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EVOLUTION
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Vol. 11. No. 1.

JANtJARY' 1929

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Page Two

EVOLUTION

January, 1929

The Origin of Man from the Anthropoid Stem

When and Where?

{From Bicentenary Number of American Philosophical Society's Proceedings, Vol. LXI'I, 1927)

By WILLIAM K. GREGORY

PROFESSOR OSBORN has recently argued that for
more than one million years past our ancestors have
been erect-walking, large-brained, speaking men, not dif-
fering in essentials from the human genus of to-day and
contrasting profoundly with the arboreal or semi-arboreal
great apes.

This immense vista of man's antiquity and of his aloof-
ness from other mammals has called forth more than one
expression of thankfulness that the much maligned human
race has at last been freed by anthropological science
from a degrading sense of kinship with apes and monkeys
— repulsive creatures whose very names in ancient and
modern times have been used in contempt and derision.
This bar sinister in man's reputed pedigree has been
viewed with horror by many anti-evolutionists, who have
sought by every artifice of rhetoric to discredit the idea;
but scientists of world-wide reputation have also striven
either to secure a verdict of "not proven" or to establish
a complete alibi for mankind.

And now Professor Osborn hands down a decision at
first sight quite adverse to the claims of the anthropoid
tribe to the place of honor as man's next of kin. Specific-
ally, he holds that these animals "constitute a separate
branch of the great division of primates, not only inferior
to the HominidjE but totally disconnected from the human
family from its earliest infancy."

But, like the slave in the classical story whose unpleas-
ant and doubtless risky duty it was to remind royalty
"Memento te hominem esse." I conceive it as my hard
duty to remind mankind that these poor relations of ours,
mute witnesses of the past, are still with us and that the
evidence of our lowly origin can hardly be waved aside
on the ground of the length and aloofness of our own
lineage.

If we concentrate our attention on the evidence for the,
at first, almost inconceivable antiquity of man as an inde-
pendent family, we may easily forget that the Pliocene
epoch is next to the nearest to us of a long line of known
geologic epochs, most of which are many times longer
than the Pliocene itself. If we accept Barrell's estimates
based on the rate of disintegration of uranium into lead
and helium, we find that even the Lower Pliocene is only
some six million years distant from us, while the begin-
ning of the Eocene is set down as some sixty million years
ago. And what is this in turn, compared with the 700
millions of years since the beginning of the Palaeozoic?
At most, the human race has then been proved to be a
superior line of its own for less than one hundredth part
of the time that bivalve molluscs have been separate from
univalves or sponges from corals.

Man is not the only mammal of the Pliocene epoch that
was already substantially like his modern representatives.
Palaeontologists have shown that the same is true of the

horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, elephants, bears, pigs, mon-
keys, apes and many other mammals. In other words,
the amount of evolution that has apparently taken place
since Pliocene times in all these groups appears at first
sight to be surprisingly slight.

However, if the geologic epochs themselves extend as
many millions of years as they are supposed to do, is it
any wonder that the old "phylogenetic trees" have been
lengthened into clusters of nearly parallel lines, converg-
ing only at extremely distant points? But because horses
and asses may have been on separate lines far longer than
was formerly thought are they in reality any less nearly
related to each other than they were before? And in
general are zoological relationships, e.g. of the horse to
the rhinoceros and the tapir, really altered because our
ideas of the antiquity in years of all creatures has been
greatly expanded ?

Partly because the amount of evolution since Pliocene
times appears at first sight to have been very slight and
because evolution in the horses, proboscideans, and many
other families has usually been extremely slow through-
out the Tertiary period, it might be suspected that evo-
lution in man has been equally slow and that man will be
proved to be distinct from other families as far back as
the families of horses, rhinoceroses, proboscideans, etc.,
vv-ere separate from each other; that is, as far back as at
least the Eocene epoch.

However, primitive horses, with undiminished side toes
and short-crowned teeth, in general characteristic of the
Oligocene epoch, persist in the Miocene, side by side with
more progressive families with reduced side toes and
long-crowned teeth, leading to modern horses. So, too,
it is generally recognized that certain groups have changed
but little during enormous reaches of geologic time, while
others have become profoundly specialized during the same
period. Among the mammals, the opossum has come
down to us with only slight modifications in the dentition
from the primitive marsupials of the Upper Cretaceous.
The family of horses, on the other hand, during the same
period underwent intensive modifications. In view of
all this, where is the direct evidence that the evolution of
man has proceeded at approximately the same average rate
as that of the horse and his congeners, and that the two
families date back equally far in geologic time?

Before taking up the direct palaeontological evidence
on this matter, let us consider several lines of indirect
evidence.

If man and ape had parted company as long ago as did
tapir and horse, their relatively higher instability should
have made their molar patterns far more different from
each other than those of tapir and horse, whereas the con-
trary is the fact. This assuredly adds weight to the
argument that the kinship of man to the chimpanzee is

Janlarv, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Three

tar closer than that of the tapir to the horse, and that the
separation of the first pair was a much later event than
the separation of the second pair.

Those who oppose Darwin's conclusion that man is an
offshoot from the anthropoid stem must attribute to
"parallelism" the numerous resemblances between the
anthropoid dentition and that of man, notwithstanding
the fact that these resemblances persist in spite of the pro-
found differences in diet between the prevailingly frugi-
vorous apes and the prevailingly carnivorous-herbivorous
man. But if the very numerous detailed and fundamental
resemblances between anthropoid dentition and that of
man are due to parallelism, what warrant is there for
using quite similar dental resemblances and differences for
uniting and distinguishing the members of the families of
elephants and odd-toed hoofed animals ?

In judging the interrelationships of the members of any
large group the evidence derived from the dentition should
of course be supplemented and checked wherever possible

Fig. 1. — Skeleton of right fore limb of A, Tapir ; B, Horse; C.
Chimpanzee; D, Man {I'eddah). C and D after Sarasin.

by the characters observed in other parts of the body,
especially the skeleton of the limbs and feet. Let us apply
this test to our inquiry as to whether chimpanzee and man
are more nearly allied in structure than tapir and horse.
Fig. 1 will enable the reader to compare the forearm and
hand of chimpanzee an^ man on the one hand and of
tapir and horse on the other.

Is the difference in the forearm and hand of chimpan-
zee and man anywhere nearly so profound as that between
tapir and horse? Here the evidence suggests that even on
the assumption of equal changes in equal times, chimpan-
zee and man have not been separated nearly so long as
have tapir and horse, and again it will be noted that this
greater resemblance between chimpanzee and man ■ per-
sists in spite of the marked difference in their habits.

The differences between the hind limbs and feet of
chimpanzee and man, while very conspicuous, are on the
whole not nearly so great as the differences between the
hind limbs and feet of tapir and horse (Fig. 2). Ac-

cording to the well established principle of adaptive radia-
tion, atter the descendants of an ancient common stock
pass from the ancestral life-zone to a new one, their
whole locomotor skeleton becomes adapted to the new
mode of life. It is well known that these new adaptations
tend to cover-up and obscure the characters inherited from
the older environment and contrasting widely with each
other in their modes of locomotion, show the maximum
contrast in their mind limbs, whereas the horse and the
tapir, continuing to use their limbs in much the same
way as did their remote common ancestors, differ from
each other chiefly in the fact that in the horse tendencies
toward centralizing the axis of the foot, which are already
clearly visible in the tapir, have been carried to the ex-
treme. And it will be shown presently that in spite of
the striking difference of the human foot from that of
the chimpanzee, its origin is perfectly explicable on the
hypothesis that it has been derived from the foot of a
primitive anthropoid type by a definite change of function
involved in the abandonment of arboreal life and the as-
sumption of bipedal running habits.

The striking difference between the foot of the an-
thropoids and that of man has led Sir Ray Lankester and
others to regard the evolutionary gap between anthropoids
and man as equally profound and has been the principal
objection to Darwin's theory of the origin of man. This
brings us to the very kernel of the whole question, namely,
was man's place in nature correctly determined by Dar-
win, Huxley and Haeckel; is he still definitely the next
of kin to the anthropoid stock, or does he represent an
entirely independent group of unknown origin and rela-
tionships?

(Prof. Gregory's answer to this question will appear in
our next number).

Fig. 2. — Skeleton of right hind limb of A, Tapir; B, Horse; C,
Chimpanzee; D. Man.

Page Four

EVOLUTION

January, 1929

Brains — How Come?

By Allan Strong Broms
V.

MAN'S big advantage over his fellow animals is his adapt-
ability. He got that from the babies. Paradoxically,
they helped him by being helpless. They did the finest job
of brain building ever — for man's is not only bigger, but really
different. Yet it grew out of the animal brain and certainly
was not a special creation.

The animals — meaning the other animals — act by instinct.
They are born that way. For instincts are just race habits, in-
herited and all set to go. Being on hand at birth, they need not
be learned and they fit the animal young to start off living full-
fledged. Our babies can't do that; but they can learn. Grown
up, they beat the world.

Our babies are helpless for lack of the self-preservative in-
stincts. That sounds like a handicap, but it's an asset, — if there
are parents around to substitute at preserving from hunger, cold
and danger. With parents on the job, instincts are superfluous
and only tie us to ways of our ancestors, ways once good in their
time and place, since natural selection picked them for race
habits, but now out-of-date. For the world has moved and
new problems face us. Our ancestral ways have turned to
handicaps and must be done over for present fitness.

But how change? One of two ways. By natural selection
through the survival of such children, grand-children, great-
grand-children, great-great-grand-children, and so on, that happer
— just happen — to vary towards fitness to the new times and
places. Either that way, or through the adaptable mind, that
can learn how now, that can train to do in new ways and think
out solutions for new problems. The animals, instinct guided,
win in the gamble for survival if their evolution beats the en-
vironmental changes. Man beats them all through quick changes,
by training and invention. For that he must thank the babies.

For the baby (protected by parents), can start off with a clean
mental slate. He is not cluttered up with wrong answers, with
out-of-date instincts that served the simple jungle needs of his
ancestors, but can never meet the complex needs of our human
lives. The clumsy and inarticulate baby can do almost nothing
to start with, but potentially he is a Jack-of-all-trades. He starts
as a squirming bundle of waste motions, — kicks, gurgles, wails,
and waving arms. There are lots of motions to pick from and
some prove useful (pleasurable) and survive through repetition.
The others lapse through disuse or are suppressed as in the way.
Repetition gives skill to the survivors, for practice makes per-
fect. These acquired habits are ruts like instincts, but we make

them ourselves to fit present needs and we can change them
if need be, for they are less deeply rooted. Once acquired, they
serve as the mind's private secretary, attending to routine details
and leaving the big boss mind to tackle new problems.

