' QH359 •E76 , ^ . , X 5^©6 (73) Ha £.TOLUTICN 1-ii 1927-38 AMNH LIBRARY 100115223 %'M>>A^ FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ti30Nigmnw =rv' / ^ y x.y. /;, / r (i.volutioii Piibl. Corp., yij-5th Ave., N.Y Monthlv. One Dollar |i.-i v.mp ' > ^ ^ -F Entered as second class matter \ X New York. N Y.. Jan. 7. 192J" I .^£_ ..^_ ^ J — "^ — -7 ^ CHRYSALIS By (AltL AKICLKV /■ ^ r Ciiiirli:--) W'lM Side iniliiriaii (.hiirrh. .\. 1 . ^ y T~7- x- / / y ^ / ^ / / Articles by: Edwin Tenney Brewster, Allan Strong Broms, George Dorsey, Alexander Goldenweiser, Joseph McCabe, Albert Duy McNair, Hugh F. Munro, Maynard Shipley, Cleveland Sylvester Simkins, Henshaw Ward, Horace Elmer Wood II. Page Two EVOLUTION July, 1928 Spencer and the Synthetic Philosophy Br Alexander Goldenweiser IN a sense Herbert Spencer rather than Darwin should be regarded as the father of Evolution. Under the sweep of his integrating intellect, the hypothesis of evolutionary development reached a comprehensiveness and a logical rigor which no one else either before or after Spencer was able to transcend or equal. Brought up in a nonconformist family and pos- sessed of an independent temperament, little Herbert, like many other eminent persons, was a bad boy. He did pretty much as he liked, studied what he chose, and neglected what he abhorred. Always he was an indiffer- ent student, except in sub- jects that appealed to him. His early training, such as it was, fitted him for mathematical and mechani- cal work, and as a young man he spent some years as a railroad engineer. His thoughts, however, early turned to the two subjects to which the rest of his long life was to be devoted: evolution and the theory of politics or government. His article on the proper sphere of government in which Spencer laid down the prin- ciples of his political phil- osophy appeared as early as 1842 (when Spencer was twenty-two) and it con- tained all the basic thoughts later to be developed in his sociology and ethics. Spencer was now in Lon- don, out of a job, and about to be introduced into a circle comprising some of the leading minds of the time. Having a rather delicate constitution and being a poor reader, Spencer hardly could have achieved what he did, if not for the stimula- tion he derived from the counsel and criticism of such figures as John Tyndall, the physicist. John Stuart Mill, Huxley, Hooker, George Eliot, and Lewis. The direct inspiration for his evolutionary theory, Spencer derived from Von Baer's work on embryology, Charles Lyell's contributions to geology, and Malthus's Essay on Popu- lation," which had inspired so many other notable achievements. Darwin influenced Spencer only indirectly, as the "Principles of Biology" had appeared before the publication of "The Origin of Species." When Darwin's book appeared, Spencer at once accepted the theory of natural selection as a striking formulation of the mechan- ism of biological evolution, and made it his own by incorporating it in the second edition of the "Biology." But for Spencer, the world was a unity: evolution, if true in biology, had to apply to the entire cosmos. Thus Herbert Spencer we find that in his "First Principles," Spencer enunci- ated evolution as a universal process manifesting itself in the phenomena of inanimate matter, life, mind and society. This determined the scope of the synthetic philosophy which comprised the "Principles" of Biol- ogy, Psychology, Sociology, and Ethics. Unfortunately, the two volumes which were to deal with cosmology and geology remained unwritten, so that Spencer's ideas in these two domains must be gleaned from the schematic treatment in the "First Principles." Spencer's "Biology" con- tains two important princi- ples: 1. Individuation va- ries inversely with propaga- tion, or the more an organ- ism does for the race, the less is it able to do for it- self; and 2. Acquired char- acters are inherited, mean- ing by this that physical or psychic traits acquired by an individual in the course of his life are transmissable to the offspring. Spencer was firmly convinced of the reality of this process and was willing to let the entire theory of evolution stand or fall on the issue. Either there was inheritance of ac- quired characters, he insist- ed, or there was no evolu- tion. But when it came to proofs, Spencer was only able to present arguments. Of his protracted contro- versy with the German biol- ogist, August Weismann, I shall tell in the next issue. Spencer's "Sociology'" in which he traces the evolu- tion of political, ceremonial, industrial, military, and professional institutions, is notable for his sweeping utilization of the so-called comparative method which henceforth became the favorite operative tool of evolu- tionary writers. The essence of this method consisted in the accumulation of vast collections of data from many tribes and peoples at different times and places. These facts were then utilized to illustrate — or, as Uie evolu- tionists thought, prove the process of evolution in the history of human society. The principles the evolution- ists were thus aiming to demonstrate were three: 1. civil- ization develops uniformly, meaning by this that it always passes through similar stages; 2. this develop- ment of civilization is gradual, meaning by this that sudden or conspicuous changes do not occur but that cultural change proceeds by slow and slight accumula- tion; and 3. the development of civilization is progres- July. 1928 EVOLUTION Page Three sive, meaning bv this that it tends in the direction of improvement. It is important to remember here that whereas the general validity of biological evolution is unquestioned, the existing dififerences of opinion referring merely to mechanisms and processes, the theory of social evolu- tion as formulated by Herbert Spencer and in his wake by a host of anthropologists and sociologists, has not withstood further accumulation of data and the emer- gence of a critical attitude. At this time, all three principles of social evolution indicated above must be regarded as obsolete or, at best, inaccurate. For social evolution is neither uniform, nor always gradual, nor is it necessarily or even generally progressive. To this phase of the subject, I shall return in the last article of this series. The outstanding contribution of Spencer's "Ethics" comprised in the main in his "Data of Ethics," "Social Statics," and "Man Versus the State," was his negativ- istic theory of government. An extreme individualist. both temperamentally and in theory, Spencer resented all infraction of individual freedom. Reluctantly, he was forced to admit that the full exercise of freedom by one individual inevitably conflicts with the equal free- dom of other individuals. Here Spencer felt that a super-individual agency had to step in, so as to keep the exercise of freedom on the part of each within the bounds compatible with the freedom of all. Beyend this, no government should go. This theory, aptly desig- nated by Huxley as "administrative nihilism," immedi- ately became the center of animated discussion, and such it has remained to this day. As one turns to Spencer's synthetic philosophy in the perspective of time one cannot but feel that whatever the errors and exaggerations of his over-ambitious scheme, he has earned once and for all a place of honor among those who have led man's thought into natural channels. Natural facts have natural causes. If these are known, the facts are understood. If they are un- known, thev must be looked for. The Nebraska Tooth By Henshaw Ward "TPHE fundamentalists are having a merry time over * the episode of "the Nebraska tooth,"' and we should not begrudge them their fun. The little argument will last for years and will brighten up ten thousand anti- evolution speeches. But the real lesson of this affair will never be mentioned by the enemies of science. About six years ago there was discovered in Ne- braska a tooth that looked as if it had come from the skull of some primate. It was most carefully examined by three experts of the American Museum. They all agreed that the tooth had grown in the jaw of some early ape, called "sub-human." The Bulletin of the American Museum for February, 1925, declared with absolute confidence that no tooth had ever been more rigorously scrutinized and that "every suggestion made by scientific skeptics had been weighed and found want- ing." The tooth was made the basis for naming a new- genus and species of anthropoid. Hesperopithecus har- oldcookii, in honor of the finder, Harold J. Cook. Henry Fairfield Osborn considered the tooth so im- portant and so well authenticated that he spoke of it thus in his book, The Earth Speaks to Bryan, 1925 : "The Earth spoke to Bryan from his own native state of Ne- braska, in the message of a