' QH359 .E76 5,©6 (73) Ha EVOLUTION 1-i; 1927-38 FOR THE PEOPLE FOR EDVCATION FOR SCIENCE LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY ■)!|D3 -uoiifjois — -^ DjoNiamnw =r7' Vol. II. No. 2 MARCH 1929 ^^ • 10 Cents EUOLUnON luitered as second class matter at New York. X. V, J.in. 7. 1928. EvohitKni Pulil. Ccnp.. 96-.->th Ave . X N GREAT SPIRAL STAR-CLOUD IN ANDROMEDA 250 Million-Billion Miles from End to End Page Two EVOLUTION March. 1929 New Worlds in the Making By CLYDE FISHER E\' J'^ Jv V O N E, after some observation of the heavenly bodies, begins to wonder at their origin. There is abundant evidence that the earth has not al- ways been just as it is now. Even a superficial study of geology convinces one that the earth has a life story, if we can but read the record. And the more we examine the worlds outside of ours, the more we are persuaded that changes have been going on throughout the universe. The first scientific theory of the origin of our solar system goes back to the philosophers Kant and Swe- denborg. It was then developed and put into scientific form by La Place and became known as the Nebular Theory. According to this theory, the sun, all the planets and their satellites and the asteroids were once a huge, rotating, gaseous nebula, which extended out beyond the present orbit of Neptune. As this nebulous mass cooled, it contracted and its speed of rotation increased. This increase in the speed of rotation was accompanied by an increase in the centrifugal force by which a revolving body tends to fly from the center. So it was with the outer part of this theoretical nebula. When this force had increased until it balanced the gravitational pull toward the center, the inner part of the nebulous mass contracted away from the outer rim. This rim was not thrown ofif like mud from a carriage-wheel, but was left balanced between gravity and its centrifugal force of rotation. This rim, which may not have been complete or even uniformly thick, was supposed to be collected together in a globular mass by the gravitational attraction of each particle for every other. Thus the outermost planet was first formed. In the same way the rest of the planets were successively formed, the one nearest the sun being the last formed. In the case of the asteroids, the tiny planets between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars, it was supposed that this rim gathered into more than a thousand small masses. The moons or satellites of the planets were sup- posed to have been formed in the same way, after each planet mass had been left balanced between gravity and centrifugal force, and still revolving around the central portion of the original nebulous mass. As the nebulous matter condensed and cooled, it changed from gas to liquid and then to solid, at least in the case of the four inner planets. Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. The four outer and larger planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, still seem to present only an outer surface of cloud. When the nebular theory was first conceived, it was thought to have two kinds of evidence in its favor, first, features in our solar system which the theory would account for, and second, systems outside our own now in phases suggesting the early stages of our own. Evidence of the first kind was most impressive, for it was thought the tlieory would explain the following conditions : 1 ) The planetary and most asteroid orbits are nearly in the same plane ; so as to occupy a narrow belt in the heavens; 2) These orbits are nearly circular; 3) All the planets and asteroids revolve around the sun in the same direction; 4) The sun also rotates in that direction and its equator is but little inclined to their orbits; 5) The satellites revolve about the planets in the same direction in orbits nearly circular and near- ly in the plane of each planet's equator (except two Planet Solum and Its Rings once thought to illustrate stage in evolution of Solar System satellites of Jupiter and one of Saturn) ; and 6) The planets of the greater density are nearer the sun. If these relations were due to chance, we would have ex|>ected to find the planets and asteroids scattered over the sky and revolving around the sun or each other in many diverse ways. The conditions as they are point to a common origin and an orderly develop- ment. The second kind of evidence, the phases in systems outside which suggest stages in the development of our own solar system, consisted largely of nebulae. No telescope is powerful enough to reveal planetary systems around any of the stars, even if they exist. The Great Nebula in Andromeda and that in the sword of Orion can lie seen with the naked eye, and many more were discovered with the telescope. Sir William Herschel observed faint diffused nebulae, others in which a nucleus can just be discerned, and others in which the nucleus is a brilliant star-like point. And the spiral nebulae certainly appeared to be solar systems in the process of development. Larger teles- cope resolved some of the so-called nebulae into stars. At first this was thought to be fatal to the nebular theory, because of the natural conclusion that still larger telescopes might resolve the rest of the nebulae into stars. But the invention of the spectroscope proved that some nebulae were really gaseous and so re- f{ established the nebular theory. But in recent years, the nebular theory has lost ground. The spiral nebulae are now believed to be immense universes outside of our own galactic system. (See front cover.) March, lt'29 E \' O L U T I O N Page Three A'ikI present-day astronomers find two big dif- ficulties. First "it can be proved that an extended tenuous ring would not condense into a single body, but into many bodies, like the asteroids or the rings of Saturn. Second, 98 per cent of the angular mo- mentum of the solar system is at present associated with the orbital motions of the planets, comprising only l/700th of its mass. The total angular nioment- inn cannot be altered by any internal changes within the system, and no process has ever been imagined by which 98 per cent of it could have been segregated in less than l/700th of its mass." The nebular theory attempted to explain the origin of the solar system under the action of forces entirely within the system, but this is now believed by many astronomers to be impossible. The present distribution of angular momentum is believed to be due to forces from the outside of the system. About twenty years ago Chamberlain and Moulton of the University of Chicago proposed an alternative theory which overcomes the difficulties. According to this theory, our sun in the remote past was a star without planets. Another such sun in journeying through space came so close to our sun as to cause a tremendous disturbance, pulling out great masses of the sun and starting them on their revolutions. By a kind of explosion, due to the disturbance of gravity, myriads of these masses were projected into space, the so-called planetesimals. Not only was this new theory free from the fatal difficulties of the nebular theory, Init it explained many features of the solar system and pointed to a common origin by an orderly process. The myriads of planetesimals left revolving around the sun were slowly gathered together by the action of gravity into planets, satellites and asteroids. Per- haps meteors and comets are stray planetesimals. The craters on the moon, some believe, were of volcanic origin, but there is much to favor the theory that they were caused by the impact of planetesimals or meteorites. Among recent modifications of the planetesimal theory should be mentioned the tidal theory of Jeans and Jeffreys who agree in the encounter between our sun and some other star, but differ as to the dynamic details. The age of our solar system, since the great cata- strophe which started its development, is estimated with great probability to be from five to ten billions of years. The Origin of Man from the Anthropoid Stem When and Where? (From Bicentenary Number of American Philosophical Society's Proceedings, Vol. LXVI, I9Z7) By WILLIAM K. GREGORY IN his recent articles on the origin of man Professoi Osborn rules the apes out of the line of ascent to man on the ground that they have ape brains and ape minds, that they have degenerate thumbs and limbs adapted for acrobatic life in the trees, that they walk on all fours and have grasping hind feet. Anti-evolutionists of all schools are doubtless re- joicing in the fact that Professor Osborn has re- pudiated man's descent from apes and has brought forward with all the authority of his name some of the very points which they have long been stressing. But their exuberance will be dampened somewhat when they realize that Professor Osborn, like Professor Wood Jones, separates man from the apes only in order to derive him eventually from a far lotver branch of the primate stock. Out of all the confusing tangle of resemblances and differences between men and apes, opponents of Dar- win's solution of the problem have regularly seized upon a few of the more evident differences, to which they have given wide publicity. But they have con- sistently ignored or depreciated the mass of positive marks of kinship visible in the very early embryonic . stages of apes and men, as well as in adult anatomy and in profound physiological reactions. This evidence as to man's kinship with the apes is always weakened by being cited in small quantities, since its logical value lies in its cumulative weight. The defender of the Darwinian view is trulv at a disadvantage precisely because his evidence is too extensive to be fully exhibited to his opponents. On the other hand, some who oppose Darwin's derivation of man from the apes imagine that they have raised serious objections to it, if they can cite even a few characters wherein modern man and ape dift'er. Obviously there are many differences between man and the modern apes. If it were not so, there would either be no apes or no men and the problem would not now be under discussion. The first vital question is, are the characters, many or few, that are common to men and apes, due to inheritance from a more remote common stock, or are they due to parallelism? If the latter, if it still be admitted that man belongs in the order Primates, to what group other than the great apes is he most nearly related, by what steps has he diverged from that group, in what part of the world may we search for his ancestors and how shall we recognize such ancestors when we find them? These questions in turn are quite obviously tied up with the general problem of the classification and geographic distribution of the families and subfamilies of the tree-shrews, lemurs. South American monkeys. Old World monkeys, apes and mnn, both recent and fossil. Since 1910 I have published a series of care- fully worked oitt analyses of these problems, in which the Darwinian view of man's origin has been steadily tipheld. The opponents of this view have not met the issues discussed in these papers. They have not Pa(;e Four F. \' () L U T I O N j\L\RCH. 1929 attempted a direct refutation of my arguments; they have not shown wherein I erred either as to facts or principles. They have simply made a flank attack by citing admitted differences between men and apes. In these papers the evidence has been presented for the following outline of the history of the primates. By Basal Eocene times the primates were already in process of differentiation