For also, the human mind invents solutions for problems. Not
so the beast's. He is all primed to act, not to think. Something
in his world touches him — through ears, eyes, nose, touch — a
stimulus. He responds with automatic action — trigger-quick —
instinctively. In his jungle world, he who hesitates is lost.
Man's world is fairly free from such dangers, but full of complex
problems, and many apparent solutions, some right, some wrong.
So he must choose and combine acts and means in new ways to
get new results. In his world, he who does not hesitate — and
think inventively — is lost.

For such thinking and doing, man needs a lot of facts and
training, true facts about his world, what he may expect of it
and what he can do with it, and trained skill in his many,
diverse doings. So much learning needs a lot of tim« for educa-
tion, time free from the cares of serious labor and living.
Childhood, under parental care, gives that carefree time. With
us it may average sixteen to twenty years when we can play
at living — which is good practice — -and experiment with this
and that • — • and soak up lots of useful facts, before we settle
down to business. Through this period of "schooling" we get
human adaptability, our big lead on the other animals. You
can almost measure the adaptive intelligence of any animal by
the length of its infancy. The mammal mother, nursing her
baby, watching over it, playing with it, took a big step forward
towards better brains. And because our babies start off with
just enough instincts to get by with under parental care and take
so long in growing up, we ourselves finish up well informed,
skillful and resourceful, able to make so much of the world into
which we come. We take more time getting ready, so we do
a better job.

The babies really made us, of course with the help of better
seeing eyes, handy free hands, and improved brain connections
and other good aids to body and brain. Also they made u&
over, gave us parental and family feelings, the real bonds of
matrimony being baby ribbons. That made a fine foundation
for the other social sentiments which followed and made us all
a lot easier to live with. Brain and so-called soul, we owe
them largely to the babies.

The next article will be on "The Inside of the Brain Works".

.-/ hiiniile of ivasle motions and unbound capacities.

-Courtesy Billv Katterfeld

January, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Five

Rulers of the Ancient Seas

By FREDERIC A. LUCAS
Honorary Director, American Museum of Natural History

JUST as Greece, Carthage and Rome in turn ruled the seas
in the days we call old, so, long before the advent of man,
the seas were ruled by successive races of creatures whose bones
now lie scattered over the bed of the Mediterranean. For a time
the armor-clad fishes held undisputed sway; then their reign
was ended by the coming of the sharks, who in turn gave way
to the iish-lizards, the Ichthyosaurs and Plesiosaurs.

Though they were big for reptiles and some were real giants,
fifty feet long, they do not merit the adjective "gigantic" so
liberally bestowed upon them. They were of many species of
assorted sizes. The smaller Ichthyosaurs were, so to speak, rep-
tilian porpoises, but provided with four useful paddles instead
of just two, in addition to a powerful tail whose shape and use
were long unsolved problems. This long tail was bent at a
sharp angle to the backbone and this was taken to mean the

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Ichthyosaurus (the fish-lizard) pressed flat on a rock slab.

— Courtesy Am. Museum Nat. Hist.

existence of horizontally flattened tail. But when a finely pre-
served specimen came to light, lying upon one side and having
the tail in place, lo it was much like the tail of a shark, only
reversed, the lower lobe being longer than the upper. This
means that the reptile came to the surface to breathe, while the
shark goes down in search of food and to escape danger. The
more perfect specimens also showed an unsuspected high back
fin precisely like that of a porpoise.

The long-necked Plesiosaur was like ''a snake threaded through
the body of a turtle", the shell, however, being lacking, as the
body was covered by a smooth skin. Despite the snake-like neck,
the Plesiosaurs may have been a stiff-necked tribe on account of
their biconcave vertebrae.

Having played their roles of rulers of the seas, Ichthyosaurs
and Plesiosaurs in due time passed off the stage of life to give
place to the great marine reptiles called Mosasaurs, that extended
their empire around the world, from New Zealand to North
America. Great they were, but there is a universal tendency
to magnify the reptile we never saw as well as the fish that
"got away," and the greatest of animals will shrink before a
two-foot rule. No animals known to have existed were ever
larger than our whales and few Mosasaurs exceeded in size a
first-class Crocodile. Very rarely a Mosasaur reached a length
of forty feet and even twenty-five feet is large, while the great
Mugger, or Man-eating Crocodile, may attain a length of thirty
feet, a fit match for most Mosasaurs.

The first of these sea-reptiles to be discovered now reposes in
the Paris Musee d'Histoire Naturelle, after having changed
hands several times. The original owner, M. Hoffman, presided
for weeks over the arduous task of separating the remains from
the surrounding rock. The extraordinary discovery excited so
much interest that the canon of the nearby cathedral, as lord of
the manor, laid claim to the fossil and succeeded, after a long
and harassing lawsuit, in obtaining the precious relic. But dur-
ing the French Revolution, the armies of the Republic, advised
by a committee of savants, spared from bombardment that part
of the city in which the fossil was known to be. Shrewdly sus-

pecting the reason for the peculiar favor shown his residence,
the canon concealed the specimen in a vault; but when the city
was taken, he had to give up his ill-gotten prize which was
then moved to its present museum location.

The seas that rolled over western Kansas were the head-
quarters of the Mosasaurs and thousands of specimens have been
taken from the chalk bluffs of that region, some so well pre-
served that we are well acquainted with both internal structure
and outward appearance. They were great, overgrown, swim-
ming lizards adapted to a roving, predatory life by their power-
ful tails and paddle-shaped feet. Their cup-and-ball vertebrae
gave great flexibility of body, their sharp teeth helped capture
slippery prey and the structure of the lower jaw shows that
they bolted their food in great chunks. In snakes, which also
swallow their prey entire, the two halves of the lower jaw are
loosely over the gape of the mouth. The pelican solves the same
problem by the length of his mandibles which bow apart to form
a nice, little landing net. In the Mosasaurs each half of the
lower jaw was joined so as to bow outward when opened and
to add greatly to the swallowing capacity. Extend your arms at
full length, the palms touching, and then bend your elbows out-
ward and you'll get an idea the action of a Mosasaur's jaw.

The western sea was a lively place in the day of the great
Mosasaurs, for with them swam the king of turtles, Archelon,
a dozen feet in length, its head a full yard long. In the shal-
lows prowled great fishes with massive jaws and teeth like
spikes and the great, toothed diving-bird Hesperornis. Over
the waters flew pterodactyls, reptiles with a wing-spread of
twenty feet, largest of all flying creatures and very probably

Tylosaurus ; terror of the Kansas seas. — Am. Mus. Nat. Hist,
flesh-eaters too. When all these were seeking their dinners,
there were troublous times for smaller fry in that old Kansan sea.
Then came a change. To the south, west and north the land
was slowly but surely rising, only an inch or two in a century,
but still rising. Its area contracted and ridges of the sea-bottom
came to the surface as long, low bars that imprisoned the sea-
life and subjected it to many risks. The stronger more readily
captured the weaker and the fishes gradually died out through
the constant freshening of the water. With the death of each
considerable group, the balance of food supply was upset and
many large species disappeared from the scene. The more
omnivorous and enduring long resisted starvation, but finally
yielded to inexorable fate — the last was caught in a shallow pool
from which his exhausted energies could not extricate him.

Page Six

EVOLUTION

January, 1929

Man Carries His Past With Him

By CLEVELAND SYLVESTER SIMKINS

ON a slab before me lies the partly dissected body of a man.
Several things about this body immediately attract the
attention of one accustomed lo looking upon the human insides.
The muscles on the belly and chest differ from the great run
of men. The straight belly muscle instead of ending at the
lower border of the breast bone runs to the root of the neck
and blends with the muscle leading from collar bone to back
of head. This condition occurs once or twice per hundred
people. Very few physicians ever see it, since they usually dis-
sect but one body in their entire career. So it is only the trained
student in the structure of the human body that asks and tries
to answer the question: How came such variation to be?

The easiest way to answer the question would be to call it a
whim of providence. But the scientific student will look for
possible cause. One is an injury. He finds no scars, no tough
bundles of repair tissue; so he discards the injury suggestion.
Another is faulty development. Can this be a reversion to an
ancestral condition ?

The muscles on the belly of the lizard run from the pelvis
to the lower jaw in a continuous series, very much like the
muscles of the body on the table before me, suggesting the pos-
sibility that this is a reversion.

If the straight belly muscle is examined in any normal man,
closely and carefully as the dissector does over the dissecting
table, four strips of gristle will be found running across it.
These strips did not just happen to be there. There's a reason.
It is found in the reptiles.

In reptiles the belly muscles are separated into a series of
segments, with ribs separating the muscular bundles. Ribs on
the belly? Exactly. And these ribs gradually disappear as the
reptiles transform into mammals. But in their place is left a
series of strips of gristle as representatives of these ancient ribs.
Mankind, without exception, shows these marks of reptilian
origin. Monkeys and apes also show that they too came from
the same remote stock.

In the same body that showed such strange condition of the
muscles the vermiform appendix was very long and coiled, and
about as big around as a lead pencil. Usually in man it is but
two or three inches long. In this case it was fully six, yet showed
no evidence of any function whatever. Why is it sometimes
absent in man, usually so small, and here so large? Why is it
present at all? Merely to plague the life of man? By no
means.

Its function must be looked for in the bowels of the lower
animals. All animals that live upon grass, herbs and fruits
have a well developed caecum, corresponding to the appendix.
It aids them in the absorption and digestion of herbs and grasses.
Animals that live upon flesh have a very simple digestive tract
in comparison, with no vermiform appendix, or one much re-
duced. In the orang, a fruit eater, the appendix is long and
coiled, as in the cadaver just dissected. In the gorilla, living
upon herbs and fruits with a minimum of flesh, there is a long
and spiral appendix. The chimpanzee, however, whose food
more closely resembles that of man, has a relatively short ap-
pendix.

The function of the appendix seems to have been connected
with the digestion of herbs and fruits. As the diet changes, so
does structure and form of the appendix. Man, who eats every-
thing, and most of that cooked, has very little need for the ap-
pendix, and nature is slowly getting rid of the useless structure.
In some individuals she succeeds in eliminating it entirely, in
others she only reduces it, while in still others with a strong
tendency to revert to ancestral type the appendix is correspond-
ingly large.