diminutive tooth, the herald of our knowledge of anthropoid apes in America. This tooth is like the 'still small voice.' . . . This little tooth speaks volumes of truth. . . . This bit of truth con- stitutes irrefutable evidence that the man-apes wandered over from Asia into North America." The newspapers accepted the judgment of the greatest paleontologists and poured upon Bryan a great deal of ridicule for denying the evidence that had been found in his own state. But on February 19, 1928, Wm. K. Gregory, of the American Museum, gave out to the press a statement that the paleontologists had probably been mistaken. He reported that further investigations in Nebraska had shown the probability that the tooth was not anthropoid at all, but belonged to an extinct peccary, a pig-like animal. He retracted completely his former judgment of five years' standing. He announced his error, know- ing full well the scorn and ridicule that he would bring upon himself from anti-science orators. Thus a dreadful blunder was exposed. If ever Dame Science had cause to blush for the rashness of one of her followers, she had it then. John Roach Straton was inspired to real wit by this gruesome revelation; all the cohorts of fundamentalists shouted for joy, and will continue to rejoice as the years go by. They have a right to be happy. And the louder they are in mirth the more thev will advertise that they do not understand what mental in- tegrity is, nor what nobility of soul is. When Gregory proclaimed his mistake, he was doing the finest sort of act that human beings can aspire to. He was showing the world that science will not tolerate pride or hypoc- risy. A scientist who palters with truth is infamous, h. scientist must declare the truth as he finds it, even to his own hurt, and spare not. In all the rhetoric of fundamentalism there is not a fraction of the nobility of soul that has been shown by the episode of "the Ne- braska tooth." The strength of the evolution theory is in this very fact that at all stages of its development it has been subjected to the most severe tests, that errors bv biolo- gists have been unflinchinglv proclaimed, and tliat the theory has thus been purged of misconceptions. The sternest critics of the theory are the men who make it. Pace Four EVOLUTION How Old Is the World? July, 1928 By Allan Strong Broms lij 2< -O GEOLOGIC DIVISIONS CR£tACE0U5 COMANCHIAN PENKSYLVANIAN MISSIS5IPPIAN SILURIAN OROOVICIAN IJECENTLY published scientific measurements of the **• age of the earth increase rather than decrease the hundreds of millions of years since the formation of the earliest known rocks. In the accompanying diagram the consensus of conservative geological opinion is shown. The oldest known rocks are given an age of 1,500 million years, but the actual figure may be as great as four billion. The most trustworthy means of deter- mining the ages of the rocks as the uranium-lead method, already described in the February issue of Evolution. We know the rate at which the radio-active mineral uranium breaks down into lead. By measuring the relative amounts of uranium and of lead in a given rock, we can fix its age very closely by a simple computation. The conservative results (tabulated by Joseph Barrell) are shown in the diagram. The figures of the time scale are given in millions of years. Read it from the bottom up, from the earliest geologic eras upward to the present, that being ttie order in which the various rock strata have been laid down. The Geologic Divisions Five great geologic eras are shown. The Cenozoic (most recent) is relatively so short that there is no room for show- ing its subdivisions, which in order of time are: Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Pleistocene (Glacial Period I and Recent periods. The Mesozoic and Paleozoic eras are shown fully sub- divided into periods, but the subdivisions of the earlier Proterozoic and Archeozoic eras are variously classified and are, accordingly, not shown here. Between these two earliest eras occurs a great geologic gap, during which the entire geologic record was wiped out by ero- sion. We know little about it other than its <;real. though unrertain, length. o o <600- indicates a cycle in geologic forces and accords very well with Professor Joly's theorv of geologic revolutions described in the April issue of Evolution, except that his estimates of the time between revolutions appear too short. But this does not argue against his theory at all. He holds that the heat from radioactivity slowly accu- mulates within the earth, eventually melts the substratum and the thinner crustal rocks. By expansion the sub- stratum forces the crust as MOUNTAIN BUILDING HIMALAYAS CASCADES EUROPE E ALPS LONG EROSIONAl INTERV- ALaOMAN LAUflENTIAN N EUROPE a whole outward and yet permits the mountainous areas of the crust to sink deeper into its own less dense substance. As por- tions of the earth crust are melted thinner, a rapid cooling, solidifying and shrinking of the substra- tum occurs. As the crust settles upon the shrunkea interior, it wrinkles into great folds, valleys and mountain ranges. Also the heavier (because cooled) sub- stratum now forces the lighter crustal rocks upward as great mountain ranges. Of course, the heat accumulation begins once more, slowly preparing for the next revolutionary cycle. Periods of Mountain Building Without going into details, the great recorded periods of mountain building are indicated. Only the Cenozoic mountains are still high and jagged, i. e., young in the geologic sense. Even such recently built ranges as the Appalachian show the signs of wear, their tops being well worn down and rounded. Many of the earliest ranges have been completely leveled bv the age-long erosional forces. It will be noted that the great periods of mountain building are spaced at fairly regular intervals. This The Evolution of Life Bearing most closely upon the prob- lem of evolution is the record of life in the rocks. In the first two eras (Archeo- zoic and Proterozoic) the life forms were so primitive and soft-bodied that they left a very doubtful record, and that record largely erased by long and extreme changes. When the simple sea life of the early Paleozoic developed shells protecting them from attack, and perhaps from the increasing saltness of the oceans, they left a real record that would stand the wear and tear of time. From their evo- lutionary progression we can now classify and correlate quite definitely the several geologic periods of this and more recent eras. By the middle of the Paleozoic, fishes, the first back- boned animals, appeared. Towards its end, the am- phibia (frogs, salamanders and newts being modern rep- resentatives) took the very important step from water to land and developed lungs. The Mesozoic Era is dominated by the reptiles, which culminated in the great land and sea lizards, the dino- saurs, most amazing of our museum pieces. They were not as large as our whales, but they were built with much bulk and brawn, though with hardly any brains. Geological Time-table July. 1928 EVOLUTION Page Five Aiter a long preliminary development, the birds and mammals (both warm-blooded and brainvl rose rapidly to their present world mastery during the Cenozoic era. Man is one of the mammals (hair-covered and milk- nursed) and can trace his ancestry quite clearly over the few hundred thousands of years of his evolution. His span of existence on this earth has been most brief as earth history goes, being represented by less than the thickness of the top line of the diagram. But in this short time he has won rulership over the world and that solely bv his wits. That is a record of which even a fundamentalist should see fit to be proud. Whether we are proud of it or not. that is the record, and it does hold the promise that, as he has done great things in the past, man shall do greater in the future. It Is Up To Man By George A. Dorsey 1 THE Smith-family-Robinson are ashore for a picnic on an island never before trod bv Man. All go in for a swim. A tidal wave picks them up and drops them far inland, leaving no trace of boat, ship, or anything but the scant whatever they had on. The shock robs them of all memory of past life. They do not even re- member their own names. Once Man was like that. Nature had made him, but Man himself had not made anything. All that he has made since is culture. Man made culture because culture seemed the easiest way to satisfy a force within. This force was the joy of life, the love to live. It drove him to get on, to try to make life more secure, to rise above and become less dependent upon physical surroundings: to postpone, to cheat, death. He improved his lot. One thing led to another. Meanwhile he talked the situation over with his mate, parents, children, friends. One