from the tree-shrew stock, which all authorities now regard as structurally an- cestral to the primates. By Lower Eocene time> we distinguish in both Europe and North America a branch which culminated in the modern Tarsius. The structure of the hind foot is definitely known in the representatives of the Eocene families, as well as in all known recent and fossil lemurs. South Amer- ican monkeys, Old World monkeys and apes, the hind foot having a widely divergent great toe. with a flat nail. Thus all the known palaeontologic, zoologic and embryologic evidence supports the conclusion that from their first appearance the Primates as an order were thoroughly arboreal and that the terrestrial habits of the baboons and of man are a later acquisi- tion. The early human embryo also retains the marked divergence of the great toe and even the adult human big toe retains the broad flat nail of arboreal Primates. None of the lower groups— lemurs, tarsioids. South American monkeys — approach man except in obvious- ly parallel features. They all stand on a distinctly lower plane and differ in many trenchant characters which are discussed in the papers cited. The Old World series makes its api^earance in the Lower Oligocence of Egypt. The most primitive known form, Parapithecus, is structurally intermediate between the stem of the tarsioids on the one hand, and the whole Old World series on the other. Al- though only the lower jaw is known, this highly im- ]wrtant form must have had the shortened face and the swollen braincase. and probably the large eyes, of the small insectivorous tarsioids. Side by side with it is the oldest of the true apes, the lower jaw of PropUopltJiccus hacckdi. This has the dental formula common to the Old World monkeys, apes and man, but its lower jaw is deepened like that of the fruit eating apes and its molars already fore- shadow the Dryopithecus pattern of the apes and man. It was plainly akin to the gibbons but smaller and more primitive. The eminent anthropologist Sergi has selected Propliopifhccus as an ideal ancestor of man, but there is reason to believe that the human stem did not split off so far down the line. The modern gbbons have become specialized in the extreme length of their limbs and in the sabrelike form of their upper canine teeth, but they retain the hip callouses and other primitive features that ally them both with the Old World monkeys and with the anthropoids. Ac- cording to Sir Arthur Keith's illuminating researches, the modern gibbons have already effected the profound readjustments of the internal organs necessary for the upright posture habitually adopted Ijy the gibbon ; this ape is no longer an arboreal quadruped but an upright- moving ape; its internal organs are actually far nearer to man than to the lowest of primates. In the Miocene and Pliocene of India and Europe there was a wide spreading of the ape group, known, it is true, chiefly from teeth and jaws, some of which approach modern types. All develop the "Dryopi- thecus pattern" of the molars, the renmants of which are so clearly seen in man. In the lower primates the principal axis of weight passes through the third or middle digit of the hind foot; such animals run upon the branches like arboreal quadrupeds. In the anthropoids the main axis of weight is shifted toward the inner side of the foot, in aflaptatlon to the grasping habit. In the secondarily ground-dwelling mountain Gorilla the heel is broaden- ed, the whole foot pressed flat upon the ground, the toes relatively shorter and the great toe relatively larger. In the human embryo of the ninth week the whole foot recalls the ape condition and differs widely from the adult foot, which doubtless for more than a mil- lion years has become thoroughly adapted exclusively for walking on the ground. Sir Ray Lankester, knowing well only the more arboreal foot of the lowland Gorilla, endeavored to cast doubt on the evidence afforded by the more ter- restrial foot of the mountain Gorilla, and clings to the belief that the peculiar construction of the human foot still constitutes a bar to the derivation of man from the anthropoid stem. Professor Adolph SchuIz, on the other hand, has shown that during the course of its growth the human great toe is at first distinctly more ape-like and partly turned toward the other toes, but that as development proceeds it becomes twisted on its long axis so as to face downward, and is also drawn in toward the other toes. To transform a gorilla- like foot into a human foot, the big toe must uicrease in length and rotate on its own axis so that its surface shall he applied to the ground instead of facing to- ward the other toes. Next it would lie necessary to shorten still further the toe-bones and to narrow the whole foot ; that is, to make all the toes parallel, and tilt whole foot must be made to face downward rather than inward. One might also say that in order to transform an early embryo foot into the adult foot a number of changes are necessary : to enumerate these would be to repeat, word for word, the points of trans- formation of the foot of a gorilla into that of man. The very fact that the great toe is the dominant one is strong evidence for the view that the human foot has been derived from an ape with a grasping great toe, for no other known primates afford such a favor- able starting point for the human condition. More- over, the muscles of the human foot show convincing evidence of special relationship to the anthropoid font, as well vmderstood from the time of Fluxley. In view of all this and of the fact that man is tied by so many other bonds to an order which was thoroughlv arboreal in its first stages, the burden of proof would seem to lie upon anyone who prefers to maintain that the construction of the human foot con- stitutes a serious obstacle to the derivation of man from a pre-ape stem. ( To I>c cniichidcd in our next issue. I March. 102<) !•: V O L U T I O N Page Five FREDERIC AUGUSrUS LUCAS Dr. Frederic A. Lucas, director of the American Museum of Natural- History from 1911 to 1923 and since then its honorarj- director, died at his home in Flushing, Long Island, on February 9th at the age of 76. He was buried at Plymouth, Massachusetts, where he was born March 25th, 1852. He specialized in zoology and was an outstanding authority on ancient ani- mals. He held important scientific and administrativ« posts with the United States National Museum and the Brook- lyn Institute of Arts and Science before ajsuming the directorship of the Amer- member ot ivan Museum, and wjis many learned societies. Dr. Lucas was well known to the readers of Evolution through his many popular articles on The Animals of the Past, which have been very widely ap- [jreciated. The editors are trying to -ecure the use of much other similar material which he had prepared before iiis death. To help carry on the work he did so well in his life of long 'use- fullness is our idea of honoring this ^ kindly gentleman of science who never found any trouble too great in helping ti-v further the cause of popular knowl- edge. Sea Serpents and Such By FREDERIC LIKFl the "Fossil man," the sea-serpent flourishes perenial- ly in the newspapers and, although now mainly regarded as a joke, there have been attempts to place him on a founda- tion of firm fact. The most earnest M. Oudemans expressed his belief in a rare, huge seal-like creature whose occasional appearance in southern waters gave rise to the best authenti- cated reports of sea-serpents. It has been suggested that some animal believed to be extinct had really lived over to the present. The few waifs spared from ancient faunas and stranded on the shores of the present, such as the Australian Ceratodus and our cornmon Gar Pike were used to sustain this theory. If fish of such ancient lineage are still so com- mon, why may there not be a few Plesiosaurs or Mosasaurs somewhere in the ocean depths? We may, of course, "sup- pose" anj'thnig, but as no trace of these creatures has been found outside of their ancient strata, all probabilities oppose the theory. But had these creatures been spared, they might well have passed for sea-serpents, even though Zeuglodc n. the most serpent-like in form, was not a reptile at all. Zeuglodon, "the yoke tooth," named from the shape of its great cutting teeth, was a strange animal, with four feet of head, ten feet of body and forty feet of tail, with body vertebrae of moderate size, but with those of the tail fifteen to eighteen inches long, the longest known for the bulk of the creature and weighing in the fossil condition fifty to sixty pounds. The tail obviously wagged the dog. The animal was fifty to seventy feet long and not more than six or eight feet througli the deepest part of the body: the head was small and pointed, the jaws well armed with grasping and cutting teeth, and just back of the head was a pair of short paddles like those of a fur seal. Its articulations point to great freedom of movement up and down. This may mean it was an active diver, descending to great depths to prey on squid, as the Sperm-Whale does today, and that it could rear a third of its great length out of water for a wide view of its surroundings. If size indicates power, the great fluked tail was capable of propelling the lieast at twenty to thirty miles an hour, a speed needed for the small head to provide food for the great tail. Or it may be that the inability to do this was the reason why Zeuglodon became extinct. On the other hand, the huge tail may have served to store up fat to be drawn upon when food became scarce. Zetiglodor.s were numerous in the old Gulf of Mexico and seas of soutbern Europe, for bones are found abundantly. But common though the bones may be. the stories of their use for making stone walls resolve theinselves on close scru- tiny into the occasional use of a big vertebra fn support the corner of a corncrih. A. LUCAS Its sciciuitic name is Basilosaurus cetoides, the whale-like king lizard, given it by the original describer. Dr. Harlan, who thought it to be a reptile. The rule of science is that the first naine given an animal may not be changed, even by a zoological congress, so Zeuglodon must masquerade as a reptile for the rest of its paleontological life. Owen's name "Zeuglodon," though not scientific, is too good to waste, being easily remeinbered and readily pronounced. Dr. Albert Koch, doing with Zeuglodon as, later on, he did with the Mastodon, combined the vertebrae of several into ■A mimster 114 feet long! This he exhibited in Europe under the name "Hydrarchus," or water king, finally disposing of the composite creature to the Museum of Dresden, where it was promptly reduced to its proper dimensions. Its natural make-up is sufficiently composite without any aid from man, for the head and paddles are like those of a seal, the ribs like those of a manatee, and the shoulder blades precisely like those of a whale, while the vertebrae are different from those of any other animal. There were also tiny hind legs tucked away beneath the skin, but these were unknown until Mr. Charles Schuchert collected a series of specimens for the National Jluseum, from which the entire skeleton could be restored. Unlike ordinary fossil bones which break indif- ferently in any direction, those of Zeuglodon are built of concentric layers, like an onion, which tend to peel off during 'he preparation of a specimen. Ai the wheels of time and change rolled slowly on, sharks again came uppermost, the warin Eocene and Miocene oceans fairly teeming with these sea-wolves. There were striall sharks with slender teeth for catching little fishes, larger sharks with saw-like teeth for cutting slices out of larger fishes, and sharks that might have swallowed the biggest fish of today whole. We know these monsters mostly by their teeth, for their skeletons were soft cartilage, the absence of t^e'n remains being the reason these creatures are passed by while the adjectives huge, immense, enormous are lavished on Mosasaurs and Plesiosaurs that the great-toothed shark, Carcharodon megalodon, might well have eaten at a meal. For its gaping jaws with hundreds of gleaming teeth must liave measured not less than six feet across. Our great White Shark, the man-eater, attains a length of lliirty feet, and a man just makes him a good lunch. One of his teeth is an inch and a cjuarter long, while a tooth of Megalodon is commonly three, often four or even five inches. This would indicate a shark 120 feet long, bigger than any whale, to whom a man would be just a mouthful to whet his sharkship's appetite. Certainly it was at least seventy-five to one-hundred feet long, quite large enough to make bathing in Page Six E V O L U T I O N March. 