The human body contains over one hundred organs that show
this tendency to revert to the type of man's ancient ancestors.
To call attention to each one of them would require a good sized
book. Every one of them illustrates the fact that man has slowly
evolved from a very lowly ancestor.

THE GOLDEN LAW

By FRANK GOSLING

"-■/// matter, mind and spirit, all is mothered out of strife,
Tlie Iron Law of Struggle is the Supreme Law of Life"..
'Twos thus the poet ended. Yet, in stanzas five above,
He'd never mentioned altruism! No, nor Mother-love!

Xow, half the truth won't satisfy the philosophie mind.'
It surety deesn't follow that we can't leave strife behind/
"There never was nor will be from the strife of life surcease"
Is too dogmatic while 'The Riddle' plays the mystic Fleece.

"Time never was when it was not." — The poet, p'raps, was there?
If not, he ought to say 'I think': the open mind won't dare
To use a poet's license thus in ivriting of The days
If'lien laws long-lasting may, perchance, have 'worked' in nllier
ways !

An early sexless being might have said "there can't be Love,
I've made investigation, finding nought but Push and Shove.'
'Time never W'as when such was not — and, therefore, don't you

sec.
This tiling called Love can never, never, never, never be.'"

.hid Sahretooth, though tasting love of mate and, p'raps of cubs.
Could hardly dream of oXher-love! — And that's just where it
rubs! —

Of present, past and future, with Einstein knocking round.
We need to speak most cautiously, — he careful of our ground^

The pseudo-scientific misinterpretation sad
of Darwinism, leads to War! .Ind fraticide seems mad!
Kind Darwin never, never preached that we must ape the Ape~
He surely guessed the other way Humanity might shape.

It seems to be a law of nature, nature shall be fought!
So why not turn our human minds to bring life's strife to nought?
And thus, in fighting nature, win some peace for Man at least
With yet, perhaps, a modicum for fish and bird and beast.

.4 quibble"? Maybe, Yes! It seems some struggle must remain,
We find it hard to think of Life without we think of Pain:
Yet talk of 'strife', unqualified, allows the babe or fool
To dwell upon the 'brute' and miss the Strife-won Golden Rule!

Perpetrated 1-12-28, by F. Gosling, of 23, Newick Ro.id, Clapton, London,
E. 5. as an attempt to counteract the effect of the beautiful poem of Coving-
ton Hall in 'Evolution' (Oct. 1928). upon those who have not gone quite so
far in thought as he has. No offense whatever intended!

J.AXLARY, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Seven

How Long Will the World Last?

SCIENTIFIC men have dittered much
in the last fifty years as to the past
age and probable future of the earth. The
mathematician «as correct, but the phys-
icist gave him the wrong material for his
sum. How can he be sure that he now
has the right material? He cannot be
absolutely sure, but I will explain how
little room for doubt there now is about
the matter. There is a general agreement
about the point, and the skepticism of peo-
ple who know no more about the subject
than they know about the arteries of a cod-
fish, is as idle as the crackling of thorns
under the pot.

Until twenty years ago we had three
chief ways of determining the age of the
earth which is closely connected with the
question how long it will be fitted to sus-
tain life. The water of the ocean was
originally fresh, because its salts are being
actually conveyed into it today by the
rivers. The water itself notoriously evap-
orates, leaving the salt behind, and re-
turns, with a fresh burden of salt, in the
rivers. In other words, the proportion of
salt in the ocean is steadily increasing,
and by analysis of the water of many
rivers we can ascertain, roundly, what
quantity of salt is added to it yearly. Ob-
viously, the further we go back in past
time, the less salt there would be in the
ocean, and it is a fairly simple mathem-
atical sura to determine how far back we
must go to find the waters of the earth
free from salt. Somewhere about seventy
million years, said the experts.

There was always a recognized weak-
ness in this estimate. It supposes that
through all geological time the rivers bore
to the sea much the same proportion as
they do today. The same weakness, one
may say the same unjustifiable assump-
tion, lay in the purely geological method
of calculating the age of the earth. The
rivers bear mud and sand and stones to
the sea ; where new strata are formed, and
patient investigation can find what bur-
den of sediment the great rivers transfer
from the land to the ocean-bottom every
year. American geologists have thus cal-
culated how much of their precious land
is deposited on the floor of the Atlantic
and Pacific every year. When the majority
of geologists working along this line reach-
ed a conclusion not very different — be-
tween fifty and a hundred million years
for the formation of the stratified rocks
of the earth, it seemed impressive.

The fallacy or weakness in both cases
is to suppose that during all geological
time the rivers bore, on the average, much
the same load of sediment to the seas as
they do today. It is a big assumption in
the case of a globe which, as we now
know, has had so many ups and downs
in the course of its life.

Another mischief was that, on a third

By JOSEPH McCABE

and quite independent line of reasoning,
Lord Kelvin gave a figure for the age oi
the sun which seemed to harmonize with,
and confirm the geological estimate. In
those days men could see no substantial
source of the heat of the sun and the stars
except the compression of the matter com-
posing the'globes, and Kelvin started from
this theory. We now know a source of
heat which is enormously more effective
and would sustain the temperature of the
sun during a period of time twenty times
as long as the longest period assigned by
Kelvin.

This source is radio-active matter (ura-
nium, thorium, etc.), the heat-producing
quality of which we realize as an absolute
fact in the laboratory. We have only to
suppose that the interior of the stars is
composed of masses of these heavy and
unstable metals, and we have, since we
know their weight, a source of heat which
will last for billions of years.

It is always amusing to listen to the
gentleman who prides himself on his com-
mon sense and asks us to be skeptical about
these estimates and theories. Most of his
own opinions about cosmogony are infer-
ences drawn by imperfectly educated derv-
ishes from bad translations of forged doc-
uments of an age of colossal ignorance;
but his opinons are sacred enough to be
protected by gunmen if necessary, while
he can smile at an opinion laboriously
reached by a thousand mathematicians of
almost magical skill, profoundly critical
judgment, and years of the most learned
calculations. The mathematician asks the
physical astronomer — though the two
branches are really combined, since every
astronomer is a good mathematician — what
the probability is that vast stores of radio-
active matter exist in the sun. We can-
not prove it, as we can prove the existence
in the sun of oxygen or iron, because our
instruments analyze only the glowing sur-
face of the sun. But it is an elementary
truth of astronomy that the lighter ele-
ments remain at the surface of a globe
and the heavier elements lie below — it is
just as natural a process as when you
see the stones brought down by a river
remain in its bed while sand is taken out
to the seashore and the fine mud borne far
out to sea — and no one with any knowl-
edge of these matters can have any doubt
that there must be vast quantities of the
heavy radio-active metals in the interior of
the sun.

A few grains of uranium notoriously
give off heat and other forms of energy,
and one has at once a vague idea of the
possibility if we suppose that billions of
tons of this material exists in the sun.
But we have another matter to take into
account ; the terrific pressure put upon the
central matter of the sun and stars bv the
mass of the globe. As the total weight of

the sun is well known, this pressure in the
interior can be calculated, and the effect
on the material can be gathered. The
state of matter in the interior of the sun,
or even of the earth, is beyond the power
of our imagination, but the abstract form-
ulae of the mathematician can penetrate
to the very heart of it, and for those who
are interested in these matters the modern
analysis of the interior of stars is as im-
pressive as it is fascinating.

The total energy poured out by the sun
every minute or year is known. The
amount of radio-active matter needed to
give off that energy — astronomers now say
lo be converted into that energy — is
known. The weight of the sun is known.
Naturally one must not regard this con-
clusion as "mathematical" in the same
sense as the addition of \-our bank-balance
is. For most of us it is enough that the
masters of this branch of science have,
after ten or more years of critical and
laborious estimates, agreed that the sun will
probably continue to give light and heat
enough to support life on this planet for
a future period which is nearer two hun-
dred million years than one hundred.

What matters to us is the value of this
conclusion to our human outlook on life.
We count our civilization as five or six
thousand years old, and it is still so foul
with injustices and stupidities that many
wonder occasionally if the human endeavor
is not futile: if history is not going to be
always a series of advances and retrogres-
sions into Dark Ages. On the ovher hand .
we have the thoughtless crowd and the im-
perfectly or wrongly educated people who
seem incapable of visualizing any higher
civilization than ours.

I am confident that much of this
thoughtless attitude could be corrected if
the school planted so deeply in the minds
of pupils this new conception of the mean-
ing of life that they could never wholly
forget it. What are five thousand years
in face of this stupendous future of the
race? We learn a healthy contempt of
our own institutions; and by a healthy
contempt I mean the sure and steady real-
ization that every institution or idea of
which we may be proud today is child-
like in comparison with the ideas and in-
stitutions of the future. We may be fully
human, but we are the infants of civiliza-
tion. It has hardly yet begun. Tens if
not hundreds of millions of years of
scientifically ordered life lie before us.
—U. R. V. Bulletin.

RUBE: What do you think about this
here Evolution ?

YOKEL: It's a good idea — but can they
enforce it?

— American Boy Magazine.

Page Eight

EVOLUTION

January, 1929

EVOLUTION

A Journal of Nature

To combat bigotry and superstition and

develop the open mind by popularizing

natural science

Published monthly by

Evolution Publishing Corporation

96 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y.

Telephone: Watkins 7587

L. E. Katterfeld, Managing Editor

Allan Strong Broms, Science Editor

Subscription rate: One dollar per year

In lists of five or more, fifty cents

Foreign subscriptions ten cents extra.

Single copy 10c; 20 or more 5c each

Entered as second class matter at the
Post Office at New York, N. Y., January
7, 1928, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

VOL. II, No. 1.

JANUARY, 1929

CONVENTION REPORTS

As this issue of EVOLUTION goes to
press the world's greatest gathering of
scientists is convening. Undoubtedly
from their sessions will come (orth many
a message marking an advance in science,
pushing farther out the frontiers of human
knowledge, perhaps throwing a search-
light beam from our little island of light
into the encompassing ocean of darkness.
And they may give us an inkling of what
the scientific method means, an apprecia-
tion of the thoroughness and infinite care
that attend the announcements of scientists.

The next number of EVOLUTION will
contain some informal reports of the Con-
vention.

