically arranged in their proper Genera, under the Botanic or Generical and Englifh Family Names j dc- fcribing theNature and Temperature of thofe ofei.ch Compartment; the general Methods of Propagation and Culture, with the prac- tical Management of each of the above Diftricls, and Plants contained therein. That agreeable to the above Methods of arranging the feveral Diftricls, and their refpcftive Plants, Trees, Shrubs, Sec: difplaying the Utility, Plan, &c. of each, fcparately, the whole general Culture of any particular Divifion is ken at once under its refpedive Head. Feb. 17, T A ,0 John Ae? RCRCMaiE. CON- CONTENTS. Flower Garden a^d Pleasure Ground, D Efcription of the general plans, nature, and utility of the diffe- rent tribes of flowers, plants, fhrubs, &c. proper for ornamenting the feve- ral compartments - - p. i Annual flowers - - - ^3 — Hardy annuals - - 15 — Tender annuals - "3^ — Moi-l tender annuals - - 42 Bulbous and taberous-rooted flowers - 50 — particular forts for blowing in pots, warer-glafles, &c. - " 7^ Perennial flowers of the fibrous and flefhy- rooted tribes - - ^5 Biennial flowers - • - 142 Shrubbery and Tree Plantation j,43 — Defcrjption of the general plan, na- ture and utility of the different tribes of fiirubs and trees, for planting, &c. 145 — General difplay of the fpecies and va- rieties of the proper fnrubs and trees 146 f — Different methods of propagating and ravfirig the various forts, defcribing the different plantations, with the fe- veral orders and meihcds of planting, and general culture ^ - 175 Fruit CONTENTS. Fruit Garden. -.} General utility and defcription, with di- rec^Hons for planting and culture - i^^ Difplay of the proper fruit-trees, and their varieties of fruit, and general culture ... 1^^ — IJ23 Apples - - - 211 Pears - - - 2ZI — Summer • - 222 — Autumn - - - ib. — Winter - - - 223 — for baking - - ib. Cherries • - - 226 Plums - - - 230 Peaches , - - 233 Ne'^arines - - - 240 Apricots - - _ 243 Figs - - - 250 Grapes - - - 254 Almonds _ - - 272 Medlars - - - 274 ^^inces - - 276 Mulberries - - - 279 Filberts - - - 282 Services . - - 286 Hazlc Nut5 - - - 288 Rafp berries - - - 291 Goofeberries - - - 296 Currant - - - 306 Berberries - - - 3'4 Walnut - - - 316 Cliefnut - . - - 321 Elder- Berries - - - 323 Kitchen CONTENTS. Kitchen Gardek. General defcription and culture • 326 Afparagus - 334- Artichoke - 339 Early ditto b^ hot-beds " 33S Alexanders • - 341 Angelica - 342 Balm . ib. Bafil - 343 Beans • 344 Beet (red rooted) • 348 Beets (pot-herb kinds) - 354 Borecole - 35<5 Borage - 352 Broccoli - 355 Burnet -' 358 Cabbages - 360 Capficum :S Carrot • Cauliflower - 369 Celery - 373 Cardoon - 377 Chamoraile - 379 Chervil - 380 Clary - 381 Corn fallad - 382 Colewort . 383 Cives . 385 Crefies - 387 Cucumbers - 39<5 — Hand-glafs crops - 395 — Natural ground crops - 398 — to fave feed - 399 Dill CONTENTS. Dill Endive Fennel Finochio Garlick Horfe-radifli Hyffop Jerufalem artichoke Kidney beaJis Lavender Leeks Lettuce Love apple (or Tomatoes) Marjoram Mint Marigold Muflard Nafturtium Onion Par/ley Parfnep * f Peas Potatoes pennyroyal •? Purflane Rape Rampion * Radiih Rocambole r Salfafy - Savoy Scorzonera Skirret Sorrel ^ CONTENTS. Spinach - - .465 Shallot - - 46S Tan fey - - 469 Tarragon m - 470 Thyme - - 471 Turneps " -47a Gi lEEN-HoUSE. Its general utility, and defcription, &c. and nature of the plants thereof - 477 General difplay and defcription of the green-houfe plants - . . 485 Obfervations on planting the different forts - . - - 507 General culture • "5*1 Method of propagating the different forts of green-houfe plants - - 521 Hot-House. Its utility and general defcription. Sec. and nature of the plants cultivated therein _ . . 4^0 General difplay of the hot houfe plants 540* — General defcription and culture of the plants, and management of the hot- ho'iib, &c. - - - j|5o -^ Method of propagating the different forts of hot-houfe plants - - 577 — Method of forcing various plants in the hot-houfe - - - 581 THE GARDEN VADE MECUM. FLOWER GARDEN and PLEASURE- GROUND, And a Display of the proper Flow- ers, Shrubs, and Trees. A Flower garden, or borders, or other compartments for the culture of orna- mental flowers, and beautiful flower- ing Ihrubs, more or lefs, is always defirable, and a flower garden and pleafure-ground may either be planned all in one in a varied order, or occaflonally diftinft compartments, in bor- ders and fhrubbery clumps, for herbaceous flowers, and (hrubs feparate; generally allot- ting fome fpacious berders on the boundaries of the principal walks and lawns, for a col- ledion of the choiceft flowers that blow iix /ucceffion all the Spring, Summer, and Au- tumn months, from January or February, B till 2 INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS till Oftober or November, or a fpace may be alfo afligned entirely for a flower garden, laid out in regular borders and beds, three or four feet wide, for fome particular or different principal forts of flowers. That in a general plan for a flower and pleafure garden together, it is fomeiimes laid out in compartments of grafs lawns, flower borders, Ihrubbery clumps, gravel walks, &c. commencing often in a capacious open lawn of grafs, proceeding immediately from or near the main habitation; having each fide ornamented with fpacious bor both of perennials, biennials, and annuals, an eligible portion of lightifli mellow ground may be afligned for that purpofe, either inclofed or remain open and confpicuous, or fometimes bounded with a low flirubbery plantation, four to Ave or fix feet wide, of the molt beautiful flowering (hrubs, or having, however, the ground laid out in re- gular order, forming an outward border, four ieet wide, leaving a fpace next to this for a walk, then form another border the width of the former, and then the internal quarter divided TO THE FLOWER GARDEN. 7 divided into beds three or four feet wide, with alleys twelve to eighteen inches, or two feet wide between the beds, which, and the borders may either be edged with box or thrift, or feme with daifies, &c, or in want of fufficiency of thefe for edgings, the edges may be beat up with a fpade, firm, even, and ftraight, and the walks and alleys laid with, fine gravel, &c. But as in many places, limited to a fmall or moderate extent of ground, the flower garden, &c. and kitchen ground are planned all in one, having borders next the main walks for the flowers, and fome beft low- growing flowering fhrubs ; and the internal quarters ferve for the cultivation of the kit- chen efculents ; generally forming a border kll round next the wall or outward fence, three or four to five or fix feet wide, or more, a walk next to this the fame width, or fix to eight or ten feet in larger gardens, then another bor- der next the walk the width of the firft, and within this have the large quarters for the kitchen ground, and if the dimenfions of :he garden in width admits, may have a principal middle walk extending the whole length of the ground, with a handfome flower border on each fide, and towards the back part of thefe borders adjoining the internal quarters.. xn ay have a range of efpalier fruit trees, or fome backed with flowejing flirubs, and Jf the borders, where flirubs are intended, aire raifed floping higheft behind, they would have a more agreeable effe<^, and in which border - S INTRODUCTORY OBSERVATIONS furrounding the quarters, may fow and plant various forts of flowering plants for ornament, and the principal outward borders next the vail, hedge or other fence, may fei-ve for raifing early and late crops of feveral forts of kitchen vegetables, and the interior quarters, to furnifti the principal crops of efculents ; and in which may likcwife have fome ftandard fruit trees of different forts planted at proper diftances not to overfpread the ground with their extended branches. Or fometimes in fmall grounds, a flower garden, or flower and pleafure- ground is laid out in a fmall grafs lawn next the dwelling, with flower compartments and flirubbery clumps on both fides, and at the termination j planned in moderate fweep* and curves to- ward and from the lawn, and with a gravel walk leading through the Ihrubbery in the ferpentine manner; and beyond this flower and fhrubbery dillri decay the fame year the plants are raifed, which, and the biennial or two years plants, require to be raifed every year in fucceflional fupplies from feed ; and the perennials, or plants of many years duration, are raifed both from feed occafionally, in many forts, and being durable in the root, of feveral or many years continuance, they alfo propagate by off-fets, Sec. of the continuing root, fome raifed alio by layers and cuttings ; but the woody, or tree and flirub kinds once raifed, are abiding in root, ftem, and branches, en- creafing in growth in the greater part, for many years, and fome trees continue growing feveral centuries, of which the oak and; chef- nut. TO THE FLOWER GARDEN. II nut, in particular, are fuppofed to (land near a thoufand years, and acquire a vail magni- tude. As therefore, the herbaceous flowering plants, and the woody tribe, for the embel- lilhment of the foregoing different compart- ments of the flower garden, and pleafure ground differ very materially, they are ar- ranged and defcribed in feparate divifions, beginning with the herbaceous kinds, and as thcfe confift of annuals, or one years plants, biennials or two years plants, and of peren- nials, or plants of feveral years duration in the root ; and likewife of bulbous and tube- rous-rooted flowers, which are alfo perennial, fhall difplay the fpecies and varieties of eacU tribe under a feparate head, with their ref- peftive general defcriptions, peculiar merits, ufes and culture ; then of the ihrubs and trees ; each in ^he following order : FIRST A DISPLAY AND DESCRIPTIOM OF THE Principal Ornamental Flowers FOR THE Fi.owER Garden and Pleasure-Ground, AND THEIR General Culture, FLOWER GARDEN. Under this head is exhibited all the principal herbaceous i ornamental garden foivers nuhicb are proper to adorn the hedsy borders of the fiovjer-garden and pleafure-groundy and are here arranged under different di — Cultivated or coia,- mon Clary — Purple topped — Red topped Calendula, or Ma- rigold ~ Yellow flowered T- Orange coloured — Lemon coloured — Ranunculus flow- ered — Many flowered -— Proliferous flower- ed ; many fmaller flowers emitted from the. fide of ^e main one — Reflexed flowered — Double flowered of each — Violet and White Cape Marigold — Mule Cape Mari- g«ld Cater- Hardy annuals. 17 Caterpillar Plant r— Vermiculated, or common — Murexed or prick- — Sulcated or fur- rowed Convolvulus — Minor or fmall blue — Great blue — Striped great blue — Purple — Great white — Striped fmall blue — Great deep blue Corn Bottle, or Cy- anus ^ Common blue bot- tle — Purple — Red -^ White — Striped Cucumber, (Spirt- ing) Devil in a Bu.lh, or Nigella — White Roman — Blue Spanifti Gourd, Squafh, &c. PoMPioN Gourd, or Pumpkin — Great round fruited — Oblong — Smaller round — Half globular — Orange ihaped — Top-?haped T— Pear-fhaped — Green fruited — Yellow — White — Stone coloured — Blufli coloured — Liver coloured — Party coloured — Striped — Marbled Bottle Gourd ; the fhell becoming hard and woody, which, in fome large forts, having the pulp taken out, is fome- iimes converted in- to liquid utenfils — Flaggon Gourd — Oblong fruite4 — Round — Bottle ihaped -T- Long horn fhaped — Top fliaped — Cylindric fruited — Taper fruited — Striped Buckler Gourd, or Squafh ; the fruit deprelTed, flattlih, 3 target 1$ HARDY ANNUALS, target fhaped, &c. and knotty — DeprefiVd fruited — Orbicular fruited — Hemifpherical — Turbinated or top fhaped — Conical fruited — Star fruited — Citron fhaped — . White fruited — Yellow — Striped Warted Gourd ; the fruit knotty warted •-• Round fruited — Oval — Oblongifli -— Flat fruited — Bottle fhaped •— Orange fliaped — Lemon fhaped . — Carbuncled — Yellow fruited — Stone coloured — White — Striped Hedge-hog Trefoil, carious in its feed pods, prickly echi- nated ^— Shaggy, fhort glo- bular, hedge-hog •podclei — Hooked prickled — jagged with pods, hedge-hogged HoNEv-woRT, or Cerinthe — Greater — LeiTer Holly Hock (Chi- nefe) Indian Corrl — Tall growing — Dwarf — Long fpiked — Short fpiked — Thick fpiked Indian Fikk. — Red — Purple — Variegated — White — Imperial largB flowered — Double flowered Ket M I a , (Bladder) or Venetian Mallow, or Flower of aqi Hour KlDNEY-BEAN(RunT ner) — Large fcarlet — Dwarf fcarlet — Large, white Larkspur — Upright, with z {\ig}c un branching ► ftalk. HARDY ANNUALS. 19 ftalk, many varie- ties, OJ/i. — Blue flowered — » While flowered — Purple flowered — Rcfe or Blufli co- loured — Silver coloured — Afli coloured — Striped blue — Striped white — Dou!"«le of each — WhiteRocket Lark- fpur — Rofe Rocket Lark- fpur — Blue Rocket Lark- spur '— Dwarf RocketLark- fpur Branching larkfpur — Blue floyvered -- White — Purple =— Striped > — Double flowered Lavatera, orCretan Mallow — Red flowered t — Purple flowered — White J^iNARiA (annual) or Toad's-Flax Love Apple, fee Lupine — Yellow — White — Small blue — Great hairy-leaved blue — Hairy rofe-colour- ed — Variable feeded, blue Mallow — Curled-leaved Sy- rian Mallow — Oriental China Mallow — Venetian Mallow Mignonette — Odorous, or fweet- fcented — Upright fcentlefs Moon WORT, Honclty or Sattin Flower — Annual Moon wort N A ST u R T I u M ,.or In- dian Crefs — Major or greater — Minor or ciwarf Nolan A proftrata,or Proftrate blue Na- lana Nig ell A (Devil-in- a-Bufli) or FenneU flo'A er — Whi'.e flowered -. Blae 20 HARDY ANNUALS. — BlueSpaniCi — Double flowered Palma - Christi, (Chrift'sPalm)very large palmated leaves — Tall-growing — Dwarf — Deeply palmated leaved — Greater broad leaved — Smaller leaved — Grey leaved — Green leaved — Six-lobed leaved — Seven-lobed leaved — Green llalked ^ Red ftaiked — Grey Italkcd ^ — Targetted fcol- loped-leaved — Target-form undi- vided leaved Pansy, or Heart's- Eafe, Three - co- loured Violet, or Trinity Flower -^ Common fmaller flowered — Greater upright Dutch, with large Sowers Pea — Umbel flowering, or Crown Pea — White flowered — Blufh coloured — Painted Lady Pea (fweet fccnted) — Purple flowered — White — Painted Lady — Scarlet flowered — Tangier Pea Pea (winged) Pbrsicaria — Tall oriental — Dwarf — White Poppy — Somniferous tall growing — Red flowered — Purple — White variegated — Red and white fpotted, or Carna- tion Poppy — Double flowered of each — Double, feathered flowered — Double curled flow- ered Corn Poppy — Double red Doubfe HARDT ANNUALS. 21 — Double purple — Double white — Double variegated, or Dwarf Carnation Poppy Poppy (yellow horned) SCABIUS • — Starry flowered <— Greater jagged leaved — Jagged leaved mi- nor — Purple flowered — White flowered *— Leaft ilarry flow- ered «^ Black-purple MuQc Scabius — Dark-purple Uow- ered «— Red-purple — White — Proliferous Dwarf Starry Scabius Snail and MoonTre- foil ; curious in . their feed -pods of various forms, fnaii- iliaped, moon.ihap- cd, ftiield - fhaped, — Orbicular fiiail- podded — Moon.ihapeid — Shield-fliaped — Top-fhaped — Turned-podded — Intertexed, greater long-thorned pod- ded - • ■ — Murexed two-fruit- ed — Coronated — Ciliated, colle^lod globular-podded Stock Gillifiower, (ten week's) — Purple flowered — Red — White — Frencli dwarf ^ Double cf each V/a LL flowered leaved Ten- week Stock — White flowered — Purple — Scarlet — Double flowered Stock (Virgin) — r Divarf maritime Strawberry Spi- nach, or Elite — - Headed flowering Blite, or Strawberry Spinach — Twiggy Elite, or Mulberry Spinach 22 HARDY ANNUALS. Sweet Sultan, or Sul- tan Flower — Purple flowered — Red — White Sultan Flower (yel- low) Sunflower — Giant Sunflower — Dwarf Sunflower — Yellow- flowered — Sulphur-yellow — Double flowered Tobacco — Virginia long- leaved — Ruftic, or hiirdy, round - leaved, of Europe and Ame- rica Venus Looking-glafs — Purple flowered — White — Small Venus Navel-wort Xeranthemum, or Eternal Flower — Annual white flow- ered — Red flowered — Purple heade4 — Hoary blue. The above clafs of Annuals are all hardy enough to admit of fowing and raifing them in the natural ground, in beds, borders, pots, &c. of common earth, any time from Fc- bruary or March till May ; but the principal feafon for fowing the main fupply is March and April, and in moft forts one fowing is fufficient to furnifh a conftant fucceflion of flowering from June or July till O principally for its odorous fcent. As all the forts are but of one fummer*s continuance, or fomc but two or three month?, not remaining to propagate by the rodt, they therefore are propagated or raifed only from feed, fovved every year in the fpring, for floweriirg the enfuing fummer. The feed of all the forts is fold by the Narferymen and Seedfmen j and a fraall por- tion of each, or of any principal forts that may be moil cfteemed, is fufficient to furnilh any fmall or moderate garden ; or, having once raifed a fupply of the plants to a flower- ing ftate in your own garden, you may eaiily favc plenty of feed in moll of the forts every, autumn, for fovving the fucceeding year. -^ The principal feafon for fowi^g thefe hardy annuals is the fpring, in March and April ; or in a mild temperate feafon, begin iowirg fame in February, efpecially larkfpurs, candy-tuft, fweet peas, lupiaes, perficaria, or almofl any of the other forts ; though, in general, March and April aforefaid is a cer- tain fuccefstul feafon for fovving the principal fupply. The order of fowing thefe hardy forts if principally in fmail patches, in the different beds, borders, pots, &c. to remain in th« fame place for flowering ; obferving, in fow- ing in the borders, beds, or other compart- ments, to difpofe the low-growing kinds to- wards the front, fuch as candy-tuft, migno- 3 n^a^ HARDY ANNUALS. 2!; nette, ten-week*s Hocks, virgin (lock, fmall convolvulus, nolana, Venus* looking- g!afs, Venus' navelwort, lobelscatchfly, S:c. Others of a larger growth have toward;* the middle of the borders, as larkfpur, lavatera, fwcet peas, large lupines, belvidere, fweet fultan, large convolvulus, love lies bleeding, prince's fea- ther. Sec. And the taller kinds fow towards, the back part, as funflowers, perficaria, nico- tiana or tobacco, tree-amaranthus, large naf-_ turtiums, fcarlet runners, tall palma-chrilli ; and as to the method of fowing, form fmall patches, with your hand or a garden trowel, about fix or eight inches diameter, and two or three to four or five feet diftance, joofening and breaking the earth fine : then in each patch draw the top earth to one fide, half an inch to an inch deep, in proportion to the fize of the different forts of feeds, which then fow, each fort in feparate patches, feveral, to m.any feeds in each of the fjialler-growing kinds,, that, when the plants come up, if too thick, the weakefi: may be thinned out ; likewifc of the larger forts fcrw feveral feeds in each patch, ; to allow for thinning out the wcakeft plants, more or lefs, as required, according to their fizes of advanced growth : and, as you pro- ceed in fowing, cover in the feeds with the earth, which was drawn off to one fide of each patch for that purpofe ; and as you go. ©n, if a fmall ftick is placed to each patch, it will dillinguiih the places till the plants come up. J> Or, 26 HARDY ANNUALS. Or, in fowing hardy annuals, fome may be occafionally fowed in drills, either along the middle or back part of flower-borders, 5cc. as fweet peas, larkfpurs, &c. or, fometimes, thefe two forts in particular are fowed in fe- parate beds, each fort diilinfl, in drills lengthways a foot diftancc, more efpecially the painted-lady fweet peas and upright lark- fpurs, that, as each difplays flowers of various colours, they may make a grand /hew toge- ther under one point of view. Other forts are alfo occafionally fowed in drills, as ten-week's ftocks, either in continued rows in beds a foot afunder, or fometimes a fingle row along the edge or middle of beds or borders : alfo, fometimes, candy-tuft lupines, virgin ftock, Venus* looking-glafs, mignonette, and others of moderate growth, are fowed in drills in beds, or fome occafionally in a row along the edge of a bed or border of the above low or moderate-growing kinds, to form a fort of temporary fiimmer edging ; though fome of thefe forts are apt to grow too fpreading for this purpofe of edging, fuch as the large candy- tuft, large Venus' looking-glafs, &cc. efpe- cially for fmall narrow borders, and for this occafion the virgin ftock, being a fmall deli- cate-flowering plant, is more commonly elleemed 5 it however continues but a Ihprt time in full bloom, but may be continued in fucceffion, by fowing every month, from March till June or July. And, if required to raife any particular ornamental flowering forts of the hardy ani» nuals HARDY ANNUALS, 27 nuals in pots, either to place occafionally to adorn any compartment of the garden, fore- court, &c. or tr, place in a balcony, or win- dows of a dvvelling-houfe, or court-yard, they may be fowed in the feafon before mentioned, February, March, April, Sec. fuch as candy- tuft, lupines, mignonette, fweet peas, ten- week flocks, virgin ftock, larkfpur, convol- vulus, nafturtiums, fcarlet-runners, lavatera, Venus* looking-glafs, panfies, or any other defirable fort. Having for this purpofe mid- dling-fize pots, filled with rich light earth, fow the feed each fort in feparate pots, in a patch in the middle, or whole width, and co- vered in with fine earth half an inch deep; dr large feeds, an inch. *' After fowing the feeds, both in the full ground and in pots, if the feafon proves dry and warm in March, April, May, &c, give occafional light waterings, both before and after the plants come up. The plants will foon come up in April and May, are generally to remain where fowed, and where they are come up too thick, they, when a little advanced in growth, fhould be thinned lefs or more, according to their dif- ferent fizes; in fome, leaving feveral together in. a patch, efpecially thofe of fmall or mo- derate growth, as adonis flower, candy-tuft, venus' looking-glafs, venus' navel-wort, mig- nonette, convolvulus, fweet peas, larkfpurs, lupines, fnap-dragon, toad-flax or linaria, dw^rf poppy, india pink, ten week's flocks, virgin flock, nolana. Sec. Others of larger D 2 growth. .8 «ARDY AN'KUALS. growth, thin to two or three in each patch, fuch as lavatera, oriental and curled mallow, large poppy, major nalhirtiam, gourds, Ipirting cucumber, red fpinach, ilrawberry ipinach, princes feather, love-lies- a-bleeding, and other amaranthus, fweet fultan, mari- golds, large Dutch lupines, Chinefe holly- hocks, fcarlet runner$, fcabius, horned poppy, •large nigella. Sec. and of the largelt growing kinds, generally retain but one good plant in each patch, pnrticularly fun-flower, perfi- •caria, palma-chrilli, tobacco, belviderc, tree-amaranthus, Indian corn, obferving, in thinning, to pull or cut out the wcakelt infe- rior plants, retaining thofe of the molt pro- mifing (Irongeft growth to remain for flower- ing ; and as foon as thinned, give a moderate catering to fettle the earth clofe about the roovs of the remaining plants, after being loofened in thinning out the fuperabundancy. After having thinned the patches of plants where neceflary, their future culture is tg keep them cleared from weeds, and in dry ■warm weather, during their young growth, j^ive occafional waterings two or three times a week in May and June. In their advanced or full growth, the large growing and climbing forts will require fup- port of flakes or (licks ; fuch as the lavatera^*. Chinefe holly-hocks, perficaria, funfiower'/' tobacco, large Indian corn, oriental and curled mallows, belvidere, p^ilmachriili, tree amaranthus, love-lies-a-blecding, and fe- ve^al other {\jH^ of u|>right growth, and of clunber.-: HARDY AN NVAI.S. 29 climbers, large convolvulus, fvveet peas> crown pea, Icarlet runners, large nuftur- tiums, &c. and to all of which place the rupports in due time, one ftake or ftick to each patch of plants ; obferving, to the climbing kinds, branchy fticks will be moll eligible ; and, of the climbers, may alfo be reckoned the gourds, fome of which of the more moderate growths may have fupport of ftakes to train them in an upright order, the others may be permitted to extend along th» furface of the ground. Thus, the plants, in general, will attain full growth in June, July, and Augufl:, and continue flowering in the different ip^cies till October. Of the above tribe of hardy annuals, fomc forts r.re occafionally tranfplanted, fuch, par- ticularly, as ten week's flocks, India pinks, mignonette, which being thinned in their young growth in the patches where fowed, to three or four plants in each, thofe thinned out may be planted in the borders, beds, pots; Sec. in patches of three or four plants toge^ ther, and watered ; alfo, occafionally, princes feather, love-lies-a-bleeding, tree amaranthus^ convolvulus, yellow fultan, perficaria, fun- iiowers, tobacco, and feveral others of the fibrous rooted kinds, while young, and are re- quired to fupply any vacant fpaces ; generally tranfplanting fuch as are intended in ihowery weather, ifpoflible. As feveral of the hardy annuals are of but ihort continuance in flower, as candy tuft, Virgin Dock, lupines, fweet peas, &c. that t« l> 3 continf 3Q TENDER ANNUALS. continue them In fucceffion of flowering all Summer, fome {hould be fowed every month, from March or April till June or July. To have feme forts of hardy annuals fiower as errly as poffible in oummer, the feed may be lowed in Autumn, about September, fuch as larkfpurs, adonis, India pink, perficaria, they will generally come up fooner and ftrcnger in the following Spring than thofe fowed at that ieafon, and fiower fooner by two. three or four weeks. To fave feed of the different forts of hardy annuals, for next year's fowing, take oppor- tunity to gather the heads and branches of feed according as they ripen in July, Auguft, September, &c. and fpread theni to dry, then beat or rub out the feed, clear it from the hufks, and put up each fort feparate in pa- pers, or bags, till next Spring. According as the planto have done flower- ing in Summer and Autumn, and furnifhed the proper fupplies of feed required, pull them moilly clean up by the roots. Or of the India pink, in particular, may leave fome roots in a dry fjil, or in pots, they will often abide all winter, and flower early next fummer, TENDER ANNUALS. THE annual flowers of this claft being of a more tender nature than thofe of the foregoing, require to be raifed and for- warded in hot-bed^•, from February, March, or April, till May or Jijne, then remove^ into MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. 3I into the open air, fome tranfplanted into the borders and beds of the flower-garden, others planted in pots, for placing occafionally to adorn any principal compartments ; but as ibme of the plants of this tribe are moderately tender that may be raifed in a gentle hot-bed, or occafionally in a bed of natural earth, un* der a frame, or hand-glaiTes, &c. or in a 3varm border, fowed in April, others are of a more tender nature, requiring to be fowed and raifed in more fubilantial hot- beds, under frames and glafles, till the end of May, or beginning or middle of June; they are di- vided accordingly, into two claiTes, 'vix, moderately-tender annuals, — moll- tender an- nuals. MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. TH E annuals of this clafs are of a mode- rately tender nature, requiring either the affiHance of a gentle hot-bed, in which to few the feed in March or April, and to bring them forward in growth, or, in want cf this, they will moftly fucceed in a bed of natural earth, defended with a frame or hand- glaiTes, or even in a warm border, if not fowed till the beginning or middle of April ; all for tranfplanting into the open borders, beds, and in pots, in the middle or latter end of May, or beginning of June; and which clafs of annuals comprife many very curious and beautiful ornamental flowers for decora- ting the difl*erent compartments of the flower garden, fiawerin^ fwm June, July, and Auguft, 32 MOT)E!lATELY TENDER ANNUALS. Augul^, till Odlober, furnifliing plenty of I'eed, then wholly die : confilling of the fol- lowing f| ecies and varieties. African Marigold — Yellow flowered — Orange coloured — Lemon coloured — Dwarf growing — Dwarf iweet-fcent- ed -r Double and fingle of each — Quilled flowered A M A k A N T H U S — Tree Amaranth us — Purple Amaran- thus — Bloody, with com- pound fpikes — Bicolor^ or two co- loured leaved — Tricolor, or three coloured leaved — Pyramidal fpiked Browalia (blue flowered) Bals AMINE, or Bal- fam -—Red floweued — Scarlet — Purple — White . — Variegated r- Striped — Double and fingle flowered of each Capsicum, erteemed principally for the variety of their dif- ferent ftiaped feed- pods — Red podded — Yellpw podded — Long pendulous podded — Short ere<5l podded — r Heart podded -— Angular heart Ihape — Bell fhape angi^lar podded — - Olive fhaped — Lone taper podded — Divided podded — Red cherry fhaped — Yellow cherry fhaped Calendula, or Cape Mangold China Alter, or Queen Margaret — Blue flowered — Purple — Red — White mrr Stripe^ MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. 33 — - Striped blue — Stripe^ red — Striped purple — Bonnet flowered, in varieties — Quilled flowered Chinese Pin"k — See ^ •' India Pink Chrysanthemum — Yellow flowered — White — Lemon coloured — Quilled flowered -T- Double and fingle of each CucuMBSR (Patago- nian) C o N vo L V u L u s (fear- let Convolvulus, large 'pdrple -rr Large blue — r Large White -IVG^:; Plant, or Me- longoiia, carious in ^fts egg fnaped fruit — White fruited — Purple foiited Frsnch Marigold — I'ail ftripcd — i Dwarf flriped — Yellow — Yellow aod crim- fon ~ Dark crimfon veU vet — Sweet fcented Gourd Pompion, &c.—5^f the Hardy Annuals ; but may more properly be ranged in this clafs as being of a tender nature, will be mor£ fuccefsful if fowed and raifed ia a hot-bed till May, and for tranfplant- ing into the open ground, efpecially the Gouid kinds— fuch as the — Bottle Gourd, or Calabafh — Orange Hi aped — Pear ill aped — Top fliaped — Lemon fhaped — Buckler (haped, or Squafli — Orbicular Squafh — Star fhaped Squaflj — Carbuncled — War ted Gourd — Striped Gourd — Striped pear fliaped — Orange coloured — Yellow — White ^4 MODERATELY TE — White — Stone coloured — Sandy coloured — Flefh coloured — Party coloured M'iny other varieties o{ different ftiape?, iizes, colours, and flripes — See the Hardy Annuals Globe Amaranthus — Purple headed — Red — White — Striped — Spiked HoLLY-HOCK (Chi- nef'e) India Pink — Red and white va- riegated — Purple flowered — Red flowered — White — Imperial large flowered ^ — Double flowered Love Apple, for the variety of its fruit — Red fruited . — White fruited — Yellow fruited — Cherry fhapcd NDER ANNUALS, Marvel of Peru — Yellow flowered — Red flowered — White flowered — Purple — White and yellow — White and purple — Purple and yellow — Red and yellow — Striped — Sweet fcented — Long tubed Melon (fnake ihaped fruited) — White, cucumber fhaped Mignonette — Odorous, or fweet fcented NoLANA, blue Palma - Christi ; curious in its large upright growth, and very large palmated leaves — Tall growing — Dwarf — ■ Deeply palmated leaved . — Greater leaved — Smaller leaved — Grey leaved — Green leaved broad • Six- MGDERATFLY TENDER ANNUALS. 35 — Six-Iobed leaved — Seven-lobed leaved — - Green ftalked — Red ftalked — Grey llalked •— Target ted fcallop- cd leaved — Targetted undi- vided leaved Persicari A — Oriental tree Per- ficaria — Dwarf oriental Sultan Flov/er (yellow) Stock Gilliflower (ten week's) or ten week's ftock — Purple flowered — Red — White ^ Dwarf French i-t-Double flowered of — Wall flower leaved ten week's ftock — Red flowered — White — Purple — Scarlet — Double Tobacco — Long leaved Vir- ginian — Broad leaved — Narrow leaved . , Ten week's Itock— See Stock Gilli- flower Tree Amaranthus — Greater tree like — Leffer with fpikes trailing on the ground ; or Love- lies-a- Bleeding Zinnia — Red flowered — Yellow flowered In the above clafs of Tender Annuals, it xnay be obferved that there are fome fpecies and varieties which are alfo arranged among the Hardy Annual Flowers, intimating that they are rather lefs hardy than the others of that clafs, and have introduced them among the nioderately tender kinds, in order to have the advantage of the fame culture where conveni- cht, by fdwing and raiflng them in a moderate hot- 36 MODERATELY TENDER ANNUA Lb. hot-bed, or under protedlion of a frame or hand- glafles, awning of mats, &c. to forward them more elfeftually, and fooner, to a proper fize for i?owering; and by ranging them in the tribe cf Hardy Annuals, implies that, in want of hot- beds or conveniences of protcftion, they may alfo be raifed in the open ground : like- wife, fomc are arranged in the above Tender clafs, which are alfo introduced in the collec- tion of the Mofl-tender Annuals, fignifying that, although they are rather tenderer than the generality of the moderately-tender tribe, they may alfo be raifed by the fame mode of culture ; but that, where convenient to give them the culture of the moft-tehder kinds, as direded under that head, they may be raifed to greater perfeflion. This coIle«Stion of Moderately-tender An- nuals are raifed, by fowing the feed in a mo- derate hot-bed, in March, or beginning of April; or, in want of a hot-bed, they may be fowed in a bed and pots of natural earth* under a frame and lights, or hand-glafies ; or, in default of thofe, defended of cold nights with matts : but the plants will not be fo for- ward for tranfplanting into the borders, nor flower fo foon, as thofe forwarded in a hot-. bed. However, in want of hot- beds, or the convenience of frames, glafles, or other means of cccafional flielrer, they may be moilly raifed in a warm border, and in pots, fowed the latter end of March and in April, when, the weather is fettled in tolerably warm. Obfervc, Moderately tender annuals. 37 Obferve, that, In whichever of the above methods they are raifed, they are all to be tranfplanted in May, or beginning of June, when the weather is warm, into the beds, bor- ders, or fome in pots, finally to repain ; and in which they will flower very ornamentally from June or July till October. Bat where there is the convenience of a hot-bed, it is advileab'e always to raife a principal fupply by that means, to obtaia them focner of a proper fize for earlier tranf- planting and flowering ; snd for which pur- pofe the hot-bed may be made in March, or be- ginning of April, for a one, two, or three- light garden frame, two feet or two and a half high in dung, earthed within the frame with light, rich, dry mold, fix inches thick; or, in want of frames, earth the bed as above, and defend it with hand^glafles, or maybe de- fended of cold nights with garden mats ; fow- ing the feed each fort feparate, either in fmall drills, or on the furface, and covered in lightly with fine earth ; or, where there are any cu- cumber or melon hot-beds in cultivation, fmall quantities of thefe annuals may be raifed therein, by fowing the feeds in pots; or may be fovved on any fpare or vacant end. Sec, of fuch hot-beds, outiide of the frame* When the plants are come up, allow them proper admiiTrons of frefn air every day, by railing or ihoving down the glafles, one, two, or three inches, and give frequent gentle waterings ; and when they are advanced one, two, or three inches in growth, admit larger E portions 3* MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. portions of air, to Ilrengthen and harden them by degrees for pricking out : and fometimes, in the middle or latter end of April, and in May, in warm days, take the glafies off entirely. Then, when the plants are grown two, three, or four inches high, proceed to prick them out, fome cither into another hot-bed four inches afunder, to forward them, or fome into a bed of natural earth, under frames or hand-glafies, or proiecled with mats of nights and bad weather ; and the roll prick out in May, in open beds, fix inches diilance ; or, in want of the above conveniences of hot-beds, frames, hand-glafles, &c. the whole may be pricked out in May, when warm fettled wea- ther, into beds in the full gronnd, or fome planted at once into the borders, beds, &c. where they are dcfigned to remain for flower- ing, giving water when pricked or plarKed out ; and to thofe pricked clofe in beds, may readily give fnade of mats from the mid-day fun, till they take good root, and flievv figns of renewed growth ; giving ajfo repeated wa- terings to the whole, till that period. Thole pricked out, permit to advance in growth three or four weeks, or till the middle or end of May or beginning of June, then taking opportunity of fhowery weather, if pof- fible, to plant them out finally, or perform it in an evening, taking up the plants with fmall balls of earth about the roots, arid plant them in the borders, pots, and other compartments where you intend them to remain, difpofing them in a. varied order. The lowcit-growin^ pkuts MODSRATELY TENDER AKNUALS. 39 plants place towards the front; the others plant more or lefs backward, in the borders, &c, according to their growth, in afomewhat gradual manner, to the talleft in the back part ;-^as for example, have the mignonette, ten-week's (locks, India pinks, fmall bafil, &c. planted more or leis forward ; the China aflers, capiicums, baifams, fultan flower, globc-ama- ranthus, large bafil, dwarf African and Frenck marigolds, &c. rather more towards the mid- dle, in a diverfified arrangement; and the large African and French marigolds, ama- ranthufes, chiyfanthemums, marvel of Peru, Chinefe holly-hcck, fcarlet convolvulus, and egg plant, faould occupy the middle and to- wards the back part of the borders ; alfo the love-apples and fmaller gourd kinds, Patago- nian cucumber, fnake and cucumber-fliaped melon : and towards the back parts, have the perficaria, tree amaranthus, tall palma-chrirti, tobacco, and fome chryfanthemums ; gene- rally planting moftof thefe forts fingly, or one plant in a place, two, three, to four or five feet afunder ; or fome forts, as ten-week's ftocks, in particular, may generally be planted three together in fmall patches, and in pots in the fame order, both that there may be a greater chance of having fome with double 6owers in each patch or pot, and that they may together make a more confpicuous (liowy appearance v/hen in fiower. The fame may be pradtifed, occafionally, with India pinks and China alters, S:c. efpecially in capacious com- l^artments ; and the mignonette, being a fmall ii z plant 40 MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. plant valuable for its odorous fcent, fhoulJ generally be planted towards the front of borders, in fmall patclies, three, four, or live plants together, giving the whole water as-ibon as planted, and repeated every day or two in dry weather, till they take good root and begin to grow. When they advance to full growth, gi\e the large kinds fupport of fticks, and alfo the climbing and trailing kinds, as con- volvulus, love apples, Sec. Generally, cf th&above annuals, plant a por- tion of the principal or defirable forts in pots, either ^t once from the feeJ-bed, or removed ihereii x.ith balls from the pricked-out beds ; fuch as bcJfams, ten-week's flocks, migno- nette, t?g plants, tricolors, bicolors, globe amar.'inthus, tree nnaranthus, fcarlettonvolvu« lus, fu'tan flowe' , miii vel of Peru, Afiican and French m.-rigolds, China afters, &c. in order to remove occr.fionally in their pots, to orna- ji'.cnt any particular compartments required. All thofe in pots mufl be well fupplied with water all Summer, in hot dry weather, which they will require every day, in the morning or evening. As, in many places, the accommodation of hot- beds, frames and glaffes, Scz. are not con- veniently attainable for raifing the above clafs of tender annuals, the following principal forts may be raifed in natural earth, in open beds or borders, and in pots, 'viz. mignonette, ten-week's ilocks, African and French mari- golds, Indian pink, .Chinefe holly-hock, China MODERATELY TENDER ANNUALS. 41 China after, balfams, chiyfanthemums, love apples, gourds, perficaria, palma-chrifti, ca- lendula, tree amaranthu?, all fowed in the latter end of March, orbeginning or middle of April, in warm iltuations free to the fun; or likevvife, in warm fettled weather the mid- dle or towards the latter end of April and beginning of May, the globe amaranthus, tri- colors, bicolors, and any of the other forts, may alfo be fowed in the fame manner: all to be tranfplanted the middle or end of May or beginning of June, into beds, borders, or pots, as before direded. Or where there is no garden, feveral prin- cipal forts of the above tender annuals may be raifed in fmall quantities, in pots, fuch as mignonette, ten week's itocks, Chinefe after, African and French marigolds, chryfanthe- mums, balfams, Chinefe hollyhock, perfi- caria, nolana, amaranthus. Sec. fowing the feed in March or April, in pots of rich earth, placed in a funny defended fituation, and the plants tranfplanted into other pots, according to the foregoing diredlions. Of t-he above clafs of annuals, the migno- nette being defireable for its fweet fcent, ihould generally be fowed and planted near the habitation, and in the borders adjoining principal walks, and in pots, to place in room windows, &:c. and which may either be fow- ed in patches, to remain, or for tranfplant- ing four or five plants together in hnall pacLiies, in beds, borders, or pots, or fome iUAy be lowed m hiri;e patche,-, or whole bed.5, ' £ 3 to 4rS MOST-TENDER ANNUALS. to impart their odorous fcent more copioufly in a ilronger fragrance. To continue migno- nette in fuccefiion, few two or three different times from February, March, or April, till Ju-ne or July, or fome may be fowed in Auguft to plant in pots for late autumnal plants, and to ftand the winter in a green- houfe, or apartment of a dwelling. As the above clafs of annuals will flower from June till Odober, ripen feed, and then wholly peridi, be careful to fare (eed of each forts for raifmg fucceffional fupplies the fol- lowing year. Therefore, in Summer and Autumn, ac- cording as the feed ripens, gather a fufficient quantity of the different forts, and preferve them feparate. MOST-TENDER ANNUALS. THIS clafs of annual flowers being moftly of a more tender nature than ihofe qf the two former, require to be fowed an4 raifed in hot beds to 'obtain them in full perfec- tion, and the young plants pricked in the fame, or another hot-bed of larger dimenfions, and continued and forwarded therein till the en4 of May, or beginning or middle of June, by which time they will be advanced to a good fize, fome probably to a flovyeritjg Hate, and wheri the feafon will be favorably warm ta admit of their being removed intq the fu\\ 9.\r ; as they are unable to bear it fully day. ^r*d .nigh: bi^fore the (jorau^c^cem.^nt of warm MOST-TENDER ANN'UALS. 4J fettled weather. They confill of the follow- ing forts, efteemed fome for the beauty of their flowers, others for the f.ngularity of their finely coloured leaves, and fome for the curiofity of their fruit, &c. and other pecu- liarities of growth, &c. A M A R A N T H U S «>— Tricolor, for the beauty of its three- coloured leaves \— Bicolor, for the beauty of its two- coloured leaves ,> — Tree Amaranth us "Balsamine, or Bal- fr.m — Purple flowered — Red — Scarlet — White •^- Double ftrlped — Double fcarlec — - Double purple ■— Double red Browallia •s-^ Low or hanging Browallia -^ High or lofty Browallia CocK*s Comb If— Dwarf purple. headed — Dwarf fear let headed — Dwarf buff-colour- ed — Giant purple head- ed — Giant fcarlet -^ Giant bufr-cclour- ed — "White flowering — - Striped headed — Branching -r- Spike flowering Convolvulus (fcar- let) Dalea — Blue fpiked Globe A maran thus- — Purple headed — White — Silvery — Striped — Spike headed Humble Plant, for the fingularity of its leaves receding, and 44 MOST-TENDER ANNUALS. and fuddenly in- clining when touched Ice Plant, or Dia- mond Ficoides, cu- rious in its iialks and leaves, being overfpread with chryltaline or icy- like globules Egg Plant, or Me- longena, fingular in producing large egg-fhaped fruit, white, purple, and very curious , — White fruited — Purple — Smooth ftalked — Thorny llalked, or mad-apple Marvel of Peru — White flowered — Yellow ^Red i— Purple . — White and yellow — White and purple — Purple and yellow — Red and yellow — ^ Striped flowered — bweet fcented — ' Long flowered, — Two-forked night- fmelling Martynia — Annual Martynia with a large red flower Melon, Snake- fhaped — Cucumber fhaped Both thefe forts for the Angularity of their fruits Stramonium — Double purple flowered — Double ftripcd — White — Lemon coloured Sensitive Plant, curious in the fen- fitive motion of its leaves, which^ when touched, quickly fhrink, and all the fmall lobes contract — Annual, double yellow flowered — 'Humble fcnfitive plant Zinnia — Red flowered — Yellow .havin: \ery hu. The MOST-TEXDER ANNUALS; 45 The above colledion of Tenderefl Annuals being curious in their beautiful flowers, fo- lii^ge, and fome particuhtr fingularities, men- tioned under their refpeclive names, they me- rit culture, as very delirable ornaments to the Flower- Garden. They are all raifed by fowing the feed in a hot-bed in March or April, and the young plants, when an inch or two high, fhould be taken up, and pricked either in the fame, or a new hot-bed, under frames and lights, to forward them in growth, till the middle or latterendof Mayor beginning of J une,then all, but the humble and fenfitive plants, removed into the open air, fome principal forts planted in pots, the others tranfplanted into the bor- ders, Sec. or in want of hot-beds, or frames and lights, moft of the forts may be fowed in a fmall bed of natural earth, in a warm border, under a frame or hand-glafles, in April and May ; or, in default of fuch glafles, they may be fowed in the latter end of April, or beginning or middle of May, in a warm border, without any pro- teftion, and planted out into borders, pots, &c. in June; though they will be inferior, and flower much later, than thofe forwarded in a hot-bed, or under glalTes; therefore, where convenient, it is moft advifeable to fow and prick them in a hot-bed, &c. in which they will attain good perfedion in growth, flower- ing, and other properties, by June ; and con- tinue flowering, in the different fpecies, from June, July, Auguft, till the approach of cold weather 46 MOST-TEKDER ANNUALS, weather in Autumn, then will wholly periih, never to flower again. Obferve, that of the above colleflion, the humble and fenfitive plants fliould generally be retained always under glafles ; act mate- rial to have a hot-bed after May, but kept cither under a frame and lights, or in a green- houfe or glafs-cafe, or any room windows within, of a dwelling-houfe, principally next the fun ; for, if fully expofed to the open air and weather, they lofe the fenfitive property of their leaves. To raife the above clafs of Annuals in full perfe6lion, either make a fmail hot-bed of warm hoife-ftable dung, for a one or two-light gar- den frame about a yard high, in which to fow the feed, or in any cucumber or melon hot^^ bed that is in cultivation at the proper feafon, March, or beginning of April, and that there is room to place fome pots of feeds ; however, a fmall hot-bed made wholly for that purpofe, will be moll convenient : having light line earth on the bed, five or fix inches thick, cither fow the feed in the earth of the bed, in fmall drills drawn with your finger, or on the furface, fowing each fort feparate, and cover the fmall feeds only about a quarter of an inch deep, larger feeds more in proportion, or fome may be fowed in pots, plunged half-way or more into the earth of the bed ; and when the plants come up, admit air every day, by propping up the upper end of the glafs an inch or two ; give occafional very light watering's, keep the glafs llmt clofe of cold nights, and cover MOST-TENDER ANNUALS, 47 cover it with mats or ftraw litter; and, when the plants are advanced an inch or two in growth, draw up the llrongcft, and prick them, Tome in the fame, or wholly into a new hot-bed, either for a one-light box, or of larger dimenfions for a two or three-light frame, placing them four or five to fix inches dillance ; or fome may be pricked fmgly in fmall pots ; giving water to the whole at planting, and fhaded from the mid-day fun till they take good root; continuing them in this bed three or four weeks, or more, till they have ad- vanced in growth, as to require more room ; then, if fome are thinned out with balls, and planted in pots fingly, and placed in another new hot-bed a foot afunder,itwill forward them confiderably, the others remaining in the pricked-out bed, being thinned as above, and the bed lined with fome hot dung, applied to the fides to renew the heat, they will alfo advance freely in growth. Supply the whole with frefh air, and neceflary waterings, ac- cording as the earth becomes dry. When the plants of the larger growing kinds have advanced in growth upward to touch the glafies, the frame may be raifed at bottom five or fix inches to give a proper fcope above to advance in height. But when intended to draw any particular larger forts to a tall growth, as the large cock's- combs, tricolors, bicolors, balfams, egg-plants. Sec. fome of the ilrongeft plants fhould be taken up with balls of earth, and planted ia hrgiik pots, one plant in each, and plunged in 48 MOST-TENDER ANNUALS. in a hot bed ; and according as they advance in height to touch the glafies, the frame ihould be raifed either by means of a polt placed at each corner of the bed, or with fome convenient props placed under the frame, and the vacancy at bottom defended with fome garden mats, or thJn boards ; or for drawing thefe plants tall, a deep frame three or four feet behind by two or three in the front would be of much advantage in that bufinefs, that when the plants in the common frarne are advanced to theglailes, remove that, and place the deep frame on the bed ; or a drawing frame may be formed of two or three divifions, to place one upon the other, as the plants (hoot in height; one divifion fitted for the glafles, and always placed uppermoil upon the others. Likewife, for drawing the above kinds of Tender Annuals to a large fize, a glafs cafe, with upright glaffes in the front, and inclined fafhes above, would be very convenient; making a hot-bed in a pit within, cither of horfe-dung or tanner's bark. If the former, lay fome earth at top, five or fix inches thick, in which to plunge the pots ; and if the latter ho earth will be required, but plunge the pots of plants immediately into the bark: and in either of which beds, made in the above- mentioned glafliary, the plants v/il I grow very profperoufly, and run up tall and ftrong. However, for the dwarf cock's-combs, &c. they may be continued in hot-beds, under any common frame, as they feidom grow more A than MOST-TEN'OBR ANNUALS. 4^ ihan from about fix or eight to ten or twelv« inches high. Continue to fupply the whole with admif- iions of frefh air daily> and proper watmngs, *nd as the warm feafon advances in May and June, inure them by degrees to the full air, by railing the ends of the glafles confiderably, and fometimes taking them off wholly. Then, in the latter end of May, or rather the beginning of June, when warm fettled weather, they may be removed out of the hot- beds and frames ; placing the principal forts in pots, to ornament any particular compart- ments; the others take up with balls, and plant in the borders or beds of the flower garden, give them water at planting, and af- terwards occafionally, or every day or two, in dry weather, till they have taken good foot, and began to advance in a frefh growth. In their further culture, give the tall forts fupport of handfome ftraight flicks, and to al! thofe in pots, give frequent fupplies of water, which, in dry hot weather, will be neceffary €Very day, generally applying it in a morning or evening, that the moiflure may reach the toots eiie(^ually before exhaled by the heat of the day. As this tribe of annuals, like the two for- ftler, flower from May, June, and July, &c. till Odober, ripen feed, and then terminate their exillertce, you muft be careful to fave a proper fupply of feed with Which to raife st fuGceffion of plants next year. F The 5© DULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. The feed generally ripens in Auguii andt September; but as fomeiimes, ifa cold wet Autumn, fome of the more tender forts pro- duce it very fparingly; fuch as the cock's- combs, tricolors, double balfams, double llramoniums, &c. and of which it is proper to place fome pots of beil forts in a deep frame, «r two or more frames placed one on the other, and the top defended with the glaifes of nights, and rainy or cold weather, or placed in an a'lry glafs-cafe defended with glalfes above ; and in either of which the plants will ripen feed in grea:er perfedioa and abundance than thofe fully expofed to all weathers. BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS, AND SoKe principal Tulerotis-t'ooied kinds, of the na^ tiire of Bulls y by the ha-vcs decaying mchcn the plants ha've done fio^iveringy and at that period ad?nit of being taken upy and kept fs^xt confiderable time out of the ground, THIS tribe of flowers are all perennia!, or of many years duration in the root, propagating and perpetuating their fpecies by off- fets thereof, confilHng principally of bulb- ous-rooted kinds, and fome of the tuberous- rooted tribe, which, like the bulbs, lofe their leaves and fibres when done flowering, and that being taken up at that period, admit ol BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 5! ©f being kept two or three months, or more, out of the ground ; but the bulbous kinds are confiderably the moll numerous, and moft of which produce very ornamental flowers in locg fucceffion in the different fpecies and varieties, flowering from February, March, and April, till Odober ; and according as the di^crent forts have done flowering in Summer and Autumn, the leaves and llalks decay, and ahb the fibres of the roots, which having then terminated their year's growth, remain for fome time in a dormant Itate, and which is the moft proper period for removing or tranfplanting thofe^kind of flowering plants, as alio to propagate them by detaching the fmali ofr-fets from the main roots, either an- nually, or once in two or three years, efpeci- ally when cncreafed by the ofF-fets into large bunches ; and the roots may either be planted again diredly, or in a month or two after, cr, as being taken up at the above ftate of declined growth, they admit of being dried and houfed till Autumn, September, Oclober, or November, being the principal planting feafbn, or a portion of fome forts may be re- tained out of the ground till the Spring, if thought necefiary, for fucceilional flowering, then in February, or early in March, wholly planted, all for flowering the enfuing Spring, and Summer. And of the bulbous kinds, there is a fmall tribe which flower late in Au- tumn, about September and 06lober, and the leaves continue till April or May foHow- ing^, then decay, and which is the proper F z timq 52 BULBOUS-ROOTED F^OWER^. lime for removing thefe forts, where intended, both to feparate the oiF-fets, and either tQ plant them again dircdly, or in June, July,' or beginning of Auguft at latcft, to flower the fame year, in Autumnf-^forefaid. As this clafs furnilhes numerous very beau- tiful-flowering plants, both of the bulbous tribe, and fome tuberous kinds, but moll abun» dantly of the bulbous roots, they confift of roundifli, globular, and ovalilh bulbs, fome tunicated, or of many involving tunics or coats, like the onion, ©thers folid, and fome compofed of many fleihy fquama or fcales, imbricated, or placed over one another, as in crown irnpe* rial, white lily, martagons. See. and the tuberous-rooted kinds confift of knobbed, fo» Jid, fleihy roots, and tubers* as in anemones, winter aconites, tuberous iris, ranunculus, fome in a Angle knob or tuber, others of many fmall tubers connedled at top, as in the ranunculus in particular. They are mollly all of a hardy nature tQ plant in the open ground, in beds, borders, pots, &c. of many year's continuance in tha root, which propagates abundantly by flde oft> fets annually, proper to detach in Summer, &c. when the flowers and leaves decay, either every year, or once in two or three years, «i« may be thought expedient or convenient. All the different fpecies and varieties are arranged in their proper families, in the foU lowing order : • ULBOUS-l^OOTED FLOWERS. Allium (Garlick I tribe) Moly, &c. — Common yellow | Moiy — White umbelled- Moly — Broad leaved Gar- lick •— Magicians purple Moly — Rofeous ilarry Moiy — YellowifK pendu- lous flowered gar- lick — Canada bulb- bear- ing garlick or tree- onion> curious in producing many bulbs at top of the ilaiks — Oleraceous bulb- bearing tree-onion — Vineal bulbifeious Garlick •—Dwarf or baflard :MoIy t*rr- Odorous or fweet- fcented Moly — • Fading, NarciiTus- le-aved garlick — Bear's garlicky or i-iiniibns Si Aconite (Winter) a diminutive tube- rous-rooted plant, with a fmall yellow flower, appearing in January and Ft- biuary Amaryllis, or Lily Daffodil — Yellow Autumnal flowering — Atamafcan Spring flowering — Guam fey Lily — Belladonna Lily The laft two of thefe produce moft beau- tiful flowers in Au- tumn, September, and 06lober; and being fomewhat tender, it is proper to give them occa- fional protedion from cold, and great rains : and fhould be planted in a light fandy earth, in a warm border, or in pots, and defended under a frame in baa wea- ther, and duiing 3 ths 54 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. the 'Winter, or pots placed in a green - houfe in that fea- fon, and when they flower Anemone, tuberous- looted plants, fur- niihing many varie- ties, producing very pretty flowers in: March, April, May,! IScc, Confuting ofi two principal mo-j ther rpeeies ; •—Narrow-leaved, or! Poppy Anemone ; — Single large red' flowered — Double red. Sec. •-r- Garden broad- leaved Anemone ; — Red flowered —■ Purple •— C rim Ton — Scarlet — Blue — Whice .— Violet — K',iy »— Blue and white — Red and white f-^ Red, white, and purple BuLBOCODIUM — spring flowering Colo HI CUM, Att- tumnal flowering bulbs — Purple flowered — Red — - White -- Rofy — Rofy variegated — Variegated purple — Yellow or Crocus Colchicum — Double flowered — Variegated leaved ^— Spring flowering Crocus — Spring flowering, feveral varieties, ■'viz. — Common yellow flowered -^ Large yellow — Blue — Light blu« — White — Cream coloured — Scotch, black and white ftriped — Cloth of gold; yellow and black ftriped — Autumnal flower- ing Crocus — Blue %ULB0tJS-ROOTE» FLOWERJ, •^ Blue flowered ♦— Saffron Crocus Crown Imperial — Yellow flowered — Orange yellow — Red — Reddifh yellow — Double yellow — Double red wi- Crown u pon crown , or with two tiers of flowers i— . Triple crown, or with three tiers of flowers «— Silver-flriped leav- ed — Gold-llriped leav- ed Cyclamen, (round- ifli tuberous roots) -— White flowered — Red — Purple — Spring flowering — Autumnal flower- ing — Winter flowering •— Ivy-leaved — - Round-leaved Daffodils — Common yellow — Longtubed — Double 5? Fritillaria, or chequered tulip ; the flowers curi- oully chequered of difl"erent colours -— . Common chequer- ed flowered, pur- ple — Yellow flowered — Dark yellow — Black — Umbel-flowering — Perflan Fritillaria — Pyrenian FuMATORY (bulb- ous-rooted) — White flowered hollow-rooted — Purple hollow- rooted — Red Gladiole, Sword- lily, or corn flag — Common purple flowered — Flefli- coloured — Red Major — Variegated-leaved Hyacinth — Oriental Hyacinth; many fine varieties of the flowers, 'v(s^f^ — Blue flowered ^Re4 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWSRS4 S6 — Red — Blufh or rofy — Yellow — Purple — Dark-purple-blue — Percelane-blue — V/hire with flefh- colour eyes — White with yellow eye^ — White with red eyes — Double and lingle flowers of each, with numerous in- termediate varieties -— Mufk hyacinth — Grape hyacinth — Deep blue — Azure blue — White — Feathered hyacinth — ■ Tufted hyacinth — Wild hyacinth, or Hare bells — Common blue — White — Red Iris, or Flower-de- luce — Bulbous-rooted ; many varieties • — While, lireaked with purple — Porcelane groandg ilreaked with pur« pie — Purple ftreaked, of each, many varie»l ties — Spanilh Bulbous Iris, many varxe» ties — Perfian Dwarf Iri^ — Striped flowered — White — Blue — Crocus . rooted bulbous Iris — Dwarf blue Iris j one flowered — Purple blue — Red — Pale and whitQ, — Small variegate^ — . Tuberous rootei, or Snake's-heau Iris — Florentine Iris j white flowered — Chalcedonian Iir ■ with large bli and white fpo u.. flowers Jonquil, Sa Nar. cifl'us Ix BULBOUS»ROOT£D FLOWERS. S7 >— Crocus leaved, with a large white flower Lilies — Common white lily — Striped flowered — Double flowered —-Pendulous flowered *— Striped leaved *— Orange lily — Common orange coloured — Purple *— Striped leaved — Martagon lily ; the flowers reflexed -«» Purple flowered •— White flowered Canada Martagon ; with bell-lhaped fpotted flowers •— Chalcedonian great fcarlet Martagon — Pompony Marta- gon •— Philadelphia!! fmall yellow lily — Superb pyramidal lily ; with large orange and yellow flowers ; fpotted with black Narcissus — Poetic or common white NarciiTus — Double flowered — - Single flowered — Two -coloured Narc'fi'us — Hoop petticoat Narcifl^us — Mufic Narcifl"us — Minor or iinall Narciflus — Sweet fcentcd Nar- ciflus — Polyanthos-Narcif- fus ; feveral flowers on the Halk, from the fame flieath — Yellow flowered -^ Gold-yellow — Sulphur-colour —White, with orange middle cups — Yellow, with o- range cups — White, with citron cups WithdiiFerent va- rieties of each Jonquil, or Rufli- leaved Daffodil ; many flowers on the ftalk, from the fame Iheath — Common BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 53 *— Common yellow- flowered — Large Dutch yel- low — Double-flowered — Single-flowered — - Sulphur-coloured Pancratium-lily — Sea Pancratium, with a large beau- tiful white flower Poly ANT Hos -Nar- cissus—5*?