word led to another — a new word for each new tool, for every new situation. He invented a language — many languages. Customs became established into rules for living to- gether, rules for family life, rules to govern the group. He invented Heads of houses. Chiefs of tribes. Priests of religion — for he early took to religion. He so loved life and had so little confidence in his own power that he sought power everywhere — in stones, in rivers, in trees, from the Serpent, from the Eagle, from Sun, Moon, and Stars. He peopled his world with ghosts — propitiated those he feared, cajoled those he hated. Anything to get more power — power over foes, over dangers, over forces, over life, over death. He would cheat death. He would make life more se- cure, more stable. The quest for life led him a merry chase. It leads us a merry chase. It might be so much merrier. Man must eat, drink, and be married — or he dies and leaves no mourners. It almost looks like a vicious circle. In a wav it is — in this way: we alwavs get back to the nature of the beast, to human nature, to the nature of life. Nature does not "believe"' in civilization, vote the Republican ticket, or set kings on or off thrones. Na- ture is interested in food and sleep, legs and livers, and babies. Nor does she care what or when we eat — only that we get enough of certain foods; nor with whom we mate — only that we propagate our kind. Life is simple. It is Man that is complex — complex in the vast and intricate machinery he has devised to satisfy Life's simple demands. Wonderful machinery — but are we alwavs certain we know what it is all about, what it does to us, whether we fit into it, whether it fits us? This machinery is Man-made, "artificial"- — it has a history. Man is a product of Nature, "natural"- — Man has a history. The two histories are not the same. One is millions of years long, the other but a few weeks as time flies. One begins where the other leaves off. One is Nature, the other is culture. Culture takes a thou- sand forms and goes by many names. Its forms change and often have but little relation to the work they were asked to do. The work to be done is always the same: satisfy Man's love of life and need for love. Culture is handed down to us from loving hands — it is our patri- mony. Often we do not see it, we just accept it with child-like faith, assuming that it is what we want, what we need, all that we can get. We lean on it to get us food and sleep and rest and immortality. We count on it for support, as our ancestors counted on the spirits they propitiated with food and wine. We even throw a halo over it, venerate it, sanctify it. Or, we try to im- prove it, not knowing what we try to improve, not real- izing that Man is of more value than custom or law. Culture is the means to the ends of life. The ends are rooted in our natural inheritance. The understanding of that inheritance is the key to human culture; without that key we cannot unlock the chests of our social patri- m.ony, nor separate the gold from the base metal of our lives. ATOM.S IN EVOLUTION At the April nieetini; of the Ainerioar Clieinical Society in Washington, the as sembled scientists -saw plmtograplis of atoms in process of reconstruction taken by Professor William D. Harkins of the Ilniversity of (Chicago and heard Dr. H. A. Millikan describe the creation of common ilcmciits through thi- action of his newly discovered "cosmic rays". The pictures showed "the synthesis of an atom, since a helium atom is striking a nitrogen atom and forms a heavier oxygen atom and a higher hydrogen atom." "Whether all thi; atom building and changing indicates a universe that is building all the time oi is being steadily destroyed, as the oldci school of philosophy had it, is still in doubt. It builds in some places and tears down in others; it may remain in statu.' quo.' Pace Six EVOLUTION July, 1928 Why Amoeba Behaves By Clkveland Sylvester Simkins THOSE minute organisms that live on the border line of naked vision as independent rells have within their structure a reaction system which at first blush seems purposeful, but which is seen to be controlled en- tirely by the known laws of biochemistry when examined more closely in the light of present advanced knowl- edge. It was natural enough that early students of these simple life forms should have imputed to them a sort of intelligence similar to that of man, a sort of primitive soul, and insisted that they are controlled by sensations of pleasure and pain such as determine human behavior. The amoeba is a naked bit of protoplasm. Protoplasm is complex in chemical make-up, varies in physical consistency from instant to instant, and possesses vari- ous substances whose specific gravity differs in different parts of the same cell. The surface of the protoplasm is a jelly-like membrane, while the inner material is more of a liquid. Yet this inner material may take on the same character as the surface membrane; it may be- come jelly-like under appropriate conditions. Within the cell the jelly and fluid states alternate. Neither is constant. When any part of the interior protoplasm jells it shrinks, thereby producing pressure and heat, tending to convert the jelly into fluid again. These two re- versible processes, known as gelation and solation, are self-regulative and unstably balanced as long as the animal remains alive. A little shove one way or the other upsets the balance, and solation goes on until it checks itself and gelation begins. Is This Behaving? The outer surface of the amoeba will not mix with water. Thus there exists an interface between the ani- mal's body and the medium in which it lives. This is controlled by surfa(;e tension, not only on the outer sur- face but also inside the protoplasmic mass, since surface tension develops wherever media of different densities come in contact with each other. Hence, the interior of the cell is subjected to interfacial forces that are changed by every activity, — digestion, absorption, assimilation. Both jelly and fluid are made up of mole.-ules that have their own interfacial forces and surface films, which when distorted or influenced by any disturbance whatever, start a series of changes that effect a reaction in the organism as a whole. Any change in one part of the system will make itself felt in the more remote parts. Thus the very process of life and the succession of events supplies its own stimulus to behavior. The series of cause and effect leads unmistakably into a reaction which the organism can not escape. It is forced to react by the very nature of its chemical and physical constitution. For example, if ultra-violet light is thrown upon one side of an amoeba, the protoplasm on that side is jelled, shrinkage occurs, the internal fields of force are distorted, the increased pressure in- duces solation on the other side, the softening substance flows outward and the remainder of the organism flows after it, thus moving away from the stimulus. The forces underlying these changes reside in the sur- face films of the colloidal particles, the stimulus of the radiation disrupts them. This in turn disrupts the bal- ance of the interfacial forces of so large an area that a shifting of positions, substances and forces takes place to attain a new stability. The various phases of form and motion are caused by changes in the surface ten- sion. They constantly vary as affected by environment. She Learns Little The length of time any given phase endures depends on the intensity of the stimulus which threw the colloids into that pliase. A very strong reaction caused by ac- tual contact with some noxious chemical will throw the surface into a jelly state that persists for some time. During this time everything encountered by the amoeba, even food particles, will be rejected. If, on the other hand, the previous experience of the organism has caused a fluid or receptive phase in the surface jell the formerly rejected particles will now be engulfed. This behavior has been cited as proof that the organism exercises a power of discrimination between two par- ticles and chooses one or the other. But these reactions of the amoeba to its environment do not indicate choice on the basis of pleasure or pain, nor of a primitive intelligence that chooses between two particles as an incipient sense of taste, any more than a drop of water placed upon a particle of glass and salt would choose the salt in preference to the glass. When we consider the behavior of amoeba in the light of modern colloidal chemistry, the ability to select becomes less significant as a criterion of living things. Selection does depend upon the previous ex- perience of the organism. A series of reactions that set up a certain phase endures for a time, during which the attitude of the organism toward