1929 bail's of Giant Fossil Shark. the Miottne ocean unpopular. Megalodon and a contemporary and closely related species that originated with him in Eocene times may have had something to do with the extinction of Ztuglodon. This second species has a little projection at the base of the cutting teeth, like an "ear" on a jar, so that it is named auricuIatKS, or eared. The edges of its teeth are also more saw-like and with its length of fifty or sixty feet and better armament, it must have been most formidable. The supply of teeth never ran short, for back of each tooth in use lay a reserve of six or seven smaller but growing teeth ready to replace each front tooth lost and, like a well-trained soldier, to keep the line unbroken. Once fairly started, these huge sharks swarmed everywhere that the water was warm enough, for their teeth occur in Tertiary strata in many parts of the world, and the deep- sea dredges of the Challenger and Albatross brought them up by scores. And then they perished utterly. Why? We do not know. Did they devour everything throughout their habitat and fall to eating each other? We do not know. But perish they did, while the smaller white shark lives on. as if to prove that it is best not to overdo things and .that victory is not in the long run always to the largest. The Anthropoid Apes By EDWARD GRIEG CLEMMER This is the first of a series of four articles on The Ancestors of Modern Man by the same atifhor. The next u-iU be on The Earliest Men. THE living anthropoid, or man-like, apes are four in number, the gorilla and chimpanzee of Africa, and the gibbon and orang of Asia. Their near relationship to man is proved lieyond reasonable doubt by comparative anatomy. The gibbon is generically the lowest. It usually stands about three feet tall and has the longest arms in propor- tion to the body in the family. The arms are so long that the hands reach the ground even when the gibbon stands erect. Its natural habitat being in the trees, it does not se<;m to know what to do with its arms when it is forced to walk on the ground. In such circumstances it may rest the palms of the hands downward on the ground or raise the arms above the head. But in the trees the gibbon uses his long arms to advantage, swinging and leaping twelve to fifteen feet in a single jump. His arms have undoubtedly been lengthened by this necessity of his environment. The Orang-utang, found in the woods of Borneo and Sumatra, stands second in the anthropoia scale. Indeed, the name in Malay means "Man of the Woods." The orang is usually about four feet in height and very bulky, measur- ing in circumference two-thirds its height. The arms are very long, reaching a spread of seven feet in an adult male. It is not as adept at arboreal life as the gibbon, but climbs deliberately as if not really used to such hazards. Yet he is not a slow traveller, for he can make as much time in the tree tops as a man on the ground. The chimpanzees are the most interesting of the apes. They are found in equatorial Africa and are much less arboreal in their habits than the orangs. When they walk on the ground they assist themselves by touching their knuckles, being unable to walk upright more than a few fe-et. They are the most intelligent of the apes and can be taught to do many things a human being does. They can learn to eat in a civilized manner, dress in modern clothes, smoke and ride a bicycle. They take pride in their bag- full of tricks and have some capacity for performing original feats. The young are docile, but with puberty their temper changes and it is not safe to give them free rein thereafter. Many a young chimpanzee has delighted an audience with his mischievous and original performances. In the minds of most people, the gorilla is the bizarre member of the family. This is on account of his great size and the tales of his ferocity and human ways of "trapping" his victims. Carl Akelev has, however, exploded many of the gorilla myths. He found him very peaceful if left to himself, but once aroused, a formidable enemy. An aQult male stands about five feet seven inches when erect and weighs about three hundred and fifty pounds. The gorilla is not tree-dwelling. It sleeps in nests on the ground, not elaborately built, but made of any twigs and leaves within easy reach. It usually travels in a family of eight or ten, consisting of three or niore females, several offspring and from one to four males. It never walks up- right, but on all fours, leaning the body forward with the knuckles touching the ground. We have little knowledge of its intelligence, as captured specimens rarely survive. Practically all the anatomical changes which distinguish man from the apes are due to two causes; the forced change from the arboreal to the ground life, and the development nf greater intelligence in man. When man's ancestors descended from the trees to the ground, they found it advantageous to develop an upright carriage. This made for stronger calf and hip muscles and changes in the big toe. The upright position also changed the position of the head on the spine, and the long ape arms, not being needed on the ground, were gradually shortened, if they were ever really developed in man's early ancestors. In spite of some differences which may seem wide, the fundamental structures of the apes and man are closely similar. Moreover, modern blood tests indicate their kin- ship. There can be no reasonable doubt, in the face of the mass of scientific evidence and the unanimous conclusion nf the scientific specialists, that man and the anthropoid apes are blood cousins. March, 1929 EVOLUTION Page Seven Plant Evolution Bv FLORENCE DOWDEN WOOD PLANTS have undergone as complete evolution as have the animals. There are three main lines of proof : 1) comparative study of existing plant forms; 2) specializa- tion in reproduction; 3) fossil evidence. The lowest plants started out from a common stem with the single-celled animal. This single-celled organism, neither definitely plant nor animal, could not only digest food in the animal fashion, hut could also manufacture its ovi'n food in plant fashion. Any organism which can make food from the elements sur- rounding it, would seem ideal at first glance. Plants from the first, must have had this ability, but they have sacrificed the power of locomotion, as well as the possibilty for a central nervous system to guide them to adequate sources of food. In plants, as in animals, the tendency has been to grow larger and larger, as much so as possible in each stage of evolution, given the then existing degree of specialization for food manufacture and reproduction. When size alone is considered, plants have been able to attain that without much in the way of specialization, as is seen in the enormous sea weeds, some attaining a length of 600 or more feet. .\n ad- ditional barrier, before attaining the goal of the modern seed plant, is the lack of a satisfactory means of reproduction, as all primitive plants require water in which the sex products can swim to each other. In no case is there a mechanical means provided for getting the sex cells together, except as the cells themselves have the power of motion. The higher plants depend on wind and insects for pollination. /. Euglena. the plant-animal. J. Pandorina, free swimming colony. 3. Volvox, a large colony. .Assuming that we start with an undifferentiated "plant- animal" organism as the plant's great-grandmother, we must bring it up through the stages marked by the various levels of existing plants till we reach the highest type of seed plant. The first stage is Euglena (1). It is so small that a half dozen individuals can be put in the space of an "i" dot. The free-swimmmg plant-animal reproduces itself by simple divi- sion. In its eagerness to attain higher things, the new- organism does not have time to separate completely from the old, resulting in a colonial form, the Pandorina (2) stage now barely visible to the naked eye. This colonial form has a tendency to grow larger. With further increase in size, there is too little economy of energy, and a new advance appears, a division of labor. Some cells are set aside for reproduction, while the rest manufacture food, and propel the organism about, as in the Volvo.v stage (3). The re- productive products, "eggs" and "sperm" in this stage are not essentially different in appearance from the original one-celled plant-animal. Very soon this colonial form finds itself growing larger. It must then do one of two things, either remain small and free-swimming to avoid being broken apart by moving water, or to find a quiet place to sit down and grow. Hav- ing elected to lead a quiet life, the plant develops a set of "holdfasts," which resemble roots but do not function as such. These enable it to keep a firm grip on the rock or mud bottom of the water, as in the kelp or sea weed stage (4). If the plant is to live on land, it must develop a system to get water, nitrates, inorganic salts, and CO; frimi its environment, and be able to collect them together for chemical rearrangement into foods. Also, it must develop a system of reproduction which does not require water to bring together its se.x products to produce a new organism. A big advance is made in the moss stage of our evolving plant. It has overcome some of the difficulties of food ab- sorption. It has new absorptive root hairs on what we may call the old "holdfast"; food elements can be taken in from the soil, while the rest of the plant can emerge from the water. This moss plant has assumed a new form. It now has a distinct root, stem, and leaf, each of which has a special function. The root absorbs food, the stem distri- butes it, and the leaves manufacture starch from CO2 and water, by the help of the sun's energy. Each of these structures is exceedingly primitive in its form and func- tion, but they are the foundation of the large terrestrial plant of modern times. The mosses have a handicap, how- ever; they can never get completely away from water. They are obliged to keep within range of moisture in order to liberate their free-swimming sex products. The fern stage is a distinct step upward. It has a distinctly improved conductive system, real leaves, real stem, and a real root. Its reproduction system is modified. The asexual cycle has attained great proportions, as