^ Nar- cifl'us Ranunculus : fmall grymous or fingered tuberous roots, con- fifting of many fmall tubers cqn- ne£led at top into a head •»- Perflan Ranuncu- lus, with many va rieties of flowers, <*• Red flowered -—Purple — Black — Crimfon — Flame-colour — Violet-colour — Rofy — Coffee -colour — White — Olive-coloured — Straw-coloured — Yellow — Gold-coloured — Rofy, gold-ftriped — Yellow, red-ftriped — White, red and crimfon flriped — White, fpotted, with numerous in- termediate varieties of various tinges and ftripes — Double-flowered of each, the flower* very full and beau- tiful — Semi-doubles — Turkifti,orTurbaii Ranunculus; large flowers — Bloody, or fcarleU flowered — Red- flowered — Yellow-flowered — White SNow-DROPs,fpring* flowering — Common iinglc- flowered — Double flowered Snow drop Greater — Spring flowering — Summer -flowering Stai; BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. Star of Bet h l e h e m — Pyramidal great white — Yellow flowered — Pyrenian long-fpik- ed wliitifh green — Umbel flowering Tuberose, tender- ifti, requiring to be planted in pots, and placed in a hot-bed or hot - houfe, to have them flower in perfection ; or fome may be planted in pots in March or April, and placed under a frame, or in a warm border •— Common iingle white — Double flowered ^ULIP; confifting of large tall -growing kinds and dwarf forts, &c. each ma- ny varieties of the flowers, 'viz. Tall Kinds, or Standards, Confining of thofe j with white ground ftriped with diffe- seal colours^ and 59 yellow grounds va- rioufly flriped ; and alfo with white and yellow bottoms of one colour above, for breeders to break into ftripes and variegations. — White bottoms — Black flriped — Brown fl;riped — Rofy Ilriped — Red llriped — Violet ftriped — Purple llriped Numerous varieties of each — Yellow bottoms — Black ftriped • — Purple ftriped — Orange ftriped — Red Itriped — Violet ftriped — Brown ftriped — Olive ftriped Many varieties of each — . One-coloured for breaking into ftripes — White bottoms — Purple — Black — Rofy ^ Violei to BULBOUS-ROOTED PL0WER9, — Violet -IP- Browa — Purple-black — Red — Grideline — Violet brown -^ Yellow bottoms — Reddifh brown — Brown — Purple ^ Black — Rofy — Crimfon — Orange •— Red orange — Brown orange — Olive — ^ CofFee colour Dwarf Sorts; early flowering ^ Yellow — Yellow and red flamed — White and red ftriped ~- White — White and violet — White and pur* pie _ — White and fofy -«Red --Rofy — Flame colour -^ Variegated Many varieiias of each *-- Double Tulips, Rofe-form — YeJlow — Yellow and red — White and red ■ T— White and rofy — Parrot Tulips, the petals of the flower long ani- hooked — Yellow flowered — Red •r^ Yellow and xt^* ftriped — Orange colour — Yellow fweet^fcent* ed Of the above, the following are Autumnal Flowering Bulbs, or fuch as flower late in Autumn, about September and Odober ; and the leaves coming up fooh after, continue till nejft April or May, then wither and decay ; . an4 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 6| and the roots lofe their fibres, and decline growth for feme time, and which is the pro- per period for removing the bulbs, when re- quired ; fliould be planted again in July or Auguft, to flower the enfuing Autumn of the fame Year. Amaryllis, the Au- tumnal flowering COLCHICUMS Crocus, Autumnal blue Belladonna Lily Guernsey Lily Pancratium, Sea Daffodil. The above colle6lion of bulbous and tube- rous-rooted flowers are great ornaments to the Flower Garden, as in the different fpecies and varieties they continue flowering, in fuc- ceffion, from January, February, or March, till OAober, as formerly obferved ; then, in all the Spring and Summer flowering kinds, the italics and leaves decay, but the roots remain induration from year to year, and flower annu- ally at their due feafon , either in the fame roots, or in fome forts, as in tulip. Sec. the main bulb wholly periflies, and is fucceeded by the prin- cipal oiF-fet thereof, previoufly emitted from the bottom, encreafing to full fize, becomes the main root for next year's flowering : and thus t)ie fpecies is perpetuated, in a perennial ftate; and which, and all the other bulbous and tuberous kinds, propagate plentifully by fmall fide olF-fets of the mother root, iefs or more every year, which may be feparated G from 62 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. from the parent bulb when taken up after flowering, either annually, as is advifeable io \ all the more curious and capital forts of hyacinths, tulips, anemones andranunculufes, ■ &c. or, the others once in two or three years, j when the ofF-fets arc confiderably encreafed ; ; and the moil proper time for doing this, is ! foon after the roots have done flowering, and ' the leaves and ftalks begin to decay, as the bulbs, &c. have then done growing for a fhort time, and admit of removal without the leaH impediment to their future flowering the fol- j lowing year ; and which period of rei'l or dor- | nant ftate is alfo the only proper time for i taking up all or any of the other Ibrts of bulbs and tuberous roots, where intended, agree- able to the foregoing intimations, both in order to feparate the encreafed oif-fets, and to replant the main roots again in frefh-preparcd beds, borders, and pots, either foon after re- moval, or rather moftly dried and houfed to keep for planting in the following Autumn, or fome retained for Spring planting, though, ia the fcaly bulbs particularly, it is advifable to replant them moftly in Autumn; and the fmall detached ofi:"-fets are advifed to be planted in nurfery-beds, foon after feparated, or early in Autumn : and thefe, after having one or two years growth, will be of proper iise for full flowering. The roots of all the forts may be procured ' for planting at the nurferies and feed-lhops ; pnd having obtained a few of each, or of the approved BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 6j approved or defirable forts, they will foon multiply by off-fets to encreafe the ftock. The principal feafon for planting them, i» th: latter end of Autumn, from the middle or end of September, till November or De- iicember; though Oftober and November is a fifuccefsful time for the general planting : or ;: moft of the forts will alfo fucceed by early • Spring-planting, not later than February, or [ beginning of March, though they will feldom I fiower fo ilrong the fame year as thofe planted I in Autumn, efpecially in many of the bulbous i kinds ; and in foihe forts, as moft of the fcaly j bulbous tribe, as crown-imperial, and all the lily kind, being compofed of many fiefhy fucculent fcales, which, if the bulbs are re- tained long out of the ground, are generally apt to (brink and walle, it is moil advifeable to plant them fqon in Autumn. But in the anemones and ranunculufes it is proper to plant a portion in Au-umn, in Odo- ber or November, for early Spring flowering, ^nd a principal fupply planted in February or March, for a fuccelTion and principal blow in May ; or a fmaller portion may alfo be planted in April, for late flowering in June. As to the order of planting the various forts, they may, in the greater part, be planted in the common border:* or beds in ailemblage with other flowering plants ; and in the ca- pital tulips, hyacinths, polyanthos-narciiTus, ranunculufes, anemones, &:c. it may be proper to plant a colleftion of each in beds by them- G z felveSi 64 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. felves, each fort feparate, in order both to have occafional proteftion in Tevere weather in winter, and to give protedion bv an awning of mats to the fiowers when in full blow, to defend them from the hot fun and great rains, to preferve them longer in perfeftion, as well as to have the opportunity of beholding a grand blow of each fort together. Any of the other defireable forts may be planted in beds in the fame order. In planting them in the general flower bor- ders, place the low-growing forts forward, fuch as crocufes, fnoiv-drops, wint'^r-aconite,' anemones, ranunculufes, ccc. The others dif- pofed lefs or more towards the middle and- back part, according to their fize of growth ; and generally plant the fmaller and middling growing forts in little clumps, three to four or five roots together, in a fmall patch, each fort feparate, in which they wiJ make a more confpicuous appearajice when in flower, hav- in^ the clumps three, to four, five, or fix feet diilance, in a varied order ; but the large roots of lilies, martagons, crown-imperials, &c. fhould be planted fingly, for as thefe produce tall ftems, large fiowers, many on each ftalk, fmgie plants will appear fufHciently confpi- cuous in their flowering. The planting irt the borders may be per- formed, in the fmall and middling roots, with a thick blunt-ended dibble, infertino; them two or three inches deep, making a hole for each root, fufficiently wide all the way down to ad- mit BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 6^ ciit the root clean to the bottom ; or larger root5 may be planted with a garden trowel, opening a hole therewith tor each root, to admit them three or four inches in the ground ; covering the whole in with the earth a regular depth. When defigned to plant in beds any parti- cular forts by themfelves, allot them a lightilh moderately dry foil, well digged, the earth broken fine, and -form the beds three and a half or four feet wide; and in which plant the roots in rows lengthways, fix to nine inches afunder for tulips and hyacinths, &c. by the fame dilliance in each row, and three or "four inches deep: or fmalier bulbs, and the aHemones and ranunculufes, may be planted only fix inches afunder, and not more than two or three inches deep. The planting may either be efrefled with a thick round- ended dibble ; or draw drills with a hoe, the depth as above, placing the roots in the drills, and earth them over ; or, for the principal forts, the earth may be raked off the bed evenly three or four inches depth into the alleys; then fet the roots on the furface of the bed at regular diftanccs, preffing each a little into the ground, and then with the fpade fpread the earth out of the alley evenly over the roots an equal depth ; and in either method of planting, when iiniihed, rake the beds even, drawing oiF all hard clods and Hones, forming a fmooth regular furface. Any defirable forts may alfo be planted in pots, either to place in the garden, or to G z " fiO.ver €6 Bulbous-rooted flowers. flower in the apartments or windows of a dwellln^^-houfe, or in court-yards, balconies, ^'C. where there is no garden ; fuch as cro« cufes hyacinths, dwarf tulips, polyanthos- narcilTas, common narcifTus, jonquils, bulb- ous iris, "dwarf iris, ranuculufes, anemones. Sec. as alfo to plant in pots, to introduce in a liot-houfe or green-houfe, or in hot-beds in winter, for early flowering. As to culture after planting, 'the principal care is when the plants are come up, to keep them clear from weeds during their growth and while they are in flower j and if any tall forts are top-heavy, fupport them y/ith hand- fome flrait flicks, one to each plant, and tie the flcms thereto in a neat manner. Or to thofe planted in beds, of the more curious hyacinths and tulips. Sec. occafional ,protedion in fevere frofts, fnow, and other bad v/eather, in Winter and early in Spring, will be of advantage ; as alfo when they are in full jPiOwer, if they are Ihaded with mats from the fun in the heat of the day, and from heavy rains, it will preferve them longer in beauty : and for which protet^ions, the beds may be arched over with hoops or rods, low for the the Winter protedion, but when in flower, the arching fhould be three or four feet high or more ; and have large garden mats tq fpread over, as occafion requires. All the ions will flower the enfuing Spring, Summer, and Autumc^, after planting. Some '11 begin flowering early in the Spring, Ja- ' UiUarya BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS, 6^ Muary, February and March, fuch as the j Winter aconite, fnow-drops, crocules, cycla- ! men; others in April and May, as anemones, I ranunculuies, daffodils, crown imperials, tu- I lips, hyacinths, dwarf Spring iris, &c. and I thefe will be lucceeded by others in June, July and Augull, and the autumnal bulbs ia September and 06tober. According as the different forts finilh their flowering in their refpeflive feafons, the ftalks and leaves will decay, and as the roots then decline growth for a fliort time, and which, as before obferved, is the only proper period ■fbr taking up the roots where intended, either every year, to feparate the ciF-fets, and new- prepare the beds or borders, for replanting the roots again the following Autumn, or fome forts foon after, efpecially the fcaly buJbs of lilies in particular, or once in two or three years, when encreafed coniiderably by cff- fets ; though it is advifeable in the principal fine varieties of hyacinths, tulips, polyanthos- rarcifius, anemones, ranunculufes, or any o- ther capital forts, to take up the root's annu- ally at ihe above-mentioned period of rell after flowering, both to feparate the off-fets for en» creafe, and to have the opportunity of freftx digging and preparing the beds, borders, &c. and that by being cleared from the cff-fets, and replanted in frelh-prepared earth, they -will flower ilionger, and in greater perfection, the following feafon. However, in the general (^f f V ^^ coinmou buibs, &c, tjie^ may either H 68 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. be taken up as above annually, or remain two or more years, and removed occaiional], , when multiplied by ofF-iets, into lai;^ bunches, and that the off-fets are wanted Kr farther encreafe, or when it may be intended to tranfplant the roots twm one place to ano- ther, &c. Thejefore obferve in all removal of bulbs, and the tuberous-rooted kinds before-men- tioned, as anemones, ranunculufles, tuberous irifes, &c. it fhould be performed principally only at the above period of the decay of the leaves after flowering, and the roots done growing, or foon after, before the bulbs or roots emit frefh fibres to proceed in a new growth, after which it is improper to remove bulbous roots, fo far as they then having in'a manner formed the future flower bud, it may impede or weaken their flowering the year enfuing, or in fome forts would prevent their flowering entirely the year following. However,* if on particular occafions any bulbs. Sec. are obliged to be removed in an^ advanced flate of after-growth, either in Summer, Autumn, or Spring, it is advife- st^le to have them planted again alraoll di- reilly, or very loon after removal ; fur wheri. taken up in a ftate of growth, they will not keep fo well out of the ground, to flower in. good perfection, as when removed foon after' the decay of the leaves ; and in feveral lorts would prevent their flowering the following feafon, as before intimated ; on which conii- (iCrationS; when an.y arc occauonally removed at BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 69 at an improper feafon, they fhould be planted again as foon as pofiible. According as you take up the different forts of bulbs, &c. in Summer, Autumn, «5dc. as they go out of bloom, and the leaves decay, or on other occafions, fhould detach all the fmall ofF-fets from the main or parent roots ; and generally feparate the fmaller ofF-fets from the larger, the former to plane again foon after in beds, the others may be kept longer if thought convenient, or the largell retained for Autumn planting. Then the main bulbs taken up as above at the proper feafon, at the decay of the fiowers and leaves, as alfo the large off-fets, may be fpread to dry moderately ; afterwards cleared from earth, any loofe outer fkins, the decj^^ed ftalks, leaves, and fibres at the bale of the root, and then depofited in boxes or bafkets, or upon flielves in fome dry apartment to keep till Autumn for replanting again at that feafon, in Odober or November, or occall- onally in December, if dry open mild wea- ther, or fome kept for Spring planting, where not convenient to plant the whole in Autumn, as alfo to obtain a fucceflional late bloom, after that of the autumnal-planted bu-b?; though it is proper to remark, that fome forts will fucceed by late or Spring planting better than others, fo as to flower the fame year in their proper feafon, fuch for inftance, as cro- cufes, hyacinths, jonquils, narcilfus, Perfiaa iris, as alfo anemones and ranunculufes, bet- ter than tulips, lilies, &c. but all Spring planting JO BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. planting of buVb?, and tuberous roots fhould generally be completed in February, or early in March, as formerly obfervcd. Or anemones and ranunculufes in particu- lar will fucceed by late Spring planting in March and April for late fucceffional flower- ing the fame year in May and June. Likewife tuberofes will fucceed by planting in March, April, and May, planting fome in each of thofe months to fucceed one another in flowering in Summer; but are commonly planted in pots one good root in each, and placed in a hot-bed or hot-houfe, as being tenderer than the other forts of bulbs, at leaft will not flower fo forward, nor in equal per- fection in natural growth, as when aflilled by the above aids of artificial heat. However, all other bulbous and tuberous roots in the foregoing lift that remain out of the ground till the Spring fhould be planted as foon as convenient in that feafon, both to have them flower the fame year in tolerable perfeftion, or thofe that may not flower, it will preferve the roots to gain firength for fu- ture flowciing, and to afford an encreafe by ofFfcts. Or the laro;e bulbs of white lilies, marta- gons, and other lily kinds, nnd others of the Squamous rooted tribe, may be planted again foon after removal, or early in Autumn, or at leafl: before Winter, that they may more certainly flower in good perfediion the follow- ing year ; or, where neceflary to retain thefe iuns longer out of tJie ground, in the houfe, for BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. yt for planting at any particular future occafion, it will be proper to keep them very dole from the air, or lay them in a little very dry fand, or mofs, to preferve their fucculent fle/hy Icales from ihrinking. The off-feti of the different forts of bulbous roots, anemoncy and ranunculuf^s. Sec. that feparated from the main roots, when taken up as above foon after flowering, fhould be kept each fort by themfelves, the fmall ones forted from the large, and preferved to plant, for propagating or encreafing the Hock of the refpedive fpecies and varieties ; and the fmall onei planted foon after in beds, in drills long- ways four inches afunder, and two or three inches deep, to have one or tv/o years growth, or till of a proper fize for full flowering ; or the large off-fets that are of proper flrength to flower tolerably ifrong next year, may be kept for planting in Autumn, in aiTembiag* with the other flowering roots, in borders and beds : though the lily ofF-fets, or other fcaly- rooted kinds, are advifeable to be planted foon after feparation from the parent bulbs, as they do not keep fo well out of the ground as the tunicated and folid bulbs. But in removal of bulbous roots on any particular occafion after having comm.enced a renewed growth, that as when they are re- ;iioved in that ftate, they will not admit of keeping out of the ground without Ihrinking and exnauiiing in their fubflance and ilren''>-th ; it is not tiierefcre advifeable to dry and houfe ihem for future planting, as praan all Europe befides, thougl> many Englifh fioriits alfo raife them in tole- rable pertection and abundance ; the bufinefs appears tedious at the f.rft fet ofl^; but by continuing to fow fome ammally, the plants 01 8 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 7^ oFthe different fowings, after the firft Tour, five, fix, or feven years, come into flower accord- ingly, fbme every year in fucceiTional order, and thereby always have a rucceflion of new flowers appearing ; and among the profefled florifts, all the new flowers pofleflTed of eligi- ble properties according to the etiquette of the fcience, are formally named, generally that of fome great perfonages, or lomecimes of the perfon who raifed them, or places where firfl raifed, and various fancy names; and with which the flower catalogues abound to the amountof many hundreds of varieties in the fame fpecies, as for inilancein the oriental or common garden hyacinth the varieties are without end, the fame of the tulip, anemone, ranunculus, &c. as new ones are annually occurring. That when intended to faVe feed of the de- iireable forts for fowing, permit fome flower- llalks after the decay of the flower, to remain till the feed is ripe in Summer and Autumn ; then gather it in a dry day, rub it out, dried, and put up clofe, to fow foon after, or next Spring. The forts which are the mofl: commonly raifed from feed in order to gain tiew varie- ties, are principally hyacinths, tulipSj ranun- culufes, and anemones, as thofe are remark- ably prolific in new flowers ; feveral other forts, which, though not fo fportive as the above, alfo often produce many pretty varie- ties from feed, as fritiliarias, crown impe- rials, marcagons, polyanthos-narcifl'us, bulb- 041S irifes, colchicum, &c. H z All "0 BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. AH the forts ripen feed in Summer ar.d -Aulunm, and which may be foued foon after it is ripe, or in A tiguil or September, butnit )^ept logger than the following Spring; the fowing Ts performed in beds, border.^, pot?, or boxes of light earth, or that of a Tandy lo^iniy nature ; ,'noderate fupplies may be fowed in large pot?, 6r in box^-s of proportionable fizc, fJlir.g them near the top vviih the above earth or COrnpoft, fovv the feed on the furface, and covered evenly with fine mould a quarter to half ?;n inch or inch deep, according to the fize and fubHancc of the diiferent forts of feeds ; then the pets, kc. may be removed to a Ihady border «il Summer, and in the full iun in Winter, or larger quantities may be foU'cd in beds, or an ealierly border, or if fowed in an open bed, give a ihade of mats from the inid-day Summer's fun in dry hot ueathcr, jrivin^ fometimes in that feafon moderate waterings and (hade. They will come up very llender the firfl year, and the bulbs will be fmall: permitting them wholly to remain till the fecond, only obferving in Summer or Autumn, when the leaves decay, fpread a little fine mold thinly ever the fuiface of the earth of the pots or beds, ScQ. itAviil add to the depth over the young bulbs, aud.be a fmall fertilizing im- provement to the foil, and encourage the growth of the feedlings, which, when a year or two old, rhe^bulbs of fome advanced ftate, they fhould be taken up in Summer when the leaves de- ca- ,the lar^e feparated from the fmaller, and direftly BWJ.BOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. 77 6hc^\y, or Toon after planted in beds, in fmall (hallow drills, three or four inches afunder, and two deep, placing the bulbs, 8cc, in the drills one or two inches afunder, or very fmall ones may be fcattered thicker, covering them over with the earth the above depth, and in which beds permitted to have one or two years growth, fpreading half an inch or inch of earth over the furface in Au- tumn, and when tht leaves decay in Summer take up the larger roots, and rep]ant<:d at wider diftances, the others in their advanced growth tranfplant in the fame manner in beds to remain till they attain a flowering ftate, which in fome forts as hyacinths and tulips, will be five, fix, or feven years before they arrive to that perfeftion, anemones and ra- nunculufes, and fome others will begin to flower in half that time, and at which period of powering, thofe producing good flowers of new varieties fhould be marked, in order to be taken up when the flowering is paft, and the leaves decaying, for planting feparately in beds, borders, &c. as already directed for the full flowering roots ; and there to be encreafed by ofF-fets to multiply the flock, permanent in their refpsflive properties of their flower?. But. as in tulips in particular, they being not only generally the longefl: before they flower, fometimes fix, or feven, or eight years before they -blow in tolerable perfe£lion, and then being principally of one colour, it will often be one, two, or three years more before they br?ak-into ftripes and 'variegations ':'nh r;U?r l^.'^ .; ta.vcl*i Sv- :^f yt BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. of diiFerent colours; and in which ftate of fmgle colours, they by the floriih are deno- minated breeders till they break into ftripes, Sec. that to affiil their breaking, the planting them in a light Tandy poor foil for a year or two, or as required, will promote it much fooner, and more efFcdual than in a rich earth ; and when they are well broken into ftripes of different colours, they may then be planted and managed in the common way, in any beds, borders, &c. of the flower garden.; and the different varieties propagated by ofF- fets to encreafe the defireable forts continuing permanent in the properties of their refpe^^ive Howers as before obferved. Thus having raifed and obtained a fupply of new varieties of the afore- mentioned flow- ers, or of any particular fpecies thereof, the new forts will propagate freely by the ofF-fets of the root, and all the ofF-fets and their progeny will continue to produce flowers con- flantly the fame in every particular as thofe of their refpedlive parent variety, and encreafe annually to a large flock of each fort. That in the propagation of bulbous and tuberous roots by the ofF-fets, if your flock is encreafed more than is neceffary in your own garden, they may be difpofed of to the feeds- man either for money, or in exchange for other varieties, or any kind of garden feeds, &c. Blonuing particular Sorts early, in Water-GlaJ/es, Pots, ^c. Several forts of bulbous and tuberous rcots may be blowed in root watcr-glafles, and in pot» BULBOUS-ROOTED. FLO.WERS. 79 pots and boxes of earth, in the apartments of a houfe, placed in the windows, and om chimney-piece flielves, ^'c. fuch particularly as hyacinths, early dwarf tulips, polyanthos- narciffus, bulbous irifes, Perfian iris, dwarf tuberous iris, Florentino iris, Dutch jonquils, colchicums, frictillarias, crocufes, and ane- mones and ranunculufes, planted any time from Oflober, November, or December, to the end of February, and will all flower very agreeably in Winter, or early in Spring : or to have them flower as early as poffible, fome glafles or pots of the roots may be placed in a hot-houfe, any time in VV^inter, to blow in that feafon, and in the early Spring months: or pots of roots placed in a hot-bed in January and February, they will alfo blow early. To blow them in water-glafles, fome roots may be placed therein every month, from No- vember till March, to have a fucceiTion of early flowers in Spring, from January till April or May. The glaflies or bottles for this 'purpofe are fold at moll of the feed-fhops and nurferies, and at all the glafs warehoufes, at five or fix ihillings per dozen ; are of an up- right fomewhat tapering form, iix or eight inches high, with awide concave mouth at top to contain the root, one for each bottle; the concavity of the mouth made larger or fmaller* in different glafles, fuitable to the fizes of the different forts of bulbs. The forts of bulbs as are principally raifed for blowing in glaffes, are hyacinths, early dwarf tulips, large Dutch and common joil^ ^uils, bulbous and tuberous irife5> polyan- thos- go BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. thos-narciflus and other narciffus kinds, Pcr- fiau iris, dwarf iris, large Scotch and other crocufes ; and as to anemones and ranuncu- lules, they are not To well adapted for glaircs as the bulbous and large roundifh tuberous- looted kinds, but will fucceed very well in pots of earth. The bulbs. Sec. may be plaeed in the;; glaflcs in any of the Winter and early Spring ( months, from Oaober, November, or De*;. cember, till the end of February or beginr;ing,i of March. I for this purpofe chufe the larnreil; found,., roots of the forts intended, examining th^tj the bafe, or part where the fibres a; c emitted, j is free from blemifli, and appears firm and; found, not liable to rot in the water whertr placed in the boulcs ; and which Ihould be particularly obrcrvcd in the hyacinths, that thcv may more cenainly ilower in proper per- fedion. Fill the glaffes with foft water of a river, pond, cillern, kc. or rainwater, raifing thef- water up within the concavity of the mouth, in which to immerfe the bottf^m of the root a little in the water ; then place one root in. each gUfs, with the bottom touching the \vatcr,*^or a little immerfcd therein, as juii above obferved; and place the glafles with the roots in any warm window in a room^ if -where the funcomes it will be of greater ad- vant-i^e ; or fome may be placed on delves pf a light room, cr the niantle-fiiclf 9f a. chim- ne^-piece of am' rating-room,.^, apyonur ■J - • -,. BULCO US-ROOT En FLOWS ,'5. 8 I (helves where there is plenty of day-light, and can have air admitted : or to have ibme flower as early as pofiible of the defircable forts, the glafles may be placed in a ilove or hot-houfe^ or in a hot-bed under Frames and lights. The roots will foon fend out llrong fibres down into the water, and flioot above j and the only cultui'e they require in this growth is to admit frefh air occafionally in mild days after they begin to advance in the top fhoots, by opening the window or door a little way in the middle of the day, and to change the water when it becomes foul, or fetid, once in a week, or ten or tv/clve days, or a fort- night, as it may feem necellary, pour out the old water, and filling the glafTes again with frefh, immediately and diredly replace the roots in their proper pofition. They will thus fhoot llrongly below znd above ; and produce their flowers in very good perfeftion ; obferving in thofe of talt growth, or others with large flowers, top heavy, to give them fupporc of llrait flicks, one to each ftem, either placed in a fmall eye or hole which is fometimes made on one flde of the water glafl^es, or by means of wire, or fmall flips of lead, or in default of thefe con- veniences, flit the end of the flick, and by which fix it on the edge of the glafs as well as poflible ; and in either method tie the ftem of the flowers thereto in a neat manner. ^ Sometimes for blowing in water, a fmalf ciflern is made of lead, wood, china, or of the common earthen ware kind, furnillied at top gi BULIJOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS. top with a lid or cover perforated with round holes to admit the bottom of the roots, filling. the cillern with water up to the holes, then place a bulb in each, the bottom touching, the water, they will grow and flower as in the glafies, though for general practice of blowing in water, I would principally prefer the glafies, as the moll convenient, cleanly, and effeiflual. To flower the bulbous and tuberous-rooted kinds in pots or boxes for early flowering, in the apartment of a dwelling-houfe, or in a hot-houfe, or hot-bed, for earlier blowing, they may be planted therein, either in Autumn, I about September, Odober, November, or any; | of the Winter and earlier Spring months,, ' as before obferved for the glaffes ; the pots may be of fmaller or larger fizes, to contain one, two, to three, four, or more roots together; or have neat boxes fifteen or. eighteen inches long, eight or ten wide, fix inches depth; filling the pots or boxes with any lightlfh dry earth ; or occafionally with fand : plant therein any of the kinds of bulbs and tuberous roots before mentioned, and of anemones, and ranunculufes, one, two, to three, four, or five roots in each pot, accord- ing to the fize both of the pots and refpedive forts of roots ; more in proportion in the boxes; placing the roots three, four, or iive inches afunder, and inferted only a little way over the crown ; an inch depth is fufhcient: and place them in a warm room window where there is the greateft benefit of the fun and BULBOUS-ROOTED FLOWERS, 83 find light, and opportunity of admitting air in fine weather to iliengthen their growth inore efJeflually. They will require to have air occafionally in mild weather, when tliey begin to Ihoot, by the door or .windows moderately opened; and give alfo gentle waterings when the earth becoiP.es dry ; but more freely after the roots begin to grow than before; giving it, however, always in great moderation, juft to have the earth in a fniall degree moilHlh ; and according to the warmth of the room, or temperature of the weather, will require fmall fuppHes twice, or probably fometimes thrice a week. Or where there is convenience of a hotr houfe, pots, or boxes of the above kind of roots may b,e introduced therein any time in Winter, from November till February, for quicker and earlier flowering; or in any forcing apartment, hot -bed, &c. under glaffes ; but more fuccefsfuily in a bark hot- bed than that of dung ; and in a hot-houfe, or pine-apple ftove. Sec. they will grow and flower freely with much lefs trouble and care than in hot-beds under frames and lights; fupplying the plants with light waterings when advancing in growth, and give air to thofe in the hot-hoi;fe, only in common with the other plants of that apartment, and in hotbeds under frames, admit air in «tempe- rately mild days by tilting or drawing down fhe glalTes one, two, or three inches for a V few 84 BULBOUS-ROOTED FL0WSR5. few hours, or ftiut clofe when the weather changes cold. By the above aid of a hot-houfe, &c. or hot-bed, they may be obtaiaed very early in flower, in January, February, Sec. or even in Winter in a hot-houfe, by early planting in Autumn, and placing the pots in the honfe in Ot^ober, November, or December'; or placed occafionally in a fruit forcing- houfe, in January or February, for early Spring flowering* According as thofe In the pots or boxes are done flowering, they fliould be removed to the full air, if you wifh to fave the roots in as good condition as poflible, and when the leaves and ilalks decay, the roots may either be taken up and managed as thofe of the natural ground, or may remain a year or two in the pots, adding fome frelh earth to the tops in Autumn or Spring; but after twice flowering they fliould be removed, in order to feparate the ofF-fets, and to replant them In beds, pots, 8cc, of frefli prepared earth. PE. [ 85 ] PERENNIAL FLOWERS, OF THE Fibrous and Flesh v-Rooted Tribes, FOR THE FLOWER-GARDEN and PLEASURE. GROUxND. THE Perennial Flowering Plants of this divifion, confifting of numerous 2;enera, fpecies and varieties, are all of the hardy herbaceous tribe, and of the fibrous and flefliy-rooted kinds, and fuch as grow freely in the opeji ground ; proper to orna- ment and diverlify the flower borders, beds, (Szc, of the flower-garden and pleafure-ground, all perennial, or of fcveral or many years duration, or continuance in the root, which, in the greater part, fend up new flower items annually in the Spring, for flowering the feme year in Summer and Autumn, pro- ducing, in numerous forts, very beautiful ornamental flowers, and when thefe decay the llalks or flems moftly die down to the i ground. 86 PERENNIAL FLOWERS, ground, or from whence they originate, and, m many forts, alfo the leaves ; in others the leaves continue verdant; and fome have alfo abiding ftems of a branchy growth, continu- ing Summer and Winter, as in wall-flower, llock-gi'iiflower, &c. which, however, feldom in the fame individual remain longer tlian two years before they dwindle to a weakly declining ftate, more of a biennial than pe- rennial nature ; though, as the double wall- flowers particularly are multiplied and conti- nued perennial, both in root and top, by raifing them from cuttings of the top Ihoots, they, anid, fome others of a fimilar nature, are arranged here among the perennials, in which the fame root continuing, and in moft kinds multiply by ofF-fets, &c. they princi- pally renew their flower-Hems annually, as above intimated, and propagate by feed, flips, ofF-fets, parting roots, and other different methods, as hereafter fhewn. They con filUng principally of fibrous-rooted plants, the roots are compofed of many fibrea, which, in moil forts, are fmall and thread- like, others thicker and more flefliy, fome with long flefliy fangs ; and there are alfo many tuberous-rooted kinds,, the roots being, in fome, of a thick knobby flefliy fubftance, fometimes only in one or two tubers, roundifli or oblong, &:c. and in others of feveral toge- ther, either in a loofe clufter, or fome clofely connected in a head ; and by ofF-fets of the PERENNIAL FLOWERS — Fig-leaved, in va- rieties as above. Alchemilla (Lady's Mantle) — Common — Hairy — Five-leaved Aletris (Uvaria) Ahhxa (Marsh- Mallow) — Common — Hemp- leaved Ammi (Bishop's Weed) — Glaucous-leaved Anchufa (Bucloss) — Oriental — Evergreen Andryala (Downy Sow-thistle) Alyll'iim (Alysson, or Mad-wort) «— Mountain — Saxatile or Rock, yellow . — Hoary T- Halimus - leaved, fweet *- Bladder-ptxdded — Hyperborean ' — Cretan Anemone( A N e mon e) — Garden, broad- Icav^d; ^any £nc varieties.— Seethe Bulbous Roots — Coronarious or narrow-leaved, or Poppy Anemone — Wood Anemone — White —-Blue — Double — Appenine blue Wood Anemone — NarcifTns -flowered — Goat's-rue leaved — Forked-llalked — Alpine — Hepatica — - Single blue — Double blue — White -^Red — Pulsatilla, or Pafque Flower Angelica (Ange- lica) — Common — Dark -purple — Shining Anthemis (Chamo- mile) — Noble or Common — Single "jLihite — Double ivhite •!— Pyrethrum, or PeUitory of Spain Dyer's 90 perekntal flowers. — Dyer's Tanfey- leaved Anthericum(SpiDER.- wort) — Li LI A GO, or Grafs leaved LiLiASTRUM, or Sa- voy Spider-wort — Oirifragous, or yel- low Anthyllis (Kidney Vetch) — Scarlet Antirrhinum (Snap Dragon &Toad's Flax) — Major or Greater Snap Dragon — White Jio^'je red --Red — Purple — Telionxt ■— Variegated — Striped'lea-ved — Montpslier Snap- Dragon — Genirta-leaved — L; N A R I A,orToad's Flax — Common yello-iv — 1 'e/Io-iv and ixihits; Apoc y num (Doo's Bane) — Tutfan-leaved — Hemp Apocynuni of Canada Aquilegia (Colum*. bine) — Common fingla — Starry Jlonjjered — "Rofe fio^wered — Nc(:lariu7n JIo^u^- ered — Striped Jio--wered — Double Jlonvered of each — Alpine Columbine — Canada Columbine Arabis (Bastard Tower Mustard) — Alpine Arabis Aretia (Aretia) — Alpine hoary- ftalked Arenaria {Arenaria) — Great flowered Arillolochia (Bikth- wort) — Long rooted — Round rooted • — Upright ftalked — Spanifh — Odorous America«i Arnica (Arnica) — Mountain Arnica — * Scorpion-footed Axtemifu PBRBN-WIAL FLOWERS ^ Artemiiia (Mug- wort, Worm- wood, &:c. ^-^Abfinihiumt or com- mon Wormwood — Sea Wormwood — Tartarian South- ernwood — In tire leaved Arte- milia — Blue, or Lavender leaved — Dracunculust Dra- gon Herb, or Tar- ragon Arum (Arum, or Wake Robin) — Spotted or common — Dragon Arum, or Dragons — Three-leaved — Virginian — ■ Beet-leaved — Ar'ifarum, Friar's Cowl, or Italian Arum — Variegated htfivid Arundo (Reed) — Manured, or Spa- nifh — Variegated Indian — Common Marih Afarum (Asara- bacca) — Common European — Canada — Virginian Afclepias (Swallow - WORT, Doc'i Bane, &c.) — Officinal yellow — Black-flowered — Syrian Dog's Bane — Exalted njuhite — Purple Afclepias — Incarnate orFlefh- coloured — Amosnous or Plea- fan t, or oval Pur- ple leaved — Tuberous Afcle- pias, or Orange Apocynum Afperula (Wood- roof) — Odoriferous, or fvveet Afphodelus (Aspho- del, or King's Spear) — Yellow — Branching white — • Fifculous or hol- low Afplenium PERENNIAL FLOWERS. Afplenium (Spleen- wort, Sec) — Ceterach, or com- mon — Scolopendrium^ or Hart's Tongue — Curled leaved -~ TrichomaueSy or Maiden-hair — Green — Put a Murarldy or Wall-rue After (Star-wort) — {Amellui) or Italian After — Alpine — Great flowered — Divaricated » branching — Heath-like — Dumofed, or bulhy — Purple — Slender leaved — Rigid leaved — Polilhed ftalked — Virgated, or twiggy — Concoloured blue -^ Linarla leave d — Linum leaved — Mutable tiower'd ■ — Tradefcants after — Sorry flowered — Creeping — Tripoltiim^ or Sea Star- wort — Corymbus flow- ering — Undulate leaved — Umbel flowering — Heart leaved — Prickly Aftragalus (MiLn Vetch) — Cicevy or Bladder ^ podded — Liquoricy, or fwect-leaved — Alpine — Sand Aftragalus — Fox-tail-like — Goat's Rue-formed Aftrantia (Black Master-wort) — Major — Minor Athamanta — Meum, or Spignel Atropa (Deadly Nightshade) — Belladonna, or Common — Mandragora, or Mandrake Bellis PERENNIAL FtOWEftS. 9'^ ^ellls (Daisy) -^—Perennial common — Double red — Double 'varie- gated -— Double ivhite — Crejlatedy or Cock's - comb fiaivered * — Proliferous , child- ingy or Hen and Chicken Bctonica (Betony) — Officinal common — Daniih ' — Alpine — Oriental Buphthalranm (Ox- Eye) — Great flowered — Helianthus-like Bupleurum (Hare's Ear) — Long-leaved Cacalia (Alpine Colt's Foot) -^ Haftated, or Hal- bert-!eaved — Sweet — Atriplex- leaved Calla (Bastard Arum — Marflr- growing Cahha (Marsh Marigold) — Double flowered Campanula (Bell* Flower) — Peach leaved — Double blue — Double ivhite — Single of each — Round leaved — Pyramidal blue — Glomerated lefs -— Thyrfe-like flow-- ering — Rhomboideal leaved — ^rachelium, or Great Throat- wort — Broad-leaved Gi-^ ant Throat-wort — Saxatile Daify- leaved — Canterbury Belts. See the Biennials Cardamine (Lady's Smogk) *— Meadow double white Carduus (Thistle) — Fifh Thiltle — Melanchol)^ThiIlIe Caffia 94- Caffia (Se-nna) — M:tryland Senna Catanache (Candy Liox'o Foot) — Blue Ceataarea (Cem- taury) — Pc(ftinated leaved — Phrygiadc ciliated leaved — Mountain — Scabius Centaury — Cineraria, or greater blue bottle — Siberian — Splendent leaved — Jacea, or Knap- weed — Great yellow Cen- taury — Woad-leaved Ceraftinm (Mouse Ear Chickweed) — - Creeping — Broad leaved — Field linear-leaved Cerinthe (Honey- wort) — Minor, or lefs Chcerophyllum (Wild Chervil) —7 Golden or yellow Cheiranthus (Wall- Flower, and Stock Gilii flower) perennial flowers. — Common veHow Wall -flower ' — Blood i — DouJ'h bloody — Stock Giliiiiovvcr — BromptOH Slock — Red — Purple — iilueen'StQck Pur' pU — JVhite — Purple -^Red — Tivickenham Purple — Large Jhrubhy. luhiie — Ten week's Stock — See the Annual Fio-ivers Cheledonium (Ce- landine) — Major double flowered Chelone (Che lone) — Smooth red — White — Hairy blue — Pent/lemon, or Icfj Chelone Chryfanthemum (Chry- PERENNIAL I LOWERS. (CHRYSAKTIIii;- wuM, or Corn Marig^old, &:c.) — Black Alpine — - Leuca/ifhemumy or great whit€, or Ox- eye Daifv — Serotine great creeping — - Balfamita, or Coil- niary Chry^ocoma (Goldy Locks) — German — Two-ilowered Si- berian Chryibrplenium (Golden Spleek- WORT, or Golden Saxifrage) — Ahernate-leaved — Oppcfite- leaved Circosa (Enckant- €!i*sNightshade) — Lutitian common — Alpine — Canada Clematis ( Vi r g i n *s Bower) — Upr-ght — In tire leaved Clinopodium (Field Basil) — Common 95 — Hoary (Jollinfonia (Colli N- sonia) — Canadian Clypeoia (Treacxe Mustard) Mari- time SpaniHi Coinarum (Marsh C I N QJJ E F o I L ) Convallaria (Lily of the Valley, So- lomon's Seal, &c.) — LiJy of the Valley — C-ommon fingh — Double 'white — Red — P'hgotiatum^ or Solomon's Seal — Many flowered true — VpTticillated, or whirled — Broad-leaved — Racemofe fpiked — Two-leaved Convolvulus (Con- volvulus, or Bindweed) — Lineated-leaved Dwarf — SoJdanclla Cony za (Flea Bane) — White Cereopfi* JPERENNIAL FLOWERS, 96 Cereopfis (Tick- Seeded Sun- Flower) — White -.— Alternate leaved — Whirled — Three- leaved — Lance-leaved Cornus (Cornel) — Canada Dwarf, herbaceous Cornel, or Dog Berry * — Swedifli Cortufa (Bears Ear Sanicle) — Matthiolus's Ihort calyxed »— Gmelin's long ca- lyxed Crithraum (Sam- phire) — Maritime, or Sea Crambe (Sea Cab- bage) Crotolaria (Croto- laria) ^ White — Blue Cyclamen (Cycla- men, or Sow Bread — European — P urple fi.iuered o— I -vy -halted Au iumnal — Round-leaved Winter fionjjering^ bright purple — Heart -leaved Spring floiverin^ Cynogloffura (Hound's Tongue) — Omphalodes, or blue Venus Navel- wort Cypripedium (La- dy's Slipper) — Calceolusy or com- mon yellow — Virginia large yel- low — Canada large pur- ple — Large nvhite — Bulbous-rooted Datifca (Bastard Hemp) Delphinium (Lark- spur) — Great flowered •— Elated Siberian Bee Larkfpur — American — Staphifagriay or Staves-acre Deutaria (Tooth- wort — Fivc-Ieaved — Bulb- PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 97 ►— Bulb-bearing Dianthus (Pink, Carnation, &:c.) — Deltoideous, or common Pink — Superb fringed Pink — Glaucous-leaved Mountain — Arenaritti or Dept- ford Pink »— • Sand, or Stone Pink rr- Alpine Different varieties are — Red Pink — White — - Plea/ant eye, many forts — Red Cob — White Shocik, or fringed — Painted Lady — Cloiie Pinkt deep red , — GU Man's Head — Caryophyllusy or Clove Giiliflower, and Carnation -?. Red Clo^e — Deep Red '— Double JloiMered ^V — CoronariuSy Called Coronation, or Car- nation --Red — White — Red and nxhite Variegated and-^rlp- ed, many beautiful double varieties, divided by the Flo- rills into different clafles, wx. — Flakes — • Bizares — Piquettes — Painted Lady — Whole Blo'vjeri — Burjiers — Barbated Dian- thus, called Svvecc William — Red fio'wered — Scarlet — Red and White ^— Variegated — Double of each — Large double pur- pie ; very beauti- ful - — Mule^ or doubh S-weet- William. Pink Didlamnus (Fraxi- NELL a) ^ Whii-& 98 — White — Red Digitalis (Fox- Glove) — Purple flowered — - White — - Yellow (greater) — LeJ/er yellcw — Ferruginecus, or iron coloured — Verbafcum leaved Dodecatheon (Ame- rican Cowslip, or Meadi a) Doronicum (Leo- pard's Bane) Greater — Plantain leaved — Bellediajlrumy or daify leaved Draba (Whitlow Grass) — Alpine Dracocephallum (Dragok'sHcad) — Virginian — Aultrian '— RuyfchianUy or hy flop -leaved Dryas (Dry as) — Eight pecal'd Hi- bernian Echinops (Globe Thistle) — Ritroy or IcfTcr PERENNIAL FLOWERS, Echium (Vipers BUGLOSS) Epilobiam (French Willow) — Narrow leaved red — Broad leaved red — White flowered — Hairy leaved — Variegated leaved Equifetum (Horse- Tail) — Winter Horfe-taU Epimedium (Barren Wort) — Alpine Erigeron (Erige- ron) — Acrid Blue — Purple, or Labra- dorc After Erin us (Erin us) — Alpine branching- flowered Eryngium (SeaHol- — Maritime, or com- mon pricjcly — - Fetid, or ftinking — Plane leaved — Amethyftine, or blue leaved — Aquatic — Alpine — Campaign pin- nated Eryfimum PERENNIAL FLOWERS. 99 Eryfimum (Winter Cress, or Hedge Mullard) — Barbarea, or com- mon yellow — Double yellonu Livtiironium (Doc's Tooth Violet) — Dens-can,is, or Dog's Tooth — Purple — White Eupatorium (Hemp Agrimony) — Cannabinous, or icommon — Scffile leaved — Purple — Tall growing — Perfoliated leaved — -r Spotted — Aromatic ^- Odoriferous -^ Ageratoides Euphorbia (Spurge) — Coral-like llalked — Myrftnites^ or Dwarf Ferula (Fennel Gi- ant) — Common tall — Glaucous-leaved — Caivada ihining K — Tangier Fragaria (Straw berry) — . Scarlet Strawberry — Common fear ht — Imperial fcarlet —~ Striped leaved — Wood Strawberry — Red fruited — White — Hautbois Straw- berry — Globular fruited — Oval — Chili Strawberry (great fruited) — Large globular fruited — O'val fruited — Red fruited — Pale — Alpine, or prolific Strawberry, bear- ing monthly, from June till Odober, or November — Scarlet fruited — Pine-apple Straw- berry ^Red — White — Green 2 Frankenia i©o PSftENNlAL FLOWERS. Frartkenia (Sea Heath) *- Polifhed flalked -^ Hairy Fumaria (Fuma- Tory) -^Bulbous- rooted, red — White -*— Hollmv bulbous- rooted, purple ^ White *— Ever-green, white — n//oau Galega(GoAT'sRuE) * — Officinal, white -^ Purple Galcopfis (Hedge. Nettle) — Galeobdolaitt llriped leaved -— Tellotujlo'wered Galium (Lady 'sBe D- Straw) —Boreal, or Northern — True, yellow Gaura (Virginia Loose-Strife) Gentiana(GENTiAN) — Yellow ' — Purple «*~ Acaulous orDwarf- blue, called Gcn- tianella — Crofs-wcrt Gentlaii — Swallow-wort Gen- tian — Pneumcnanthe^ or Marfh Gentiau — Imperial — So.ip-wort leaved Geranium (Gera- nium, or Crane's Bill) — MeadowGeranium — Sylvian, or Wood *-Marlh , — Spotted — Black — Maritime, or Sea — Knotty — Striated — Bloody "■^LantaJhire^XQO^y — Robertianum, or Herb Robert Geum (Avens) — Urbanic, or Com- mon — Virginian — River — Mountain — Pyrenean Globularia (GlobB Daisy) — Common blue — Acaulous, oi'flalk- lefs Gly- rERENNIAL J-'LOWERS* lor Glycyrrhiaa (Li qu o- rice) — - Smooth common — Echinated Gnaphalium (Ever- lasting) — Plantain leaved — Sylvian — Dioicous flowered Gundelia (GuNDE- lia) — Tournefort's Acan- thus-leaved. Gypfophila (Gypso- phila) — Proftrate — Perfoliated Hedy farum (French Honey - suckle, St. Foin, &c.) — Coronarlus, or French Honey- fuckle —-Red — White —^OndhrychiSy or com- mon St. Foin -^ Canada — Violet St. Foin — Caput Galliy or Cock's Head Helenium (Bastard Sun-flower) — Downy — Autumnal flower- ing — Broad leaved Helianthus (Sun- flower) — Many - flowered common yellow everlafling Sun- flower — Double Jloivend — Striped leaved — Ten petalled — Tallelt — Giant — Divaricated branching — Tuberous - rooted, called Jerufalem. Artichoke Helonias(HELONiAs) — Bullatedorftudded — .Afphodel-like Helleborus (Helle- bore, or Bear's Foot — Stinking — - Green-flowered — Three- leaved ^ Black, or Chrift^ Dias Rofe; large white Flower — Winter Aconite . J^em?' X 3 102 J»ERBNNIAL PLOWBRS. Kemerocallis (Day Lily) — Yellow — Fulvid or reddifh Heiperis (Dame's Vl0LET,0rR0CKET) — Matronal, or com- mon — White Rocket ■ — Purple '-—Double oj" each — Night-imelling Heuchera (Sanicle) — American Hi bi feus palujiris (Marsh Ath^a) Hieracium (Hawk- weed) — Orange flowered ■--^ Sabaudian Olive- leaved — Variegated lea'ved •^Pilofella, orMoule- earHavvkweed — Umbel flowering Hippocrepis (Horsb- s HOE Vetch) — Tufted Horminum (Clary) -*-Pyrenean Hamulus (Hop) — Male Hop — female Hop HydraftU (Yellow Root) — Canadian Hydrophyllum (Wa- ter Lkaf) — Virginia — Canada Hyofcyamus (Hen- bane) ^ — Phyfalodes-Iike, or Bladder-calyxed Hypericum (S^ jo h k's Wort, S' Peter's Wort, &c.) — Virginian — Quadrangular ilalked — Perforated-leaved — Beautiful upright — Tomentofe, or downy — Humifufed, or trailing — Prolific — Jfcyrony or Great flowered St. Peter^s Wort — Elodeous, orMarfii St. Peter's Wort Hypoxis (Canada Star of Bethle- hem) PKRENNIAL PL0WER5. Iberis (Candy Tupt) — Round-leaved Imperatoria — Ojiruthiuniy orBaf- tard Pellitory Inula(ELECAMPANE) '^^Heleiiiutny or com- mon — Salicinal, or Wil- low-leaved — Hairy OculusChriJ!i,ot^Oo\~ ly FJea-bane — Samphire-like Iris (Iris, orFleur de Lys) — Chalcedonian large black and white fpotted flowered •-- German large blue — Florentine white — Dwarf purple — Variegated purple —•Siberian graffy- leaved — Squalid brown and yellow — Sambuca fcented — Virginia Iris- — Spurious narrow- leaved — Grafs-leaved Auf-« trian — Vernal fvveet purple — Tuberous - rooted, or Snake's- head Iris, black flow- ered — Two - flowered greater Dwarf Purple — Pfeud Acorusy Falfe Acorus, or Yellow Water Iris Ifatis (Wo A Of or Dyer's Weed) Lamiura (Arckak- gel) — Great Purple — Pale — Helvetian Laferpitium (Laser- wort) — Three- lobed leaved — Siler, or Mountain Lafer-wort Lathyrus(EvERLAS'P- iNG Pea, or Chick- ling Vetch) — Broad - leaved, or Everlafting Pea — Great flowered — Wood Chickling Vetch — Peas-forxn — Cape - Horn, or Lord Anfon's Pea Lavatera PEREKNIAL FLOWERS. Lavatera (Lava- tera) — Tree Mallow Leontodon (Dande- lion) — Golden Leonurus (Lion's Tail) — CardiacUi or Mo- ther-wort Lepidium (Dittan- der) — Broad leaved LigulHcum (Lovage) — Common — Scottifh Linum (Lint, or Flax) — Perennial Siberian — (Moft-ufefulorcul- tivated) annual Lithofpermam (Gro- merel) — Officinal common — Virginian Lobelia (Cardinal Flower) — Cardinalis, or fcarlet — Siphilitic blue — White Lotus (Rird's-Foot. Trefoil) '. — Maritiaic — Corniculatec! — Cytifus-like Lupinus (Lupine) — 'Perennial Lunaria (Moon- woRT, or Honelly, &c.), — Redivived, er abid- ing — Purple — White Lychnis (Lychnis, or Campion) — Chalcedonian fcar- let — Single Jloiv ere d — Double — Flos Cuculi, Cackovf Flower ; called Ragged Robin — Double red — Double nvhite — Vifcous-ftalked, or Catchfly ; purple — Double flo^wertd — Single — Dioicous flowered. Greater Ragged Robin — Double Jloivered — Alpine Lychnis Lycopu: PERENNIAL FLOWERS. Lycopus (Water. Hore-hound) «-^Europeaa * — Virginian Lyilmachia (Loose- strife) -"^-Common *-^Four leaved — Salix leaved — Ciliated — Wood ^^ Nummularia, or Money-wort — Tenellous purple • — Spanifh Lythrum (Willow Herb) ' — Salicaria, or Wil- low Kerb Malva (Mallow) . -r-^/i-^^, or Cut- leaved — Mulk-fcented Marrubium (Hore* hound) *^- Common — Moll white Matricaria (Fever- few) — - Double jloujered — Single Medicago (Moon Trefoil) — Falcated Dwarf — Cultivated, or Lu- V cern-grafs 105 MelifTa (Balm) — Officinal commoa — Great flowered — Calami Jitba, or Ca- lamine — Striped leaved Melittis (Bastard Balm) Mentha (Mint) — Green, or commoa Spear Mint — R.ound-Ieaved — Curled-leaved — Wild — Aqiiaxic, or Water Mint — Piperita, or Peppet Mint — Fulegium, or Pefiny-* royal Mercurialis (Mer.- cury) — Perennial Mimulus (Monkey* Flower) — Ringent, or Grin* ning -^Yellow Monarda (Liok*s Tail) — Didymous fcarlet Lion's Tail, or Ofwego Tea — Fidulous purple — Cli- ibd PERENNIAL FLOWERS, — Clinopodium-like pa'e purple — White Napaea (Nap^ea) !a Geraniums Globe Thiftle Hawk- weed Hollyhocks Honeity, or Sattin Flower Pea, everlafting Pea, Cape Horn Pinks Polyanthus Ranunculus Rhubarb Rofe Campion bnap-Dragon Scabius Stock Gilliflower Scarlet Lychnis Valerian (Garden) Valerian (Greek) Wall- flowers. With feveral others of lefs note. Thcfe may all be raifed from feed, and piany of them aifo by the other methods' of propagation. M3 The 126 PERENNIAL FLOWERS; The feed is fowed commonly in the Springs, ©r feme forts alfo in Autumn, about Auguft, or as foon as ripe, fuch as anemone, auricula, polyanthus, ranunculus, &c. However, the Spring months, March, April and May, is a good feafon for fowing all the forts, which may be performed in any beds or borders of common moderately-light earth ; each fort fe^ parate, either on the furface, and raked in evenly, or if beds, iirft raking them fmooth, and with the back of the rake ftiove a little earth evenly oif the furface, half an inch to an inch deep, into the alley, fow the feed, fmooth it down with the fpade, and with the rake proper, draw the earth from the alley evenly over the feed a regular depth ; or, for fmall portions of any particular forts of fmall feed, raking the earth fine, fow the feed, and fife earth over it : or any large feeds, as holly- hock. Sic. or any of the other forts, may be fowed in flat Ihallow drills, and earthed over rsgularly ; or feme may be. fowed in pots or boxes. After fowing, if dry warm weather, -give frequent waterings, both before and after the plants are up. When the young plants, in June, July, or Augufl, are two to three or four inches high, lhey,except the anemone and ranunculus kinds, ftiould be pricked out in three or four-feet wide beds, or in borders, performing it gene- rally in fhowery weather ; drawing out the ftrongeft plants, and prick them in the beds four to five or fix inches diftance. Give water at H^EKNIAL FLOWERS, 12/ at planting; and, if dry weather, give fre- quent waterings till they take root. Continue them in growth, in the prickocJ- cut beds, till the end of Autumn, about Oc- tober cr November, or occafionally till the following Spring: then, in either of rhefe fcafons, as in moft forts they will be ol proper age and ftrength for flowering the enfuing Summer, a quantity fhould be tranfplanted into the borders, to remain for flowering ; others may continue in the beds, efpecially thofe of the fponive kinds, of which it is de- iired to gain new varieties, as carnations, po- lyanthus, auriculas, &c. or fome polyanthus may be tranfplanted into north or Ihady bor- ders, as the moft eligible fltuation, out of the fun, to preferve the flowering longer in per- fedion. Generally obferving of the above forts raifed from feed, that the anemone and re- Dunculus kinds, fomewhat of the nature of bulbs, they coming up in flender leaves, the roots fliould be permitted to remain till the fecond Summer, at the decay of the leaves, then may be t.,ken up and planted feparately in fmall drills three inches afundfer, to have one or two y-r.rs growth, and acquire due ftrength for full flowering ; and then the de- iireable fort^ may be planted where required. All the above perennials, &c. raifed from feed, will moiliy flower the fecond year, ex- cept the anemones, &c. aforefaid ; and the roots continuing perennial, fome feveral^ others many years, will annually flower in their refpedlive feafons, and many of thera will 12$ PERENNIAL FLOWERS. will propagate and encreafe by the root, and other different ways, for increafe, if required: though fome being rather biennial, as fnap- dragon, carnations, wall-flowers, flock gilli- fiower, &c. are apt to dwindle off in two or three years ; yet the tRree former may h-i con- tinued perennial in good flowering perfedlion, by propagating them by layers and cuttings annually, efpecially the curious varieties ; and the ftoL^ks feldoni continue in good flrength for flowering longer than two years, or the ihrubby white will fometimes iland feveral years in a dry foil. By off-fets of the roots, &c. numerous forts of the foregoing general colle(fiion of peren- nials propagate very abundantly, which are readily difcovered in all the forts as encreafe by that method, by their multiplying lefs or more by young fide-fucker plants, either im- mediately clofe round the main root, or fome proceeding from the crown thereof, or a little above in fome ftocky plants, as in auricula^^ ^*c. and others by roots under ground, fome in creeping rooting fhoots above, and fome by fide-heads: all which, for propagation, may be detached or flipped off with roots,, or near to the bottom, with as much rooty-like part as poffible, that will foon emit fibres when planted; and this work may be per- formed either in Spring, February, March, April, before they fhoot much for fluwering^ or in Autumn, after the flowering is pail, about Auguft, September, October and No- vembef, and in which, fo|ne will confift of roots PERENNIAL FLOWERS. I 2^ roots fiirniflied with leaves or flioots above, others principally of roots, and fome in fleihy tubers, al! which plant either in nurfery beds, four to five or fix inches afunder, to have a Summer's growth, then tranfplanted finally, or fome (Iron g full flips plant at once where they are to remain for flowering, they will flower the enfuing feafon ; and in one year the whole will make rtrong plants, and be of feveral or many years continuance, and pro- pagate plentifully in their turn for further cncreafe. As fome forts multiply rather fparingly by off-fets, fuch as double hepatica, cyclamen, Jady's flipper, orchis, &c. they muft be ob- ferved accordingly. By parting the roots, vaft numbers of the perennial tribe are propagated, both of the fibrous and flefh-rooted kinds, when the roots are ericreafed by cfF-fets into bunches, lefs or more, and may be feparated either by taking up the whole root, and part or divide it into as many different flips, larger or fmaller, as they admit or is required, oi may be effedled occafionally by parting the outward off-fets without removing the mother root ; and either ©f which may be performed in Spr'.ng or Autumn, as advifed above in the off-fet pro- pagation, managing them in the fame man- ner. In fome fiefliy and knob-rooted kinds, and others of fiefliy tubers, as in monk's-hood, cyclamen, fumitory, winter-aconite, peonies, drop-wort, &c. they fliould generally be pro- pagated 130 PERENNIAL FLOWERS. pagated by parting the roots, either before they Ihoot in the bpring, or after the flower- ing is part, and the leaves decay. By flips. — This is e/Fedted either by detach- ing or flipping fide off-fets of the roots or heads, or root and cop together ; and in fome forts, by unrooted flips of the young fhoots of the heads, as in pinks, wall- flower, &c. and which is the general me- thod of propagating th? double kinds, to continue them permanent in colour and dou- blenefs ; obferving, however, in propagating different fcrts by flips of the roots, fide- heads, or by flips of the root and top-part together, as in numerous forts, it may be done principally in Autumn or Spring ; and by unrooted flips of the young flioots of the head, as in wall-flower, &c. aforefaid, it muft generally be performed in the fmall flioots of the former or fame year, in April, May and June ; when three or four, to five or fix inches long, flipping them off clofe to the branches, puli away the under leaves, and plant them in a iiiady border.and give frequent waterings : they will foon emit roots and grew at top, make good plants by Autumn for flowering next year; planting fome in pots, of the double bloody walls, Szc. to move under protcclioa of a frame or glafs-cafe in Winter. By Cuttings of Roots.