A RESOLUTION NEEDED

Surely it is not too much to hope that
from the Convention there will issue a call
to mobilize the friends of science for the
pending struggle against organized reli-
gious bigotry. May it speak in unmistake-
able terms to those who would turn back
the hands on the clock of progress by pass-
ing laws against the teaching of evolution.
Certainly the Advancement of Science de-
mands a militant championship of the
right of teachers to teach the truths of
science. Anything less would be a denial
of all sense of social responsibility.

ALMOST TV^'O TO ONE

The vote on the anti-evolution referen-
dum in Arkansas is reported as; YES
108,991; NO 63,410. Majority 45,581. It
is interesting to note that the heaviest vote
AGAINST the proposed law was cast in
some of the solidly fundamentalist rural
districts. This Is explicable only on the
theory that these good people were con-
fused by the awkward wording of the
<]uestion and thought that by voting NO
they were voting against the teaching of
evolution. There's a real man's sized job
ahead, friends, to educate the people.

IDEAS TO CLASH IN NEW YORK

A real clash of ideas will take place
«hen Rev. W. B. Riley and Joseph Mc-
Cabe meet in the great evolution debate,
Thursday February 7th in Mecca Temple.

This will not be a mere war of words
between elocutionists to entertain an
audience. Each speaker is in deadly earn-
est. Each will do battle for his most pro-
found convictions. Each, through a life-
time of activity on behalf of those con-
victions, has already achieved 'world-wide
recognition as their champion.

Rev. W. B. Riley, President of the
World's Christian Fundamentals Associa-
tion, is prime mover and chief organizer
of the anti-evolution campaign. He has
participated in twenty debates on evolu-
tion, and according to the judgment of the
audiences he defeated the evolutionist in
all but one of them.

Prof. Joseph McCabe received his early
training in the Catholic Church and was
at one time in a monastery, but he now
has back of him thirty years of fighting
for freedom of teaching. He is known on
three continents as the greatest popularizer
of science. Wherever English is spoken
live his students and disciples.

These two champions have met in the
arena before. According to Rev. Riley,
Prof. McCabe is the only man who ever
won a decision over him in debate, and
that before a rationalist audience in Chi-
cago. At their most recent meeting in
Toronto, Canada the audience voted three
to one for Riley and against evolution.
Of course it is only fair to state that there
they were overwhelmingly fundamentalist.

So each speaker will be specially anx-
ious to win the approval of the cosmo-
politan audience that New York will fur-
nish for this final and decisive debate.

In addition to the vote of the audience,
it is planned to have a committee of thirty
three judges.

EVOLUTION is naturally pleased at
being instrumental in bringing two such
outstanding personalities together in this
city. We do not care very much who
proves to be the better debater, nor how the
audience and judges vote. Our purpose
is to cultivate the Open Mind. We be-
lieve that the more both sides are heard,
the more we shall win over the forces of
fundamentalism. Rev. Riley has a similar
faith in his plea. Hence the debate.

This promises to be such an intellectual
treat as has never before been offered in
this city. It is a tremendous undertaking
for such a youthful journal as EVOLU-
TION, and the co-operation of every
reader in the East is invited to make it
both a moral and a financial success.

Start right now to organize a "line
party" for this debate among your friends.
Readers as far away as Boston and Balti-
more are expected to get up groups to
come to New York for this occasion.
Teachers should plan to bring their stu-
dents. All desiring blocks of seats should
reserve them at once.

OF INTEREST TO SCIENTISTS
Most of the science articles appearing
in EVOLUTION popularize matters with
which every well informed scientist is al-
ready familiar. This is necessary to make
the journal of value to laymen. But in
every issue we expect to have at least one
article carrying in somewhat abridged
form the essential information contained
in studies published in scientific journals,
which because of their limited circulation
are not yet generalh' known. For instance,
the article by Dr. J. Leon Williams on
"New Evidence of Man's Relationship to
the Anthropoid Apes" in our last number,
and the article by Prof. Wm. K. Gregory
in this issue.

During the course of the year EVOLU-
TION will contain much material that is
new even to the best informed men of
science.

"THE FIGHT IS JUST BEGUN"

EVOLUTION has endeavored to im-
press upon its friends the fact that the
anti-evolution agitation in Arkansas is not
a mere local phenomenon growing out of
the supposed backwardness of that State,
but the beginning of a far-reaching cam-
paign of fundamentalist fanatics to dom-
inate the schools. Here's confirmation
from the official organ of the American
Anti-Evolution Association, the Baptist
and Commoner, of November 21st, 1928:

"The evolution fight has just started.
Other states will be encouraged to make
the fight since we have won in Arkan-
sas. Some of the legislatures may pass
the law and other States can initiate
it as we did in Arkansas. Yes, we
need money to push the work all over
the land. It is like the prohibition
fight. We went on with it for fifty
years until we got national prohibition
and now the work is to enforce the pro-
hibition law. It will be the same way
with evolution fight. THE FIGHT IS
JUST BEGUN. We have won in
Arkansas but there are forty-five other
states where the fight must be made
and then even after that we have the
rest of the world. Let us get narrow
provincialism out of us and have a
world vision for all the work. There
are many people who live outside of
Arkansas and many who live even out-
side the United States. Let us make
evolution illegal all over the world.
Let us thank God and take courage."

This should help to disabuse those gen-
tle, diplomatic friends who thought that
by "keeping still" and ''keeping out of
Arkansas" they would "refrain from
arousing prejudice" and thus fool and de- |
feat the fundamentalists.

Only an agressive campaign of popular
education can save the day for science.
EVOLUTION will co-operate with every
such endeavor.

Jaxlarv, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Nine

The Text Book Hoax

An expose of ihe hypocrisy beliind the publication of biology text books
By BARROW LYONS

UP to the present, no serious attempt
has been made in Arkansas to keep
the dictionaries out of the schools, which
make perfectl.v plain the basic idea of
evolution. Yet the influence of the Fund-
amentalists has made itself felt quite
enough. Even before the Scopes trial thej'
had succeeded in impressing their blight
upon the authors of biology text books
through bringing pressure to bear upon
the members of text book commissions.

Usually the gentlemen on these commis-
sions, being good natured, accomodating
and particularly anxious to keep out of
unpleasant controversies involving relig-
ious prejudices make no very stirring effort
in behalf of science. They take the easiest
path and adopt texts certain not to get
them into trouble with the arch trouble-
makers.

An interesting example of modification
in text book making is furnished in the
volume entitled Biology and Human H'el-
fare published by The Macmillan Com-
pany in 1914. The joint authors of this
book were James Edward Peabody, head
of the department of biology at Morris
High School, New York City, and Arthur
Ellsworth Hunt, head of the department
of biology at Manual Training High
School, Brooklyn. In their preface they
say:

"The field of biology is so large and
some of its problems are so difficult that
a wise selection of topics must be made if
a text is to attain its maximum usefulness.
Consequently, some topics that are often
found in secondary school texts, but are
more suitable for discussion in advanced
courses, have been omitted. Among these
may be mentioned Mendel's laws, theories
of evolution and mitosis."

There is a footnote to the word evolu-
tion, which reads:

" 'The prominent evidences of relation-
ship suggesting evolution, within such
groups as the decapods, the insects and
the vertebrates, should be demonstrated. A
few facts indicating the struggle for ex-
istence, adaptation to environment, varia-
tions of individuals, and man's selective
influence should be pointed out; but the
factors of evolution and the discussion of
its theories should not be attempted.' —
Quoted from the syllabus in advanced zoo-
logi,- published by the College Entrance
Examination Board and the New York
State Department of Education (1921).
This syllabus is based upon the report of
a committee of the American Society of
Zoologists, Eastern Branch."

Dr. Peabody has been criticized as giv-
ing the impression that the American
Society of Zoologists, Eastern Branch, in-
tended that the facts of evolution should
be left out of elementary and secondary
school texts, but the real intention of the
zoologists was merely to suggest that a

detailed discussion of evolution was some-
what beyond the grasp of most high
school students.

Mr. Peabody's argument, moreover,
seems somewhat lame when one compares
the text of his earlier book. Elementary
Biology written in collaboration with Mr.
Hunt in 1912, in which the grounds upon
which a belief in evolution is based is set
forth very clearly. There seems to be
nothing beyond the grasp of high school
students in the following excerpt taken
from page 114:

''We have seen in our study thus far (1)
that no two individual plants even of the
same kind are exactly alike, (2) that
enormous numbers of seeds are produced
by plants, and (3) that there is inevitable
competition or struggle for existence. The
question, then, that confronts us is this:
Which of the many competitors will sur-
vive in the struggle, reach maturity, and
finally reproduce themselves? Obviously
those individual plants that vary from the
rest in such a way that they can best
adapt themselves to their surroundings."

Here is rank Darwinian heresy stricken
from the pages of the later book. And this:

"Not only can man secure new varieties
of plants by watching for iavorable varia-
tions and perpetuating them from year to
year, but he can actually be instrumental
in producing new kinds of plants, the pro-
cess is known as plant breeding."

The text book commission of Texas has
gotten around the difficulty nicely by
changing the word evolution to develop-
ment. This is illustrated in the text book
entitled New Biology published in 1924
by AUyn and Bacon, the authors of which
were \V. M. Smallwood, of Syracuse
University; Ida L. Reveley, of Wells Col-
lege, and Guy A. Bailey, of Geneseo State
Normal School.

Apparently there were two editions in
1924. The text on page 156 is slightly dif-
ferent in each. In one text, under the
caption "Evolution," appears the following:

''The same study of the tadpole also il-
lustrates how animals may gradually have
come to live on land, and suggests a nat-
ural explanation for the origin of land
vertebrates."

In the other text, under the caption
"Development," the book reads:

"This same study of the tadpole also
illustrates how animals, which for a long
time may have lived in the water, could
gradually come to live on land."

It is a fine point, but it seems to have
satisfied the Fundamentalists of Texas.
The original edition, it is understood, is
used for consumption by Northern school
children, while the elimination of the word
evolution made it fit for little Fundamen-
talists.

Commenting upon this situation a mem-
ber of one of the larger text book publish-

ing firms explained:

"A good many of the members of state
text book commissions are not themselves
anti-evolutionists, but they must listen to
the Fundamentalist preachers, who al-
though very much in the minority, con-
trol large slices of public opinion. The
commissions in so7ne states have found that
by leaving out the word evolution, that
most of the subject matter ordinarily
taught under evolution can be left in the
texts. Probably most of the Fundamental-
ists themselves are not very clear as to
what evolution means. Pictures which il-
lustrate the subject seem to irritate them
more than the texts."