seen in the tree ferns, and the sexual cycle, though not less important, has been reduced to a tiny moisture loving plant, small enough to allow the male sex cells to swim to the female cells, which have lost their power to swim about and leave the plant that produced them since the early moss stage. The problem of getting away from a method of repro- duction which is dependent on water as a medium of dis- persal for its sex products is extremely difficult. The solu- tion is at least attained in the production of a seed. At first the seed is naked and extremely primitive (Gymno- sperms — palms, ginkgos and pines). In a still more ad- vanced stage the seeds are more evolved and well pro- tected. (Angiosperms — hardwoods, shrubs and flowering plants). The flower which produces the seed, together with the seed, contain the key to the success of the modern plants. The plant which started as a ven' lowly, rather undecided organism, has now achieved the ability to live entirely on land. The sexual and asexual cycles have been neatly tucked away in the small compass of the flower and seed. This remarkable evolutionary achievement has al- lowed the plant to devote a great deal of energy to the formation of complicated independent conducting systems for both manufactured foods and (or potential food ele- ments and water. The support of larger and larger structure has been taken care of in the formation of great bundles of framework whose function is to maintain the rigidity of the plant, holding it upright. The cells devoting themselves to this task are a magnificent engin- eering achievement. The most imposin.g of the modern seed plants to-day are certainly the big tree and the giant sequoia. But for the highest attainment in evolution- ary complexity, as well as in numbers now populating the earth, we must look to the less spectacular sunflower group (asters, goldenrods, dan- delions, etc.). Our original one- celled plant reaches the pin- nacle of achievement in a beau- Sea Palm with Holdlasts" tiful chrysanthemum. Tace I£i ]■; \' O L U T I (_) X March, 1929 EUOLUTCON A Joiinia! of Xatiirc To combat bigotry and iupentition and develop the open mind by popularizing natural ^cierr (^ Published monthly by Evolution Publishing Corporation 96 Fifth Ave.. New York. N. Y. Tel.: Watkins 7587 L. E. KATTERFELD, Managing Editor j*LLAN J"TRCVG PROMS. Science Editor Subscription rjte: One dollar per vcar fn lists of five or more, fifty cents. Foreign subscriptions ten cents extra. Single crpv 10c: 20 or more. 5c each. Entered as second class matter at the Post Cffi-e at New York. N. Y.. Januarv 7. 1928. under the Act of March 3. 18 79. \()I.. ir. Xo. MARCH 1029 NUMBER TWEL\'H Thi.s issue of EVOLUTIOX is nir Number Twelve. Thus we complete our "first year." It has been a hard battle, and it has taken inore than a year to do it, but thanks to the support of its readers and writers EVOLUTION is "carrying on''. We doubt that any magazine has had contributions from more noted and gifted WTiters during its first year than E\OLL'TION. During the coming year we expect to have articles from the leading authorities in every field of science. And we are sure that no journal as young as ours has a more active and enthusiastic body of supporters among its readers. We now have over five thousand paid subiscriptions, and *he number is growing steadily. This is being achieved through the volunteer efforts of our readers and without work- ing capital except as raised from month to month. -\ reasonable period of this sort of wnrk, and EVOLUTION will be on a self-sustaining basis. Then we can under- take larger campaigns of popular educa- tion. This popular education must be multi- plied an hundred fold to meet the coin- ing need. Wherever defeated in the legislatures, the fundamentalists are sure to "appeal to the people" through re- ferendum as they did in Arkansas. And the only way to prevent them from winning similar victories elsewhere is l^ppiilar education. This is the reason for the existence of EVOLUTION. NO FEBRUARY ISSUE To get the advantage of predating we once more skip a month by naine, although we do not skip a niiinber. We expect to mail EVOLUTION the last week of eacli month for the following month. THE TEST OF TRUTH Let us not forget that back of this issue between Evolutionist and anti- Kvolutionist is that greater issue be- tween Scietitist and Fundamentalist, "What is the test of truth?" Is it agreement of opinion with observed evidence, or with alleged authority ? Your scientist tests his theory by its agreement with the whole body of ofiserved facts of experience and ex- periment. He alters no fact to suit his theory and holds no theory as true in the face of a single, stubborn, discrep- ant fact, be it well authenticated and vcrifialile. He submits his formulated opinion to the test of fact as a matter of course and asks you so to test it. He claims for it no sanctity, no priv- ileges, no immunity from examination, criticism and attack. He welcomes eacli new significant. fact ac<|uired and each restatement of theory in closer agree- ment with all known facts. He searches Tor such truth eagerly, is overjoyed to discover it and to proclaim his dis- covery, but he does not ask that it bear his brand, nor that he and his opinions shall be given unquestioned authority. Nor does he ask that truth be pleasant, nor flattering, nor accord- ing to previous bias. To the extent that he may permit his wish and bias to modify his opinions, he does not represent the spirit of science. With your fundamentalist it is other- wise. He prejudges the theory. His test of its truth is its agreement with the authority he happens to accept. He claims that that authority is divine and sacred from examination, criticism and doubt. Ask him to prove the divinity of his authority and he reiterates his belief that it is divine, questions your moral character for doubting him, charges you with sacrilege and threat- ens 3-ou with the dire consequences due the faithless. He asks you to ac- cept his opinion because he himself accepts it. He makes his own belief, that is to say, himself, the authority. Differ from him and his alleged author- ity and you are wrong, intellectually and morally — and, of course, lost. Agree with him and you are right and saintly and saved. He claims that evolution is untrue because he does not wish a "brutal ape" for ancestor, just as his medieval fundamentalist forbears denied that the earth travelled about the sun because they did not wish the habitation of MAN removed from its central im- portance in their universe. The incon- venient evidence of biologic, geologic and astronomic facts he denies or ignores. He does not want free in- quiry and unbiased teaching and dis- cussion. He wants h i s opinion pro- tected by law from doubt and criticism, and confesses his lack of real faith in it by his refusal to let it stand or fall on its own merits. He makes himself the sole authority on truth and then wonders and berates because others will not take him at his own measure. A. S. B. THE GREAT DEBATE The Great Debate between Rev. W. B. Riley and Prof. Joseph McCabe on the question "Resolved that Evolution is True and Should be Taught in the Schools," held in New York February 7th, passed off without bloodshed. The stenographic record of the festi- vities, complete and verbatim, will be published in EVOLUTION, beginning with the next issue. We shall not anti- cipate the arguments, except to assure our readers that a real treat is in store for them. The audience was overwhelmingly in favor of McCabe. The vote was at least ten to one for evolution. This was to be expected, since the followers of Stra- ton were most conspicuous by their ab- sence, in the audience. How-ever. they packed themselves in on the list of judges since inadvertantly the "gate had been left open," so to speak, and there they voted for Riley by 17 to 12. The most interesting decision was rendered by a group of 41 High School students, who were also seated on the platform to pass their own opinion regarding the debate. They voted 35 to 6 in favor of McCabe. The favor of these young people, tlic approval of Youth, means more to Pro- fessor McCabe and EVOLUTION than the anathemas of all the fundamentalist preachers. Our own judgement of the arguments presented is that nothing better can be done for the cause of freedom of teach- ing than to circulate tlie arguments made by Rev. W. B. Riley exactly as delivered in comparison with those of Professor McCabe. So we'll print them in EVO- LLTTION and depend upon YOU to get your neighbors and friends to read thein. GEITING INTO ACTION The Science League of America is girding its loins for battle with the fundamentalists in the legislative halls. The call to action is printed in another column. Every evolutionist should an- swer it. This work of the Science League is absolutely essential to winning freedom of research and teaching in all the states. IMPORTANT TO HUMANITY By Professor F. A. E. CREW. "What is more important to humanity ... is the further e.x.tension and de- mocratization of the evolutionary con- cept. It was this that overthrew me- dieval tlicology, and completed the en- larging of the mental horizon of human- ity. Man's notion of himself has changed from that of a being originally created and awaiting a day of reckoning in a not too distant future, to that of a being originating as part of organic na- ture and set in a universe without begin- ning and without end. The intellectual revolution has emancipated countless men from the bondage of authority. It must free all. — From an article on "Bio- logy and Education" in Xalitrc, January 12, 1929. IMarch. 1929 E \' O L U T I O K I 'age Nine Scientists Act for Freedom Lmversily professors and co-operating rcsearcli Fundamentalists. By BARROW LYONS. THE first steps have been taken by They have men of science toward combatting the influence of anti-evolutionists, who have virtually succeeded in eliminating the mention of evolution from the bio- logy text books used in the elementary schools of the country. At the fiftieth annual m-eeting of the American Asso- ciation of University Professors held in New York over the Christmas holi- days action was taken authorizing the appointment of a special committee to co-operate with the American Ass'n for the Advancement of Science to fight anti-evolution legislation and other ef- forts to restrict the freedom of the teaching of science. Whether this effort will get far beyond the resolution stage remains to be seen. Meanwhile the World's Christian Fun- damentals -Association continues to circulate its .list of books considered safe for young Americans and to bring in- fluence to bear upon text book com- missions throughout the country in ef- fectively preventing the publication of comprehensive biology text books. At least, enough commissions have re- jected book> mentioning evolution to influence publishers. The appointment of the university pro- fessors' committee was authorized in a resolution strongly "deploring"' all re- strictions on the freedom of teaching scientific subjects. It urged the prepara- tion of a circular to battk for the free- dom of teaching and to point out clearly the "great harm" of all anti-evolntion laws and regulations. The American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science also "took action" by passing as a committee of the whole a resolution which declared : "We are convinced that any legislation attempting to limit the teaching of any widely