— -Some few plants, with flefhy knotty roots, admit of this, as fome monk's-hood aconites, Solomon's feal, tube- rous helianthus, &c. which may be performed either in the Spring, or in Autumn, in Oc- , ' tobec FBRENNIAL FLOWERS, I3I teber or November, when the root may be cut or divided into parts as required, having two or three eyes to each, and planted as once where they are to remain. By Cuttings of the Stalks, — This is done in Summer, about June, in fome particubr forts, with tallifh fiower-ftaiks ; and when the young fralks of the year are fliot a foot to fif- teen or eighteen inches long, is the proper period ; performed occafionally in double fcarlet lychnis, lychnidea, fnap-dragon, dou- ble rocket, and fome others of fimilar growth : cutting the ftalks into lengths of about five or fix inches, plant them in a fnady border, and if covered with a hand-glafs they will root iboner and more effectually ; giving water. By cuttings of the young fhoots of the branches, may be performed in fuch forts as continue in branchy keads^ as wall-flower and llock-gilliPiOwer, &c. in the young fhoots of the former or fame year, in April, May and June, cut off three or four, to five or fix inches long, and planted as dire^led for the flips. By Layers. — This is pradifed principally to one or two particular fpecies, fuch as the fine double carnations, clove-gilliflowers, and double red fweet-william, and fometimes for curious varieties of pinks ; is performed by the young bottom fhoots of the year, in June and July, when they are advanced of proper length to admit of laying in the earth as they remain on the mothei plants. The method is, firll provide a quantity of fmali hooked (ticks cf about three inches long, fuch as 3 «2y 132 PERENNIAL FLOWERS. may be obtained in an old birch-broom, &c. with which to peg the layers down in the earth, and have alfo a quantity of light rich mold : then proceed to the Ihoots, pull away the under leaves, and ihorten thofe at top even; and then, at a joint about the middle of the under fide of the (hoot, cut a ga(h with a fharp knife, nearly half-way through, in a fomewhat flanting diredion, continuing it near half-way up towards the next joint, making an opening in the earth outwards an inch or two deep, lay in the Hem of the ftioot where cut, keeping the cut part open, and the head of the layer upright, and in that po- fition peg down the layer with one of the hooked Hicks, and cover over the inferted part with fome of the earth, the depth juft mentioned, prefTing it down gently : proceed then in the fame manner wich another, and fo with all the rell:, till all the proper ilioots of each plant are layed ; and give diredly a moderate watering. After being thus layed, give frequent fup- plies of water in dry weather, and in about four, five, or fix weeks, they will be well rooted, and Ihould then be cut from the parent plant, clean off beyond the cut part from whence the roots proceed, raifing them out of the earth with as much root- fibres as poirible ; prune off the naked part of the Item at the bot- tom of the root clofe, cut the llraggling tops of the head of leaves even, then plant the layers, either feparately in fmail pots, till Au- tumn or Spring, or in large ones to remain; * or PERENNIAL FLOWERS. I33 or if a large quantity, plant alfoa good many in beds of rich lightilh earth, fix inches afun- der, and in both methods give water at plant- ing, and as required, till they take good root; thofe in pots may be placed in a flmdy border till they are frefli rooted in the earth. They may remain in the fmall pots and beds till September or Oftober, to acquire tolerable ftrength, or until the following Spring, removing thofe in pots to a warm fituation all Winter, or in that feafon placed in a garden frame, and fheltered from fever« froft ; but enjoy the full air all that feafon in open weather, that they may continue in flrength ; then, if not done in Autumn, pro- ceed in February, or March, or beginning of April, to tranfplant thofe In fmall pots into larger, (24s or 16s) turning them out of the fmaller pots with balls of earth to the roots, planting one, or at moft two in each larger pot ; give water at planting, and as required, and thofe in beds may be fome tranfplanted into the borders, and in pots, as many as wanted, and the reft may continue in the beds for flowering. They will all flower in full perfeftlon the year after laying, and produce plenty of fhoots for laying, as above; and it muft be obferved, that as thofe plants are principally of a biennial nature, it is proper to raife fuc- ceflional fupplies by that method every year ; as they always aff'ord abundance of layers ; and the plants fo raifed, produce conftantly N the 134 PERENNIAL FL0WER5. the fame fort of flowers in every particular a^ thofe of the parent plants. By pipings, is a method of propagation pradifed principally in raifing the defirable varieties of pinks, to continue them with certainty the f?.me ; and is eifedled by th« young bottom flioots of the year, in June and July, detached, and planted, will form root- ed plants in a few weeks, and will Hower the year following; the method is: — the young fhoots when three, or four, to five or fix inches long, in June, or July aforefaid, are of proper growth for this bufinefs, when detach a quantity either by cutting or pulling them oiF at a middle joint; clearoff the under leaves, cut the top ones fhort, and alfo cux the bottom of the pipings or (hoots even, then having prepared a bed, or large pots of fine light earth, the furface made even and fmooth, then prick in the pipings only an inch or two afunder ; give direftly a regular watering out of a pot, with the rofe or head on the fpout, it then would be of advantage to cover them ciofe down with a hand glafs, which would forward their rcotiri^ confid*- ably ; they, however, will root freely with- ©ut that aid, only not generally fo foon ; obferving to fhade them with mats from the hoc fun, and fupply them with moderate waterings. They will be rooted in a month, or five or fix weeks, and Ihoot freely at top, obferving when they advance in growth ; if any are covered dovva with hand glaile* to give them air PERENNIAL FLOWERS. I35 air either by tilting up, or taking ofF the g!afles ; and when the whole are properly rooted, and advanced in fome tolerable ftrength in gro^vth in five or fix weeks after planting, they Ihould be tranfplanted, in which, take up the whole with their full roots, cut the ilraggling topse^en, and then plant them in any beds or borders five or fix inches diftance, and watered ; and in which beds let them remain in growth till Oftober, ScC. or following Spring, when feme of the firongeft may be removed with balls cf earth, and planted in the fiower borders, or fome alfo in pots, the others may continue in the beds; they will all flower the enfuing Sum- merj but in greater perfedion the year fol- lowing, and all produce the fame fort of flowers as thofe of the refpeOive parent varie- ties, from whence they were propagated. Thus far concluding the diiverent methods of propagating and raifing the various forts of herbaceous perennial flov\ers ; next follows fome general obfervations on the order of planting them in the different border-, beds, pots, &c. in the flower garden and pieafure- ground. When the plants, raifed by any cf the different methods in Spring, or Summer, Sec. and pricked or planted in nurfery beds to obtain ftrength, they will generally be of proper growth for final tranfplanting in the following Autumn or Spring, in the beds, borders, and other compartm( nts where they Si-TS. to continue for flowering. N 2 Witk 136 PERENNIAL FLOWERS, With refpefl to the proper feafon for plant- ing them, it is performed in the Spring, and Autumn, though the Spring feafon i^ rather more advifeable, in which to plant the gene- ral fupply, principally in February and March, or occafionally in April ; generally before the plan.ts advance confiderably in their top growth ; but many, or moil of the forts may alfo be planted in Autumn, after they have done liovvering, and the llalks decayed, from about the middle or latter end of September to the fame time in November ; but as in Odober, November, and December, moil forts will be pall flowering, and finiihed their year's grov/th, they may be fuccefbfully tranfplanted. In removing them for planting in the dif- ferent compartments intended, moil of the lihroLis-rOoted kinds may be taken up with fmall balls of earth about the roots,, whereby they v.-,;i lefs feel their removal, and which may be more particularly advifeable in tranf- planting: many of the more curious kinds, or for late Spring planting in general, efpecialiy if any are to be removed after the plants ad- vance in the top ihoots, or Hoover ilems, Sec, as alfo in occafionally removing any pnrticuhr forts after they are advanced for liovvering, or in flower ; as many forts of low or moderate growing perennials of the mod fibrous-rooted kinds will admit of removal, on particular occafions, after they Ihoot in Spring for flowering, by removing them wiih good balls of earth, though it is always moll advifeable to PERENNIAL FLOWERS, I37 to remove thefe plants for general planting, either in the Spring before they begin to Ihoot above, or advance confiderably in tiieir top growth, efpecially in their flower flems, or in Autumn, after they have done flower- ing, as before obferved, in which period they may be removed, either fome with balls of earth, or moftly without, as may be con- venient, taking them up with their full roots ; however, in many forts it will be of advantage to tranfplant them with moderate balls of earth, where they can be conveni- ently removed therewith ; but numerous, or Bnoiliy all the fores will alfo facceed by re- moval with the naked roots, at the proper feafon, in Spring, and Autumn, before they begin to fhoot, or after they have done flow- ering, as above mentioned ; fo either method may be occafionally praclifed, as it may feem expedient, or as required. Where any principal forts are to be fent to any confiderable diftance, if taken up without balls, it would be eligible to wrap fome light mofs round the roots to preferve them as freih. as poflible, till arrived at their places of defti* nation for planting. In planting the different forts, always allot a portion of the moft beautiful ornamental flowering kinds in the principal borders, &c. adjoining the main walks and lawns, difpofed in a diverfihed order, of fuch as flower fuc- ceflionally in the difl^erent leafons, from early in Spring till the end of Autumn, placing the loweit more or lefs forward, larger forts N 3 towards J38 PERENNIAL FLOWEHS. towards the middle and back parts of the borders; two, or three, to four or five feet diftance ; feme may alfo be difpofed in beds, either in afiemblage of different forts, or each fort feparate, one to two feet afunder ; alfo many lorts are proper to introduce in ihfub- "beries, the large growing kinds, as holly- hocks, perennial funflowers,fome afters, golden rods, and many others, placed fome between the fhrubs in vacant fpaces, others of lower ^growth towards the front : — and fome of the principal flowering kinds planted in pots fingly. As to the method of planting ; let thofe re- moved with balls have an aperture opened with a garden trowel, or fmall fpade, for each plant ; fome alfo removed without balls, having large roots, ihould alfo be planted in the fame manner; others without balls with fmail roots may be planted with a dibble, and in each method tlofe the earth well about the roots ; and if dry weather, efpecially in late •Spring planting, give each a moderate water- ing, particularly thofe furniflied with tops, and repeat it occafionally till they take good root, iind begin to advance in a renewed growth. In their advanced ftate, when fhot up with fl.)wer Hems, give proper fupport of flicks, or Hakes to thofe of tall or climbing growth, or i)thers with the flowers top heavy, and this Jhould be performed in proper time, before the fleras flraggle about irregularly; and ^ JlMiuid be done in a neat manner, adapting the length of the flicks, or ether fupports ta th« PEREKNIAL FLOWERS. I39 the height of the refpef^ive plants when at full growth, not placed promifcuoufly long iHcks to plants of moderate ftature ; and let the flem be tied to ihe iticks in regular order, with llrings of frefli bafs mat, or occafionally for fome tall ftrong plants, with old rope yarn, &;c. the tying concealed as much as prfiiblc, cutting off the long dangling ends clofe, that the whole may appear neat and decent ; the climbing kinds ihould alfo have fticks adapted to their order of climbing, thofe climbing by tendrils or clafpers, as in the pea tribe, branchy flicks are moft eligible, and of the volubilate or twining climbers, as hops, &c. tall ftraight poles are proper, but they will alfo afcend upon any kind of f>icks of a proper length ; and as fome plants are natu- rally of a trailing growth, extending on the furface of ihe ground, fome may either be permitted to advance in their natural order, or others tied up to flicks. As the different plants advance in their general growth, if any larger forts fpread, or ilraggle about irregularly, either prune or train them to proper order ; cutting away broken and decayed fiioots, and dead leaves ; and keep the ground between them neat and clean from weeds, by occafional hoeing, raking, and weeding. ■ Thofe that are in pots muft be often watered in Spring and Summer, in dry wea- ther, two or three times a week, or in very ]^ot dry weather in Summer, the pots will v/ant almoil daily watering. Accord- 14-0 PERENNIAL FLOWERS. According as the dift'erent forts go out of bloom, and the flowers and ftems decay, the decayed flowers ana ita!ks Ihould be cut down clofe, and all decayed leaves and littery parts cleared away. And in Autumn, about 0£lober and No- vember, when the whole will be palt flower- ing, cut down all the decayed items, and clear away all decayed leaves ; then either hoe the borders, '&c. cutting up ail weeds, and rake thcni oiF, and the furface of the ground neatly raked even ; or the borders or beds may be digged between the plants, to remain clean and decent for the Winter, and will prove beneficial to the plants in general. The plants in pots, in Autumn, having the decayed iiower-ftalks cut down, fhould have the earth at top loofened an inch or two down, taking out fome of the loofened earth, and fill up with frefli mold; then, in the begin- ning of Winter, about the end of Odober, or any time in November, fhould be removed in the pots to a warm fituation in the full fun, to remain till the Spring : or fome of the choicer forts may be placed in a garden-frame, in order to have protection of the glafles, and other covering in fevere weather, in the above feafon. Jn the Spring, about February or March, the borders fhould be neatly digged, and raked fmooth, both to encourage the growth of the flowers, and to have a neat appear- ance ; and the plants in the pots have the earth loofened again at top, and, if not done ill PERENNIAL FLOWERS. l^l i'n Autumn, fome taken out, and fill up the fpace with frelh mold, which will prove very beneficial to the plants : — and where plants are in pots too fmall, they ftiould be Ihifted into larger, generally removing them with the ball of earth intire ; having fome frelh earth in the bottom of the larger pot, place the plant therein, fill up with more frefli mold, and give water. Where any of the large or fpreading plants have encreafed comiderably, and fpread much out of bounds, they fliould be reduced in Spring or Autumn, by flipping or cutting away the fuperfluous parts, both in root and top. When required to fave feed of the particu- lar forts of plants occafjonally raifed by that method, permit the ftems and flower heads of the refpedive forts to remain to perfed the feed in the proper feafon, in Summer and Autumn, gather them when fully ripe, fpread upon cloths to dry, then beat or rub out the feed, clean it from the hufks and litter, and put up in bags, papers or boxes, &c. for lowing the following Spring. As, in this clafs of plants, fome are of the climbing kind, afcending either- by tendrils, or by twining round any adjacent fupports, fome may be alfo planted to run over arbours, bowers, or f.^me to afcend upon trees, poles, &c. Likewife, as fome are rock plants, adapted to grow on artificial rock-work and ruins, &c. foiDe may be introduced in fuch places, and will have a vary agreeable efFed, Others 1.42 BIENNIAL TLOWERS. Others are aquatic, or water plant?, adapted to grow in flanding waters, as the Nymphaa, or Water Lily : feme roots or feeds introduced in fuch places, will flower very agreeably. Alfo feme are hog and marih plants, to plant in fuch fituations. BIENNIAL FLOWERS. "pTENNIALS, or two-years plants, continue only two years in good perfeftion, being raifed from feed one year, flower the next, ripen feed, and then either die in Winter fol» lowing, or if any furvive, they feldoni flower in equal perfedlion as in the flrH year, fo are moftly raifed every year from feed; which, however, are few, in comparifon to the Pe- rennials, and as they are alfo inferted among the perennial plants, are here collected under one point of view, viz. Canterbury Bell- Flo wer ( Campanula) Carnation {Dianthus) Clary, purple-topped ( Sal'via) Colutea, fcarlet French Honey-fuckle {Heiiyfarum) Globe Ihiftle {Echi- nopi) Hollyhocks {Alcca) Honefty {Lunaria) Horned Poppy {fiheli- donium) Pink {Pianfhus) Kocket {He/peris) Rofe-Campion {Lych" nfs) Scabious [Scahius) Snap-dragon {^Antir- rhinum) Stock-gilliflowers {fihieranthus) Sweet V/illiajns (Z)/. ant bus) Tree Mallow {JLa'va^ Ura) Tree Frimrcfe {Oeno-, thera) Wall -flower {Chieran- thus) T H « [ 143 ] THE SFIRUBBERY and TREE PLANTATIONS, WITH A General Display OF THE SHRUBS AND TREES FOR Ornamental and Useful Planting, and their General Culturs- PLANTATIONS of hardy trees and Shrubs are the greateft ornament and utility to eilates, which, however defirably iituated and fertile, if deftitutc of planta- tions, appear naked and lefs important, as well as lefs valuable to the owner or occupier; and, befides the ornamental appearance of tree and ihrubbery plantations, 'they afford Ihelter and ihade to particular diftrids : and thofe of the forell or timber-trees, and fruit- tree tribes, produce great profit, both for va< ri»U8 domeftic occafions, and for falej and ia moil: 144 SHRUBS AND TREES. iTipft cilates of any confiderable extent, they, as well as fertile foils and fituations, for prin- cipal ornamental and ufeful plantations in the molt defirable fhrubs and trees, both deci- duous and ever-green kinds, afford wafte grounds, either in low and marfhy prcmiiTes, or hilly and mountainous fituations, not cal- culated for the culture of other vegetables ; are often applicable to noble plantations of trees, both for ufe, ornament, and for diver- ilfying the refpeftive dillridls, and affording iheker to others, &c. And that in general, in grounds of fmaller or larger extent, plan- tations of beautiful flowering fhrubs, and other ornamental flirubs and trees, deciduous and ever-green, difpofed in fhrubberies in various diverfified compartments, and in groves, thickets, clumps, walks, &c. in plea- fure-grOunds, parks, fields, &c. are great em- belliihments to the refpciSlixe divifions, as intimatea in the general obiervations for th« plan of the Pleaiure-ground, affording a vaft fource of entertaining variety in their differ^mt growths, foliage, flowers and fruit, &c. That for the above-mentioned different Ihrubbery and tree plantations, there is a great variety of feveral hundred different fpe- cies and varieties of trees and fhrubs, confift- ing of deciduous and ever-green kinds, cul- tivated in the numerous nurfery-grounds in the different parts of the kingdom for public fupply, as may be required; and moil of the principal forts may be readily raifed^in private nurfenes, for fupplying the various planta- tions SHRUBS AND TREES. I45 lions occafionally, as many forts of trees, &c. may be railed abundantly from feed, in the common ground, fowed in the Spring, in beds of mellow earth, others by fuckers, layers, cuttings, grafting and inoculating; and when the young trees and fhrubs; either in the public or private nurferies, are from one, two, or three, to five, fix, or feven feet high, or more, according to the nature of growth of the different forts, they are of eli- gible fize for final tranl'planting in the fevcral plantations intended ; though, on particular occafions, ferae tree kinds of ten to fifteen feet high, or more, may be removed, parti» cularly fome of the deciduous tribe, as elms, poplars, limes, &:c. However, for general planting, it is always preferable to plant theni in moderately young growth, as they will fooner take good root, and eftablifti themfelves more effedually. As all the trees and fhrubs eligible for the fore- mentioned dirferent plantations are of hardy growth, to grow in almoft any expofure in the full ground, rhey are collefted in one general arrangement, with all the fpecies and varieties arranged in their proper genera, or families, under the botanic and general £ng- Ii(h name of the refpeftive geniera, and with the proper name of each ipscies, &c. And although, in this divifion, xhhre are numerous fpecies that are natives originally of diftant countries in Europe and America, &c. they are naturalized to this climate, (n as they will O .11 I46 SHRUBSiAND TREES. all grow freely in the open ground the year round. They confift of ornamental and timber trees, fruit trees, flowerjngand otherornamen- tal flirubs, and under-lhrubby kinds ; the tree kinds being fuch as rife with a fingle ftraight ftem to a great height, as in elm, oak, aJh, poplar, &c. Shrubs are diltingniflied from trees generally by dividing low into feveral branches or ftems, and never grow' high, as in rofes, lilacs, mezereon, privet, phillyrea, &c. and under-fhrubs are of ftill lower growth, generally dividing low and bufhy near the grou^nd, as in fouthernwood, laven- der, heaths, &c. and fome appear iomevyhac between a (hrubby and herbaceous growtn, as in thyme, fs^ge, fay^J^•y, winter- favory, hyf- fup, &c. ■ And as the trees and flirabs in this colleo,- tion, for the different hardy plantations iii- fhrubberies and other diftrids, confilt of de- ciduous and ever-green kinds, the fornrer defoliating or (hedding their leaves in Winter, the latter retaining them in verdure all the year, they are dillinguilned in the following regilier of the different genera, fpecies, and varieties, by the ever-greens having this Biiirk {^) prefixed to their names. Acer (Maple Tree) r — Common fmaller — Falfe plane. Great- er Maple, or Sy- camore — Striked leA'ved — Plane-tree leaved Norway — Pennfylvaninn — Red or Scarlet — Sir Charles lf^agei''s — Saccha- SHRUBS AND TREES. 1 47 — Saccharinous, or — Myrtle-leaved Sugar — Calyculated — Tartarian — Shining-leaved — McTntpeli.^r — Globe-bearing — Compound, orAfii- — Pill-bearing Jeaved — Axillary- flower- — Cietan inor /Efculus (Horse — Pert ugineous, or Chesnut) Irony — Common — Maryland ■r— Paed — - Ohlong-lewved — Elliptic Lance- leai-ed — Striped-lea'vcd —White common Willow "— Hermaphrodite- fiowered, glandu- lous-leaved — Triandrous-flow- ered, fplendent- leaved — Pentandrous - flow- ered, Ihining- leaved, fweet —-Almond-leaved — Yellow Oiier Wil- low 165 — Fragile, or brittle — Babylonian, or Weeping — Purple Willow — Haitatcd, or Hal- bert-leaved — L«nated , or Woolly — Myrtle likeSwedifh — Glaucous, or Sea- green — Netted-leaved — Fufcous or brown — Rofemary-leaved — Vimlnalous, or twiggy-branched — Helix y or Dwarf Rofe-Willow — Arenarious, or Sand-Willow — Aurit'd, or eared- leaved — Creeping Dwarf — Herbaceous alder- leaved Salfola (Shrubby Glass-wort) Sambucus (Eld£r- Tree) — Black-berried, common — White berried -~ Variegated lea'ved — L acini at ed or cut, Parjley- leagued — Race- i66 SKRU«S AND TREES. - — Ract^mofe, fcailet- — Bird's Service, cr berried Mountain Aih — Canada Elder Spartium (Broom) Santolina(LAV£NDER ^ — Rufhy-tvvigged Cotton) yellow Spanifli ^^ — Common § Double Jfonvered ^ — Rofemary leaved § — Sweeping, or § — Greater common Befom S-Lefs Broom Sidercxylon (liioN §-^ White Portugal Wuod) ^ — Monofpermous, -rLyciam like. or fingle-leeded thorny White Spanifh Smiiax (Rough — Radiated, or Starry Bl ND-WE£D) — Yellow Portugal — Afperous, or com- Spiraea (Spir^a mon rough Frutex) — Round leaved — Wiliow-leaved Spi- — Laurus leaved raea vr-Tomnoid>ous, oj — Hoary Scarlet Black Briony-like — Hypericum-leaved^ •— Sar/aparfllaf or called Hypericum oval-leaved Frutex Solanum (Night- — Crenated-Ieaved shade) white o-'Dulca-marai Bitter, — OpuJous-leaved, Sweet, or Woody called Virginia Nightfhacle Guelder-Rofe — Striped leaved Stapliyl^a (Bladdes, Sorbus (:5ERVIC£- Nut) Tree) — Pinnated live- — Domellic, or Cul- leaved tivated True — Trifoliate, or three-leaved Stewartig «KRUBS AND TREES Stevvartia (Stewar- tia) •*• MalacodendroHy or Virginia Stewartia — Redfoot-Jlalhed ' — Green foot fialkcd Styraj: (Storax- Tree) — Officinal Storax — Large-leaved Syringa (Lilac) — Common Lilac — Blue Jloix: ere d — Purple — IVhite — Perfian Lilac — Blue fioifj ere d -^Whke — Cut lea'ved Tamarix (Tamarisk Tree) — French red barked ■ German yeliovv barked Taxus (Yew Tree) ^ — Baccated, or berry bearing com- mon Teucrium (German- der) — Yellowifh fhrubby •— Shining leagued Jhrubby \ Thea (Tea Tree) ■:, — : Green Tea Tree «) — Bohca Tea Thuja (Arbor VlT.^) -y — Oriental, or Chinefe f. — Occidental, cr American Thymus (Thvme) § — Common Thym© § — Broad leaved ^ — S?nall halved § — Serpyl!u7ny wiKi Thyme "0 — Greater § - Lefs eciall/ fuch as «?ith«^ do not furnifn feed HOT SHRUBS AND TREES. »7 nor Tuckers, or that do not grow freely by cuttings and layers, or in particular varieties that cegenerate when raifcd Irom feed, and that propagate reluctantly by the other me- thods ; and in many of the principal fruit- trees in particular, they are generally raifed by grafting and budding, feveral alfo by lay- ers, cuttings, fuckers and fome by feed or nuts, as explained under their different heads in the Fruit-Garden Divifion. However, as tl)e general method of propa- gating or railing the principal fupply of hardy trees and fhrubs, h by feed, luckers, layers and cuttings, all principally in the natural ground, in the Spring and Autumn feafons, the fol- lowing are gvineral intimations' of the different in^chods : By ^cedj iTiany of the principal trees and flirub kinds are raifed, and thp feed thereof may be had at moit of the principal feed- fhops ; efpecially of the follcvvii>g: Acacia, three-thorijed Acacia Falfe [Robinia) . — Common — Scarlet, Sec. Alder- tree {BetulaAl- mcs) AilTpice-tree {Caly canthus) Ancromeda {Andro- f}icda) Amorpha {Jmorpba) Anona or Papaw (jf- nona) Angelica-tree(yfr<2//^) A (h-t rep ( ^raxiniis) A 0 pie- tree {PyvMS ^Malus) Alh Mountain (ocr- Q. *>rb3|^ 172 Arbor Vitae {Thuja) — Occidental — Oriental Arbutus {Arbutus) Almond {Amygdalui) Azalea {Axalea) Azarole {Cratagus) Aria {Me/pilus) Bay-tree {Laurus) — Common — Deciduous Benjamin-tree {Lau- rus) Beech-tree {Fagus) Bignonia Catalpa {Bignonia) Birch-tree [Betula) Bladder-nut {Staphy- lea) Bladder Senna {Colu- tea) Button -tree {Ccpha- lanthus) Bird-cherry {Prunus) Berberry-tree {Berbe- ru) Broom {Spartium) — Common — Spar:ilh — White, ^c. Broom Dwarf-jointed {Genijlci) — Portugal — Lucca, &c. SHRUBS AND TREES. Broom, Butcher's {Ru/cui) Cedar of Lebanon {Pi^us) Cedar retl, &c. {Ju- niperus) — Red Virginia — White Carolina — Bermudian, w^c. Celaftrus [Celnjirus] Cherry trtc {Prunus) — Common — Great Wild — BirdCherries.&c. Ciftus, or Rock-rofe {Ci/?us) Chefnut-tree, Spanifli {Fagus) Chefnut, Horfe (y^/- cuius) Cletnra iClethra) Cornel, or Cornelian Cherry, &:c. {Cornus) Crab-tree [Pjrus) — Siberian — Sweet-fcented Cy pre fs- tree {Cjpre/- /us) Cork-tree {^crcus) ■ Cytifus, ever-green {Cyti/us) Candle-berry Myrtle {Myrica) Dirca (Leather-wood) Dog. SHRUBS AND TREES. Dogwoods {Cornus) Klder-tree {Sambucus) Elm, Tome ibrts {Ul- mus) Euonymus, common and ever-green (£«- onymus) Filbert-tree {Corylus) Fir-tres (Pifius) all the forts Fringe-tree {Chionan- thus) Hawthorns, &c. [Cra- tisgus) many of the fpecics Haraamelis, or Witch Hazel {Hamamelis) Hiccory Nut-trees {Juglans) Hazel-nut [Corylus) liorn beam-tree [Car- pinus) Horfe-chefnut {^/cu- ius) Holly tree {Ilex) Hypericums [Hyperi- cum) \v2ifrutce/cens [I'va) Ivy-tree [Hedera) Juniper- tree {Junipe- rus) Judas-tree {Cercis) Kalmias [Kalmia) Laburnums [Cytifm) >73 Larch- tree [Pinui) Laurel-tree (Praaus) — Common — Portugal Laurel, Wood {Daph^ ne) Lilac (Syringa) Liquidambar,orSweet Gum-tree {Li qui » dambar) Lime-tree [Tilia) Magnolias {Magnolia) Maple-tree( /icer) molt of the fpecies Medlars {Me/pilus) — Common — Arbutus-leaved — Canadian — Dwarf, and fe- veral others Mezereon [Daphne) Mountain Alh {Scrbus) Mulberry. tree(M(?;7^j) Netile-tree {Celtis) Oak-tree {^ercus) all or moft of the forts Oak (ever-green) all the forts Pine-tree {Pinus) all forts Prinos, or Winter- Berry {Prims) Plane-tree {Platanus) Plum-tree {Prunus) Ci.3 Pear- 174 SHRUBS AND TREES. Pear-tree {P\f»s) Poj^iar-irce {Populus) — Carolina — Virginia or moll » cf the forts Qulnce-irce [Pjrus) Khcdodendron, or Roi'eBay [Rhodo- dendroi) Rue-tree {Ruta) Kobinia, or ):me growth, and to encourage the top to afpire more expeditiouily in height, which alv/ays permit to remain entire, and flioot up as fall as pofiible. And in the clofe plantations, according as the trees increafe confiderabiy in growth, may thin them once in f-i^ven, eight, or ten years, by cutting them down to the bottom, efpecially the deciduous kinds, leaving the handfomell trees to remain for timber, at from ten to fifteen or twenty feet, or more, when defigned to have them attain the largeil growth. Or fome clofe plantations may be allotted, to form coppices for under-wood, to cut once in {Qven or eight years, for poles, fire-vvood. Sec. Ornamental plantations of trees and (hrubs, to adorn pleafure grounds, parks, and any principal out premifes, confift of a collection of the tree and flirub kinds in general, both tlvA'c SHRUBS AND TREES. I9I thofe ufu.illy denominated ornamental, either not proper for timber trees, or of a peculiar, or curious ornamental appearance in growth, leaves, or flowers, &c. and of forelt trees together, efpecially the more beautiful kinds, or of all the forts without diftindion, in large prcmifes, to caufe the greater diverfity ; and which plantations may be varioufly difpofed in thickets, groves, walks, clumps, avenues, •groups, fingle trees, fingle rows, double and treble ranges, flraight lines, curves, fwecps, angles, circles, and other diverfifications where there is large fcope of ground. In pleafure grounds, having an open lawn of grafs extending on one, or both fronts, &c. of the main dwelling-houle, compart* ments of ornamental plantations, as above, mr.y bound the fides ot the lawn ; beginning at fome moderate diftance from the houfe, and varying it wider and narrower at different intervals, for the greater diverfity ; furnifhed with tree and larger flirub kinds, more or lefs backwards, according to their refpeftive heights, and having in front of the trees a plantation of flovvenng Ihrubs in continuation, and in detached clumps, conve/.ed, and wiiti the fides diverfified in fweepSj and curves to- wards and from the lawn ; the different clumps feparated with grafs, or gravel in- tervals proceeding from, and communicating- with the lawn, and other parts of the plea* fure-ground ; and thus the plantation may be continued out gradually to the fide boundary, 1 leaving 192 SHRUBS AND TREES. leaving occafional openings where thought expedient for piofpecl from particular dif- trids, generally in extending the plantations, keep the extreme part of the lawn fomewhat open in the front of the houfe, not to inter- cept the view, or the lawn may terminate in a ha-ha, or water, .Sec. as formerly obferved, to admit of extending the profped over diflant premifes ; and in the fide plantations a fpace may be allotted for a ferpentine gravel walk winding between the compartments of trees and fhrubs, for private, fhady, and Iheltered v/alking, or communicating with more open and fpacious walks and diilridls in different part§ of the ground. Or in thole extending or running orna- mental plantations, having a ferpentine walk winding through the middle, may have tree kinds of taller growth placeU" outwardly, with others of lower growth, and fhrubs placed more or lefs forward, according to their degrees of height, proceeding on each fide from the talleft trees behind, in a gra- dual order to the loweft fhrubs next the walk. And different parts of large pleafure- grcunds may alfo be diverfified with detached groves, clumps, groups, trees dotted fingly, and by two, three, and feveral together, in various forms, with intervals of grafs ground between, or fome in rows along the fides of grand walks; the trees placed at fome back- ward diilance therefrom, with lower (lirubs &c. SHRUBS AND TREES. IfJ^ &c. in front next the walk in the Shrubbery orcier, which in fomc places have in fvvelling curves towards the walk, others in backward fweeps inward, of different dimenfions ' in ijnitation of a natural plantation, and in fomc place.-, in large grounds may difpofe a collec- tion of treea in ftraight rows, in grand walks, ^nd in the ivenue order, leading to fome principal divifions, or to fone garden buil- ding as a temple, oic. Likevvife in pleafure grounds have planta- t-ions of trees in woods, thickets, Sec. in fome places clofely. planted like a wood, in others more difiant to form darker and lighter f|iades, for wood walks, ihady walks, v.ad^d or differeiuly diyeriifi^d CQnipartment§ S have 194 SHRUBS AND TREES. have a fine eiFeft : fome in continued planta- tions round, next the boundary of the park. Sec varying in width in a kind of natural order, in moderate proje^ions and fweeps, &-c. out- ward and inward, with openings at intervals, and with walks or rides through tiie plantation ; having lower trees, or common Ihrubs next the walks, &c. likewife in the internal divisions, having trees of various kinds difpofed in larger or fmaller compartments, and in groves, clumps, groups, avenues, and in fmgle or double ranges, fome Itrait, others curved, or more or lefs bending, and in fweeps, 6zc» with fometimes trees dotted fingfy, or two, three, and feveral together in groups, varied in different fituations. Likewife have foreft tree kinds planted along the borders, and in the corners of field? they will appear ornamental, fhelter th?f ground, &c. and in time turn to advanta|^e for loppings and timber. With regard to the order and diftance of planting in making the dirFerent tree planta- tions, the compartments deligned for clofe planting in the Ihrubbery or thicketty order, fhould be digged ; but for open plan ring in the grove, or in wide diHancts it may be generally grafs grocnd, and in refpeil to the dillances of planting, it lliould be vaaed in different degrees, from five, or fix' feet, to ten, twenty, c5r moie, in fome places may have compartments in imitnion of wood'> and thickets, without any reguLir Ofder of planting; SHRUBS AND TREES. \g^ pknting ; others mav be more thinly difpofed, and fome planted in irregular and regular open and clofe groves on grafs grounds, in rows, from ten, to fifteen, or twenty feet diftance, and fome planted to form avenues of twenty, thirty, to fifty, era hundred feet wide, in confiderable premiies, with trees of different forts, at ten, to twenty, or thirty icct diftant in the rows. Shrubberies are plantations compofed of a variety of flowering fhrubs, and the lower Older of ornamental trees difpofed in the pleafure-ground, both in detached clumps of ▼arious forms and diiterent fizes along the lides of lawns, and other compartments o/ fpacious grafs fpaces, and grand walks, as likewife in running plantations, extending along next the fides of lawns, grand walks, and the outward boundaries of the pleafure- gronnds, park, fields, with ferpentine gravel &c Biennials, Perennials, cont;nuing feveral years in tne fame rot)ts, and flowering annually, they only want renewal occaflonally, as any old plants decay. — oee Perennials. Bulbous anJ tuberous-rooted flowers, being pe peiua:ed by ofr-fets in many years duration, they 111 uld either be taken up annually, or once in two or three years, foon after the fipwers decay, to feparate the off-fets, and to repjr.nt the roots again in Autumn. - See Bulbouj Roots. Scrubs and Trees qnly want occaflonal^e- pevval, as ajiy cafually fail. FRUIT [ »99 J FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED, Pefcribing the different Sorts of FRUIT TREES, WITH THEIR Rer;:c<5liveSpEciEs and Varieties of Fruit, Methods of Propagation, Planting, and General Culture. FRUIT TREES being of much import- ance in a garden, both in affording great pleafure in beholding their growth, bloiTom- iog and fruiting, and confiderable advantage JD their refpedive productions of fruit, every garden, according to its extent, ihould be iurnilhed with a pr^opt^r fupply, lefs or more, in wail-trees, efpaliers and ftandards, as alfo plantations of ftandards in orchards, for the principal produc-e of the moll ufefui fruits, both for prefent fupply in Summer and Au- tumn, ?.nd for keeping in Winter and Spring, pai ticularly of apples and pears. In wall trees it is proper to have a collec- tion of the more tender and choicer kinds of fruit, 200 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED'. fruit, as peaches neftarines, apricots, grapes, figs, with fqme bed cherries, plum.;., and pears; but of the firft five men::ioned forts, they always require the afiillance of walls to ripen the fruit in good perfefticn, as being more tender than any of the other kinds, and fhoald principally have foutherly walls full to the Tun, otherwil'e the fruit will not ripea with a good fl;ivour, and fome not ripen at all without that aid : though fome forts of apricots, as the BruiTels andiireda kinds, will, ripen in low ftandards, and in Efpaliers, as alfo fome forward kinds of grapes and figs will ripen fruit in the efpalier order trained to rtakes and rails, &c. and as to cherries, plums, and pears, although all the forts will ripen effectually in ftandards and efpaliers, as hereafter explained ; yet, by allowing fome of the choicer kinds the advantage of fouth and other walls, we obtain the fruit earlier, larger, and with an improved flavour. For wall trees having not only an advan- tage of a warmer fituation, but by their branches being trained thin, and in regular order, four, five, or frx inches diftance ; they always produce fruit in the greatell perfedlion both in ilze, beauty, and good flavour. Wall trees confift of common or dwarf wall trees trained with Ihort Hems fix or eight to ten or twelve inches, that the branches may come out low to cover the wall regularly from bottom to top ; half ftandard wall trees with Jtems Uiree or four feet high, the branches cominsc FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 201 coming out at that height, and to plant occafion- ally between the common dwarf wall trees to cover the upper part while the dwarfs are ad- vancing belov ; and tall lUndard wall trees, with ftems of five or fix feet, or more, the branches commencing at that height from the ground, and are fometimes planted againll high walls between the dwarf trees and half ftandards, to occupy the iippermofl part of the wall a few years till the others advance iufficiently, are then either pruned up by degrees to ,give room for the others, or re- moved entirely away ; and thefe tall ftandard wall trees are alfo planted occafionally againft the ends of buildings, &c. in expofed places, that by elevating the head of branches a con- iiderable height from the ground, the fruit is more out of the reach of being gathered by Grangers, or other perfons who have no right to the produdl. But in planting wall trees, always plant the common or dwarf kinds for the prin- cipal continuing rifidents, at from fifteen to eighteen or twenty feet dilUnce according to the different Pjrts, as explained under their refpe6tive heads, and between the dwarfs, half ftandard wall trees may be planted where thought eligible, to have all parts of the walls occupied as expeditioufly as poffible ; and in all of which the branches lliould be trained in a fanned fpreading order, extending to the right and left, and trained horizontally to the wall, in the moll regular order, four to five, or 202 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. or fix inches diflance, fome double that, as in the grape vine ; and will require to be pruned every year in Summer and Winter, to pre- serve the regularity of the tree, and from being too crouded with ufeiefs wood. Efpalier trees are fuch as are trained to a trellis offtakes and rails in a fanned fpreadiog manner, in the order of wall trees, and ex- tended till the branches of the different trees meet, forming a fort of hedge, and are defigned for producing fome of the choicer forts of hardy fruits in the fulleft perfedion, particularly apples and pears, and fometimes plums and cherries, mulberries, and medlars. Sec. and as the branches are extended in a ftraight range, long ways a border, they take up no room, bear on both fides, as well as appear very ornamental in a garden, and afford fome fhelter from cold winds to the in- terior quarters of ground. Thefe efpalier trees are always trained with dwarf or fhort ftems Irke the common wall trees, to have the branches commence near the ground, that they may cover the trellis work, or ftakes and rails in a regular expan- fion from the bottom upward, four to five cr iix feet high ; and on which the branches are arranged horizontally, four to five or fix inches afunder, one above another. The efpaliers are planted in a fingle range, commonly in the outward borders furrounding the quarters of the kitchen garden, or other garden diftridts, in the border next the walks, having FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 2O3 having the borders four to fix or eight feet wide, the trees planted four to five or fix feet from the walk, and fifteen to eighteen or twenty feet afunder in the row ; and for which may either place a regular efpalier or trellis of Hakes, or polls and rails ; or only for the pre- fent Ibme ilakes placed a foot apart, as far as the trees extend, and in their advanced growth ereft a full trellis work, either of tail flakes driven into the ground a foot afunder, and four and a half or five feet high, but never above fix feet, and a rail nailed a! /ng the top ; or have an efpalier regularly framed the fame height, having three or four ranges of rails extending long-ways, with fmall crofs- bars twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches apart : and to which trellis work, in either method, the trees are trained with regularity; the branches extended horizontally, four to five or fix inches al~under, fallened neatly either with fhreds and nails, or tied with fmall pliant ofier twigs, or old tarred rope-yarn : and the trees will require pruning every year, in Sum- mer and Winter, to cut out the fuperabundant and irregular wood, to preferve them regular and fruitful, — as direded for their refpeclive forts uncer their proper heads. And ftindard fruit trees, confifl of com- mon full Itandards, half flaiidards, and dwarf llandard?. The full flandards are thofe which are trained with a rail iingle Item fix or feven feet high, the head of branches commencing at that 204 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. that height, extending all round in full growth, and are moll commonly of the hardy and mod ufeful forts of fruit, to pro- duce the principal crops for general fupply, as apples, pears, cherries, and plums ; alfo mulberries, medlars, quinces, fervices, wal- nuts, chefnuts, kc. and ihould be planted in confiderable quantity, according to the extent of garden ground, and in orchards ; but more confiderably of apples and pears, as the moft valuably ufeful fruit, butmoft of all of apples ; alfo tolerable fuppiies of cherries and plums, a few trees of mulberries, medlars, quinces, plenty of walnuts in large orchards, parks, Sec. imd fome fweet and wild Services planted in gardens, &c. the apples, pears, twenty-five or i.iirty, to forty or firty feet diftance; the cherries and plums, twenty to twenty-five, or thirty feet ; the fame diitance for quinces, medlars, mulberries, and fervices ; and wal- nuts and chelhuts, in extenfive premifes, thirty or forty to fifty feet dillance; and in all of which the llandard trees permitted to branch out in their natural order, only cutting out any irregular - placed and crofs - growing branches and dead wood. Half-itandard trees are trained with ftems three to four or five feet high, the branches beginning at that height, and for which fome are grafted on dwarf-Ilocks, or thofe as are but of moderate growth, as apples, on codlin ftocks, pears fometimes on quinces and med- lars, to have them with moderate heads for imall gardens, or that, as the branches com.e 4 out FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 2O5 out lower than common ftandards, they may not extend confiderably to overfpread the ground ; and, on that conftdcration, the half- Itandards, at any rate, are not lb proper as the full rtandards for general planting. They may, however, be admitced moderately, in any defirable forts of fruit-trees, to admit of gathering fome of the fruit more readily, without climbing ; and in which may have apples, pears, plums, cherries, mulberries, filberts, quinces, medlars, &c. all permitted to branch in their natural order, agreeable to the intimations mentioned for the full ftand- ards. Dwarf ftandards are raifed with low ftems, one to two or three feet high, all generally grafted or budded on dwarf-ltocks, as apples on paradife and codlins, pears on quinces, &c. to have them grow with fmall heads, com- mencing at one, two, or three feet from the gro'jnd, and always continuing of a moderate growth of three or four feet extent, proper to admit in fmall compartments, or in borders, &c. and will bear very agreeably ; the fruit large and abundant, according to their extent of branches, and which can always be readily gathered. 'J'hefe dwarf ftandards may be of any kinds of the choicell fruits, as fome principal apples^ pears, plums, cherries, apricots, figs, dwarf peaches, filberts, &c. They are trained, fome with concave or hollow heads, the branches pruned out in the middle, the outward branches continued in a T fome what 206 FRUIT CARDRN DISPLAYED. Ibmewhat circular order; o'hers are trained convex, or full heads, with an advancing upright leader in the middle, branching out iideways all round ; and fome are per- mitted to branch out from the bottom, in a na- tural order, and cutting out only very irregular branches ; and in all oF which they may be planted in any principal borders, next main walks, in a row ten to fifteen feet dirtance ; the branches fuffered to advance in their full growth, withou: Ihortening, except any that afTume an irregular diredion, or extend out tco much in length beyond the others of the general expanfion, or to prune out any cafual ill-placed produdions, or branches growing acrofs the others in an irregular manner. The foregoing being the different orders in. which fruit-trees are generally and occafionally trained, they, for thefe purpofes, are propa- gated or raifed by different methods, as graft- ing, budding, layers, cuttings, fuckers, ac- cording to the different fpecies of trees, which is explained for each fort under its proper head; obferving, in general, that in propagating by grafting and budding, the graft and bud of the refpettive trees intended to propagate, are inferted into the Itock or il:em of young trees of the fame family, raifed from fetd, and fucker*;, &c. and for this pur- pofe are commonly called llocks ; and which, for common wall and efpalier trees, are grafted or budded within fix or eight inches of the ground, to obtain lower branches, forming a regular expanfion, to fpread the wall and efpalier FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 20/ efpaller regularly from the bottom upwards ; and for half and tall ftandard wall-trees, the grafting, &c. is performed on tall Aocks, at from three or four, to five or fix feet, to ele- vate the head to cover the upper part of the wall ; and for detached full ftandards, they are grafted or budded on high IK-ms at fix or feven feet, and detached half-ilandards at two to three, four or five feet high ; and for dwarf ftandards, they are grafted, Sec. within a foot of the bottom of the flock. The fame mull be obferved of trees raifed from luckcrs, layers, cuttings, 6iC. training them with low or tail items, according to the dif- ferent purpofes intended in wall-trees, lland- ards, ice. to have the branches come out lower or higher. The trees raifed as above, f r the different orders of training, in fi:andards, wall-trees, and efpaliers, fliou'd be formed in their infant growth, &c. in the firll and fecond years Ihoots of the head, by pruning them down to a few eyes, efpecially wall and efpalier trees, to force out feveral lateral fhoots near the flem, tu give the head its fi.ll requifite form below, and be as a proper bafis for furnifning ^ ,all the other branches advancing in regular Larder upward. This heading down in young year-old fruit- trees, for walls and efpaliers, is particularly ^i necefiary, and occafionaliy for llandards ; and '3'ifor all of which it is more panicularly eligible in fuch young trees, as above, as advance with only a fingle main (hoot from budding, T 2 as 208 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. as is common in peaches, neflarines, apricots, and fometimes plums and cherries, &c. or alfo in grafted young trees with only two or three naked fhoots ; and which f\rl\ ihoots, in cither cafe, fhould in March following, when a year old, and juft as they begin to pulli, be cut down to five or fix eyes, or within fix or eight inches of the bottom ; and they will thus fend forth laterals from the remaining lower eyes, to form the head as above. The fame may alfo be pra£tifed for llandard trees of all forts, to gain a firft regular fet of branches ; and occafionally, in fome forts of wall and efpalier trees particularly, if the fe- cond year's Ihoots produced from the above heading down, are not fully fufficient to form a proper bottom expanfion, as a foundation for furnil>iing all the others, thefe Ihould alfo be pruned to a few eyes in Spring; and from which there cannot fail of being enough pro- duced in Summer, to give the head a firll re- gular formation. Afterwards, the feveral forts of wall and efpalier trees are to be pruned in the common method direded for each fort, in the annual pruning, requifite for all wall- trees and efpaliers. And flandard trees, after the head is thus formed, permit them to branch moftly in their natural order, requiring only occafional pruning, probably but once in fe- veral years, as the heads have full fcope to branch out all around. The above work of heading down or prun- ing the firll: main (hoot, will alfo fometimes be neceiTary in trees raifed from fuckers, layers, cuttiage. mUIT GARDEN DISPLATED. 209 cuttings, when the ftem afpires or runs up naked, v^ithout furniftiing laterals in the pro- per parts to form the beginning head iufii' ci«nt^y, either for wall-trees, efpaliers, and ftandards, agreeable to the foregoing intima- tions. But all forts of fruit-trees may be had, ready raifed, at the public nuri'ery gardens, for planting as required, both in their young unheaded Itate with the firft (hoots, or fuch as have been headed, and, in confequence there- of, furnifhed and trained with a head of fe- veral (hoots or branches ; and fome that are fully trained in a good expanfion, and attained a bearing lUte, to produce immediate fruit at the proper feafon. Moik of the forts of fruit-trees will profper in any good mellow ground of a garden, or that of tields, &c. in which to plant orchards of Itandards. The general feaibn for planting, is either at the fall of the leaf, end of October, or any time in November, alfo December, &c. in open mild weather, or in February or March. Should be taken up with good roots in a full fpread, and planted as foon after as po(riblei before the fmall (ibres dry or fhrink. Prune any broken roots, and long ftraggling ends thereof, and irregular (hoots of the head ; and then, in the allotted places, proceed to plant them for wall-trees, efpaliers, ftandards, at diftances directed for the different forts, binder their proper heads. T s As ZIO FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. As all wall-trees and efpaliers require an annual pruning, every Summer and Winter, n {hould be performed according to their dif- ferent orders of bearing, which in feme forts is upon fmall fpurs, or (hort thick young /hoots, an inch or two long, as in apples, pears, cherries, plums, &c arifmg all along the fides of the two, three, and feveral years old branches, and at the extremities, which deter- mines that in the general courfe of pruning, it is improper to Ihorten ihe branches and ihoots that are defigned for bearers; and as the fame branches continue feveral years fruit- ful, they muii be retained accordingly. And in other fpecies of trees, they bear principally on the young year old wood, as in peaches, ne^arines, apricots, iigs, grape-vines, a ge- neral fuppiy of each year's fhc-ots mufr be left in Summer and Winter, for fucceiTionai bear- ing; and in Winter pruning, a proportionable part of the former year's bearers, and old naked wood, cut away, as alfo the fuperfluous or over-abundant, nnd all ill-placed young Ihootf, to make fuflicient room to train in the proper fuccefiion fupplv of the new bear- ers, in regular order, to produce the crop of fruit the enfuing Summer: and generally, as the fame Ihor^ts both produce the fruit, and the fu-pply of (hoots for bearing the fucceedlng year, it is proper, in the afbrefaid Winier- pruriii'g, 10 ihorten the referved fh. ots (ex- cept the tig) to promote rheir furnifcing more effectually a lateral production towards their luwtr parts in Sumxner, to train in at full length FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 21| length all that feafon, to chufe from in Win- ter pruning again for fucceiUve bearing, as explained untler the proper articles ; but as ihe fig, in particular, bears towards the ex- treme part of the Ihoots, they muil not he Ihortened, efpecially as ihefe trees always produce fuppiies of young wood abundantly, in proper fituations, without the precaution of iiiortening. Having thus far exhibited fome necefiary general remarks, relating to the different orders of training fruit-trees, and the parti- cular and general merits of each method, and of the moft proper fpecies of fruit eligible in the feveral ways of training, and other in- troductory particulars, — next follows the ar^ rangement of the feveral fpecies of trees, and their refpedive varieties of fruit, their diffe- rent \yays of propagation, order of planting, pruning, and general culture. APPLES. A PPLES being very valuable fruit, both for eating and many principal culinary ufes in baking, boiling, &c. almoll the year round, and for making cyder, the trecb merit culture in great abundance in ftandards, and efpaliers, according to the extent of the gar- den and orchard, &c. confiding of the fol- lowing varieties of the fruit : jenneting, or June 1 Margarate Apple eating apple | Codlin Dqtch 212 FRUIT GARDEN DTSPLATED. Dutch Codlin Kenti/h Codlin Golden Rennet Golden Pippin Summer Pcarmain Summer Queening Royal Pearmain Loan's Pearmain Nonluch Holland Pippin Royal Ruffet Aromatic RufTet Golden RufTet Nonpareil Grey Ruflet Monftrous Rennet Wheeler's Ruflet Kentifh Pippin Cat's Head Margin Apple Hervey's Pearmain Queen Charlotte Ap- pie Herefordfliire Pear- main Newton Pippin Lawman's Apple Norfolk Storing Summer Stubbard Fearns Pearmain Kitchen Rennet Red Colvil White Colvil Grey Leadington French Pippin Quince Apple Transparent Apple Gilliflovver Apple Lemon Pippin Kirton Pippin Pomme Du Roi Spitfenberg Apple American Apple Glory of the weft Red-ftreak Norfolk Beefing Two-year Apple Fig Apple Siberian Crab (curious in its remarkably fmall fruit) Farad ife Apple (of moft dwarfifh growth). The above b«Ing the principal, and gene- rally known varieties of apples cultivated in the nurleries, and of which to make a felec- tion of the mofl approved, or beft varieties for planting, both to produce necefTiry fup- pliCo for kitchen ufcs, and defcit or eating appleb. FRUIT GARDEN DrtPLAYED. 2I5 apples, and large quantlries for making cy- der ; and for which occafions, they are mofc defirable fruic to have in confidcrable plenty in every garden and orchard, in proportion to the extent of ground ; always allotting larger plantations in full itandards, and a portion of principal forts in cfpaiiers ; or may alfo have fome fined eating kinds planted againft fouth and other walls, as golden pippins, 8cc. to ripen earlier with improved fl;:votir. That for the general planting, have diiFerent varie-» ties, in Summer, Autumn, and Winter kinds, to obtain them for ufe the year round, grow- ing to a proper fize to gather from June or July till October, in young, middling, and full growth, for prefent eating ; and the late or Winter Apples attain full maturity for ge- neral gathering in Odober, to houfe for keep- ing good all Winter and Spring, or till next Summer in fome lateft forts. In the general colleftion, always have plenty of codiins for early and principal ufe in Summer and part of Autumn, efpecially for various culinary occa- fions, till the other forts attain proper pe'r- feftion. All the varieties of apple-trees bear their fruit upon fmall fide and terminal fpurs, or Ihort thick Ihoots, half an inch to an inch or two long, ariilng naturally at the fides and eods of the two, three, and feveral years old branches; and the fame fpurs and branches continue many years in a fruitful Hate. Apple-trees are propagated or raifed prin- cipally by grafting the approved or defirable X14 PRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. varieties upon young flocks, raifed from the kernels ^f any forts of apoles, or occarionally from fuckers, efpecialiy of codlins, &c, and, when they are from a quarter or half an inch to an inch thick, are of proper fize for graft- ing, which is performed in the Sprin?, in Fe- bruary and March ; oblerving generally, for full llandards, to graft upon tall flocks, st fix or feven feet height; half flandards, at three to four or five feet ; and dwarf iLindards at from twelve to eighteen inches, or two feet ; and for efpalitr trees, always graft lov, at fix or eight inches from the ground. That, when required to have half and dwarf ilandards to •advance in moderate growth, and fooner be- come bearers, they Ihould be grafted upon codlin flocks ; or the dv\arf ftandards may be grafted upon Paradife, orSibcrian*crab-ftocks, to have them of the moft dwaifidi growth for fmall compartments : likewife for efpalier trees, may graft fome upon codlin flocks, to have them of moderate growth, or occafionally upon Paradife flocks, &c. to dwarf [hem more confiuerably for fmall gardens, or as may be required. For in raifing flocks for grafting, it fhould be obferved, that thofe raiied from the feeds •or kernels of crabs, or any kinds of apples, are generally flrong fhooters, hence are com- monly called free Itocks, and the trees grafted thereon always afiume a ftrunger free grov* th in proportion, and are principally ufed for full flandards, or occafionaliy for efpaliers, where ihty can have proper fcope to extend in FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 21^ in full growth ; and the codlin and Paradife Hocks, &c. being moderate and dwarfiOi growers, arc calculated to moderate or dwarf the growth of the trees accordingly. But feme forts of apple-trees, as codlins pariicuhrly, are occafion;illy raifed without grafting, fometimes by planting fuckers from ■the root and fides of the llem ; alfo by cuttings and layers of che one, two, or tinee years old branches, -^''ill planted in February or March. Though it. Ihould be oblerved that the above, and apples in general, as well as moft other forts of fruit- trees, when raifed from grafting and -budding, always fooner com- mence good beafrers, than others raifed from fuckers, Sec. For the general methods of training them for ilandards, efoaliers, &c. fee the former part of this divifion {T/je Fruit Garden dif- played. ) When the young trees, raifed as above, by grafting, &c. ae advanced in their iirft heads, of three, four, or feveral branches, oi from two, three, to four, five, or fix years growth, they are proper for final tranfplantmg, or planting where they are defigned to remain. Or young ready - raifed trees, of all the choice varieties of apples, may be had at the nurfcries, either of one, two, or three years growth, or fuch as are advanced with a full hed>d ot branches to a bearing itate, to com- mence immediate bearers. All the forts may be planted In anv common foil of a garden, or good field land ; and in any 2l6 PRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED, any iituation not excefllvely wet, or i'ubjed to inundations in Winter. The feafon for planting apple-trees> is ei- ther in Autumn, towards the latter end of Odober, or any time in November or Decem- ber, &c. in open weather, or in February and March. For the principal fiipply of apple-trees, ge- nerally allot plenty ot llandards in gardens and orchards, c^c. planted at twenty or thirty, to forty or fifty feet diltance ; and in their growth, permit the general branches to ad- vance moltiy in their natural order, in a re- gular expanfion all round, not ihortened, lexccpt where any advance in a rambling or vej y irregular growth ; and in other pruning, they will only require it occafionally, to cut out any croi's-placed or very crouded branches and dead wood, to be performed principally in Winter, Where there is room for orchards, or any confiderable plantations of llandards, never omit planting abundance of the bell varieties, both of eating and kitchen apples ; as well as plentiful plantations in orchards and hedge* rows. Sec. for cyder. Flalf-ilandard apples may be planted in fmaller fupplies, or as may be required for fmall gardens or others, agreeable to the ob- fervations before intimated, — planted twenty or thirty feet afunder. Likewife dwarf- llandard apples may be in- trcduced in borders and other compartments, fifteen or- twenty feet diUaiice. In FRUIT GARDflN DISPLAYED. 