all things is the same, regardless of their food value. This phase soon changes, due to the instability of the protoplasm. This duration of a certain phase may be the germ of reten- tion, which by repetition becomes established as a basic property of protoplasm and serves as the commencement of that higher, psychic process known as memory. Lacks Will Power The ability to react upon the experience of the past is a fleeting one at its highest development. In man it endures for varying lengths of time, in amoeba it en- dures but a moment. There is no scientific evidence available that puts us under the least obligation to ex- plain the behavior of the amoeba as manifestations of taste, will, choice or skill, nor should we think of it as H capable of forming habits. Its reactions are forced movements, determined by the intensity, character and continuation of the stimuli to which it is subject at the moment. Any so-called selective ability in the amoeba cannot fairly be called "microscopic mentality" or psy- chic ability", nor can isolated instances in its activity. July. 1928 EVOLUTION Page Seven like capturing prey, be considered as purposeful or de- signed, since the fundamental stimulus to activity re- sults from an attempt to regain a disrupted balance. Behaves Because She Must If the behavior of amoeba depends upon the me- chanism of its elemental substance and the mechanical arrangement of its forces, where lies the evidence for a psychic state? When we assume a "psychic state" in the amoeba, we are merely projecting our own mental experiences into it. The fact tiiat amoeba performs all the physiological acts of the higher forms leads one to believe, a priori, that some sort of volition influences its reactions, but when the physio-chemical structure of its body is kept in mind, no element of the entire reaction system presents factors that lie beyond the reach of ob- jective science, unless it be in the vastly more com- plicated and delicately adjusted balance that obtains in a living colloidal suspension. It is true that all the ad- justments of the living cell are too subtle to have yet been observed by the human eye. However, the ability of the human brain to analyze the structure of all things that live increases at an uncanny rate. So we may look forward to the time when we can write the chemical formula that expresses the phenomenon of life. The only psychic state which the amoeba has may be said to be the duration of the effect of a given stimulus, a holding over into the future of an effect of the past, a capacity which tends to become fixed through repeti- tion, which develops with a neuromotor system, is be- queathed to progeny, evolves, comes to reside as nascent memory in special nervous organs and culminates in the baffling mental life of man. Man's Fossil History By Hugh F. Munuo BONE for bone, and organ for organ, man is one of the higher mammals. His body is made up of the same number of systems (osseous, muscular, digestive, nervous, etc.) as is that of the animal and is arranged in the same manner and performs the same functions. Like the animal, his in- dividual history begins in a single cell. He is nourished, grows, reproduces and dies as do the animals. Within their limited scope in the animal, he is assailed by the same diseases and is cured by the same remedies. He is fatigued by exertion, as they are, and he requires periodical rest as they do; in fact, every one of his vital processes has its exact counterpart in any one of tlie higher mammals. It is, however, one thing to say that he in general represents the animals, but it is quite an- other to prove that he is related to them by descent. It is now generally agreed that his immediate progenitor is not to be found in any of the existing anthropoid forms, but that he and they have developed from an an- cestor common to them both, and his comparatively late advent in geological time would lead us to expect that here again intermediate forms could be found; and they have been so found. In Asia the most primitive body of the human line or the most human like body of the ape line is represented by the fossil remains of the ape-man Pithecanthropus Erectus found by Dubois in 1891, in an early Pleisto- cene deposit at Trinil, Java. As was to be expected, the cranial capacity of this fossil shows a stage more ad- vanced than that of the ape, but less than that of man. The volume of the brain cavity (between 850 and 950 cc.) indicates a brain of about 28 ounces in weight; the forehead was more receding than in the modern chim- panzee. As the maximum brain capacity of the gorilla is only about 20 ounces fin volume between 500 and 600 cc.) and the average human brain weighs about ■19 ounces (1450 to 1550 cc.) and the smallest normal brain of living man is probably never less than 30 ounces, it ia clear that the brain capacity of Pithecanthropus is more than halfway between that of the ape and of man. The most conservative estimate of the lapse of time since the Pithecanthropus places it at about half a mil- lion years ago. The next oldest human remains were found in 1907 in some river deposits at Mauer, near Heidelberg, in Baden. The specimen comprises only the lower jaw with all of its teeth, yet it displays a combination of characters not found in any other speci- men, living or fossil. There is no chin prominence and the shape of the whole jaw is more like that of a large ape, yet the teeth are distinctly human. It was found asso- ciated with a large number of fossils of animals now extinct, which enables the life date to be placed at the second inter-glacial period or 350,000 years ago. Other fossil remains possessing more or less clearly defined animal and human characteristics are the Neanderthal, the Piltdown, and about half a dozen unnamed speci- .niens discovered in various parts of the world. In semi- desert Bechuanaland, South Africa, Prof. Raymond A. Dart, of the Witwatersand University, has discovered an almost perfect fossil skull of a type intermediate be- tween the living anthropoid apes and man. The new fossil has been named Australopithecus Africanus, but ii will probably be known as the Faungo skull, from the name of the comnmnity near where it was found. Geol- ogists place the life date of this skull as some time dur- ing the middle part of the Tertiary period, probably in the late Miocene or the early Pliocene epoch. This period, on a conservative estimate, is from two to three million years ago, making it the most primitive human fossil so far discovered. The Scientific American of May, 1925, gives a very complete and illustrated de- scription of this fossil, and comments as follows on the discovery: "Thus is another part of the gap between man and his simian ancestor filled in by an additional 'missing link.' Thus is Darwin's prediction that the di- rect ancestor of man when found would prove to be some form of forest-dwelling ape tied up tighter with tangible evidence. Thus does the theory of evolution as applied to man receive another and a weighty vindi- cation." Pace Eight EVOLUTION JULY. 1928 EUOLUTION A Journal of Nature To combat bigotry and superstition and develop the open mind by popularizing natural science Published monthly by Evolution Publishing Corporation 96 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Telephone: Watkins 7587 L. E. Katterfeld, Managing Editor Allan Strong Broms, Associate Editor Subscription rate: One dollar per year In lists of five or more, fifty cents Single copy 10c; 20 or more 5c each Entered as second class matter at the Post Office at New York, N. Y., January 7. 