accepted scientific doctrine is a profound mistake which cannot fail to retard the advancement of knowledge of human welfare. It is only by the main- tenance of freedom of teaching that we can create conditions under which truth comes most rapidly to prevail. There- fore, we wish to make our most earnest protest against all legislation and ad- ministrative interference with the presen- tation of tlie facts and theories of science." That is a good beginning, but it is not likely to be taken as a serious menace to the morals and welfare of American youth by th« Fundamentalists. It does not breathe militant determination on the part of scientists. There is no question, however, about the Fundamentalists forming a militant, fighting group. Small as the number of their leader.s is. they have made matters sufficiently uncomfortable for those concerned with the production and dis- tribution of text books. They are un- usually dangerous .gentlemen to tackle. li'orkcrs flan action a,iiaiiist caused the fall of more than one university professor, workin.t; quietly and under cover as often as by public ballyhoo. Their strength lies in that tliey are moved by high moral endeavor, by the fervor which holds the glory of God above all else and leads tnem to heroic elTorts to accomplish their ends. They believe themselves allied with the Deity and invincible. What school boards, what text book commissions, what pub- lishers can stand before aroused right- eousness of this sort? And what have the school teachers of the country to offer against an on- slaught of this nature? How can they bring the teaching of evolution back into the biology text books of the ele- mentary schools? By what means can they make the judgment of science felt as against judgments colored by an- cient superstitions? That must be for teachers them- selves to decide. I shall merely attempt to suggest some of the fundamental principles they must carefully think out, which must be generally agreed upon before there can be effective con- certed action. Thoughtful teachers for a long time liave been asking who should be the authority as to what they should teacli and where that authority should begin and end. On the one hand, it is evident that Ia\-men unversed m science are in- competent to pass judgment upon fine- points of scientific fact and theory. More and more the world relies upon the judgment of authorities and ex- perts. But it is also evident that there must be some order and system in the curricula of public schools, where teachers are changing and pupils are being prepared for standardized courses of advanced education, the gateways to which are college entrance examina- tions. Although requirements for secondary schools must be met in the elementary schools, and requirements for college must be met in the secondary schools, there is still considerable latitude for the teacher, if not interfered with by legislation or meddlesome school boards. Is it, then, sufficient to select the most competent teacher available and then leave it to him or her what to teach, or is the layman ever justified in pre- scribing details in the curriculum? Another problem which teachers must face very seriously — and if they are not concerned there is no one else who will be — is that of the preparation of text books. As I pointed out in ear- lier articles of this series, some of the largest text book publishers admit that they print books for sale and not prim- arily for education or uplift. They are running large business: they are re- sponsible to stockholders and must show profits. If they permit competi- tors to push them aside, they will show- losses. Hence, they cannot afford to antagonise any considerable element of the community. The principle is wrong. Text books should be printed for use and not for profit, for education and not to bring emolument to the shareholders of cor- porations. It would be quite within the range of possibility for teachers to organize and operate a co-operative text book publishing house which -would print science text books untainted by the in- fluence of fundamentalism, history text books whose authors were free to tell the truth about the medieval church or the actions of our own forefathers which did not sidestep the rottenness iti America, political science texts of American politics and economics, text books facing fearlessly the con- flicts in contemporary productive or- .ganization. The vitiation of science text books is merely the result of a thoroughly bad system which affects us in a thousand ways. It is through the perversion of the minds of young people, or at the best, keeping them in ignorance of a true picture of the world about them, that the system fastens itself most firmly upon the community. Bigotry and intolerance flourish only w-here science is suppressed. Set free the teachers, put text books in their liands that tell the truth, and you have made a long step forward to a world rid of ancient superstitions and pre- iudices. EVOLUTIOX AXNIVER.SARY DINNER SATURDAY, APRIL THIRTEENTH The charter of 'the EVOLUTION PUBLISHING CORPORATION is dated April 13, 1927. Last year this oc- casion was celebrated in New York and several other cities by Evolution dinners. This year we hope that Evolu- tion dinners will be arranged in every city where EVOLUTION has readers, to celebrate the birthday of this champion of intellectual freedom and gather in- spiration to carry to victory the struggle against fundamentalisiu. Every reader with the necessary energy- is invited to make arrangements in his community. Notify us of your intentions, and we'll wire you if some one has already started in your city. Details, addresses where dinners will take place, hour and price, names of responsible managers, speakers etc. should reach us before March 20th for publication in April EVOLUTION. .All who arrange in time will receive message from New York dinner, and should send a message to be read at the dinner in New York. Let us make these simultaneous dinners a tremendous nation-wide demonstration in favor of The Open Mind. Page Te? EVOLUTION March, 1929 Fundamentalism in England and America By MAYNARD SHIPLEY OUR British friends often take an attitude of pity and condescen- sion toward us poor creatures har- rowed by the inroads of Funda- mentalist obscurantism. "How sad it is," they say in effect, "that science in America should have to contend with so out-dated a problem; and how fortunate are we in Great Britain that we have no such troubles here." It would be fortunate, indeed, for English science if this assumption were correct. It is true, that there is far less open agitation against freedom of scientific teaching in their country and that that agitation comes from a group which has no standing culturally or politically. Also this struggle in which we are now engaged was fought and won three quarters of a century ago in England and even then it was a struggle between educated scientists and educated clergy; not, as here, between educated scientists and the fearfully un- educated clergy of the backward dis- tricts. Nevertheless, the World'i Christian Fundamentals Association was purpose- ly so named. From its start in America, it is already carrying its campaign to Europe. George McCready Price, the Fundamentalist "geologist," spreading his gospel of the Noachic flood and the literal interpretation of Genesis, for several years has been head of a so-called college in England. Aimee Semple McPherson, in her recent evangelizing tour in England, did not neglect to at- tack the teaching of evolution. And other American Fundamentalist evangel- ists are pledged to carry on the work in every English-speaking country on the globe. At this very minute, in Bootle, Lanca- shire, a city of 80,000, it is against the law to teach evolution in the tax-sup- ported schools. London is not all of England, and much anti-scientific pro- paganda is being "put over" in the smaller provincial towns and vast dis- tricts of Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, where people still believe in witchcraft, as firmly as our "Pennsylvania Dutch" towns where no hint of modern scien- tific thought has so far penetrated. Mr. F. Gosling, a prominent British Rationalist, remarked recently in a private letter, "There certainly is an optimistic side to your conflict. Over here it is all so hidden, and though some comfortable people point to the tre- mendous advances made, I feel that the present rate of progress in the real en- lightenment of the masses is too slow. Said comfortable ones are likely to pity America with her Fundamentalists, but seem to be half blind to the unconfessed Fundamentalism so prevalent here .... It may be that in a few years' time we shall be wishing to goodness, that our Fundamentalists here would be fools enough to come out into the open." < Another EngHsh writer agrees, "We, in this country, also have our Funda- mentalists, and they exist, if we include of people take a similar attitude in Eng- land. But no one acquainted with that huge, semi-literate English sect the "Plymouth Brethren" and similar Fun- damentalist groups can doubt that Eng- land also faces a real and increasing menace. England seems freer from anti- Ireland and Wales, in an even higher science threats not because she is really proportion than yours. They are, more- over, of a more dangerous type than are yours. They 'sap' where yours make noisy, frontal attacks." Plenty of people in America still shout "Alarmist !" to those who point out the ever growing danger to which fanaticism and ignorance are exposing the teaching of science. The same type free, but because she is "next on the list." In spite of the proud position of British science, and the real democracy and enlightenment of the better educated British thought, it may soon be neces- sary there, as it is vitally necessary here, to organize against the local mani- festation of our common foe. Activities of Science League In November, for the first time in history, the initiative and referendum system was invoked, in Arkansas, to forbid the teaching of modern science. Nineteen other states have direct legis- lets, to the committee or the legislature, have asked our members in the states concerned to protest against the bills to their representatives, and have arranged for personal speakers against the bill lation, and the anti-evolutionists have if it should come to the floor. In Ar- announced that henceforth they intend kansas we worked through the local to have recourse to this method when- committee. We are now endeavoring, in ever a legislature in one of these states case the repeal bill should be lost, to proves "recalcitrant." Another pheno- raise funds for a constitutional test of menon of 1928 was the appointment by the Arkansas law, along lines which will the Florida State Senate of a com- not involve the martyrdom of a teacher. mittee of Fundamentalists to investigate and "purge" libraries of the State Uni- versity and the State College for Women of scientific (particularly psy- Incidentally, we have also been of help during the past year in securing new connections for several teachers who lost their positions because they taught chological) books not in accord with evolution. Some of these cases occurred their theological views ! As we write, the 43 legislative sessions of 1929 are just opening. Already an anti-evolution bill has been introduced in the Texas legislature and killed by a close committee vote, only to be fol- lowed by another prohibiting teaching "contrary