21/ In efpallers, it is eligible to plant a princi- pal portion of the choiceft kinds of apples, at fifteen feet diftance thofe grafted on dwarf Hocks; and on free Hocks, eighteen or twenty- feet afanderin the row; and, in all of which, train the branches horizontally to the trellies, &c. four to five or fix inches afunder, in a regular expanfion, not fhortening any, but continued all ;.! theif fall length, as far as there is room to extend them, as, from their nature of bearing, apple-trees do not admit of fhortening, and is only to be prasftifed oc- cafionally, where the fhoots extend beyond their limited bounds, or in any very irre^^ular growth, or to prune cafual decayed ends of fhoots, &;c. For, as before obferved, the va- rieties of apples in general arc all of the fpur- bearing kinds : that is, they produce their fruit from Ihort natural fpurs, being robuft ftiort fhoots of half an inch to one or two inches long, rifing naturally at the fides and extreme parts of the branches, when from two or three to many years old, more efpecially if the branches are not fhortened ; as fhortening not only deltroys the extreme bearing part of the branches, but occafions their pufliing forth ftrong lateral wood (hoots below, in the places where the fide natural fruit-fpnrs would otherwife appear, and thereby retard their bearing ; which therefore determines, that in the general or occafional pruning of thefe trees, in efpaliers. Sec. the (hoots and branches that are defigned for hearer;, fhould not be U fhorreped. 2l8 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. fhortened, but permitted to extend in length as far as they have room ; and they will thus advance in moderate growth, and gradually form curfons, or fruitful fpurs, along the fides and at the extremity ; and the fame branches and fpurs continue many years fruit- ful ; and when any fpurs decay, or become old and worn out, ihey beine cut away, new ones are often acquired in thc!r places to fuc- ceed them, Co that thefe $rees, in common pruning, in efpaliers, &c. only require re- newals of young wood occafionally. Pruning of apples is required in Handr.rd trees only occiifionally in particular irregula- jities ; and in efpaliers, a general pruning is jiecefTary every year, to cut out the fuper- abiindant and ill placed Oioots of each year, unferviccahle old wood, and to train in fup- plies of young where wanted — as dircded below. The cfpalier apples require pruning every Summer and Winter, The Summer-pruning is neceflary to regu- late the fliocts of the year, produced nume- rouily more than is neceilary ; for as the trees continue bearing many years in the fime branches, they only require occafional fup- plies of young wood, therefore, beginning the Summer pruning in May or June, cur away all fore-right and other ill-placed fhoots, and thin out the fuperfiaous or over abundancy of the others, retaining only fome well-placed f;de-lhoots in Lhe ir.oH vacant parts, with a leader FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 219 leader to each branch, and trained in wholly at their full length, till Winter pruning. The Winter pruning, commencing in No- vember, December, Sec. till March, confifts of a regulation among the general branches, young and old ; ohferving ot' the young ihoots of lall Summer, to retain only what may be required, of the well-placed, to fupply vacant parts in young or old trees, continuing a good terminal or leader to each branch, where room to extend them j and cat all the reft clean out, clofe to the old wood : and in the older branches, where any cafually appear of an ill growth, worn out, unfruitful, or de- cayed, cut them away, retaining young to fupply their places, either cutting them out clean to the bottom, or to fome lateral young branch or fhoot, as may feem expedient ; and if any branches are too crouded, or very ir- regular, cut them out, or prune them, agree- able to the above hints, being careful to pre- ferve all the natural fruit-fpurs, but cut off all unfruitful flumps and fnags, and' cafual decayed fpurs; and in pruning out the unne- celTary fhoots, always cut cloie, not to leave any bottom fnag, which would fhoot from every eye the enfuing year in ufelefs produc^ tions ; obferving likewiffe to preferve all the retained requifite fhoots at their full length, as far as the allotted limits of the trees admit ; and nail and tie the whole, in regular order, to the trellis of the efpalier. U z Any' 220 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. Any apples trained in wall-trees, reqpir,^ the fame annual prunings as advifed for th'^ efpaliers. Pruning flandard apples is only required occafionally, as before obferved, when any confiderable irregularity occurs, fuch as in crofs-placed or any confufed growth in the branches, or where any are greatly crouded, to prune Tome out in a regular thinning order ; cr to reduce any long rambling and low llrag- gling branches : aifo to cut away cafual ftrong upright crouding (hoots in the middle of the head, and fuckers from the ftem and root. The fruitin the cifFcrent varieties of apples acquire a proper growth to gather for ule off the trees io Summer and Autumn, both for various culinary occafions, as in codlins and feveral others ; and in their advanced and mature growth, many forts are alfo proper to ^^ather in Autumn, for immediate eating; and many forts of Autumn apples are proper to gather in full growth iti September, for keeping a fnort time, till the late kinds for Winter attain maturity, the end of September and in October. The late kinds of apples acquiring maturity the end of September, and in Odober, as before obferved, are valuable for their pro- perty of long keeping, and generally fuperior goodnefs, Ihould be gathered according as they attain perfeiTlion, fome for prefent fup- ply, larger portions for keeping, and feme for making cyder, where rer^uired, and that there FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 22! there are confidcrable quantiiies of the fruit for that purpofe. The mature growth of apples on the trees is generally dilcoverable, fome by their full i]zQ and changing yellovvifli, others not changing colour, which, and apples in general difc(jvci: full growth, by their eafily quilting the tree when plucked, and by their frequently falling; and of which all thofe intended for long keeping fhould be gathered by hand, that they inay not he bruifed, as would una- voidably be the cafe, if Ihaken down ; ob- ferving generally to gather them principally when qu}te dry. According as gathered, houfe them in dry clofe, apartments, and the keeping kinds clofcly covered with dry llraw a foot thick^ to exclude the damps and externa] air, where- by they will keep longer found and good, for Winter and following Spring, and fome till Summer, examining them occafiondlly to pick out fuch as decay or rot. PEARS. p E A RS are of many fine varieties both for delert' or eating fruit, in Summer, Au- tumn, and Winter, continuing good till the Spring, and many large forts for feveral culi- nary occahons; and the trees fhould be planted plentifully in all garrlens, that are of proper extfent, both in (tandards, and againft vvails, and efpalisrs ; the varieties of the U 3 fruit 232 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. fruit confift of Summer, Autumn, and Win-, ter pears, as in the following lifts : Summer Pears, or fuch as ripen in July, Auguft, and September, f«r immediate eating off the trees. Primitive Little Mufk Red iVIufcadine Au£>uft Mufcat Green Chiffel Jargonelle CuifTe Madamj or Windfor Blanqustte Catherine Pear Orange Mufcat Orange Bergamot Summer Bergamot Summer Bonchretion Green CaiTalet Prince Pear Great RufTelette Rofe Water Lord Cheyne's Green Mufk Blanquette Autumn Pears, or fuch as ripen in Septem- ber, and beginning of Odober, for eating off the trees, and keep in OiSlober, and Novem^ bcr, after being gathered. Autumn Bergamot Ganfel's Bergamot Brocas's Bergamot Hamden*s Bergamot Auchen Pear Verte Longue Brown Beuree Red Beuree Grey Beuree Swan Egg Green Sugar Marquis Pear Meffire Jean Grey Good-wife Winter. FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. Winter Pears, fuch as attain full growth y for gathering in OiStober, and houfcd, ripen- ing for eating as they lie in the fruit ery^ in November, l3ecember, January, //// March, April, andyiay. Crefan Colmar Virgoleufe St. Germain Winter Bergamot Brown Beurce Brocas's Bergamot Spanifh Bonchretioti Winter Bonchretion St. Martial Holland Bergamot Mullc Robine Trumpet Pear German Mufcat Befi Chaumontelle Chateau du Roi Ber* gamot Wonder of Winter Seven Elbowed Skinlefs Pear Winter Thorn Eafter Bergamot Dry Martin Terling Pear Carlifle Pear PflARS, chief y raifed for hakingy and other culinary purpofes j mojlly large. Great black Pear of Worceiler, or Pound Pear Cadilac Uvedales St. Germain Blood Pear Double Fleur Pear* 224 FRUIT GARDEN DISPL^VSD. Pears being very defircable fine eating fruit in Suninter, Autumn, and to keep for Win- ter, and fcr baking. Hewing, Scc. and making perry, the trees fliould be admitted 5n all places whefc room, in difFefent varie- ties, both to plant plentifully in ftandards of the feveral forrs for producing the main fup- plies as moll of the forts attain perfcdion on llandards, but to have earlier and finer fruit with improved flavoiir, it is proper to have lome pnncip-'il varieties both of Summer, i\utumn, and Winter kinds in efpalier and vail trees, c.rA of the' latter, have iilways fome belt Winter pea;s on fomh, and well, or eaiiejly walls, to attain all pcfilble perfedion. All the forts of ptiars bear upon fmall natu- ral fpurs of an inch or two long, arifing at the frdes and ends of the branches of three or four to many years old : therefore, in pruning, remember the branches muil; not be fliortened. The trees are raifed by grafting and bud- ding them upon any kind of pear ftocks, raifed from feed or fuckers ; and upon quince ilocks, to dwarf the trees fcr efpaliers and walls, where required to have them in mode- rate growth for thefe purposes j the grafting is peiiorir.ed in liie Spring, in February and March„ and the budding in July and Augulh ' In the grafting and budding thtm, h;]Ve tall flocks for the full flandards, to be grafted andbrtjdded at fixer fcven feet heigh: ^ half- Handards, at three to four or five feel; dwarf Aandards,-6ne or two feet; and for wall and efpalier trees, bud and' graft on low Aotks, at f RUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 22^ fix or eight inches from the bottom ; and when they advance in flioots and branches, train the trees for the different purpofes intended, for ftandards, walls and efpaliers ; the lland- ards permitted to branch out above, regularly all round ; and in the wall and efpalier trees have the branches trained in a fanned expan- fion to the right and left. When the trees, from grafting or budding, have foimed heads from two or three, to five or fix years growth, they are proper for tranf- planting where they are to continue. They will all fucceed in any common good ground, not immoderately wet in Winter, &c. If a moderate loam, the better. The feafon fjr planting them, is any time, in open weather, from the fall of the leaf in October or November, till the end of March, or beginning of April. The full ftandards plant in gardens and orchards, twenty-five or thirty, to forty feet diflance : the heads permitted to branch out freely on every fide, and above, not fhorten- ing the branches; and give only occafional pruning fometimes in Winter, to cut out any ill-placed, crofs-growing, and crouded branches, and dead wood. The wall and efpalier pears plant fifteen to eighteen or twenty feet Jiftance ; though pear«* grafted on free or flrong growing ilocks, often extend thirty feet or more. Train the branches to the Wall and efpalier horizontally, in regu- lar order, four to five or fix inches diHance, all extended at their full length, and never fhortened. 2 26 FRUIT GARDHK DISPLAYED. fhortened, where there is fufficient fcope to run them ; and they will thus, in their full extenfion, produce bearing fpurs all along the fides to their extremities, and the fame branches and fpurs continue many years in full bearing. But the wall and efpalier trees will require an annual pruning in Summer and Winter, to cut out the fuperfluous or over- abundant young wood, fore-right and other ill-placed flioots of each year, with ill-grow- ing and unfruitful old branches, and dead wood ; at the fame time to retain and train occafional requifite fupplies of young fhoots in vacancies. — Obferving the fame' method as direfted for apples. Pears ripening for eating off the trees, in July, A uguft, and September, fhould be ga- thered accordingly as wanted, before too ripe and meally ; and late ripeners, the end of September, and in Oilober, fhould be gathered in thofe months for keeping, becoming mel- low as they lie, in Odober, November, De- cember, till next Spring; laying them in the fruitery upon fhelves, or where convenient, and clofc covered with dry ftravv a foot thick, as obferved of the apples, examining them occafionally, to draw out fuch as decay. CHERRIES.' /^HERRIES are fine Summer fruit, valuable for their early maturity, and juicy refrefh- , ing quality in hot weather, ripening from May and June till Auguft and September, in the different varieties,, both as table fruit, and FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 227 and for many culinary purpofes, in pies, tarts, &c. and cherry brandy ; and therefore the trees fhould be admitted plentifully in the fruit-tree colledion, both in full and half ■ftandards, and in principal wall trees; and fome occafionally in efpaliers, confiiling ot the following varieties of the fruit : " May Keutifh Cherry Luke ward Morel lo Turky Heart White Croffian Black Corroune Small wild black Small wild red Large wild red; Geens. Early fmall Cherry May Duke Cherry iVrchduke Harrifon's Heart Black Heart White Heart Bleeding Heart Amber Heart Ox Heart Carnation Cherry All the forts of cherries ripen very well 01^ ftandards ; but it is alfo proper to have fome early and principal forts upon walls of fo'uth- erly and other expofures, to obtain earlier fruit, and in fuilert perfection of fize and flavor; and fome planted upon north walls, to ripen late in equal perfection, efpecially in fize. However, never omit having a good collec- tion in ftandards, according to the dimeniion? of the garden, and very profitable to plant in orchards for fale ; and have a portion of the beft for walls. And they may be occafionally planted efpaliers. ■. Cherries bear the fruit both on the young Vood of a year or two old, and principally •apcn fmali natural fpurs or curfon?, half an incii 228 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED, inciKto ar. inch long, proceeding from the fides and ends of the branches of one, two, to three, four, and feveral years growth; and the fame branches conrinue many years fruitful, fur- nllhed with fpurs quite to theextremity thereof, therefore the branches muft not be Ihortened, where room to extend them in length. They are raifed both in full and half ftand- ards, and with dwarf Hems, for walls andefpa- IJers, or occafionally in fmall dwarf ftandards. The trees arc propagated by grafting and budding the defired forts upon Ilocks raifed from the flones of any fort of cherries, or, oc- cafionally,Ilocks of the fmall May,Morello,and bird cherry, to dwarf or moderate the growth of particular forts, the grafting being per- formed in the Spring, and the budding in July; and when the f>i00ts from either or both advance in the firft two or three years growth, train them as required for full and half ftandards, dwarf llandards, and for walls. Thofe for ftandards permit to expend their branches all round above into full heads ; and for walls and efpaliers, train them in a fanned expanfion, the branches extending ho- rizontally from two fides, in a fpreading order, cutting off fore-right proje£ling Qioois. — See the previous General Diredions. After the budding and grafting, they will bear in two or three years. They may be planted in any common good garden ground ; and the lame in orchards and hedge-rows, &c. for llandards : and the fea- fon for planting is the middle or latter end of O^lober, any time in November^ &c. or in February and March. 2 The FRUIT CARDSN DISPLAYED. 229 The ft^ndards plant twenty to thirty feet tliftance, and permit them to branch out in their natural growth, without any other pruning than to cut out any very irregular growing branches, or to thin out fome, where ccnfufedly thick, and decayed wood. For wall trees, plant Ibme early May cherry, a larger portion of the May-duke, arch-duke, |ind other duke kinds, Harrifon's and other heart cherries, carnation cherry, and a good fupply ofmorellos, as room of walling admits ; fome of each on South walls, for early and well-flavoured fruit; others on Weft and Eail )ft^alls, to ripen large fruit in fuccelTion ; and fome on North walls, for lateil: fruit, particu- larly of the morello, to continue till Septem- ber, &c. planting the trees of the feveral va- rieties about fifteen to eighteen feet diftance, and the branches trained in principally at their full length, horizontally, three to four or five 'inches afiindcr ; and, according as they ex- ^tend in length, lay them along accordingly, Without fhortening : and the trees will require ^pruning every Summer and Winter. A Sum-* tner pruning to difplace the ill-placed and fuperabundant young wood of each year ; and 'a Winter pruning, to make ajiy nee eilary re- gulation among the principal branches, where ' iny is in a bad Hate, unfruitful or decayed, and to leave young fupplies where needful ; and to prune out the unneceflary and ufelefs ■ fhoots, &c. obferving in the morello cherry . particularly, as it bears on the young wood, to ^ leave plenty of the laft Sumn^.er's flioots,— ''''After pruning, let all the branches be regularly *•- ' X nailed. 230 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED.' nailed, ftlll in their full growth, and they will furnifh bearing fpurs jn continuation to their extremities. Likewife in efpaliers, feme may be planted of different varieties, and managed as above for the Wall Cherries. For forcing — to obtain earlieft fruit. Dwarf and half ftandard duke cherries, that are ar- rived to a bearing (late, are planted in forcing- houfes, and in pots placed therein, to ripen cherries in March and April, &c. beginning the forcing the end of January, or beginning or middle of February, by moderate fire-heac in the flues every evening till nine or ten o'clock, and in cold mornings, fometimes watering the borders or pots. U M S. a great variety of fine eating fruit, and for carts, pies, and pre- ferving, all plentifully, both in Ikndards, and in wall trees, for earlier and finer fruit of larger fize, and well flavoured, ripening in the difi^ercnt varieties from July and Auguft, till September; confilling of the following principal forts : P L pLU MS furnilh Early Morocco Early little black Da- mafk Early Tours Azure Hntive Great blue Damafk Orleans Plum Green Gage White' Per drigon Black Pcrdrigon Biu'i Perdrigon Fotheringham White bonum mag- num, or Egg Plum Red bonum magnum, or Great Imperial Blue Gage Qjjeen Claude Cherry FRUIT GARDEK DISPLAYED 231 Turkey Plum Myrobalan Cheflon Plum Rcche Courbon Damfon Mufcei Plum St. Julian Plum Black Eullace White Bullace Sloe, or Tmall black wild Plum Cherry Plum Apricot Plum Violet Plum Imperatrice L'Mirabelle Maitre Claude White Matchiefs White Prunella Rcyal Brignole Drap D'or Diapre The varieties of plums are various In fize, ihape, and colour, fome being fmall, others middling and large, round, oval, oblong, &c. and in colour, black, red, white, yel- Jow, green, blue, very defirable Summer, and /\utumn fruit, juicy, and refrelhirg to eat, fome cf a \try rich 'feliciou? flavour, and a colledion of the moil approved forts fhould be introduced in gardens and orchards, both. in ftandards, and fome principal kinds in wall irees, againil fouth, and other v/alls, tp obtain the fruit earlier, and of improved growth and flavour, alfo fome in efpaliers. The various forts cf plum trees bear on fmall fpurs, emitted along the fides, and at the ends of the branches of two, three, to feveral years old, and the fame fpurs and branches continue long fruitful, and as they. fumiili bearing fpurs quite to the extremities., they muft not be fhortened. The trees are propagated by grafting or budding the forts required upon any fort of plum flocks raifed from the ftones of the fruit, * X 2 QX 2^i FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. or fuckers from the roots of the trees, training them with tall ftems, in which to graft or bud, at five or fix feet for full llandards, and for half ftandards at three or four feet high, and fmaller flocks for wall and efpalier plums to graft or bud them within fix or eight inches of the ground ; and when they advance in fhoots and branches, train them for the different pur- pofes intended in ftandards and wall trees, 2s obfcrved for pears and cherries ; they will begin to bear in three, four, or five years ; and when of from two or three to four, five, or fix years old from grafting and budding, they may be tranfplanted where they are finally to fland. — See the pre-vious Gc7ieral Diredions. They will all Succeed in any common gar- den earth, and in orchards, &c. Plant the flandards at twenty to thirty feet diftance ; let them branch out above into full heads, and only prune occafionally any crofs- placed and irregular branches, or to cut out fome thinningly where croudedly thick, and cafual decayed wood, permitting the general proper branches to advance in their full growth. Wall trees of plums (hould be planted, fome principal varieties againft fouth walls for earlier fruit, and in beft perfcftion in fize, and richnef; of flavour, others planted on eail and wellerly walls, &c. to ripen fruit in fuccefiion ; and the whole have the branches trained horizontally to the wall four or live inches afunder, and all principally at their natural or full length, that they may produce fruit fpurs plentifully to their utmofl extent, agreeably PRUIT GAP.DtN DISPLAYED. 2?3 agreeably to their natural order of bearing btforc explained : and that to prcferve thfia regular and fruitful, they muil be pruned every Summer and Winter : in Summer, to cut out the fuperfluous or over-abuudant young wood, and fore-right and other ill-plaf:ed Aoots of the year; the others retained, not (hortened, and nailed in clofc : and in the Winter pruning, obferve, that ai the fame branches, when of a bearing ftite, continue fruitful feveral years, they mult be retained, and only fuch as cafually become of an un- fruitful nature, &c. cutout, and young Ihoots refervcd to fupply their places, and in vacant parts, with a leading fhoof to each branch, cutting out all the others, as explained for /Apples and Fears : the retained fuoots left in- tire, and the whole nailed in regularly. Plums may alfo be planted in efpaliers, and managed as above. Early plums are obtained by having fome of the choiceft forward forts planted in the borders of a fruit forcing Itove, and managed as mentioned for early cherries and peacneb in forcing houfes. PEACHES. p E A C H E S -are choice kinds of flone fruit, of many fine varieties all of a tender nature, that the trees are. always trained againft warm fouth walls in the full i'i:^n, both for the protection of the blcfibm, and young fruit appearing early in the Spring, and to forward the fruit in its ad- X 3 vancing ^34 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. Vancing growth to ripen in good perfeftioHif. and peculiar rich flavour, as they will rarely ripen well on ftandards or efpaliers ; efpeci- ally as feveral forts do not ripen till late ia Aucumn; they ripening in the different va- rieties from July and Augull till the end of Odober, and confift of the following forts; White fmall nutmeg Peach . Red nutmeg Peach Early Anne Early Mignon White Magdalen Red Magdalen Early Newington Old Newington Early Purple Montauban Noblefle Large French Mig- non Chancellor Belle Garde Admirable Royal George Vanguard Yellow Alberge As many of the above different varieties of peaches were originally obtained from France, the French names are ftill retained, and by which they are commonly known, as in fe- veral forts of the pears and plums, &c. Peaches are of the capital forts of wall fruit, and for which a principal part of the bell Golden Incomparable Belle de Vitri Swalfh Rombouillet Hoxton Mignon RoiTana Bourdine La Teton de Venus Nivette Sion Peach Portugal Belle Chevreufe Perifque Mo nitrous Pavy Late Admirable Catharine, or Odo- ber Peach Dwarf Orleans Peach fRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 235 bell walls (liould be allotted, and the trees trained accordingly in the wall -tree order, and planted againll the belt South walls, the prin- cipal iupply, and fome alfo againft South- weft and ealterly walls, to ripen fruit later in fucceffion : feldom trained in ilandard trees, as the fruit will not ripen on fuch in this country, in good perfedticn, though fome might be tried in half and dwarf llandards, planted in warm fituations. But the trees are trained principally in common dwarf or fhort-ftemm'd wall trees, to cover the wall from the bv)ttom upward ; and occafionally in half and tall ilandard wall trees, to plant between the dwarfs, to cover the upper parts of high walls. All the forts of peaches bear the fruit upon the young wood of a year old, the blofibm- buds riling in)mediately from the eyes of the fiioots : the fa id fhoots feldom bearing after the firft year, except occafionally on cafual fmall natural fpurs, therefore a fucceffional fupply of every year's fnoots, produced in Summer, mud be retained for bearing the fruit the Summer following: and as the fame Ihoots both produce fruit, and fucceiiional fupplies of young wood for next year's bearing, that, to promote a plentiful fupply of laterals pro- perly fituated, thofe retained forbearing, &c, arecommonivfliortenedin the Winter pruning. They alfo bear fometimes upon fmall fpurs, f>n the two or three years wood. Peach tree^ are propagated by budding the defired forts principally upon plum ftocks, as beioff haidier and more durable than thofe of the 236 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. the peach kind ; and which plum ftocks miy be railed from the ftones of the fruit, or fuckers from the roots, though, as the mufcle plum ftocks particularly arc often preferred, that, to have them with certainty of that kind, they are raifed by layers, cuttings, or fuckers, as from feed they vary to other forts ; obferving, that as the peach trees are culti- vated principally in common dwarf wall trees, the budding fhould be performed near the ground ; or for half and tall ftandard wall trees, to plant between the dwarfs, to cover the upper part of high walls, they are budded on tall Hocks, at three to four, five or fix feet height. When the trees have produced the firll fhoots from the budding of one Summer's growth, they may be planted where they are to remain, or when of two, three, to four or five years old, arrived to a bearing ftate ; but obferve, that whether the young trees continue in the nurfery, or tranfplanted into the garden, the firll fhoors fhould, either in Summer have the tops pinched off early in June, or when a year old, pruned or headed down in March, to four, five or fix eyes, to pro- duce a requifite fupply of branches below, to give the head its firll proper formation, arranged, in a fanned manner; and the fecond year's fhoots alfo fhortened, to promote a further fupply of branches ; after which prune away fore-right produdlions, and train the others in a regular expanfion, four to five or fix inches diflance : and when the trees are from two or three, to four or five years old, they will bear fruit. Thefe PRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 237 Thefe trees will profper In any good garden ground ; or if of a rich loamy nature, it will be of greater advant.Tge ; or if poor light land, the borders under the walh Ihould he enriched with a coropofl of rotten dung and frefli fubflantial good earth, or mellow good furface loam from a common or paiiure- ground, or where convenient. Trees for planting niay be either of one or two yegr old heads, or fuch as are of three, four, or five years, with good fpreading heads advanced to a Hate of bearing; and thereby have the walls furnifned at once with bearing trees : and which may be obtained at all the public nurfery grounds. The feafon for planting thefe trees is either in Autumn, at t^e fall of the leaf, end of O;S for greater variety, and to have t^e I of improved fize and flavour r planted, ftiindard trees twenty or thirty feetaiundcr, ^ the elpaliers liltcen or eighteen feet d;f- >e ^ and in both of which, managed as for 'es and pears. The trees bear the fruit inoflly upon fmall .ural fpur^, in the manner of apples-and rs ; and therefore a fimilar mode of cul- ture, in pruning, training, &c. is applicable 10 the medlars. rhey c'ire propagated and ra'fed by grafc- . ^ orbiicding the ap.pro\ed forts upon med- lar or pear Hocks, f..r half or full itan4ards and efpalters, in the manner advifed for pears and apples, as above-mentioned, traming the young trees in the fame method ; and when they are furnifhed with a head of branches, two or three to four or live years old, are of a prQper age for planting them where they are to remain, and will fcon comirence bearing. The trees, in either of the above methods of training, maybe planted in any con.mon Ibil of a garden or orchard ; and the planting maybe performed in the common feafon, any time from the decay of the leaves in Autumn, till March, in open weather, at the dillances before mentioned. I'he fruit continues in growth till Oc^pber. When .u attains full maturity, fho uld be ga- thered and houfcd, and in which, as they are hard aud auilere when iirft gathered, rec^uire 10 276 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED, to lie fome time to become foft for eating; and to forward them to that flate, it is proper to lay fome in moiil bran every week or fort- night, wherein they will fooner acquire a proper raellownefs for eating. CL U I N C E. QUINCES are large yellow fruit, re- ^wfembling pears and apples, and of a remarkably high fragrance; elleemed princi- pally for making marmalade, and to llice into apple-pies, &c. to heighten the relifh and flavour, being too hard, four and aultere, to eat raw : and for which occafions a few trees merit culture, are of moderate growth, and are commonly raifed in fmall Itandards, and occafionally in efpaliers. Produce the fruit chiefly on fmall natural fpurs, emitted from the fides and ends of the branches : grows to a large fize, pear and apple ihaped, ripening in September and Oilober, of a golden yellow colour, confifling of the following varieties : Pear-fhaped Quince I Portugal Quince /^pple-ftiaped ditto | Eatable Quince, Any, or fome of each of thefe varieties may be cultivated. The trees of all the forts are hardy, to grow freely in any common foil of a garden or orchard, Sec, They delight in moiil places, near the fides of waier, and are therefore often planted by the fides of ponds and FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 277 and watery ditches ; but wil! alio grow in al- jnoil any fituation, are m ftly of moderate growth, as before jemaikea, and are raifed principally in ftand.irds, the general fupply, and ot" which a few trees may be fuiiicicnt for a family ; and may alfo have fome occafionally in cfpaliers, for variety : phmrrng the ftand- ards twenty or thirty feet dillance, and the efpaliers fifteen to eighteen feet afunder. Thefe trees are of the family of Pyrus^ or Pear, and their^iature of bearing is fimiiar to that of pears and apples, producing the blof- fom and fruit prinopally upon fmall natural fpurs, arifing at the Jides and ends of the fe- veral years old branches ; and in their culture the fame method of pruning and training is to be obferved. They are propagated by grafting and bud- ding the forts required upon feed'ing or fucker ftocks of quinces or pears ; and are alfo raifed by layers, cuttings and fuckers, all of which in the manner explained in raif- ing other fruit-trees by thefe different me- thods ; and in which, tliofe defigned for itandai'ds, train each with a fmgle ftem, four to five or fix feet high, and at thefe heights permit them to branch out above to form full jieads, as defcribed in the culture of apples, &c. And if any are intended for efpaliers, they fhould be grafted or budded near the ground; or if raifed by lasers, cuttings &c. for the fame occahon, ihould be headed low in proportion, to obtain branches below, to furnifh the efpalier regularly from the bottom B b upwards ; 278 .TRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. upwards ; though, for general ufe, a few trees in ilandards may be fufficient. Or the trees may be had at the nurferies, ready raifed, of two, three, or feveral years growth, of a proper age and fize for bearing. They may be planted any time, in open weather, from Odober or November till March, and at the diilances before men- tioned. In the culture of the trees, the ftandards re- quire hardly any, after having formed proper heads, only to prune any calual ill-growing branches, as diieded for other ilandard fruit- trees ; and permit the other general branches to advance in their full growth, as explained for apples and pears. And if any are planted in efpaliers, prune out the fore-right and other ill-placed (hoots and branches, and train the others generally at iheir full length, five or fix inches afunder ; and, like other efpnlier trees, will require a Summer and Winter pruning ; and in which, fls their mode of bearing is fimiiar to that of apples and pears, as before obferved, manage them in the flime manner as direcled for thole fpecies. The quinces ripen in Septembei* and Oc- tober, when they may be gathered for prefent ufe ; and in Odober gather the whole, and ho ufe for keeping,' MUL- FRUIT GARDEN* DISPLAYED. 279 MULBERRY. nr H E Mulberries are defireable Autumn fruit, of a mofl juicy refieOiing quality, very deferving of culture ; the tree's trained principally in llandards, on which they bear abundantly, efpecially on trees of feme ad- vanced growth, they bearing moiily on the young wood of the former year, or on fmall fpurb of young growth, and at the termina- tion of the former, and beginning of the fame year's Ihoots, producing male and female flowers feparate, the former in loofe amen- tum?, and the latter in round clofe granulate receptacles, growing to large oblong- oval berries, ripening in Auguft and September. Confining of the following varieties : Black Mulberry | Red Mulberry White Mulberry | But of thefe varieties the Black is that com- Jnonly cultivated. Of the above different varirt'es of mulber- ries, the black is the principal fort, to culti- vate for the fupe'ior goodnefs of the fruit, and the trees the beft bearers; or, for variety, fome of the white and red may be admitted in the fruit-tree colIedti©n. Are all trained principally in llandards, in any fituation where they may enjoy the full fun, to ripen the fruit in proper time in Autumn, with a good flavour; or fome of the black may alfo B b 2 'be 28o muiT Garden displayed. be trained and planted for wail-trees, and in efpaliers, to obrain larger and earlier fruit. But as mulbeiries are only principally for prefent ufe, for about a month or fix weeks, only a few trees arc c >mmonly planted ; fuch as in fniall gardens fometime^ but one or two, or in larger grounds double or treble that number, or more, efpt-cially as the trees are flow growers, and many years before they at- tain a large growth in full heads to bear any confiderable quantity of fruit ; and by having feveral trees, they together, in iheir younger growih, may affo/d eligible fupplies of ber- ries, but ^vhen advanced to fome confiderable age, with large fpieading heads, theyproduce vaft quan title of fruit, as often one tree fur- nifties more than fufficienr for the lupply of a large family: fo, according to thofe intima- tions, the trees may be raifed and planted in a fmaller or larger fupply, as Hiall be thought neceiTary. The irees are raifed in all the public nur- fery grounds for fale, and where they may be obtained of fome confiderably advanced growth, with a good head of branches to commence immediate bearers in fmall quan- tities of fruit. They are propagated or raifed by cuttings, layers, and grafting, as explained for other trees raifed by thefe different methods; in which train the principal fupply for itandards, each with a fingle flem five or fix feet high, then permitted to branch out above, to form a full head : to advance nearly in their natural order. FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 23l order, only to prune any irregular growth, as may be required, to give the head a fomewhat regular ihape ; likewife may train Tome with Ihort Hems, to branch out low for wall-trees and efpalie/s. The trees raifed as above, to a proper growth, with a tolerable head of young branches, may be planted where required in Autumn or Spring, any time from Odober till March or April. The Handards may be planted in any free fituation in the kitchen or p!eafure garden, twenty to thirty or forty feet diitance ; aad are frequently planted on fomc grafs-plat or lawn, &c. or otherwife, when the trees arrive to bearing, -lie ground under them is fome- times laid with grafs to fome confiderablfe width, in order that as rhe berries, when full ripe, are apt to drop off confiderably, by wind, rain, and by moving the branches in gathering, and falling on the clean foft fward, they may be occaficnally gathered up, if re- quired, in good condition for eating. .-i tree or two, or more, as required, being raifed in the wall-tree order, may be planted againft a South wall, thfe branches trained thereto horizontally, five or fix inches afunder. The) will prt^cuce fruit earlier, and in foriie improved fize and flavour ; and which will require pruning annual^-, , in bummer and Winter, nearly as di reeled for peaches and apricots, preserving young wood of every year for principal bearing, but not generally B b 3 fhortened;^ 252 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. fliortened; as they bear towards the extreme parts of the young wood. likewife may plant fome in efpaliers, and managed as thole trained in wail-tree^, as above. The fruit ripens in good perfedion in Au- guH, and part of September, and fhould be iiathered as wanted, in fm.ill bafl;ets, to cOn- tain but fmall quantities, that tliey may not bruile one another in their fc.ft juicy nature. Thefe fruit are good and whclefome, both to eat, and occafionally for tans and mul- berry jam, kc. FILBERT. pILBERTS are fruit of the nut kind, of the family of Kazei-Nut, but larger fruit, and of fuperior goodnefs, and very deferving of culture in every garden, orchard, &c. more or lefs, in proportion to the exrent of ground. The trees txained generally in fmall ftand- ards, either detached fifteen or twenty feet diftance, or fometimes hedge- ways, to grow up rough, without curling: and in both of which will produce plenty of fruit in ciuilers, ripening in Augult and September, comprif- ing the two following varieties : White-kfrnelled Filbert, P.ed-kernelled. Both FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. Zbj Both thefe varieties of filberts are of equal goodnefs, thonvh the red kernelled is efteem- ed the bell flavoured. The trees of both forts will grow freely in any common foil and fitth- ation, both in open and Ihady places ; but if in an open expofure, to enjoy the iun, they will ripen fooner, and in greater perfe(^ion : and being very defireable fruit of the nut kind, they merit culture in fume confiderable por- tion, according to the extent of garden and orchard ground, and in hedge-rows, &c. botii for the fupply of a family, and very profitable for fale in the markets. They bear the fruit at the fides and ends of the younger branches ; produce male and fe- male bloflbms feparate on the fame tree, the former appearing in "Winter and Spring, in fmall loofe amentums or catkins, and the lat- ter in clofe-iitting cups in the Spring, gene- rally in bunches, and in which the nuts are produced, advancing in growth till Autumn. The trees are of moderate growth, gene- rally branch out low, or divide near the bot- tom,"or fometimes advance v^'ith feveral items, and 'nay either be trained each with a fingle ilem, three or four to five feet, then tC branch out above and form full heads, or permitted to branch out below, nearly in their natural order; though in gardens it is proper to have fome trained with fingle clean ftems, as above- mentioned, in half and moderate full ftand" ards. Trees for planting may be procured at moll of me nuifery grounds, raifed to a proper fize, with 284 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. with branchy heads for immediate bearing the enfuing feaion, or fecond year, or in younger growth, as may be required; and they may be raifed from fuckers, layers, grafting, &c. according to the following directions. They are propagated or raifed by fuckers, layers, grafting, and by fowing the nuts; but to raife the different varieties diftinft, and with certainty of having the approved forts continued, it is effeded principally either by layers of the young wood, or by grafting them upon feedling or fucker Itocks of the iilbert or hazel, and occafionally by fuckers from the roots, efpecially of fuch as are wholly, root and top, of the true filbert kind, and fome- times by fowing the nuts ; but the trees raifed by the latter method are apt to vary, and not come with certainty of the true forts, whereas thofe by layers and grafting come invariably the fame, ab alfo fuckers trom trees that are wholly the fame root and top, as above ob- ferved : and all of which will bear fojner than the feedling trees. And the feveral methods of propagation, except the grafting, maybe eifedled eitherin the Autumn, in Odober and November, Sec. or in the Spring, in February or March, and in which latter feafon the grafting is always performed ; all of which as direttfd in tucie feveral methods of propaga- tion, in the general arrangement of Trees and In the above different methods of raifing the filberts, they may be trained in different ways as re.|uiredj fome trained vvith fingle Items, FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 2S^ fteitis, two or three to four or five feet, as before intimated, and then p^.mitted to brancli out at thofe heights to form heads : or others may be pernfiitted to branch ouc low, in a buHiy-like growth, for particular occalions ; and when, in either method, they have formed tolerable heads, of tv.o or three years growth, or more, may be planted where they are to remain. Or in raifing them by fuckers and layers, flrong plants, taken up with good roots, and tops of two or three feet growth, or more, may be planted at once where they are to con- tinue, either in fmgle trees or hedge-fafaion, as before obferved. They may be planted either in Autumn, or any time in open weather, from the decay of the leaves in that feafon, October or Novem^ ber, till March ; and of which to pl^nt de- tached ftandards, fet them not lefs than ten or Hfieen to twenty feet diflance, or more, to branch out freely above regularly all round in full heads j or fonie may be planted occa- fionally in the hedge order, in a row five or fix feet afundcr, to branch out fally from the bottom, and on the fides and top?, in their natural growth ; or fcmetimes planted in a double row, to form a fhady filbert walk, to grow up rough, as above: and in all of which. they will bear plentiful crops of fruit. Some may alfo be planted in. fnrubberies, and other plantations in pleafure grounds, in Angle trees, in upright and bufliy itandards. With 2S6 FRUIT C'^RDEN DISPLAYED. With regard to future culture of thefe trees after final planting, they will require but very little. Thofe in llandards iliould have bot- tom fuckers eradicated, and low Itraggling branches pruned up, alfo any very irregular growths above ; or any planted hedge-ways may occafionally have the fame regulation. And, except on thcfe occafions, let the whole adv<^^ce in their natural order of growth. , The fruit attains maturity in Augull and September, generally in full perfeclion vsheii the ends of the cal;x, or cups, containing the nut5, change brown, and may be gathered accordingly for prelent ufe; and when the whole is fully ripe, may be gathered for keep- ing a month or two, covering them clofe from the air, to preferve the kernels from ftirinking or drying confidcrably. SERVICES. CERVICES are moftly of the berry kind, confiiling 'of two fpecies, viz. the Culti- vated or Sweet, and the Wild or Sour. The former is larger, and fuperior in goodnefs to the latter, and the trees are admitted in ge- neral coilctlions, to cncreafe the variety of fruits, trained principally in itandards : pro- duce the fruit in largifii iDunches, ripe in Sep- tember and October, of a red and reddifh- brovvn colour ; but, fo^iewhat like the med- lars, require to lay fome time in the houfe after being gathered, to become foft and melk FRUIT GARDE^f DISPLAYED. 287 mellow, before they are eatable, efpecially the Wild Service berries: — and confill of the following fpecies and \ arietie^ : Bcrry-fkaped Sweet Service Pen r-fh aped Sweet Service Apple-fhaped Sweet Service Wild, or Sour Ser- vice. Thefe trees are trained principally in ftand- ards, and planted in gardens and orchards ; but more generally the cultivated or Sweet Service, or a few trees of the different forts, may be admitted, to encreafe the variety, in the fruit-tree colle£lion ; and of which the legitimate or true Service produces much larger fruit than the wild, being fometimes the iize of fmall apples and pears, and, when ripe, eats very agreeably, and is therefore in the molt general eflimation. The other grows wild in woods, in England, &c. and is i'ome- times admitted in gardens j produces large bunches of berries, like havy's, but the berries larger, of a brownifh-red colour, ripe in Oc- tober, when being gathered, and hung up in any dry apartment, they keep a month or two in Winter, and, according as they become foft, are proper for eating, being jf a tartiflt agreeable relifh. But the Sweet Service is a native originally of the fouthern parts of Eu- rope, and in this country is nbtamed only by culture in gardens and plantations. The trees are propagated orraifed bygraft- ing and budding the improved or different varieties 2So FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. varieties upon feedling ftocks of their own kind, and trained for full or half ftandards, .?jc. by the methods direded for other fruit- trees ; or may be obtained at the nurferies, ready raifed, when young, or of a proper age and fize for bearing. As before obferved^ the above trees are trained generally in Itandards, and, where they are required, may ,be planted in any comincn foil of a garden or orchard, &c. at twenty or thirty feet dillance : or fome of the true or Sweet Service may alfo be planted in efpaliers. And in both of which manage the trees, in regard to pruning and training, as direiled for medlars, apples, pears, plums, &c . They are alfo occafionally planted in llirub- beries, and other pieafurable plantations. When ihs fruit ripens in Autumn, gather them in the full bunches as they grow, and hang them up in a dry apartment to foften ; then may be ufed for eating, as wanted. HAZEL NUT. nr K E Hazel Nuts comprife feveral va- rieties of the fruit, fuch as the common hazel of the woods, and fome other improved varieties, which are fometimes cultivated in gardens, orchards, &c. a few trees of each, or only the principal kinds ; either generally in buihy ftandards, or fome planted hedge- ways, to run up rough in their natural growth, ^s obferved of the filberts ; and com- prife FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 289 prife the following fpccies and varieties of the fruit : Common H/zel Nut Lon^ Nut Large Cluibbidsiut Great Cob/Nut Barcelona Nut Conftantinople Dwarf Nut. Of the abov? forts of nuts, fome of each merit admittance in the fruit-tree colleclion, more or lefs according to room, or as may be required ; and of which the firft fort, common hazel nut, grows abundantly almoft every where, in woods and hedge-rows, and arc feldom raifed in gardens in any confiderable quantity ; but fome of the others being acci- dental improved varieties, and the Conftanti- nople kind as a diftind fpecies, a native of Byzanti, are obtained only in gardens by proper culture ; and all of which may be planted in the order mentioned for filberts, in fmgle trees ten to fifteen or twenty feet afunder, or fome of the common hazel may alfo be planted hedge- falhion, to run up in a natural order, or planted in more confiderable quantity in continued rows, in the manner of coppice plantations, to furniih large fupplies of nuts. The order of bearing of all the {arts is the fame as the filberts, explained under that ar- ticle, being all of the fame family. All the forts may be obtained in young trees at the nurfe.ries, in larger or fmaller growth, as required for p'aadng, in the C c proper '2g0 FRUIT GARDEN UIETLAYED. proper feafon. Autumn or Spring ; and may be raifed as direfled below. The trees are railed by nuts, the common fort; alio all the forts by fuckcvs from the roots, and by layers, to continue the different varieties the fame : likewife the improved va- rieties, by grafting them upon Itocks of tl.e common hazel; and the Conllantinople kind, a dilHndt fpecies, may be raifed either from nuts, fuckers, layers, &c. And all of which trained in fmall ftandards, fome in buftiy growths, others in fingle upright Hems, two or three to four or five feet high, or more, branching out above in full heads ; then tranf- plantcd where they are to remain, in the order and dillances : bove-mentioncd. Or in raifing them by fuckers, taking them up with as much root as poffible, thofe of a good growth may be planted at once where they are always to ll;ind. The culture of thefe trees is only to give occafional pri^ning, to regulate any very dif- orderlv growths, as obfervcd of the filberts ; and to thofe trained in fingle ftandard?, in gardens, to clear them from bottom fuckers, and any too low growing produdions of ihoots and branches. The nuts ripen the latter end of Auguft, and in September, till Odober, difcovering jDaturity when the cups change brown, as in the filberts, and may then be gaihered as wanted ; and when wholly ripe, gather and hojile them for keeping. RASP- FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 29! RASPBERRY. pASPBERRIEvS being defirable fruit in a garden for Autumn fervice, both for eating as defert fruit, and for making rafp- berry jam, and ufed in large quantities by the diftillers. Sec. plantations of the plants fliould never be omitted in principal gardens, in larger or fmaller fupplies, according to the extent of ground ; the plants growing in long flender fiirubby ftems, feveral from each root, are generally planted in rows, four and a half or five feet afunder, produce young ftems from the root annually, and which, when a year old, bear fruit, then decay in the follow- ing Winter, being fucceeded by others pro- duced the preceding Summer for bearing the year following, the fruit ripening in July, Auguft and September, and coafill of the foU lowing varieties ; Red Rafpberrv White Rafpberry Cane orSmooth- (talked Large Antwerp Ruip- berry {yellozu) Twice-beiring Red- Rafpberry Twice-bearing White Rafpberry, Of the above varieties, the firH three forts are thofe comm-^nly cultivated for the general produtlion. The Antwerp rafpberry is a new fort lately introduced from Germany, a va- fiety of the common rafpberry, but is gene- C c 2 rally 292 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. rally of a ftronger and taller growth than moft of the others, and the fruit larger, f'-f a golden yellow colour, and is elkerae^ of fuperior goodnefs ; and the twice-bearing forts are in ^llimation for their finguiar property of bear- ing two crops of fruit tl)e fame year, the firil produclion being in July and beginning of Auguft, and the fecond in September: are all of hardy growth, will fucceed in any common foil and fuuation, both in open expofures, and in Ihady borders, &c. though it is mofl eligible to have the principal fupply in a free expofure open to the fun, to ripen the fruit in the bell: perfedion ; are generally planted in the kitchen-garden, in rows four feet and S. Jialf by a yard diftance ; and fome raay alfo be difpofed in the borders, &c. in fmgle ilools, at ten, ffLeen, or twenty feet diftance; like- wife are fomecimes planted a few in efpaliers, aiid againfl: South and other walls for early 2nd late fruit, and of improved fize and fla- vour. All the forts of rafpberries grow with feve- ral flems or fuckers produced from the root every year, in Spring and Summer, which when a year old produce the fruit, and at the fame time a fuccefTion of young ftems rife from the bottom, and in Winter following thofe which bore the fruit lali Summer wholly d«cay, and are then, cut down clofe to the ground, leaving feveral of the ftrongeil: young ihoocs on each ftock to bear the enluingyear ; zr.d thus the fucceifion of bearing fhoots is continued. They FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 293 They are propagated by the young fucker ilioots produced annually from the root in Spring, as above explained ; and thefe, when of one Summer's govsth, are proper to detach ibr planting in Autumn following, or in the -Spring, in February or March, but not later than the beginning or middle of April. Obferve in procuring the above fhoots for plunring, generally chufe the ilrongeit ouifide produdions. Dig them up \vith good roots, and if at the bottom they diicover one, rwo, or more fmall buds, the ruc:roents of ad- vancing llioots for fucceliional bearers, they are particularly to be preferred- Prune the roots, cutting oil any hard woody part, eipe- cially of the mother root, if any adhere, and fhorten long ilragglers, and pn:ne oiF the weak bending part at top ot theltemb, leaving them about a yard long : then, having pre- pared the ground, by adding a fupply of good dung, and this digged in one full fpade deep, levelling the furface, and in which plant the rafpberries in rows, four and a half or five feet afunder, by three feet at Jeaft in each roty, planted either fmgly, or two or three plants together, clofing and treading the earth clofe about the roots. Likewife may plant fome In efpaliers, or ilakes placed to train to in that order ; alfo fome may be planted again ft walls of a Scudi ejvpofure : and in ail of which plant them teri feet afunder, either fingly, or two or three plants in each place. The Items of the plants only fhortened moderately at top, and traine4 C c 2 horizon- 294- FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. horizontally to the efpalier, Hakes and wall, 5cz. /^fter planting the rafpberries, keep them clean from weeds nil Summer, by hoeing the ground between them occdiionally ; and per- mit the fucceffional fupply of young Ihoois to advance from each main root, in their full growth. They, if flrong plants, will both produce a moderate crop of good fruit the enfuing Sum- mer, and proper fupplies of young items for bearers the following year, but in the fecond Summer will bear in full perf dion, and fur- nilh plenty of fucceflional bearers ; and the fame plants will continue feveral years of a good prolific Hate, in the order before ex- plained. The general culture of rafpberries confiih of an annual pruning, neceffary every Winter, to cut out the old decayed ftems, laft Summer's bearers, and to thin, where too abundant, the young fuccefSon fhoots, that are to bear the fruit the enfuing feafon ; then to dig the ground between the plants : and in Summer, to hoe them clean from weeds, as before inti- mated. And always let the production of fucceflional young fhocts, rifmg immediately from the main ftools, advance all Summer in their full growth, and only, in that feafon, to clear out any large ftragglers cafually ad- vancing between the rows, &c. that they may not incommode and keep the fun and air from the prefent bearers, and their production of FRUIT CARDF.r: DISPLAYED. 