It is to the credit of Ginn and Com-
pany that it has republished in its 1928
edition of Dr. Benjamin C. Gruenberg's
Elementary Biology the chapter on Appli-
cations and Theories of Evolution, which
were originally published in the book; but
the firm also insisted upon having a book
by the same author in which the word
evolution should be omitted, even if the
facts be camouflaged under other names.

''I was asked to do the same thing Pea-
body and Hunt had done," Dr. Gruenberg
told me. ''It appeared to me at first a
stultification to comply. A publisher has
no right to impose on the author criteria
from a specific point of view arbitrarily,
even if it seems expedient. I went into
the woods, to my study at Lake George, to
think the matter over. I decided to put
the question of using the word evolution
in the background and write a book, re-
considering my problem as I came up
against it in the book. The final outcome
was that I finished the book and hadn't
mentioned evolution anywhere. I went
over the work carefully. Outside of ex-
plicit mention of evolution and a discus-
sion of the various theories, it was the
same biology as I taught and had written.

"There are to be found in the Southern
states and certain parts of the Middle
West, whole populations a generation be-
hind those one finds in our large cities
and rn Europe. Is it better that the chil-
dren in the backwoods have no book at
all? To me it was a problem of taking
the world as one finds it, which most of
us must do if we want to play with it at
all."

A similar thought was expressed by a
publisher, who like the others quoted, in-
sisted that his words remain anonymous.

"Every farmer in the United States be-
lieves in evolution," he declared. ''Talk
with him for fifteen minutes and you can
convince him that the improvement of live
stock and plants is based entirely upon its
laws.

"I think it exceedingly important tliat
the social significance of evolutionary
principles be thoroughly understood, yet I
cannot print text books that mention or
discuss evolutionary principles. It isn't
because I haven't the nerve, but because I
have creditors. To them a fearless stand
for the truth would simply mean courting
(he possibility of losing business, and my

Page Ten

EVOLUTION

The Verdict of Science

The men of science in the United States
are practically unanimous in their opposi-
tion to the fundamentalists and their anti-
evolution laws. This conclusion is based
on a referendum conducted by EVOLU-
TION among the members of the Ameri-
can Association for the Advancement of
Science. In answer to the question:
"Should teaching that Man is ascended
»r descended from a lower order of ani-
mals be prohibited by law?" 1078 of the
1098 ballots already received were marked
NO, while only 20 voted YES.

There was a greater diversity of opin-
ion on the second question submitted :
"Should the American Association for the
Advancement of Science take a militant at-
titude against fundamentalist anti-evolu-
tion laws?" 764 voted YES, 277 voted
NO. Quite a number did not vote because
of doubt as to the meaning of militant.
The majority of three to one in favor of
the Association taking a militant stand
seems very impressive.

The third proposition met with even
greater favor. "Should the American As-
sociation for the Advancement of Science
express itself against the elimination of
evolution from biology school texts by
publishers in fear of fundamentalist in-
fluence?" was answered in the affirmative
by 958, while only 123 voted in the neg-
ative. This shows emphatic opinion on
this subjct on the part of the scientific
world. If this finds expression it will un-
doubtedly encourage the publishers of un-
adulterated texts on biology. In this con-
nection the article by Barrow Lyons "The
Text Book Hoax", on aanother page of
this issue is particularly enlightening.

The fact that there actually exist some
members of this most august body of
science who think that the teaching of evo-
lution should be prohibited by law is of
course most remarkable. The twenty are
distributed as follows: District of Colum-
bia, 1; Illinois 4; Kansas 1; Massachu-
setts 3 ; Minnesota 2 ; New Jersey 2 ; Ohio
1 ; Pennsylvania 3 ; Washington 1 ; Wy-
omingl. It will be not«d that not a single

creditors would not have much confidence
in me if they thouph* t were throwing
business away.

"Under the laws ot evolution only those
will survive in the struggle for existence
among text book publishers, who adapt
themselves best to their environment, and
their environment at present is one in
which the Fundamentalists largely con-
trol the situation, at least in the elementary
and high schools. If teachers who are not
controlled by the Fundamentalists were to
take an organized stand in the matter, per-
haps the environment of text book pub-
lishers would be changed."

That is the situation. The problem of
meeting it is chiefly that of the teacher —
the one person most interested in the pro-
motion of sceintific information.

one of these hails from Arkansas, Ten-
nessee, or the much maligned South.

The response to these THREE QUES-
TIONS submitted by EVOLUTION is
very encouraging. It shows that among
scientists generally there is a splendid
sense of responsibility toward the public.
Undoubtedly, as the fundamentalists push
their campaign to control education, the
scientific world will become more and
more active, until even those that now take
the position "the less said, the better" will
realize the necessity of positive effort at
popular education in natural science.
Here is the vote detailed by States:

Alabama

Arizona

Arkansas

California

Canada

Colorado

Connecticut

Delaware

Dist. Columbia

Florida

Georgia

Idaho

Illinois

Indiana

Iowa

Kansas

Kentucky

Louisiana

Maine

Maryland

Massachussetts

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada

New Hampshire

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina

North Dakota

Ohio

Oklahoma

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Porto Rico

Rhode Island

South Carolina

South Dakota

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Totals

No-. 1

Yes No

— 9

— 7

— 6
1 87

— 5

— 19

— 31

— 9
1 59

— 6

— 6

— 1
4 88

— 9

— 22

1 22

— 11

— 4

— 7

— 31
3 83

— 32

2 33

— 5

— 34

— 7

— 18

— 1

— 7

2 6
2

— 49

— 9

— 5
1 66

— 21

— 8

3 87

— 1

— 9

— 12

— 4

— 16

— 28

— 6

— 9

— 27
1 15

— 13

— 23

No. 2
Yes No

6 2

7 —
4 2

61

4

16

20

14

7

22
1
3

44 13

6 —
4 2

— 1

68 20

7 2
11 10
15 9

7 3

4 —
7 —

21 9

64 14

21 8

26 8

3 2

23 9

6 1
11 7

1 —

7 —

5 2

2 —
34 13

6 2
5 —

41 21

58 30
1 —

20
4
6

22

11
8

16
3

No. 3
Yes No

6 3

6 1

6 —

74 14

18

20

11

4

6

27

77

29

32

4

28

7

14
1
7

40

8

5

56

17

4
15
28

9
55

6

6

82 10

79 19
1 —

4 —

15 1

25 2

6 —

10 —

24 —

13 3

10 .2

20 2

3 1

January^ 1929
$5,000 PROMOTION FUND

Dr. Martin Dewey, who has already
been very generous in his support of
EVOLUTION, has pledged himself to con-
tribute $1,000 to the $5,000 Promotion
Fund in monthly payments of $100 during
1929. This brings the pledges up to $2,000.

The amounts paid since last report are:
Albert C. Dieffenbach $10.00; Fritz
Gannon $1.00; W. R. West $1.00; Martin
Dewey $100.00; Mrs. T. M. Nagle $10.00;
Wm. K. Gregory $200.00 ; Frederick Tilney
$200.00 ; Morris Weinberg $200.00 ; Chas.
Fuchs $5.00; Wm. M. Brown $25.00; M.
Mark $50.00; Howard Lilienthal $5.00;
Meyer Friedman $1.00; A. B. Cohen $10.;
E. R. A. Seligman $10.00; L. T. B. Light
$100.00; A. Friend $25.00; B. A. Dyer
$1.00; F. R. Wulsin $4.00; W. H. Waight
$4.00; R. D. Spencer $1.00; David N.
Schaffer $2.00 ; Albert Bohm $5.00 ; Hugh
Miller $1.00; E. C. Boxell $4.00; Geo. G.
Leidhecker $1.50; J. S. Horsley $5.00;
Arthur Garfield Hays $10.00; Geo. Welby
Van Pelt $5.00; S. E. Telleson $1.00;
Carl Keller $1.50; A Friend $10.00; E. L.
Fantus $10.00; Margaret Crowder $1.00;
I. M. Miller $10.00; F. K. McFarlan
$5.00; Total $1,035.00.

Previously reported paid, $1,175.00;
Pledges $2,000.00 ; Grand Total $4,210.00.

This leaves less than $1,000.00 to be
raised to complete the $5,000 fund for
Evolution Promotion Campaign. Surely
enough other friends of EVOLUTION
will now step forward to push this Fund
over the line with a rush.

As previously announced, a share in the
Publishing Corporation is given for every
$10 paid in, and an extra voting share
with every $50.00.

HONOR ROLL

E\'OLUTION measures its success by
the number of readers who qualify for the
Honor Roll. If the journal does not move
its readers to ask others to read it has
failed in its purpose. Although, of course,
we hope to please the evolutionists it is
not published primarily for their own ed-
ification, but as an instrument with which
they may enlighten their neighbors. These
friends therefore have our greatest appre-
ciation. May we count YOU among them
next time?

32 Ella A. Holmes 5 A. Bogard

17 Lida C. Brannon 5 S. Ratner

9 Frank Masek

6 Gustav Weiss

6 Sam Katz

6 E. W. Thomas

6 G. E. Marsh

5 Chas. Kiehn

5 A. L. Davis

6 Chas. F. Clagg
5 I. M. Miller
5 E. G. Clemmer
5 F. K. McFarlan

20 1078 764 277 958 123

and three each from S. S. Ruck, C.H. Low,
F. A. Varrelman, Emerson Miller, F. K.
Fassett, Mm. Mclntyre, C. M. Schoch, M.
S. Deland, S. F. Brooks, F. S. Darling,
W. L. Abbott, F. J. Trompour, Geo. F.
Knowlton, H. D. Oppenheimer, Chas. S.
Grause, Geo. A. Coleman, L. C. Daudant.

Jaxuary, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Eleven

THE AMATEUR SCIENTIST

A Monthly Feature conducted by Allan Strong Broms
LIFE IN COLD STORAGE TWINKLING STARS

One onion, one potato, one bean, one
egg, some water and heat — sounds like a
recipe, but it's just a way to take four
forms of life out of cold storage. For
plants and animals die or at least sleep
off each winter, and must have ways of
storing their lives for the next season or
generation. Bulb and tuber and seed and
egg are just different ways of keeping
life in storage until conditions favor its
active renewal and growth. All are food
stores plus the spark of life, the onion a
shortened stem of fattened leaves cuddled
up close for warmth, the potato a thick-
ened root.