to the Book of Genesis." A bill to repeal the Tennessee law was in states where no overt agitation has ever existed. What You Can Do to Help The demands upon us are increasing in far greater ratio than are the means at our disposal. The League is grow- ing, but slowly ; and the attacks on the teaching of modern science are growing much faster. Every member who is promptly voted down, and a similar fate really heart and soul in this fight can is anticipated for a like bill in Arkan- sas, though an anti-evolution enforce- ment bill there was indefinitely post- poned. Dr. W. B. Riley has stated that he will again have an anti-evolution bill introduced in Minnesota, and definite threats of similar action come from New Mexico, Oklahoma, Colorado, be of great help to us if he will do one or more of the following: (1) tell his like-minded acquaintances about the League, and help us to build up the membership which alone provides our working funds ; (2) keep his own dues paid up to date, and if possible become a life member (at the special rate of Kansas and Montana. Before this re- $20 instead of $25 extended to those port reaches you, several more states may well be facing anti-evolution legis- lation. Moreover, the "Defenders of the Faith," led by Paul Rader, have held a convention in Indianapolis, 100,000 strong, to arrange for anti-evolution activity in "48 nerve centers" — better known to us as the 48 secularly-govern- ed states- of the Union. Educational and Defensive Work -Against this growing agitation, the already members) ; (3) send us names for circularization or distribute copies of our new leaflet, which will be printed in about a month ; (4) send us prompt information and clippings relating to any new anti-evolution or similar activ- ity in his own community; (5) contri- bute to the general or special work of tlie League ; (6) help in the distribution of "The War on Modern Science," which tells the complete story of the Science League has continued its educa- anti-evolution crusade up to the summer tional and defensive work to the limit of its resources. We have continued to act as a general information bureau for speakers, writers, and periodicals. In every state, up to and including Texas, where anti-evolution bills have been in- troduced, we have sent a strong protest brief, together with informative pamph- of 1927, and has proved a startling eye- opener to many persons hitherto un- aware of the situation. Yours for freedom in research and teaching, MAYNARD SHIPLEY, Pres. Gillette Bldg., San Francisco. AI. \RCH, 1929 E \' O L U T I O N Page Eleven The Amateur Scientist A Monthly Feature conducted by Allan Strong Broms The Constellation Orion TO the south and right on the celes- tial equator you can easily identify th€ magnificent constellation Orion on these clear winter nights. It con- sists of an irregular quadrangle of four bright stars, marking the imaginary shoulders and legs of the mighty hunter of the Greek myths. From his belt (three stars in a row) hangs a glimmering sword of lesser stars. For his head there is a small triangle called Al Hakah, "the white spot," by the Arabs. In his right hand he wields an uplifted club and over his left arm carries a lion's hide for shield, both marked by groups of small stars. At opposite corners of the great quadrangle are two stars of the first magnitude, at the northeast, red Betel- geuse, "the armpit of the central one" in the Arabic, and at the southwest, diamond-blue Rigel. At the northwest corner is yellow Bellatrix. the Amazon star, of second magnitude, and at the southeast a third magnitude star, Saiph. The stars of the Belt (from north to south) are Mintaka, Alniham and Al- nita, the first two white, the third yel- lowish. Rigel, Mintaka and the brightest star of the head triangle appear double in the telescope, while Alnita is triple and the central star of the Sword qua- druple. Even to the naked eye, this sword star has a strange shimmer. Viewed through an opera glass or small telescope, it is found to be sur- rounded by a faint nebula, the Greek name for cloud. Photographed with a large telescope and many hours expos- ure, this turns out to be one of the most beautiful objects in the heavens. Mintaka and Betelgeuse are variable in their brightness. The latter is some- times as bright as Rigel, at other times much inferior. Its variations are un- predictable, being quite irregular. Re- cent measurements at Mount Wilson Observatory with the great 100-inch telescope and by Michelson's new in- terferometer method indicate that Be- telgeuse is nearly 250,000,000 miles in diameter or fifty million times the vol- ume of our Sun. Its mass (weight). however, is only thirty-five times that of the Sun, for its density is very low, not much more than one-thousandth that of air. We would almost call that a vacuum. Its surface temperature turns out to be less than 3,000 degrees Centigrade, while that of the Sun is 6,000 degrees. While the Sun is white hot, Betelgeuse is merely red hot. Deep inside, however, the temperature undoubtedly rises to millions of de- grees. It is probably a young sun just condensing from a nebula. As it grows older, its surface will turn white hot, its heat and even its substance will waste away and then, after billions of The Constellation Orion years, it will cool into a yellow star, then again red, and finally a dark star. Rigel, with a diameter of 18,000,000 miles, over twenty times that of our Sun, and a surface temperature of 16,- 000 degrees, is at its evolutionary best. It would be about fifteen times as bright as Betelgeuse were it not three times as far away. The effect of dis- tance on brightness is also well illus- trated by a star to the southwest of Orion, the white Dog - Star Sirius, brightest of them all, as we see them. .\ctually, it is much inferior to Rigel and Betelgeuse in size and real bright- ness, but it quite outclasses them to us, because it is so very near, a mere matter of 50 million million miles. YOUR BLIND SPOT Try this experiment on yourself to find the Ijlind spot in your eye. Close your right eye and read slowly with your left, being careful not to let it waver. * — Watch the star disappear. If it does not, hold the page closer to your eye. In the human eye the optic nerve enters the back of the eyeball, not in the center, but nearer the nose, so that in turning the left eye to the right at the proper angle, the image of the star falls on the spot where the optic nerve enters. As this spot is not sensitive to light, the star disappears. The optic nerve, while capable of carrying nerve impulses that cause the sensation nf light, is not itself sensitive to light. If it is injured, you do not feel pain, but get the sensation of flashes of light. If you feel pain at the same time, that is because another nerve carries other impulses to a pain- sensing center in the brain. The optic nerve ends within the eye as a spread-out layer, called the retina. This retina covers nearly the whole rear of the eyeball and is sensitive to liglit. But like all the rest of us, it gets tired and dull from overwork. As we use its center most, we can sometimes see better by using a fresher portion. For instance, if you want a glimpse of the Orion Nebula described in the neighboring article, just look a bit askance (away from the nose) with either eye. If the night is clear and moonless, and your eyes are good, you may be rewarded with a faint, brief view. In this way you reverse the blind spot experiment. BROMS TO LECTURE Allan Strong Broms, our Science Editor, will deliver a course of five lectures on "EVOLUTION: From Star- Dust to Brain-Stuff" on consecutive Friday evenings, beginning March 8th at Union Auditorium, 229 West 48th Street, New York. While these five lectures are intended primarily to, interest the novice and en- lighten the student, they will also be worthy of the science specialist because of the new material that will be pre- sented. Readers need not hesitate to bring their most critical friends. The entire proceeds will be used for the promotion of EVOLUTION. The subjects are announced on another page. Organizations in nearby cities that would like to arrange for this course of lectures should write for further de- tails. THE PROOFS OF EVOLUTIOtV The response to the question in our last issue 'Shall we publish 'The Proofs of Evolution' by Henshaw Ward as a Pamphlet" was so encouraging that we printed it immediately and are ready now to fill orders. The quantity price is fif- teen copies for a dollar, five dollars per hundred. One of our readers has al- ready taken five hundred, and several have ordered a hundred each. This little gem by Henshaw Ward promises to he- come a "best seller." From Our Readers "The value of all things, EVEN OUR OWN LIFE AND TIME, depends on the use we make of it." — A. Nicleii. "I am called a modernist, but if there is anything that makes me inclined to become a fundamentalist it is your "EVOLUTION" Magazine. What corner of intelligence do you imagine you are cultivating? The cover of the January issue is typical of your mind. If you were really "scientific" you would not be crack-pated. Talk about "bigotry" of Arkansas. It is liberality de luxe compared with your narrow- ness." Elmer Wills Serl, Minister, The Church of Wide Fellowship, Southern Pines, N. C. ■age Twelve EVOLUTION March. 1929 Premature Hosannahs HOSANNAHS resounded in all the camps of the fundamentalists on the morning of January 21st when they read the Press dispatches from Wash- ington, relating that Dr. A. H. Clark- had renounced evolution and announced belief in the special creation of Man. That these rejoicings were slightly premature is shown by the following comparison of reports: First Report: WASHINGTON. Jan. 20 (A.P.) Dr. Austin H. Clark, biologist, of the United States National Museum has propounded a new theory of evolution with revolu- tionary implications for biology and related sciences. He differs on vital points with the Darwinian theory of descent of man from a lower animal life and explains evolution as a series of jumps from one major form of life to another, rather than as a process of gradual development. "So far as concerns the major groups of animals, the creationists seem to have the better of the argument," Dr. Clark said in announcing his theory. 