295 The necelTary general pruning is performed any time from Odober or November till Fe- bruary or March, or beginning of April at Iatel>, in which cut out all tne decayed old ftemb, eafily diilinguilhed from the young, breaking or cutting them clean out to the bot- tom. At the fame^timc felcit a proper fupply of the Itrongell young Ihoots on each main ftool, three or four to five or fix at molt, ac- cording as tht7 may occur, and cut the reft clean away to the bottom, clearing out alfo all fmall ilraggling fuckers between the main llools, and let each of the retained (hoots be pruned at top, cutting off the weak bending part ; after which, if the (hoots are weakly, and ftraggUng much afunder, they may be tied or plaited together, to preferve them in an upright growth Then, when pruned as above, clearing away the cuttings of the llioots. Sec. dig the ground between the rows of plants, and let all Ilraggling ("uckers remaining between the main ftools be eradicated clean out by the roots. After thii, the principal care is to hoe them clean from weeds in Summer, as before fug- geiled, and to clear away (Iraggiing fuckers between the m?.in ftools, th.it the free air and fun may be admitted fully, to promote the growth and ripening of the fruit in good per- fedlion. If any are planted againft walls, or^ in an efpalier order, give the requifite pruniog as abpye, in Winter, to, cut out the old ilems, retaining tgS PRt-'iT Garden displayed. retaining feveral rtrongeil youag ones on each Itooi, cutting away the others, and the re- tained fhoots trained to the wall and efpalier, or to liakes, horizontally, and they will thus generally produce earlier and larger fruit. The fruit in general ripens in July and Auguit ; and the twice-bearing fort produces alfo a moderate crop again in Septcn^ber : :ind all of which ihouid be gathered for prc- fent ufe according as wanted, as after they ;ire fully ripe, they will not keep above a day cr two before they mould, become maggotty, and fpoiJ. GOOSEBERRY. QO O S E E E R RJ E S are very ufeful family fruit,, both in their young green ftate, for pifSj tarts, puddings, fauce, &c. alfo to pre- fierve by bottling up for long keeping; and in their mature ripe growth are \ery agreeable to eat : Ih that ?he trees or bufl^es ihould he admitted plentifully in every garden, gene- rally planted either in arow, round the borders or the main quarters of the kitchen-garden, or fome in crofs rowo ; and in large grounds are occafionaJIy planted in continued planta- tions, to procure more confiderable fuppiies of fruity efpecia-Uy for market : and in all of which tuey feldom fail of furnifeing la ge crops of fruit annually, for ufe in their green ^ate in April, May, and June, and ripe in J One, July, and Augufl, in the different va- rieties. FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 297 rieties, confifting of the following principal forts : Early fmall Red Karly fmall Black Early Green Large fmooth Green Large hairy Green Hairy Red Large round Red Long hairy Red Large fmooth Red Scarlet Red Champaign Large white Dutch Large Amber Long Yellow Round Yellow Cryilal White RombuUion Ironmonger Goofe- berry Hunt's Goofeberry Green-gage Goofe- - berry Red-rafpberry Goofe- berry Warrington Red Damfon Goofeberry Green Dorrington Goliah x^dmirable Hertfordfhire Red • Lancafhire Farmer Cherry- berry. With many other varieties of Reds, Green Sj &c. The above being the principal kinds of Goofeberries, there are many other inter- mediate varieties, which of late years have been raifed from feed, efpecially of the reds and greens ; and in all of which the trees err bufhes are very hardy to grow in any common foil and fituation ; are mod commonly trained ih ftandard bufhes, either branchy from the bottom, or v/ith low ftems, fix to twelve o-r fifteen inches, then branching out at that height into full heads ; and in which are ge- nerally 298 FRUIT GARDEN DISPIAYEB. nerally planted In the kitchen-garden, fonie- times in a roxv round the boundary of the principal quarters or outward borders, others in crofs jrows to divide large quarters into fmaller compartments, twenty or thirty to forty or fifty feet wi^e ; and often in conti- nued plantations, in rows fix to eight or ten feet aiunder, by fix feet in the rows, as in the 1 numerous large market grounds round Lon- i don, where there are fometimes very confi-v derable plantations in that order of planting, to produce large fupplies of berrlca for tne markets. Likewife goofeberries are fome- times planted^in fmall portions againfl South wails, and trained in the wall-tree order, to furnifh earlier fruit, both to ufe green and Avhen r.pe. All the varieties of thefe buflies, or flirubs, bear their fruit both on the young wood of a year old, and on the feveral years old branches, generally upon fmall fpurs and fnags emitted along the fides thereof, the fame branches and fpurs continuing feveral years fruitful ; and if the branches are kept moderately thin, not cut down too niuch, and according as any grow diforderly or become of an unfruitful nature, or decay, they are pruned out, and young wood retained occafionally, as hereafter tsr plained, to lupply the places thereof, the trees may thus be continued long in good fruiifuJnefs, and wiil always produce fall crops of large fruit in proportion. < Young trees for planting may be obtained in good perfection, in moA of the public nur- fery- PRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 295 fery-grounds, raifed ro a proper growth for immeuiate bearing; g nerally choofmg fiicli as are of lome advanced growth, with tole- rably full heads to bear fome fruit the fame year, if early planted, and that will fooa commence full bearers. Or they may be expeditioufly raifed abun- dantly by cuttings and fuckers, &c. according to the following directions, and will com- mence bearing in two or three years. Gooieberries, in all the varieties, are eafi'y propagated and raifed by cuttings of the young Ihoots, and by fuckers from the root, by eiiher of which may encreafe any of the approved forts; and by feed to raifc new va- rieties, as by which they are exceedingly fportive in many different forts, in regard to colour and fize of the fruit ; and each fort fo obtained, or any forts approved, may be raifed and continued the fame by cuttings and fuckers, though it is contended that cuttings are preferable to fuckers, in fooncr com- mencing good bearers, and not fo apt to run to lucktrs as the lucker-raifed plants. How- ever, the difference is not very material, and good trt^es may be raifed by either method ; and cxs luckers of one, two, or three yqars growth may be planted, and being furnifhed within roo's, they at once form immediate plants, (•'■•metim°s furnilhed with a fmall head of br inches above. To raife them by cuttings, it may be per^ formed either in Autumn, about Odobcr, November, &c. or in February or March; and 300 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. and for which chufe the ftrongeft ftrait outfide fhoots of Inft Summer, cutting them ofF about ten or twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches long, as they may occur, and prune the weak flen- dertops; then plant them by dibble, cither in a fliady border, or where convenient, in rows twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches afun- der, inferting them one third, or not more than halfway into the ground; and in the follow- ing year, when they advance in fhoots above, trim off the lower growths, retaining a good upright top Ihoot to run up for a Hem, fix to twelve or fifteen inches, then may be topped to encourage branches above to form the head : though fome permit them to branch out in a buihy growth quite from the bottom ; but when the branches come out fo low, they en- cumber the ground immediately under them, are hurtful to the growth of under crops, and incommodious to dig, or perform other ne- cefTary culture in the ground, and I would therefore advife to train each with a clean fmgle Hem, at leaft fix or eight to ten or twelve inches, and in which the bulhes will have alfo a more regular appearance. By fuckers from the roots. — Thefe are ge- nerally produced plentifully in Summer, and which in Autumn, Winter, or Spring follow- ing, or when of two years growth, may be digged up with roots to each, taking thofe of the ftrongcll and llraitell fhoot, pruning any broken and hard woody part of the root, and fhorten the top to twelve, fifteen, or eighteen inches, according to their ftrengtb, and plant them FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. jQI them in nurfery rows fifteen or eighteen inches afunder; or fome llrong robuil fuckers, fur- nilhed with branchy tops, may be planted at once where they are to remain : and in all of which train each with a tingle fleai below, eight, ten, or twelve inches, or more, then branch out above to form the head. in the formation of their heads, give any neceffary affiitance in pruning out low ikag- gling fhoots, crofs-placed growths above, or other irregular produdions, and to reduce any cafuai long rambler equal to the general branches, all which generally permit to extend in their natural growth, without much ihort- ening, or none at all, except any fmgularly long, or very bending inclining ftioots ; or where the branches are too crcuded, thin them accordingly to five or nx inches diilance, and they will thus bear plentifully, and pro- duce large berries. Or fometimes old goofe berry bufhes having been permitted to advaifce with feveral Items from the root, each furnifned with a head of branches of one, two, or feveral years growth, they at the proper feafon. Autumn, Winter, or Spring, may be digged up, and divided into fo many diilind plants, with root* to each, and planted v. here fthey are required, and. will commeriCe immediate bearers theen- iuing feaum. To raife new varieties, fave feed from feme fineil thoroughly-ripe goofeberries, fow them in Autumn cr Spring in a bed of light earth,. and when a year old plant them cut in nuj fery D d rows. 302 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. rows, and train them as above ; they will bear the third year, when thofe of good pro- perties may be marked when the fruit is ripe, and then, at the proper feafon, tranfplanted where they are to remain. When defigned to plant goofeberries, the proper feafon is any time, in open weather, from October or November till March. Ge- nerally, a"? before obferved, when they arc to be procured from the nurferies, have, if pof- fible, fuch as are advanced with tolerable full heads, of a proper fize for hearing ; planting fome in a fingle row, along the boundary or borders round the main quarters of the kitchen ground, at five or fix to eight or ten feet di- Itance, or in large quarters plant fomc in crofs rows the fame diltance, to divide the gr-^und into fiualler compartments, twenty or thirty to forty or fifty feet wide, as formerly inti- mated ; and when large quantities of fruit .:re required for market, &c. they are planted in continued plantations in rows fix or eight to ten feet diilance, by £ve or fix feet in each row. A few trees may alfo be planted againft South and other walls, to have earlier and larger fruit, and on N ,Tth yvalls to ripen late in fucceliion ; and fSt which purpofcG the trees fhould be trained with branches cdvancinj rear the ground, and nailed to the wall in regular order, three to four or five inches afunder ; and in all of which will produce fruit in fuperior perfedion. Of FRUIT GARDEN' DISPLAYED. 505 Or fomc in itandards may alfo be trained in a fanned expanlion, cutting oft' the projeding branches and fhoots on two fides, to have the continuing branches range only two ways, not to overfprcad the adjacent ground ; and may either thus Hand detached, or trained to i^akes ; and in which order of training them, the branches being kept thin and regular, they will produce mod large and iine berries. After thev ^ire planted, they, in their ad- vancing and full growth, will require occ^- flonal pruning, principally every year in Winter, efpecially as thefe bufties generally produce many lateral fli ots in Summer, that crowd and confufe the heads, more particu- larly when the fhoots and branches have been much pruned or lliortened, whicli latter fhould therefore be but moderately performed, or not at all, except in particular inllances. However, with regard to the requifite pruning of thefe bufhes, in their advanced growth it will be necefiary, both in the young ihoots, and occafionally in the older branches,' and to be performed principally in Winter, any time from Otlober or November till March ; obferving, that where the lafl Sum- mer's fhoots are numeroufly produced in a croiided growth, on the general mother branches, cut out clofe moft of the fide late, rals thereof, leaving only feme incafual vacant parts below, or where they may fcem necef- fary,and generally a leading one to each mother branch; or where any principal branches, together with the prefent terminal leading- Dd 2 flioot. 304 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. fhoot, are advanced too confiderably in length beyond all the others, prune down the faid branch or branches, lefs or more, to feme lower young branch or good (hoot, to remain for a leader; and where the general branches are too crouded, thin them regularly five or , fix inches diftance, at leaft, at their extreme parts, catting out alfo cafual crofs-placed and low ftraggling growths, and reduce any long ramblers ; as likewife, when any old branches affume a worn-out ftate, or become of an un- fruitful nature, or decayed, prune them down, leaving I'ome advancing younger branch or ilrong fnoot to fupply the place, if required; and the general Oioots now retained, cither leave intire, or fhorten but moderately, or rather not at all, except where any leader, or other flioot, is fingulariy long, or of a crooked inclining growth, which may be fhortened accordingly: but, except ,in thefe inftances, it is more advifeable, agreeable to the above rules, to leave them moiily at their full length ; and tlms they will not run fo much to wood in Summer, crouding the trees and fruit, as is the cafe when the fhoots are gene- rally (hortened. Obferve alfo to eradicate root-fuckers, and prune up low lateral fhoots and branches; and always keep the general branches moderately thin and regular, and the middle of the trees fomev-zhat open. They will thus continue plentiful bearers, and the fruit will always be larger and fintr in proportion. Or FRUIT CAUDEN DISPLAYED. 30^ Or alfo, in Summer, when any trees are contufedly crouded with young Ihoots of the year, to ihade and darken the fruit, they may be pruned in a thinning order, to open the trees to admit the fun and air, to ripen the fruit with a good flavour. Though feme pecpl?, rcg.irdlefs of thefe trees, give tnem occafjonal pruning by clip- ping them with g?.rden Ihears, cutting them into clofe round heads ; hu: by this they grow croudedly fuii of young wood every Summer,"' &nd the fruit is always very fmall. If any are planted againlt walls, or in the cfpalier order, train the branches in a regular fanned expanfion, three or four to f.ve or fix inches afunder. «Prttne them in Summer and Winter from fuperiiuous and . fcre-right and other irregular Cioots, leaving feme well- placed in vacancies, or to fupply the place of worn-out branches, afiil generally a leading Ihoot to each principal branch, agreeable to the method explained in pruning the ilandard birfnes : and train the general branches modly ?it their full length, as far as room of walling, $£C. admits, and when advanced out of bounds, may be cut down lefs or more, ac- cording to the rules obferved in pruning the ilandard buCies aforefaid ; and according as any unfruitful branches and dead wood occur, cut them out in the general pruning, and re- tain young to fupply the vacancies. They will thus produce early and large fruit. The goofe berries, in their green and ripe ftate, aie prooer for ufe from April or May D d 3 till 306 FRUIT OARDEN DISPLAYtO. till Auguil. The young green berries will, in fome early trees againll 6outh vvaiis, be ki to gather in April, and in general lupplies lu May and June, — very uietul for pies, tans, and other culinary purpofes ; and in the be- ginning of June, when of lull growih, before they begin to ripen, a quantity may be ga- thered, and bottled up, the cork feiiied down clofc with wax or rofin, to ex-.lude the air, ' and placed in a cellar, or buried in the ground, will keep goud feveral months : and in their mature growth of ripenefs, are iu perfe(ftion, in the early and late forts, fr.'ni the middle of June till the end of Auguft; or iome late ripeners, if in the f u 1 fun, may be matted, to fhade them, and .thereby will con- tinue longer. CURRANT. /^URRANTS are very agreeable Summer fruit, ufeful principally in their ripe Itate, or occalionaily when green for tarts; but when ripe are good and wholefome, both to eat as defert fruu, and tor various culinary occafions, alfo to make currant wine, jelly, &c. and to prefervc : and black currant jelly is ufeful as a medicine ; and therefore the trees of the different var :et:ts ihould be ad- jnitted plentifully in gardens, but moll of the red and white, planted both as llandard bufhes round the qu:;ters of the kitchen gar- riep, a^d in Qro(s row^s or occafionally in continued FRUIT CARDEje DISPLATED. 307 continued plantations, as obferved for the goofeberrie.s ; likewife fome fineli: forts againil bouch and oiher walls, tor early and late fruit, which in the diiFerent forts ripen in June and July, and ma> be continued tiii Sepiembep. Confifi of the following fpccies and varieties.: Con^jnon Red Currant Large Red Brick-coloured White Dutch Currant Champaign Black Currant. Of all the abo^ forts of currants, the trees are very hardy, will grow and bear plentifully almoll any where, in open and fhady fitua- tions, and by which the fruit maybe obtained early and late, in two or three months iuc- ceiTion, from June tiil September, efpecially if fome of them, in July or Augull, are matted over to defend them from the fun, thofe fully expofed thereto, and from the birds. The general fupplies of ihefe trees are com- monly traint'd in fmall builiy llandards, very commonly branching out near the ground, or fometimes in feveral iiems quite from the Uot- tom ; though I would advife them to be trained principally each with a lingle flem from the beginning, fix or eight to ten or twelve inches, then to branch out above into regular heads ; or for walls, or to train in the efpalier order, they may branch out near the bofom. Thefe trees bear the fruit principally on the two or three and feveral years old wood, from fir.all fpurs and fnags fituated along the fides n 308 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. of the branches, which continue ma^iy years fruitful ; and that, according as any old bear- ers decline being fruitful, or affume a decay- ing ftate, they being pruned out, and young wood retained from bciovv to fupply their places, the fame bullies will continue long ia good bearing. All the forts may be raifed abundantly by fuckers from the roots, and cuttings of the young flioots, and will begin bearing in two or three years. Or young trees for plantftig may be had at all the public nurferies, raifed to a proper age and fize, with full heads, to commence im- mediate good bearers. To raife fupplies of thefe buflies, plant cuttings of the young fnoots, or young fuckers from the roots of one or two years old, or more, any time in open weather, from Oc- tober till March ; and that, with regard to the difference in raifing them by cuttings or fuckers, it may be obferved as faid of the goofeberries, the trees raifed from cuttings are thought not to run {o much to bottom fuckers as the fucker-raifed trees, and that they fooner bear ; but in either of thefe the difference is noc confiderable, and ftrong fucker plants, as being furnilhed with imme- diate roots, they at once form proper plants. However, to raife them by cuttings, take, the ftrong ftrait fhoots of laft Summer, cut about ten or twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches long ; plant them in rows twelve to eighteen inches afunder, each near half-way into FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAVED. 309 into the ground : they will emit roots below and flioots at top, in vSprlng and Summer. Generally prune up Ibme of the lower Ihoots, to form a clean ftem, fix or eight to ten or twelve inches, as before intimated, then to branch out at top to form a regular head : or for walls. Sec. they may branch out quite from the bottom. And in ail of which, when of two or three years growth, may be tranf- planted into the places where ihey are to con- tinue. Or by fuckers, ^ig up fome of the flrongeil bottom fhoots, of one or two years growth, with roots to each, and planted in rows as di- xefted for the cuttings, and trained in the fame manner; or fome, that are of ilrong growth, and furnifhed with top fhoots or branches for a head, may be planted at once where they are to remain, — the others tran im- planted in one or two years, when of feme advanced growth. Or anv currant bufhes having advanced with feverai ilems from the root, of two, three, or feverai years growth, and each ixeni fumifhed with a head of branches, they rr^ay be Hipped or divided clean to the bottoni, into fo inany feparate plane.-, with roots to each, and planted finally to remain ; and, as having fometimes good full heads, will com- mence immediate bearers, in the proper feafon. Planting of currants may be performed any time, in open weather, from October till Fe- bruary or March; vhen, if the ready-rai{ed trees 3IO FRUIT GARDEN DISPLATED. trees are to be procured from the nurferics, have them advanced with tolerably full heads, for immediate bearers; as alfo of home-raifed plants the fame. Generally have a good fup- ply of the llandard bullies planted in rows roi:nd the quarters, or outward borders there- of, in the kitchen garden, or foine in crofs rou'S, to divide large quarters, as obferved of the gooieberries ; and in both methods plant- ed five to fix, eight or ten feet afunder. Alfo, for large fupplies of fruit, are planted ia continued rows in full plantation, in rows fix to eight or ten feet afunder, by iive, fix or eight feet in each row. l.ikewife it is proper to plant a tolerable portion againll: walls, efpecially of the white and red currants, fome againll South expofurc for early production, and others may be oa Eail, Welt, and North walls, planted tea feet diitance, or in vacant fpaces between wail-trees ; and the branches nailed thereto,, four to five or fix inches diilance, moitiy at full length without fhortening, as far as room admits. Alfo fome may be trained in a fanned fpreading order, in the borders or divifions of the quarters, cutting away the branches oa two lidesj and the others to range only two ways, to the right and left, the way of the row ; either to grow detached in that order, or trained occafionally to Itakes at firft, in. the manner of eipaliers : and the branches thas will not overfpread the ground, and bein^ FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 3r| being kept thin and regular, they will bear in great perfedion. The currants planted in all the above me- thods, when advanced in full heads, Ihould generally have an annual pruning, efpecially as they generally produce numerous unnecef- fary crouding (hoots every Summer ; as alfo to regulate improper growths in the old branches: performing it principally in Win- ter for the general pruning, and occafionally in Summer in the young Ihoots, where they are confiderably crouded. The general pruning maybe performed any time from Oftober or November till March ; in which, in trees of fome advanced growth, that as numerous lateral Ihoots will have ad- vanced the preceding Summer on the main branches, they (hould be moflly now cut cut clofe; or fmall twiggy {hoots may be cut to (hags of an inch or two long, to remain for bearing, or the fmall ihort ones left intre for the fame occafion ; obferving generally to have occafional good ftioots below in any va- cant parts, or to fupply the place of improper old wood, and a leading (hoot to each main branch, either at the termination thereof, or if any branches are advanced confiderably longer than the red. they may be Ihortened down either to a young 0»oot or lower branch furniihed with a proper Ihooc for a leader ; and in the general branches, if any are too dole or ilUpJ iced, or of a decaying or un- frui'ful nature, cut them out, retaining young 10 fill the places where neceiiary, t4nd trim up low 312 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. low ftragglers, keeping the branches modeift; or if preferved from birds and the full fun, by matting fome trees of the late fruit, they will remain good till Sep- E s tember ; 1 314 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 1 tember ; and in the above feafons of ripening, let them generally acquire full maturity, and then gathered as wanted, they will feldom be too ripe. BERBERRY. pERBERRIES are in requefl in feme families to preferve and for candying, and occafionally as garnifh to dilhes when ierved to table ; and for which occafions a few of the trees are admitted in garden or orchard plan- tations, trained principally in fmall ftandards, which produce abundance ot fruit, confilHng of fmall red berries in loofe bunches, ripe in September andCdober, of an allringent talle, comprifing the two following varieties : Common Red Berberry, Stonelefs Red Berberry. Thefe are both varieties of one parent fpe- cies, and of which the iirft is the common fort, being furnilhed with fmall lion y feeds ; and the other, being an accidental variety thereof, is entirely without ftone, and for which peculiarity it is preferred to the former, for the ceconomical occafions of preferving, candying. Sec, though both the forts are oc-. cafionally ufed ; but as the trees of each are caiily raifed, and the fame method ctf culture io applicable to both, it is moll eligible to have principally the Itonelefs fort, as the ber- ries. FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 3I5 ric?, confifting wholly of pulp, without any Itone, are more flelhy and agreeable. In both the varieties, the trees are of a hardy nature, will fucceed in any common foil of a garden or orchard, &c. generally al- lotting them an open fituation. The trees are commonly raifed in fmall ftandards, with three, four, or five feet Hems, branching out above int6 full heads, produc- ing th? fruit at the fides of the young and feveral years branches ; and are planted in gardens or orchards in moderate fupplies, for family occafions, or as may be required, — planted in Autumn or Spring, at twenty or thirty feet dillance. The trees are raifed for fale in the nurferies, and where, if required, they may be obtained of a proper growth folr immediate bearing. Both the forts are propagated or raifed by fuckers, cuttings, layers, and occaJfionaliy by grafting; or the cdrnmon fort alfo by feed : but to raife the ilonelefs kind, it is eiFeded either by cuttings of the young fhoots, layers, or grafting, and likewife by fuckers from the roots of trees that are wholly of that fort, root and top : and all of which may be performed in the Spring; or the cuttings^ layers, fuckers, alfo in Autumn, in October, November, &c. or the feeds may likewife be fovved in thofe feafons ; and being planted in nurfery rows, train them each. with a fingie item, two or three to four or five feet, then to branch out and form heads. E e 2 Wheii 3l6 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. When defigned to plant thefe trees, cither procured from the nurleries or home-railed, generally have them of fome advanced growth, furnlfhed with tolerable heads of branches ; and miy be performed anytime in open wea- ther, from October or November till March or ripril, planting them the diitance before mentittned. In their general growth, permit them to branch out freely above ; give only oC'v;arional pruning, to cut or reform any irregular pro- d unions in the head, and to prune up low flrajr^^lers and lateral ihoots from the ftem. Sec. and eradicate root fuckers. The berberries ripen in September and Oc- tober, when they may be gathered as wanted for prefent ufe ; and as they will be wholly ripe in Odlober, fhould be all gathered, or as many as required, always gathering them in fhe bunches as they grow. W A L N U T. TX7 A L N U T S arc defircablc (hell-fruit of the nut-kind for Autumn eating : aifo in their green ilate, connfting of the outer coat and internal part together, before they frone or 'oecome hard internally, are in great elHma- tion for pickling, being proper to gather for that purpofe in July and beginning of Auguft; and for which occafions the trees defe.-ve cul- ture, mote or lefj, according to the extent of ground, but more efpecially in large orchard?, parks," FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 317 parks, hedge-rows, and any out-premifTes : and in which they are Jiifo very profitable in their produdion of nuts for fale. The nuts ripening in September and Odober, confilling of the following varieties : Earlv oval Walnut I Large Walnut Common ovalWalnut Large double Walnut Round Walnut | Tender fheliedWalnut The trees of all the varieties are of large lofty growth, with confiderable fpreading branches, all hardy to grow in any common foil and open fituution ; are always trained in full ftandards, and generally require to be of fome confiderable growth before they bear in any tolerable abundance; and when advanced with large full heads, they produce vail quan- tities of nuts in favourable feafons, bearing the fruit molUy on the young wood, towards the extreine parts of tlie branches, commonly two or three together in a bunch. The trees producing male and female flowers feparate, the former in Irnall loofe catkins, the latter in clofe-fitting buds, and in which the fruit is - produced as above, each inclofed in a large cater hufk, or green cover, and when this begins to open naturally, the nuts are In full maturity, and fall out of the huik ; though they are often gathered before that flate of full perfedlion, efpecially for the markets, while the green cover clcfely adheres ; but being laid in a heap a few days, the hulk fhrinks from the nut, and may readily be detached, Ji e 3 However, 3l8 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYEDi However, when permitted to remain qn the trees till they dilccver full ripenef^, are al- ways much better flavored, and will keep longer in good perfection. ' In gardens or orchard grounds, ^'c. of any tolerable extent, thefcr trees merit admittance in fmaller or larger portins ; or even m mo- fkrate premiilbs a tree of two may be admitted : but in extenfive grounds, in orchards, parks, Jl'C. as before ohferved, they are dcferving of culture in fome cbnfiderable quantity, both to furnifh the faniily with plentiful fupplies of nuts, and large quantities for fale to thole vvho cany them to the markets ; and the trees advanced to a large magnitude, the timber is valuable for many purpoles in joinery, cabir net-making, and fon^e other mechanic trades. Li,ke molt other trees, they will grow the moft thrivingly in good ground ; but they will alfo fucceed in any common foil and fitu- ation. They may be planned in any outward or inferior part of a garden, &c. an-d towards the boundaries of orchards, or in continued rows therein, diilind. from other fruit-trees of a more moderate growth; and in extenfive fituations in parks, fields, or any out-premiiTes, they may be introduced in fmgle, double, or continued rows of confiderable extent, or in ^ TOW along any out-boiindary, or in divifion.s of out-grounds. Sec. And in all of which planted not lefs than thirty to forty or fifty feet afunder, as they advance confiderably in lar^e fprouting heads. Young F-tlUlT <;ARPEN DISPLAYED. 319 Young trees for plan-ting may be had at moll of the nurferies, trained in ftandardj, advanced with full ftems five or fix feet, or more, and v/ith tolerably full heads.. They are propagated or raifcd both from the nuts, to raile any forts indifferently as they may occur, and by layers and grafting, to continue any particular varieties diftind. The nuts may either be fowed in Autumn, or preferved in land from the weather and vermin till February, then fowed in drills two inches deep ; and when the young feedling-trees are Dne or two years old, plant them in nurfery lines, and trained each with a fingle ftem five or fix feet or more, then to branch out to form the head, and when of fome advanced growth, then tranfplanted finally to remain : and lay- ers may be made in Autumn or Spring, of young fhoots produced near the ground fron^ proper ftools for that purpofe; they will be rooted in one year, to plant off into nurfery rows for training as ^bove : and grafting is performed in February or March, of the de- fired forts, upon feedling walnut-ftocks. And in all of whichj when the young trees are ad- vanced with proper feems and formed heads, they may be finally tranfplanted. Sometimes nuts, are planted at once in th? places where the trees produced therefrom ar.e 10 continue, thereby nqt have any check by removal. In the advancing or general growth of walnut-trees, they may generally branch ou,t ^bpve in their natural order, or may give ocr caiional 320 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. cafional pruning to regulate any cafual difor- derly growths in the head, or ro reduce rambling branches extending coniiderabiy beyond all the lelt, and to prune up low ibagglers ; and, except in ihefe ini^ances, permit them to advance freely above, accord- ing to their natural order, branching out re- gularly all round in large fpreading heads. Walnuts, in the early forts, ripen in tole- rable perfedion to begin gathering towards the middle of September, the other in the latter end of that month and begmning of Odtober, and may be gathered for prefenc ufe as wanted ; and when fully ripe, gather the whole, and houfed for keeping. When they are required green for pickling, they are generally of proper growth the mid- dle or latter end of July and beginning of Auguil, while the internal part remains tender and flelliy, before they begin to Hone or fhell of a hard fubdance, eafily known by thrufting a pin or needle in ; and, for this occafion, they are gathered whole, the outer green cover and inner part together, generally gathering them by hand, and fuch as are as clear from fpots as pofiible. The ripe walnuts difcover full growth when the outer hufk begins to fplit, leady to dif- charge the nuts, or when the faid hufks will readily detach from the fbell. They, on mo- derate trees, may be gathered by hand ; but in thofe of large extended branches, as the frqit grows generally near the extremities, the nuts FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. 32I nuts are commonly threfhed, or beaten down with long poles. When they are gathered, clear the nuts from the outer green hufks ; or if thefe at firft adhere clofely to the iheli, lay them together in an heap for»a few days, they will then rea- dilv detach. Wipe the nuts clean, and houfe them in a dry apartment, and covered clofe with ftraw to exclude the air ; or lay feme in. dry fand, that they may keep longer in good conuition for eating. C H E S N U T. QHESNUTS are fometimes admitted in fruit-tree collections, in cxtenfive grounds, ieldom in fmall gardens, or thofe of moderate compafs, efpeciaJly as the trees are of conli- derable fpreading growth, and long before they bear any tolerable quantity, and as the frait does not always ripen in this country in full perleiftion in fize and flavour ; nowever, as in favourable ie.-:fons they fomecimes ac- quire toleraS^'" maturity, fome trees thereof may be introuuced in large orchards, parks, &c. Hud of wh^ch there is only one principal variety proper for culture, 'viz. Cultivated, or Spanifh Chefnut. This tree grows to a lofty ftature and large aagnitude, with a confiderable fpreading head 3^2 FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYED. head adorned with large beautiful fpear-fhape foliage; is always raifed in fail ftandards, and produces the nutr in large prickly cpps, two to thrcv or four in each, ripening in bfp- tember, when the outer capfnic opens in four divifions to difcharge the nuts, J^hich in warm dry Autumns fonveciraes attain tolerable per- fection, though raiely in equul goodnefs, either in fize or flavor, to tho/e annually im- ported from Spain «md Italy - ; Trees of this fort are raifed plentifully in all the nurferies, where they may be obtained for planting, either in young or of fome con- siderably . advanced growth, with full ftems and moaerate branchy heads. They are raifed both from the nuts, asdi- rcfted for the walnuts, and al fo the improved fort by layers and grafting; and :n all of •which train each with a clean fmgle Hem, £ve or fix feet or more, then branch out above to form the head. Thefe trees may be planted in the borders ©f orchards, or in any capacious fpaces in parks, and to form fpacious avenues, walks, &c. or planted in a row along an out-boundary or where convenient, in fmailer or larger por- tions, as may .be thought eligible, or as re- quired, planting them thirty or forty, to fifty feet afunder. In their growth, permit them to branch out moflly in their natural order. They wilb require but very little culture, or only to prune occafionaily any cafual irregular branches FRUIT GARDEN DISPLAYEI>. 323 brancl^es of the head, &c. asobferved of wal- nuts and other llandard fruit-tree?, when it may appear necefiliry. The chefnuts ripcti in September, difcover- ing maturity when the outer Chpl'ule begins to open for the 4ifcharge of the luits ; then may be gathered, cleared out. of the hufks, and thofe defjgned for keeping Ihould be houfed, and covered clofe from the external air and damps, &c. ELDER. BERRIES. TgLDER-BERRiEs are efteemed only for their juice, with which to make elder-wine, a very agreeable cordial beverage for Winter, Sec. and for which the trees are admitted in out-premifles in llandards, and to grow up in rough hedges, often planted along the fides or tops of banks and ditches, or boundaries of orchards, and in hedge-rows, &c. produc* ing ripe berries in ^September, in larg;e um^ bellate bunches, confiltmg of onlyone varietj, commonly ufed for the above purpofe, viz. Black Elder^Berry. The elder-tree is very hardy, will grow any where in open or fhady places, and for its prodiLvdion of berries tor making elder-wine, as above fuggefied, it merits culture in any outward premiiies, either a few trees in ftand- ards. 324 FRUIT GARDE K DISPLAY KB. ards, or in hedges, to grow up rou^h ia natural order above ; and in all which will furniih plentiful cjops of berries, produced towards the ends of the younger branches in large bunches, ripe for gathering in Scp> tember. It is raifed by cuttings of the young wood, and by feeds. Thefe trees may be planted in any waile or out-grounds, or in hedge-rows, or on the fides of ditches and banks, on the boundaries of gardens, orchards, fields, or by fides of water, &c. or where convenient, as they will thrive in fituations not fo eligible for other kinds of fruit-trees; and if in outward ex- pofed places, the fruit is not fo liable to be pilfered as moll other forts. Li kewife where planted in hedges, in particular diilrifts, it will both ferve as a fence, and produce abun- dant crops of berries. They ra^iy be planted both in ready-raifed trees of young growth, in flandards, fifteen i}r twenty feet diilance, and in hedges one ^oot afunder, to grow up clofe for a fence ; or for both of which, cuttings of the young ilioots may be planted in the Spring, in the places where they are deiigned to re- main. 1 o raife elder-trees by cuttings, perform it principally in the Spring. Chule ihe llrong young fhoos of lalt bummer, cut into lengths of half a yard to a yard long, or more, and may be planted either where they are to rer main. FRUIT GARDEN DIS'P LAY ED. 32^ main, or in a nurfery for a year: inferting tnciti-near a foQt inter-' thft ground^ they_Bdtt- readiiv emit roots below, and fhoot llrongly at top. Thofe defigncd for ftandards ^ould be planted in any fituations above-mentioned, ten to fifteen or twenty feet afunder, nnd^ trained each with a hnglc (rem, three to four or five feet high, thcJi to branch out above to form fpreading heads, and advance nearly in their natural order. ' And to plant them in the Redge order, the cuttings may be inierted into the fides or tops of banks or ditches. Sec. a foor ^lfunder, and perntitted' to bra^ich out from the bottcm ; cut in on the fides, it required to have the hedge thick and fomewhat regular below ; and may run up at icp in -ull growth, to pro- duce large crops of berries. The trees may alio be ra^fe3 frbnf f^'ed'df thd berries, ffjwe'a in Autuiiin or Spring, iit' a bed or border, for planting out when ori^' or two years old, iii the fcafons above iVs'elV tioried, in a nUrfe/y, to traia for lin'AJ Cfah'fi'' planting. ■ ., . „ . ". * . The beVrles"fip6h tfie ihiSSU or I itteP ^{i^- of September, to gather for irftmediaie uf6';j in which the beVrics are itrip^ed c'J the' buiiches, and the juice thereof ex-preffed ; then is prepared to a proper qualify, boiled, fcuiriified, afferwafds is worked off with 2.^ Jtftle'yeall, and then tuhned' o^'lJafreUeU up" for ufe, as waujf^d*.''" ■ ' ''' F f T H 2 [ 326 ] T H B KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, WITH T H S Defcriptiou and Culture o F T H fi Various Esculent Plants, AS a kitchen garden is certainly mofl defirably uleful and profitable in iu numerous annual produftions both of herba- ceous vegetables, for the fupply of a family and market, and to admit of the cuhivation ©f fruit trees, producing good crops of fi uii^ in the beft perfection on wall trees, efpaliers'/ and ftandards, it is of importance to affign an eligible portion of the moll fertile ground the' premifTes afford for that purpofe, arid in di- menfions from a quarter of an acre, or even half that, or lefs, as the fituation admits, or the fupplies req uired in a family, to half an acre, or one, tw©,. or more acres, according to the' coflfump-" I KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 327 confuinptions of herbage roots, fruits, &c. in fmall, middling, and large families, or for public fupply; having the ground, if pofli- ble, of the bed quality, of a moderately lighti(h pliable niellow nature. One full fpade, or two fpades deep in good fertile earth, in a fituation open to the free air, and full fun as much as poffible, and not too low and wet at any feafon, the foil either of a blackifh, brown, or hazelly colour; or a moderately ^ight loamy kind, or fat fandy loam is very defirable, and eligible for the growth of mofl plants and trees. , Either allot a neceiTary portion of ground 'wholly for the kitchen garden, where there i's fufficient fcope and choice of foil and fitua- tion, or if limited, may have the kitchen ground, fruit plantations and flower compart- ments all in one, affigning the larger main quarters for the produtlion of herbaceous ef- culents, and in the outward borders have wall trees, and efpaliers; with fome fland- ards in the internal divifions ; and the bor- ders next the main walks for flowers. The ground fnould be enclofed with a wall paling or hedge, both for fecurity, and the' advantage of Ihtiher, and to aiford an oppor- tunity of having warm borders for early crops and Winter Handing young plants, as well as to furnifli fhady borders for particular fmall plants in Summer; but a wall or clofe paling, ienccy is alfo of great additional advantage for the convenience of having wall trees. F f 2 Having ^2^ KIT.CHjEN GA^P^N DISPLAYED. • Haying, the ground ei>cl,oied, it iTjoiild b« .digged or trenched one or two ipades deep, -^ arid v^;vi4ed into compartments ; a border fof/Ticd' next tl;r xvall, or oilier outward fence, four to fix, eighth or ten feet vide, a walk next to that of proportionable width, then a four, five, or fi.x feei wide border, and within this, have the main or principal large quar- ters for the general crops, pr in largo grounds, or :.5. may be required, a walk may be extended along the middle with a border alfo on each fice ; the iiiternal quarters may be divided in larger crfmaller compartments, beds, &:c. fu it able to ihe losing ^nd y, .ant'.-.g crie.leveral crops; and where there are wail.- i>r paiing feac*'s,'&c. the borders under them may be' planted with the choiceft kinds ofwailfruit,at fifteen to eighteen, or twenty feet diftance : and in the border.s -which immediately i'urrAund the main quar- ters, and next the walks, may plant a range of ea"paliei fruit trees, four to five, or fi;c feet or rnore from the outer edge, and fifteen to twenty feet diflance in the row; alfo in the interior quarters have fome ftandard fruit trees arranged thinly not to overfpread the ground, or net nearer than twenty-five, or tiiirty to fcrty feet afundcr, as likewife fome goofe- berry and currant bulhes fhould never be omitted, planted either in a fingie range round the internal large quarters fix or eight feet apart, or fome in crofs rows to divide the ground into compartments of twenty to thirty or forty feet wide ; alfo cccafional^y in con- jtinued plantationi ; aijd have alfo plantations of KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 329 of raipberries, in the above order, or in con- tinued rows, four feet and a half diftance by three feet in the rows. — See the Fruit Qardm, The fowing and planting the various crops of kitchen vegetables is performed in Spring, in February, March, and April, for the principal fupplief, and from that time, many fortj are alfo fowcd and planted every month all Summer, till September or O£lober, in fmaller portions for fuccefTional crops ; and fome in Autumn to ftand the Winter; and for earlieil crops, fever^il forts are fowed and planted in hot-beds : all as explained under the difierent articles. The kitchen ground will require digging, or trenching every year in Vv^inter and Spring, and other times for every fre(h crop, efpeci- ally all vacant fpaces, and for fowing feed; but fometimes planting may be performed between other crops without digging; like- wife the ground will require occafional ma- nuring every two or three years with rotten, or any other good dung that can be obtained, and this digged or trenched in only about a fpade deep, within eafy reach of the roots of the plants ; obferving generally in digging, or trenching in Winter, and early in bpring, &c. when not to be immediately fowed or planted, it is advifeable to lay the ground Up roughly in ridges for the foil to pulverize and improve by the weather; then is eafily and expeditioufly levelled down for the reception of feeds and plants, and which alfo is a fur- jher improvement to the ground, f f 3 i"* 330 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. In a kitchen garden, where forward crops are required, it is proper to have garden frames and lights, fome of one or two lights for fmall railing frames, and the principal fupply are generally three-light frames ; hav- ing alio hand glalles in fquares or bells, for early cauliflowers, and other purpofes, with garden mats for covering the frames, &c. of cold nights, and bad «veather, and for (hade in Summer. And of Spades, rakes, hoes, fhould have two or three different fizes, large, middling, and fmall for different occafions ; a? alfo dibbles, garden lines, trowels, efpecially a fcooped one, with dung fork, afparagus fork, and potatoe fork. Sec. alio wheel barrows, bafkets, watering-pots, large and fmall fizes, fieve for fifting earth, and one or two com- mon and pruning knives, nailing hammers, hatchet, hand-bill, kc. As the kitchen garden plants confirt: of annuals, biennials, and perennials, it will be neceflary juft to mention that the annual plants are fuch as continue but one year at moft, fome but a few months or weeks, and require always to be raifed from feed every year in Spring, and fome in feveral crops, fowed every month in Spring and Summer ji. biennial or two-year plants are fuch as remain only till the fecond year after fowing, then run to feed, and become ufelefs ; requiring to be always raifed from feed every year, in Spring, Summer, &c. and perennial plants are fuch as are of feveral years continuance by KITCIIFN GARBEN DISPLAYED. 33I by the root, and produce annual crops, ac- cording to their dilferent kinds, all of which is particularly explained under the refpetlive heads of the various plants, and difplaying alfo the feveral varieties of each, and their ge- neral ufes, and proper culture, in the follow- ing order, alphabetically. ASPARAGUS. Dutch Asparagus Battersea Asparagus . Gravesend Asparagus Large Reading Asparagus Thefe are all one forty not differing in their gronvth, only are raifed in greater perfeSlion in regard to Jize of the JhootSy in different places, as abo-ve, ASPARAGUS is a hardy perennial- rooted plant, always railed from (tedi fowed in the Spring, for plandng out in the Spring following, when £ year old, in four feet and half wide beds, a foot apart, and ia three years after, will produce buds of proper fize for gathering, and the fame roots con- tinue of feveral years duration, producing a crop of fhoots annually in May, and June, &c. and in Winter, by planting in hot-beds* The plants being always raifed from feed. Cow it in March, or beginning of April, in a bed of rich earth, brqad-caft and rake it ia evenly. 55? KITCHEN GAJIDPN DISPLAYSB. e\-er!y. The plants will foon com? up ; Jiceep them clean from weeds all Summer ; and next Spring, wlien one year old, tranf. plant them where they are to remain ; but not to be older thitn the fecond Spring before they arc planted. For planting afparagus, allot an open fitu- ation cf good ground, very well dunged, fe- veral inches thick, and dig it in regularly a fpade deep, then lay the ground out in four feet and half wide beds, with two foot alleys between, and to plant four rows of plants in each bed, a foot afund^r. The proper feafon for planting is March, and beginning of April, when the plants, confiili ng only of roois of many long f^efhy fibres connedled inic a head at ^iOp, fnouid be fork-digged up with full roots ; then for plant- ing, flretch a line lengthways, the firft bed nine inches from the edge, and with a fpade cut out a fmall trench or drill fix inches deep, taming the e:;i th to one fide, plant a row of roots along the trench, ciofe to ihe line fide, uprightifh, nine to twelve inches apart, with jhe crowns a little below the fnrface, drawing fome earth to thtm as placed, and one row planted, cover them in, ciiher with the earth in opening the next trench, or rake the enrth of the firll over them an equal depth ; proceeding then tr> open another trench a foot from the frll:, plant it as abovp; and in the fame manner plant four rows in each bed a foot dillance, and rake the beds even, and line out the edges in neat order, allowing two feet for alleys. Thift KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 333 This firft year, as foon as the asparagus is plunted, a thin crop of onions may be Towed on the beds, before they are raked ; then rake in the feed. Both crops will advance at the fame time, without impeding the growth of one another. The afparagus will come up flender the firit year, larger the fecond, permitting the whole in both years to run up to llalks all Summer ; the third year fome will probably be large enough to begin gathering, but gener KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. Spring forcing, when more mild warm wea- ther, give more air in proiportion, or fome- times, in a fine fun-lhining day, take the glafles entirely off for a few hours. Give alfo cccaiional gentle waterings. Obferve, if the bed, in a fortnight or three weeks, begins to decline confiderably in heat, renew it by applying a lining of hot dung to the fides, eighteen inches wide, railing it by degrees as high as the dung of the bed. in a month or five weeks after making ani planiing the bi^d, it will begin to produce Jhoots ibr gathering in conliderable abun- dance, according to the thick or clofely-placed depofit of the numerous roots ; and when the Ihoots or buds are advanced above the earth, two to three or four inches, they are of proper growth forgathering; in which obferve, that, as they will come up very thickly all over the bed, and numerous buds advancing below the lurface, in different llages of growth, perform the gatherings principally by breaking them off to the bottom, rot cutring ; thruftir.g your linger and thumb ftrait down into the eartii clofe by each fhoot, giving a gentle twift, they will readily break off clofe to the root, without injuring the buds that are advancing below in regular fuccelFion, which will furjiifii a fupply for gathering two or three times a week, for a fortnight, in good perfeftion, and about a week longer in an inferior degree in quantity and fize ; then v/iil generally decline production, -except in a few fmall itragglers net KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, ^'^(^ not worth obfervation, and the plants then become ufelefs for any future occafion. That, as the fame hot- bed will continue only about two or three weeks in produdlion, ifaconltant regular fuccelfion is required, a new hot-bed lliould be made every three weeks or a m6nth at farthell, and planted with a fupply of entire frelh plants, as thofe which have been once forced produce no more* ARTICHOKE. Globe Artichoke (largeil reddilTi heads) Oval, orGnEEN French Artichoke. ^RTICHOKES are hardy perennial plants, raifed by young fucker- fhoots from the root, continue feveral years, and produce their heads for ufe in July, AugulV, till Odlober or November. The globe arti- choke is preferable to plant for the main crop. They are propagated or raifed by fuckers or young fhoots rifing in the Spring, from the roots of old plants, proper to flip therefrom in March and April, when from five or fix, to eight or ten inches high. Slipping them oiF clofe to the root, pull away fome of the under, and any decayed or bruifed leaves, prune the long tops of thofe remaining, and pare the bottom of the root; then, having an open compartment of good ground, welj dunged and digged, plant the fets by dibble, G g 2 in 34^ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED in rows four feet a^id a Ijialf afunder, and tw© or three apari: in each row, and give water if dry v/eathcr. All Spring and Sammer keep them clear from weeds, by hoeing the ground, which is all they require, till November, &c. then to have a V/inter drefling, by digging between aixd landing up over the roots, and a :>piin^ dre{- iing in iVIarch or April, to dig the ground level, and regulate the young fhoots, — as hereafter explained. They will produce fc^me heads the fame year, in Augull, September, and Odober ; -Kext year they will head fooner ; and by planting feme every year or two, the old and new plantations together furnilh a produ6lion of heads from July and Auguft till Novem- ber : obferving in their production, th3t, as beficies the main top head, ft-veral fnaalJer arHe in fucD^irion frpm the fides of the ilems, and if required, to encourage the principal head t« attain the largell fize, moli of thefe lateral one5, or iide-furkers, ihould be detached in their young growth ; which are alfo ufeful in the kitchen, and are faleable in the marl^ets. In iVovembsr or December, before the froU fets in, cue down the large leaves to the fmall central ones; then dig the ground between and along eacji row, raifing it gradually from both ildes ridge-ways over the roots, and clofc about the plants, to defend them more effec- tually from the rigours of fever e froft. Like- viife, in very fevere v.eather, cover withloag litter round each plant. KITCHEK 6.AR.DEN DISPLAYED. 34I And in the Spring, March or April, when the young Ihoots are advanced fcveral inches ingrow<'th, dig the ground level, loofening it clear to the crown of tjie roots ; and, where feveral fhoots arife from the fame Hock, flip off the weakell, leaving three of the llrongell outward fuckers, and level in the ground batween the plants. Thofe flipped otF, (erve for young plants for new plantations, where required. ARTiCHOKE (Jerusalem). See Jerufaletn At:tichoke» ALEXANDERS. A LEX ANDERS jve bienmal, or two years plants, fomewhat refeinbling celery, raifed every year from feed, in Spring and Autumn, and when of advanced growth are earthed up to blanch them for ufe, in fallads, foups, &c. Sow a crop in March and April, either in. 8 bed, broad-cail and rake in the feed, and the plants tranfplanted in rows two feet apart ; pr (owed in drills that diflance, to remain ; pnd when the plants are well advanced in growth, earth them up with an hoe or fpade, feveral inches on each fide, and when thereby blanched white and tender, are proper for ufe in Summer and Autumn, &c. Sow more about Auguft, to ftand the Win- ter, for Spring and early Summer fupply, 5> ^ g ,3 '^^ 342 KITCHEN GAR.DEN DISPLAYED. The plants ripen feed in Autumn, then die ; fo lave fome feed to ibw every year. ANGELICA. A N G E L I C A is a large biennial aromatic pl^nt, railed always from feed for tranf- planting. Its young green tender ilalks, in May, are in fome families ufed for candying, 1 he plants delight in moilt fituations ; but will grow in almolt any foil and expofure. ' So\y the feed in February or March, or in Autunm, about Augult,JtG come up earlier and Urong the following Spring ; fowing the feed in a bed or border, thinly, and raked in : and when the plants are three to four or five irrhes high, in Summer, tranfplant them a a root and a half or two feet apart, as tliey require a good fcope of room for their large growth. '1 he fecond year they will fhoot wiih Itrong tail ftems, which, and the llalks of tlie leaves, are occafionally uf^■d for can- dying to make angelica fweet-meat, they Ihould be cut when young and green in May or beginning of June. '1 he remaining llalks produce large umbels of leed, ripeniiig in Autumn, which, and the Icavci, &c. are ufed for medicine. BALM. r> ALM is a perennial plant, raifeci by flips of or parting the roots. The le::ves and young tops are the ufefuiparts, ufed principally KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 343 as a fiimily medicine for balm-tea, both when, green, and when dried. The plants are eafily raif^d plentifully by iideofT-fets, or by dividing the roots in Spring or Autumn ; or flips of the young Spring (hoots taken oif with roots, in March or April, and may all be planted in any beds or borders of common earth, a foot apart. They will foon grow freely, and encreafe into large bunches, and produce green leaves for ufe mo.'^ part of the year, but in fall growth in Spring and Summer, from April till Au- g'jft or September: obfervlng in Summer, when the plants (hoot up to (lalks, it is proper, in June or July, to gather a quantity to dry for Winter, cutting the It.ilks, with the leaves thereon, clofe to or near the bottom ; fpread in a (liady place to dry at leifure, then tied in bunches and houfed. The fame plants continue feveral years by the roots. Keep them clean from weeds all Summer; dig between them in Autumn or Sprine^, with a fmall fpade or trowel ; they will produce plentiful fupplies of leaves and ffioots annually, Whereyoung balm is required all Summer, cut down fome every month, and frefh (hoots will fucceed them from the bottom. BASIL. Large Basil (feveral varieties) Least, or Bush-Basil (feveral varieties) ■p O T H thofe fpecies of Bafil are tender annual plants, aromatic, pot, and fallad herbs, and ior medicine j all raifed from feed in 344 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. in the Spring for ufean that feafon. Summer^ and Autumn, the leaves and young tops arc the AJletuJ pi^rts. They are raifed by fo^ving the feed in March and April in a modcraie hot-bed, the euriiell fowing, the others may be in a warna border of light dry rich earth, the middle of April and in May ; both, fome to remain where fowed to gather young ; and the r.-ft traniplanted in M-^y and June into beds of rich earth a foot or fifteen inches apart ; and watered; they will advance in growth proper to gather for uie, as wanted in Summer and AuLumn. As the plants laft but one Summer, always five fame feed when it ripens in Autumn, or procuie fome fur fowing every Spring. BEANS. E.trly fmall Mazagan Early fmall Lilbon Early fmall Spiinilli Eirly Long-pod Common Long-pod Sword Long- pod Broad Spanilh White BlolTom Green Nonpareil Mumlbrd Windfor Broad Bean Toker Broad Bean Sandwiv.h Broad Beaiv Dwarf Cluitcr p Ji A N S are all annual plants, raifed every year from feed, (the beans,) planted in feveral crops from Otlober or November, every month till June or July, for early, ge- neral, aud Ute produi^ion, \Qiy profitable KITCHEN GAR.B-IN DIS-PLAYIB. 345 crops for family fupply, and market, in )unc, July, Augurt, and September. Of the different kinds, the early fmall forts are efteeraed for their early prodi(-R00TED) Common Long Red-rooted 'TuRNTP-RooTED, (Root roundiSi oIk long) Mangel-wurzel or German Bfifer n^ H E Red Beets, valued fdr their larg^ red roots, are biennial plants, raifcd every year from feed in the Spring, remaia where fowed, and thinned ten or twelve inches dift^nce, attain full growth for ufe ioL Autumn, all Vv inter, and following Spring. They being raiied from Teed every year, is \ ibwed the latter-end of February, or any tim3 in March, or beginning of April at * iatcft, I KlTCH'EN GfARDEN DISJ»LAYET>. 34out fome from the feed beds, and prick thena in pthers in an open fituation, four inches diftance, and watered ; and in which to have four cr five weeks growtn, when, and »^hofe in the feed beds beinc^ thinned, they will ail be of good llrength fur nnal tranfplanting, which perform at dilFerent times, from May, cr June, till Augult, or September, taking opportunity of ram, and allotting them aa open compartment of ground ; tranfplant them two feet and a half, or a yard afunder, the iirit planting in Summer, the others ia July and Augull, two feet and a half to two feet will be fufficient, and the late crop planted in September to (land till Spring, a foot and a half, or two feet at moil is room enough ; obferving, if dry weather, to water them occafioaally till they take root, and begin to grow. in their advancing growth, the only culture they require is, to hoe the ground, to cut down approaching weeds, and to hoe fomc earth round the bottom of the ftems'of the borecole once or twice, to encourage and ilren^then their growth that they may ad- H h 3 vaiic# 554 KITCH^^^ garden di?playeo. \'ance with Ihong tall ftems produftive of laige top heads, and a plentiful after fupply of lide fprouts in the Spring. The forward rrop of the Summer planting will produce heads of large fize for cutting in September, and Oclober, the ethers in Win- ter, and Spring following. To fave feed, leave fome beft forts in Fe|)ruary, or taken up in Autumn, or Win- ter, and trenched down to their tops ; they U'ill Ihoot to ftalks, and produce feed in Autumn. B O R A G E. Common Officinal Borage. TDORAGE is a hardy annual plant, raifed every year from feed, fovved in Spring, and Autumn, to remain where fowed and thinned ; and comes in for ufe moll times of the year, the young leaves and tops for fal- lads and culinary purpofes, and the flowers and young tops to put in wine cool-tankards in Summer, and Autumn. The plants are always raifed from feed, fowed in any bed, border, or open fituation, in March or April, for Summer fupply, and in any of the Summer months for young Autumn borage, as the early plants foon run to Haiks, and feed the fame year; and fow fome in Auguft to ftand in a young growth for Winter, and early Spiing ufe, fowing the feed either broad-caf^, and raked in, x)r in fmail KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED'. 35^ fmall drills nx inches to a foot afunder, and when the plants are up an inch or two in growth, tliin them that diftance, or fome left clofer to thin out young for ufe ; or a quantity in young growth may be tranfplant- ed a foot apart, in Spring and Summer, leaving in either method a parcel for Ihoocing up to Italics, in which they will alfo produce fuccellional fuppiies of young tops, leaves, and flowers, in Summer and Autumn, till November. Save feed ripening in Autumn, for fowing the following year, or from fcattered or felf- fowed feeds of the run plants^ many young ones will rife naturally. BROCCOLI. Early Purple Headed Large Purple Dwarf Purple Branching Green Brown White, or Cauliflower Broccoli (heads limilar to a CauliRower) ALL the varieties of Broccoli are annual, or at moll biennial plants, raifed every year from feed in Spring and Summer, for tranfplanting in Summer and Antumn, pro- ducing central heads for ufe, in Autumn, Winter, and Spring j are all of the cabbag© ' ^' • family. 