102S, under the Act of March 3, ISTSI. NUMBER 6 JULY, 1928 A PERNICIOUS PRACTICE To curry favor with fundamentalist text book commissions certain publishers print special editions of their school ho'er. Similarly, when we are confronted by questions of science, we should go to the workers in and teachers of science, and not to those who know nothing of it. If you believe that questions of science should be settled by experts in science, ■we need your co-operation in this increas- ingly urgent struggle. A note to the Science League of America, 504 Gillette Building, San Francisco — our national headquarters — will bring you an informa- tive leaflet and an application blank. LISTEN IN ON WEVD JLiLY TENTH From 9:35 to 10 o'clock Tuesday eve ning, July 10th, Dr. Alexander Golden- weiser will broadcast through station WEVD, New York, on the subject: "What the Fundamentalists Are Doing." Readers of Evolution, who have been following Doctor Goldenweiser's articles in this journal, will, of course, invite their friends to ''listen in." The Evolution Issue By \. DuY McN.MR Thcie has been much controversy over the subject of evolution for several years during which time two states have passed laws against the teaching of evolution in state supported schools. In many other states the laws met defeat but a new phase of the subject opens with the ref- erendum which will be held on the sub- ject in Arkansas in the elections of Nov- ember next. If, in that election, the anti- evolutionists win it will give a great im- petus to the movement in other states but if it should fail it is likely to put a THE EVOLUTIONISTS Do not ask for a law requiring the teaching of evolution. Are willing to leave the matter to the intelligence and good sense of teachers, school principals, college presidents, etc. Believe that this matter is not a proper subject for legislative action — that il should be left to the judgment of those who are well posted on the subject. Believe in freedom of speech, freedom of research and freedom of teaching even though it modifies preconceived opinions. Do not tell researchers in advance what conclusions they must come to. Believe that all plants and animals have descended from one or a few forms of life by reason of variations that occur century after century. They believe that plant and animal life are not rigid but are modifiable to almost any extent provided enough time is given. Affirm that any law that prevents teach- ers from teaching what they actually be- lieve encourages insincerity and hypocrisy and thus hurts both teacher and pupils. Believe that all questions of biology, geology, astronomy and other sciences fhould be decided on the basis of evi- dence irrespective of theological bias. Believe that an anti-evolution law would be an entering wedge toward the union of Church and State. Affirm that the differences between ra- ces of men such as the white races, Chi- nese. Negro, pic. have required hundreds of thousands of years and possibly a mil- lion years to develop. Have developed new species artificially which breed true to new characteristics. quietus on the whole movement. In either case the public will learn much that is new to them. It is an educational oppor. tunity that should be grasped by those who are interested in what is true in regard to this subject. The writer be- lieves in the doctrine of evolution and thinks that its acceptance wiU mean much in furthering the progress of men. He puts, herewith, in parallel columns what he considers the attitudes of evolutionists and anti-evolutionists on the general sub- ject. * * THE ANTI-EVOLUTIONISTS .\sk for a law to prevent the teaching of evolution. Are not willing to leave it to the intel- ligence and good sense of these people. Believe that it is a proper subject for legislation — that legislatures or referen- dums must protect the schools from their natural leaders. Are not in favor of freedom of teaching when it treads on the toes of their pre- conceived opinions on theology. Tell researchers in advance that their conclusions must agree with theology. Believe that each "species" was created separately in the beginning and that any modification cannot pass the limits of the species. They believe that varieties occur within the species but cannot transcend the species. Do not seem to recognize the encour. agement of insincerity that would result from such a law nor the tendency to make a mere "rubber stamp" of the teacher. Believe that their theological standards should be the standards of secular teach, ing in the sciences. Deny that an anti-evolution law tends toward a union of Church and .State. Affirm that the differences between ra- ces of men have developed in 5000 years or thereabmits since the time of Noah. They really believe, therefore, in fast evolution but they do not know it. Deny that new species have been de- veloped. beco.me a share-holder The Evolution Publishing Cor- poration, organized under New York State laws, offers its $10.00 shares of 6% preferred stock. With every five shares of preferred one $10.00 share of common, voting stock will be given. The immediate business is publish- ing this journal. Evolution and selling books. Later a Lyceum Bureau for touring natural science lecturers will be developed. Although it is expected the business will pay, shareholders are not invited on the basis of making profits, but be- cause this work is WORTH DOING. Additional capital furnished now will help make the circulation campaign for Evolution magazine a success. Checks should be made payable to Evolution Publishing Corporation. In remitting kindly state whether pay- ment is made in full, or whether it should be applied on a larger block of stock to be held until balance is paid. LET US MAIL SAMPLES TO YOUR I FRIENDS Of course you'll show this issue of Evolution to your friends and ask them to s'iDscribe. But you probably know some who would be interested, whom you can not visit yourself. Send us their names and addresses and we'll mail them sample copies. It will cost us about five cents a copy to send out these samples, so if you can send along a check to help pay for them we'll not object. How- ever, if your bank account is minus don't let that stop you. Send us the names anyway and well raise the cash otherwise. WHAT'S A HUNTER WITHOUT AMMUNITION? A hunter without ammunition is in the same fix as an evolutionist without copies of Evolution. Surely YOU don't want to remain in such a pickle- The best way out is for you to fill in appropriate characters on the fol- lowing blank in a hurry. Evolution Pudlisiiinc Corp., 96 Fifth Ave., New York City Send me a bundle of copies of Evolution every month for one year. (Rate: five or more, 50c each per year) I enclose $ Name Street and Number City & State Pace Twelve EVOLUTION July. 1928 CREATION BY EVOLU- TION: Edited by Frances Mason, The Macmillan Co. New York, 1928. $5.00. An 6X06116111 book, this, with a misleading title, for what is meant is not that Evolution was the method of procedure chosen by the cre- ator— and the title suggests this meaning — but that tlie process of evolution is crea- tive. The list of contributors is unusually impressive. Presi- dent Osborn of the American Museum of Natural History, to whom we owe a most sug- gestive demonstration (facts at hand! of the evolution of the horse, opens the proces- sion. He is followed by Sir Cliarles Sherrington, the em- inent physiologist, who con- tributes an introduction. David Starr Jordan, late president of Leland Stanford, than whom no one knows more about the evolution of fishes, writes about the gen- eral meaning of evolution. "Why we must be evolution- ists" is explained by that tireless popularizer, J. Arthui Thomson. Herbert S. Jen- nings, eminent protozoologist of Johns Hopkins, has some fascinating tales to tell about evolution as it can actually be seen in the laboratory. Evidences of evolution are ap- proached from many angles; as gleaned from vestigial or- gans (Parker), as shown by the development of the indi- vidual organism (MacBride), as demonstrated in embryo- logy (Conklin), as written in the record of rocks (Bather), as suggested by the geogra- phical distribution of animals (Scott), as told by fossil plants (Berry). In an unsually clear ex- position John W. Gregory of the University of Glasgow explains what a species really is. There is a general article on the evolution of life (Woodward . one on the evo- lution of plants (Jaeger), one each on the evolution of butterflies and moths (Poul- ton), of bees (Shipley), of ants (Wheel- er), oi the horse (Loomis), of birds (Wat- son). The missing link is not forgotten, and its significance is commented upon by Richard S. Lull of Yale. Professor Wm. K. Gregory of Columbia discourses on "The Lineage of Man", a subject he has made his own. Evolution By Langdon Smith W hen you were a tadpole and I was a fish. In the Paleftzoic time, And side by side on the ebbing tide We sprawled through the ooze and slime. Or skittered with many a caudal flip Through the depths of the Cambrian fen. My heart was rife with the joy of life. For I loved you even then. Mindless we lived, and mindless we loved, And mindless at last we died. And deep in a rift of Carodoc drift We slumbered side by side. The world turned on in the lathe of time. And hot lands heaved amain. Till we caught our breath from the womb of dealh And crept into life again. We were Amphibians, scaled and tailed. And drab as a dead man's hand; We coiled at case neath the dripping trees. Or trailed through the mud and sand. Croaking and blind, with our three-clawed hand, Vi'riting a language dumb. Willi never a spark in the empty dark To hint at a life to come. Yet happy we lived and happy we loved. And happy we died once more; Our forms were rolled in the clinging mud Of a Neooomian shore. The eons came and the eons fled. And the sleep that wrapped us fast Was riven away in a newer day. And the night of death was pas-t. Then light and soft through the jungle trees We swung