'Tbere is not the slightest'evidence that any one of the major groups arose from any other. Each is a special ani- mal complex, related more or less close- ly to all the rest, and appearing, there- fore, as a special and distinct creation." The concept of Dr. Clark has man appearing on earth substantially as he is today, to all intents and purposes a pro- duct of special creation. Dr. Clark sees no evidence of a "missing link," or intermediate form, be- tween man and monkey. Corrected Report: (In New York World, February 3, 1929) By DUDLEY NICHOLS When scientific reports are constructed into news the results are only too fre- quently misconstructions, and that ap- pears to have been the fate of the new- theory of animal evolution proposed by Dr. Austin H. Clark a biologist of the Smithsonian Institute at Washington. Perusal of Dr. Clark's thesis, now available in full in the Quarterly Re- view of Biology, indicate^ tlie error of the Fundamentalists in seizing the early news reports as weapons against the hated evolutionism. The very title of the biologist's paper is "Animal Evolu- tion" and its aim is to propose an emen- dation, not denial, of man's concept of the evolution of present forms of life. The paper may have been unfor- tunately worded, although it would never have been misunderstood by the biologists to whom it was addressed. Excerpts without the full text could be misused to stultify the whole report. The Associated Press dispatches from Washington, as printed in The World of Jan. 20, said, after quoting Dr. Clark : "His concept differs with previous evidence of the descent of man from an apelike ancestor and asserts that man appeared on earth substantially as he is today — to all intents and purposes a product of special creation. His theory is that man appeared in practically the same form he has today because of an inherent capacity of life to produce a variant, or 'abnormality', having an enor- mously enlarged brain in an environ- ment where it was able to survive." Definition Lacking The writer is unable to find the re- motest resemblance to such statements in Dr. Clark's own words. What the biologist did propose was that "tile creationists" appear to have the better of the argument so far as the "n-ajor groups of animals'' are con- cerned. A more specific statement of what he meant by major groups would have made the matter clear. The ex- planatory diagram which accompanied the paper provides the necessary mean- ing, though it is also sufficiently ex- pressed in the amplified text, and shows that Dr. Clark was referring to enorm- ously comprehensive divisions of the animal kingdom. For instance the most complex group is composed of the verte- brata. and that comprehensive division contains all those animals with a l>ack- bone or segmented spinal column, such as the mammals, birds, reptiles, amphi- bians, fishes, etc. These major groups to which he re- ferred, and upon which his new- thesis was focused, are enormously inclusive. The substance of his idea afifects these groups ■•ilone. and he maintains that when once life appeared on earth, in its proto- plasmic form, there were certain inter- nal and external forces which I'd it to develop simultaneously along four lines and produce — i. e. create — the proto- types ill all these groups. In short, says Dr. Clark in substance, here were tli? building blocks for e\;o- lution. It was no* iust one humble cell, the amoeba, endlesslv branching up like a growing tree, until it should blossom at the top in man. Instead tliat bumble form immediately .set off on a four way cosmic track to produce the few great group-forms of life, and the tremendous animal kinedom as w? know it could then evolve from these basic forms. Threw Off J'arianis The biologist suggests that this process of evolution may not be so gradual as heretofore supposed, and he cites in cor- rol'oration some of the remarkable varia- tions which species and sub-species tend to produce. A changing environment and inner forces as well might combine to throw off a remarkable variant, which could exist more easily than its prog'enitors. and so would multiply and supersede the original type, thus giving the nnpearance of a small jump in the evolutionary process. But that a man suddenly appeared full-brained, as the news despatches told, is too preposterous even ^o contradict. The biologists to whom Dr. Clark w-as speaking will trouble themselves with no such chimera, but will question the data upon which he bases his theory that the prototypes of the few biological groups were prod- ucts of a distinct creation. Even this last is but a thesis ; that is, something laid down as a possible explanation of 4 certain phenomena. Before proceeding one might well in- quire more closely into the meaning of these words, creationism and evolution- ism. Philosophically, creationism is the doctrine that the world came into being out of nothing through an act of a trans- cendental Creator; that is a statement which science would not deny but only seek to interpret. But commonly speaking creationism is the doctrine that distinct species of animals or plants were separately created, and Dr. Clark no more asserts that than he denies all science. Limits Extension of Theory His whole theory is focussed upon the creation of the major groups, and a species is, biologically speaking, but a ^mall categor3^ of classification within a major group. A species is a category lower than a genus or sub-genus and above a sub-species or variety. All ani- mals within a species may interbreed and reproduce. While the idea of creationism is up- held by Dr. Clark for the major groups, he disposes of its extension by saying: "But within each major group we see a very different picture. Here the fossil record shows a constant change from ^ one horizon to another. These successive ' variations are probably simply indica- tions of a direct response to physical alterations in environment favoring now one type or sub-type, now another. "This continuous alteration in the elements within the various groups is what is commonly known as evolution. Ii is perhaps best illustrated by the vertebrates, since these are the most familiar of the animals. "The evolution of the reptiles from the carboniferous to the end of the cre- taceous, and of the mammals from the end of the basal Eocene to the present day. or rather to the Pleistocene period just past, forms a story of most absorb- ing interest. Here we can trace the gradual development from comparatively insignificant beginnings to a wonderful flowering of specialization and perfec- tion. So much has been written on this subject, especially in recent years, that it seems unnecessary to pursue it further." That sufficiently nails the notion of a specially and suddenly created man. As far as the layman is concerned, it does not alter in the slightest de.gree evolu- tionism as he is able to comprehend it. It leaves his evolutionary tree unaltered, except for some changes far down in the darker roots. There remains the — ^ imposing evolutionary tree of the verte- ■ brates, with a minute ancient, worm-like creature at the bottom and the ten- fingered fuU-craniumed man at the top. What is new and important in Dr. Clark's paper can be intelligentlv weighed and discussed only by trained biologists. :\1arch, 1929 E \- O L U T I O N Page Thirteen ^Marvelous / THE. NE-W IMPROVED SI "PENCIL POINTED PEN" W ™ SIZE AS POUNTAIN PENS W RITES wuli ink tree and easy asalcad pencil \vitlioutami^s,s!;ip or blur. Won't blot, scratch, leak or soil bancs. No compli- cated incchaniim t' get out of orcKr. Mi:^ti- cst prade materials and workmansliip. MAKES 3 to 4 CARBON COPIES With Original In Ink Patent Automatic 14 1:! Gold Fccdpre\'entscloi:!:i; — steady, uniform How of ink act ually improves your liand- writing. Also made in smaller size with rmg on cap for men's watch chain or ladies' sautoir. SEND NO MONEY Pay PostmanSI SOpluspostagcorsent ^ prepaid if reniiitance accompanies 1 ordi-T. Year's guarantee ccrtificaie as- en I c-^absoluiesat [^faction. Vour money back it not satisfied within ten days. INKOGRAPH CO., Inc. 219-150 Centre St., New York 1 AGENTS This big value sells on \ sii^iht. Big profits, quick ' sail ,-;, no investment, immediate commis- sii>n>^. Send for Inkograph and order book and begin taking orders or write for FRES^sales plar. Read THE BIRTH CONTROL REVIEW It stands for Children of Choice, not of Chance. It eives you news of the cur- rent le^rislative battle for birth control. It contains articles b.v authoritative writers on vital phases of human progress. Birth Control Review. 104 Firth Ave., N. V. C. Subscription: $2 per year. Combined Exclusive Colony and Day Camp for Children Ramapo Mountains; commuting: distance. Delightful 4. 5 and 6 room cottages, fur- nished, all improvements, for sale or rent. Rent. $350 up. Sale. $3250 up. Easy terms. Swimming pool, tennis, including day camp. E, T, Dashew, 51 Chambers St., New York. "THK BR.MN FROM APE TO MAN" by Frederick Tilney. Two volumes. 1120 pages. Paul B. Hoe- ber, Inc., New York. $25.00. This pair of imposing volumes, furnished with a wealtn of illustra- tions, might well serve as a valuable weapon, either physical or verbal, in an encounter with a fundamentalist. It fills several distinct gaps. The prin- cijial new contribution is a detailed, technical description of the external and internal anatomy of the brains of the following primates: lemur, tarsiiis, marmoset. South American monkey, baboon, old-world monkey, gibbon, orang, chimpanzee, gorilla, and man, witli special emphasis on tKe brain stem. This part of the work will be a valuable source-book for anv one working on human evolution or the neurologj' of primates, but it must be admitted that these details are dull reading for the specialist, and totalh- incomprehensible to anyone else. The effective summaries of behavior for each of these forms will be much more to the taste of the lay reader. The chapter on the internal casts of tlie 1)rain case of fossil men and sub- men furnishes a valuable summary and comparative interpretation of the avail- :ible data. It seems unfortunate that "Australopithecus" (the fossil progres- sive ape-child of South .Africa) is omit- ted from this study. There are two chapters -of popular resume — "From Primitive to Modern Man" and "Man — Past, Present and Future," The dis- cussion of the elements involved in brain progress among the primates is interesting and suggestive. It seems somewhat invidious to dwell on defects in a useful and valu- able work, but It would be disingenious to deny their existence in this case. V'arious parts of the work vary in >t.vle from extremely popular to highly technical, and appeal to mutually ex- clusive audiences. Speculations as to the precise moment of the first appear- ance of the psyche will affect different readers in accordance with their own views on that topic. It seems an un- necessary bit of amateurishness to show comparative figures on discord- ant scales, without even a warning to that effect in the caption. Different meanings are given to tiie word "ape," some not in accord with general us- age, and the reader is left to discover from the context in what sense the word is employed in each particular instance. Professor Tilney finds the brain of the gibbon more suggestive of the old-world monkeys than of the ureat apes, which is of considerable interest and importance; hut it seems unfortunate on this account to call it an "intermediate primate," and "mon- key," to the certain bewilderment of the general reader. It should be made clear that the assumption (by no means confined to Professor Tilney) that the great apes and possilily man also, have reached tlie end of their evolutionary possibilities, is purely an assumption, with no positive evidence whatever in its favor, Tilney follows Osborn and others in suggesting that the complete absence of evidence of race mixture between the Cro-Magnons and the Neander- thals was due to high moral principles or else to something analogous to "drawing the color line," It is surpris- in.g that the obvious alternative ex- planation of physical sterility between two widely separated species seems never to have been offered. If Professor Tilney could write as good a book as this it is perhaps re-- grettable that he did not write a still better one. In any case, the evidence that he marshalls furnishes still further- evidence, if such be needed, of man's 'close resemblance to, and kinship with, the anthropoid apes, especially the chimpanzee and gorilla. — Horace Ehner Wood, II, Tel.: Spring 7578 MARITZA, Importer of Peasant Wear Hand - embroidered blouses, dresses, coats, hats, shawls, hanffings and chil- dren's dresse-^ in voile, silks and jerseys. Russian smocks and shirts for men. Charming costumes for hire! Orders taken for beautiful embroider- ed hats, dresses, blouses, coats and shirts. ,72 WEST 4th STREET. Open from 12 to 10 p. m. EVOLUTION BOOK SHELF, i)6 FIFTH AVE,, NEW YORK, N, Y, Send the items checked to undersigned: OLH FACE FROM FISH TO .M.1M : Wm, K. Gregory 4„50 St.lKNCE & (iOOU BEH.WIOR: Parsh- li-V ?2,5ll IHli NATURE OF THE PHYSICAL WORLD : A, S, Eddington 3.75 rm.S PUZZLING planet: Edwin Ten- ney Brewster 4.00 A nC OF EVOLUTIO.N : .loseph .McCabe 1,75 (iROWlNtj UP: Karl de Schweinltz 1,75 HEIR OF ALL THE .