35^ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYES. family, not cabbaging, but in the center of the head of" leaves produces a comp«£t cluftery feedy-like head in the manner of a cauli- flower, compofed of the advancing flower flalks and buds, that boils moil excellently tender, fweet, and good. The broccoli are defirable plants to culti- vate for a principal crop; all the forts are good, and may be eafily raifed in every kit- chen garden ; the ieafon of their perfeftion is October, November, and December, See. for the Autumn and Winter crop ; but rather fuperior in fize, in Spring, from February till May. They are all raifed from feed, fowed every year in March, April, and May; but prin- cipally the two laft mentioned months for the main crops ; or may few a'fmaller portion in March for an early Autumn crop, heading in September, &c,. a larger fovving in April for the principal Autumn crop, in O(^ober and No- vember ; and fow a good crop in May to head in Winter, and for the main Spring produc- tion ; and may alfo fow in the beginning of June, to come in for late Spring broccoli ; all for tranfplanting three, to two feet and a half, and two feet afunder, in rich good ground. Sow the feed of each fort feparate, in an open compartment of rich ground, in four feet wide beds, broad- call, and rake it in evenly. When the plants are up, having leaves an inch, or inch and half broad, thin out a c^uantity from the feed bed, prick them in other KITCHEI^ GARDEN DISPL,A-V-f B^, 55^ ^;her beds four inches apart, and watered^ remaining in thcfc beds a month to gaini good Itrongth for final tranipianting, and thoTe in th« feed beds being thinned by pricking out th^ above, will alfo attain proper ftrengih io| planting out where they are to rem,ain. . ,,.f,i Accordinor as the plants of the difFereivf fowings attain proper fize and ftrength, hay- ing feveral leaves, two or three inches broad, or more ; proceed to plant them out finally at different times, from May, or J.i^ne^. til| September; but plant the principal crops ii| June, July, and Auguft, allow thpm ai^ open compartment of the beft ground, an4 enriched with dang, as in a rich and good foil, or that of a loamy nature, they will growf ilrqng, and produce large heads ; obfervin^f generally for planting., take opportunity of rain, if polTible, drawing a quantity of the ftrongeft plants from the beds, and plant them a yard. Or two feet and hfilf diftance, the main crops, the others late planted, two feet will be fufiicient diHance, give water at planting, efpecially if dry weather, and re- |)eat it two or three times till they take root, and begin to advance in growth. In their tranfplanted growth, keep the plants clean from weeds by hoeing between them occafionally ; and hoe fome earth round ,the lower part of the Hems to encourage them in a free and firon^ growth to produce large full heads. Some of the earlieil planted crops will be- -gin to produce heads in September, and Oaobcr 35^ K'^TCHEK GARDEN DISPLAYfeB. Oilober, and be fucceeded by the others in Kovember, December, &c. and the reft in the Spring ; the -heads advance in the cen'y to Hand till the Spring for final traniplaniing, obfcrv- ing of the time of fowing this crop the fi.rlt, or rather fecond week in Aiigull is the propter period ; for if fowed fooner, the plants, will be apt to run in the Spring in their yoqng growth. . . Sow the feed each fort feparate in an open fituation, in bcdi of rich mellow e:tf th, broad - call, and raked in evenly ; and wate;e4, :!' dry weather. When the plants are up with leaves an inch or two broad, in September, thin out a good quantity of the bcfl: from the feed bed, prick them in others four inches ap rt, and watered; prick out more in a week or fort- night after, and in which beds they will ac- quire good (Irength befoje Winter, and thofe remaining in the feed beds will alfo have room to advance in a proper growih, all for tranfplanting, both thofe pricked o.ut, and the remaining feed-^ed plants fome che fame year of the early kinds, .about October, No- vember, or December, for earliell cabbaging; but the principal fupply to rot and half to two or three feet dilbnce, by one or two feet in the rows, to admit of thinning for ufe in their young cabbaged Itate-, as occafionally wanted ; the others remaining in the beds all Winter, begia planting out the (Irongeft in February, and all rhe rell iu March and April, the fmaller kinds plant eighteen inches, or two feet afuiider, or fome clofer, to allow for thinning- in their early young growth with fmall loofe hearts ; but ti\ofe of larger, or middling fize for a main crop, plant two feet, or two and a half dillance, and the large Autumnal cab-', bages, alid red <:abbage plant a yard afunder tviiry way, as being of large fpreading^" growth. After being finally tranfplanted, obferve i^ any are killed, or greatly damaged by the weather, or eat by flugs, grubs. Sec. or an/ run to' feed, pull them up, and ^fupply th©'. deficiencies with frefh plants; and in their advancing growth, keep them clear fjom weeds by occafional hoeing, loofing the ground about the plants, and hoe fome earth. up round the items, and in the early cab- bages, if required to have them head as footi as pofiible," they may be forwarded by tying the leaves^ together moderately clofe with, fmall ofier twigs, or firings of frefh bafs. For fucceJional young Summer cabbages, and Autumn and Winter crops ; fovv diiFereht I i 2 fort? 364 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. fgrts in the Spring, about February, March* or beginning of April, fuch as the large fugar-Toafi, Yorklhire, Batterfea, Sec. to fucceed the early, and general crops of Au- tumnal raifed plants ; and fow a good crop of any of the large* round and oblong hollow cabbages, and red cabbage for late Autumn and Winter fupply, and the red cabbage alfo for Spring ; obferving the fam^ methods of fowir.g, pricking our, as before dire(5led, and tranfplant them finally in April, May, and June, ^c. the diilances before explained. And for late young Summer, and Autumn cabbages, fmaller portions may be fowed an/ time, from April, or May, till July, princi* paliy of the quick hearting forts, as the • fugar-loafs, Yorkfhire, &c. before-mention- ed, to plant out in Summer and Autumn, to produce young heads in September, Odober, i^ovember, &c. Obferye of the large late round and oblong cabbages, and red cabbage, fow only two principal crops, viz. in Augufl, and Febru- ary, or March. The ftalks of Summer and Autumn cab- bages remaining after gathering the head, produce crops of fine green tender fprouls. For cabbage cole worts to ufe as ycuijg open greens, any of the early or quick head-, ing kinds are proper, and may be fowed in_ June and July to plant Qut for Autumn and Winter crops, and in Auguft for Spring colewort5, to Hand in that, feafon without yu^ning, and what are not then ufed fur cole- KlTCHEl? GARDEN DI3P1.AY£«. 3^.65 ^olctvorts will Pidvaticp: to cabbage^s ; all whkh crops of cab.byg.e colewortii plant out i^tdif- feie.nt tiipes, fr/oiy Jvly, or Au^i^ft, tijl October or November, ijii rovys a ip^i apaiU^ ^by hx inches in ^ach row. To r:ive cabbr.^9 lei^cl, feje>^ foipe plant? oC full cabbaged giowtK of ti^e a|^)prcved fort5,. in October, JN'ov^t;;p^be^-, Deceinbqr, or e^rly in iipring,* if any reir.ain, c^ig tiicm up wi^'a full roots, pull of", tl^e large leaves, and trench them clown to th^, bp'ads ii) djy grognd tw6 ft:et. upart ; they will llioot up to ftalks, and produce plenty of ripe feed in July, oc Auguit. Or cabbage flalJcs furniCied with good fprouts, will alip be qli^ible to producu feed. CAPSICUM. Long-podded bhort*p'.;dded Bell-podded, or Beli- pepper Angular-pcdded Heart-podded. Pendulous-podded Ere£l podded Red-podded Yellow-podded r^ APSICUMS ^re tender annual plants, raifed every year from feed in a hot- bed in the Spring, for planting out in May, its gfcen and ripe feed-ppfis, the parts ufed, ^p4 to pickle, preferve, &c. to ufe as fpices of the hotteft c^uaJity on particular occajipns. li 3 ' Sp\^ 366 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. Sow the feed in March, or April, in a moderate hot-bed under frames and lights, or; hand glalTes ; and when the plants are up, gi-ve air, and occafional light waterings, anJ when two or three inches high, prick fome in a new hot-bed, or forward them ; or in want of this, in a bed of natural earth the end of April, or beginning of May, defended with a frame and glafles, or in cold nights, or bad weather with garden mats ; water them, and give Ihade from the mid-day fun till they rake root ; giving alfo.. frequent waterings in their advancing growth till the middle or latter end of May, or beginning of June, in warm weather, then tranfplant them into the full ground fifteen or eighteen inches apart, and watered. They will grow bufhy, flower, and produce pods in July, Auguli, and September, to (ga- ther green and ripe, as wanted. The ripe pods produce plenty of feed in Autumn. CARROT. Orange, or Common Large Carrot Early Horn Carrot Yellow Carrot. /^ A R R O T S are hardy biennial plants, raifed every year from feed in the Spring, kc. moft valuable roots to culiivate for prin- cipal crops for ufe great part of the year ; yo.ing KITCHEN GARDEN DfSPLAVED. ^6f young in Spring and Summer, and in large growth in Autumn, from July and Augull, tiJl Odober, when they attain full fize, and continue good till the following Spring. ' They require a light deep foil, and operi /jtuation ; they grow fine and large in a light fandy loam. For early young carrots, fow fome feed of the early hovn kind in January, or February, in a warm border; or in a moderate hot-bed under a frame and glafles, or in want of thefe, the bed arched over with hoops or rods, and cover with mats in cold nights, frolb, and bad weather; they will come in. for drawing young, of a fmall fize, in Aprils or Miy, efpecially thofe in hot-beds. The main crops, the orange or common carrot is proper ; which fow in the latter end oF February, or in March, but not later thaa the beginnirigor middle of April, the ground digged two fpades, or one full fpade deep, vveil breaking all lumpy parts ; and may- then either be laid out in four or five feet wide beas, Or remain in a continued plat; fow the feed thinly, and regular, and rake it in evenly ; or if very dry light ground, may iirlt tread down the feed, and then rake it in; and when the plants ar€' up two or three inches, in May, or June, they fhould be thinned and cleared from weeds, either by hand or fmall hoeing, thinning them four or five inches diilance, thofe defigned for draw!» ing for ufe in Summer, in a young or mode- rate growth ; but the main crops that are intended to grow to fall fize, fhould be thinned 368 KITCHEN GA]^HE^ ^ISPtAYBS. thinned fix or eJgl»t inches ; pulling, or ci^t« ting up all weeds; fonie will be of a proper fize for drawing young in June, and July, in a thinning order, and will be adv-:nce,d to a gop4 llzeable growth in Augult, and Septem- ber, when may either vonLinue driVMr\g ih^ largeK, or dig them clean up as wanted ; but cbierving to leave a principal fopply to continue growing till tne end of Oitubcr, to attain fulj growth and largeil fi^e, i;nd at which time, or in November, when the leaves decay, dig up the whole, or a princi- pal part, cut ofr" the tops clofe, then depciit the roots in layers of dry fi>nd:, under cover, where they will keep found and, good for "Winter and Spring fVrvice. If required to have a i'upply of VQurig car- rots continued in fuccelTion all Summer, and. yVutumn, fow a fmali crop in April, and May ; and in July, for young Autumnal and Winter carrots. *• And for young carrots to draw early in Spring, fow fome (ecd in the beginning, or middle of Augult to Hand over the Winter, they will be iit fqr diawing in March, and April ; but will foon become hard, and tallclels. To iavt carrot feed, have fome largeft fine roots in Odlober, November, or February, planted two feet apart, inferted over their crowns, they will flloor^ and produce feed in Autumn. C A U L I. KITCHP.N GARDEN PISPLAYED. ^6g^ CAULIFLOWER. Early Cauliflower. Larce late Cauliflower. jnAULl FLOWERS arc tenderifh annual plants of the cabbage family, always T^Ked from feed in two or three crops every year J plants of great eftimation for their large white heads produced in the midft of th^ leaves, obtained io perfeftion in May, June, July and .- ugull, or till Odober and Novem- ber, by dirlerent fov^'ings ; the firll in Augud, to Hand the Winter, in a young growth, undef hand-glaffes, frames, and in warm borders, and a fw ccefllonal fowing in tbe Spring, March, April and May : all foi* tranfplant- ing, three co two feet and a half afunder. For early and firft general crops, fo\y jft Augurt to iland the Winter, in young plants. Perform the fowing about the i^th or 20th, to the 24th of the month, or two fmaller fovy- ings in rhat time, at three or four days inter7 val, in a bed of ric^ light earth. Shades and water the bed, if dry weather ; and vyhea the plfsnts are up with leaves an inch or inci^ and half broad, in September, prick them in 6eds three or fb^r inches apart: give water, and iliade them from the fgn till' they have, taken. root; to remain in this bed, to gaia (irength, t:ll Odcber. Then, about the middle or end of that month (O,cl:ober) plant out a quantity, finally io remain, in rich, well-dunged ground, un- der 370 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPtAYEQ.- dcr hand-glafTes, thefe placed in rows four feet afuiider, aiid three feet in ihe ro\v, plaur- ing four or five plants under the middle of e>>ch glafs, four or five inches apart, but of which only two are to r main under a glafs in the Spiing. Give a light watering at plant- ing, put on. the eL-iles dole till the plants t.jke root, then raiijed on one fide one oi two inches in n»i'd djys to admit vr ; the glaiies to be conrinucd all Winter, but, in all nuld open weachf:r, tilt up the South fide on props tA'o or three inches high, as above obfervcd, to admit the frie air, that the pianfs may not dravv on too fali ; or fometimcs, in all line mild dry days, fet the gl-^fics off, but put on every night, and always fiiut down clofe in frofty, cold, and bad wea'her, and tilced up when temperate. And thus continue the glaiTes till the middle or end of April: bur obferve, irt the latter end of February, or in iVlarch, if more than two plants rem lin under each glafs, all above that number fliould be removed, leaving the llrongeft ; and thofe thinned out, p'ant in the- open ground, two feet and a half dillance, drawing a little earth about thofe remaining. Place the gla/fcs over them, as above; but when the plants are confiderably advanced, raife each glafs upon three props, three or four inches high, to give good room for a- free growth : thus they will come in for the earlielt crops, and produce flower-heads ill May and June. Tne other cauliflower plants, not planted under hand-glaff"es in Odober, or where there Ij not the convenience of thefe, Ihould at thar time. (^11 CHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 37I --time, end of Odobor or beginning of No- vember, be traiirplantcd into frames, fourhy three inches diJlance, to have flicker all Win- ter: give water at pUmring, put on the gkfTes clofc till they t.,ke root, then propped up two or three inches behind, or drawn off to the back of the frame every mild cirv day, but pur on 0/ cold nights, and when rij'njnovv, i'wil, Ike. and when feverc frolly weather, cover the gki lies and frames with ilraw-lirter or mat. ; giving the full air in all mild wea- ther, ri;i the i nd of February, March, or beginning of April. Then tranfplant the whole into, the full ground, two feet and a half diilancc, and watered : — they will fuc- cecd ihe hand.glafs plants, in producing liirge heads in July and Augull; or, in want of fufficient frame-room f r Winter protec- tion of the young cauliflower plants, as above, they may be pricked, forne in a warm border in Odober, clofe to the wall or hedge, S:c. three inches apart ; or fome in a bed arched over with hoops, to<:over with mats of night?, great rains, fnow and frolts, during the Winter; and in March, &c. tranfplanted as the others, will head in fucceflion to the frame-plants. For fucceflion late Summer crops, or if rone were raifed in Autumn to ftand the Winter, fow in February or March, in a hot- bed, or warm border; the young plants with leaves an inch broad, prick into other beds of the fame nature, three inches apart, to gain ftrength in three or fuur weeks growth ; then 172 KiTCHEk GARDEN DISPLAYED. ., ., I t'ranfplanted, tKe latter fend of April, or in" May, ^c. will produce tolerable good heads , ill July or Auguil, though generally inferiot '': to the foregoing. Or may alfo low in April, to plant out in June for late produdiion of fmall heads. And for late Autumri and Winter cauli- flowers, fow f me towards the 20th or 24th of May, in a bed of light earth, in an Open fituation : the young plants pricked out in June, to grow llrong till the middle of July, then tranfplahted in Ihowery weather, two feet and a half afunder, to remain for pro- ducine heads in Odober, November, and December. According as the different crops of caulf- fiowers, in their final trahfplanted ftate, ad- vance in their Spring and Summer's growth', the necefiary culture is to hoe the ground odcafionally to keep dovVnwafds, and to loofen the earth, and draw fome round the iVems of the plants, to forwiird Jihd ftren'gthen thxriT growth ; and in the early aiid principal crops, if very dry hot weather, in May and Ju^ie, &c. when advanced to a good fize, give one or two good \Vatering3 to the I'oors; Co encourage their producing large heads ; and, according •A3 the headb appear, turn down fome of the larg^ leaves to defend them from the furf, rain, &c. to preferve them white? and clofe.; To fave fetd, leave fome of the finelB headed plants of the early aild m'ain crops', in May, or June, or July. They will ihbot up t6 ft^Uvs, add produce ripe f^ed rii Sepi^mber; tlTCHEN GARDEN DISPLAVEW. 373 CELERY. Common upright Celery. Large upright Celery. Solid-stalked Celery. Celeriac, or Turnep-rooted Ce- lery. f^ELERY is a hardy annual plant, or at moft biennial, raifed from feed every year, in Spring, Sec, for planting into trenches for earthing up, to blanch or whiten the Iklks of the leaves, the eatable parts, both for eat- ing raw in failads, and to put in foups, and For flewing, &c. obtained in Summer, Au- tumn, and all Winter and Spring, by diiFe- rcnt fowings and tranfplantings. Of the four varieties of celery, the firl^- three are cultivated for the ftalks of their leaves ; but of which, the common upright Celery is bell for the main crops, and hardieft; for Winter: the celeriac for its turnep-like root. For earlieft Summer and Autumn celery, fow a moderate crop, end of February or in March, in a warm border, or in a hot-bed,. to bring the plants forwarder ; and when they are two inches high, prick out fome in ano- . ther bed, two or three inches apart, to have a month's growth, or till advanced five or fix inches, then tranfplanted inMay or June, &c, into trenches, for blanching, as diredled be- low xa the culture of the maip crops ; arid K k . wheu. 37+ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. when they are advanced in the trenches ten or twelve inches high, begin to earth them up, drawing feme earth to both fides with an hoe, &.C. repeating it as they grow higher, till whitened fix or eight, to ten or twelve inches; then may begin to dig them up for ufe. A$ thcfe early.fowed plants will not generally continue long in tall growth, before they pipe or run, fo only a imall or moderate crop (hould be raifed, principally, for a prefenc Citily fupply. For tne main crops in Autumn and Winter, fow a good portion the latt* r end cf March, and in April and May, in beds of rich earth, and rake in the feed. When the plants are up, give frequent waterings in dry weather, and when two or three, to about four inches high, prick out a quantity from the ft-ed- beds at uifterent times, into other beds, three or four inches apart, and watered ; and after having four to Hve or fix weeks growth, ad- vanced fix or eight, to ten or twelve inche > they jhould'be planted out in trenches. Mark out the trenches a foot wide, and a yard or three feet and a half afunder. Dig out each trench a moderate fpade deep, fprea/^- ing the earth evenly in the intervals, and dig the bottom of the tretiches ; or, if poor ground, firlt 'ay in two pr three inches depth of rotten dung, and dig it in tlie bottom ; then draw up the plants, prune oiF the long lops of the leaves and ends of the roots j plant a row along the bottom of e?ch trench, four oriive inches apart, water them at planc- KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 375 ing, and in dry weather till they take root ; continue thus planting out a portion once a fortnight, or three weeks, or at leaft every month in June, July, Auguft, and Septem- ber. According as the plants in the trenches advance in height, ten, twelve, to fifteen inches, they (hould be earthed up to blanch ; performing the fi/ft earthing with an hoe, drawing in the earth to both fides of the plants three, four, to five or fix inches, re- peating the landing up once a wetk, or fort- night, generally with a fpade when the plants are more advanced j breaking the earth fmall, and earth them up at different times, till landed fifteen to eighteen inches, or two feet, to whiten them of fome confiderable length ; continuing the earthing up in the different crops, till Oftober, November, or December, at which time earth them up near the tops, both to blanch them a good length, and to proted them more effef^uafly from froll ; and thus the plants of the different tranfplantings will be fully blanched to dig up for ufe, as wanted, from July, or Auguft, to Septem- ber, Oclober, and oil Winter. But for Spring celery, to Hand late in that ieafbn without running, it is proper to fow a fmall crop in May and J tine, the young plants pricked in beds, in rows, i\x inches by three diftance, to remain till Sep- tember, October, &c. then tranfplanted in^o moderate trenches, and earthed a little in Winter ; and as rhey advance in grow^th in" K. k 2 ^prin^* 376 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. Spring, in February, and March, give tKe final earthing, they will continue good till May without piping or Ihooting for feed. In taking up full-grown celery for ufe, begin at one end of the rows, dig away the earth clean down to the roots, which then loofen with the fpade, that the plants may be readily drawn up without breaking the ilalks, — of which all the blanched or whitened parts are good for the feveral ufcs required, alfo theflefhy part of the roots. The celeriac, or turnep-rooted celery, dif- ferent from the others in being of a lower or dwarfilh fpreading growth, with a large flelhy root, fwelling like a turnep, is cultivated principally for that part, and is raifed froni feed as the other forts ; fow the feed ia March, April, and May, in beds of rich earth ; fonjie pricked in beds for a month, then the whole tranfplanted finally in June, July, Augull, &c. not in deep trenches, a$ in the upright celery; but dig the ground, then with the corner of an hoe, draw drilli two or three inches deep, and two feet afun- der ; plant ^ row of the celeriac in each, five or fix inches apart, and watered ; and when pf advanced growth, and the root fwelled large, hoe up fome earth thereto on both fides of the row to blanch them white and tender ; then may be ufed for the fame purpofes as the other celery, or to flice to eat wilh vinegar, &c. To fave celery feed, either leave in the Spring fojme rows of ^ood plants the leaft blanchedr I&.ITCHE*! «*AR>q£N DISPLAYED, 3-77. blanched, or in F&bruary dig up fpmc, ■> ut down the top:, of the leavci, and platit thcja in rows two feet diftaiice; they will llioot, and, produce abundance of feed in Autunm. X A R D O O N. 'fipHE Cardoon Is a large biennial plant of the family of the artichoke, and of fimilar growth ; but different for ufe, the blanched lUlks of its large leaves are the parts ufed for ftewing, foups, fallads, Sec. in Au- tun\n, and Winter; is always raifed from feed every year in the iipring for tranfplan:- ing in Summer, in order for earthing up a confiderable height to whiten, an4.rend£* thp ilalks tender, and mild flavored. ■ This plant is of large upright grcwch, three to four, or five feet high, U .bql in fjnall requeil^only.in fome particular families. It being ra>iied annually from feed, fow it irj March or April in fmall portions, in a bed c>f common earth, moderately thin, and rake i^. evenly into. the. ground; whsn the plants are up, thin them three or four inches dif- tance to have room to obtain proper ilrength Ipr tranfplantjng, wbich ihould be performed in Mzy or June, when they are eight, or ten inches to a foot high ; allot an. open com- partment of ground, taking oppojftunity of rain falling, draw up the plants, pruni^ the -long Ibaggliqg tops of the leaves, and, plaat them by dibble, eiiUer. in the level, K.k 3 groundj 373 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLATEO. ground, or the place for each plant hollowed bafon form, at four feet and a half dillance at lead, as they require large fcope to grow, and confiderable fpace of ground to land therrf up ; give water as foon as planted^ and occa- fionally till they have taken good root, and begin to advance in giowth, after which, keep them clean from weeds by occafional hoeing in Summer and Autumn, loofening alTo the ground about the plants, and whea they are three feet high, begin to earth them up as hereafter explained. Or cardoons may be raifed by fowing the feed at once where the plants are to remain,- by which they will receive no check by removal in their large growth j fow the feed in fmalf patches a little hollowed, two or three feedrf in each, the patches four feet and half afun-i der, and when the plants are up, thin them to one of the llrongeft in each patch. ' In both methods of raifing the plants, they,- in their large advanced growth, when three to four feet high, or more, in Augufl, Septem- ber and October, miift be landed up to blanch" cr svhiten ; begin by firft tying the leaves of each plant together with hay or llraw bands, then digging and breaking the ground, form- ing a good bottom fpace, earth up round each plant one or two feet high, and as they ad- vance in height, tie up the leaves accord- ingly, and ]and them up in proportion,- giving the full or final earthing in October, as nigh as poffible, to blanch them a confi- derable length. ': After KirCHtN GARDEN DISPLA,VE». ^7^ After they are blanched one, two, or three feet, or more, you may dig them up for ufe as wanted, in September, or Odober, November, and all Winter. In fevere frolt defend them with long ftraw Jitter, cither as- they ftand, or the plants turned down on one fide. To fave feed, feme full grown plants may be left in the Spring to fhoot ap to ftulks for feeding. CHAMOMILE. Double Flowered, Single Flowered. (CHAMOMILE is a low creeping peren- nial plant, raifed by flips of, or parting the roots, and continues of feveral years du- ration ; is an aromatic, cultivated for its flowers, to ufe occafionally as a family medi- cine, for .chamomile tea. Sec, obtained in Summer in their growing ilate, and may be dried to keep for Winter, or all the year. '^'''\ A fmall bed or two may be admitted in the berbary ; both the varieties are nearly equally eligible for ufe, though the fingle flowered is dKemed of the ftrongell quality. They are raifed by flipping the fide oft-fetsi or by parting the roots, or by flips of the rooting flioots, all of which perform in Spring, in Much, April, or May, SiC. planting them in any bed, or border, fix, 0/ eight 3§0 KITCHEN GARDE^• DISPLAYE*. eight, to twelve inches apart ; give water ; they will foon grow, run, and overfpread the ground, and produce a plentiful iupply of flowers the fame Summer, and the fafliiC plants continue feveral years. Gather a quantity of tiie flowers in Juije, July, &c. dried in a Ihady place, then put up in paper bags. Sec. and houfed for keep- ing till Winter, &c. or as wanted. CHERVIL. O H E R V I L Is a fmall annual herb of an aromatic quality, fomewhat refembling pariley in growth, its leaves the ufeful parts, uled in foups, fallads, &c. in Winter, Spring, or as required ; always raifed from feed everjf year, in Autumn and Spring, and toremaiii where fowed. This is a hardy plant that will grow aImDl]|: any v»'here. A fmall bed or two may be fpf- f,cient for a moderate family. It is/equired principallyforAutumu, Winter and Spring; or may be obtained all the ye^ by dij^crent fowings, in Autumn, Spring, and Summer ; but as the plants of the Spring an4 Summer fowings foon i\y up for feed, fpmc ihould-be fowed every month in thofe feafons, if a conllant fupply is required. Generally fow a principal crop in A ugull and September, bot;!^ for uTe the fame Autumn, and to Hand the; Winter and for Spring; and fow in February qi March, for late Spring aii4 early Summer ' uic; 2 KITCHEN «ARDEN DISPLAYED. 38I life; or if required all Summer, fow a little every month till Auguft. Sow the feed either in (hallow drills fix to nine inchf.s apart, or broad-call and raked in ; the plants to remain where fowed, and they only require keeping clear from weeds. When the leaves are two to three, to four or five inches high, they are proper for ga- thering, cutting them off clofe. They will Ihoot out again to gather in fucceflion. To fave the Teed, leave fome plants in the Spring ; they will run to ftalks, and produce plenty of feed in Autumn. C L A R V. /^ L A R Y is a hardy biennial plant, raifed. every year from feed for tranfplanting, growing with broad, low fpreading, wrinkled leaves, of a ftrong fcent, and are the parts ufed, occafionally in fome culinary and other fjimily purpofes, but is not eftimable as a ne- celTary efculent herb, and therefore not much cultivated. It is raifed from feed in the Spring, fowed for tranfplanting in Summer, producing leaves large enough for ufe the fame feafon, and in Autumn, Winter, and following Springs then ihoots to ftalk for feed, and decays. Where this plant is required, one fmall crop raifed annually is fufficient, as it produces plenty of leaves fucceflionally. Sow the feed in any bed or border in March or Apiil, and rak« 382 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. rake it in ; and when the plants are up two or three inches in Summer, tranfplant them bii^hteen inches apart, to have room to fpread. The leaves will acquire a large fpreading growth, proper for gathering the fame year; generally cutting the large outward ones, the ©thers will advance to fucceed them in proper growth for ufe as wanted. To fave feed, permit fome old plants to ruA in the Spring; they will produce plenty in Autumn. CORN-SALLAD, (^ORNSALLAD, or Lamb's-Lettuce, is 2. fmall annual plant, raifed every year from feed, growing with a .low tuft of fmall oblong leaves ; the parts ufed, principally i^ Winter and early Spring, in fallads, as fub- ftitute for common lettuce, or as required : being very hardy to ftand the Winter ; and for which is generally fowed in Augiilt, the plants to remain where fowed, and thinned moderately. One or two fmall crops are fufficient ; an Autumn fowlng, in Augiiil and September, to ftand the Winter, and a fmailer portion fowed in Spring, if required in continuance in that {e:\fon. But generally fow the principal crop in Aui gull and September, in any beds or borders of common earth, and rake in the feed; and when the plants are up, if they ftand thiclc^ thin ihcm two or three inches afunder, that they KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 383 tbcy may grow a little rtocky : they may ei- ther be ufed occafionally in Winter, or moftly towards the Spring, as may be required, ia compofition with other fmail fallad herbs, as crcffes, muilard. Sec. till March or April, ge- Berally gathering the largell plants firft, cut- ting them clean up to the bottom. . If required in continuance late in the Spring, or part of Summer, fow fome alfo in February and March, — though they are apt to be rank-tailed in warm weather, and Icfs agreeable than in Winter and the early Spring months. To fave feed, leave fome plants of Autumn or Spring fowing J they will produce feed in July or Augull. C O L E W O R T. Cabbage CoLEwoRT. Common open Colewort. r; OLE WORTS are hardy biennial plants of the cabbage family, raifed every year from feed in Summer and Autumn, for ufe both the fame year in Autumn and Winter, and the following Spring; very ufeful and profitable crops, to ufe as young open greens; but the cabbage colewort, raifed from the feed of any of the fmaller-heading cabbage^;, is greatly preferable for tender boiling and eating to the common open colewort, which boil tough and rank- tailed : and thirefore it is 384 KlTCflEK GARDEN UlSPLATED* is advifeable to raife only the cabbage cole* won for the table, and tranfplanted in rows a foot afunuer ; and may be ufed both in their young open growth, and when more advanced with Tmall cabbagy hearts. It is proper to fow two or three principal crops in Mummer and Autumn : a fowing ia J uly, to plant out for a good crop of Autuma and Winter coleworts ; and a fowing in Au- gull, to plant in September, Odlober, &c. for Spring fuppiy, and to (land in that feafoa witiiout running to feed, as would be the cafe in all thoie fowed before Auguft: and what jire not oied in their colewort itate, being per- mitted to Hand, will advaoce to a cabbaged growth, to cut either with fmali young cab- bagy hearts, or when advanced with middling or full cabbaged heads. For cabbage coleworts, havie feed of any of the early or imaller quick-hearting cabbages, £5 the V'orkthire, Batteriea, large fugar-Ioaf, &:c. not any or the large late kinds, which, in a colewort ftate, are too fpreading and open ; the others grow clofe, ftocky, and full in th^ hearts. — See the article Cabbage. ' At the feafcns above-mentioned, June, Jnly, and hrrt or fecond week in A u go It, fow the feed for the different crops before explained, in open compartments of good ground, laid out in four-feet wide beds, fowing on the fur- face -broad-caft, moderately thick, and rake in the (te6. r- five weeks. Then when thefe, and t^ofe in th« feed-beds, have feveral leaves about three inches broad or more, tranfplant the diiFerent crops inJuIy,Aagu'f^, Septe!nb«',and Oftober, &c. in open quarters of ground, in rows a foot apart, by fix to ^rght, ten or twelve inches in the lines. As they advance in growth, k^ep them clear of large weeds, by hoeing a$ occafion requires; alfo hoe aiki teofen tk^ earth about the plants. According as the coleworts, thus finally tranf-. J)ranted, advance to fome tolerable fize, with leaves as broad as a hand, or more, and with moderately full hearts, they are proper to ga- ther for ufe as wanted, in Autumn, Winter, and Spring, till April or May, either draw- ing or cutting them clean as they cbmie to hand, row and row, or only the larg^eft, as in Si thinning order, every other row, and th$ fame of the plants in the rows, leaving th* others to acquire a larger fize, with fitiall cabbagy hearts, as before obferved, or to be- come young light cabbages. If coleworts are required in Summer, fow fome feed in March and April ; and the plants tranfplanted in May and June. To fave colewoi't feed^ as it is advifcd to cultivate principally the cabbage coleworr, it (hould be faved from any of the forts before mentioned, as direfted undet the trtick Ca^ LI Th^ 386 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED^. The common open colewort, a$ it never cabbages, or forms clofe hearts,, is more pro- per to cultivate in fields, for feeding cattle, thar. tor the table. GIVES. /""•IVES is a fmall perennial pl.nt, of the onion tribe, but of manj Imall roots to- gether in bunches, propagated or raifed by parting the roots, which continue of feveral years duration, producing a tuft of fmall awl- Ihaped leaves, the parts ufed, or the leaves, jiaiks and root together flipped off or feparated 10 the bottom, and ufed in iieu of young onions, early in Spring, or as required, for lallads and other occafions ; and for which a rniall crop merits admittance in .every Kitchen Garden, The plants are very hardy and durable, and a crop once planted will multiply confide- rably, and abide feveral years. They are propagated or raifed plenteoufly by flips of or dividing the roots in the Spring, ii"om February or March till May or June, or in Autumn, either detaching fome fide off-fet roots, feveral together in each fet, or large roots divided into feveral parts, fmaller or larger, of few or many roots in each, and plant them in any bed or border a foot apart. They will foon advance in growth, and mul- tiply fide-ways into large bunches. T€> KITCHEN CARnEN DISPLAYED. 387 To gather them for ufe, either cut the tops, which will flioot up again in proper fucceflion ; or may ilip the tops and roots together, in fe-. parate iniall plants, like young onions. CRESSES. Common Small-leaved. BrO A D-LRAVED. Curled-leaved. /^ R E vS S E S are fmall annual plants, of quick growth and ihort duration, railed from feed in Spring, Summer, or any time 6f the year, fowed two or three times every month, to obtain it in young growth for fal- lads, the leaves the parts ufed, which are of a warm agreekble relifh, while young; and^ as they Toon grow too old and hot for eating, require lowing often in the feafon, to have a regular fupply of young in fucceffion. Thefe are principal fmall fallad herbs, cfteemed for their warm property, to intro- duce in Winter and Spring fallads, andocca- /ionally in Summer and Autumn, and for that purpofe ftiould be fowed in principal fupplies, m sfTembiage with multard, radifh, rape, &c. They are raifed from feed fowed in any of the Spring months, from February till May or Jane: in warm bo'-ders, the early fovvings in February and March, and in cold nights, kc, may be covered with garden mats; or,: L 1 2 at 383 KITCHEK OARD^W W&^^J-^YEOi, »t that (eafoft, Tow in a fxiwiie, or ander hmd* glafles. Afcervvards, in temperate Spriug weather, fow in apy beds, border, or op^n compartments ; or to have a fupply as eax-jy as poffible in Winter and Spring, or to for- ward them in a quick growth on any particu- Jar occafioQ, they ipay be Towed and raifed ia a moderate hot- bed, in January, February, and March : in all of which the feed may ge- nerally be fowed in flat fhaliow drills, three or four inches apart, fowing very thick, and lightly earthed over with fine mold, fcarcely a quarter of an inch, or the feed but jull cor vered j or may be fowed or) the furface, firil raking it even and fmooth ; then fow the feed thick, as above-mentipned, fmpoth it down evenly vvith the back of the fpade, and then fift or fpread fine mold over it,, juft fuificient to cover it regularly ; obferving, when the plants are up, thofe raifed early in hot-bed^, under glafles, ihould have air admitted daily, by railing the upper-ends of the lights, qij taken off in mild days. However, full crops may be fowed in Spring, in the open ground ; in February and March,^ in warm borders ; afterwards in any open compartments, as before qbferved, in April, May, Sec. repeating the fowings every week or fortnight, to have a conllant fupply of young ; or the plants will admit of cutting; two or three times, or more, an4 ihoot out again in fucccfiion, but will be hotter than young pUnts. If KITCHEN GARDIvK DISPLAYS O. 3^. If a fupply is required in continuance all Satnmer, low every week or ten days in a Ihady border, o^ in any open iicuation, and the bed ihaded with mats from the hot fun ; and give daily waterings, in dry hot weather. In Autumn, in September, fow io any bor- der or other compartment ; and in Odobei, fow in South borders, as cold weather will then commence. And in Winter, if crciTcs and other fmall fallad is required, the feed raav be lowed in open weather, in Novembi-r or December, &c. in beds of natural earth, under fhallow frames. a.nd lights, or under hand-glafles; or a cover-, ing of mats in cold nights. But in very cold and.in froily weather, fow always in hot-beds, under frames, ail Winter, till February or March ; or al4o fow in hoc-beds when required jn.'Spnng, as fqi:ward as polHble, on particU' Jar occafions. Toigacher CFcfles for ufe, it fnould be done .- while the plants are quite yoii-g> tither cut^ ' ting them clean to tht; bottom, iij their young growth, or may occafionally only cut the tops low, near the ground; and, ifi requir&d, the, plants will fljoot out again, for gathering in fucceifion fupplies ; t>u,t thefevvill generally ba hotter, and coarfer to cut, than the quite, young plants. To fave cijefsrfe«d, either fow for that pur- pofe in March or April, or leave fome rows of plants done gathering ; they will run and? ^oduc* fe^d in July and Auguft. LI X cuguM. 590 KITCrtEN GARnFN DISPLAY I i*. CUCUMBER. Early {hort prickly Early duller prickly Early lonj^ prickly - Common long pnckly Lon^ rmooth Large green Tuiky White Turkv White Dutch f^ U C U M B K R S are very tender annnal pla?)t<;, railed every year from feed, uhich, for early Spring and Summer crops, are al- ways fowed and « wltivated in hot- beds, from January. P'ebruary, or March, till the end of IVlay, or beginning of J ine, as neither the feed nor plants will crow in the natural ground and open air before that time, when warm fettled weather, then may be fowed in beds of natural tarih, for late ciops, and lor pickles. The beft forts to cultivate are a fma;]cr por- hon of the (hort prickly for the earlieft pro> dudion, but moiily of the Jong prickly for the principal early and general cropb. Any of the others, for variety. They rtre rriifed in hot-bed?, under frames, for e^rliell crops ; and in hot-bed ridges, un- der hand-glaiics, for general Summer crops, in June and Jul) ; and in the natural ground, fowed the latter end of May, or beginning oi June, for late productions in Auguit and Sep- tember. To raife thein. in hot-beds, there muft be i^roper uipplies of horic-ilable dung, conuft- KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 391 ifig of the long and Ihort moill litter and dunging of the horfes together, of a frefli lively heat, and generally fork it up in an heap in a well-mixed order, to prepare for a week or fortnight to a proper temperature for making the beds; and to have alio a fufli- ciency for lining the fides of the bed, to renew the heat when it declines: likewife frames and glalles, fuch as oiie-light, two- light, and three-light frames, the fmaller frames to place on hot-beds, in which to fovv the feed, and raife the pUtnts to a proper growth for final tranfplanting into large hot- beds defended with the larger frames ; and for later hot-bed crops, to havehand-glafies, either leaded fquares or bells ; and alfo large garden mats f r covering the glares of the franles, and hand-glafTes, Sec. of nights and bad wea- ther, till June. For early crops, fome may be fowed in a hot-bed, in January, February, or Murch, to produce fruit for gathering in two months or ten weeks after fowing ; or for later produc- tion, fow in April or May, alfo in hot-bed?, as they will not fucceed without that affiil- ance before the end of May or beginning of June. Make firft a fm all hot-bed for a one or two-light garden frame, put in five or fix inches depth of rich dry earth, and fill one, two, or three middling pots with the fame kind of mold, and placed within the frame; fow the feed, fome in the earth of the bed, and fome in the pots plunged in the earth. The plants will foon come up ; when they are h' . tWM> uvo or tliree, or four days old, or wIlIv tfetV feed-lobes half an inch to an inch broad, draw> tiieni lip, and prick fome in fniallpois foaff in each, plunging them in the earth, any that of the male; which operation gene- rally perform the fame, or next day, after the flowers expand ; taking off a male bloC- fom, eailiy difcovcfabie by its not having any fruit in embrvo at its bafe, as in the females, pull away the (lower leaf, or petal, clean tp the central part, which, containing the fc* cundating duft, apply to the lligma in the centre of the female flower, to difcharge thereon fome particles of the fertilizing pow- der ; proceeding in ti.e fame manner to fee of impregnate each fruit according as the flower expands, and after each impregnation, the young fruit will be obferved to fwell fail ia growth ; being a very effeclua! and neceiTary operation to early cucumbers in particulaF, efpecialiy while confined under frames from the free air, and occaiionaliy to melons, and to no other plants. ' When the cucumber fruit is advanced la growth, three or four to fix or eight inches long, and while young and green, Ihould b^ cut or gathered for ufe. Hand-glass Crops. ^^ FOR general Summer crops, to ridge out in hot- beds, under hand or beil gla/Tes, fow fame feed of the long prickly cucumbers in a hot-bed, the middle or towards the lactertnd of March, or beginning or middle of April at the lateft ; and when the plants are up, three, four, or Ave days, prick fomc in the iame. 39^ KITCREK GARDEN DlSPlAtE*. fame, or another hot-bed, four ?nches aftfn- der, or fome in fmall pots, four plants iit each, and plunged in the earth of the bed 5 give water, and fhade from the fun till they take root; and managed as diredled for the early plants, in regard to giving air every day, occafional watering, coveringthe glafles every jiight, &c. And when the plants hare pro- duced their firft rough leaves, one, two erf rhree inches broad, and Hopped at the firft joint, by taking off the end of the fiifl runnef bud, Js in the early plants aforeftid, they fliould be tVanTplanted into large hot-beds, ■ nxler harrd -glafles, in the middle or end of April, and in May. • Provide for this occafion a quantity of horfe- ftable dung, the long and fhort nioift litter ahddung together, of a good lively heat, and cither make a hot-bed on the level ground, three and a half or four feet and a half wide, and two feet, or two arid a half to three feet high, and earthed at top fix or eight in.ches thick ; or may dig a trench in any compartment ofth* kitchen-garden, three to four feet wide, and twelve to fifteen or eighteen inches deep, in which make the hot-bed two feet or two and a half depth in dung, earthed over as above, with the earth digged out of the trench, form- ing the top four feet wide or more : and in either method, fet on the hand-glaffe^ thret feet afuhder, along the middle of the bed, and wheii the enrth is warm, the fame or next day, remove the plants ff^m the bed:* where railed, with- "baile -of earih to ihe roots, if convex K-ITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 397 convenient ; and forming the earth under the glafles a little hollow, plant four under each, glafs. Give a little water, put down the glaflef, and fhade them from the fan till they have taken root. Cover the gla.Tes every night with mats, and admit air to the plants, by degrees, every day, hy propping up one fide of the. gUilcs,' one' to two inches; but ibut clore every night till June ; likewife give neceUary waterings. When theplaucs pufh runners of fomecon- fiderable length, extended to the lides of the harui-glailes,. ihcfc .lliouid be raifed for the plants to run out, as foon as the weather is fettled in warm, the beginning or middle of June, when r2.\ie each glafs upon thrde props, three inches high, an^d train out the runner* from under them, in regular order ; but. co- ver them, -if, cold nights, vvith m.ats,- the firft week or two, coritlnuing tlie glafies over the plants, and fuppiy them now with water in dry weather iwo or three times a v.'eek. They will produce fruit in June, July and AuguH, Sec, Grin hot-beds as above, under hand-glafies, if omitted raiiing plants, for tranfplanting therein, f?ed may be iQwed under the glafTes iu April or May : hallo v/ing the ear:h a little, put in feyeral feeds u^nder each glafs, and when the plants aire come up, thin them to four of the fLrongett in each patch ; they will come in, for a good crop towards the end of June, .all July, and Auguftj Likewife, in "April and May, in fcarcity of dun^ to make coacinaed regular iD^ds, may 398 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. ^ig holes two or three feetwide, a foot or eighteen inches deep, and four feet afunder in the row 5 nil them with hot dung, trodden down mo- derately firm, earth it over fix inches, and ei- ther put in plants or feed, as above. Put on the glafles, they will produce good crops, from June till September. Or, for want of hand-glaffes, make a hot- bed, or holes, as above-mentioned, in the end of April, or in May. Put in plants or feed, and cover with mats of nights and bad weather; or the bed defended with oiled- paper frames, to remain conftantly. Let all thefe crops of cucumbers, under hand-glafles, &c. have proper fiipplies of water, in dry warm weather, two or three times a week, or every day, in the hotteft feafon. Natural-Ground Crops. Natural-Ground Crops of cucumbers are obtained by fowing in compartments of rich earth, the latter end of May or beginning of June, when the weather is fettled jn warm and dry ; —to produce late fruit, and for picklers, in Augufl and September. They may be fowed, fome in a warm bor- der, and the main crop in any open compart- ^ ment. Dig the ground ; then form fhallow bafon-likc holes with the hand, a foot or fif- teen inches wide, a yard diflance in the row, and five or fix feet between. Sow in the middle of each Jiole eight or ten feeds, half an inch deep ; and when the plants are come "Pi KITCHEN GARREK DISPLAYED. 39f up, and begin to pufli the rough leaves in the centre, thin them to four of the beft in each hole; earth up the (hanks a little, and give water ; and in their advanced growth, traia them out regular in different dire*^ions. Let this crop have neceffary fupplies of wa- ter in dry weather, both in their young and advanced growth, two or three times a week; or every day in very hot weather, in July and Auguft. Thefe natural ground crops will feldom be- gin to bear before Augull, and continue till about the middle of September ; in which time they will bear plentifully both for picklers and other purpofes, generally gathering them quite young for pickling, when only two or three inches long. As cucumbers are climbing plants by means ©f their tendrils, fome branchy ilicks may be placed to a few, they will readily afcend upon them, and thereby produce their fruit at a dif- tance from the ground, free from fpots, and be firm and well-flavoured ; or fome may be fowed or planted clofe to a fouth wall, and the runners trained thereto, they will pro- duce fine clean well-flavoured fruit. TO save" SEED. To fave cucumber feed, leave fome of the Summer fruit to attain full fize, and till they grow yellow J then cut them from the plant, placed in the fun two or three weeks, then the feed waflied out from the pulp. Spread to dry, and then put up in bags, boxes. Sec. Mm z DILL. 400 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, DILL. "TjILL h a hardy annual plant of rhe aro- matic kind, Timilar to fenne! in lalle and growth, but fmaller, growing- with finely- tiivided leaves, and a fiender fingle llalk, bearing an unibel of feed at top, which and the leaves arc the ufeful parts ; the latter for culinary purpcfes, and the feed umbels uled ia pickling, Sec. It is raifed from (etd fowed every year in February, March, or April ; or in Auguil to Gome up fooner and lironger in the Spring : fbvv it in any open compartment broad-cafl and raked itj, or in drills a foot apart ; the plants to remain where fowed, and when they are up two or three inches, clear ihejii from weeds, and thin thofe fowed broad-cafl fix or eight inches difrance ; likewife thin thofe in the cirills wjiere too thick: they will fhoot up into lhdk> in Summer, and produce feed umbels for ufe in Autumn, Save feed to fow every year; it ripens plen- tifully in Autumn ; or from fcattered feif- foued feed many plants will rife naturally. E N D I V E. KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 4©^ ENDIVE. Green Curled Endive White Curled Endive Broad-leaved upright Batavia En- dive. TJ* N D I V E is an annual, or at mofl a blen- nial plant, raijed every year from i'eed in Summer, for tranfplanting the fame feafon aiid in Autumn a foot diflance, and when at full growth the leaves tied up to blanch ; V^'hich are then the parts ufed for fallads and culinary occalions in Autumn, Winter, and Spring. Any cf the kinds may be cultivated occa- fionally, but fow principally the green-curled ibrc for the main crops, being of the moll: ll'ocky full growth, and the hardicll to Hand the Winter. They are all rai fed from {eed fowed in May and June tillAuguH; but the early fowings before June will run to Halks the ihme year ; fSfhould (bw only a fmall crop before that time, ii^ May, for early Summer endive ; and in the Beginning or middle, and latter end of June, fow the firll main crops, f^i* Autumn. Sow alfo ^'.principal fuccelTion crop in July for Autumn and Winter, and the Inft fowing the beginning of Auguft for late fupplies in the end of Win- ter and fbilowing Spring, fowing each crop "'^in in beds of good ear ih_,' and rake m the ■M"ni'3 ' • ■ icid. 4-02 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. feed : when the plants are an inch or twft high, thin them where too thick; and when they are three or four, to five or fix inches growth, Ihould be tranfplanted in June, July, Auguft, September ; draw up the llrongell, prune the tops of draggling long leaves and the ends of the roots ; and allotting them a compartment of rich ground, plant them a foot to fifteen inches dillance ; watered at planting and till they have taken root. Jn the above order plant out a moderate portion in June, full crops in July, Augult, and September ; obferving in September and Oclober to plant out fome in a warm dry firuation, and on fouth borders, to Hand the Winter more cffedually, and for Spring fup- ply till April or May ; or in October, or No- vember, phmt fome llout plants thickly along the fouth fides of raifed ridges of earth, either in a border raifed towards the wall, or detached, raifed two feet or more behind doping to the fun, for the plants to remain drier in Winter, as being very apt to rot in that feafon in low wet grounds. According as the plants of the different crops attain full growth, ftocky, and full in the heart, fome fhould have the leaves tied up together every week, or fortnight, to blanch or whiten, and render them tender, crifp, and mild taftcd ; performing this always in dry days, having ftrings of frefh bafs, or fmall ofier twigs, and in the largeft full plants, ga- ther up the leaves of each regular, and tie them together, above the middle, moderately tlofe J each parcel thus tied up, will be well whitened^ KlTCflEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 403 whitened, &c. in about a fortnight, when they may be cut for ufe as wanted; continue tying up fome in the above order all Autumn and Winter, &c. but in the latter feafon ob- ferve to perform it only in open dry weather, and in fevere froll cover fome with long litter, &c. To fave endive feed, either leave or tranf- plant fome ftrong plants in February, or March ; they will Ihoot and produce plenty of feed in Autumn. FENNEL. Common Sweet Fennel. Dark-green leaved. "pENNEL is a hardy perennial plant, raifed from feed and by off-fets of the root, con- tinuing of fcveral years duration, producing tufts of leaves in Spring, Summer, and Au- tumn, which are the parts ufed ; is of a high flavoured aromatic quality, much efteemed to cat with pickled falmon, mackarel, &c. It is eafily raifed from feed and fide ofF- fets of old roots ; a fmall crop is fufficient for the fupply of a family, and the fame plants continue by the roots feveral years, producing plenty of leaves annually, from Spring till Winter; fhoots up feed ftalk's in Summt-r. Sow the feed in February, or March, or in Auguft, in any fituation, either in drills foot apart, or broad-call on the fu face, fake ii^ ;he feedj and when the pian^^ 404 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. three or four inches high in Summer,- thin them a foot afunder, r.nd dear out weeds ; or fome may be tranfpianted that diftance r and to raije a Tupply by off-fets, the old roots generally divide below in feverai fmaller, which jnay be flipped off in the Spring, Sammer, or Autumn, and planted a foot apart, they vill furnifh preient leaves either till lecdling plants come in, or for a continuing crop. Or for immediate fupply of fennel leaves, icmelargefullrootsmaybe procured and plant- ed in Spring, Summer, and Autumn. As fennel ilioots up ftrong Hems for feed in Summer, it is proper to cilc them down cither wholly, or in part, where the feed is not wanted, both to encoura^^e a produdion of young leaves in proper fucccHion, and to pre- vent its feeding and dilfeniinaLing it about the ground, where it would come up as trou- blefome as weeds. Jf feed is required, permit fome Halks to Tun ; they will produce plenty in large um- bels. F I N O C H I O, or AzoRiAN Fennel. TTlNOCHIO is an annual plant of the fennel '^ tribe, and high flavoured, raiTed every year from feed in feverai' fowings in Spring and Sammer, as being but of Ihort duration, grows- with a thick flem, fwelling and flefl-iy below,' ^vhich being earthcdup to blanch, is the paits' ■Jed to flice^in fallads, and for culinary pur-' •p^ffci, '■ - -.-...• 'i > .-••■- -.-. It KITCHEN CARDKN DISPLAYED. 4O5 Jt is always raifed from feed in Spring and Siimrtier, fowed every month from March till July/ as the plants continue but a fhort time gOQd for Xik' before they run : fow the feed in a a open fpace ofrich ground in drills two feet afun- der; and when fhc plants are three inches high, weed and thin them, five or fix inches drflance, hoeing and loofening the ground between and about the plants, to encourage the ilems in- creafing to a good fubltance, which when ac full, or of fome confiderablq growth, earth up on each fide five or fix inches, to make them white and tender; they will be blanched for ufe in a fortnight or three weeks. U required in conllant fupply, fow a fmall or moder:Ue crop every month, from March till the end of July, as before intimated, and each crop managed as above, they will arrive to full growth in fucceflion from June to No- vember, or December ; the late crops in Win- ter fhouid be covered v/hen froRy weather. Seed for fowing may be faved, by Iciivin^ fome plants of the forward crop to run. G A R L I C K. /^ARLICK is a buibous-rooted perennial plant, raifed or propagated by dividing the fmali cloves of its compound root, anc' planted one crop annually in the Sprinv growing to a large bulb in Summer, compo-d of many froall cloves, which are the parts v<^d in various culinary difhes, and efticacious^s a me^cine. 4C6 KITCniiN' GARDEN- DISPLAYED. medicine in many cafes ; obtained for ufe in June and July, and to dry for keeping the year round. Very ufeful in a family. It is planted in February, March, or be- ginning of Apiil at lateft ; when having fome large bulbs of garlick, divide them into fepa- rate cloves, or fmaller bulbs, which then plant in beds, in rows lengthways, fix to nine inches afunder, and three inches deep; plante*d either with a blunt-ended dibble, or draw drills the above dillance and depth : place the cloves in the drilb, thrufting th^ bottom a little into the ground, and then earthed over regularly the depth of the drills. When the plants come up, keep them clean from weeds during their growth, till July; at which time the bulbs will be full grown, difcovering this by the leaves changing yellowifh and decay- ing ; then fhould be taken up. But if fome are required fooner, for prefent ufe, a few may be drawn up in May and June, in their young growth. However, let the principal fupply attain full maturity, and when the leaves begin to decay, dig them up; dried and tied in bunches, and houfed to keep for ufe, as .wanted. HORSE. KITCHEN CARD Ell DJSrtAYED. 4C7 HORSE-RADISH. TTORSE-RADISHisa perennial-rooteu plant, raifed by oif-fets and cuttings of the roots, continuing in produclion fevcrat years, producing large long root-fl:ioots of a hot nature, and are the parts ufed, always to cat raw, fcraped in fine fhreds, and ufed as fauce, or as a fallad. Sec. at any feafon of the year, but principally in Autumn, Winter and Spring, in beft perfedion. It is propagated always by the off-fets from the bottoms or fides of the main roots, the top part cut off about two inches long ; or, in want of a fufficiency of thefe, fome old knotty roots may be cut into pieces, two inches long, for fets. The feafon for planting is O^Ttober and No- vember, or February and March, colle6ting s. proper fupply of fets as above; the ground trenched one gr two full fpade deep : then, having a long, thick, blunt-ended dibble, plant the fets in rows, two feet dillance by one foot in the row, making a hole for each fet, ten or twelve to fifteen inches deep, .that they may at that depth fend up long ftraight root-llioots, covering in the holes with the earth. Or they may be planted in trenches, in digging the ground, opening a firft trench two feet wide and a fpade deep, loofening the bottom, in which place a row of fets along themiadic; dig the next trench the fame 408 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. width and depth, turning the earth into the £rft upon the feis. • Ihus, in either method of planting, the fers will fend up long ftraight roo:-(hoois, pro- ducing a head of leaves at the furface of the ground ; and the roots will enlarge in growth till Ot;:lober, when, if of tolerable fize, may begin digging up fome for ufe, as wanted at that time, or all Winter, &c. But if not particularly wanted this firft year, as the ihoots will rather be fmall, if permitted to have another year's growth, they will be fine and large by next Autumn. When they are to be taken up for ufe, dig out a trench along the firll row, or as far as wanted, going as deep as the bottom of the upright root-fhoots, which then cut off with a knife or fpade tranfverfely, ciofe to the mo- ther llools or fcts, leaving thofe undiilurbed in the ground, earthing ihem over again the proper depth, and they will fend up an an- nual produi^tion of Ihoots as above, for many years to come. HYSSOP. Officinal, or Garden Hyssop. TT Y S S O P is a fmall under-fhrubby ever- green perennial, of the aromatic tribe, raifed by feed, flips of ihejoranches, and part- ing the roots, continuing feveral years in root ^nd top. The" leaves, or yodng ihoots and leaves KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 409 leaves together, are the parts ufed fomctimes as a pot-herb, and occaiionally the tops and flower-fpikes for medicine. Is green all the year. Sow the feed in March or April, a frnall portion, in any bed or border of lif,ht earth, broad-cart and raked in ; or in fmall drills fix inches apart each, for tranfplanting in Sum- mer ; or fome may be fowed in a drill for an edging, to remain. The others, when three or four inches high, in June, July, &c. tranf- plant them in Ihowery weather, half a foot apart, till Autumn or next Spring, then planted a foot to fifteen or eighteen inches afunder, to remain ; or fome planted as aa .edging aforefaid. Or flips of the young fide-lhoots of old plants, in March, April or May, &c. planted in a fhady border, or where convenient, and watered, will grow freely. Likewife bufhy plants, advanced with many bottom Items, may be flipped or divided with roots to each, and planted a foot diftance. One crop will continue feveral years, fur- nifliing leafy flioots for ufe at mort feafons, and flower fpikes in Summer. JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE. n^ H E Jerufalem artichoke is by many efteemed for its large tuberous flefhy roots, and by the ofF-fets or cuttings of which the plants are propagated and perpetuated in a N n perennial 410 KIICMEN GARDEN DI5PLAYEII. perennial ftate, but frefh planted every year in the Spring, in rows two or three feet dif- tance ; fnooting up a tall ftem in Summer, and the root multiplies into many tubers, growing to a large iv/.c by Odober, for ufe then, all Winter, and following Spring. Good to boil, and mafhwith butter, Jic. This plant is raifed in one crop, planted ia the Spring, February or March. Having feme large or middle fizs roots, cut them into feveral pieces, with an eye or two to each: pLmt them in any open fituatlon, by dibble, in rows two feet and a half, or a yard apart, and eighteen inches dillance in each row, and three or four inches deep. When the plants come up, give occafional hoeings to keep down the weeds, and hoe fome earth about the bottom of the (terns of the plants, which will continue in growth till September or Odober, at which time the roots will be ar* rived to full growth ; generally a good clulter of them to each plant. They may then be digged up for ufe, as wanted, and all Winter, and foUowio* Spring. But it will be proper, about November, when the ftalks decay, to dig up a quantity, and lay them in fand under cover, to be ready for ufe as wanted in Winter, cfpecially ia frofty weather;, when the others are frozen ia the ground t KIDNEYe KITCHEN GARDEN D1SFI.AYEI>. 