our airy flights. Or breathed in the balms of the fronded palms In the hush of the moonless nights. And. oh. what beautiful years were these. When our hearts clung each to each. When life was filled, and our senses thrilled In the first faint dawn of speech. Thus life by life and love by love. We passed through the cycles strange. And breath by breath, qnd death by death. We followed the chain of change. Till there came a time in the law of life When over the nursing sod The -shadows broke and the soul awoke In a strange dim dream of God. I was thewed like an Auroch bull. And tusked like a great cave-bear; And you, my sweet, from head to feet, Were gowned in glorious hair. Deep in the gloom of a fireless cave. When the night fell o'er the plain. And the moon hung red o'er the river bed, We mumbled the bones of the slain. I flaked a flint to a cutting edge. And shaped it with brutish craft; I broke a shank from the woodland dank And fitted it. head and haft. Then I hid me close to the reedy tarn, Where the Mammoth came to drink — Through brawn and bone I drove the stone And slew him on the brink. Loud I howled through the moonlit wastes. Loud answered our kith and kin; From west and east to the crimson feast The clan came trooping in. O'er joint and gristle and padded hoof. They fought and clawed and toie. And cheek by jowl, with many a growl. They talked the marvel o'er. I carved the fight on a reindeer bone. With rude and hairy hand; I pictured his fall on the cavern wall That men might understand. For we lived by blood and the right of might. Ere human laws weie drawn. And the age of sin did not begin Till our brutish tusks were gone. And that was a million years ago In a time that no man knows; Yet here tonight in the mellow light. We sit at Delmonico's, Your eyes are deep as the Devon Springs, Your hair is as dark as jet; Your years are few. your life is new. Your s(rul untried, and yet — Our trail is on the Kimmeridge clay. And the scarp of the Purbeck flags; We have left our bones on the Bagshop stones. And deep in the Coraline crags. Our love is old. our lives are old. And death shall come amain. .Should it come today, what man may say We shall not live again? Nature wrought our souls from the Tremadoc beds And furnished them with wings to fly; She sowed our spawn in the world's dim dawn. And I know it shall not die; Though cities have sprung above the graves Wkere the crook-boned men made war. And ox-wain creaks o'er the buried caves Where the mummied mammoths are. Then as we linger at luncheon here. O'er many a dainty dish. Let us drink to the time when you Were a tadpole and I was a fish. {This Poem, in leaflet form. 4 pages, to fit small envelope, sent postpaid at $1.00 per 100; $5.00 per 1000. Order from EVOLVTION. 96 Fifth .4venue. Neiv York City) Apes deserve a place of honor in such a treatise and it is accorded them by their friend and explorer, Professoi Holmes of the University of California. G. Elliot Smith, whose ethnological va- garies have of late almost obliterated the recognition of his eminence as an anatom- ist, writes of the evolution of the brain. Progress as exhibited by evolution is discussed by Julian Huxley, the versatile grandson of a great grandfather. The evo- lution of mind is shown by the veteran bio-psychologist, C. Lloyd Morgan. H. H. Newman, finally, of the University of Chicago, sums up the case for evolution. And a good case it is. none the less so for the honest admission by most of the contributors that here as elsewhere the widening disk of knowledge reveals the mistifying darkness around the periphery. This is as it should be, for if we knew it all. the luring light of inquiry would be blown out forever. Alexander Goldenweiser July. 1928 EVOLUTION Pace Thirteen THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES. By Charles Darwin, E. P. Dutton & Co., New York, Nearly seventy years after its first pub- lication The Origin of Species still bears reviewing, for in no sense is it just a book of the past. Sir Arthur Keith has written such a splendid introduction to this re- print of the sixth ^ Darwin's last) edition and has so well stated its past influence and present standing, that I choose merely to quote. '"Its preparation occupied, from first to last, a period of forty years . . . The book came into being during a period wlieu Europe was in a state of intense Intel lectual activity, and the effect it produced was immediate and profound. The gen- eration which felt its first shock is dying or dead. . . . Having served its day and generation is it now dead? Or does it possess, within itself, the seeds of eternal youth and is it thus destined to become one of the world's perpetual possessions? The latter. I am convinced, is its destiny. On the foundations laid by Darwin in this book his successors have erected a huge superstructure which will be infinitely ex- tended and modified as time goes on. Yet I feel certain that as long as men and women desire to know something of the world into which they have been born, they will return, generation after genera- tion, to drink the waters of evolutionary truth at the fountain-head. . . . "It was much more than a mere dem- onstration of the action of natural selec- tion, it was the first complete demonstra- tion that the law of evolution holds true for every form of living thing. It was this book which first convinced the world of thoughtful men and women that the law of evolution is true. . . . Nor has it fin- ished its appointed mission. No book has yet appeared that can replace it; The Origin of Species is still the book which contains the most complete demonstration that the law of evolution is true. . . . '".Suppose, for a moment that an om- niscient biologist, greatly daring, were to re-edit this classic — would he find much that needed alteration? Scarcely a single fact would have to be withdrawn; so ac- curate was Darwin in making his own ob- servations and so careful was he in the selection of his authorities, that the mod- ern reader may accept all his statements of fact without question. But what of his "mode" or method of evolution? The ma- chinery involved — is it out of date? My deliberate opinion is that the machinery of evolution described in this book is not out of date and never wil be. . . . '"Far be it from me to say that The Origin of Species is an easy book to read. . . . What is the reason of this difficulty? It is not the style; this is simple and clear: it is not the terms used; Darwin never employs a technical word when a plain one is possible; it is not due to abstract thinking: Darwin clings always to the tangible or visible. The real explanation is its condensalion ; so much is packed into every sentence and every paragraph that the reader's mind becomes satiated unless he proceeds slowly and keeps his understanding busy. . . . Few men have taken out of this book all that is in it." A. S. B. •THE DOG.MA OF EVOLUTION" by L. T. More, Princeton University Press, Professor More is Dean of the Gradu- ate School of Cincinnati, and a physici.sl of standing. It might seem that such an author would not belong among the ob- scurantists; but his general spirit, places him with O'Toole and Price. He grudg- ingly accepts a general belief in evolution, but he states that "evolution of man from the lower animals ... is purely a matter of guess." He also attacks the validity ol the method and scientific spirit of Darwin and other evolutionists and biologists I Lamarck excepted). Dr. More seems completely ignorant of any advances in the fields of biology and geology during the present centUI^^ Particularly astounding is his complete innocence in regard to genetics, his calling the inoffensive unicellular amoe- ba ""an aggregate of cells," his discovery that the first word in the scientific name of an organism represents the order, his ignorance as to the source of food ol plants, and his ignorance (or misrepre- sentation) of the evidence from fossils. Darwin and Huxley, the two outstand ing examples of scientific integrity, he ac- cuses by implication of intellectual dis- honesty. This would come with better grace if Dr. More did not himself misleail by mangled quotations from (among others) Darwin and Huxley. Quotations illustrating Dr. More's inade- quacies could be multiplied to almost an\ extent. '"And it is quite safe to say that today in spite of an immensely increased collection of fossils, the positive evidence of geology, considering the vastness ami intricacy of the problem of evolution, is as incomplete as it was in the time of Darwin and Huxley." It is quhe safr to say that this statement, if it means any- thing at all (observe the weasel words). is directly contrary to fact. "In the pop- ular mind 'the missing link' has become identified with the hope of finding the bones