Slice of Potato, vi-ith starch-containing cells

Look at a slice of potato, thin enough
to be transparent, through a low power
microscope and you will see the cells of
which it is composed. The tough surface
layer of flattened cells constitutes the pro-
tective skin, while the rounder, interior
cells serve for storage bins. They are full
of starch grains which you can see better
by staining them with iodine, which al-
ways turns starch purple.

If you doubt the spark of life, give
these plants a chance, some soil and moist-
ure and warmth and watch them send out
shoots ready to climb into the air and
light. So with the bean, composed of a
couple of leaves swollen with starch food
and between them a miniature plant all
set to grow when conditions are right. Put
some soil in a tumbler and plant the bean
at one side right next to the glass, keep it
watered and warm and see it sprout, a
root directed downward for moisture and
anchorage, a leaf stem reaching upward
for light and air. Meanwhile the old bean
shrivels, drained of the food supply that
gave the renewed life its ([uick start.

So too, the egg-stuff is food-stuff ( how
well we know it) encased in a protective
shell and with a spark of embryonic life.
Three weeks of steady warmth and your
chick has its start in life, ready to peck
its fat-fed self out of the emptied shell
and into the busy world.

Winter nights are fine for observing the
stars for they are longer and usually clear-
er, so the stars stand out brighter than
ever. But summer or winter, an import-
ant difference can be noted between some
of the brighter stars. Some twinkle; a
few do not. Those that twinkle are true
stars, great suns so many millions of mil-
lions of miles away that they are reduced
to mere brilliant points of light which our
strongest telescopes cannot magnify into
anything but points. Those that do not
twinkle are planets, worlds like our own
that revolve around our sun and wander
among the true stars. There are only five
ever visible to the naked eye, Jupiter and
Saturn, the giant worlds, Mars, the red
world, Venus, the morning and evening
star, and Mercury very close to the Sun
and rarely seen, the baby of the system.
All the planets are within some tens or
hundreds of millions of miles, close enough
for even small telescopes to show their
round disks illuminated by the sunlight.

Why do true stars twinkle and planets
not? We will find the reason in our own
eyes. The retina of the eye, that inner,
sensitive surface on which the light falls,
consists of minute columnar cells packed
close together with their small ends facing
the light. The image of a planet's disk,
focused as on a ground-glass by the cam-
era-lens of the eye, is large enough, even
though the naked eye cannot see it as a
disk, to overlap several of the cell-ends so
that some of them are constantly lit up and
the light appears continuous. The disked
planet therefore does not twinkle.

The light image from a true star, how-
ever, is a sharp point, so small that it does
not overlap from one sight-cell to another.
As it shifts from one cell-end to the next,
it leaves the sensitive cell center and
passes over the blind edge before reaching
the center of the next. The light sensa-
tion is interrupted and the star appears to
twinkle. If the image could be held steady
on a single cell-center, it would not twin-
kle, but the eye itself is never steady
enough and even if it were, the moving
currents of miles-thick air between us and
the star refract its light beam most un-
steadily, so that the star seems to be jump-
ing around slightly. The old verse now
reads

T-zvinkle, tirinkle. little star,
Noiu we knoiu just tuhat you are.

Wv^

Bean-life out of seed-storage.

WINTER COATS

With the coming of winter snows, sev-
eral northern animals would find them-
selves conspicuous in dark coats of fur or
feathers against the whitened ground were
it not that nature had evolved a seasonal
change of color for their protection. The
Arctic Fox, for instance, changes its coat
with the seasons, having a dark one to fit
with the darker ground of summer and
a white one to go with the winter's snows.
As the fox hunts by stealth, the advantage
of seasonal coloration is obvious. The
stoat lives and changes color the same way.

Similarly, hunted animals such as the
grouse, ptarmigan and mountain hare
change color seasonally to help hide them
from predacious enemies. The ptarmigan
has even a third coat for autumn, with
patches that break up its bird shape into
shapeless blotches when viewed against
any solid-colored background, dark or light.

Such an animal as the polar bear, living
always among arctic snows and ice .fields,
keeps its white coat throughout the year
and of course the animals of temperate
zones have coats blending with the ordin-
ary darker backgrounds. In any case, the
coat habit acquired through evolution is
that which givc5 advantage in the struggle
for existence. Hunter and hunted alike
gain by being inconspicuous. Natural
selection does the rest.

CELEBRATE DARWIN
ANNIVERSARY

"On the 12th of February 1809 two
babes were born whose names are known
to every school boy and girl in the land,
Abraham Lincoln and Charles Darwin.
The Colorado Rationalist Association will
celebrate the 120th anniversary of this
event the evening of February 12th, 1929.

Through the columns of your paper will
you please urge other societies to do like-
wise. One of these men emancipated
four million human beings from the chains
of slavery, the other has emancipated
millions of human minds from the ignor-
ance and bigotry of the middle ages. Is
it not fitting that they should be remem-
bered by the present age?"

O. O. Whitenack. Secy.

SHALL WE PUBLISH
"THE PROOFS OF EVOLUTION"

AS A PAMPHLET?
Dr. G. L. Howe, of Rochester, writes:
"Are you planning to publish in pamph-
let form, "Proofs of Evolution", concluded
by Henshaw Ward in the November issue
of EVOLUTION?

"This is by far the most clearly put and
most conclusive thing along this line that I
have yet seen, and I myself should like to
have several copies in pamphlet form."

We agree with Dr. Howe that Henshaw
Ward's "The Proof of Evolution" fills the
bill for a pocket sized pamphlet, and shall
publish it if there is sufficient demand. Tt
would retail at 10c a copy, and come in
hundred lots at not more than 5c. Advise
us right away how many you'd take.

Page Twelve

EVOLUTION

January, 1929

Twigs from the Family Tree

By N. K. MCKECHNIE

Millions of years ago a forest fire drove
a family of our tree-dtuelling ancestors
apart. Most of them escaped over a moun-
tain pass into a warm and liospitabte
forest land, where through the slow mit-
leniums no need arose for them to modify
the ways of living of their fathers. But
two youngsters, who had become separated
from the others, remained, and their pro-
geny was modified by changing environ-
ment and climate. Il'e are their final
descendants.

A few months ago on an almost inac-
cessible mountain in the heart of Africa
an old male gorilla roused liimself from
the bed on which he had enjoyed his atter-
noon siesta and looked about him.

He was an awe-inspiring figure, the
very embodiment of brute strength. Four
hundred pounds in weight, seven feet in
height when standing upright, the heavy
body hung with enormous arms dwarfed
the bent mis-shapen legs beneath. It was
the arms i% fact that forced themselves
most upon an observer's attention. These
mighty limbs reached to below his knees
and were muscled like a man's thigh.
They could tear the body of a heavy-
weight prize-fighter in two. Nay, were
their owner muzzled so that he could not
use his powerful jaws and put in a closed
room with the twelve leading champions
of the ring, not one of those twelve would
leave the room alive. These arms of his
like the rest of his body were clothed with
long hair, black except on his back and
chest, which presented a grizzled, almost
silvery, appearance. His dark face was
almost bare of hair, but from the top of
his small head rose a stiff bush of black
bristles that added to his apparent size.
His eye-sockets were deep caves, his
nostrils gaped flat and wide, and beneath
them jutted his formidable jaws.

On rising from his couch of twigs and
grass he had at first half squatted with
bent knees, the knuckles of his hands to
the ground, but now he raised himself to
his full stature and with head thrown
back sniffed the heated air.

Yes it was there again, — the man-scent!
For two days now it had followed them,
arousing always a vague uneasiness in his
breast.

They must move again.

He gave a chuckling kind of call and
immediately the rest of the band began
to rouse from their lairs and assemble
round him. Gravely he waited until all
were present and then gave the word to
proceed. The oldest female led the way,
the others bearing their babies came next,
then the adolescent young, and finally
when all had disappeared in the dark tun-
nel of undergrowth, the old man himself
followed.

For two or three hours the march pro-

ceeded, the females stopping occasionally
on reaching an inviting open space, but
always continuing at the word of their
lord, until finally the sun had sunk low
and he approved of a halt in a small clear-
ing where numerous eight foot high clumps
of wild celery promised abundance of
food.

Then commenced the going-to-bed prep-
arations. The younger members of the
party were tired and peevish, and disin-
clined to subject themselves to the custom-
ary maternal ministrations. But their ob-
jections were speedily quelled by a few
sound slaps and shakings quite after the
fashion of a human mother and each
youngster was gone over by the painstak-
ing parental fingers, ears, eyes and nostrils
carefully inspected and cleaned, and all
burrs and thorns picked from their fur
before they were allowed to ascend the
tree that the old male had selected for
their bed-room that night. It stood apart
from others, so that no leopard or other
tree-climbing enemy could reach the sleep-
ing-quarters except by way of the main
stem, and there at the foot the old man
prepared his own bed. Autocrat he might
be but he would give his life ere one of
his flock should be harmed.

It was still light when the family were
all established in their aerial beds and
there was a considerable amount of un-
seemly noise among its younger members
in spite of the efforts of the mothers to
quiet it; but the old man at the foot of
the tree gave an admonitory roar and
smote on the trunk with his hand and the
chatter ceased as though by magic.

Then the sun set and as suddenly fell
the tropic night. The gorilla family slept,
and if the slumber of the old male was
continually broken (for he always awoke
at the slightest sound) it was no remem-
brance of the ill-boding man-scent that
disturbed his rest. Out of scent, — out of
mind.

But down the backward trail in one of
the clearings through which the gorillas
had passed, a white man and his black
boys had made their camp, and their
watch-fire glowed dully on the encircling
trees.

The next day having fed well on the
luscious celery the old man gorilla was
making up arrears of sleep while his
family amused themselves at large in the
bush that surrounded the clearing, when a
sudden uproar brought him leaping to
his feet. The white hunter and his party
had stolen upon him up-wind, had
pounced upon an eighteen-month infant
wandering from his mother, and while
three stalwart blacks by their united ef-
forts were forcing the struggling, fight-
ing, soft-furred creature into a capacious
sack, the white man with a moving-picture
camera concealed in a bush was eagerly
reeling off foot after foot of film destined

to afford a few minutes entertainment to
the sated inhabitants of the great raan-
cities irom which he had come.