4IX KIDNEY-BEANS. Dwarf Kinds- Early white Dwarf Early yellow Dwarf Early Negro Early fpeckled Dwarf Batterfea white Dwarf Ca:ntcrrbiiry white Dwarf Black fpeckled Dwsrf Red fpeckled Dwarf Dun-coloured Dwurf Striped Dwarf Chiuefe fpeckled Dwarf Large white Dwarf. Runner Kinds. Scarlet runners iarge white Runners Dutch white Runners Batterfea Runner Black Runner Variable-feeded Run- ner. 'T^ HE kidney-beans, in all the varieties, are annual plants, raifed every year frtsm feed, fowed in feveral crops, from April tiJl Auguil, producing great quantities of feed- pods, which, while they are young, green and tender, are the parts ufed, obtained in jptentiful fupplies from June or July till Oc- tober ; and are very profitable Summer and Au- tumn crops, to cultivate both in family gardens^ and for fale in the markets. They are alfo obtained in early produflion in Spring, by f.he af?ritance of hot-beds and hot-houfe.-, &c. N n 2 Of 4I« KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. Of the above two tribes of kidney-beans» Dwarfs and Runners, the former are of low buihy growth, ten or twelve to eighteen inches high ; the latter run with !ong flender twining flalks, feveral feet high upon proper fupport, and require tall llicks or poles to climb upon, or planted near walls, &c. and have lines fuf- pended from above, on which to afcend in their twining growth. But for confiderable principal crops, the Dwarfs are moft eligible, as not requiring any fupport, and in general the beans are moil efteemed for the principal fupply ; though it is alfo proper to have mo- derate crops of the Runners, efpecially of the Scarlet and large White, for their very pro- lific property and long continuance in bear- ing; the pods thick, flefhy, tender and good, while young. The Dutch Runner is alfo a great bearer, with fine long flefhy pods, but not near fo durable in bearing as the two former. The dw?rf kidney-beans are fowed every month, from April till July, or beginning of Auguft, to obtain a conllant fucceiTiou of young pods during the proper feafon, as one crop continues only about three or four weeks in good bearing. For the firil: crops, have feed of fome early dwarf kinds, orof the Canterbury, Batterfea, or fpeckled dwarfs, and of which may fow a mo- derate portion the bcginningor middle ofApril, if dry.fettled mild weather, in a warm dry bor- der, or other compartment ; for the beans, be- ing tender, are very apt to rot at this feafon, if a cold or wet foil, or much rain falling after (hey are fowed, therefore fow a larger crop to- KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYEU, 4.I 3 towards the latter end of April : diawingdrDls Qi>ly about ah inch deep, and two tee i and a' half aiunder ; \o\v a row of beans in each drill only two inches apart, as many may fail at this fcafon, and cover them in with the earth not jnore than the depth of the driii, for fear of rot- ting them. After fo wing this crop, if inucli rain or cold weather happen, examine the beans in the ground, to fee if they remain found, or ap- pear moil of them in a decaying rtate; and in the Utter cafe, fow again direflly, if dry weather. But for the main crops, iow plentifully in May and June, in any open compartments of lightiih good ground, a portion once a fort- night or three weeks, of the Canterbury, Bat- t^rfea, and fpeckled dwarfs, as principal bear- ers, or of any other forts, except the early, as they continue but a fhort time in bearing. ' Drawing drills two feet and ahalf afumier, and about an inch and a half deep, fow, the beans tvv'O or three inches apart, and earth them over evenly: fow more of the fame forts twice in July, and fome the beginning of Augufi, for the lalt crop ; and from thefe different fowings jd the order as above, a regular fucceffion will be produced from June or July till Odober. Or for a few early, fome may be fowed in a gen tie- hot- bed in April, to raife the plants an in-ch or two in growth, to tranfplant into a %var*n border the beginning of May. According as the plants of the different <:Yn^ to. the Items of the plants, which wiILt ilj[;cag^hen and forward their growth. N n 3 Gather 414 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. Gather the pods always while moderately young, not let them remain to grow old, and the plants will bear longer in proportion. Earliefl crops of dwarf kidney beans are obtained by fowing in hot-beds, and hot- hoiifes in VVinter and Spring. Some early dwnrfs may be fowed in a hot- bed, under frames and giailes, in February, March, and April, or in the two latter months in a hoc-bed arched over with hoops to cover with mats of nights and bad weather, fowing either tnickly in a fmall hot- bed ; and when the plants are an inch or two in growth tranfplanted into a new and larger hot-bed, to remain, planted in rowj crofs ways, iifteea inches diilance, or the beans may be fowed ir^ that order at once, in a larger hot-bed, to pontinue. Give the plants air every mild day ; occafional gentle waterings ; they will produce moderate crops in March, or Aprif and May, till June, when they will be fuc«. ceeded by the early natural crop5. Buc in hot-houfes are obtained early in greater perfe(5lion, and iefs trouble : fowing the beans in January, February, March, and April, in pots of rich light earth, four in each pot, the pots being previoufly placed it; the hot-houfc, iney will ^bon come up, when give the plani> frequent waterings, and they will bear plenty ip Spring, till May and June, Runner kidney beans are planted in May and June, feldom earl er, as they are tenderer than the dwarfs, and the beans very liable to fot by wet and cold j the beginning, or mid- dle KITCHEN OARDEN DISPLAYED. 4!^ d\c of May is Toon enough to fow any princi- pal crop; and fow a full crop in June; the fcarlcts and large white are the molt plentiful and longell bearers : two crops fowed as above, will bear from July, till October or November; but the white Dutch runners are very proper, as moll excellent fine tender eat- ing beans, and, of which, fow a crop in May, June, and July, as they do not bear fo long as the fcarlets, &c. any of the other ronning forts may be fowed at the fame time, all of which may be fowed b«th in open fitu- aiions, and on borders near walls, &c. Jn fowing them in open or detached com- partments, draw drills four feet afunder, and an inch and half deep, or draw two drills to- gether a foot apart, then allowing a fpace of five feet, draw two mbie drills, and fo pro- ceed with others, as many as intended, as iKefe forts require confiderable fcope of room; drop the beans in the drills three or four inches afunder, and earthed over evenly the ikpth of the drills. ^mall portions of fcarlets and large white gunners may be fowed in pots or boxes, &c. where DO garden, and placed where convenient. According as the plants are come up, three or four, to five or fix inches high, hoe fome earth to the ftems, and cut down all weeds ; and when they begin to fend forth their run- ners, place a row of fticks or poles to each row of plants, and condud the runners to the poles at iirft, or any fowed near walls, &c» inay extend lines froni the top to the bottom foi: i^!6 KITCHEN GARDEiV DiSPLAYEB. for the plants to afcend upon. They will aU readily catch the poles and lines, and foon afcend confiderably, flowering and bearing at the joints in long fucceflion. Generally gacner the pods of all the runner kinds while ihey are young, when flefhy, brittle, and tender. To fave feed of kidney beans, either fow fome for that occafion, or leave fome. rows unga- thered of the main crops, or the remainder of what are not gathered for ufe ; they will ripen in AtiguA and sieptember. LAVENDER. T AVENDER is a (lirubby aromatic plant, raifed by flips and cuttings of the branch- es, and is of feveral years duration, producing long fpikes of fmall blue flowers in bummer, which are the parts ufed to put in bags to fcent clothes, and for lavender water. It is propagated by flips or cuttings of the. young fhoots of the branches in IVIarch, April, ?v4ay, June, &c. live or fix inches long, planted, in a Ihady border (ix inches apart ; and when well rooted, may be tranfplanied in Autumn or Spring v/here they are to remain, eighteen inches, or two feet diflance. The^ produce the flower fpikes in June, July, ^c/vyhen gather what aic wanted. LEEKS. KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 4I7 LEEKS. Broad Leave d. Narrow Leaved. 'J^HE leek is a biennial plant, raifed cver^ year from feed in the Spring, both to remain and trmfplant ; is a moll ufeful efcu- leet, wholly eavable, both in the bottom. Deck part, and leaves, ufed for foups, broths, Aewing, and to boil and eat like greens ; in he& pejrfeO'on the end of Autumn, all Win- ter and Spring, till April or May. it ihould be cultivated in principal cropsj either feme fowed thinly with onions, and when the latter are gathered off in Augult, the leeks have room for their full growth ; or may be wholly fowed in beds, both for fome to traalplant, and the reil to remain, and thinned to regular diftances. Sow the feed in the end of February, or in Jkiarch, for the main fupply ; alfo fow in -April and May for late crops ; fowing in four leet wide beds of good rich, earth, and rake in the feed; and when the plants are advanced three- er four inches iti growth, in ?vTay and J\ii\t, weed and thin them moderately ; and when deligned for tranfplanting, they are proper for this when five or lix to eight or ten inches high, in June, July, and Augu(i-,x and for which thin out a conliderabie quantity }n Hiovvery weather; prune the long weak 4lS KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYEH. tops of the leaves, and the root fibres, and plant them by dibble, in rows a foot apart, by fix inches in the row, inferting them down to the leaves, with the neck part moftly into the ground, to be long and white ; if dry weather, water them till they take root ; af. cerwards keep them clear from weeds by hoe- ing, and by which, loofen the ground about the plants, to encourage their growing large, to a proper full fize for ufe, by September and Odober, &c. thofe which remain in the feed-beds, fhould be thinned regularly , fix inches to a foot diftance, or if any were fowed, thin with onions, and the onions being cleared ofFin Auguft, the leeks will have room to grow to a large fize for ufe, the end of Autumn, and in Winter. Some of the late fowed leeks of April and May, fhould be planted out in Auguft and September, to ftand for Spring ufe, conti- nuing till May without running to ftalks. The leeks of the main crops fowed in Fe- bruary or March, will be advanced to full growth by September or Oflober, to take up lor ufe at that feafon, and all Winter, and part of the Spring ; the others will remain for late Spring crops. To fave leek feed, either leave, or tranf- plant fome in February in a funny fituation, m rows, two feet diftance by one foot in the rows ; the feed will ripen in September in large round heads. L E T» KITCHEN CARPiirt DISPLAYED. 419" LETTUCE. Common white Cab- bage Lettuce Green Cabbage Let- tuce Brown Dutch Cab- bage Lettuce Grand admirable or Royal Cab. Lettuce Honey Cabbage Let- tuce Roman Cabbage Let- tuce Imperial Lettuce Cilicia Lettuce Capuchin Lettuce Green Cos Lettuce White Cos Lettuce Spotted Cos Lettuce Red Cos Lettuce Egyptian early green Cos Lettuce Ball Cabbage Let- tuce T ETTUCES are all annual plants, raifed every year from feed, in leveral crops, fowed every month, from February, March, &c. till Auguil and September, both for tranfplanting, and to remain where fovved, and thinned a foot afunder, growing to full cabbaged fizc in Summer and Autumn, in greatell perfection, and in an inferior growth in Winter and Spring, the leaves the ufeful parts, for failads, and various culinary occa- fions, when large, with full cabbaged hearts, in Summer, &c. and occafionally in their young open growth, in Spring, and other times, as required, in default of cabbaged heads. All the forts of lettuce in their advanced growth,^ cabbage with full hearts, white, ten- der. 4^0 XITCM.2N GARDliN DISPLAYED* der, and hveet, but generally bitter in thtif young open Hate, the cabbage lettuces com- monly head in a round clofe fquat growth, the cos kinds growing oblong and upright. They are all raifed plentifully from feed, 3H Spring, Summer, and Autumn, for ufe the fame year, requiring to be fowed every month, from February or March, till July or Auguli;,.as the plants of each crop, after aC'^ain* ing perfe(^tion in their cabbaged growth, for>a fly up to feed Italics the fame feafr»n ; and fome Ihou'id be fowed the middle of Auguft, and in September, which will not ruii, but ftand over the Winter, in young growih for earliell Spring and Summer lertuoes. The principal varieties of lettuce, iiioft eligible lo cultivate for general crops, are the common white cabbuge lettuce, brown Dotch, green cabbage lettuce, green and wiiite cos, to cultivate at any fesfon required, an-i the four latter are hardy for Winter, and early Spring, the grand admirable and Roman are excellent for bummer and Autumn ; the cili-> ^ cia is alfo a fine Summer and Autumn lettuce, any of the others may be raifed to have a greater variety; but always cultivate plenti- fully of the green and white co> for full cab- : baging, both for early, and general Summer ' and Autunm crops, till Odober or Novem- ber, &c. alfo the common white cabbage let- ' tuce ; and for hardy lettuces to fland the Winter, the green cabbage lettuce, brown Dutch, and green and white cos are proper, and. the early green Egyptian lettuce k good,/. for KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, <^2 I for forcing in hot-beds and forcing houfes, and for oiher early crops. To have a conilant fupply of lettuces, the feed is fowed every month, from February cr March, till June or July, for the principal Summer crops of full heading lettuce ; and in Auguft and September for late Autumt* and fome VVinter plants, and a principal part to Hand for Spring, and early Summer head- ing lettuces. For ttic early and firll main crops, fow a fmall portion in January or February in a warm border, for earliell Spring fowed ier- tuces, and a larger fupply in March in open compartments, cr in any beds or borders for a full crop; or for the earliefl crop, fome may al To be fowed in a gentle hot- bed, or in a frame, in the beginning of February, efpecially if the Winter Handing plants are cut off by the ieve- rity of the froft in Winter; and in either me- thod, when the early plants are one, two, or three inches high, prick fom.e either on a warm border, four inches apart, or under a frame for better pjotedtion and forwarder growth, or fome in a flender hot- bed to brino- them as forward as pofTible, and in their ad- vanced pricked out growth, when of fome tolerable Ibength, in March, April, and May, a quantity may be thinned out, ahd planted in beds or borders ten or twelve inches afunder, to acquire full fize ; and of thofe fowed in March in open compartments for firft main crops, fliould, when three cr four inches high^ in May and June, be thinned, and O o ferae 42 2 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLaVES. fome planted a foot diftance, all for faU cabbaging. However, for general fowing, the proper feafon is the middle or latter end of February, March, and April ; when Tow larger portions for principal early and firft main crops, on wfirm borders, and on any four feet wide beds, and in open compartments ; all fowed broad-caft, and rake in the (eed, the plant* both to remain where fowed, and thinned a foot afunder, and for tranfplanting that dif- tance, and fome may be gathered in the feed beds in young open growth in Spring, efpe- ciafly of the white cabbage and honey let- tuces, till the principal plants advance to a cabbaged growth ; ohferving, according as the plants, defigned for cabbaging, advance in growth three to four or five inches, plant out a good portion in rows a foot or fifteen inches apart, and a foot afunder in the rows, and watered; thofc in the feed-bed thin by hand or fmall hoeing the fame diflance, the different crops will cabbage, fome moderately in May, but more fully in June, and in full perfection in July. Continue fowing in April and May, for principal fucceffional Summer crops, and in June and July, and beginning of Augult, to have a plentiful fucceflion continued till Au- tumn and Winter; and of each crop, when of proper growth, iranfplant plentiful fupplies in fhoweryweather the above-men tioneddillances, and thin thofe remaining in the feed-beds in the fame order, and thus the plants of thefe 3 «^0P' KITCHEK GARDEN DISPLAYED. 423 crops will come into full growth in fucceffion to che former, in June, July, Auguft, Sep- tember, till Odlober or November, &c. In the forward crops, when the plants of the cos lettuce are advanced to a large growth, beginning to turn, or clofe the inner leaves, they may be forwarded in cabbaging by tying tlie leaves together with firings of bafs, mo- derately clofe. For Winter lettuce, and to iland till next Spring for early crops, fo-^ in the middle of Augull and beginning of September, fome green and white cos, brown Dutch, green cab- bage, ball, and Capuchin lettuce, in beds or bor- ders in warm fituations, fome to remain where fowed, and a good quantity tranfplanted in Sep- tember and Odober on warm borders, and in^ frames, or beds, to have ihelter of glaifes and mats in cold nights and bad weather in Winter j therefore, in the middle or end of September, and beginning of Odober, when the plant;> of the Auguft fowing are two or thiee inches high, thin out a quantity from the feed beds, and plant them in foutli borders and other warm fituations, in rows fix inches apart, by four inches in the row, and of which fome will probably be proper for ufe in Winter; cfpecially of the cabbage and brown Dutch lettuce in the feed beds, thinned out in a young growth, but the greater part remains till Spring; and in Odober, or beginning of November, the late-fovved plants of September fhould be thinned, and fome of the cos lettuces, kc. in particular, planted in frames three or O o 2 four 4-4 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. four inches afuhder, to have proteaion of the gla/Tes every nigh:, and bad weather all the Winter, or fome pricked under hand glalll-s, or in want of frames, &c. plant them i"n beds the fame diftance,'and arched over with hoops, to have occanonal covering of mats ; likewife prick fome of the different forts in warm fouth borders under walls, leaving a portion in the feed-beds, thinned three or'' four inches diftauce; all of which to remain for early Spring and Summer fupply in March, April, IV'Jay, &CC. thofe in the frames, or other places of flielter, fhould have the full air in all mild dry days, defended from great rains, fnow, and in fro[\:y weather, with the glaffes or other covering mats, with additional covering of mats or flraw litter in fevere frofts. In the Spring, about March and April, if mofl of the plants furvive the Winter, thofe remaining thick in the borders ihould be thinned ten or twelve inches afunder, and thofe thinned out planted into open fituations the fame diftance : and at the fame time all the frame plants and oihers wintered in beds defended with hand glaiTes or matts, fliould be tranfplanted into beds or borders, &c. the whole to remain to attain full growth, or ad- vance more or lefs in cabbagy hearts : in which the cos lettuces may be forwarded in April and May, by tying the leaves of the largell^ plants together; they will fupply the table till the early and general crops of Spring- fowed lettuces arrive to proper fize for ga- thering. ^ Early KITCHEN CARDEW DISPLAYED. 42 ,^ Early lettuce are obtained cabbaged ia Winter, by'tranfplancing fome of the flrongelt Autumn-iaired plants into hot-beds and the borders of forcing Iloves, in December, Ja- nuary and February, and will cabbage in to- lerable perfeilion in that feafon and early in Spring. When this is intended, fome ftrong plants (hoald be defended with frames and glaifcs from frnft and bad weather, ready to tranfplant with bails of earth into the hoc- beds, &c. f To fave lettuce-fecd, leave or tranfplantf. fome of the early or forwardell plants of the main crops in x'^pril, May, or beginning of June, fifteen inches afunder ; they will fhoot to ftalks, and produce ripe feed in Augufl and September. LOVE-APPLE, OR TOMATOES. Red Love-Apple, Yellow Love-Afple, Cherry-shaped Love-Apple. Love-Apple is a tender annua' plant,, d from feed every Spring on a hot- fmall crop, for tranfplariting in Iviay^ m borders, growing v/ith large long-' ■Tp H E Love-Apple is a tender annua' plant,, raifed bed, one into warm trailing ftalks, producing bunches of large fruit in Autumn, which, when ripe, are the parts ufed, to put in foups, &c. and both thsf' green and ripe fruit to pickle. O 0 3 W^here 426 KITCHEN «ARDEN DISPLAYED. Where thefe plants are required, fow the feed in a hot-bed the middle or end of March, or in April ; and when the plants are two or three inches high, iffome are pricked in ano- ther hot-bed, or in the fame where raifed, ihey will advance in a flronger growth for trans- planting ; or fome may be pricked fingly in fmall pots plunged in the hot-bed, to be more readily tranfplanted, with balls of earth to the roots. In the middle or latter end of May, or beginning of June, plant them with balls of earth into South borders, to have the full fun to ripen the fruit more effevo latter conti- pue of feveral years duration. All the forts are ufed as pot-herbs j the young tops and leaves together are the parts ufed, in Summer in their growing Hate, and dried to keep fo;* Winter. The Sweet, or annual Marjoram, is raifed from feed every Spring. 3ow it in April, in a bed or border of light earth, and fake in the feed ; or fome in a hot- bed. When the plants are one, two, or three inches high, thin the feed-bed five or fix inches afunder ; thofe thinped out, plant at the fame diftance, iind watered ; they will all be of proper growth the fame Summer and Autumn, and to gathey to dry for Winter. The two perennial marjorams are al fo raifed by feed, as above ; or propagated or raifed by flips of or parting the roots and tops together, in March and April, or in September, and planted in a bed or border a foot apart, and watered ; they will foon grow ^Qiky in bunches, furnifh green tops and leaves 4?8 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. leaves all Summer and Autumn, and in the Winter Marjoram, continue green all the year. Some of eacli may be dried in Summer, to keep for Winter. The fame plants, in both, forts, will continue feveral years. MINT. Common, or Spear-Mint, Narrow-leaved, Broad- leaved. Round leaved ; Pepper-Mint. HP H E Mints are hardy perennial-rooted plants of aromatic property, raifed by parting the roots, young oiF-fet plants, and cuttings of the ftalks, continuing by the roots feveral years, producing leafy tops and ftalks annually in Spring and Summer, which are the parts ufed both young, and at full growth, in the Spear-Mint, for fauce, fallads, and culinary purpofes, in Spring, Summer, and Autumn, and dried to keep for Winter. And the Pepper-mint principally for dilUlling, when at full growth in Summer. They are all raifed both by parting the roQts in the Spring or Autumn, placing them in drills drawn an inch or two deep, and fix inches apart, and earthed over ; and by young off-fet plants in the Spring, about March and April, when three to rive or fix inches high, drawing them up with roots, and planted by dibbie KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 42|) dibble fu inches dillance ; alfo by cuttings of the advanced ilalk.s in May and June, in fhowery weather, cut into lengths of five or fix inches, planted fix inches apart, give wa- ter, and they will foon emit roots freely. And thus, by either of thefe different methods "of propagation, the plants wi'.l moft readily grow proper for ufe the fame feafon, both irv their young and advanced ilate, and will ac- quire full growth in June and July, to cut for drying and dillilling. The Spear-mint may be gathered for ufe, both in its young Spring tops, of one, two or "three, to four or fix inches, and in their ad- ,vanced growth ; and in Summer, when com- ing into ilower, gather them to dry for Win- ter. . Jf young Spear-mint is required in Winter, or early in Spring, plant feme roots thickly in a hot-bed, and they will produce plenti- fully. The Pepper-mint for di-ftilling fhould be gathered in June or July, when at full growth, beginning to flower, being then in bell per- fedion. MARIGOLD. Officikal, or Pot-Marigold. n^HE Marigold is an annual plant, raifed from feed every year, in Spring or Au- tum^ one finall crop annually; the plants producing 43® KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. producing many large flowers in Summer, till Oftober or November, thefe are the parts ufed, chiefly to put in broth, and for fome medicinal ules ; obtained in Summer and Au- tumn from the plants, and may be dried to keep for Winter. Sow the feed in any of the Spring months, cither in drills a foot apart, or broad-call and rake in the feed ; and when the plants are of two or three inches growth, thin them a foot or fifteen inches afunder ; or fome may be tranfplanted that diftancc. Keep them clean from weeds ; they will produce flowers the fame year, in June, July and Auguft, and tilj. the end of Autumn, to gather for ufe as then wanted ; and gather a fupply when in full flower, to dry, then put up in paper bags for Winter. To fave feed, the flowering plants furnifli plenty in Autumn; or from fcattered feeds, falling from the plants, many young ones will come up naturally in the Spring. MUSTARD. White Mustard, Black Mustard, np H E Muftards are hardy annual plants, raifed from feed every month, in Spring and Summer, the white fort, for a fmall fallad herb ; and which and the black multard in one crop, fowed in the Spring, to produce feed for making flour of mullard, or for fow^ . "S' *"=• The KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 43 I The white muftard is raifed in gardens, as one of the rmall-fallad. lierbs, in a/Temblage with crefles, &c. for its warm quality, both for Spring, Summer and Winter fallads, or as required ; and for which, in Spring and Summer, (hould be fowed once a week or fortnight, as the plants foon grow too large, for they ihould be gathered for this purpofe while in the feed-leaves, as, after the rough leaves advance, they eat hot, rank, and dif- agreeable. It may be fowed in warm borders in February and March, afterwards in any other fituation ; generally fowing in flat fliai- low drills three or four inches apart, the feed fowed very thick, and thinly covered in with earth. If required in Winter, fow in frames, or under hand-glafles, and on hot-beds when cold or frofty weather. — See as diredlcd for To raife a crop for the feed, with which to make flour of mullard, fow principally the black fort, or occafionally the white, in March or April, in open compartments, and :n fields. Sowed broad-caft, and rake or harrow .n the feed; and when the plants are of two or three inches growth, hoe a;nd thin them five or fix inches afunder, cutting up all weeds: or maybe fowed in drilis a foot afunder; they will fhoot to ftalk, and ripen the feed in July or Auguft. To fave feed of the white muflard for fal- lading, either fow fome in March, ^c. or leave rows of the crops of that feafon, that are become too old for ufe ; they will flioot, ..nd produce ieed in Autumn, NAS^ J^22 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, NASTURTIUM, or INDIAN CRESS. Major or Greater Nasturtium, Minor or Dwarf Nasturtium. n^ H E Naflurtiuras are tenderifli annual plants, raifed from feed in one fmall crop every Spring ;.and in the firll fort, the plants run with long trailing ilalks, the other of dwarlifh growth, each finnilhing leaves, flow- ers and berries, in Summer and Autumn, which arc the parts ufed ; the young leaves and flowers fometimcs ufed in fr.llads ,for their • warm relifii, fimilar to crefTes, the flowers alfo to garnifh fallads, dilhes, &c. and the green berries to pickle. The large fort {hould either be fowed near Avails, pales, hedges, rails. Sec, on which to train them in their trailing growth ; or in open compartments, and have flicks placed for their fupport, though they will alfo fuc- cecd by trailing on the ground. They fl-iould be fowed in March or April, or M>y, in a drill under a wall, hedge, 2cc. or if in open or detached fltuations, iow them in rows three or four feet afunder. Sow the iced in the drills three or four inches apart, and earthed over. When the plants begin to run, thofc near walls, rails, hedges, &c. ihould be trained thereto ; or others, that are diflantln open fpaces, have branchy flicks placed to ^l^ach row, on which to condu^ ihe plants. They 4 KlTCHtN GARDEN DISPLAYEU. 4^3 They will run feveral fert in Ic^ngth, flowering ac the joints, and produce abundance of berry- like (eedy for gathering green as required in Autumn, The fmall naftur:ium may be fowed in the fame manner, or in patches. To fave feed, the plants produce it ripe abundantly in Augult and September. Melox and Mush room. See the Appendix, ONION. Common, orSxRASBURGH O.^iox, Deptford Omon, Large Portugal Omow> Large Spanish Onion, Large SiLVER-sKiNNBi), Small early Silver-skinned, (for pickling) Blood-red Onion, Welch Onion, or Scallion, (not bulbing). QNIONS are all biennial plants, the Welch onion pt^rennial in root ; all railed from feed every year in the Spring for the principal crops, and in Autumn to ibnd for young Winter and Spring onions ; ufeful in their different ftagea' of growth, both in their young green Ibue, and when advanced lefo or more in iheir bulbous nature, but of ^reatell value when fully bulbed in July and Auguft, boihfor prefentfupply, and to gather for keep. ^ P ing 434 KITCHEN GARDEN DlSPLAVLl?, ing till Winter and Spnng, coniinuing in good perfeflion many months ; and therefoie HiouUi always be cultivated plentifully for a principal crop, as being very delirable at all Ivafons for thefupplyof afamily, and moll ofeful in Vi.rious culinAry purpofes, as well as to eat raw occa- iionally, in cheir diiTerent Hates of growth. The main crops are fowcd in the Spring, end of February or in March, not later than the beginningormiddle of April. Allow them fome bell ground in an open coinpartment,and ifuell manured with rotten dung, it will be of much advantage. The ground may either he laid cut in four feet or four and a half wide beds, or remain in a continued plat. Sow the ieed moderately thick, broad-cail on the furface, and raked in evenly : the plants to remain where fowed, and when advanced three or four inches an growth, in May and June, the main crops defigned to Hand for full bulbing, should be thinned and cleared from weeds, performed either by hand, or fmall hoeing with a fmalf one-hand hoe two inches broad; or in want of an hoe, have an old table-knife, bent an inch and a half r.t the end ; thinning out the onions about four or five inches apart, and cut up all weeds. After this, in the advancing growth of the plants, keep them very clear from weeds, by occafional hoeing, or pulling the weeds up according as they appear. The plant? will continue in advancing growth till Auguft, when they will be fully grown iji large bulbous roots', which;, when the leaves begin to decay, having then done growing. ihould ktTCHLN GARDEN DISPLAYED* 4^^ MJd be pulled up, fpread to dry, theri II led for keeping. [Jul:, befides ihe above main crop of bulbers, {c*K\e may be raifed to remain thick for draw- in? young f)r iife, in a thinning order, both in Lheir fm^ll unbulbed llate, and in their ad- vancing young bulbous growth, thinning them out rtg:ilarly as wanted, in June, July,&c. Jeaving a crop at lenft four, five, or fix inches afunder, for bulbing to a full fize in Auguil. Likcwife Icmc may be fowed in April, in poor gn->und, to remain thickifh, to produce TaaH bulbs for pickling. Or, if young onions are required all Sum- mer, &c. fome feed may be fowcd in April, M ly, and June, till July. According as thofe for fall bulbing attain mature growth towards the middle of AuguH, when the necks fhrink and fall, and the leaves decaying, pull them up, fpread them on a clean dry compartment of ground in the fun to harden, turning them over once in two or three days ; and in a week or fortnight they will be proper to houfe. Clear them from earth, and the rougheft parts of the leaves and flalks ; carry them into fome dry room, laid' thinly at firll, turning them /over oc- cefionally, and pick out any that difcover a decaying Hate. When they are full dried and hardened, they may be laid clofer, or thicker together, if required. They will thus keep good all Winter, 8cc. To raife a crop of Winter and Spring young onions, and for early bulbers, the feed fhould be fowed in Auguil and beginning of Sep- P p 2 tember ; 4^6 KITCHZN GARDEN DISPLAYED. tembfT ; and for which crop, it is proper to fow a principal fupply of Welch onions, which, altiiough they never bulb, have me- rit for their lingular haiclinefs to Hand the rii^ours of Winter, when the bulbous iorts are often killed in that feafon : but they are of a ftronger hot talle than the bulbous onions : — and of the latter, what are not ufed in their young growth will come in for early buloing onion.s in June and July, though will moftly foon afier run up for feed. However, it is proper to fow both forts, fome towards the middle of Augull, and a few more about the latter end of thjt month, or beginning of September, to ftand later iu the Spring without running. Sow each fort feparate, in four-feet wide beds, tolerably thick ; tread down and rake in che feed. When the plants are up one, two^ or three inches high, and weeds rifmg , numeroufiy, they mull be carefuliy hand- Avsedcu, not thjnned ; as this will be eft'e^led in drawing them young for ufe as wanted, ior lallads and other occafions ; and for which, iome of the firft lowing in Auguft may be drawn the fame feaion, in October, Novem- ber ?nd December. The main fupply remain till Spring; but in Mid-winter, as the Welch onion> commonly die down to the ground, the root' part remains, i^rid they come up again llrongly in February, at which time, and in iVlarch, let the whole be well cleared from weeds. The onions will be of proper growth, to draw green for ufe all the Spring months, t:il May j then let fome of the bulbous kinds b« KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 437 be thinned, to femain for early bulbing in June and July. Of the bulbous kinds, of the winter crop, fome may be thinned out in April, and planted in rows fix inches dillance, and wa- tered, they will bulb of a tolerable good fize. To fave onion feed, take fome of the finefl of the houfed dried bulbs in February, plant them in rows three together, eighteen inches apart, and a foot diftance in the row ; having an interval of two feet between each three rows, to admit of placing flakes to fupport t|ie feed-flems of the plants in Summer; they >yill ripen feed in Augull or September. PARSLEY. Common plain Leaved Curled Leaved Parsley BjiOAD Leaved, or large Rooted Ham- burgh Parsley, {for its Root) » 'pHE varieties of parfley are biennial plants, raifed from feed every Spring in one crop, which in the common and curled leaved, the leaves are the only parts ufed, produced at all feafons of the year, and in the broad-leaved, or Hamburgh parfley, it producing large white carrot-lhaped roots, the fe are the parts chiefly ufed, attaining perfection in Autumn and Vy'inter, when they are boiled to eat like carrots, &c. good for diforderi of the gravel. P p 3 The 43^* KITC^XEN 0ARD€N dispiayhd.^ The firft two forts of parfiey are prober to cultivate in every garden as moft ufefiil poc herbs ; the feed may be fowed in any of the Spring months, from February till May, one ( Top will be fuificient to fiirnifn a fupply of leaves all the year ; fowit either in a linoje drill- along the edges of borders or other compart- ments, or for larger fupplies, may- be fowed in continued i-ows nine inches afunder; draw fmall drills half an inch to an inch deep, fow the feed moderately thick, and covered in about half an inch deep with earth ; the plants will come up in three, four, or five weeks, to remain where fowed, weed-ed occafionally ; and when of two or three inches growth, may begin to gather the leaves for ule, and as wanted, all ijummer and Winter, and following Spring, till May, when they will go to feed, having a frelh crop fowed every Spring, as above, advancing to fucceed the old plants. The broad-leaved pariley, for its ro -t, fhould be fowed in February, March, or April, in beds, broad-call and raked in, or in fmall drills nine inches apart ; the plants to remain, and thinned fix or eight inches dif- tance ; the roots will grow to proper fize to take up for ufe, in Augutt, September, and Odlober, and remain good all Winter, and part of the following Spring. To fave parfiey {eed, permit fome rows of old plants to run to ilalks in May, they will produce great plenty of feed in Autumn, P A R S N E P. KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, 439 r A R" S N E P. Common swelling Parsnep, nn HE parfnep is a biennial large eatable- rooted plant, raifcd ffom leed every Spring in one main crop, the plants to re- main," iind thinned, and will grow to full fize in Lhf? root in Autumn) very long and large by October, proper for iife in that feafon, all Winter, and following Spring, very deferving of principal culture in every garden, in cor- fiderablc fupplies, being a very good and pro- fitable root in a family. For its culture, allot a compartment of the richeit light deep ground, v/hich well dig two fpiides or one full fpade deep. 60W the feed generally about the latter- end of February, or in March, not later than the beginning or middle of April, either in four or five feet wide beds, or in a continued fpace> broad-call on the rough furface, and rake in the feed regularly ; the plants to re- main, and when two or three inches high, thin and clear them from weeds in May or June, either by hand or fmall-hoeing, thin- ning the plants fix to eight or ten inches dif- tance, and eradicate all weeds; afterwards keeping them clean from weeds till the leaves cover the ground, and no more culture will be required ; the roots will be grown large for ufe by ©clober, and be arrived to full growth 4<3Q ^:JTCHEN GARDEN DJSPLAYEDt growth by the end of that month, and remain good till next April, But in Uiie beginning of November, when the leaves decay, a quantity may be digge4 up, the tops cut oir, and the roots th^n laid in fand, under cover, for ready ufe in Winter, when froi^y weather. To fave feed, leave, or tranfplant feme largelt roots in Feb;uary two feet afunder, jni'erted over the crowns, they will Ihoot and ripen iced in Autumn. PEAS. Early Dwarf Pea Leadman's Dwarf Early Kotfpur Early Golden Hot- fpur Early Chailton liot- fpur Long or Reading lintfpur Ormrod Hotfpur pwarf Marrowfat T'all Marrowfat Green Marrowfat Gr^y Eouncival White Rovinclvaj Blue Rouncival Spanilh Moratto Green Nonpareil Large Egg Pea Pearl Pea Tall crooked Sugajr Pea Dwarf Sugar Pea Rofe or Crovyn Pea 5 bearing the lloweri and pods in a duf- tcr at. top. pEAS are annual plants, raiT-jd from the feed, fyw^d every year in fevcral crops, or every month, from Udobcr or November, till Ajpril or M?,y, for early and principal crop^ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 44I crops, and June and July for late produclion, and in all of which the plants to remain where fowed, producing pods for gathering from May or June, till September or Odober ; very eligible and profitable to cultivate in full crops for the fervice of a family, and for fup- ply of the markets. Jn the different varieties of peas, the hot- fpurs are of the imaller kinds, but of the ear- Iicft produ(ftion, and great bearers, eligible to fow for the early and firft main crops, or in continuance, and next to thefe the marrow- fats fhould be cultivated in principal fupplies as moll fine large fweet eating peas, and for greater variety, may fow feme of the other large kinds, as the rouncivals, Spanifh moratto, &c. Where there is good fcope of ground, any of the forts may be cultivated ; but in moderate gardens three or four of the principal kinds above-mentioned may be fufficient, fowed at different times, to have a regular fuccefficn ; that, if required, as early as polfible, fome hotfpurs may be fowed in October or Novem- ber, and December, to lland over the Winter to produce in May or June, and for principal early and main crops of thefe forts, fow ia January, February, March, and April, and of the marrowfats, may fow fome in Decem- ber or January in open weather, but full crops in February, March, and April, and in May and June for fuccelTion and late crops ; any of the other large forts may be fowed in February or March, till May, and the fame of any varieties required. For 442 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. For early crops, the golden and Ch:irItoa hotlpuis are very proper ; and if deuc^ned to try to have i'ouic as early a» poflible, a fmall crop may he Towed in a warm border the jat- ler end of 0(::tobcr, or any time in Novem- ber, fovv .«lft>^ a few in December, in cafe ihe others (hou)d be cut oii" in Winter, thcfe^ coining up iater may lland, and if they all fnrv'ive the froll, they will fucceed one ano^ ther in bearing. Draw drills two feet and half afunder, and an inch deep, fovv the peas tolerably thi.k at this feafon, and earth them over, or a drill may alfo be fowed clofe to a warm wall long- ^^•ays ; when the plants come up an inch or two high, Jioe a little fine earth up to them in a dry mild day, and as they advance in growth in the Spring, draw a little more earth up to their rtems ; and when fix inches high, place fome branchy Hicks to each row for the plants to climb upon in their natural order of growth, or if any are in a row under a wall, they may be trained clofe thereto by extend- ing lines along the outfide of the plants. in their full growth, when in blofTom, and the pods fetting and filling, if dry wearher, wa- tering will be of good advantage, they will produce pods for gathering in May and June. For fuccelTion to'the above, or forprinc:pal early and firil general crops of the fame kinds, fow larger portions in December, or January in open weather, and more confiderable fup- plies in February, March, and April, both •f the goldeii or Charkons, and of the long- and KITCHEN (JARUEN DI«PLAYED. 443 and ormrod lioifpurs, which are hne Jong pod:;, and good bearers, or the fame forts may be continued in fucceffional fowings every three weeks or a month, from januan/^ or February, till April or May, then in fmaller cropi once a fortnight till the end of July, all fovved in drills, two feet and a half to a yard dilUmce, or three feet and a half, thofe in- tended for nicking; and which different fow- ings will produce a regular fuccelfion from June till September, but in b?ll perfcdion in June and July ro the middle of .Auguil. The marrowfats may be fowed a moderate portion in December or January in mild wea- ther, larger and full crops in February, March, and April ; and may continue fowing in May and June once a fortnight, or three weeks, drawing drills for thefe forts four feet apari, if defigned to allow them flicks to ciimb upon, or if no ilicks are intended, three feet afunder, fowing thefe large kinds moderately thin in the drills, and earth them Over evenly; they v^'ill bear in thefe different crops from about the middle or latter-end of June, in regular fucceflion till September. The rouncivals, Spanifh moratto, and other large kinds may be fowed in full crops in February, March, and April, fmaller fup- plies in May and June ; in drills the dillance advifed for the marrowfats. According as the peas in general of the dif- ferent crops advance in growth, one or two to three or four inches, hoe the ground between the rows to kill weeds, an-d to loofen the earth I ;ibout 444 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. about the plants, and hoe fome earth up to their flems, and thofe defigned for fticking, fhould have the fticks placed to each row when they are fix to eight or ten inches high, juft as they begin to put forth their tendrils for climbing; having, for the fmaller peas, as hoifpurs, ^-c. flicks of four or five feet, and for the marrowfats and other large kinds, thofe of fix or feven feet high, or more, will be requifite ; place a row to each line of peas, generally on the moft funny fide, that the fun may incline the plants more effedlually to- wards the flicks ; they will foon attach them- felves, and afcend without further trouble ; and bear more abundantly, and in longer con- tinuance than thofe not flicked. For latefl crops of peas in Autumn, fome hotfpurs may be fowed in July, and begin- ning ofAuguft, to have a chance of mode- ratecrops continued to the end of September, and in Oiflober. Alfo fbvv fome Leadman*s dwarf, very final), but Aveet peas, and great bearers; rhey may be fowed any time in Spring and vSummer, and very proper for a late crop to fow in June, July and Auguft. Peas are obtained early, by fowing in hot- beds in [anuary and February, or rather fome young early pea plants previoufly raifed by fowing in November or December, in warm borders, or under frames, Sec. or in a fmall hot-bed, till advanced an inch or two high, and then tranfplanted into hot-beds, defended with frames andglalTes, will ibmetimes produce a few KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 445 a few peas in Mnrch and April, and S^ginning of May ; or few or plant in the borders of forcing houfes, and in pots placed therein, or in a ftove. To fave peas for feed, either fow fome in Spring to rtand wholly for that occafion, or leave fome rows of the main crops ungachejed ^ they will ripen inAugufl. POTATOES. Early Dwarf Round Red Oblong Red Ronnd White Oblong White White Kidney fliaped Large Red-nofed Kid- ney Red Apple Potatoe 'T'HE potatoes are hardy perennial-rooted plants, or the root rather annual, and perpetuated and propagated by ofF-fets every year, planted in the Spring, and each multiplies in Summer into a large clufler of round or oblong tuberous flefiiy roots or potatoes, ob- taining a fmall lize for ufe in June or July, confiderabJy larger in Auguft and September, and arrive to full growth the end of October, to be digged up wholly to lioufe, and keep all Winter and following Spring, exceedingly profitable and molt ufeful roots, obtained plen- tiful almofi the year round ; good to boil, bake, roaft, and for puddings, and various other very ferviceable ufes, more than moil other kitchen vegetables. Q^q They ^^6 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, They are propagated and r.iifed either by planting fmall or middling roots whole, or principally by planting cuttings of the roots, i. e. the potatoes, large ones, cut into three, four, or more pieces, for iets, each furniOied with orfte or two eyes, from whence to emit roots, &c. and planted in the Spring, either in deep drills, or with a large dibble, and each ftt multiplies into many whole potatoes, as before intimated. Any of the forts are proper to pliflt. The large round reds arc very fine, though at pre- fent fcarcely feen in the London markets. The round and large oblong whites are pre- ferred by the cultivators, as being fuppofed to be rather more prciilic than the reds. They fhould have a lightiih rich mellow ground ; or if of a Candy loamy nature, it will be an advantage; and if iome jightifh or moderately rotted dung is digged or plowed in, it will prove an additional improvement to the foil and crop. The feafon for planting is March and April, when, having procured a quantity of middling; large potatoes, cut them into three, four, or more pieces, with one or two eyes to^each fei: then, as to the method of planting, it is fometimes peformed by dibble, having it thick and blunt-ended, and with which make a Iiole for each fet, four or five inches deep, and a foot to fifteen or eighteen inches dillance in the row, dropping a fet in each hole, and ilrike the earth in upon them, the rows two feet or two and a half afunder. Or another method u, to draw large drills, four or five inches de^y. KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 447 i!eep, with an hoe or plough : place the fers in the drills, and earth tliem over. And in field-pUnting, it is fometimes effcded by placing the lets in the furrow after the plough, as the ground is plowed, turning the earth of the iucceeding furrow in upon the fet?, al- lowing the dillance as above between t)ie, rows. The plants will come up in Mcy ; but fometimes, before their appearance, nume- rous weeds will advance, in which cafe it • proper ta run over the ground, betvveen th- rows, with a common broad hoe, or Dutch hoe, being careful to obferve, if the potatoe ihoots are advanced near the furface, not to cut them ; however, when they are up, give a good hoeing in dry weather, cutting up ail^ weeds, and llir the ground about the plants,! which repeat once or twice, as weeds appear ; and when the potatoes are advanced a foot high, may hoe up fome earth to the bctcom of the Ikms, to rtrengthen their growth, and promote the encreafe below. Sometimes, in large iield-crops, the hoeing is performed with an horie-hoe, for greater expediuon. The plants will encreafe in the root, each iet to many potatoes in a clufter, which, in the early or lirii- plan ted crops, will fometimes be advanced to proper fize, in June and July, to begin taking up a few in their young growth for prefent eating, only however a fmall portion at a time as wanted, as they will not keep good above a day or two : but in AuguH and September will be encreafed to Qjl 2 a mo- 448 KITCHEN GARDEN' DISPLAYED. a rftoderate good fizc,-and may be taken up in larger fuppllcs, though not yet for keeping any long time ; permitting the main crops to continue in growth till the end of Odlober, when the roots will be fully grown, and fhould be wholly digged up to houfe for Win- ter and Spring. In the latter end of Oflober, or beginning of November, the potatoes being of full growth, and the ftalks decaying, they Ihould be all taken up before frcll fets in. Gene- rally, for this bufmefs, have a proper potatoe- fork of three or four flat fhortilh tines, and iixed on a fpade-handle : cut down the ilalks, and with the fork dig the roots clean up, large and fmall ; but in confiderahle field crops, they are fometimes turned up with the plough. According as they are taken up, houfe them in fome dry clofe apartment, and if mixed with dry fand, they will keep the b^^tter. They may be laid clofe, or heaped up thick together, and covered thick with clean flraw, to exclude the air and damps. Early potatoes are obtained occafiorally by planting dwarf kinds in a hot-bed in January and February. Potatoes are fometimes raifed from feed, to obtain new varieties, or renew the degene- rated forts. They produce feed in Autumn, in fmall round fruit produced on the ftalks, ripening in October, when being gathered, preferve the feed till Spring: then fow it thinly, in fmall drills a foot afunder ; and when KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYEP. 449 when the pknts are up, thin them fix inches diflance, to grow till the end of October, when the roots fhouid be taken up, -.and a proper fupply of the approved new forts rc- jcrvcd for planting in the Spring. PENNYROYAL. pENNYRCYAL is a fmall perennial plant, ■ an aromatic pot-herb, propagated plenti- / fully by parting the roots and flips of its creeping rooting fhoots. One fmall crop planted lafls feveral years, producing fmall, tender, leafy fhoots, in Spring and Summer, &c. which are the parts ufed, both in its green ftate, and to dry for Winter. It may be planted in any of the Spring or Sum- mer months, or in September or Oclober, when either flip or divide the roots, or take up fome rooted fhoots ; plant them a foot afunder, in any bed or border in a moiil foil, fnady bor- der, or where mofc convenient ; they will quickly grow, overfpread the furface, and remain feveral ye.irs. The young llioo:s are gathered for ufe as wanted, and to dillil for pennyroyal water. Gather alfo fome in June, July, or Auguii, t© dry, to keep for Winter. CLq 3 PURS. -f.:o KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, PURSLANE^ Green Purs LANK, Golden Purslane, pURSLANE is a fmall tender annual plant, a ialiaa nnd pot-herb, raifed from feed in the Spring, in a hot-bed or warm border, in- two, three, or more fmall crops, as may be required, as the plants foon go to feed the iarae feafon, producing fhort fucculent llioots and Heihy leaves, which are the parts ufed ; cut for ufe in iheir young growth. The plants are raifed trom feed in any of the Spring months. An early crop may be foxved in February or March, in a moderate hot-bed, as the feed and plants are too tender to grow in the open ground before April, but in that month and May fome may be fowed in a warm border ; and if a conllant fupply of young is required all Summer and Autumn^ low fome every month till AugulL Either-" low in Imall drills four inches aiunder, or on the furface, and fprfead earth over, or rake iri the feed. The plants to remain where fowed. When the Ihoots of the plants are two or three to four or live inches high, and furnifhed with leaves, they are proper to gather for ufe : cutting them off low, they will fhoot out again. ^ To fave feed, leave fome plants to run ; shey will ripen feed in Autumn. RAPE. KITCHKK CARDEK DltTLAYED. 45 T> A P E is an annual plant;, cultivated in gardens as a fmall lallad herb, railed from fet^ in the Spring and Summer, EN VlsriAYtV. 4.y5 warm to forward the growth of the feed. 'I he covering to continue till the plants romc nji, then raked off every morning iii mild open weather, and forked over again in the even- ing, and in froily weather to remain conllanily night and day; continuing this care till March, or occafionally in that moiuh, if fe- vere weather fhould prevail, as is otren the cafe. Afterwards, when tlK-y are advanced in the rough leaves, and no danger of uuicli frofr happening, wholly difcontiuue the coveririg. The radilhes will come in for drawing in the middle or end of. March, or in April, wheti, if dry warm weather, give occafional waterings. Early radifties, by hot-beds, are obtained by fowing fome early dwarf forts in January and beginning of February, making a hot-bed of horfe-ftable dung for one or more two or three-light garden frames of the fhalloweit kinds ; the bed made two feet, or two and a. half high in dung. Earth it at top fix or eight inches, fow the feed, and fift or cover it with line earth half an inch thick: put on the glafles, and when the radifhes come up. admit air every mild cay, by propping up theiightst**o or three inches behind, that the plants may nor draw up long-fhanked ; and if the plants are very thick, thin them one or two inches di^ llance. In cold nights, defend the glalTes with ftraw or mats, or occafionally of days ^ when fevere froil ; but in mild weather, give plenty of air, and fometimes in fine days, in the advanced growth of the planes, draw the • glailiss oft', bu: put on again towards the even- 45^ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYEI*. ing, and give neceflary waterings : they will come in for drawing in February and March. For general crops of radiHics, begin fowing in any beds, borders, and open corapartnaents^ about the middle or Jatter end of February, and continued in March, April, and May, once a fortnight or three weeks. Sow broad- cad on the general furface, moderately thin, and rake in the feed ; or lometimes, with chefe crops, may mix fome round fpinach feed, to come in afcer the radifhes are drawn off in April and May, Sec. obferving, when the ra- diihes come up, if they are too thick, thin them fume what regular, two or three inches cjiltance. Late crops may be fowed in April, May and June, both of the common red and fal- mon radifh. The latter is very proper to be fowed at that feafon, and comes in for a fine Summer radifh j or later crops may be fowed in July, Auguit and September, as before ob- ferved. The turnep-rooted radifhes of the fmall white Italian fort, and alfo the red, may be fowed in any cf the Spring months, &c, from February or March till May or June, for Spring and Summer eating, and in July, Au- guft and September for Autumn ; thinning the plants five or fix inches afunder. Or to have them earlier, they may be fowed in a hot^bed in February, as dirctfted for the Short-tops. The black Spaniili turnep-rooted radifh, growing very large, like a middling turnep, is commonly cultivated for Winter, being v^ry hardy, and of a Urcng warm flavour ; but 9 KirCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 457 but it may alfo be raifed for Autumn by fowing in the latter end of June, or in July, and a principal crop in Augult and begin- ning of September to Hand for Winter : thin- ring the plants in their young growth fix to eight or ten inches diltance. To fave radiih feed, draw up a quantity of the main crops in May in fhowery weather; felfdl the iinell ftraight well coloured roots, with Ihortcll: tops, and plant them two feet apart, and watered ; they will ihoot and pro- duce ripe feed in September. And of the black Spanifh radifh may either fow fome in Spring to ftand for feed, or leave or tranfplant fome large roots of the Winter ftanding crop in the Spring. ROCAMBOLE. n^ H E Rocambole is a perennial bulbous- rooted plant, of the family of garlick, and of fimilar growth and quality, but the root fmaller, which is the ufeful part, as alio the head of fmall cloves at top of the ilalks ; raifed like the garlick, by planting the fmall cloves of the root and head in the Spring, grow- ing to full fizc, for ufe, in July, and to dry and keep for Winter, Scc. It is planted in February or March, having fome feparated cloves of the root or head, plant them in drills, ©r by dibble, fix inches apart, and two or three deep ; they vvil: ihoot up each with a tall ilender (lalk, contorted ac Jtl r top. 4)8 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, top, producing a fmall head of cloves, which, and the root, will be of full growth in July or Auguft, when take them up, fpread to dry, then tied in bunches and houfed ; they will keep good till next Spring and Summer. They are ufed occaiionally for the fanric purpofes as garlick, and for medicinal ufe. S A L S A F Y. CALSAFY is a hardy biennial plant, with a long white flelhy eatable root for boiline; raifed from (eed in the Spring ; the plants re- main where fowed, and thinned; they fhoot at top with long narrow leaves, and the root runs down long and llraight, attaining full growth in Autujnn, for ule in that feafon and all Winter ; and in the Spring, the year old plants, ihooting up wiih thick flefhy ftalks, thefe arefonietiniesgathejcd young to boil, and eat like afparagus : the roots alfo to boil. Sow the feed, a fmall or moderate crop, in Mnrch and April in an open fituaiion, cither broad-calt, or in fmall drills fix or eight inches diltance ; and when the plants are up two or three inches, thin them half a foot apart; con- tinuing in growth till Augull, September, or Odober, when fome roots may be dug up as wanted; and the reft will remain good all Winter till they Ihoot in the Spring. To fave feed, leave fome old plants in Spriirg ; they will (hoot up ftalks, and furnifh feed in Autumn. SAVOY, KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, 4iSPLAYF, D. .^^j It is raifcd in beil perft-dion In good tender roots, by feed lowed every Sprinj^, a fir. aii crpp in an open compartment,, the m.iidie of March and in April, either in fmall drili- fix or eight inches apart, or broad-Ciil, and Tfi^ke in the Teed ; and when the plants are an inch or two in growth, thin thofe in drills four or iiv'c inches, thoic fowed broad-cail fiX or eight inches diltance; they will continue glowing lill Autumn, when in September or Oclober the roots may be taken up as wanted, and when the leaves decay, are at full growth, to ufe all Winter and Spjing, till they begin to fhoot. To fave feed, permit force old plants to run in the Spring, they will produce feed in A-u- iiunn. SORREL. Common long-leaved. Broad-leaved. round.