of some wretched, filthy being whicl» could not be called a monkey and which no one would be willing to call a man. It is, perhaps, an odd fact that the an- cestors of animals are presented to us by evolutionists as other animals well fitlei^ to thrive in their environment and adapt- ed to enjoy life: only in the case of man. do we get the picture of inefficiency, half man, half monkey, which is indecent and degraded." Without further comment this passage is sufficient evidence of his emo- tional bias, loose reasoning and lack of acquaintance with his subject. Dean More is a special pleader, trying to prove a faith rather than uncover the truth, assuming to write with competency in a field ill which his equipment is scanty and antiquated. HORACE EL.MER WOOD. II. X s 1^- ' ''^^B 0^ ^ iDRYoURVAC/i moM EVOLUTION BOOK SERVICE 96 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. Send the items checked to undersigned: CREATION BY EVOLUTION: Edit- _ ed by Frances Mason $5.00 THE BRAIN FROM APE TO MAN: Frederick Tilney $25.00 LET FREEDOM RING: Arthur Gar- field Hays $2.50 EVOLUTION FOR JOHN DOE: Hen- shaw Ward 3.50 EXPLORING THE UNIVERSE: Henshaw Ward DARWIN, THE WARFARE: HIS MAN AND Henshaw Ward WAR ON MODERN SOENCE: May- nard Shipley THE HIGHER FOOUSHNESS: David Starr Jordan — __ MY HERESY: Bishop William Mont- gomery Brown 3.50 5.00 3.00 2.50 $2.00 2.00 1.50 CONCERNING MAN'S ORIGIN: Sir Arthur Keith - — - - OTHER WORLDS: 0. J. Schuster HISTORY OF WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY White (2 volumes) ...._ 6.00 OUTLINE OF MAN'S KNOWL- EDGE: Clement Wood _ 5.00 SCIENCE VERSUS DOGMA: Charles T. Sprading - 1.50 MICROBE HUNTERS: Paul de Kruif 3.50 WHY WE BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN BEINGS: George A. Dorsey — - 3.50 THE NATURE OF MAN: Dorsey 1.00 MAN'S PLACE IN NATURE: Huxley 1.00 ORIGIN OF SPECIES: Darwin 1.00 CREATION : NON - EVOLUTION- ARY THEORIES: Brewster 3 50 RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE: Haeckel 2.50 EVOLUTION: Monthly, One Year, $1.00 (Write VERY plainly) Amount enclosed $ Name Street & No. . City & State — Page Fourteen EVOLUTION July. 192S Funnymentals "The teachers of Chicago and Columbia Universities are such yellow cowards that they won't meet me in open debate on evolution. Evolution has no basis of facts whatever, and books teaching it are fast becoming comedies." Rev. W. B. Riley, Address in Terre Haute, 1928. "The giving up of witchcraft is in ef- fect the giving up of the Bible." John Wesley, quoted by Andrew D. White. "Is there any one so senseless as to believe that there are men whose foot- steps are higher than their heads? . . . that the crops and trees grow downward? . . . that the rains and snow and hail fall Bpward toward the earth? ... I am at a loss what to say of those who, when they have once erred, steadily persevere in their folly and defend one vain thing by another." St. Gregory Nazianzen, (re- ferring to people on the other hemisphere). "I've been grossly misquoted. I never did say that there was an edge to the world. There's a high wall around it, as a matter of fact, a wall thousands of feet high, beyond which the good Lord has never seen fit to cast light and sunshine. It's highly possible that the dirigible Italia has slipped over that wall. If it has, it will never come back, you may be sure of that. Byrd had better look out. If he goes over that wall, we'll never see him again either." Wilbur Glen Voliva, High Priest of Zion City, quoted by Herald Tribune. "I am in accord with the theory (of evolution) if it means the development and growth of man under God, but not if it means he sprang from the dust by pure atomic accident and is now just an ape running around in underwear." Rev. Dr. Ambrose Bailey, First Baptist Church. Seattle. WANTED:— Every reader to be a reporter for the Funnymentals column. Send exact quota- tions from fundamentalist speeches and writings, suitable for publication in Fun- nymentals column, being sure to give au- thority. From Our Readers BOOKS RECEIVED FOR REVIEW LET FREEDOM RING, by Arthur Gar- field Hays, Boni and Liveright, $2.50. THE BRAIN FROM APE TO MAN, By Frederick Tilney, Paul Hoeber, $25.00. HAIL! SOAP-BOXERS! You'll find Evolution sells like Hot Cakes at street meetings. We'll stake you to twenty copies, for we know you'll come for more. You pay a nickle, it sells for a dime. Connect up instantly. Listen: — "Received your package of 50 this morning and regret that you didn't make it 150, but it's my fault. After my lecture tonight I sold 40 copies of Evolution. Send me 200 as soon as you can for a start." David A. Tullman, Chicago. "Tlie first eleven pages of the April number are dignified and instructive; the first column of page twelve unnecessao'i and the last column merely silly. Why seek to antagonize the very people we are trying so hard to enlighten concerning tha most important thing in the world, what we are and where we came from? . . . Franklin Smith, N. J. "Your April issue is fine. You know, some people can't be reached except by ridicule — some by thoughtful writing. What a laugh we had over the Mastodon and the Ark!" E. H. Collins, Washington. "Is it not possible to use simpler Ian guage in dealing with scientific subjects? It seems to me that any obscure subject could be discussed in plain language. . . After a day's battle in industrj-, I have not the time and energy to spend hours with a dictionary in looking up jaw-breakers. What about the millions of other people in this country that are in the same boat? Scientists are closing the doors of knowl- edge to these people by writing in terms that they cannot understand. When writ- ing about a giant lizard let the author say 'giant lizard' and not Ceratosaurus." Irwin H. Cady, Mich. "I have recently seen a copy of your splendid and much needed little paper bearing the title Evolution, and should like to subscribe. I consider it high time that this outrageous reign of bigotry, in- tolerance and rabid fundamentalism be checked." Harold U. Moldenke, Penna. "Enclosed $2.50 for 5 subscriptions, all to the Department of Biology. Your sample copy just arrived. Wish I had been aware of their issue before this time, for they will be most useful to me in teaching the subject to students." George F. Forster, Michigan. "Why all that cheap talk and 'funny' remarks against the fundamentalists? \our magazine, fighting the cause of science should be above this. Leave them alone." C. T. Cox, Illinois. "I want to congratulate the men back of this journal for doing what I feel is a good piece of work. Fundamentalism is a product of either one of two things, or perhaps both. To my mind a funda. mentalist is either narrow-minded and re- fuses to learn anything that does not ex- actly suit him or else he is ignorant and cannot grasp the meaning of facts. I am strong for the Evolution journal." Harry E. Low, Arkansas. "If you can spare me a hundred of the subscription blanks I think I can per- sonally dispose of that many among people who would be interested in the maga- zine." W. R. 'West, Indiana. "From your advertisements it promises to be too sensational or noisy for me. Employment of cartoons to ridicule your opponents will, I fear, simply make mat- ters worse. That is no way to win over the other fellow whether he be educated or ignorant. I consider it undignified and discourteous. But I can not condemn your magazine before I really make its ac- quaintance." W. C. Baker, New York. "Let me repeat, ridicule is the strong- est weapon in any man's armamentarium; no man can stand against ridicule. Digni- fied sarcasm always wins over intemperate abuse. This Ark cartoon of yours, which I have mounted and hung on the wall of my office, has provoked a lot of mirth — and, incidentally, a question or two about evolution. Hop to it, old son!" Wilfred Taylor, Connecticut. "Evolution is a splendid magazine. Our civilized people are under the influ- ence of false teaching. "Yes-bunk" and humbug rules the world, and it is the task of Evolution to bring the truth to all the people." Emil Falk, Mich. "I think Evolution is the goods: and the cover illustration. No. 5 particularly, just what is wanted — something to make curious Man look twice. . . . Keep up the quality of these and your circulation should rise steadily. I view the matter solely from the view of Humanity; I can get over here as much information as I want for my own purposes. But I want something to leave about in public vehi- cles (h^ve you given out that hint yet?) . . . and I know of nothing like Evolution over here; so I ask you to kindly send me five copies for a year." Frank Gosling, England. "Evolution is getting more and more interesting."' Chas. P. Fagnani, France. "Please send us three dozen copies of the next issue of Evolution. We hope