The old male glared around him. The
wind, as we have said, was blowing from
him to the men-folk and he did not sense
their presence. But he saw the excitement
of his wives and progeny, heard their
danger signals and hastened towards what
seemed to be the center of the disturbance.
There some of the mothers were searching
frenziedly for their infants, but others and
a number of the older-youngsters were
dodging about among the bushes peering
over and through the foliage at a most
unusual object visible at the margin of the
clearing, — a white man who was waving
his helmet to hold their interest while his
black assistant hidden in the bushes crank-
ed the movie-cainera industriously.

The old male stopped astonished. Never
had he seen anything resembling this.
What was it? What did it mean.'' He,
too, crouch behind a bush and stared at
the mysterious apparition, his face wrink-
ling and twitching with curiosity.

But one of the females on the outskirts
was more than excited ; she was angry
and in distress ; she was clattering her
teeth by rapid revolving motions of her
hands beneath her chin. And a young
male near her was endeavoring to alarm
the intruders by sounding the war-drum,
beating with his fists upon his immature
chest.

The old man gorilla perceived them,
moved in their direction, and as he went
a strong whiff of the man-smell assailed
his nostrils. Again the strange disquiet
seized him, and with it anger at the per-
sistence with which he had been pursued.
He would drive them away. And raising
to his full height he began to force his
way towards the white man through the
entangled bush, roaring like a lion, teeth-
a-gleam, great fists causing his chest to
reverberate like a drum.

Never before had such a spectacular
advance failed of its purpose, but in this
instance the enemy against whom it was
directed did not quail. The white man
stood his ground, and as the gorilla met
his eyes a strange psychic force smote him,
and for the first time in his life he feared.
In futile vent for his emotions he seized
a sapling, shook it passionately and with
a single wrench tore it, roots and all,
from the earth. Still the white man did
not move. Still the mysterious emana-
tions of human will impinged upon the
gorilla's consciousness, benumbing his spir-
it, turning his heart to water. His univ-
erse was crumbling; in another minute he
would have backed away, to have lived
for ever after the slave of Fear.

And then suddenly among the trees he
saw the dark forms of the negroes lugging
the sack in which was the captured baby;
he caught its scent; he heard its muffled
cries; — and he came to himself again. All
his, — shall we say "manhood" — surely that
is not loo high a term ? — came back to him
like a flood. Stronger than his fear of

January, 1929

EVOLUTION

Page Thirteen

Funnvmentals

THE TERRIBLE CONSEQUENCESTJF
THE DOCTRINE OF EVOLUTION

Over and over again we hear the silly
i twaddle that it does not matter how we
* got herPv whether by evolulion or by direct
creative act, but the important question is
where are we going, what of the future?
That sounds very well if it were not for
' the fact the Bible teaches that men FELL
from a high and holy state or condition
into sin and degregation. If _ evolution be
true, if indeed man evolved, developed
from a lower order to what he now is and
is still evolving, it follows that he did NOT
S FALL and not only is the Bible contradic-
tory concerning the account of creation
but it is contradicted when it says man
J FELL. DID HE FALL UP HILL? Was
I his fall iin improvement? Bound to be if
evolution is true. But hold. If man did not
k fall tlicn he needs no Savior. If he needs
no Savior then Christ died ill vain and if
Christ died in vain then all we have been
' saying about redemption and .salvation
[ goes for nought. All we have been saying
about tlie new birth is foolishness. The
blood of Jesus Christ is of no value. And
Ihat is not all. If evolution hv true Ihvrc
is no such thing as a miracle and none of
the so-called miracles by Jesus were real.
He was just a mysterious performer, a
juggler,, and sleight of hand performer.
And that is still not all. He was the real
son of Joseph — God was not his father.
I Then it follows that Mary was an adul-
[ teress. a liar, and a deceiver for she com-
y mitted adulJery and when she got caught
she lied to Joseph, her espoused husband,
and said that God was the father of her
child and silly old Joseph believed her lie
I and continued in that deception not know-
ing that Jesus was a BASTARD AND
HIS MOTHER A BAWD! Evolution means
all that. Shall such a devilish doctrine be
taught in our tax-supported schools? Shall
religious people be taxed to pay teachers
.to tell our children that JESUS CHRIST
, IS A BASTARD? If that is not an outrage
kwliat could be? If infidels and atheists
' want to teach such stuff as that let them
K do it at their own expense. We should en-
[ force our evolution law to the letter.
f Everybody get busy.

NO PAPER CHRISTMAS WEEK

It is^ our custom to not publish a paper

death or of this spiritual force more fear-
ful than death was his instinct for pro-
tection of those he led. With a mighty
roar he hurled himself towards the rav-
isher of his family.

What was this deafening blinding ex-
plosion that smote him as he leapt? What
was this sickening shocking blow that
struck him in his very heart, — paralyzing
his muscles, — loosening his knees, — bring-
ing him crashing to the ground?

Before his wide-stretched eyes the sun-
light turns to darkness, and wondering,
still wondering, at the Mighty Power
which has laid him low, his undisgraced
spirit passes from fleshly ken.

Th/' tivins hnii met.

EVIDENCE OF DEGENERACY
In publishing under Funnymentals a
photograph of a column from the front
page of the Christmas number of the Bap-
tist and Commoner, the paper that fathered
the anti-evolution law in Arkansas, we do
not mean to imply that all fundamentalists
are of the degenerate type of mind of
which that article is evidence. Many of
them are noble and well meaning people,
who simply don't know any better. But
the hand that wrote that article is one of
the controlling influences in the education
of the children of Arkansas, and is now
reaching out to dominate the teaching of
science everywhere. Would you want that
hand, and the type of mind that it re-
veals, to control the teaching of YOUR
child? What are you doing to prevent it?

"THE MENACE OF DARWINISM"—

By WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN
64 pp., 12mo. Fleming H. Revell Co. 1922.

The cream of the late Mr. Bryan's
pronouncements in reference to organic
evolution can be found in this little
pamphlet — "It is better to trust in the Rock
of Ages than to know the Age of Rocks."
Bryan occupies a position which is logical-
ly sounder than that of Price or O'Toole —
he does not make any serious attempt to
discuss the validity of the facts supporting
the law of evolution, nor to assail any link
in the chain of reasoning based on these
facts, but regards an appeal to religious
emotionalism as an adequate answer.
"Having given Darwin's conclusions as to
man's ancestry, I shall quote him to prove
that his hypothesis is not only groundless,
but absurd and harmful to society . . . He
advances an hypothesis which, if true,
would find support on every foot of the
earth's surface, but which, as a matter of
fact, finds support nowhere. There are
myriads of living creatures about us, from
insects too small to be seen with the naked
eye to the largest mammals, and, yet, not
one is in transition from one species to
another; every one is perfect. It is strange
that slight similarities should make him
ignore gigantic differences. The remains
of nearly one hundred species [sic] of
vertebrate life have been found in the
rocks, of which more than one-half are
found living to-day, and none of the sur-
vivors show material change". Practically
every statement in this quotation, explicit
or implied, is untrue, as the author could
have discovered by consulting standard
works. ''Is it not more rational to believe
in God and explain the varieties of life
in terms of divine power than to waste
our lives in ridiculous attempts to explain
the unexplainable." "Looking heavenward
man can find inspiration in his lineage;
looking about him he is impelled to kind-
ness by a sense of kinship which binds
him to his brothers. Mighty problems
demand his attention ; a world's destiny
is to be determined by him. What time
has he to waste in hunting for '"Missing
Links' or in searching for resemblances

between his forefathers and the ape?"

Mr. Bryan, then, is personally uninter-
ested in science nor does he accept the
validity of the scientific method. That is,
he regards conclusions reached emotionally
as inherently superior to those reached by
dispassionate and painstaking thought.
When he ventures into a discussion of
facts, he is unable to be accurate. Mr.
Bryan's position is probably not seriously
inconsistent with itself, but between such
a point of view and that of a real scient-
ist, there is no point of contact.

HORACE ELMER-WOOD II.

AGAIN WE SAY: BOOKS,

One of the principal reasons for publish-
ing a journal like EVOLUTION is to in-
terest people in the reading of good books.
We invite every reader to make himself
an instrument for the circulation of such
books among friends. For this there is no
"off season". It is always timely, always
in order.

Below we list some books that have not
merely momentary interest but permanent
value. Take them off our book-shelf, and
put them to work.

EVOLUTION BOOK SHELF

96 FIFTH AVE., NEW YORK, N. Y.
Send the items checked to undersigned:

THIS PUZZLING PL.\NET: Edwin Tenney

Brewster ; ;• '^^ ; ' -^T'S?

A B C OF EVOLUTION: Joseph Mc Cabe 1.75

GROWING UP: Karl de Schweinitz 1.75

HEIR OF ALL THE AGES McKcchnie:.. 3.50
PICTURE BOOK OF EVOLUTION: Dennis

Hird ■■ 3.75

CRE.<\TION BY EVOLUTION: Edited by

Frances Mason 5.00

THE BRAIN FROM APE TO MAN: Fred-
erick Tilney 25.00

LET FREEDOM RING: Arthur Garfield

Hiys 2-50

EVOLUTION FOR JOHN DOE: Ward .. 3.50
EXPLORING THE UNIVERSE: Henshaw

Ward '-SO

DARWIN. THE MAN AND HIS WAR-
FARE: Henshaw Ward 5.00

WAR ON MODERN SCIENCE: Maynard

Shiplev 3-00

MY HERESY: Bishop Wm. M. Brown 2.00

CONCERNING MAN'S ORIGIN: Sir Arthur

Keith 2-00

HISTORY OF WARFARE OF SCIENCE

WITH THEOLOGY White (2 vols.) . . 6.00
OUTLINE OF MAN'S KNOWLEDGE:

Clement Wood 5.00

SCIENCE VS. DOGM.\: C. T. Sprading.. 1.50

MICROBE HUNTERS: Paul de Kruif.... 3.50
WHY WE BEHAVE LIKE HUMAN

BEINGS : George A. Dorsey 3.50

ORIGIN OF SPECIES: Darwin 1.00

MAN'S PLACE IN N.ATURE Huxley .. :1.00
C R E A T I ON : NON-EVOLUTIONARY

THEORIES: Brewster 3.50

RIDDLE OF THE UNIVERSE: Haeclel .. 2.50

THE BIBLE UNMASKED: loseph Lewis 1.15

THE STORY OF THE INQUISITION.. 3.20

EVOLUTION: Monthly, One Year 1.00

(Write VERY plainly)

.■\mount enclosed $

Name

Street

& No

City &

.State

Page Fourteen

EVOLUTION

January^ 1929

The Nation

A challenging review of contem-
porary life — politics, books, music,
drama, art.