\(iES: .McKechnip 3,5U CREATION BY EVOLLllO.N: Edited| bv Frances Mason 5,U0 ink BRAIN FRO.M APE TO .MAN: Frederick Tilney 25.00 LET FHEEUOM KING: Arthur Garlleld Havs 2,50 EVOLCIION FOR ,IOHN i)OE: Ward,, H.50 E.XPLOKLNG THE L.MVKKSE: Ward.. a.,'>(l DAHWLN, THE MA.N A.NH HIS WAR- FARE: Henshaw Ward 5.00 WAR ON MODERN SCIENCE: .Maynard Shipley a.OO MY HERESY: Bishop Win, .M, Brown.. 2,00 CONCERNING MAN'S ORIGIN: Sir Ar- thur Keith 2,00 IllM'OHV OF WAR1-,\RE OF SCIENCE WllH rllE()LO(iV : White 12 vols,)., 6,00 (ILII.INE OF -MANS KNOWLEDGE: Clement Wood 5,00 SC1ENc:e vs. dogma: C, r. Spradlng 1.50 MICROBE HUNTERS: Paul de Kruif., :i,50 (IRHilN OF SPECIES: Darwin 1,00 MANS PLACE IN NAIL HE: Huxley.. 1,00 C R E A T ION: NON-E\ OLL 110N.\R\ IllEORIES: Brewster 3.50 RIDDLE OF THE UNI \ ERSE: Haeckel 2,50 rilE HIIILE UN.M.VSKED: ,loseph Lewis 1.15 I'HE SI'OKV OF THE 1N<,)1 ISl HON . . . 3,20 i:VOI.l TION: -Monl'ily, One Year l.no (Write \i;HV plaiMlyl Ainovinl enclosed .? Name . Slri-et iind Nil. Cilv anil Stall- Page Fourteen EVOLUTION March, 1929 men and m achi mes a series of articles by STUART CHASE A RE we using machines, or ''"*• machines us ? Are they the independent race Samuel But- ler and others have dreaded, with a biology of their own, destined to reduce us to robots? A bilHon horsepower are turning wheels. Where are the wheels going? Stuart Chase surveys the his- tory and mythology of the Machine through the same lens he used in "Your Money's Worth" and "The Tragedy of Waste." If you are weary of wholesale denunciation and praise, here is a new kind of picture. Recent articles A GHOST WALKS a widely quoted discussion of spontaneous generation, by John Hodgdon Bradley, Jr. The Facts about Influenza by Morris Fishbein Einstein and the Press an Editorial So THIS IS Farm Relief? three articles by Gertrude Mathews Shelby □ n< $1.00 13 weeks' sabscription ' B months' subscription witti a free copy of I J. P. UuiW's "UIVINI WITH THli LAW," or s $2.50 I Jotin Uewey's "IMPHES-/ SlUNS OF SOVIKtI KUSSIA." I Of J name address in full E 3 THE NEW REPUBLIC 42 West 21st Street New York City FROM BAD TO WORSE Since Darwin's day, full many a jape About our ancestor the ape Has filled the comic paper's pages And doubtless will for many ages. But having got that story told The scientists become more bold We hear from Doctor Elliot Smith -\ tale most eloquent, the pith Of which is just that he and you Are both descended from a shrew: A nasty tempered little shrew ! Worse than an ape, if that be true. .And then from Africa there looms This theory of Robert Broom's, Whereby our ancestry is led Back to the ancient Karroo bed To primitive reptilian fonts In horrid old Theriodonts ! It's bad enough to have an ape For ancestor, but you could do Much worse, for now we have a shrew To head our family tree, or place A crawling reptile for our race To worship as our ancestor Our deified progenitor ! But now the scientists with pep Have taken still another step And Doctor Gregory insists We place on our ancestral lists Some ancient fishes primitive That in primeval seas did live. A clumsy, awkward, slimy fish, Not fit to serve upon a dish ! Then Doctor Stensio will trace The fishes to an earlier race Ostracoderms with names so shocking You can't pronounce them without choking. And next the scientist will find The evolution of our kind Goes back to arthropod or worm That in the Cambrian slime would squirm. Oh must this be, my learned friend? My geneology to end In writhing worm — whose better fate Is use as Presidential bait? Oh come ! let's stop it at the ape .4t least he's got some human shape. JV. D. Mathczv. THE NATION A challenging review of con- temporary life : politics, books, music, drama and art. Prints ne-ws the dailies don't Three Months Trial $1 20 VESEY STREET, New York. Catalog:ue of anti-relicious books free ATHEIST BOOK STORE 119 East 14th St. New York City DRUSKIN HOSPITAL I W. 123rd St. Harlem 8250-8251 (Opposite Mt. Morris Park West) Competent resident pliysician; full co-operation of reliable and compe- tent nursing staff. Attractive home surroundings; tele- phone and fan in evei^ room ; cour- tesy and efficiency. Rates moderate. Obstetrical — Medical — Surgical Nose and Throat. HEALTH FOOD Not Breakfast Food Food for every meal and for every ailing person — has stood the public test 29 years. 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Atheist Tracts Free "GODLESS EVOLUTION" and "THE BIBLE IN THE BAL- ANCE" American Association for the Advancement of Atheism, Inc. 119 E. 14th St., New York, N. Y. THE BIG FIGHT IS ON! 43 States are in legislative session in the year 1929 — 1 9 other States besides Arkansas arc menaced by the possibility of anti- evolution initiative measures — The Fundamentalists have met. 100,- 000 strong, in Indianapolis, to con- tinue the war against modern science. Help us to protect freedom in teaching evolution and continued separation of Church and State in America! SCIENCE LEAGUE OF AMERICA, INC. 504 GiUette Bldg., San Francisco, California. Dues .$,3 a year; lile membership $25. Iiironilation Ie;illet on request. Evolution: From Star- Dust to Brain-Stuff Five Illustrated Lectures by ALLAN STRONG BROMS at 8:15 FRIDAY EVENINGS, beginning FRIDAY, MARCH 8th March 8 WORLDS IN THE MAKING The birth and development of earth, moon, sun and stars. March 15 EARTH'S COMING OF AGE The earth; its story and age. drifting continents, mountain building, ice sheets. March 2 2 ANIMALS OF THE PAST The fossil record of the an- cient life of land, sea and air. March 29 THE PEDIGREE OF MAN Climbing our family tree from jelly - speck through worm, fish, reptile and ape to man. .VI.LAN STRONG BRO.MS Science Editor of Evolution April 5 BR AINS — HOW COME? The story that modern science tells of the evolution of the human mind and what it means to you. These lectures will review lor you tlie whole scientilic story ol evolution in all its startling recent advances. They are authentic up-to-aate, illustrated, popular. Bring along jour doubting Iriends. Advance Sale at EVOLUTION 96 Fiftli Avenue. UNION AUDITORIUM 229 WEST 48th STREET (99 steps west of Broadway) NEW YORK, N. Y. Course Tickets, $1.50 Single Admission, 50 cents Funnymentals The following is put forth by scien- tists as their creed : "Deal only with facts, all the facts ; approach them without prejudice; draw justifiable conclusions from them; face these conclusions boldly." This is hardly a creed. A creed is a statement of belief. This does not tell anything of science that a scientist be- lieves. Rather, it is his method of ap- proach to what is worthy of belief. And as such it is a very good method. It is a good method of approach for everyone to everything — everything ex- cept religion (the religion of Jesus Christ ; we would not vouch for any other religions). "For he that cometh to God must believe." God's method for those who approach Him is as fol- lows : Deal first with the only authority who knows all the facts. Approach His utter- ances by faith. Marshall facts to sup- port His conclusions, which have first been accepted by faith. Draw justifiable conclusions from the available facts. If these conclusions do not harmonize with that which has been accepted by faith, hold the faith boldly and seek and wait for more facts.'' — The Watchman Maga- sine, February, 1929. SCIENCE AND INVENTION Magazine is presenting in the current issue the first of a series of articles dealing with the evolution of man. Eminent scientists well versed in this field will write these articles We believe that SCIENCE AND INVENTION is the first publication to present the theory of evolution written in popular style by eminent experts. SCIENCE AND INVENTION, 230 Fifth Ave., N. Y. C. On all Newsstands, 25c per Copy. KERR'S DISCOVERIES That no Real God or Soul Exists Blasts Out the Foundation Pillars of all Religions in the Mind of Those Who Learn Them. All Gods Dethroned and Man Enthroned as Supreme Being of Earth. The World Harmonized as all Religions Become Obsolete Man's Knowledge Extended Beyond the Grave, and What Becomes of the Dead Revealed, and the Mystery of the Ages Solved. THE GOOD-WILL MISSIONARIES TO ALL THe' WORLD. Vol. 1 Kerr's Discoveries \ 50c each Vol, 2 Jesus Analyzed ) post paid Address the Author, Founder and President of The Church of Humanity, W. H. Kerr. JIO Franklin Ave., Topeka, Kansas "We had better let our children suffer from disease, even die of neglect, than to permit them to be poisoned with that doctrine of the devil called evolution." Rev. Ben Bogart, Pres. American Anti- Evolution Ass'n, quoted by St. Louis Post Dispatch, Dec. 11, 1928. Jesus Christ Was an Evolutionist Tlie Bible teaches this law of nature very plainly. The essay that won the Los Angeles Examiner prize. Sent for ten cents. Address: S. J. BROWNSON, M.D. Soldiers' Home, Sawtelle, Calif. THE TRUTH SEEKER National Freethought Weekly Est.TblislieJ 1873 GEORGE E. MAC DONALD, Editor Three months, $1. Foreign, $1.15 49 Vesey Street, New York Friday, March 8th at 8:15 P. M. FIRST EVOLUTION LECTURE by Allan Strong Broms at UNION AUDITORIUM 229 W. 4«th St., New York, N. Y. just published : Afraid of his own shadow The Proofs of Evolution by HENSHAW WARD Appeared originally as series of articles in EVO- LUTION. Resulting demand necessitated republica- tion as booklet. Simplest, clearest explanation of the evidence for evolution, emphasizing its significance rather than reciting its details. TEN CENTS EACH 15 for $1.00, $5.00 per hundred. Sent postpaid on receipt of price. EVOLUTION, 96 Fifth Ave., New York, N. Y. NATION-WIDE EVOLUTION ANNIVERSARY DINNERS Saturday , April Thirteenth ARRANGE FOR YOUR CITY TO PARTICIPATE. Write for particulars at once. EVOLUTION, 96 Fifth Avenue, New York. THE STENOGRAPHIC RECORD of the McCabe-Riley Evolution Debate, which took place in New York February 7th, will be published verbatim in EVOLUTION, be- s^ning with the next number. Elach issue will contain corresponding portions of BOTH argu- ments. McCABE IS AT HIS BEST in his masterly effort on this memorable oc- casion. The comparison in cold print of his arguments with the exact words of Reverend W. B. Riley, the most noted spokesmzoi that FundamentaJism can muster, constitutes THE MOST CONVINCING CASE for evolution and freedom of teaching that can be made. Be sure to get the April number and JUDGE FOR YOURSELF. And don't be selfish. Also ask your friends to share your enjoyment of this debate by sub- scribing NOW. Do them the favor of inviting them to partake of this VERITABLE INTELLECTUAL FEAST. If four or more will join you, the price per portion is only fifty cents. EVOLUTION, 96 Fifth .\venue, New York, N. Y. Date For ei. closed $ send EVOLUTION one year ('vith stenographic record of McCabe-Riley deliate) to; Name Street and Number Citv and State (Single Subscription, $1.UU) (If you don't want to tear cover, any old slieet ol jiapiT -will do.) 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