-leavedcreepingrqoted, 'T? H E Sorrels are hardy perennial pot-herbs, elleemed for the acid propertyof theii- I'uccu- lent leaves^ raifed by feed in. the Spring and mer, one crop either annually or once in two or three years, both to remain and tranfplant; and by parting the roots in Spring or Au- tumn ; and, in both of which, the plants continuing feveral years produce plenty of leaves for ufe at molt feafons. '' To ^6^ KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. To raife them from feed, fow it in any of the Spring months or beginning of Summer, in a bed or border ; when the plants are come up an inch or two in growth, thin them where thick about three inches apart; and when advanced a little Itocky, in Summer or Autumn thin out a qfiantity in regular order, and plant them in another bed, twelve by fix inches afunder, leaving thofe in the feed- beds the fame dif- tance, but double that for the round-jeaved creeping fort : keep them clear from weeds ; and as they are abiding plants, dig between them every Autumn and Spring. They are alfo expedicioully raifed by parting the roots in Spring or Autumn ; either taking off fide off-fets, or full plants divided into feparate rooted flips, and planted a foot diftance. As thcfe plants will run up with flalks in Summer, cut them down to increafe a produc- tion of large leaves below. Likewife obferve, that if the plants in two or three years become of dwindling growth, producing fmall leaves, they Ihould be renew- ed by feedling plants. To fave feed, permit feme plants to run to flalks all Summer, they will ripen plenty of feed in Autumn. SPI. KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 465 SPINACH. Round leaved, or smooth seeded Spi- nach. TrIANC.ULAR leaved, PRICICLY SEEDEO Spinach. F R E N C H , or M 0 U N T a I N S P I N A C H . OPINACH is an annua! plant, producing large iucculent leaves, the ufefal parts for boiling, &c. raifcd always from feed fowed every year, feveral crops in Spring and Sam- mer, for ufe the fame year, and in Autumn to Hand the Winter to gather in that feafon ; and for a full Spring crop, the plants all re- maining where fowed, and thinned three or four, to five or fix inches d'llance, that the leaves may grow large and fucculent. Of the different forts of fpinach the firll two above-mentioned are thofe proper to cul- tivate for the main crop ; the other occafion-* ally. The two forts of common fpinach, round and triangular leaved, are generally cultivated at different feafons ; the former, growing with largeft more flelby fucculent leaves, is com- monly fowed in Spring and Summer for young fpinach in thofe feafons, and the triangular fort being lefs fucculent and rather hardieft, is fowed in Autumn to Itand the' Winter. For young Spring and Summer fpinach, the round-leaved fort is proper ; and which for the early and general crops, fow fome in January 466 Kitchen garden disflayed. January orFebruary, and March, April andMay; tirfl in a warin border or quarter, ^.fterwards in any open compartments, all fowed broad- caft thinly, and rake in the feed ; when the plants are come up with leaves an inch broad, thin and clear them from weeds either by hand, or fmall hoeing wi-th a two-inch hoc, thinning the plants three- or four indies apart ; and when advanced in growth, fome may be cut out for ufc in a thinning order to fix or eight inches diltance, that the remainder may grow llocky, with large fpreading leaves ; and in tliefe different crops, the plants will come in for gathering in April, May, and June, proper for this when the leaves are from about two or three to four, five, or fix inches broad, either cutting the plants whole clean out to the bottom in a thinning man- ner where clofe, or fometimes only the large leaves ; but as thefe crops foon go to feed, when this appears they ma^ be cut clean to the bottom as wanted. As tJie plants of each crop, of the Spring and Summer fowing, continue but a fhort time before they fiy to feed, it is proper to fow every month fjom January or Febru- ary till March, then every three weeks till the beginning of May, when, and in June, fow once a fortnight, all in open fituations, otherwife will foon fly to Q:cd, and if required all Summer, continue fowing the fame fort till Augait, managing the whole as direded above. In fowing Spring fpinach in February, March, and April, it may occafionally be fcwed KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 467 fowed on the ground where cauliflowers and cabbages are to be planted in wide rows, to make the moll advantage of the ground where neccfTary ; or may rometimes, as above, fow fpi- nach and a thin crop of radiflies together, the radilhes will be drawn off to give room for the fpinach. Or fpinach may be fometimes fowed in drills a foot afunder. For Winter fpinach to (land for ufe in that feafon, and for a principal Spring crop till the Spring-fowed plants come in, a good crop fhould be fowed in Augull and beginning of September of the triangular-leaved kind; fow a principal crop the tiril or fecond week in Augult, but not later than the third week, as the plants fowed at thefe times v/ill not run the fame year^ as is the cafe with all thefe fowed before ; allot a compartment of good dry-lying ground expofed to the Winter's funj low the feed broad-cafl, and rake it well into the ground, or may lay the ground out jn four or five f^et wide beds, with alleys be- tween, fowing the feed in the fame manner. When tlie plants are up with leaves an inch broad, in September they will want thinning and clearing from weeds, performing it by hand or a fmall two-inch hoe, thinning the plants about three inches diftance, eradicat- ing all weeds: after this, when the fpinach is more advanced with leaves two or three inches broad in Oy cutting out the largelt plants clear to the bottom ; and as in May the whole will run to fi-ed, they may then l>e all cut clean cut as wanted : will be fuccecd- ed by the Spring-fowed fpinach. To fave fpinach feed, leave in the Spring cither fome of the Autumn-fowed Winter- ilanding plants, or part of the Spring crops, they will run to llalks, and produce feed in Auguit. SHALLOT. CPIALLOT is a fmall bulbous-rooted plant of the onion tribe, fcveral fmall roors growing in a bunch ; railed by planting the cft-feis in the Spring, each multiplying into ftveial fmall oblong bulbs in a clofe chiller, of proper growth to take up in July, and to dry and keep for Winter and Spring. They are often ufed inftead of onions, as ktfing of a milder agreeable taile, and not fo apt KITCHEN CARDHN DISPLAYED, 46^ apt to impart a ilrong favour after being eaten. ' Thefc roots are propagated by planting: ths oft-fets, that is, having fome good middllno- roots feparated fingly ; they may be planted in February or March, not later than the be- ginning of April, or may be phinced in No- vember: allowing them rich ground, in four- feet wide beds ; plant them either in drills, or by elibble, or by inferting them between the fingers and thumb two or three inches deep, and fix inches afunder: will Ihoot up in a tufc of llender leaves, and multiply each fet, or ofF-feti into feveral bulbs in a clofe cluf- ter, attaining full growth in July when the leaves decay; and ihould then be taken up, dried, and houfed, for prefent and future u!e till next year. T A N S E y. Common plan^-leaviiD, Curled-leaved. 'pANSEY is a large growing perennia?- rooted plant, of a llrong aromatic flavour, the leaves the part ufed ; raifed by ofF-fets ex parting the roots; one fmali crop pjanteo. continue f-veral years, producing leaves :'or ule in Spring and Summer till the end of Au- tumn; or green leaves may be obtained in Wmter, by planting fome roots thereof in a hot-bed. Ss They 470 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. They may be planted in Spring or Autumn, either detaching fome fide off-lets, or divide the roots irfto leveral fats, and planted in any bed or border eighteen inches or two feet afunder ; tliey will encreafc into large bunches, of fevcral years continuance, producing large tufts of leaves annually : but as they will fhoot up ftrong Hems in Summer, fome lliould be cut down to encreafe young leaves below. If young tanfey is required m Winter, plant feme roots in a hot-bed. TARRAGON. npARRAGON is a fmall perennial poc and fallad herb of the aromatic tribe, raifed by parting the roots and cuttings of the young ftalks in Spring and Summer, one fmall crop, which will continue feverai years by the roots, producing fhoots and fmall narrow leaves in Spring till Autumn, which are the parts ufed, for their high aromatic flavour. It is planted in the Spring or Summer, either in full plants for immediate fuppiy, if required, or in off- fet flips ; and is propagated by off-fets of or parting the roots in the Spring, and by cuttings of the young fhoots in Summer, and planted in beds or borders a foot dillance, and watered ; they will quickly grow, encreafe into bunches, and produce plenty of fhoots and leaves the fame and every year from Spring till Winter, to gather for life as wanted, the young ftioots and leaves together : or fome may be gathered in Sum- mer to dry and houfe for Winter. WheB KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED, 4/1 When young greea tarragon is required in Winter, plant ibme roots in a hot-bed in that feafon. THYME. Common Thyme. Lemon Thyms. nn H Y M E is a fmall under-flirubby peren- nial aromatic pot herb, raifed from feed once in two or three years for principal fup- plies, both to remain and tranfplant, and oc- cafionally by flips and parting the roots and tops together, multiplies into low buihy plants, green all the year in the young fhoots and fmall leaves, which are the parts ufcd ia various culinary purpofes. It is planted in the Spring either in full plants or divided oiF-fets for prefc^nt fupply ; and by feed to raife a principal crop. Sow the feed in March or April in a bed or border of light rich eartli, either raking the furface fmooth, fow the feed, and life fine earth over it, not more than a quarter of an inch thick; or fow the feed, and rake it in lightly and regular; or fome may be fov/ed in fmall Ihallow drills fix inches afunder, or in a fingle drill for an edging: give occafional light waterings when dry warm weather, both before and after the plants come up ; keep them very clear from weeds ; and when ad- vanced three, four, or five inches in growth ia S s 2 June 472 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYEl!). June or July, &c. take opportunity of rain, thin them fix inches afunder to remain, and thofc drawn out plant into other beds the fame diflance, and watered ; or fome may be planted in a fingle row for an edging, fet three inches apart ; they will all grow freely for ufe the fame year, continue two, three, or more, to gather for ufe at all feafons. Summer and Winter. Or a frcfh fupply may be raifed from feed every year or two, to have ilronger full plants, T U R N E P S. Early Dutch Turnep. Early Stone. Common white round. Green topped round. Ked topped round. Yellow Turnep. Oblong Turnep. Hardy RuiTia Turnep, Red Turnep. Large Norfolk Tur- nep. 'pTJRNEPS are annual or biennial plant*, with large round orbicular and oblong flefhy eatable roots, of great ufe for boiling, snd may be occafionally eat raw in quite young growth ; all the foi ts raifed from feed every year in feveral crops, in the principal or molt approved kinds, fowed e,very month from March or April till June, July, or Au- j^uft, all to remain v,here fowed, -and thinned iix or eight inches ; come in for ufe the fame year to draw in ^Idy, June, all Summer, Au- ti.>mn, r.nJ Winter, till Spring, then fh^ot to llalks, which gathered in young green tops in February and March, &c. are alfo exceeding good KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. 473 good to boil for Spring greens ; afterwards the plants run for feed, ripen in Autumn, and then wholly perilh. Of the feveral varieties of turneps, the bell for general culture are the Dutch turneps, borh for early and firll: principal crops, Early Srone, Round White/ Green-topped, Red- topped ; the three latter alfo for main crops, or principally the Stone and White Round for gardens ; any of the other forts are alfo good for culture. The turneps are very ufeful and profitable boil ng roots to cultivate in large lupplics; and may be obtained moft part of the year by io.ving every month in Spring and Summer; a hrit fowing in March and April for early tut-neps in May and June ; but thofe Toon flying up to feed, a Lirger and firll principal crop fhould be fowed the beginning and lat- ter end of May to come in for drawing in July and Auguil; and for the principal Autumi^ and continuing Winter turneps, fow full crops jn June and July ; and fmaller fupplies in the beginning or middle of Augull for late young crops, and tofland till the latter end of Winter and Spring, for continuing longer in that fea- fon before they run confiderably ; as all the crops Handing over the Winter Ihoot to ftalks in February, March, and April; then the roots become hard, Itringy, and unfit for boiling and eating. For the firft early crops, fow the Dutch or F-arly Stone turnep in March and April, mo- derately, once or twice in each month, as th^ S s 3 early 474 KITCHEN GARDEN DISPLAYED. early crops of thefe fowings foon fly to feed in Summer. Allot them a free fituation and light mellow ground ; and while this is frefti digged, few the feed thinly broad-caft over the general furface, tread it down moderately and then rake it evenly and regular. The plants will foon come up. When they have leaves about an inch broad, hoe and thin them five or fix to feven or eight inches diftance, cutting or pulling up all weeds: they will then have room for growth, and the roots to attain a proper fize in May and June, when, ac- cording as wanted, draw them in a legular thinning order, that the remainder may have joom to grow larger. I'he next fowing perform in May, twice in that month, for fuccelfion to the foregoing, and for firll main Summer crops, to continue without running ; fowing the feed in the moil: open fituation, regularly and thin, tread down and rake it on equally, and the plants, when an inch or two in growth, to be hoed in dry- weather, thinning the plants fix to eight or ten inches diftance, and cut down all weeds. They will come in for good crops, the end of June and July, and Augufl. But, for the main Autumn and Winter tur- neps, fow larger crops in June and July, taking all pofTible opportunity of rain falling, or, when there is a profpeA- nel) — Alpine round- leaved Spartium (Broom) — Spinous, three* leaved -^ Radiated ftarry — Complicated — Sphore-hejided Statice (Thriff, Sea Pink, &c.) — SufFruticofe, or under- fhrubby — Specious flowered — Mo- CREEN-HOUSE DlSPL,Ay#t)> 594 — Monopetalous, narrow-leavc.d — Tartarian Stachys (Bas^e Hore- hound) . . — r^thiopian — Cape f — l'omentor ijvhole, they both when difpofed together 'u\ the Green-houfe for their Winter refidence-, and when placed in the open air in Summer, J effea a moll agreeably-eiitertaining diverfity. I That, as they are all e?fotics, or natural inhabitants of diliant countries, colleftedJ from many dirferent parts cf the world, thef\ difplay various different ftrudares and dimen*.' fions of growth, both of woody, fucculen^, and herbaceous tribes, from two or threft inches to fcverai feet high, and fome are of trailing* I CRFFK-HOUSB DISPLATED. 507 trailing, creeping, and climbing growths. Numerous forts are of the woody, or fhrub and tree kird, us before intimated, all with continuing Hems and branches, of great va-» riety in diineiifions, leaves, flowers, &c, many forts are of the fucculent tribe, having; ficfhy ftalks and leaves, nioflly of a durable nature, by the fame ftalks, &c. continuing i aU very replete with humidity or moifture, and of various, curious, and fingular ftrudures, form.s and different fizes, from a few inches to feveral feet, in upright, and trailing, and creeping growths; likewife many are curious herbaceous exotics, confiiling of fibrous and flefhy rooted flowering perennials, with dura- ble roots, but moilly either renew their ftems annually, lefs or more, or fome continue fer veral years, and with feveral genera and fpecie* ofcurious bulbous and tuberous-rooted flowers ; ^nd in which difl^erent tribes, nearly one mode of general culture is applicable to the whole, all planted in pots of any good rich garden mold, except the fucculents, which on account of their naturally humid ftate, ihould be planted in d/y light fandy earth, or a compoft ( f that, and any dry rubbiihy foil. Green-houfc plants are raifed by various diiferent metiiods, as by feeds, cuttings, lay- ers, fuckers, ofF-fets, parting roots, budding, grafting, &c. as hereafter explained. General obfenvations on planting the different forts, AS above fuggefted, all the plants of the green houfs collection mull alwayj be kept in X X 2 pots^ 508 eREEK-HOUSE DISPLAYED. pots, for the convenience of removing them in and outof the green-houfe, proportioning the fizes of the pots to that of the various forts of plants; generally fmall pots at iirft in the young growth of the plants, and according as theyencreafe in ftze, are to be Shifted into larger ; and fome forts, when confiderably advanced, as in oranges, lemons, and Ameri- can aloes, &c. they are occafionally (hifted inta tubs, fmaller or larger, according t6 the en- creafed iize of the plants. Collcdions of gjeen-houfe plants may be had of mod of the principal nurferlcs, ready raifed in pots to a proper growth ; and as numerous forts propagate freely, either by feeds, cuttings, layers, fuckers, off-fets, flips, parting roots, 8cc. they may be encreafed by thefe methods by degrees, and by obtaining cuttings, flips, ofF-fets, Sec. occafionally from any neighbouring gardens, in the bpring. Summer, and Autumn, for planting. The feafon for planting green-houfe exo- tics, either in young plants, or by cuttings, flips, fuckers, layers, is either in the Spring, in March, April, May, or cuttings, flips, &c, occafionally in the Summer, June, July, and Auguft. The proper foil for green-houfe plants, may be any rich mellow garden earth, or a compoll of light mellow loam, and light garden mold, having been prepared in a heap, in a free fituation, enjoying the benefit of the fun and air, &c. tho' for the fucculent plants in particular, as being wholly of a flefliy nature. CREEN-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 5C9 tiatOfe, abounding confiderably in moifture, and as in the places of their natural growth, they nioftly grow in dry, fandy, or rocky, or mountainous fituations, it is eligible to plant them in fome fimilar foil, of a light dry tem- perature, or a compoft of light fandy earth, and dry rubbilhy foil, as before fuggefled, as in a rich good earth, fome very fucculent Icinds are liable fometimes to rot in Winter. Several forts of green-houfe plants are annually imported from Italy, Spain, &c. particular, oranges, lemons, citrons, curious jafmines, and feveral others; generally in the Spring, about March and April, being com- monly brought over without pots, packed up clofe in chefts, with a little mold or mofs about the roots, and fold at many of the Ita. lian Warehoufes in London, and other prin- cipal fea-port cities and towns, where they 'inay be purchafed for planting ; obferving previous to which, it is proper to place the roots, "and pan of the ftems in tubs of foft water for a day or two, to prepare the roots and fibres, &c. for vegetation, and prune any draggling roots, and long (hoots of the head, then plant them in pots ; or large orange and lemon trees may be planted in tubs : give water to the earth of the pots or tubs as loon as planted, to fettle the earth clofe about the roots ; and it would then be of great advan- tage to plunge the pots in a moderate bark- bed made in fome glafs-cafe, which would forward their frefh rooting confiderably, and encourage their (hooting fooner, and more irecly 41 top, to form good heads by the en4 XX7 of ^\0 C&E8N-K0US1 DISfLAYED^ of Summer, the fame year, fapplying thent with proper admiflions of frelh air, neceilury waterings, and in hot weather to give occa- fional (hade at top in the heat of the day ; or where there are not the accommodation of bark-beds, place them in the green bo ale, or glafs cafe, giving water and fhade, as above; or they might be forwarded by dung hot-bed - heat, having fome tan bark at top, or in de- fault of this, fome light dry mold laid fix to eight, te«, or twelve inches thick, in which to plunge the pots ; and in all of which, when they have advanced in growth at top in new ihoots, give plenty of air below and above ; and towards the middle or end of July, or be • ginning of Augull, may be removed in their pots into the full air, in a fomewhat ihady fitua- tion, to harden them by degrees till the end of SepiemberorbeginningofOdober, thenhoufed with the other exotics of the green-houfe. In planting the different forts of Green- houfe exotics, of fuch as are raifed to proper rooted plants, generally plant only one in each pot, fmall pots at Aril, according to the fize of the different forts of plants ; and ac- cording as they encreafe in fize after one or two Summers growth, or more, they will re- quire to be occafionally Ihifted into larger pots, &c. performed generally either in the Spring, in March, April, or beginning of May, or in Augull, or September, and iti which Ihifting, commonly remove them moftly with the ball of earth about the roots, trim- ming off fome of the outward old earth at ^de& and bo(tom^ and cut oS Uie furiouuding dry «REF,N-MCUSE DI5PLAYHD. ^H dry matted fibres of the roots; then, having feme freih earth in the new pots, place one plant in each, and fill up with more frefh comport, and watered. General Culture of the Plants, IN regard to the general culture of Grecn- houfe plants, they, ^s before obferved, re- quire proteftion of the Grcen-houfe In Win- ter, to defend them from froil and fevere cold, and to be placed in the full air all Summer. That for their Winter culture, it is proper to. begin to remove fome of the more tender kinds into the Green-houfe in September, ef- pecially many of the very fucculcnt exotics, efpecially if much rain falls, which, as being of themfelvcs very full of moifture, that con- fid erable or inceflanc falling wet at this fea» fon might occafion them to rot; likewife, to- wards the middle or latter-end of September, if cold n-ghts prevail, it is advifeable to re- move in the oranges, lemons, and feveral others of the teiiderer kinds, as the cold air, or ilight morning froft would be apt to injure the leaves and young flioots, and change the colour of the former to a yellowilb hue, that they would not recover their natural verdure all Winter; however, in the beginning of Odober, according as the feafon is lefs or more favourable, take in all the more tender plants, and by the middle of that month, at leart, houfe alfo the myrtles, geraniums, and 9II the other Green-houfe plants. Obfsrve, 512 CREEN-rfOUSE DISPLAYED. Obferve, previous to removal into the Green-houfc, dear the heads of the plants from decayed leaves, and prune any irregular and llray rambling fhoots, and cut out decayed (hoots, italks, &c. clear the earth in the pots from weeds, then looien tlie mold at top an inch or two deep, or mav remove fome of the Joofened earth, and tili up the pots with an equal portion of frelh mould, which will prove beneficial in refreihing the roots, and promoting a lively vcrduie in the leaves of the head as well as have a neat appearance in the furface of the earth in the pots. In placing the plants in the Green-houfe, difpoie the talleft more or Icfs backward, the others in a regular gradation according to their feveral heights, to. the lowed in the front row, generally difpofing them in a di- verfified order to difplay a conTp;cuous variety in the different forms, colours, and tints of the leaves, &c. the fmnllcr facculents, and others of diminutive grow h fhould be difpofcd principally forward, or upon narrow (helves to have the full fun, not Ihaded by the plants i)f larger extenfion. After being placed in the Green-h^ufe, obferve, in September and Oftober, if the weather continues mild, to admit plenty of air everyday, or when firll brought in, may ■continue the windows open day and night in mild dry weather, for the tirll week or two ; but when the nights prove cold, Ihut all clofe every evening till morning, and in all mild days give air freely, and fupply the plants with modcraie waterings once a week o;;|brt. flight, During GREEN-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 5I5 Daring the Winter feafon, continue to ad- mit air lefs or more every mild calm day, by opening feme of the windows, from nine or ten, to three or four o'clock in the afternoon, but if the weather changes lliarply cold at any time of the day, (hut the windows, or in \^Ty wet or foggy weather, generally keep the Green-houfe clofe to exclude the damps as much as poflible ; and in frolly weather, be careful to defend the plants by keeping the gldfles conftantly {hut, except when but mo- derate froft and calm fun-fhining days occur, may give air moderately two or three hours in the middle of the day ; but otherwife keep all clofe ; and in very rigorous frofts, it is proper to defend the glafTes on the outfide with ihutters, or in default of thefe, with large thick garden ma^ nailed up clofe, and which may continue both night and day ; or in fun-fhining days, the mats may be part removed in the forenoon, but applied again foon in the afternoon, while the froft conti- nues fevere ; likewife in (harp frofty weather, if the Green-houfe is furnifhed with flues, make moderate fires every evening, alfo in the day time, when the froft is very fevere, and alfo in very foggy, or in exceffive wet weather, or ftrong thaws after long fevere froft, &c. gentle fires in an evening or morn- ing, occafionally, will be necefTary to expel the damps. In mild weather, give fometimes gentle waterings when the earth of the pots appears dry, obferving, in this, to give it very fparing and feldom to the fucculent exotics, morp 514 Ci£EK. HOUSE DISPLJkTE^, more freely to the woody and other plants ; bu: always moderate at this feafun, not abov^ once a week or fortnight, or as it may appear neceiTary by the earth drying conhderably, keeping the earth only very moderately moiil, never rendered vsry wet, which at this time^ would prove greatly cetrlmental, ai it would be long before the earth recovered a moderate temperature, and in ics very wet dale, v^ould chill the tender fibres of the roots, and occa-» fion many of the plants to drop their leaves, or wholly perifh fome tenderer kinds, and as to the fucculent plants above-mentioned, they being full of moillure, require very little water during the Winter, only fometimes 4 fmall portion when the eartli is very dry, jui^ to moiften it as moderately as pofTible. In watering the Green-houfe plants, it is proper, fometimes, when the leaves are foul, ot duily, to water all over the head ; whicii v/ill clean and refreihen the leaves of a livaly appearance. While the plants remain in the Green-houfa all Winter, decayed leaves will often occur, and young tender (hoots will cafually decay, all which ihouid be detached according as they appear. Where the furface of the earth in any of the pots, binds or crulls hard, loofen it occa- iionally. After the fe verity of Winter, or cold vvea^ ther is pail, and the mi!d fe.ifon of Spring advanced, give larger admiiTions of frefti air, accordingly, ftill encreafmg it in proportioq as the warm weather commences; likewlfe give e longer. In their Summer's growth, if any plants advance in irregular, rude, or long rambling Cioots, tliey may be pruned to order as may be required to preferve the requifite regularity of the heads. According as the diiferent forts of Green- Houfe plants increafe confiderably in growth, ^hey will require fliifting into larger pots, and frefh earth lome forts that are free, and large growers will need it probably once every year or two; others of flow and naturally fmall growth will not require it fo often, may be ^ot once in two or three years or more, as in ibme kinds offmallfucculent plants and others, iiid fome large growing kinds, as oranges, kmons, American aloes, large myrtles, &c. yv'hen after repeated fhiftings into different fi'zed pots to the largefl diraenfions, they will require Ihifting from pots into tubs, fmaller tubs at fira for two, three, or four years or Y y more. Jl8 OREEK-HOUSE niSP^UAYBD. more, and then (hifted into others a fize or two larger ; thofe tubs for this occafion being made ftrong, and hooped with iron, fumiihed with two hooked iron handles at top, hf which to carry them and the contained plants; or fometimes in confiderably large plants, as in fome large American aloes, the tubs required are fo large and weighty, together with the earth and plants therein, that they are fixed upon a low-wheel carriage, in order for the more convenient moving them in and out of the Green Houfe, requiring feveral men to draw them. The work of fhifting is performed, both in the Spring, or early part of Summer, about March, April, and May, or occafionally in Autumn about Auguft and September, though, for any principal Ihifting April, or early in May, is a good feafon. In performing the requifite ihifting accord- ing as it mal^be occafionally required, having the larger pots, &c. of requifite fizes in pro- portion to the increafed growth of the plants, and a quantity of frefh earth, place fome oyf- ter fhells, or tile fhreds, over the holes at bot- tom, then apply fome frcih earth, draw or turn the plant defigned for fhifting, out of its prefent pot with the ball of earth entire, pard away a little of the outfide and bottom earth, and prune the dry matted fibres of the roots,- aifo any diforderly growths of the head, place it v/ith the ball into the new pot or tub, fill up round the fides with more frefh eartfi clofely about the ball, and an inch or twe> ever the top thereof ^ give direS^ly a moder;\^e watcjing. «REEN-H0U3£ DISPLAYBD, 5!^ tiratering to fettle the new earth clofe in every part; and thus proceed in any occaiional Ihift- ing, either in fraaller or larger as may be re» quired, fupplying them with gentle waterings. Or in iliifting, if any plants appear of a weak or unhealthful, fickiy ftate, moit or all the old earth may be fhaken from about the roots, of which prune out all decayed parts ; alfo prune the head in fome proportion there- to, cutting out any dead or very weakly fhoots or branches, and wafli the roots in a tub of water, then re-pot the plant wholly in frefh earth. But as ihifting into larger pots will only be required occafiona'ly, it is advifeable, in plants not fhifted, to give an annual dreffing by frtih earthing the tops and fides of the pots every Spring and Autumn ; iirft Hirring the top earth an inch or two, and a little down rouad the iides, removing the loofened mold, tliea &il up the fpace with new compoft. Or where fre(h earthing is not thought ne- ceflary, it is very proper to loofen the top earth once or twice or more in the courfe of the Spring and Summer particularly, levelling^ it evenly again, it will give a neat appeai- ance, and always prove ferviceable to the plants. When any of the woody plants, as myrtles, geraniums, oranges, &c. have irregular heads, they may be pruned in the Spring, to fhorten firaggling branches Dr fhoots, or to cut out any very diforderly growths, that they may advance in a more regular form the enfuing Suraiacr., y y » Aiid 520 CREEN-HOUSE DISPLAYED* Alfo if any of the Ihrubby or tree kinds cafually become of a weakly Hate, with naked or thin ftwggling heads of branches, they may be headed down lefs or more in March or April; then either ihrfced into larger pots, or tubs, with fome frefti mold, as already ex- plained, or if not fhifted, frefli earth the top^ and down the fides a little way, as mentioned above; the plants will break forth into frelh fhoots, and form a new head by the- end of Summer. Or any weakly plants headed down, and fhifted as above, if they could be conveni- ently plunged in a moderate bark-bed, &c. in a glafs cafe, for a month or two, it would forward them more efFeftually. Sometimes Green Houfe plants, by fome mifchance, drop all their leaves in Winter, and frequently the branches alTume a decay- ing ftate, it is generally proper in that cafe to prune moft of the branches moderately fhorr, and they will more effectually break forth llronger iptoj frefli verdure of leaves and young (hoots, to form a new head. Or fome forts, as myrtles, geraniums, &c. having loft their leaves in Winter or Spring, then about May, when fettled weather com- mences, may be turned out of the pots witii the balls entire, the heads cut down, then plunge the roots into the ground in a warm border they will recover, and be furnifhed with good heads by Augull or September, fhen may be taken up wiih balls of earth, and xe- potted ready to place in the Green- Houfe in Oi^tobcr, for the Winter, Methodf CREEN'HOUSE DISPLAYED. $^1 Methods of propagating or raifing the dif. hreat foru of plants in the Green Houle colleftion. The propagation, or methods of raifing Green Houfc plants, is by feed, cuttings, flips, layers, fuckers, off-fets, parting rootf, and fome by budding, as in oranges, lemons, jafmines, &c. and fome by grafting and m- arching. By feed many of the Green Houfe plants produce it abundantly in this country, as ge- raniums, &c. and of many others is obtained from abroad, and both of which fow in pots of rich light earth in Spring, March, April and Mav; and if the pots are plunged either in a baric-bed or dung hot-bed, under frames and glaifes, it will forward the vegetation of the feed and young plants, though in want of hot- beds place the pots under giaffes in a frame, or in the Green- Houfe; and when the plants are two, three, or four inches high, prick ihem in fmall pots. By cuttings of the young (hoots of the laltor fame year, many of the Gree^ houfe exotics are abundantly raifed, fuch as myrtles, gera- cioms, and various other fhrubby kinds; alfo nanv of the herbaceous, and mod of the iuc- colent plants, are alfo raifed by cuttings : and bv which myrtles and geraniums, as aforefaid. are raifed in abundance, in the neighbourhood of London. Take ofFeither cuttings in Spring, in March, April, or May, of the young (hoo^s y y 3 of $2Z CREEN-HOUSP DISPLAYEII. of the former year, plant them in pots, fevc*. ral in each, and plunged in a hot-bed, they will loon arikc root and grow ; or the gera- niums will Urike in natural earth without ar- tificial heat, as likewife the myrtles, by flips or cuttings of the fmall young {hoots of the year, in June and July, and will fucceed with*. out hot-beds. In the myrtles particularly, the fetting gar- deners in the vicinity of London, who raife amazing quantities annually for fale in- the markets, &c. of that metropolis, always raife them principally by flips or cuttings of the fmall young flde-flioots of the fame year, per- formed generally in Summer, from about the middle of June, or in July, till Auguft, whea the flioots are a little hardened ; then either flip off a quantity by hand, or cut them with a knife, about tvyo or three to four inches long» detaching all the under leaves ; and thus pre. pared, and having fome iargifti wide pots filled with rich light fine earth, or wide fliaU low earthen pans fix inches deep, made at the Potteri for that purpofe, for thofe who raiie large quantities, filling them with earth as above ; and in either of which prick the flips or cuttings one or two inches afunder, in* ferted within an inch or lefs of the tops. Give a light watering ; then cover each pot down clofe with a hand-glafsj they will probably linke the fame year, or, if late planted, not completely till following Spring, &c. Or if plunged in a moderate hot-bed under a frame and glafl^es, or placed in the bark-bed i^ tke iUve, and alfo covered down with a hand- OREEW-HOUSE DISPLAYED. ^2$ )iand-glaf6 as above, they will ftrike fooner^ and more cffeaually, the fame Summer. Give occafional Ihade from the mid-day fun, and fopply them with gentle waterings ; and in Autumn, at the approach of cold weather, remove the pots of cuttings into the Green- houfe or glafs-cafe, or garden-frame under glaffes for the Winter. May remain in the Sore-pots till fo%wing Autumn, when, if well advanced, may be tranfplanted into fe- parate frnall pots ; or if any are well llruck the firft year, or in that enfuing, they, in May following, may be pricked in beds of natural earth in the full ground, in which they will grow freely, and encreafe in good ftrength by September ; fheo fiiould be tranf- planted fingly into foiall pots, and foon after removed into a Green-houfe or frame, as be- fyre obferved. Thus the myrttes maybe raifed by planting iBt three different feafons. In Spring, about March, April, &c, by planting cuttings of the young fhoots of laft year, afTilled by a iot-bed ; and about June or July by flips of the young Iboots of the year, either wholly in natural earth, or forward in ahoc-bed or bark- ed, which two plantings will moftly ftrike the fame Summer, efpecially if afiilled by heat : and an Autumn planting, middle or ^id of Augull:, or beginning of September, either natural or forced, as above hinted ; and Chofe by the latter method will probably iiike the fame feafon, but without heat will r*iely firikc that year, but will be preparing for 524- C.REEN-HOUSE DISPLATIO. for early vegetation next Spring and Sum* mer. Or flips or cuttings of myrtle may be pricked in fquare patches, for hand-glafles, in a bed of fine natural earth, and cover down each patch clofe with a hand-glafs, to remain there all Summer and Winter, defended with faid glafles ; and in Wintej^ when froHy wea- ther, have the glalTes cov^d with mats and ftraw litter, a competent thicknefs to guard the cuttings effe<^ual]y from the froll, but unco- vered daily in mild weather, keeping the glaffes- conllantly over the cuttings ; and by next Summer, or Autumn, they will be well rooted and have (hot at top, when, if well advanced, they may be potted off, to move to ihelter of a Grcen-houlc or garden-frame .the Winter following. Or in planting the cuttings or flips of myr- tles in beds of natural earth, as above, if doubtful of the ground being wet or very cold at bottom in Winter, liable to rot the cuttings, may previoufly bed the bottom with a llratum of coal-cinderi> and aflies, three or four inches thick, with fix inches of good earth over this, in which to plant the cuttings. The Uratuni of cinders and aflies below will keep the foil dry and warm, to preferve the plants more cffedlually, thar they may ilrike more freely. ' As to geraniums, cuttings thereof of the former and fame year, or two or three years growth, will grow, and may be planted in Spring or Summer, either in pots feveral in each, till wd\ ftruck for .tranfplanting, wa- tered, and ihaded from ihe Summer's fun, or planted GREEN-ROUSE DISPLAYED. 525 planted in a fhady border in the full ground, or in any bed or border where they may be o€caiionally fhaded. In both methods they will foon ftrike root freely, ihoot at top, and make good plants the fame year, early in Autumn, and may then be potted ofFfeparately, and in performing which, if room between the plants admit, they may be removed and potted with balls of earth, *md will receive lefs check hy removal ; giving water, and fhade from the fun till they take frefh root, and after- wards managed as other Green-houfe plants. By the above method of flips, and catangs of the young fhoots, many other flirubby Green-houfe plants are raifed ; for flips of the young Ihoots, and cuttings thereof, are nearly fimilar, the former being flipped off by hand, clofe to the branches whence they proceed; and the latter is by cutting them ofF with a /harp knife ; either of which, about three or four to five or iix inches long, or more, dj- vefled of the lower leaves, planted in pots, and managed nearly as for the myrtles and geraniums; but if aflifted by a hot bed, or under hand-glafl*es, they will flrike fooner. Likewifeby cuttings of the flioots andflalks, branches, &c. feveral of the herbaceous exotics, and moft forts of fucculent plants, are raifed in Spring and Summer, from April or May till the end of July, planted either in pots, or a bed of light dry natural earth, under a frame or hand-glafl'es, to defend them from falling wet, efpecially the fucculents ; or may be for- warded in pots placed in a bark-bed, or other hot-bed. They will foon ftrike the fame yeaf-, to pot off feparate in Autumn. By ^6 CREEN-HOVSE DISPLAYED. By layers of the young wood in the \oW€^ pliable branches, many of the woody GreeUf houfe plants may alfo be raifed; performed ia Spring and Summer, either in their own, o? other pots placed near thereto ; they will, in many forts, ftrike the fame year ; others, pro- bably, not efredually, till the fecond Spring and Summer; or any particular or curious fort$ may be forwarded by plunging the pots, con- taining the layers, in a bark-bed : and when, iK either method, they have ftruck good root, cut them from the parent plant, and potted fingly. By fuckers from the roots, many of th« Green-houfe tribe are alfo occafionally raifed, both of the woody and fucculent kinds, &c« and which may be detached in Spring, in March, April, May, &c. or towards Autumn, about Auguft or September, with roots to each, and planted in pots. By this method all the tribe of aloes are principally propa- gated, and fome other fucculents, as well as many of the woody and herbaceous plants, though the two latter, in many forts, propa- gate alfo by other methods. And by ofF-fets of and parting the roots, many or moft of the fibrous and fleihy-rooted herbaceous perennials are propagated in Spring and Autumn ; alfo the bulbous and tuberous- rooted kinds by off-fets, proper to detach \yhen the leaves decay ; and likewife by off* " $ct he^ds, and fide-flioots, many of the fuc- culent plants are railed, theoir-fets, &c. taken off at any time wlten they occur, in Spring, Summer,and Autamn, and|)laoted in pots of lijght dry ibii. j£fj CREHN-HOUSE DISPLAYRT?. ^ zy By budding or inoculating, feveral of the jnore curious woody plants are propagated ; effefted byinTerting bads of the defired varie- ^ps into the fides of flocks of the fame family, as, for example, oranges and lemons in par- ticular are always raifed, of the defirable va- rieties, by budding the intended forte into feedling flocks, raifed from the kernels of ripe oranges or lemons, fowed in the Spring in pots ; and if thefe are plunged in a hot-bed, It will forward them confiderably fooner than tvithout that aid : and when the feedling flocks are come up three or four inches high, ihe faijie or following year, prick them fingly in finall pots, giving water at planting ; and if again plunged in a hot-bed, under glaffes, (haded from the fan -till they take root, when admit air, by tilting the glaffes behind, or drawing them down a few inches, they will thus run up with flrait clean flems, and when thefe are two or three feet high, or more, they may be budded in Auguil, near the top, inferting one or two buds in each flock, per- formed by the common method, Ihaded from the mid-day fun for a week or two, or more, till the buds unite with the flocks, and the buds remaining doim.nnt til! next Spring, when the head of the flock being cut off, they will then pufh forth each one fhoot; and in which they 9iay be forwarded by plunging the pots in a moderate bark-bed, giving them air and water till the latier end of June, or in July, then may be fully expofed, to flrengthen the bud- ' HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYEp. name, where any, with the proper and moft general names of the fpecies, fome of which UTve as fhort fpecific diitinftions of iheir dif- Ference, and of their natural refidence or places of growth in the different parts of the world. Abrus (Jamaica Wild Liquo- rice) — Pfecatory Jamaica Wild Liquorice i^chras (American Marmalade) — Mammofe fruited — {Sapota) or Mam- mee Sapota Tree /^chyranthus (Acha- RYANTHUS) Rough Achyranthus Adanfonia {JEthio- PI AN Sour Gourd) Adenanthera (Bas- tard Plower Fence) 4*- Pavoninoas, or Peacock Adeoan- thera Adia^thum(MAiDEN Hair) — Capillis veneris, or True Pedated, or fbot- ihapcd leaved ^fchynomene (Bas- tard Sensitive Plant) — Great flowered — Moving plant Agave (CI RE AT A ME. RiCAN Aloe) — Viviparous or Childing — Fetid or Stinking — - {Karatto) or deep green leaved Agave — Vera crucian Agave Albuca (Ba>tar-d Star of Beth- lehem) — Major or greater . — Minor, or lef> — Channelled — • Upright Aieiris (Aloe Ale- TRIS) — Hyacinth ilowered — Ceylon variegatedi — Cape ftalklefs •— Guinea jointed rooted — Fragrant^ !IOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. S4' — • Fragrant Ilalky Aletris Aloe (African AtoEs) — Vifcous Aloe — Cob-web «— . Ferox, or great prickly — Balearican Alflroemeria (Al- S T R 0 E M E R I A ) — Pelegrlnian purple fpotted: — higtOy or purple iirjped AmaryUis (Lily . JDaFFODII/) ^^{Jt'ama/co) or A ta- in afcan Lily — Moft harrdrome A- jnaryllis, or Jaco-. bcea Lily — Belladcfina. or EeHadona Lily —Queen Belladonna, or Mexican Lily — Guerniey Lily- • . — Long leaved dwarf *— Ceylon flrip&d i» - fiov/ered . Js^r* Oriental, or Branf- wegian * — — * Waved purple - 3 — Vittated, or rib- baod — Guttated, or fpotted — • Radiated Amomum (Ginger) — [Zingiber) or True — {Z&rumbct) or Wild Amyris (Amyris) — BaUamiferous Anacardium (Indian Plum) — Oriental Kidney ihaped" . '- Annona (C.u^taud A?ple) — Murexed, or prickly fruited- — Scaly -*• Netted... — Afiairc Antholyza (An'tho- LYZrv) V — {Men ana) or. greater pale Antho- lyza - — '•^{Miria^ella) or lefs Antholyza -^— Rfngent or grin- ning -^ {Cvnonia) or fear- let Antholyza •'^ .oithiopian A .:. . — l^Ma-ura) HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 542 — {M^ura) or yellow Andu iyza Apocynum (Dog's Bane) — Shrubby — Netted climbing Ar6lopus echinatus, or Hedge-hogged Ardopus Artemeiia — Judean Sweet Ariiiolochia (Birth- wort) — Indian — Lobaied Areca oleracea, or Oleraceous Indian Nut Arum (Wake Ro- bin) — Calocajtay or greater — Seouinou;, or Dui-^.b Cane — Efculeiit, or edi- ble — /-.iriculated, or ear'd — Painted — D'VaricAted — Crlnited, or hairy — Arborelcent, or tree — Perigrinate obtufe heart leaved — Long rooted Arundo (Reed) — {Ba?nbos) or Bam- boo Cane AT ]epias(SwAL low- wort) — Gigantic, or Au- ricula tree — CuralToan orange flowered Afclepias — Teneriffian After fruticulojus — Shrubby After, or Starwort Banilieria laitrifoliay or Laurus-leavcd Banifteria Bariena {Barleria) — {^Prionitis) or pnckiy Barleria — Box-Ie ived Bafella (Malabar Nightshade) — Red — White B.^uhina (Baa'.".?.:' a) — Acuminated leaved — Unt'.u'iated — Spi'ced — Tomentofe, or woolly Begonia HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. Begonia cbltqua, or Clique iiegonia Bigpoaia (Trumpet Flower.) •— [Leucoxylon) or Jamaica Tulip tree — Indian Trumpet FJowcr — Standing, or up- right — Peruvian Betula nayia — Dwarf Birch Bixa (Ornatto) — [Orellana) or A- merican l^lxz. ljQtcon\si fruie/cenes—^ Shrubby, or Tree Celandine Boerhavia fcajidens, or climbing Boer- havia Bombax (Silk-Cot- ton Trek) — {Ceiba) or five- leaved prickly — Pentandrious flowered — GofTypinum, or Silk Cotton Bontia (Barbadoes Vv'iLD Olive) — Daphne-like BoraiTus — Fan Palm 3A Bl^chhum Oilentah—-' .-r Eailern Biech- lam Bromelia (Pine Ap- ple) — {Ananas) or Pine- Apple Plant — Pyramidal, or Sugar-loaf fruited — Oblong-cval — Roundifii-oval — Yellow — Olive coloured — Black Antigua Pine — MontferratPine — White fleOied — Gold-ftnped leaved — Silver-ftriped — Shining leaved — {Pinguin) or Wild Pine — {Karatas) or Ja- maica Wild Pine Brunia (Brunia) — Woolly — MofTy — Ciliated leaved Brunsfelfia — i\meri- can Buddleja ^/5/5o/2z, or Globular Buddleja Buchnera — vEthio- pian 2 Cacalia HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED- 544 Cacalia (Foreign Colt's Foot) — Papillary, or Pim- ply — Anteuphorliumy or Spurge bane — {Kleinia) or Cab- ba^je Tree — - {FicGtdes) or Baf- Urd Fig Marigold CadL^ (Melon Thistle, Torch Thillle, &c.) — [Melocadiis) or greater Melon Thiftle — Mammillary, or lefs Melon Thiille — Tetragonous or four-angitd Torch Thiftle — PentanguLi'* — Heptangular, or itvtTi fided — Hexangular — Repand, or waved Octangular — {Royeni) or nine, or ten angled Torch Thifile •— Woolly Sub-nine angled — Flageiliform, or Whip- thong creep jng Ccreus 1 — Grand night-flow- ering creeping Ce- re us — Triangular creep- ing, or prickly Pear — - Parafitic creeping. — [Opufjtiii) or com- mon Indian Fjg— Oval jointed — Moniliform, or Neckiace-fhaped Opuntia — {Fie us In die us) or American Indian . Fig ^- *— T^uua juajcrt or greater Opuntia — Ccchineal-bcaring — {PhyHanthus) or Sword -leaved O- puntia — Peruvian — Curaliacn Icafl Opuntia — {Perijkia) or B ir- baddes Goofeberry — Poriulaca leaved Camellia Japomca-^ Japanele Rofe, or Tjubakki Canna (Indian Shot) — Indian HOT-HOUSE . — Indian broad !e.iv- ed, or Cannncorus — Variegatedlcavcd — Red fio'xx.-ered — Tilloxv -— Glaucous leaved C-ipparis — (Caper Tree) — Thorny Shrubby Capiicum frutefcenes, or Shrubby Capfi- cum Carica (Papau) — [Papaya] Melon- fliaped ,P— {rojhpofa) or Pear- {haped Caryota (Date Palm) CaiTia (Wild Sen- na) — [Fijiula) or medi- cinal of Alexandria -r- Five flowered . — Privet leaved — Semta, or true — Plane podded , — Slender podded » — Mi mo fa- like .— Two capfuled — ■ Madrafs Carica CafTytha— Thread- forra of Barbadoes 3' D ISP t ay ED. 545 C^ifliiarina (Tin i an Pine) — b'^cj-ucfitum leaved — I'ubeious Cateibxa (Lily- Thorn > Cedrela (Barbadoes Cedar) Ccrbera (Cerbera) — [Ahoui] or oval leaved — {Manghas) or fpear leaved Ccllrum (Bastard Jasmine) — Dav-fmelling ~ Night-fmelling — Broad leaved — Mountain Ceilrum, or South-fea Laurel Chama^rops (Dwarf Palm) — Humble, or Dwarf -^ Mild Chironia {Chironia'y or African Cen- taury) — Shrubby — - B^rry bearing — Lacerated, or torn Chryfophyllum (Star-Apple) "^ 3 — {Caimm) HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 546 — {Cainito) or Star- Apple — Smooth leaved Cinchona( Peruvian Bark) — Officinal, or com- mon Ciflus (Wild Grape) — Heart leaved — Acid, or four Ciitofa (Cljtoria) — ( Tern at ea) or three 'd- flowered, or pinnated leaved L'litoria — White Jlc^doercd — Blue Clufia (Balsam Tree) -^ Yellc w Clayton I A — Pur- flane leaved Cocos (CocoA-NuT Tree). — Nut bearing CofFea (Coffee Tree) Ccmmelina (Comme- lina) — African — Tuberous- rooted Copaifera (Balsam of Cape VI I'ree) -- Officinal Cordia — (Li g n u M Aloes) Cornutia — Pyra- midal Corypha (Umbrel- la Palm) Cost us — Arabian Coccoloba (Sea-Side Grape) — Grape bearing — P undated, or dotted fruited — Rubefcent, or blufhing Cotyledon (Navel- Wort) — Orbicular — Hemifpherical — Spurious — Laciniated leaved CrafTula (Lesser Orpine) — Perfoliate leaved — Cuhrated, or knifed — Quadrated, or W hip-cord — Peliucid — Dotted — Portulacaria, or Purllane Tree-like Crinum HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED Crinum (Lily As- phodel) — African — Broad leaved — Afiatic — American — Long leaved « — Ceylon • — Pendulous Crefcentia (C a la- pas h Tree) Crotalaria •— Labfrnum leaved — Turgid, or Swoln — Chinefe oval leav- ed Curcuma (Turme- rick) — Long rooted — Round rooted Cycas (Sago Palm) — Circinal, or ring- ed -— Broad le.ived Croton (Tallow Tree) — Sebiferous, or tallow bearing — Glabeilous, or fmooth — [Cajcarilld) or fweet fee n ted cro- ton — iVlapie leaved 547 Cyclamen, (Cycla- men, or Sow Bread) — Indian Cyclamen — Odorous Cynanchum (Ameki- CAN Scammony) — Hairy American Scammony — Suberous, or corky Cyatheroxylum (Fid- dle Wood) — Cinereous — Quadrangular Cytiius (C\''tisus) — {Cajan) or Ameri- can pigeon pea Daphne (Daphne, or Wood Laurel) — ^ Indian — [C/ieorum] or fil- I very Deli in a {Delima) — Sarmentous branching Diofcorea (Yam^ — Buibiferous Weft- India Yam Dracsna (Dragon Tree) - — {Draco) or true Dragon Tree — Sword leaved — Upright HOT-HOVSE DISPLAYED. 5+8 •!— Upright — Ferreoiis, or irony ^ — Terminal herbace- ous Dracxna Dracontium (Dra- gons) '. — Perforated leaved — Spinofe or prickly — Ivlany leaved Duranra {Dmanta) — Pli'micr's creeping •r— {Eilifta) or upright Durant?. Ehretia {Ehretid) — ^ Tin us- leaved — {Bourreria) or ovale leaved Ehre- tia Echites {Echites) — Uprightiih Eleocarpus {Eleocar- pus) — Serrated laurus- leaved Elephantopus (Ele- phant's Foot) — Rough leaved — Tomentous, cr hoary leave.d Erythrina (Coral Tree) •?^ {CoraU'jdcndron^ or true Corai Irce *^ Painted prickly —^ Herbaceous Eryth- rina Erigeron {Erigeron) — Petid, or llinking Euqenia (Pomme- Rosl) — [Jamhos) or Weft- India Pomme-Rofe — Malacca Pomme- rofe Euphorbia (SpuRch)' - — '1 riangulor true Spurge of the an- cients — Canary prickly Spu:(^e - — O0icipnl two- fpined fpurge — Venice Sumach- leaved ■— Oleander leaved — I'adus leaved — Cere US' form Spurge ^ — Mauritian Sea m Spurge 1 Fagara {E agar a) — \Ptercta) or Chincfe Iron -wood — ( Tragodes) or p ri ck- ly Kagara — [Piperita) Japan Pepper, or crenated- leaved Fagara fprrana HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED Fer/nria (Starry Jris) —-Undulated or waved ;^ r.Ferraria, or Cycla- men-rooted Stairy Iris Ficus (Fig-Tree) — vSacred Poplar- leaved Fig — Bengal roundifh- Jeaved — Racemofe, orcluf- tered — - Indian — ! Nympha^a-lekveJ — [Sjcojfiorus) Syca- more-leaved or Phafoah's Fig ■— Dumored orBufliy — Dwarf creeping- ftalked — Benjamin Fig ¥xivA\d.n-d{Fritillaria) •— PvOyal Crown {Co- rona Regalis) — Dwarf Gardenia (Cape Jasmine) —e Flowery Cape Jaf- jT.ine — Single Jio^jj ere d \ — Double fionvered Genipa {Genipa) — Americaiii 549 Gefnera [Gefnera) — Tocnentofe, or hoary Gladiolus (Gla- DioLE or Corn- flag) — Spiked Gladiole — Sorrowful fpotted- flowered — Narrow linear- leaved Gloriofa (Superb Lily) — Superb Howering Gloriofa, or fu- perb Lily — Double Jio-xvered — Si71gleJion.ver.ed Gomphrena (Glob? A M A R A N T H U S ) — Perennial Gom- phrena GoiTypium (Cotton Tree) — Tree Goffypium, or pulmated-leav- ed IhrubbyCotton Plant — Barbadoes three* lobed leaved Grewia {Grevjid) — Oriental, or Eaft - ern HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. -— {^Microcos) or pani- cled Grewia Guajacum (Lignum VlTiE) — Officinal, or Com- mon — Holy, with obtufe folioles — African acute fo- lioled Gouania [Gounnia) — - Domingo Gouania Guarea {Guarea) Guettarda j'pecio/a, or Specious Guettarda of J, and - fucciilent plants, as before obierved ; ir-.l! of v/hich ^OO KOT-HOUSE DISPLAYilD, which being cultivated in the nurferies for lale, and where thofe who are about to make a collei^lron, may be'furnifhed. Tliev are railed by different methods, as by feed, fuckers, off-fets, layers, flips, cutt- ings, &c. in Spring, Summer, and Autumn, fowing theVeeds, planting the fuckers, olF- fers, flips, layers, cuttings. Sec. in pots of rich earth, and plunge them in the bark-bed in the Hot-houle, they will all fcon grow in tlieir different ways, then when the young plants are advanced a little in growth, plant them out feparately in other pots. Some forts are alfo raifed by crowns, that, is, the pine-apple plants, in particular, pro- ducing a itocky crown of leaves at top of the fruit, forming a young plant, and alio fome- times fmall fuckers at the bafe of it ; and by both of which, detached and planted in pots, Lnd placed in a bark-bed, &c. will grow freely, and form proper plants, and by which, and the fuckers from the root, the pine plants are commonly propagated, -Attaining an eligible fize in two years to produce fruit ; and iometimes early planted llrong fuckers and crowns will, in one yearns growth, by the end of the fecond Summer, become good fruiting plants. All the Hot-houfe plants in the foregoing arrangen\ent, muil be planted in pots, and conftantly continued therein, proportioning the pots fmaller or larger, according to the ^ature cf growth, and different fizes of the plants. «OT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 561 plants, fome being of diminutive growth » odiers flow growers, they mult have fmali pots in proportion, and as others are i'rec ihcoters, and fome attain fome conflderable fze, allow ihefe pots of larger dimenfions, fuch as 24's, or i6's. Sec. in the advanced Ifete of the plants; all which of the woody and herbaceous kinds may be potted in any light rich garden earth ; but the fucculent kinds, on account of their peculiar exceeding xnoiii: quality, fhould have a light dry fanuy or rubbifiiy foil. Obierve, in potting the diircrent plants, tiat as there are holes at the bottom of the pots for difcharging the fuperfluous moill in the occafional waterings, be careful, before putting in the earth, to place feme pieces of tile, or oyfter ihells, one over each hole, both to keep the aperture from being clogged up, and the earth of the pots from being wafhed out in watering, as well as to confine the roots of the plants within the pot. In potting the plants, firfl put fome earrh in the pots, a quarter, or half full, or more, according to the fize of the roots, or of the ball of earth thereto, of fuch as are remove ten-week's ftocks, S:c. fowing the feed in pots of light fine earth, and phiced where room admits, or plunged in the bark-bed, and the young feediing plants pricked out flngly in frnall pots; they will attain good perfeftioa at an early feafon : and may alfo fow and in- troduce candy-tufcand fweet peas,&c. in pots. And in the Hot-houfe, cuttings, flips, layers, and feeds of many curious hardy ti€t:s, ihiubi, and other plants, as alfo of the Greca- houfe 5^4 HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. houfe tribe, may be occiifionally greatly for-' warded by means of the bark-bed, eirher fuch as are naturally llovv in veoctative growth, or any that may be required to be forwarded on any particular occafions, as much as p(;llihle placing the cuttings, flips, layers, feed, &c. in pots of earth, and plunge them into the bark bed : they may thus be greatly expedited in the order of vegetation required, in a moil defirable manner, and then remove them to their places in the open ground, Green- Boufe, SiC. As likewife in planting in pots, any parti- cu]c\r curious tree and flirub kinds, &c. both of the open ground and Green-houfe, that in their natural growth do not ftrike root freely, cr that you would forward thcr<;in as m-uch ^s poffible, they b^ing plunged into the bark-i- bed of the Hot-houfe, if fufficient room, it will run them oif quickly. Afterwards re- move them into their proper places in the gjrden, See. Alio in a Hot-houfe, vines being trained therein, will produce early grapes in great perfeflion in May and June, Sec. ai)d any large forts, which do not attain good matu* rity in the open ground in this country, are forwarded by the alfiltance of a Hot-houfe, and ripen in full perfec^tion early in bummer; the vines being generally planted in the open ground, clofe to the front of the Hot-houfe, and being trained each with a long fingle fhcot for a ftem ; then, in the end of Autumn fir beginning oi Winter, or in January, or beginning I HOT-HOUSE DISPLAYED. 585 beginning of February, admitted through a fmall aperture above into the houfe, and trained up the infide to the top and end glafies ; and when they advance in flioots and branches, thefe trained along to thin flips of wood, nailed to- the rafters or crofs bars five or fix inches from the glafs-vvork, giving them the general cukure of the ilove, in regard to heat and admiflions of air, and occafional pruning, as direded for vines in the open ground ; they will produce ripe grapes early in Summer and Autumn, in great maturity and richell flavor. Alfo, where there are forcing-lloves and Hot-houfes, principally for forcing fruit-trees to early produftlon, conftruded nearly in the manner of the Pinery and other floves, having flues for lire, or fome like wife furnifhed with bark-pits, to have the affiftance alfo of bark- bed heat, and having borders of rich earth formed within the Forcing-houfe, and ia which, befides vines, having other trained fruit-trees planted, as peaches, nedlarines, apricots, cherries, &c. advanced to a bearing ftate, as obferved in the Fruit-Tree Divifion, they may be forced to early bearing, by making fires or bark-beds, or both, the latter end of January or beginning or middle of February, continuing the fires every evening till nine or ten o'clock, as alfo in cold morn- ings and fevere weather. e>' FINIS. NEW BOOKS, Publiflied this Day, By JOHN STOCKDALE, Oppofite Burlington-House, Piccadilly. THE Complete Kitchen Gardener, and Hot-Bed Forcer ; with the tho- rough pradical Management of Hot-Houfes, Fire-\Valls, and Forcing-Houfes, and the improved modern Culture of the Pinery-Stoves and Pine-Apples, being a thorough pratiical Difplay of thefe mofl capital Branches of Gar- dening in their general Culture, and agreeable to the prefent greatly improved modern Pro- cefs, whereby that moll imporfantly ufeful Diilrid the Kitchen-G.-iden, and all its Ap- purtenances of Hot-Beds, Hot-Houfes, Hot- Walls, Forcing-Houfes, Pinery -Stoves, &c. and the Culture of their feveral various Pro- dudions in fuperior Perfection and greateil Abundance, are fuily explained, in a Manner never before done, lor general Inftrudlion, as requiring a particular dillindl Explanation ; and now firil completely accomplilhed, from the Refult of above Forty Years daily pradi- cal Experience ar.ii Obfervation. By JOHN ABERCROMBIE, Author of Every Man his own Gardener, commonly called Mawe's Gardener's Ka- lendar, but the Work of J. A. only. In One Volume, containing 500 Pages^ Price 5s. bound. Th