to increase the circulation of your very use- ful paper in Australia." Rationalist Asso- ciation of Australia, Ltd. "Please send me by return mail sub- scription blanks. I want to get interested people to subscribe. I think it one of the greatest steps forward that has ever been taken to beat down superstition and get the people out of their mental bondage." A. E. Bolton, Calif. "I am interested in your paper. Enclose $5.00 for ten copies each month. I am 78 years young. Hope you will be able to make a power for lasting good." A. Nielen. "Enclosed check for $3.50 for which send to the following men your journal Evolution. We are anxious to have the back numbers that we may have a com- plete set from the beginning. I am very much pleased with this publication and am sure it should do a great deal for thr cause of evolution. Vasco M. Tannei Utah. July. 1928 EVOLUTION Page Fifteen HONOR ROLL Most encouraging is the number of readers of Evolution who in turn persuade others to subscribe. A magazine whose readers become loyal workers for the cause it champions must quickly become a power in the land. On July first the fundamentalists open their public campaign to force their anti- eTolution law upon the state of Arkansas through popular referendum. Help answer this attack of reaction by sending in a good list of subscribers to Evolution at once. Let us include YOU next month in this Honor Roll of the Evolution Army: 93 A. Nielen, Calif. 17 H. D. Waggoner, HI. 12 Emil Falk. Mich. 9 Wm. G. Schultz. Ohio 8 Daniel Laufer. N. Y. 8 Catherine Shinar, N. Y. 7 J. W. Howerth. Colo. 7 V. M. Tanner. Utah 6. 0. G. Whitenack. Colo 6 A. W. Watwood, S. D. 6 F. D. Ehrenfried. N. Y. 6 Myron Gordon. N. Y. 6 Rationalists. Australia 6 Dorothea Algase. N. Y. 5 J. H. Brothers, Calif. 5 Fr. Masek, III 3 5 Gustav Weiss, 111. 3 .5 Benj. Fine, N. Y. 3 5 Henry Ford, N. J. 3 5 Paul Hering, N. Y. 3 5 Guy Forster, Mich. 3 5 P. B. Cowder>', Calif. 3 5 John Lawlah, Georgia 3 .S C. D. Cunningham, Wash. 3 5 C. P. Freeman, Texas 3 5 F. D. Rowell, N. M. 3 5 Frank Gosling, England 3 4 V. Bertalan. N. Y. 3 4 Fay Lewis. 111. 3 3 Julius Janowitz, N. Y. 3 Albert Berthelot Neta Kasper H. T. Ahrens, Wash. J. N. Welty E. O. Erickson. Wash. A. Gunderson, N. Y. Wm. Leslie, N. Y. Chas. T. Vorhis, Ariz. A. B. Cohen, N. Y. A. E. Bolton, N. Y. Curran Pope, Ky. Sarah Lipshitz, N. Y'. E. W. Storms. Calif. W. R. Whanon. Fla. Geo. Budd, Calif. THE SLNEWS OF WAR It will require a fund of $5,000.00 for circulation campaigns to put Evolution on a self-sustaining basis, according to results already achieved. However, this is not all needed at once. Five hundred a month will do the trick. And since no "angel" or special interest backs this paper we aripeal to those that approve its work for the necessary funds. Full value in shares, subscriptions or copies of the paper will be gi^'cn for even' dollar received. We herewith express our appreciation to the following, whose contributions made it possible to publish this issue and mail out several thousand copies to prospective subscribers. R. Abrahams. Mary Irene Beebe, Bohemian Slovak Frat. Benefit Union, Wm. D. Bosler, W. T. Bush. J. C. R. Charest ,Mrs. Earl Chichester, Lewis Copeland. John Dequer, Emil Falk, Christine Ladd Franklin. Charles Fuchs, Frank Gosling, Ben Gordon, George Bird Grinnell. Wm. K. Gregory, Grace Hastings, Ida Crouch Hazlett. Arthur Garfield Hays, Wm. G. Heniy. J. Hollos, A. Kadish, C. J. Keyser, Wm. Leslie, M. A. Lesser. S. J. Lewis, Howard Lilienthal, H. M. Manning, G. M. Morris, Ellen R. Nagle, J. U. Norris, Chas. W. Richmond. L. W. Rogers, E. R. A. Seligman, Gustav Schmeeman, Tobias Sigel. Mignon Talbot, Wilfred Taylor. Clarissa H. Thomson, Chas. T. Townsend. Adolf Warshow, L. M. Waugh, H. M. Wood, Mrs. K. W. Simpson, Chard Powers Smith, Other friends are invited to furnish the sinews of war to push the next issue out into thousands of additional communities. Let us hear from YOU. HEALTH FOOn, Not Breakfast Fond Food for every meal and for every ailinj: person — has stood tlie public test 20 ye.ars. Tyler's Maf-erated (whole) Wheat Combin- ation— fruit, nuts. etc. (no drugs) — tasty, ready to eat — banishes constipation at ou'-e. restoring normal health and strength. Iti- rompnruble for women in delicate cotuli- tioii. Send dollar or check for week's sup- ply on a monev-back cnarantee. BYKON TYLER (Established 189a), 1920 Gibraltar Bldff., Kansas City, Mo. Science League of America For Freedom in Science Teaching Every sympathizer invited to join. Fee: Annual, $3; Life, $25 Write for pamphlet. 504 Gillette Bldg., San Francisco PITY THE HEATHEN If Evolution reaches only con- vinced evolutionists it isn't worth print- ing. Our real task is to carry the facts about evolution to those who do not understand what it is all about, so they can no longer be stampeded by fundamentalists. This we can do only with your help. Order a few extra copies to gve friends and neiglibors. We'll send vou five copies each month for a wholf year for only $2.50. THE BIBLE IN THE BALANCE By CHARLES SMITH President, American Association for .he Advancement oj Atheism, Inc. This new 8.000-word, 4-page, 4A folder discredits the Bible. Most powerful anti-Christian tract ever written. .'>iire cure lor Fundamentalism. 100 Copies $1. Sample free. FREEMAN HOPWOOD, General Secretary !19 E. 14ih St., New York Citv CHATEAU DE BiES Par Villenes ( S. et O.) France A boarding school for boys, located 20 miles west of Paris, specializing in preparation for American Col- lege Board examinations. Has its own farm, cows, etc., and plenty of playing fields. New dormitory and gymnasium built last year. Ameri- can ideas of sanitation, lighting, etc. Excellent science laboratories and manual training room. .id dress inquiries to American Executive Secretary Box 675. Amherst, Mass. AMERICAN SECULAR UNION stands for the principles proclaimed in the Nine Demands of Liberalism, or the com- plete separation of church and state. Or- ganized 1876. Incorporated 1900 under the laws of Illinois. A representative national organization managed by a board of direc- tors elected by the membership every third year. Annual membership, $1.00; Life, $10.00. Address all communications to W. L. Maclaskey, Secretary, P. 0. Box 1109, Chicago, Illinois. Orders ~ Inquiries Can be ;cured Polk'skReference Book and Mailing List Catalog Gives counts and Drices on over 8.000 different lines of business. No matter ■what your business, in this book you vlH find the number of your prospec- tive customers listed. Valuable information Is also ^Iven as to how you can use the mails to secure orders and Inquiries for your products or services. Write for Your FREE Copy R. L. POLK &. CO., Detroit, Mich. LnrEest City Directory Publishers In ibe World Mulllns LIsl Compilers— Business Stallstlcs Producers of Direct Mall Adverllslnc Pac-e Sixteen EVOLUTION July, 1928 LETTER FROM INDIA Bombay 7, India April 14, 1928 Mr. L. E. Katterfeld, Managing Editor. Dear Sir:- Your excellent journal Evolution was introduced to me by Professor Hugo De Vries. and I was so pleased with the copy that I could not resist the temptation to sub- scribe to it. If you like, you may send copies of the paper to the following professors of differ- ent Colleges here, whom I am sure will he interested, and who may be instrumental in popularizing it here. Yours for Evolution M. J. PRESSWALA. THE WAR ON xMODERN SCIENCE By MAYNARD SHIPLEY President, Science League of America A short History of the Fundamentalist Attacks on Evolution and Modernism. Traces the far-flung battle line between the army of reaction and modern science State by State. $3.00 SCIENCE VERSUS DOGMA By CHARLES T. SPRADING President, The Libertarian League Upholds Evolution and Makes a Smashing Counter-Attack x\gainst the Dogmatists. A splendid campaign handbook. Both, postpaid, .?4.00. Order from $1.50 EVOLUTION BOOK SERVICE 96 Fifth Avenue, New York City PROFESSOR HUGO DE VRIES of Netherlands, world famous biologist, father of the Mutation Theory, thinks well enough of Evolution to mail a copy to a friend in India. This friend immediately subscribes and sends others. What a splen- did endorsement for Evolution. A MAGAZINE THAT GAINS circulation through the personal recom- mendation of such noted readers as Pro- fessor Hugo De Vries is surely worth your while. YOU'LL WANT YOUR FRIENDS to read it too. So you'd better send some of their subscriptions right along with your own. Evolution Publishing Corporation, 96 Fifth Avenue, New Yorli, N. Y. For the enclosed $, send Evolution for one year to: Name Street and Number (Single subscription, $1) (To three addresses, $2) City and State (li you don't want to tear cover, any old sneet ol paper will do.) 4 Cja\flcri.i ^= MULTIBINOER • Syracuse, N. Y. '. ^^^ Stockton. Calif. ■ ^^ m <• iikv