Prints news the dailies don't
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The

Hf^UELOCK ELUS

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iy an unique contribution to maga-
7ine literature. Articles by Robert
Morse Lovett. August Forel, Dr. G.
V. Hamilton, Dr. H. W. Long, Mary
Austin, Julian Huxley, Van Wyck
Brooks, Joseph Wood Krutch, Rev.
Ernest Caldecott and others. Start
your subscription with this issue.
(February). Send $2 with this Ad
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By
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The story of the Scopes case —
almost unbelievable but true —
The author was one of the
lawyers in the case.
Price ^2.50

HORACE B. LIVERIGHT
Publishers

61 WEST 48th STREET
NEW YORK, N. Y.

FROM OUR READERS
"Your stuff may work with some men.
But I am not one of that bunch. So keep
your damnable stuff. We don't need it here
in Okla."— G. IV. Harris, Luther, Okla.

"My opinion about the farce in Tennes-
see and Arkansas is that it will only
stimulate the study of Evolution. All the'
ambitious youths and students will now
dive into it and the actions of the fools in
the different states will have one thing to
their credit.

Gideon Penrod Marner, M.D., Kansas.

"We have had many fine reports in class
by students getting their material from
EVOLUTION.

I am teaching in a Methodist Denomina-
tional School in a Fundamentalist com-
munity and have poured evolution into the
students as fast as I could feed it to them
for four years and three summers. We had
a modernist president but lately a change
was made and a fundamentalist was ap-
pointed. Of course you know what hap-
pened without ray telling you. Almost
half of the instructors will not be hired
for next year and I am looking for an-
other position. The excuse for letting so
many of us go was that the new president
was going to economize by cutting out
small classes but I notice that the liberals,
materialists, and evolutionists are the ones
to go." Kansas.

(For obvious reasons we have omitted the

name).

"The age-old quarrel between religion
and science gets right down to brass tacks
in Mount Vernon Washington, where a
farmer is haled into court for refusing to
allow the state to test his cows for tuber-
culosis. Such a test, the farmer asserted,
was contrary to his religion."

Portland Neivs, (Oreg.) Dec. 17, 1928

PITY THE HEATHEN

If EVOLUTION reaches only
convinced evolutionists it isn't
worth printing. Our real task is
to carry the facts about evolution
to those who do not understand
what it is all about, so they can
no longer be stampeded by fun'
damentalists. This we can do only
with your help. Order a few extra
copies to give friends and neigh-
bors. We'll send you five copies
each month for a whole year for
only $2.50.

THE TRUTH SEEKER

National Freethought Weekly

Established 1873
GEORGE E, MCDONALD, Editor
Three months, $1. Foreign, $1.1 'i
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Catalogue of anti-religious books free
400 titles

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AMERICAN SECULAR UNION

stands for the principles proclaimed in the
Nine Demands for Liberalism or the com-
plete separation of church and state. Or-
ganized 1876. Incorporated 1900 under
the laws of Illinois. A representative na-
tional organijation managed by a board
of directors elected by the membership
every third year. Annual membership,
$1.00; Life $10.00. Address all commu-
nications to W. L. Maclaskey, Secretary,
P. O. Box 1109, Chicago, Illinois.

"GODLESS EVOLUTION''

4ND

•'THE BIBLE

IN THE BALANCE" \

ATHEIST

TRACTS

Write:

FREE

American

Association for

the

.Advancement of Atheism,

Inc.

119 E. 14th St., New York

N. Y.

In The Off Years Wise Men
Provide for Times of Stress

Only 9 legislatures met in 3928: 43
■will meet in 1929, and many of tliem
will have anti-evolution measures pre-
sented before them.

Fundamentalists are planning their
campaijrn; -why not evolutionists?

Join the Science League of America
now. Help build iiip its strength. AVe
need your help Nf)W. that we may not
be caught unprepared to defend free-
dom of teaching and resean'h when
the Big Fight starts again in 1929.
Dues $3 a year; life membership $25.
Write for Leaflet and Application Blank.

Science League of America

Incorporated
r>04 Gillette Bldg., San Francisco, Cal.

What is

Plain Talk?

Plain Talk is the challenger of
human acts, thoughts and monu-
ments. It is aware of the fact that
nothing human is ever settled. It
perceives that what was true this
morning may not be true this
afternoon.

Plain Talk stimulates . . . moti-
vates. It debates, heckles, informs,
advises, destroys, rebuilds, enter-
tains. It asks and answers. It lifts
the log of convention and exam-
ines .the beetles, the fungus, the
rot.

Who .-\.re The
PLAIN T.A.LKERS?

In its first year. Plain Talk at-
tracted the principal thinkers,
writers, reactionaries of all coun-
tries. As for instance:

Prof. Hirry Elmer Barnes

Silas Bent

Louis Bromfield

Stuart Chase

Clarence Darrow

Dr. Leo Dretika

Will Durant

Sen. Edw. I. Edwards

Havelock Ellis

Dr. H. S. Jennings

Hermann Keyserling

Stephen Leacock

Ben. B. Lindsey

Emil Ludwig

Edgar Lee Masters

Benito Mussolini

Dr. Abraham Myerson

Charles G. Norris

Arthur Schnitzler

George Bernard Shaw

Laurence Stallings

Hendrik Willera Van Loon

(n the March Issue

HOW BRITISH GUILE SCUTTLED THE AMERICAN NAVY— By Rear Admiral
Bradley A. Fiske, U. S. N. Materialist! — Anti-Christian! — Jingoist! — shouts the mob
as Admiral Fiske tells what he knows about disarmament. And he knows plenty —
whether you agree with him or not! A siszing article, this, that will start "em talking —
loud and long!

THE DISAPPEARANCE OF THE HOME— by Louis Bromfield Mr. 'Bromfield-
who writes good books, even if they are "be.st sellers"!! — gives us two startling pictures
of what IS humorously called the "home" — old and new. Prohibition, says he, did,' of
course, pull father away from the corner saloon — but it also sent the children to gin
parties! And — now where are we?

THOMAS, SON OF GOD — By Carl Von Hoffman. An explorer and lecturer brings
us, from darkest Africa, this fantastic, but true, story of a white man's religion, a native
black man's mind, epilepsy and a desire for glory. Thomas, Son of God, follows a
strange and bloody trail of evangelism.

WHO LAUGHS AT THE INSANE?— by John E. Lind, M. D. For 10 years ia
charge of the department for the criminal insane in a Washington hospital. Dr. Lind
sees a gigantic and well-merited inferiority complex in those who laugh at the insane.
Perhaps, we wonder, it's just as well to be half-witted as it is to be stupid.

Also these Provocative Articles

SPEAKING OF CABINET MEMBERS— by J. M. Scammell.

B. MUSSOLINI'S QUARREL WITH THE ROYAL FAMILY— by Vincent Sheean.

WHEN I WAS A STRIKE-BREAKER— by Russell Bookhout.

WHY WOMEN ATHLETES LACK CHARM— by S. E. Bilik, M. D.

PROTESTANTISM'S SLIDE TO AVERNUS— by Rev. Wm. Gregory. (And others!)

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EVL-39

"The voice of the people is not always godlike. On
the contrary, a majority vote is often foolish. Look at
the absurdity of the anti-evolution law recently passed by
a thumping majority of the voters of Arkansas . . .

"We have been deceiving ourselves a long time in talk-
ing about the sacredness of majority rule. There is noth-
ing necessarily divine or even intelligent about the opinion
registered by 51 per cent or even more of those voting on
a particular measure . . .

"No man outside of Bedlam would think of inviting a
town meeting to vote on the question of taking out some-
body's appendix or of prescribing the strength of materials
to be used in a bridge. Yet evolution is far more com-
plicated than surgery or bridge building . . ."

— From editorial in Collier's for Dec. 22, 1928.

THE GREAT DEBATE

EVOLUTION

Fact or Fakef

It is a Fact

JOSEPH McCABE

World's Greatest

It is a Fake
W. B. RILEY

President World's Christian

Popularizer of Science Fundameiitals Association

Chairman: JUSTICE JOHN FORD
of the Supreme Court

MECCA AUDITORIUM

130 West 55th Street - New York

THURSDAY, FEB. 7, 8 P. M. Sharp
Admission: ^2.00, L50, 1.00, .50 All seats reserved

Reservations now at the office of
EVOLUTION, — 96 Fifth Ave, — New York

THE MOST INTERESTING

event of the year will be the clash between Mc-
Cabe and Riley, representing two conflicting ideas,
struggling for world mastery. Each man is recog-
nized champion-spokesman of his side, in deadly
earnest. The result of this momentous occasion
will flash around the world.

IF YOU HAVE A FRIEND

who isn't quite sure about evolution, bring him.
McCabe, Master of Lucidity, will make it clear.
And if you have one that thinks all fundamentalists
are "backwoods hill-billies", bring him too. Riley
will force him to take fundamentalists seriously.

IN EVERY ONE OF TWENTY-ONE

evolution debates in which Riley has taken part,
fundamentalists were in the majority. Evolutionists
must see to it that here in New York the Aud-
ience is

FIFTY - FIFTY

We call every reader to help sell tickets in advance
to fill the hall. With every five tickets paid for
BEFORE the day of the debate, we'll give one
ticket free of charge, so you can bring your friends.
Each speaker is a ready wit, and you'll be sure to

GET A KICK OUT OF IT.

It will be entertainment supreme.

Date

EVOLUTION

96 Fifth Ave., New York

Send me best available reserved seat tickets McCabe-Riley Mecca Auditorium debate February 7th. {One
extra ticket is given luith every five paid for)

Name

@ ^2.00 _ @ $1.50 @ $1.00 @ .50 Amount Enclosed

Address

(Send check with order if possible. However, if you cannot advance the cash we'll be pleased to let vou have as many tickets
BEFORE ?heTbate")' "'*'' '^"^ ""<''^'-*«''"<li"g ^at youu will return or pay for them by Wednesday, February 6th, the day

MUITIBINOER

"^Z^Z^ Syrocuse, N. Y.
' - - Stockton, Calif.

*•